Split (1)

train · 2.09M rows

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4377	dbpedia	2	20	http://www.fwarailfan.net/woodburn.htm	en	Woodburn Branch			[ "http://www.fwarailfan.net/menu_m1_b.png", "http://www.fwarailfan.net/menu_m1_i0.png", "http://www.fwarailfan.net/menu_m1_s.png", "http://www.fwarailfan.net/menu_m1_i1.png", "http://www.fwarailfan.net/menu_m1_s.png", "http://www.fwarailfan.net/menu_m1_i2.png", "http://www.fwarailfan.net/menu_m1_s.png", "http://www.fwarailfan.net/menu_m1_i3.png", "http://www.fwarailfan.net/menu_m1_s.png", "http://www.fwarailfan.net/menu_m1_i4.png", "http://www.fwarailfan.net/menu_m1_s.png", "http://www.fwarailfan.net/menu_m1_i5.png", "http://www.fwarailfan.net/menu_m1_s.png", "http://www.fwarailfan.net/menu_m1_i6.png", "http://www.fwarailfan.net/menu_m1_e.png", "http://www.fwarailfan.net/images/maw-woodburn1.jpg", "http://www.fwarailfan.net/images/maw-antwerpdepot.jpg", "http://www.fwarailfan.net/images/woodburnbranchmap.gif", "http://www.fwarailfan.net/images/maw-woodburn2.jpg", "http://www.fwarailfan.net/images/woodburnbranch-L91.jpg", "http://www.fwarailfan.net/images/maw-antwerp1.jpg", "http://www.fwarailfan.net/images/maw-antwerp2.jpg", "http://www.fwarailfan.net/images/maw-cecil1.jpg", "http://www.fwarailfan.net/images/maw-cnur7.jpg", "http://www.fwarailfan.net/images/in_memory.gif", "http://c11.statcounter.com/counter.php?sc_project=1212401&java=0&security=8ecb35b4&invisible=1" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "David Safdy" ]	null					null	The former Wabash depot in Antwerp, Ohio resides on the west side of town alongside US 24. This is looking east towards the co-op elevator in Woodburn on the Maumee and Western on August 28, 2003. On November 17, 2000 NS L91 is returning westbound to East Wayne Yard from Woodburn at the Doyle Rd. crossing led by GP38-2 #5119. At Antwerp, Ohio the Maumee and Western delivers and picks up cars for the local co-op elevator in town. The co-op elevator in Antwerp has their own "Trackmobile" in order to spot cars around the plant. At Cecil, Ohio the track connects with the former Cincinnati Northern trackage that runs about a mile south to Hanson Aggregates and Lafarge. Between Cecil and Defiance the Woodburn Branch is not used and is currently out of service.
4377	dbpedia	2	36	https://www.cashforcars.com/locations/oregon/portland-south/	en				[]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null					null
4377	dbpedia	1	63	https://windy.app/forecast2/spot/4851553/Woodburn%2BTrout%2BFishery	en	Wind Forecast: wind speed & gusts — Windy.app	https://windyapp.co/v10/screenshot?type=forecast&thememode=white&spot_id=4851553&tempunit=C&windunit=m/s&width=1108&height=626	https://windyapp.co/v10/screenshot?type=forecast&thememode=white&spot_id=4851553&tempunit=C&windunit=m/s&width=1108&height=626	[ "https://www.facebook.com/tr?id=2481567358595580&ev=PageView&noscript=1", "https://windy.app/img/windy-logo-w-words.svg", "https://windy.app/img/btn-light-appstore.svg", "https://windy.app/img/btn-light-googleplay.svg", "https://windy.app/img/btn-light-huawei.svg", "https://windy.app/img/cws-arr2.svg", "https://windy.app/img/weather-icons/Sun.svg?3", "https://windy.app/img/cws-arr2.svg", "https://windy.app/img/weather-icons/Sun.svg?3", "https://windy.app/img/cws-arr2.svg", "https://windy.app/img/weather-icons/Sun.svg?3", "https://windy.app/img/cws-arr2.svg", "https://windy.app/img/weather-icons/Sun.svg?3", "https://windy.app/img/cws-arr2.svg", "https://windy.app/img/weather-icons/Sun.svg?3", "https://windy.app/img/cws-arr2.svg", "https://windy.app/img/weather-icons/Sun.svg?3", "https://windy.app/img/cws-arr2.svg", "https://windy.app/img/weather-icons/Sun.svg?3", "https://spec-offers-static.windyapp.co/Scotland_Thistle Divers.jpg", "https://spec-offers-static.windyapp.co/Scotland_Magiscroft Coarse Fishery.jpg", "https://windy.app/img/btn-appstore.svg", "https://windy.app/img/btn-googleplay.svg", "https://windy.app/img/promo/app-models.svg", "https://windy.app/img/btn-appstore.svg", "https://windy.app/img/btn-googleplay.svg", "https://windy.app/img/btn-huawei.svg", "https://windy.app/img/promo-image.png?v2", "https://windy.app/img/windy-logo-w-words.svg", "https://windy.app/img/yt-footer.svg", "https://windy.app/img/fb-footer.svg", "https://windy.app/img/x-footer.svg", "https://windy.app/img/inst-footer.svg", "https://windy.app/img/btn-light-appstore.svg", "https://windy.app/img/btn-light-googleplay.svg", "https://windy.app/img/btn-light-huawei.svg" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null	Wind direction is South, wind speed varies between 2.2 and 2.2 mph - get wind forecast: detailed wind speed and wind direction information with a leading pro weather app - Windy.app	en	/apple-touch-icon.png	WINDY.APP	https://windy.app/forecast2/spot/4851553/Woodburn+Trout+Fishery	Wind and wave weather forecast for Woodburn Trout Fishery contains detailed information about local wind speed, direction, and gusts. Wave forecast includes wave height and period. These forecasts for Woodburn Trout Fishery are based on the GFS model and were created for windsurfing, kitesurfing, sailing and other extreme sports activities. All data updates 4 times a day. Predictions are available in steps from 1 to 3 hours for up to 10 days.
4377	dbpedia	1	59	https://stackoverflow.com/questions/16527512/show-mapview-annotations-for-selected-radius	en	Show MapView Annotations for Selected Radius	https://cdn.sstatic.net/…g?v=73d79a89bded	https://cdn.sstatic.net/…g?v=73d79a89bded	[ "https://cdn.sstatic.net/Img/teams/teams-promo.svg?v=e507948b81bf", "https://www.gravatar.com/avatar/1b3d6aa8fa0cc1c4e24e25175d030430?s=64&d=identicon&r=PG", "https://www.gravatar.com/avatar/738965c6b2609a7e65cd0284d1f029df?s=64&d=identicon&r=PG", "https://stackoverflow.com/posts/16527512/ivc/ad79?prg=f0f18c7b-4679-4525-aab6-92e0b3b8497f" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	2013-05-13T17:12:43	I have a map view with several annotations on it. I have a settings button on my navigation bar that takes the user to a picker view that lets them show all the annotations or select a radius of 5...	en	https://cdn.sstatic.net/Sites/stackoverflow/Img/favicon.ico?v=ec617d715196	Stack Overflow	https://stackoverflow.com/questions/16527512/show-mapview-annotations-for-selected-radius	I have a map view with several annotations on it. I have a settings button on my navigation bar that takes the user to a picker view that lets them show all the annotations or select a radius of 5, 10, 25, 50, or 100 miles from their current location so that they only see the annotations for the selected radius. I'm just not sure how to go about having the map only show the annotations for the selected radius. Can someone at least point me in the right direction? Here is my map: #import "RSFM.h" #import "AnnotationDetailView.h" #import "MapSettings.h" @interface RSFM () @end @implementation RSFM { } @synthesize centerCoordinate, coordinate, title, subtitle, marketAnnotation, location; - (id)initWithNibName:(NSString )nibNameOrNil bundle:(NSBundle )nibBundleOrNil { self = [super initWithNibName:nibNameOrNil bundle:nibBundleOrNil]; if (self) { self.title = NSLocalizedString(@"Farm Markets", @"Farm Markets"); // Create location manager object locationManager = [[CLLocationManager alloc]init]; [locationManager setDelegate:self]; // And we want it to be as accurate as possible regardless of how much time/power it takes [locationManager setDesiredAccuracy:kCLLocationAccuracyThreeKilometers]; // Tell our manager to start looking for its location immediately // [locationManager startUpdatingLocation]; } return self; } /* - (void)setCenterCoordinate:(CLLocationCoordinate2D)centerCoordinate { centerCoordinate = CLLocationCoordinate2DMake(37.7885, 85.3279); } / - (void)findLocation { [locationManager startUpdatingLocation]; [activityIndicator startAnimating]; // [locationTitleField setHidden:YES]; [locationManager stopUpdatingLocation]; } - (void)foundLocation:(CLLocation )loc { CLLocationCoordinate2D coord = [loc coordinate]; // Zoom the region to this location MKCoordinateRegion region = MKCoordinateRegionMakeWithDistance(coord, 400000, 400000); [worldView setRegion:region animated:YES]; // Reset the UI // [locationTitleField setText:@""]; [activityIndicator stopAnimating]; // [locationTitleField setHidden:NO]; [locationManager stopUpdatingLocation]; } - (void)locationManager:(CLLocationManager )manager didUpdateToLocation:(CLLocation )newLocation fromLocation:(CLLocation )oldLocation { NSLog(@"%@", newLocation); // How many seconds ago was this new location created? NSTimeInterval t = [[newLocation timestamp]timeIntervalSinceNow]; // CLLocationManagers will return the last found location of the device first, you don't want that data in this case. // If this location was made more than 3 minutes ago, ignore it. if (t < -180) { // this is cached data, you don't want it, keep looking return; } [self foundLocation:newLocation]; } - (void)locationManager:(CLLocationManager )manager didFailWithError:(NSError )error { NSLog(@"Could not find location: %@", error); } - (void)dealloc { // Tell the location manager to stop sending us messages [locationManager setDelegate:nil]; } - (MKAnnotationView)mapView:(MKMapView )mapView viewForAnnotation:(id<MKAnnotation>)annotation { // If it's the user location, return nil if ([annotation isKindOfClass:[MKUserLocation class]]) return nil; // Try to dequeue an existing pin view first static NSString annotationIdentifier = @"AnnotationIdentifier"; MKPinAnnotationView pinView = [[MKPinAnnotationView alloc]initWithAnnotation:annotation reuseIdentifier:annotationIdentifier]; pinView.animatesDrop = NO; pinView.pinColor = MKPinAnnotationColorRed; pinView.canShowCallout = YES; UIButton rightButton = [UIButton buttonWithType:UIButtonTypeDetailDisclosure]; [rightButton setTitle:annotation.title forState:UIControlStateNormal]; pinView.rightCalloutAccessoryView = rightButton; return pinView; } - (void)mapView:(MKMapView )mapView annotationView:(MKAnnotationView )view calloutAccessoryControlTapped:(UIControl )control { AnnotationDetailView detail = [[AnnotationDetailView alloc] initWithNibName:nil bundle:nil]; id<MKAnnotation> ann = [mapView.selectedAnnotations objectAtIndex:0]; ann = view.annotation; CLLocationCoordinate2D annCoord; annCoord.latitude = ann.coordinate.latitude; annCoord.longitude = ann.coordinate.longitude; detail.modalTransitionStyle = UIModalTransitionStyleFlipHorizontal; NSLog(@"%@", ann.title); NSLog(@"%@", ann.subtitle); detail.annTitle = ann.title; detail.annSub = ann.subtitle; detail.latText = [NSString localizedStringWithFormat:@"%f",annCoord.latitude]; detail.longText = [NSString localizedStringWithFormat:@"%f", annCoord.longitude]; [self.navigationController pushViewController:detail animated:YES]; } - (IBAction)mapSettingsButtonPressed:(id)sender { MapSettings mapSettings = [[MapSettings alloc] initWithNibName:nil bundle:nil]; [self.navigationController pushViewController:mapSettings animated:YES]; } - (void)viewDidLoad { [locationManager startUpdatingLocation]; [worldView setShowsUserLocation:YES]; [locationManager stopUpdatingLocation]; UIBarButtonItem settingsButton = [[UIBarButtonItem alloc] initWithTitle:@"\u2699" style:UIBarButtonItemStyleBordered target:self action:@selector(mapSettingsButtonPressed:)]; [settingsButton setTitleTextAttributes:[NSDictionary dictionaryWithObjectsAndKeys:[UIFont boldSystemFontOfSize:24], UITextAttributeFont,nil] forState:UIControlStateNormal]; self.navigationItem.rightBarButtonItem = settingsButton; NSMutableArray marketLocations = [[NSMutableArray alloc]init]; NSMutableArray lat = [[NSMutableArray alloc]initWithObjects:@"37.7867266", @"37.0703517", @"37.1610806", @"37.318367", @"37.3559204", @"37.4154066", @"37.4757622", @"37.7450252", @"37.6318978", @"37.0716803", @"36.7333486", @"36.8637044", @"36.9181305", @"36.8736459", @"36.93253", @"37.0436832", @"37.1516087", @"36.712052", @"36.8082663", @"37.1799935", @"37.8928444", @"37.7488563", @"37.499522", @"37.5882222", @"37.4991846", @"37.5392879", @"37.3721288", @"37.1922315", @"37.102841", @"36.9813651", @"36.660251", @"37.1301316", @"37.1734765", @"37.0505279", @"36.9179492", @"37.2742692", @"37.2116415", @"37.2412938", @"37.2696374", @"37.5464147", @"37.5693561", @"37.7146149", @"37.7647463", @"37.635366", @"37.6417237", @"37.8515069", @"37.6840096", @"37.6000712", @"37.6655401", @"37.6668541", @"37.710869", @"37.7101039", @"37.8721419", @"37.9711379", @"38.0069215", @"38.135998", @"38.105713", @"38.160352", @"38.223825", @"38.188871", @"38.235703", @"38.3586935", @"38.3069755", @"38.6109009", @"38.3600355", @"38.4004693", @"38.5997367", @"38.6414842", @"38.5741722", @"38.1756649", @"38.2686626", @"38.4329612", @"38.673506", @"38.1916673", @"38.2265882", @"38.7363261", @"38.9734399", @"38.977975", @"38.8985392", @"38.903505", @"38.7418795", @"38.5102869", @"38.4260502", @"38.2687025", @"38.2097987", @"38.2074495", @"38.1356551", @"38.1245065", @"38.036634", @"37.9976315", @"37.7785109", @"37.9324058", @"37.9442351", @"37.9631701", @"37.9572905", @"38.0575357", @"37.8184352", @"37.920693", @"37.6256607", @"38.8029428", @"37.911885", @"38.4948355", @"38.5124872", @"38.359333", @"37.5453841", @"36.7641572", @"37.5846472", nil]; NSMutableArray lon = [[NSMutableArray alloc]initWithObjects:@"-87.608209", @"-88.1237899", @"-87.9148629", @"-87.5074402", @"-87.5448032", @"-87.8003148", @"-87.9515986", @"-87.9061638", @"-87.1148574", @"-87.3008418", @"-87.5661605", @"-87.290597", @"-86.8270899", @"-86.6544847", @"-86.490067", @"-86.4558939", @"-86.2038694", @"-86.3287002", @"-85.9428197", @"-85.8312895", @"-86.2219159", @"-85.8042332", @"-85.8837926", @"-85.6896553", @"-85.6185338", @"-85.3974197", @"-85.3594512", @"-85.5906947", @"-85.3063504", @"-85.060269", @"-85.212777", @"-84.8720139", @"-84.8137247", @"-84.5698918", @"-84.1312625", @"-84.4614493", @"-84.4802606", @"-84.4223536", @"-84.6410206", @"-84.4564877", @"-84.2884479", @"-84.4089207", @"-84.3655048", @"-84.5597937", @"-84.7606165", @"-84.8732843", @"-85.2055835", @"-85.0401771", @"-85.248661", @"-85.1834814", @"-85.261238", @"-85.259706", @"-85.3155742", @"-85.689489", @"-85.8210816", @"-85.503977", @"-85.654787", @"-85.855705", @"-85.592095", @"-85.520966", @"-85.156767", @"-85.1048516", @"-85.1471807", @"-85.1186233", @"-85.5047839", @"-85.3788328", @"-85.3060421", @"-85.3237933", @"-85.2994716", @"-84.8965549", @"-84.6066196", @"-84.8581488", @"-84.8477954", @"-84.541101", @"-84.5685446", @"-84.6280011", @"-84.721179", @"-84.749313", @"-84.6090422", @"-84.441984", @"-84.0662604", @"-83.8971076", @"-83.8566679", @"-84.2433673", @"-84.2529869", @"-84.4785665", @"-84.3652534", @"-84.3541421", @"-84.551631", @"-84.7000274", @"-84.5389521", @"-84.3865064", @"-84.2261198", @"-84.2162117", @"-83.793939", @"-83.9017386", @"-84.0842092", @"-83.2513743", @"-83.5944371", @"-81.2244293", @"-82.748201", @"-82.8310584", @"-82.7304443", @"-83.5611122", @"-84.3922468", @"-86.8666113",@"-87.2933751", nil]; NSMutableArray title1 = [[NSMutableArray alloc]initWithObjects:@"Cates Farm", @"Broadbent B & B Foods", @"Cayce's Pumpkin Patch", @"Metcalfe Landscaping", @"Brumfield Farm Market", @"Dogwood Valley Farm", @"Country Fresh Meats & Farmers Market", @"Jim David Meats", @"Trunnell's Farm Market", @"Lovell's Orchard & Farm Market", @"Zook's Produce", @"The Country Barn", @"Poore's Nursery & Farms", @"Just Piddlin Farm", @"Chaney's Dairy Barn & Restaurant", @"Jackson's Orchard & Nursery, Inc.", @"Mammoth Cave Transplants", @"Habegger's Amish Market", @"Kenny's Farmhouse Cheese", @"Dennison's Roadside Market", @"Roberts Family Farm", @"Wooden Farm", @"Jordan Greenhouses", @"Lee's Garden Center, Florist & Gift Shop", @"Hinton's Orchard & Farm Market", @"Serenity Farm Alpacas", @"Burton's Nursery & Garden Center", @"Davis Family Farms", @"Heavenly Haven Farm", @"French Valley Farms", @"Cravens Greenhouse", @"Haney's Appledale Farm", @"Hettmansperger's Greenhouse", @"D & F Farms", @"Double Hart Farm", @"Owens Garden Center", @"Hail's Farm", @"Sinking Valley Vineyard & Winery, Inc.", @"Todd's Greenhouse & Florist, LLC", @"McQuerry's Family Farm-Herbs-N-Heirlooms", @"Berea College Farm & Gardens", @"Acres of Land Winery & Restaurant", @"Baldwin Farms", @"Wonder of Life Farm", @"Chateau du Vieux Corbeau Winery/Old Crow Farm Winery", @"Devine's Farm & Corn Maze", @"Flaggy Meadow Fiber Works & Sunshine Alpacas of Kentucky", @"Williams Country Market", @"Serano Alpacas & Yarns", @"1851 Historic Maple Hill Manor B & B, Alpaca & Llama Farm, & Fiber Farm Store", @"Campbell Farm Wool Art Center", @"St. Catharine Farm", @"Capture Your Heart Alpacas", @"Ridgeview Greenhouse & Nursery", @"Country Corner Greenhouse & Nursery, Inc", @"Sunny Acres Farm", @"Morrison's Greenhouses", @"George Gagel Farm Market, LLC", @"Thieneman's Herbs & Perennials", @"Tower View Farm & Nursery", @"Gallrein Farms", @"Sweet Home Spun in the Low Dutch Meetinghouse", @"Mulberry Orchard, LLC", @"Gregory Farms", @"Foxhollow Farm Store", @"Sherwood Acres Beef", @"Bray Orchard & Roadside Market", @"Callis Orchards", @"Bray Fruit", @"Wilson's Nursery", @"Triple J Farm", @"Ayres Family Orchard", @"Michels Family Farm", @"Amerson Farm", @"Bi-Water Farm & Greenhouse", @"Alpine Hills Dairy Tour/Country Pumpkins", @"Blue Ribbon Market", @"Eagle Bend Alpacas Fiber & Gift Shoppe", @"Benton Farms", @"Redman's Farm",@"The Greenhouse in Gertrude", @"Croppers Greenhouse & Nursery", @"McLean's Aerofresh Fruit", @"Julie's Pumpkins", @"Reed Valley Orchard", @"Evans Orchard & Cider Mill", @"Kentucky Green Market", @"Antioch Daylily Garden", @"Golden Apple Fruit Market", @"Boyd Orchards", @"Serenity Hill Fiber & Living History Farm", @"Kelley Farms", @"Beech Springs Farm Market", @"Yuletide Tree Farm & Nursery", @"Townsend's Sorghum Mill and Farm Market", @"Bramble Ridge Orchard", @"C2H2 Farm Market", @"Fannin's Vegetables", @"Country Garden Greenhouse", @"Golden Apple Fruit Market", @"Black Barn Produce, LLC", @"Imel's Greenhouse", @"Feathered Wing Farm Market", @"Hutton-Loyd Tree Farm", @"Halcomb's Knob, LLC", @"Martin Farms", @"Happy Hollow Farms",nil]; NSMutableArray subtitle1 = [[NSMutableArray alloc]initWithObjects:@"Hwy 425 Henderson, KY 42420", @"257 Mary Blue Road Kuttawa, KY 42055", @"153 Farmersville Road Princeton, KY 42445", @"410 Princeton Road Madisonville, KY 42431", @"3320 Nebo Road Madisonville, KY 42431", @"4551 State Route 109N Clay, KY 42404", @"9355 US Hwy 60 W Sturgis, KY 42459",@"350 T. Frank Wathen Rd. Uniontown, KY 42461", @"9255 Hwy 431 Utica, KY 42376", @"22850 Coal Creek Road Hopkinsville, KY 42240", @"Intersection of KY107 & KY117 Herndon, KY 42240", @"112 Britmart Road Elkton, KY 42220", @"5486 Morgantown Road Russellville, KY 42276", @"10830 S. Morgantown Rd. Woodburn, KY 42170", @"9191 Nashville Road, Bowling Green, KY 42101", @"1280 Slim Island Road Bowling Green, KY 42101", @"5394 Brownsville Road Brownsville, KY 42210", @"945 Perrytown Road Scottsville, KY 42164", @"2033 Thomerson Park Road Austin, KY 42123", @"5824 S. Jackson Hwy. Horse Cave, KY 42749", @"125 Kennedy Road Guston, KY 40142", @"1869 Wooden Lane Elizabethtown, KY 42701", @"13287 Dixie Highway Upton, KY 42784", @"1918 Bardstown Road Hodgenville, KY 42748", @"8631 Campbellsville Road Hodgenville, KY 42748", @"1380 Frogg Lane Raywick, KY 40060", @"2212 Saloma Road Campbellsville, KY 42718", @"313 Hwy 1464 Greensburg, KY 42743", @"230 Heavenly Lane Columbia, KY 42728", @"1842 N. Main St. Jamestown, KY 42629", @"500 Cedar Hill Road Albany, KY 42602", @"8350 West 80 Nancy, KY 42544-8756", @"3917 N. Hwy 837 Science Hill, KY 42553", @"755 Elihu Rush Branch Road Somerset, KY 42501", @"6550 Cumberland Falls Road Corbin, KY 40701", @"735 Latham Road Somerset, KY 42503", @"Hwy 461, at 3 mile marker Somerset, KY 42503", @"1300 Plato-Vanhook Road Somerset, KY 42503", @"35 Skyline Drive Eubank, KY 42567", @"169 Pine Hill Road Paint Lick, KY 40461", @"230 N. Main St. Berea, KY 40404", @"2285 Barnes Mill Road Richmond, KY 40475", @"1113 Tates Creek Road Richmond, KY 40475", @"686 Buckeye Road Lancaster, KY 40444", @"471 Stanford Avenue Danville, KY 40422-1927", @"623 Talmage-Mayo Road Harrodsburg, KY 40330", @"2110 Mackville Road Springfield, KY 40069", @"4189 Craintown Rd. Gravel Switch, KY 40328", @"1805 Booker Road Springfield, KY 40069", @"2941 Perryville Road, US 150 Springfield, KY 40069", @"2888 Bardstown Road Springfield, KY 40069", @"2645 Bardstown Road Springfield, KY 40061", @"9430 Bloomfield Road Bloomfield, KY 40008", @"460 Buffalo Run Road Shepherdsville, KY 40165", @"4877 Hwy 44E Shepherdsville, KY 40165", @"6516 Echo Trail Jeffersontown, KY 40299", @"5613 Cooper Chapel Road Louisville, KY 40229", @"2400 Lower Hunters Trace Louisville, KY 40216", @"9120 Blowing Tree Road Louisville, KY 40220", @"12523 Taylorsville Road Jeffersontown, KY 40299", @"1029 Vigo Road Shelbyville, KY 40065", @"6805 Castle Hwy. Pleasureville, KY 40057", @"1330 Mulberry Pike Shelbyville, KY 40065", @"985 Vance Road Turners Station, KY 40075", @"8905 Hwy 329 Crestwood, KY 40014", @"215 Parker Drive LaGrange, KY 40031", @"2580 Hwy 42 W. Bedford, KY 40006", @"3721 Hwy 421 N Bedford, KY 40006", @"1660 Highway 421 N Bedford, KY 40006", @"3690 East-West Connector (Rte 676) Frankfort, KY 40601", @"2287 Long Lick Road Georgetown, KY 40324", @"525 Wilson Lane Owenton, KY 40359", @"4275 Hwy 1316 Sparta, KY 41086", @"130 McClelland Circle Georgetown, KY 40324", @"877 Cincinnati Road Georgetown, KY 40324", @"2165 Sherman Mount Zion Rd. Dry Ridge, KY 41035", @"8707 Camp Ernst Road Union, KY 41091", @"7812 East Bend Road Burlington, KY 41005", @"11896 Old Lexington Pike Walton, KY 41094", @"12449 Decoursey Pike Morning View, KY 41063", @"3246 Augusta-Berlin Road Brooksville, KY 41004", @"5350 Raymond Road May's Lick, KY 41055", @"4085 Ewing Road Ewing, KY 41039", @"1069 Ruddles Mill Road Paris, KY 40361", @"239 Lail Lane Paris, KY 40361", @"180 Stone Road Georgetown, KY 40324", @"5751 Lexington Rd. Lexington, KY 40511", @"2231 Houston Antioch Road Lexington, KY 40516", @"1801 Alexandria Drive Lexington, KY 40504", @"1396 Pinckard Pike Versailles, KY 40383", @"1371 Beverly Lane Nicholasville, KY 40356", @"6483 Old Richmond Road Lexington, KY 40515", @"4776 Old Boonesboro Road Winchester, KY 40391", @"3925 Old Boonesboro Road Winchester, KY 40391", @"11620 Main Street Jeffersonville, KY 40337", @"2726 Osborne Road Mt. Sterling, KY 40353", @"1098 Harris Ferry Road Irvine, KY 40336", @"2140 Hwy 460W West Liberty, KY 41472", @"99 Union Road Beattyville, KY 41311", @"1523 Hwy 119 North Whitesburg, KY 41815", @"52 KY Route 3224 River, KY 41254", @"2836 State Route 1 Greenup, KY 41144", @"45 Katherine Lane Greenup, KY 41144", @"1483 Big Run Road Wallingford, KY 41093", @"430 Wallacetown Road Paint Lick, KY 40461", @"5595 Nashville Road Russellville, KY 42276", @"9730 KY 136W Calhoun, KY 42327", nil]; NSLog(@" Lat Count: %lu", (unsigned long)[lat count]); NSLog(@" Long Count: %lu", (unsigned long)[lon count]); NSLog(@" Title Count: %lu", (unsigned long)[title1 count]); NSLog(@" Subtitle Count: %lu", (unsigned long)[subtitle1 count]); // CLLocationCoordinate2D location; // MKPointAnnotation marketAnnotation; for (int x = 0; x < [lat count]; x++) { marketAnnotation = [[MKPointAnnotation alloc]init]; location.latitude = [[lat objectAtIndex:x]floatValue]; location.longitude = [[lon objectAtIndex:x]floatValue]; marketAnnotation.coordinate = location; marketAnnotation.title = [title1 objectAtIndex:x]; marketAnnotation.subtitle = [subtitle1 objectAtIndex:x]; [marketLocations addObject:marketAnnotation]; } [worldView addAnnotations:marketLocations]; } - (void)mapView:(MKMapView )mapView didUpdateUserLocation:(MKUserLocation )userLocation { CLLocationCoordinate2D loc = [userLocation coordinate]; MKCoordinateRegion region = MKCoordinateRegionMakeWithDistance(loc, 400000, 400000); [worldView setRegion:region animated:YES]; [locationManager stopUpdatingLocation]; locationManager.delegate = nil; } - (IBAction)selectSegmentControl { int segmentTouched = [mapVarieties selectedSegmentIndex]; NSString *segmentName = [mapVarieties titleForSegmentAtIndex:segmentTouched]; if ([segmentName isEqualToString:@"Street"]) { [worldView setMapType:MKMapTypeStandard]; } if ([segmentName isEqualToString:@"Satellite"]) { [worldView setMapType:MKMapTypeSatellite]; } if ([segmentName isEqualToString:@"Hybrid"]) { [worldView setMapType:MKMapTypeHybrid]; } } @end And here is the settings view with the picker view:
4377	dbpedia	1	6	https://www.mapsofworld.com/usa/states/oregon/lat-long.html	en	Oregon Latitude and Longitude Map	https://images.mapsofwor…lat-long-map.jpg	https://images.mapsofwor…lat-long-map.jpg	[ "https://images.mapsofworld.com/usa/states/mow-logo.png", "https://www.mapsofworld.com/images2016/icons/pod-ico.png", "https://www.mapsofworld.com/images2016/icons/digital-ico.png", "https://www.mapsofworld.com/usa/states/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/wall-maps.png", "https://www.mapsofworld.com/images2016/icons/customize-ico.png", "https://images.mapsofworld.com/usa/states/oregon/oregon-lat-long-map.jpg", "https://www.mapsofworld.com/images2016/bbb-img.png", "https://www.mapsofworld.com/usa/states/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/mapsofworld-logo-1.jpg", "https://moderate2-v4.cleantalk.org/pixel/72defaaa41771fbe884e90c0a94abac2.gif" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "Vishul Malik" ]	2022-02-24T07:57:20+00:00	Latitude and longitude of Oregon is 42°N to 46° 15'N and 116° 45'W to 124° 30'W. Use our Oregon lat long map to find coordinates anywhere in the state.	en	https://www.mapsofworld.…world-logo-1.jpg	USA States	https://www.mapsofworld.com/usa/states/oregon/lat-long.html	Latitude and Longitude of Oregon Cities and Towns Location Latitude Longitude Adair Village city 44.67 -123.22 Adams city 45.77 -118.56 Adrian city 43.74 -117.07 Albany city 44.63 -123.1 Aloha… 12K Latitude and Longitude of Oregon Cities and Towns Location Latitude Longitude Adair Village city 44.67 -123.22 Adams city 45.77 -118.56 Adrian city 43.74 -117.07 Albany city 44.63 -123.1 Aloha 45.49 -122.87 Alpine 44.33 -123.36 Alsea 44.38 -123.6 Altamont 42.2 -121.72 Amity city 45.12 -123.2 Annex 44.23 -116.99 Antelope city 44.91 -120.72 Arlington city 45.72 -120.19 Ashland city 42.19 -122.7 Astoria city 46.19 -123.81 Athena city 45.81 -118.49 Aumsville city 44.85 -122.87 Aurora city 45.23 -122.76 Baker City city 44.77 -117.83 Bandon city 43.11 -124.42 Banks city 45.61 -123.11 Barlow city 45.25 -122.72 Barview 43.35 -124.31 Bay City city 45.52 -123.89 Bayside Gardens 45.71 -123.92 Beaver 45.28 -123.82 Beavercreek 45.28 -122.51 Beaverton city 45.48 -122.81 Bellfountain 44.37 -123.36 Bend city 44.06 -121.31 Bethany 45.56 -122.84 Biggs Junction 45.66 -120.84 Black Butte Ranch 44.36 -121.66 Blodgett 44.6 -123.52 Boardman city 45.84 -119.7 Bonanza town 42.2 -121.41 Brogan 44.25 -117.52 Brookings city 42.07 -124.3 Brooks 45.05 -122.96 Brownsville city 44.39 -122.98 Bull Mountain 45.41 -122.84 Bunker Hill 43.35 -124.21 Burns city 43.59 -119.06 Butte Falls town 42.54 -122.57 Butteville 45.26 -122.84 Camp Sherman 44.45 -121.65 Canby city 45.27 -122.69 Cannon Beach city 45.89 -123.96 Canyon City town 44.39 -118.95 Canyonville city 42.93 -123.28 Cape Meares 45.52 -123.95 Carlton city 45.29 -123.18 Cascade Locks city 45.68 -121.87 Cascadia 44.39 -122.5 Cave Junction city 42.17 -123.65 Cayuse 45.68 -118.57 Cedar Hills 45.5 -122.81 Cedar Mill 45.54 -122.8 Central Point city 42.38 -122.91 Chenoweth 45.62 -121.24 Chiloquin city 42.58 -121.87 Clatskanie city 46.1 -123.21 Cloverdale 45.2 -123.88 Coburg city 44.14 -123.06 Columbia City city 45.9 -122.81 Condon city 45.24 -120.19 Coos Bay city 43.38 -124.23 Coquille city 43.18 -124.18 Cornelius city 45.52 -123.05 Corvallis city 44.57 -123.28 Cottage Grove city 43.8 -123.06 Cove city 45.3 -117.81 Crabtree 44.64 -122.91 Crane 43.42 -118.59 Crawfordsville 44.36 -122.86 Creswell city 43.92 -123.02 Culver city 44.52 -121.21 Dallas city 44.92 -123.31 Damascus city 45.43 -122.45 Days Creek 42.97 -123.17 Dayton city 45.22 -123.08 Dayville town 44.47 -119.53 Deer Island 45.93 -122.85 Depoe Bay city 44.81 -124.06 Deschutes River Woods 43.99 -121.36 Detroit city 44.73 -122.15 Dillard 43.11 -123.43 Donald city 45.22 -122.84 Drain city 43.66 -123.31 Dufur city 45.45 -121.13 Dundee city 45.28 -123.01 Dunes City city 43.91 -124.1 Durham city 45.39 -122.76 Eagle Crest 44.26 -121.3 Eagle Point city 42.47 -122.8 Echo city 45.74 -119.19 Elgin city 45.56 -117.92 Elkton city 43.64 -123.57 Enterprise city 45.43 -117.28 Eola 44.93 -123.12 Estacada city 45.3 -122.33 Eugene city 44.06 -123.12 Fair Oaks 43.41 -123.22 Fairview city 45.55 -122.44 Falls City city 44.86 -123.44 Florence city 43.99 -124.11 Foots Creek 42.38 -123.14 Forest Grove city 45.52 -123.11 Fort Hill 45.07 -123.56 Fossil city 45 -120.21 Four Corners 44.93 -122.97 Fruitdale 42.42 -123.3 Garden Home-Whitford 45.46 -122.76 Gardiner 43.73 -124.11 Garibaldi city 45.56 -123.91 Gaston city 45.44 -123.14 Gates city 44.76 -122.42 Gearhart city 46.03 -123.92 Gervais city 45.11 -122.9 Gladstone city 45.39 -122.59 Glasgow 43.44 -124.2 Glendale city 42.74 -123.43 Glide 43.3 -123.07 Gold Beach city 42.4 -124.42 Gold Hill city 42.44 -123.05 Gopher Flats 45.67 -118.72 Government Camp 45.3 -121.75 Grand Ronde 45.07 -123.62 Granite city 44.81 -118.42 Grants Pass city 42.43 -123.33 Grass Valley city 45.36 -120.78 Green 43.15 -123.39 Greenhorn city 44.71 -118.5 Gresham city 45.5 -122.44 Haines city 44.91 -117.94 Halfway city 44.88 -117.11 Halsey city 44.38 -123.11 Happy Valley city 45.44 -122.51 Harbor 42.04 -124.25 Harper 43.86 -117.63 Harrisburg city 44.27 -123.17 Hayesville 44.98 -122.97 Hebo 45.23 -123.86 Helix city 45.85 -118.66 Heppner city 45.35 -119.56 Hermiston city 45.83 -119.29 Hillsboro city 45.53 -122.94 Hines city 43.56 -119.08 Holley 44.35 -122.79 Hood River city 45.71 -121.53 Hubbard city 45.18 -122.81 Huntington city 44.35 -117.27 Idanha city 44.7 -122.09 Idaville 45.51 -123.86 Imbler city 45.46 -117.96 Independence city 44.85 -123.19 Ione city 45.5 -119.82 Irrigon city 45.9 -119.49 Island City city 45.34 -118.05 Jacksonville city 42.31 -122.97 Jeffers Gardens 46.15 -123.85 Jefferson city 44.72 -123.01 Jennings Lodge 45.39 -122.62 John Day city 44.42 -118.95 Johnson City city 45.4 -122.58 Jordan Valley city 42.98 -117.06 Joseph city 45.35 -117.23 Junction City city 44.22 -123.21 Juntura 43.75 -118.08 Keizer city 45 -123.02 Kerby 42.2 -123.65 King City city 45.4 -122.81 Kings Valley 44.7 -123.43 Kirkpatrick 45.68 -118.65 Klamath Falls city 42.22 -121.78 La Grande city 45.32 -118.09 La Pine city 43.69 -121.49 Labish Village 45.02 -122.97 Lacomb 44.58 -122.74 Lafayette city 45.25 -123.11 Lake Oswego city 45.41 -122.7 Lakeside city 43.58 -124.17 Lakeview town 42.19 -120.35 Langlois 42.93 -124.45 Lebanon city 44.53 -122.91 Lexington town 45.45 -119.69 Lincoln Beach 44.88 -124.03 Lincoln City city 44.97 -124.01 Lonerock city 45.09 -119.88 Long Creek city 44.71 -119.1 Lookingglass 43.18 -123.5 Lostine city 45.49 -117.43 Lowell city 43.92 -122.78 Lyons city 44.78 -122.61 Madras city 44.64 -121.13 Malin city 42.01 -121.41 Manzanita city 45.72 -123.94 Marion 44.75 -122.93 Maupin city 45.17 -121.09 Maywood Park city 45.55 -122.56 McMinnville city 45.21 -123.19 Medford city 42.34 -122.85 Mehama 44.79 -122.63 Melrose 43.25 -123.46 Merlin 42.52 -123.43 Merrill city 42.03 -121.6 Metolius city 44.59 -121.18 Metzger 45.45 -122.76 Mill City city 44.75 -122.48 Millersburg city 44.68 -123.07 Milton-Freewater city 45.93 -118.39 Milwaukie city 45.44 -122.62 Mission 45.66 -118.67 Mitchell city 44.57 -120.15 Molalla city 45.15 -122.58 Monmouth city 44.85 -123.23 Monroe city 44.32 -123.3 Monument city 44.82 -119.42 Moro city 45.48 -120.73 Mosier city 45.69 -121.4 Mount Angel city 45.07 -122.8 Mount Hood 45.53 -121.57 Mount Hood Village 45.34 -121.98 Mount Vernon city 44.42 -119.11 Mulino 45.22 -122.56 Myrtle Creek city 43.02 -123.28 Myrtle Point city 43.06 -124.13 Neahkahnie 45.73 -123.94 Nehalem city 45.72 -123.89 Nesika Beach 42.5 -124.41 Neskowin 45.12 -123.98 Netarts 45.44 -123.93 New Hope 42.37 -123.36 New Pine Creek 42 -120.3 Newberg city 45.31 -122.96 Newport city 44.62 -124.05 North Bend city 43.41 -124.24 North Plains city 45.6 -123 North Powder city 45.03 -117.92 Nyssa city 43.88 -117 O’Brien 42.07 -123.71 Oak Grove 45.42 -122.63 Oak Hills 45.54 -122.84 Oakland city 43.42 -123.3 Oakridge city 43.75 -122.46 Oatfield 45.41 -122.59 Oceanside 45.45 -123.96 Odell 45.64 -121.55 Ontario city 44.03 -116.98 Oregon City city 45.34 -122.59 Pacific City 45.21 -123.95 Paisley city 42.69 -120.55 Parkdale 45.51 -121.59 Pendleton city 45.67 -118.82 Peoria 44.45 -123.2 Philomath city 44.54 -123.36 Phoenix city 42.27 -122.82 Pilot Rock city 45.5 -118.83 Pine Grove 45.11 -121.36 Pine Hollow 45.24 -121.29 Pistol River 42.28 -124.4 Plush 42.41 -119.9 Port Orford city 42.75 -124.5 Portland city 45.54 -122.65 Powers city 42.89 -124.07 Prairie City city 44.46 -118.71 Prescott city 46.05 -122.89 Prineville city 44.3 -120.86 Pronghorn 44.19 -121.18 Prospect 42.75 -122.48 Rainier city 46.09 -122.95 Raleigh Hills 45.49 -122.76 Redmond city 44.26 -121.18 Redwood 42.42 -123.39 Reedsport city 43.7 -124.11 Richland city 44.77 -117.17 Rickreall 44.93 -123.23 Riddle city 42.95 -123.36 Rivergrove city 45.39 -122.73 Riverside 45.68 -118.74 Rockaway Beach city 45.62 -123.94 Rockcreek 45.55 -122.88 Rogue River city 42.44 -123.17 Rose Lodge 45.02 -123.89 Roseburg city 43.22 -123.35 Roseburg North 43.26 -123.3 Rowena 45.67 -121.27 Ruch 42.23 -123.04 Rufus city 45.69 -120.74 Salem city 44.92 -123.02 Sandy city 45.4 -122.27 Scappoose city 45.76 -122.88 Scio city 44.7 -122.85 Scotts Mills city 45.04 -122.67 Seaside city 45.99 -123.92 Selma 42.28 -123.62 Seneca city 44.14 -118.98 Seventh Mountain 44.01 -121.38 Shady Cove city 42.61 -122.82 Shaniko city 45 -120.75 Shedd 44.46 -123.11 Sheridan city 45.1 -123.4 Sherwood city 45.36 -122.84 Siletz city 44.72 -123.92 Silver Lake 43.13 -121.05 Silverton city 45 -122.78 Sisters city 44.29 -121.55 Sodaville city 44.48 -122.87 South Lebanon 44.5 -122.89 Spray town 44.83 -119.79 Springfield city 44.05 -122.98 St. Helens city 45.86 -122.82 St. Paul city 45.21 -122.98 Stafford 45.38 -122.68 Stanfield city 45.78 -119.22 Stayton city 44.8 -122.8 Sublimity city 44.83 -122.79 Summerville town 45.49 -118 Summit 44.64 -123.58 Sumpter city 44.74 -118.2 Sunriver 43.88 -121.44 Sutherlin city 43.39 -123.32 Sweet Home city 44.4 -122.7 Takilma 42.04 -123.62 Talent city 42.24 -122.78 Tangent city 44.55 -123.11 Terrebonne 44.35 -121.18 Tetherow 44.04 -121.37 The Dalles city 45.6 -121.18 Three Rivers 43.84 -121.46 Tigard city 45.42 -122.78 Tillamook city 45.46 -123.84 Toledo city 44.62 -123.93 Trail 42.66 -122.81 Tri-City 42.99 -123.3 Troutdale city 45.54 -122.4 Tualatin city 45.38 -122.77 Tumalo 44.16 -121.33 Turner city 44.85 -122.95 Tutuilla 45.61 -118.71 Tygh Valley 45.24 -121.17 Ukiah city 45.13 -118.93 Umapine 45.98 -118.5 Umatilla city 45.91 -119.31 Union city 45.21 -117.87 Unity city 44.45 -118.19 Vale city 43.98 -117.24 Veneta city 44.05 -123.35 Vernonia city 45.86 -123.18 Waldport city 44.42 -124.07 Wallowa city 45.57 -117.53 Wallowa Lake 45.3 -117.21 Wamic 45.23 -121.29 Warm Springs 44.77 -121.29 Warren 45.81 -122.88 Warrenton city 46.17 -123.92 Wasco city 45.59 -120.7 Waterloo town 44.49 -122.82 West Haven-Sylvan 45.52 -122.77 West Linn city 45.37 -122.64 West Scio 44.71 -122.88 West Slope 45.5 -122.77 Westfir city 43.76 -122.51 Weston city 45.82 -118.43 Westport 46.13 -123.37 Wheeler city 45.69 -123.89 White City 42.43 -122.83 Willamina city 45.08 -123.48 Williams 42.22 -123.29 Wilsonville city 45.31 -122.77 Wimer 42.54 -123.15 Winchester Bay 43.68 -124.18 Winston city 43.12 -123.42 Wood Village city 45.54 -122.42 Woodburn city 45.15 -122.86 Yachats city 44.31 -124.1 Yamhill city 45.34 -123.19 Yoncalla city 43.6 -123.29
4377	dbpedia	1	13	https://www.oregonhikers.org/field_guide/Fish_Creek_Mountain_Trailhead	en	Fish Creek Mountain Trailhead			[ "https://www.oregonhikers.org/forum/styles/milky_way/imageset/OregonHikersBanner.jpg", "https://cdn.printfriendly.com/button-print-gry20.png", "https://www.oregonhikers.org/w/images/thumb/c/c8/Java%2C_Lower_trail%2C_Fish_Creek_Mountain.jpg/400px-Java%2C_Lower_trail%2C_Fish_Creek_Mountain.jpg", "https://www.oregonhikers.org/w/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null		en	/favicon.ico		null	Weather forecast: NWS/NOAA Maps: Oregon Hikers Maps Google Maps Latitude, Longitude: 45.05060, -122.12018 Elevation: 3200 feet Driving time from Portland: 90 minutes Contents 1 Hikes starting here 2 Fees and Regulations 3 Driving Directions 4 Page Contributors Hikes starting here Fish Creek Mountain Hike (TH \| <— —> \| LOG) Fees and Regulations No passes required Driving Directions Driving south on I-205, take Exit 12A for Highways 224 and 212E, Clackamas and Estacada. From the merger with Highway 224, drive 3.3 miles and turn right on Highway 224E for Carver and Estacada. Go 15.3 miles, passing through Carver and Estacada. On the east side of Estacada, at the junction with Highway 211 for Molalla and Woodburn, keep straight on Highway 224 for the Upper Clackamas River and North Fork Lake. Drive on Highway 224 for 21.6 miles and make a right onto FR 4620 for Indian Henry Campground and the Clackamas River Trail. Drive 5.3 miles on this paved road, keeping to the main track. At a junction, bear right on gravel. After another 1.8 miles, pass a red road leading up to the left. Continue past this junction for 0.5 miles to where the road becomes FR 4622 and pull into a berm-blocked road (the continuation of 4620 now permanently closed) on the left. Page Contributors
4377	dbpedia	1	44	https://www.trulia.com/building/4108-10-n-woodburn-st-4108-10-n-woodburn-st-shorewood-wi-53211-2625698179	en	4108-10 N Woodburn St - Shorewood, WI	https://maps.googleapis.com/maps/api/streetview?size=2048x200&location=4108-10%20N%20Woodburn%20St%2C%20Shorewood%2C%20WI%2C%2053211%20Shorewood%20WI%2053211&key=AIzaSyCzWKDOMLGYlR3C9dltAR7sbLvcQEWNcvc&signature=0tVaU9w-edq4KqO8DkEVo1pMoBI%3D	https://maps.googleapis.com/maps/api/streetview?size=2048x200&location=4108-10%20N%20Woodburn%20St%2C%20Shorewood%2C%20WI%2C%2053211%20Shorewood%20WI%2053211&key=AIzaSyCzWKDOMLGYlR3C9dltAR7sbLvcQEWNcvc&signature=0tVaU9w-edq4KqO8DkEVo1pMoBI%3D	[ "https://collector-PXYO6YjwLb.px-cloud.net/api/v1/collector/noScript.gif?appId=PXYO6YjwLb", "https://maps.googleapis.com/maps/api/streetview?size=992x500&location=4108-10%20N%20Woodburn%20St%2C%20Shorewood%2C%20WI%2C%2053211%20Shorewood%20WI%2053211&key=AIzaSyCzWKDOMLGYlR3C9dltAR7sbLvcQEWNcvc&signature=ptPjxg1rTRX86ULoa2aJWGl00aw%3D", "https://www.trulia.com/images/txl3R/local_cards/streetview.svg", "https://maps.googleapis.com/maps/api/staticmap?zoom=15&size=700x200&scale=1&markers=icon%3Ahttps%3A%2F%2Fstatic.trulia-cdn.com%2Fimages%2Fapp-shopping%2Fmap-marker-txl3R%2FMapMarkerHouseIcon_large%401x.png%7Cscale%3A1%7C43.099058%2C-87.893492&style=feature%3Aadministrative%7Cvisibility%3Aoff&style=feature%3Apoi%7Cvisibility%3Aoff&key=AIzaSyCzWKDOMLGYlR3C9dltAR7sbLvcQEWNcvc&signature=MK7TuOj4EzrG7Zveq49zylpxYCA%3D", "https://www.trulia.com/images/icons/features/pets.svg", "https://www.trulia.com/images/icons/features/parking.svg", "https://www.trulia.com/images/icons/features/outdoor.svg", "https://www.trulia.com/images/icons/features/heating.svg", "https://www.trulia.com/images/icons/features/utilities.svg", "https://www.trulia.com/images/icons/features/days-on-market.svg", "https://www.trulia.com/images/icons/features/property-information-2024.svg", "https://www.trulia.com/images/icons/features/rental.svg", "https://www.trulia.com/images/icons/features/interior-features.svg", "https://www.trulia.com/images/icons/features/building.svg", "https://www.trulia.com/images/icons/features/exterior-features.svg", "https://www.trulia.com/images/icons/txl3/illustrations/EmptyPhoto.svg", "https://www.trulia.com/images/icons/txl3/illustrations/EmptyPhoto.svg", "https://www.trulia.com/images/icons/txl3/illustrations/EmptyPhoto.svg", "https://www.trulia.com/images/icons/txl3/illustrations/EmptyPhoto.svg", "https://www.trulia.com/images/icons/txl3/illustrations/EmptyPhoto.svg", "https://www.trulia.com/images/icons/txl3/illustrations/EmptyPhoto.svg", "https://www.trulia.com/images/icons/txl3/illustrations/EmptyPhoto.svg", "https://www.trulia.com/images/icons/txl3/illustrations/EmptyPhoto.svg", "https://www.trulia.com/images/txl3R/illustrations/LocalLegalProtectionV2.svg", "https://www.trulia.com/images/icons/txl3/LongTermIcon.svg", "https://www.trulia.com/images/icons/txl3/WorkIcon.svg", "https://www.trulia.com/images/icons/txl3/ParkIcon.svg", "https://www.trulia.com/images/commute/INRIX_rgb.svg" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null	4108-10 N Woodburn St offers rental. 4108-10 N Woodburn St is located at 4108-10 N Woodburn St, Shorewood, WI 53211. See floorplans, review amenities, and request a tour of the building today.	en	//www.trulia.com/images/icons/app/app-icon-120.png	Trulia Real Estate Search	https://www.trulia.com/building/4108-10-n-woodburn-st-4108-10-n-woodburn-st-shorewood-wi-53211-2625698179
4377	dbpedia	2	85	https://www.acpl.lib.in.us/locations-hours	en	Allen County Public Library	https://static.wixstatic…ed0763%7Emv2.png	https://static.wixstatic…ed0763%7Emv2.png	[ "https://static.wixstatic.com/media/ac02fb_00dcf2cdc89e4cd0a01db84d74a27bf5~mv2.png/v1/fill/w_65,h_18,al_c,q_85,usm_0.66_1.00_0.01,blur_2,enc_auto/ac02fb_00dcf2cdc89e4cd0a01db84d74a27bf5~mv2.png", "https://static.wixstatic.com/media/407f3f_4e50649ceabd415c824e9d8d609f56dd~mv2.jpg/v1/fill/w_147,h_77,al_c,q_80,usm_0.66_1.00_0.01,blur_2,enc_auto/ABT-EXT.jpg", "https://static.wixstatic.com/media/407f3f_ebefa8f4a3fb46d099da400c7982cb19~mv2.jpg", "https://static.wixstatic.com/media/407f3f_da4b524113ab4e428bcace33d36d9fc5~mv2.jpg/v1/fill/w_108,h_54,al_c,q_80,usm_0.66_1.00_0.01,blur_2,enc_auto/georgetown.jpg", "https://static.wixstatic.com/media/407f3f_606a08fd71114baea05573521671fef5~mv2.jpg/v1/fill/w_147,h_98,al_c,q_80,usm_0.66_1.00_0.01,blur_2,enc_auto/GRB-EXT.jpg", "https://static.wixstatic.com/media/407f3f_c1ec5ac4e23748c5b30bdcd9c01dbe1c~mv2.jpg/v1/fill/w_147,h_98,al_c,q_80,usm_0.66_1.00_0.01,blur_2,enc_auto/HSC-EXT-1.jpg", "https://static.wixstatic.com/media/407f3f_55f59dc4755446fe864ecf75732ea2d4~mv2.jpg/v1/fill/w_147,h_98,al_c,q_80,usm_0.66_1.00_0.01,blur_2,enc_auto/LTL-EXT-1.jpg", "https://static.wixstatic.com/media/407f3f_e8ca4aa34bb141a0bd2bf1247056b79b~mv2.jpg/v1/fill/w_108,h_54,al_c,q_80,usm_0.66_1.00_0.01,blur_2,enc_auto/main.jpg", "https://static.wixstatic.com/media/407f3f_d00cfb13a25b43fd90251d5252f8691c~mv2.jpg/v1/fill/w_108,h_54,al_c,q_80,usm_0.66_1.00_0.01,blur_2,enc_auto/monroeville_JPG.jpg", "https://static.wixstatic.com/media/407f3f_cc15aa740aa447fda9cdf06a0c4bbb58~mv2.jpg/v1/fill/w_108,h_54,al_c,q_80,usm_0.66_1.00_0.01,blur_2,enc_auto/new_haven.jpg", "https://static.wixstatic.com/media/407f3f_8f508bb2aec04542b068fee45e2e48cb~mv2.jpg/v1/fill/w_147,h_83,al_c,q_80,usm_0.66_1.00_0.01,blur_2,enc_auto/PON-EXT.jpg", "https://static.wixstatic.com/media/407f3f_90a70507a96c4e01b26d9b4b306c706f~mv2.jpg/v1/fill/w_147,h_66,al_c,q_80,usm_0.66_1.00_0.01,blur_2,enc_auto/SHW-EXT-1.jpg", "https://static.wixstatic.com/media/407f3f_843d818350004826863b0c6a336137a2~mv2.jpg/v1/fill/w_147,h_67,al_c,q_80,usm_0.66_1.00_0.01,blur_2,enc_auto/TEC-EXT.jpg", "https://static.wixstatic.com/media/407f3f_b34f7a6ab1a044d899924d9df7b93ed3~mv2.jpg/v1/fill/w_108,h_54,al_c,q_80,usm_0.66_1.00_0.01,blur_2,enc_auto/waynedale.jpg", "https://static.wixstatic.com/media/407f3f_9674fe3ad05447ea87c67a2069183a40~mv2.jpg/v1/fill/w_108,h_54,al_c,q_80,usm_0.66_1.00_0.01,blur_2,enc_auto/woodburn_JPG.jpg", "https://static.wixstatic.com/media/ac02fb_00dcf2cdc89e4cd0a01db84d74a27bf5~mv2.png/v1/fill/w_65,h_18,al_c,q_85,usm_0.66_1.00_0.01,blur_2,enc_auto/ac02fb_00dcf2cdc89e4cd0a01db84d74a27bf5~mv2.png" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null	Discover ACPL branches spread across Fort Wayne, each offering a unique atmosphere for your reading and learning. Find detailed information about our opening hours, services, and directions to make your library visits convenient and enjoyable!	en	https://static.wixstatic…ed0763%7Emv2.png	Acpl Studio	https://www.acpl.lib.in.us/locations-hours	9 a.m. - 9 p.m. 9 a.m. - 9 p.m. 9 a.m. - 9 p.m 9 a.m. - 9 p.m. 9 a.m. - 6 p.m. 9 a.m. - 6 p.m. Noon - 5 p.m. 9 a.m. - 8 p.m. 9 a.m. - 8 p.m. 9 a.m. - 8 p.m. 9 a.m. - 8 p.m. 9 a.m. - 5 p.m. 9 a.m. - 5 p.m. Noon - 4 p.m. 9 a.m. - 9 p.m. 9 a.m. - 9 p.m. 9 a.m. - 9 p.m. 9 a.m. - 9 p.m. 9 a.m. - 6 p.m. 9 a.m. - 6 p.m. Noon - 5 p.m.
4377	dbpedia	1	87	https://satellites.pro/Woodburn_map.Oregon_region.USA	en	Woodburn map satellite	https://satellites.pro/favicon.ico	https://satellites.pro/favicon.ico	[]	[]	[]	[ "Woodburn", "map", "satellite", "live", "photo", "routing", "street", "road", "building", "house", "city", "town", "village", "place", "location", "Oregon", "view", "address", "search" ]	null	[]	null	🌎 map of Woodburn (USA / Oregon), satellite view. Real streets and buildings location with labels, ruler, places sharing, search, locating, routing and weather forecast.	en	/favicon.ico		null	Woodburn map, satellite – loading... Search North America USA Oregon 🌎 Woodburn map Switch map
4377	dbpedia	2	93	https://www.cityofwoodburn.org/city-services/seasonal-leaf-pick-up/	en	Seasonal Leaf Pick	https://www.cityofwoodbu…507141968723.jpg		[ "https://www.cityofwoodburn.org/wp-content/themes/woodburn/img/menu.png", "https://www.cityofwoodburn.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/colorful-autumn-leaves-e1507141968723.jpg" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	2016-12-27T23:54:28+00:00		en		City of Woodburn	https://www.cityofwoodburn.org/city-services/seasonal-leaf-pick-up/	The City of Woodburn will begin leaf pickup on October 9th, 2023, and will continue as needed for approximately a month. On Mondays and Wednesdays throughout pickup, the East/West roads will be priority and on Tuesdays and Thursdays throughout pickup, the North/South roads will be priority. Given the number of locations to consider, please understand that you may not be collected on the day that you expect. If you have questions or concerns, feel free to call City Hall at 260-632-5318. There also is a site for dropping off compost off of Tile Mill road just past the shop as you turn off of 101. If, for some reason you have not had your leaves picked up at the end the time for collection, please take your remaining leaves to the compost site. The City currently does not pick up leaves outside of the City limits. If you have any questions, feel free to contact Ryan Walls at 260-450-2410.
4377	dbpedia	3	30	https://ess.science.energy.gov/highlights/	en	Highlights - Environmental System Science Program	https://ess.science.ener…S-logo-32x32.png	https://ess.science.ener…S-logo-32x32.png	[ "https://ess.science.energy.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/ESS-logo.png", "https://ess.science.energy.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/MOFLUX_Tower-aspect-ratio-300-175.jpg", "https://ess.science.energy.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/Presentation1-aspect-ratio-300-175.png", "https://ess.science.energy.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/Bailey_Morris_1-31-23_Effect-PrecipitationChange-SoilRespiration-VariesTime_Image-scaled-aspect-ratio-300-175-scaled.jpg", "https://ess.science.energy.gov/wp-content/themes/burano/images/doe-logo.png" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	2021-02-08T19:44:26+00:00		en	https://ess.science.ener…S-logo-32x32.png	Environmental System Science Program	https://ess.science.energy.gov/highlights/
4377	dbpedia	1	29	https://weatherspark.com/s/773/2/Average-Fall-Weather-in-Woodburn-Oregon-United-States	en	Woodburn Fall Weather, Average Temperature (Oregon, United States)	https://weatherspark.com…herspark_773.png	https://weatherspark.com…herspark_773.png	[ "https://dbffkv15yp72v.cloudfront.net/p/assets/images/small_spinner_c7b3cbb3ec8249a7121b722cdd76b870.gif", "https://dbffkv15yp72v.cloudfront.net/maps/static/static-map-773.jpg", "https://dbffkv15yp72v.cloudfront.net/p/assets/images/small_spinner_c7b3cbb3ec8249a7121b722cdd76b870.gif", "https://dbffkv15yp72v.cloudfront.net/maps/sources/sources-map-773.jpg", "https://dbffkv15yp72v.cloudfront.net/p/assets/images/small_spinner_c7b3cbb3ec8249a7121b722cdd76b870.gif", "https://dbffkv15yp72v.cloudfront.net/maps/static/static-map-773.jpg", "https://dbffkv15yp72v.cloudfront.net/p/assets/merchant/loading-indicator_20295fd727fbc02635f3d8c947e54556.gif" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null	In Woodburn during fall average daily high temperatures decrease from 81Â°F to 49Â°F and the fraction of time spent overcast or mostly cloudy increases from 28% to 75%.	en	https://dbffkv15yp72v.cl…3f6c80699bce.png		null	Fall Weather in Woodburn Oregon, United States Daily high temperatures decrease by 33Â°F, from 81Â°F to 49Â°F, rarely falling below 41Â°F or exceeding 92Â°F. Daily low temperatures decrease by 15Â°F, from 54Â°F to 38Â°F, rarely falling below 29Â°F or exceeding 60Â°F. For reference, on August 2, the hottest day of the year, temperatures in Woodburn typically range from 56Â°F to 85Â°F, while on December 29, the coldest day of the year, they range from 36Â°F to 46Â°F. Average High and Low Temperature in the Fall in Woodburn Average High and Low Temperature in the Fall in WoodburnSepOctNov30Â°F30Â°F40Â°F40Â°F50Â°F50Â°F60Â°F60Â°F70Â°F70Â°F80Â°F80Â°F90Â°F90Â°F100Â°F100Â°FSummerWinterSep 181Â°FSep 181Â°F54Â°F54Â°FNov 3049Â°FNov 3049Â°F38Â°F38Â°FOct 172Â°FOct 172Â°F49Â°F49Â°FNov 158Â°FNov 158Â°F44Â°F44Â°FNowNow The figure below shows you a compact characterization of the hourly average fall temperatures. The horizontal axis is the day, the vertical axis is the hour of the day, and the color is the average temperature for that hour and day. Average Hourly Temperature in the Fall in Woodburn Average Hourly Temperature in the Fall in WoodburnSepOctNov12 AM12 AM2 AM2 AM4 AM4 AM6 AM6 AM8 AM8 AM10 AM10 AM12 PM12 PM2 PM2 PM4 PM4 PM6 PM6 PM8 PM8 PM10 PM10 PM12 AM12 AMSummerWinterNowNowvery coldcoldcoolcomfortablewarm frigid 15Â°F freezing 32Â°F very cold 45Â°F cold 55Â°F cool 65Â°F comfortable 75Â°F warm 85Â°F hot 95Â°F sweltering Bastida / Labastida, Spain (5,348 miles away) is the far-away foreign place with temperatures most similar to Woodburn (view comparison). © OpenStreetMap contributors Compare Woodburn to another city: Clouds The fall in Woodburn experiences very rapidly increasing cloud cover, with the percentage of time that the sky is overcast or mostly cloudy increasing from 28% to 75%. The clearest day of the fall is September 1, with clear, mostly clear, or partly cloudy conditions 72% of the time. For reference, on January 16, the cloudiest day of the year, the chance of overcast or mostly cloudy conditions is 76%, while on August 2, the clearest day of the year, the chance of clear, mostly clear, or partly cloudy skies is 82%. Cloud Cover Categories in the Fall in Woodburn Cloud Cover Categories in the Fall in WoodburnSepOctNov0%100%10%90%20%80%30%70%40%60%50%50%60%40%70%30%80%20%90%10%100%0%SummerWinterSep 172%Sep 172%Nov 3025%Nov 3025%Oct 158%Oct 158%Nov 135%Nov 135%NowNowclearmostly clearpartly cloudyovercast 0% clear 20% mostly clear 40% partly cloudy 60% mostly cloudy 80% overcast 100% Precipitation A wet day is one with at least 0.04 inches of liquid or liquid-equivalent precipitation. In Woodburn, the chance of a wet day over the course of the fall is very rapidly increasing, starting the season at 13% and ending it at 57%. For reference, the year's highest daily chance of a wet day is 58% on November 26, and its lowest chance is 4% on August 3. Over the course of the fall in Woodburn, the chance of a day with only rain increases from 13% to 56%, the chance of a day with mixed snow and rain remains an essentially constant 1% throughout, and the chance of a day with only snow remains an essentially constant 0% throughout. Probability of Precipitation in the Fall in Woodburn Probability of Precipitation in the Fall in WoodburnSepOctNov0%0%5%5%10%10%15%15%20%20%25%25%30%30%35%35%40%40%45%45%50%50%55%55%60%60%SummerWinterNov 2658%Nov 2658%Sep 113%Sep 113%Oct 125%Oct 125%Nov 148%Nov 148%NowNowrainmixed Rainfall To show variation within the season and not just the monthly totals, we show the rainfall accumulated over a sliding 31-day period centered around each day. The average sliding 31-day rainfall during the fall in Woodburn is very rapidly increasing, starting the season at 1.0 inches, when it rarely exceeds 2.3 inches, and ending the season at 9.2 inches, when it rarely exceeds 14.6 inches or falls below 4.0 inches. Average Monthly Rainfall in the Fall in Woodburn Average Monthly Rainfall in the Fall in WoodburnSepOctNov0 in0 in2 in2 in4 in4 in6 in6 in8 in8 in10 in10 in12 in12 in14 in14 in16 in16 inSummerWinterSep 11.0 inSep 11.0 inNov 309.2 inNov 309.2 inOct 12.8 inOct 12.8 inNov 16.8 inNov 16.8 inNowNow Sun Over the course of the fall in Woodburn, the length of the day is very rapidly decreasing. From the start to the end of the season, the length of the day decreases by 4 hours, 12 minutes, implying an average daily decrease of 2 minutes, 48 seconds, and weekly decrease of 19 minutes, 36 seconds. The shortest day of the fall is November 30, with 9 hours, 1 minute of daylight and the longest day is September 1, with 13 hours, 13 minutes of daylight. Hours of Daylight and Twilight in the Fall in Woodburn Hours of Daylight and Twilight in the Fall in WoodburnSepOctNov0 hr24 hr4 hr20 hr8 hr16 hr12 hr12 hr16 hr8 hr20 hr4 hr24 hr0 hrSummerWinterSep 2212 hr, 11 minSep 2212 hr, 11 minnightnightdaydayNov 309 hr, 1 minNov 309 hr, 1 minNov 110 hr, 7 minNov 110 hr, 7 minNowNow The earliest sunrise of the fall in Woodburn is 6:34 AM on September 1 and the latest sunrise is 1 hour, 18 minutes later at 7:52 AM on November 2. The latest sunset is 7:47 PM on September 1 and the earliest sunset is 3 hours, 16 minutes earlier at 4:30 PM on November 30. Daylight saving time (DST) starts at 1:00 AM on November 3, 2024, shifting sunrise and sunset to be an hour later. For reference, on June 20, the longest day of the year, the Sun rises at 5:24 AM and sets 15 hours, 38 minutes later, at 9:02 PM, while on December 21, the shortest day of the year, it rises at 7:47 AM and sets 8 hours, 45 minutes later, at 4:32 PM. Sunrise & Sunset with Twilight and Daylight Saving Time in the Fall in Woodburn Sunrise & Sunset with Twilight and Daylight Saving Time in the Fall in WoodburnSepOctNov12 AM2 AM4 AM6 AM8 AM10 AM12 PM2 PM4 PM6 PM8 PM10 PM12 AMSummerWinter6:34 AM6:34 AMSep 17:47 PMSep 17:47 PM7:29 AM7:29 AMNov 304:30 PMNov 304:30 PM7:52 AM7:52 AMNov 25:56 PMNov 25:56 PM7:10 AM7:10 AMOct 16:50 PMOct 16:50 PMDSTNov 3DSTNov 3SolarMidnightSolarMidnightSolarNoonSunriseSunsetNowNow The figure below presents a compact representation of the sun's elevation (the angle of the sun above the horizon) and azimuth (its compass bearing) for every hour of every day in the reporting period. The horizontal axis is the day of the year and the vertical axis is the hour of the day. For a given day and hour of that day, the background color indicates the azimuth of the sun at that moment. The black isolines are contours of constant solar elevation. Solar Elevation and Azimuth in the Fall in Woodburn Solar Elevation and Azimuth in the Fall in WoodburnSepOctNov12 AM12 AM2 AM2 AM4 AM4 AM6 AM6 AM8 AM8 AM10 AM10 AM12 PM12 PM2 PM2 PM4 PM4 PM6 PM6 PM8 PM8 PM10 PM10 PM12 AM12 AMSummerWinter0102020300010203040NowNow northeastsouthwest Moon The figure below presents a compact representation of key lunar data for the fall of 2024. The horizontal axis is the day, the vertical axis is the hour of the day, and the colored areas indicate when the moon is above the horizon. The vertical gray bars (new Moons) and blue bars (full Moons) indicate key Moon phases. The label associated with each bar indicates the date and time that the phase is obtained, and the companion time labels indicate the rise and set times of the Moon for the nearest time interval in which the moon is above the horizon. Moon Rise, Set & Phases in the Fall in Woodburn Moon Rise, Set & Phases in the Fall in WoodburnSepOctNov12 AM12 AM4 AM4 AM8 AM8 AM12 PM12 PM4 PM4 PM8 PM8 PM12 AM12 AMSummerWinterAug 44:14 AMAug 44:14 AMAug 1911:26 AMAug 1911:26 AMSep 26:56 PMSep 26:56 PMSep 177:35 PMSep 177:35 PMOct 211:50 AMOct 211:50 AMOct 174:27 AMOct 174:27 AMNov 15:48 AMNov 15:48 AMNov 151:29 PMNov 151:29 PMNov 3010:22 PMNov 3010:22 PMDec 151:02 AMDec 151:02 AMDec 302:28 PMDec 302:28 PM9:10 PM9:10 PM8:07 PM8:07 PM5:56 AM5:56 AM7:53 PM7:53 PM7:17 PM7:17 PM7:36 AM7:36 AM7:05 AM7:05 AM6:47 PM6:47 PM5:59 PM5:59 PM7:50 AM7:50 AM8:10 AM8:10 AM5:48 PM5:48 PM4:17 PM4:17 PM7:16 AM7:16 AM3:47 PM3:47 PM8:12 AM8:12 AM4:11 PM4:11 PM Humidity We base the humidity comfort level on the dew point, as it determines whether perspiration will evaporate from the skin, thereby cooling the body. Lower dew points feel drier and higher dew points feel more humid. Unlike temperature, which typically varies significantly between night and day, dew point tends to change more slowly, so while the temperature may drop at night, a muggy day is typically followed by a muggy night. The chance that a given day will be muggy in Woodburn is essentially constant during the fall, remaining around 0% throughout. For reference, on July 12, the muggiest day of the year, there are muggy conditions 0% of the time, while on January 1, the least muggy day of the year, there are muggy conditions 0% of the time. Humidity Comfort Levels in the Fall in Woodburn Humidity Comfort Levels in the Fall in WoodburnSepOctNov0%0%10%10%20%20%30%30%40%40%50%50%60%60%70%70%80%80%90%90%100%100%SummerWinterSep 10%Sep 10%Nov 300%Nov 300%Oct 10%Oct 10%Nov 10%Nov 10%NowNowcomfortablecomfortabledrydryhumidhumid dry 55Â°F comfortable 60Â°F humid 65Â°F muggy 70Â°F oppressive 75Â°F miserable Wind This section discusses the wide-area hourly average wind vector (speed and direction) at 10 meters above the ground. The wind experienced at any given location is highly dependent on local topography and other factors, and instantaneous wind speed and direction vary more widely than hourly averages. The average hourly wind speed in Woodburn is increasing during the fall, increasing from 4.3 miles per hour to 6.1 miles per hour over the course of the season. For reference, on December 2, the windiest day of the year, the daily average wind speed is 6.1 miles per hour, while on August 8, the calmest day of the year, the daily average wind speed is 4.2 miles per hour. Average Wind Speed in the Fall in Woodburn Average Wind Speed in the Fall in WoodburnSepOctNov0 mph0 mph2 mph2 mph4 mph4 mph6 mph6 mph8 mph8 mph10 mph10 mphSummerWinterSep 14.3 mphSep 14.3 mphNov 306.1 mphNov 306.1 mphOct 14.6 mphOct 14.6 mphNov 15.3 mphNov 15.3 mphNowNow The wind direction in Woodburn during the fall is predominantly out of the north from September 1 to October 3 and the south from October 3 to November 30. Wind Direction in the Fall in Woodburn Wind Direction in the Fall in WoodburnNSSepOctNov0%100%20%80%40%60%60%40%80%20%100%0%SummerWinterNowNowwestsoutheastnorth northeastsouthwest Water Temperature Woodburn is located near a large body of water (e.g., ocean, sea, or large lake). This section reports on the wide-area average surface temperature of that water. The average surface water temperature in Woodburn is decreasing during the fall, falling by 7Â°F, from 58Â°F to 52Â°F, over the course of the season. Average Water Temperature in the Fall in Woodburn Average Water Temperature in the Fall in WoodburnSepOctNov46Â°F46Â°F48Â°F48Â°F50Â°F50Â°F52Â°F52Â°F54Â°F54Â°F56Â°F56Â°F58Â°F58Â°F60Â°F60Â°F62Â°F62Â°FSummerWinterSep 158Â°FSep 158Â°FNov 3052Â°FNov 3052Â°FOct 156Â°FOct 156Â°FNov 154Â°FNov 154Â°FNowNow Growing Season Definitions of the growing season vary throughout the world, but for the purposes of this report, we define it as the longest continuous period of non-freezing temperatures (≥ 32Â°F) in the year (the calendar year in the Northern Hemisphere, or from July 1 until June 30 in the Southern Hemisphere). The growing season in Woodburn typically lasts for 7.3 months (225 days), from around March 28 to around November 8, rarely starting before February 21 or after April 28, and rarely ending before October 15 or after December 5. During the fall in Woodburn, the chance that a given day is within the growing season is very rapidly decreasing falling from 100% to 16% over the course of the season. Time Spent in Various Temperature Bands and the Growing Season in the Fall in Woodburn Time Spent in Various Temperature Bands and the Growing Season in the Fall in Woodburngrowing seasonSepOctNov0%100%10%90%20%80%30%70%40%60%50%50%60%40%70%30%80%20%90%10%100%0%SummerWinter100%Sep 1100%Sep 1Nov 3016%Nov 3016%98%Oct 198%Oct 162%Nov 162%Nov 1Sep 11100%Sep 11100%NowNowfreezingvery coldcoldcoolcomfortablewarmhot frigid 15Â°F freezing 32Â°F very cold 45Â°F cold 55Â°F cool 65Â°F comfortable 75Â°F warm 85Â°F hot 95Â°F sweltering Growing degree days are a measure of yearly heat accumulation used to predict plant and animal development, and defined as the integral of warmth above a base temperature, discarding any excess above a maximum temperature. In this report, we use a base of 50Â°F and a cap of 86Â°F. The average accumulated growing degree days in Woodburn are rapidly increasing during the fall, increasing by 592Â°F, from 1,897Â°F to 2,489Â°F, over the course of the season. Growing Degree Days in the Fall in Woodburn Growing Degree Days in the Fall in WoodburnSepOctNov1,800Â°F1,800Â°F2,000Â°F2,000Â°F2,200Â°F2,200Â°F2,400Â°F2,400Â°F2,600Â°F2,600Â°FSummerWinterSep 11,897Â°FSep 11,897Â°FNov 302,489Â°FNov 302,489Â°FOct 12,277Â°FOct 12,277Â°FNov 12,452Â°FNov 12,452Â°FNowNow Solar Energy This section discusses the total daily incident shortwave solar energy reaching the surface of the ground over a wide area, taking full account of seasonal variations in the length of the day, the elevation of the Sun above the horizon, and absorption by clouds and other atmospheric constituents. Shortwave radiation includes visible light and ultraviolet radiation. The average daily incident shortwave solar energy in Woodburn is very rapidly decreasing during the fall, falling by 4.5 kWh, from 5.6 kWh to 1.1 kWh, over the course of the season. Average Daily Incident Shortwave Solar Energy in the Fall in Woodburn Average Daily Incident Shortwave Solar Energy in the Fall in WoodburnSepOctNov0 kWh0 kWh1 kWh1 kWh2 kWh2 kWh3 kWh3 kWh4 kWh4 kWh5 kWh5 kWh6 kWh6 kWh7 kWh7 kWh8 kWh8 kWhSummerWinterSep 15.6 kWhSep 15.6 kWhNov 301.1 kWhNov 301.1 kWhOct 13.8 kWhOct 13.8 kWhNov 12.0 kWhNov 12.0 kWhNowNow Topography For the purposes of this report, the geographical coordinates of Woodburn are 45.144 deg latitude, -122.855 deg longitude, and 184 ft elevation. The topography within 2 miles of Woodburn is essentially flat, with a maximum elevation change of 85 feet and an average elevation above sea level of 178 feet. Within 10 miles is essentially flat (873 feet). Within 50 miles contains very significant variations in elevation (5,669 feet). The area within 2 miles of Woodburn is covered by cropland (54%) and artificial surfaces (46%), within 10 miles by cropland (89%) and artificial surfaces (11%), and within 50 miles by trees (42%) and cropland (28%). Data Sources This report illustrates the typical weather in Woodburn, based on a statistical analysis of historical hourly weather reports and model reconstructions from January 1, 1980 to December 31, 2016. Temperature and Dew Point There are 3 weather stations near enough to contribute to our estimation of the temperature and dew point in Woodburn. For each station, the records are corrected for the elevation difference between that station and Woodburn according to the International Standard Atmosphere , and by the relative change present in the MERRA-2 satellite-era reanalysis between the two locations. The estimated value at Woodburn is computed as the weighted average of the individual contributions from each station, with weights proportional to the inverse of the distance between Woodburn and a given station. The stations contributing to this reconstruction are: Aurora State Airport (KUAO, 56%, 8 mi, northeast, 10 ft elevation change) Mc Minnville Municipal Airport (KMMV, 26%, 14 mi, west, -26 ft elevation change) McNary Field (KSLE, 18%, 18 mi, southwest, 20 ft elevation change) To get a sense of how much these sources agree with each other, you can view a comparison of Woodburn and the stations that contribute to our estimates of its temperature history and climate. Please note that each source's contribution is adjusted for elevation and the relative change present in the MERRA-2 data. Other Data All data relating to the Sun's position (e.g., sunrise and sunset) are computed using astronomical formulas from the book, Astronomical Algorithms 2nd Edition , by Jean Meeus. All other weather data, including cloud cover, precipitation, wind speed and direction, and solar flux, come from NASA's MERRA-2 Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis . This reanalysis combines a variety of wide-area measurements in a state-of-the-art global meteorological model to reconstruct the hourly history of weather throughout the world on a 50-kilometer grid. Land Use data comes from the Global Land Cover SHARE database , published by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Elevation data comes from the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) , published by NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Names, locations, and time zones of places and some airports come from the GeoNames Geographical Database . Time zones for airports and weather stations are provided by AskGeo.com . Maps are © OpenStreetMap contributors. Disclaimer The information on this site is provided as is, without any assurances as to its accuracy or suitability for any purpose. Weather data is prone to errors, outages, and other defects. We assume no responsibility for any decisions made on the basis of the content presented on this site. We draw particular cautious attention to our reliance on the MERRA-2 model-based reconstructions for a number of important data series. While having the tremendous advantages of temporal and spatial completeness, these reconstructions: (1) are based on computer models that may have model-based errors, (2) are coarsely sampled on a 50 km grid and are therefore unable to reconstruct the local variations of many microclimates, and (3) have particular difficulty with the weather in some coastal areas, especially small islands. We further caution that our travel scores are only as good as the data that underpin them, that weather conditions at any given location and time are unpredictable and variable, and that the definition of the scores reflects a particular set of preferences that may not agree with those of any particular reader. Please review our full terms contained on our Terms of Service page.
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"https://journals.ametsoc.org/view/journals/clim/29/11/full-jcli-d-15-0389.1-f20.jpg" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "Lucas M. Harris", "Shian-Jiann Lin", "ChiaYing Tu" ]	2016-06-01T00:00:00	Abstract An analytic Schmidt transformation is used to create locally refined global model grids capable of efficient climate simulation with gridcell widths as small as 10 km in the GFDL High-Resolution Atmosphere Model (HiRAM). This method of grid stretching produces a grid that varies very gradually into the region of enhanced resolution without changing the topology of the model grid and does not require radical changes to the solver. AMIP integrations were carried out with two grids stretched to 10-km minimum gridcell width: one centered over East Asia and the western Pacific warm pool, and the other over the continental United States. Robust improvements to orographic precipitation, the diurnal cycle of warm-season continental precipitation, and tropical cyclone maximum intensity were found in the region of enhanced resolution, compared to 25-km uniform-resolution HiRAM. The variations in grid size were not found to create apparent grid artifacts, and in some measures the global-mean climate improved in the stretched-grid simulations. In the enhanced-resolution regions, the number of tropical cyclones was reduced, but the fraction of storms reaching hurricane intensity increased, compared to a uniform-resolution simulation. This behavior was also found in a stretched-grid perpetual-September aquaplanet simulation with 12-km resolution over a part of the tropics. Furthermore, the stretched-grid aquaplanet simulation was also largely free of grid artifacts except for an artificial Walker-type circulation, and simulated an ITCZ in its unrefined region more resembling that of higher-resolution aquaplanet simulations, implying that the unrefined region may also be improved in stretched-grid simulations. The improvements due to stretching are attributable to improved resolution as these stretched-grid simulations were sparingly tuned.	en	/skin/74df12695855117a235c65909eacf705ab236dfb/favicon.ico	AMETSOC	https://journals.ametsoc.org/view/journals/clim/29/11/jcli-d-15-0389.1.xml	1. Introduction Locally high-resolution simulations are necessary for many applications in atmospheric science where small-scale features need to be resolved, such as hurricane forecasts or regional climate simulation, when a globally uniform high-resolution simulation would be impractical. A limited-area model is typically used for these purposes, but such models require boundary conditions supplied from a global model with potentially very different model design, possibly creating inconsistencies and errors at the model boundary. Further, limited-area models are unable to interact with the larger scales. A locally refined global grid avoids these problems. One form of local refinement is to stretch or deform the global grid (Courtier and Geleyn 1988; McGregor 2005; Fox-Rabinovitz et al. 2006; Tomita 2008; McGregor and Dix 2008; Uchida et al. 2016), such as by the analytic transformation of Schmidt (1977). A stretched grid is topologically identical to the original grid and so is conceptually simpler than a nested grid (Harris and Lin 2013, 2014, henceforth HL14) or an unstructured grid (cf. Thuburn et al. 2009; Rauscher et al. 2013) and does not require radical modification to the model formulation. The refinement in a stretched grid can also be much more gradual than the abrupt refinement of a nested grid, and thereby would be expected to cause fewer grid artifacts. However, stretching the grid causes a degradation of the resolution on the opposing side of the sphere, and the choices of time step and physical parameterization settings are the same globally regardless of resolution, scale-aware parameterizations excepted (cf. Walko et al. 2010). Summaries of earlier work on variable-resolution climate modeling are presented by Satoh et al. (2014), Zarzycki et al. (2015), Déqué and Piedelievre (1995), McGregor (2015), and references therein. A version of the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL) High-Resolution Atmosphere Model (HiRAM; Zhao et al. 2009, henceforth Z09) has been developed using a Schmidt (1977) transformation to deform the (quasi-) uniform resolution cubed-sphere grid into a grid with one region of enhanced resolution, which smoothly relaxes to coarser resolution on the opposite side of the domain. This deformed or “stretched” grid can then be used in HiRAM in the same manner as a uniform-resolution cubed-sphere grid, albeit with the need to take a shorter time step due to the reduced size of the smallest grid cells. We describe two series of stretched-grid and (quasi-) uniform simulations to show the effects of locally enhanced resolution. The first series is a set of idealized aquaplanet simulations, forced by fixed September-like SSTs and equinoctial insolation, in which the gridcell width is about 12 km in the enhanced-resolution region. The simplified framework and hemispherically asymmetrical SST permit study of the effects of resolution on the character of tropical precipitation and intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ), and of tropical cyclones (TCs). The stretched grid’s average precipitation and TC activity is compared to those in (quasi-) uniform resolution simulations using an unstretched grid to determine how well the stretched-grid model can reproduce the TC activity, as a function of resolution, in the uniform-resolution simulations. The second set of simulations is a set of comprehensive climate simulations forced by observed SSTs following the Atmospheric Model Intercomparison Project (AMIP) protocol for the period 1981–2008, in which a uniform-resolution 25-km simulation is compared against a pair of stretched-grid simulations of minimum gridcell width of about 10 km: one with the refined region centered on Taiwan and covering the western Pacific warm pool and East Asia, and the other with the refined region centered on Oklahoma City and covering the continental United States, and the tropical eastern Pacific and western North Atlantic. We will look at the effect of enhanced resolution on biases in tropical and orographic precipitation, the diurnal cycle of continental precipitation, and tropical cyclone frequency and intensity. We will also look at the effect of local refinement on global-scale circulations to determine if improvement due to grid refinement can reach beyond the refined region. A thorough evaluation of HiRAM has been presented in previous articles (Z09; Chen and Lin 2013; Xiang et al. 2015, HL14), although standard climate model evaluation metrics will be computed for the stretched-grid simulations. Section 2 summarizes HiRAM’s dynamical core and parameterizations and describes the Schmidt transformation to create the stretched grid. Section 3 describes the aquaplanet simulations and compares the ITCZ and TCs in a stretched-grid simulation against a series of uniform-resolution simulations of comparable resolutions to different regions of the stretched-grid simulation. Section 4 describes the 1981–2008 comprehensive climate simulations and compares the uniform-resolution and the two stretched-grid simulations against observations of precipitation and TC activity. 2. Model formulation GFDL HiRAM has been designed for efficient high-resolution simulations, with an emphasis on tropical precipitation and tropical cyclones (Z09; Chen and Lin 2011, 2013). Our HiRAM setup largely follows that in Chen and Lin (2013) and HL14. HiRAM uses the hydrostatic finite-volume cubed-sphere dynamical core described in Putman and Lin (2007), Harris and Lin (2013), and references therein. This dynamical core solves the hydrostatic primitive equations, in flux form for scalars (including potential temperature) and in vector-invariant form for momentum, on the cubed-sphere grid using the Lin and Rood (1997) algorithm in each horizontal layer extended to apply to a system with active thermodynamics. The finite-volume pressure gradient algorithm of Lin (1997) is used. The fluxes are computed using the piecewise-parabolic method (Colella and Woodward 1984) using the positivity-preserving constraint of Lin and Rood (1996) for air mass and tracers. The implicit diffusion from the piecewise-parabolic fluxes and the monotonicity constraint damps grid-scale noise. Further noise control is performed using fourth-order divergence damping. Vertical mass redistribution is performed by the vertically Lagrangian remapping of Lin (2004), modified as in Harris and Lin (2013) to perform the remapping on temperature instead of total energy. A global energy fixer computes lost total energy from the adiabatic dynamics and uniformly returns the lost energy as heat. All simulations use 32 vertical levels as in Z09, and have a constant-pressure top at 1 hPa. The convective parameterization is the University of Washington shallow convection scheme of Bretherton et al. (2004) extended to represent unresolved deep convection as described in Z09. Microphysics is represented by the six-category bulk microphysical scheme of Lin et al. (1983). The surface flux, boundary layer, orographic gravity wave drag, and radiative transfer parameterizations are the same as in GFDL Atmospheric Model, version 2.1 (AM2.1; Anderson et al. 2004), although the time step at which the radiative tendencies are computed has been decreased from 3 to 1 h, and there is no convective gravity wave drag parameterization. Aerosols, ozone, and well-mixed greenhouse gases are prescribed; there are no interactive aerosols or aerosol indirect effect. The Schmidt transformation The transformation of Schmidt (1977) provides a smooth, analytic means of deforming any spherical grid by “attracting” grid points to a specified central location, which can then be rotated to any other point on the sphere using a solid-body rotation. In this method, grid points of the original cubed sphere are attracted to the South Pole, so that we need only do the stretching along meridians, leaving longitudes unchanged; the South Pole is then moved to the target latitude and longitude by a solid-body rotation. The transformation of the latitude θ to ϑ by stretching is given by where c is the stretching factor, which can be any positive real number. The stretching is smooth, so that the gridcell width varies smoothly outward from the refined region, unlike the abrupt refinement resulting from grid nesting. However, the Schmidt transformation also leaves a lower-resolution region on the opposite side of the sphere, which covers more than half of the earth’s area. (We will find that this degraded-resolution area does not adversely affect the quality of HiRAM’s global climate.) The outline of the resulting stretched grid resembles a “flower” with four petals, the center of which is the highest-resolution area. The difference between stretched and (quasi-) uniform resolution can be seen in Fig. 1, in which an undeformed c384 (25 km) grid (Fig. 1a) is deformed by a factor of 2.5 and rotated to two different locations, Oklahoma City (OKC; 35.4°N, 97.6°W; Fig. 1b) and Taiwan (24.0°N, 121.0°E; Fig. 1c). Here, the notation cN refers to a cubed-sphere grid with N × N grid cells on each of its six faces, and cNrT refers to a cN grid with a stretching factor of T. Stretching the grid by a factor of 2.5 makes the smallest grid cell about 10 km wide; alternately, the widest grid cell on the opposite side of the sphere becomes about 75 km wide. Since Oklahoma City and Taiwan lie on roughly opposite sides of the world, North America lies in the low-resolution region of the Taiwan grid and the high-resolution region of the OKC grid, and South and East Asia lie in the high-resolution region of the Taiwan grid and the low-resolution region of the OKC grid. This symmetry will be exploited later to more clearly tie the effects of differing resolution on simulation quality in our comprehensive climate simulations. The variation of gridcell width with distance from the refined region can be seen in Fig. 2, depicting the equatorial gridcell widths of three uniform-resolution grids (c90, c256, and c768 of average gridcell widths of 103, 36, and 12 km, respectively) and a c256r3 grid with a refined 12-km region centered over the equator. Not only can the variation of the uniform-resolution grid spacing between the face centers and edges be seen, but also the smooth variation of the stretched grid, which varies from a resolution equivalent to that in the c768 grid in its high-resolution region to that comparable to the c90 grid on the opposing side. The resolution also decreases poleward from the refined region: at 40° latitude poleward in either direction of the highest-resolution region, the gridcell width is more comparable to that of a c256 grid (dashed line in Fig. 2). Note that the variation in gridcell width at the corners of the stretched grid is slightly smoother than that of the uniform-resolution grid. The relative simplicity of these grids and their refinement over the equator makes them ideal for studying tropical precipitation and tropical cyclones in aquaplanet simulations. The effect of variable resolution is shown in Fig. 3, which depicts instantaneous outgoing longwave radiation colored to resemble an infrared satellite image. The aquaplanet AP-c768 simulation (Fig. 3a) depicts finescale structure throughout the tropics: convective cloud clusters, tropical cyclones, and two intense tropical cyclones with well-defined eyes. Similar fine structures, including some tropical cyclones and their rainbands, are seen in and near the high-resolution region of the AP-c256r3 simulation (Fig. 3b), indicated by the smallest grid face, but in the coarse grid face (now covering more than half of the domain) cloud clusters are much less well defined. An August snapshot from the comprehensive-climate Taiwan simulation (Fig. 3c) shows a typhoon between Taiwan and the Korean peninsula, while a February image from the OKC simulation (Fig. 3d) shows cloud streets off of the eastern coast of the United States with much finer detail than similar clouds in the Pacific Ocean. 3. Perpetual-September aquaplanet simulations: Evaluation against uniform-resolution simulations Aquaplanet simulations, which will be referred to by their resolution and the prefix AP to distinguish them from the comprehensive climate simulations described in the next section, are HiRAM simulations in which the land model is disabled, the lower boundary is specified by zonally uniform SSTs representative of September observed SSTs (Fig. 4), and there is no topography or orographic gravity wave drag. Here, we are primarily interested in using the aquaplanet as a way to test the quality of the stretched-grid simulation against uniform-resolution simulations, and to determine if the representation of precipitation and tropical cyclones is similar in each of the regions of roughly uniform resolution (Fig. 2) to those in uniform-resolution simulations of corresponding resolution, instead of demonstrating a model intended for climate dynamics research. The use of September-like SSTs also differs from the typical aquaplanet simulation design (cf. Blackburn et al. 2013) and is done to ensure a large sample of tropical cyclones to test the model. The performance of HiRAM in standardized comparisons between aquaplanet models can be seen in Blackburn et al. (2013) and Williamson et al. (2013). Characteristics of HiRAM’s tropical wave activity and spectrum, of importance for the distribution of tropical precipitation and of the formation of tropical cyclones, are discussed in HL14 and from a coupled version of HiRAM in Xiang et al. (2015). Four 6-yr-long aquaplanet simulations were performed, after allowing a 1-month spinup period from a dry, resting atmosphere. Three uniform-resolution simulations were performed, one each on the c90, c256, and c768 grids, and a c256r3 simulation with the refined region centered over the equator (Figs. 2 and 3a). These simulations were identical except for their time steps (Table 1) and the fact that AP-c768 uses a 50% larger value of the autoconversion threshold (3 vs 2 g kg−1) in the convective scheme, following the recommendation of Z09 to increase the autoconversion threshold with increasing resolution; as in Z09, the convection scheme simply removes all condensate above the autoconversion threshold as precipitation falling immediately to the surface. Insolation is equinoctial with a solar constant of 1365 W m−2. Ozone and well-mixed greenhouse gases are fixed at 1980 levels. a. Precipitation The width and intensity of the intertropical convergence zone is known to be a function of model resolution: higher-resolution simulations typically have more intense, narrower ITCZs (cf. Lorant and Royer 2001; Williamson 2008; Rauscher et al. 2013), although this is not universally true (Tomita et al. 2005). The latitude of the ITCZ is also a function of resolution in our perpetual-September simulations: the ITCZ is located over the warmest SSTs north of the equator, and at higher resolutions the ITCZ is found closer to the equator (Fig. 5). The position, intensity, and width of the ITCZ vary smoothly in the variable-resolution AP-c256r3 (Fig. 5a), being the narrowest and closest to the equator in the high-resolution region and then the broadest, weakest, and farthest poleward in the low-resolution region. Artifacts due to the grid edges are not apparent; however, even the mean precipitation field shows small-scale structure despite the averaging period. Small-scale structure is more visible in the subtropics in Fig. S1 of the supplemental material, showing the same data but with a rescaled color bar. The spatial variability in the precipitation field is due to the substantial small-scale variability in HiRAM: as the convective parameterization is less intrusive than traditional convection schemes (Z09), much of the convection is handled by the resolved-scale dynamics, permitting the formation of many small but organized storms. This activity can be seen in the instantaneous longwave radiation field in Figs. 3a and b as well as in 3-h accumulated precipitation (Fig. S2 of the supplemental material). The variation in the ITCZ location and strength does create artificial zonally asymmetric circulations suggestive of the observed Walker circulation in the equatorial Pacific, as seen by the maximum in precipitation between 60° and 150°E (black shading), which is not repeated to the east of the high-resolution region. Examination of the 0°–15°N latitude mean 500-hPa vertical pressure velocity in AP-c256r3 (Fig. 6) finds enhancement of ascent by nearly a third compared to AP-c768 and AP-c256 (about −50 to −40 hPa day−1) between 60° and 150°E, and a smaller decrease near 180° longitude. Similar Walker-type circulations were found in the variable-resolution simulations of Lorant and Royer (2001) and Rauscher et al. (2013). The behavior of the ITCZ with changing resolution in AP-c256r3 is qualitatively similar to that in the uniform-resolution simulations (Figs. 5b,c), in which the highest-resolution AP-c768 has the narrowest and farthest equatorward ITCZ; the ITCZ is slightly broader and farther poleward in AP-c256, and weaker, broader, and farther poleward still in AP-c90. The location of the precipitation peak in the high-resolution region matches well that of AP-c768 (Fig. 7a) and the location of the precipitation peak in the low-resolution region matches that of AP-c90 (Fig. 7c), although the precipitation amounts do not precisely match. In the low-resolution region even if a narrower region (50°W–50°E; dotted line in Fig. 7c) is used to compute the average, in order to more strictly restrict the region to low-resolution regions, there is still more precipitation in the low-resolution region of the stretched grid than in AP-c90, an amount closer to that at higher resolutions. In the medium-resolution region the location and amplitude of the precipitation peak is similar to but farther poleward and lower than AP-c256 (Fig. 7b); taking an average over a wider region (50°–150°E and 50°–150°W, dotted line), however, yields an excellent match to AP-c256. The global- and tropical-mean precipitation is roughly the same in all simulations, and in all resolution regions of AP-c256r3 (Table 2); the difference between the largest and smallest values is less than 4% globally and 7% in the tropics. The total tropical precipitation is actually less in the high-resolution region of AP-c256r3 than in the lower-resolution regions, while it is greatest in the medium-resolution region. This is at least partially attributable to the artificial Walker circulation decreasing rainfall in the high-resolution region and increasing it in the medium-resolution region. There is more precipitation poleward of 10°N at lower resolutions (Fig. 7), reducing the difference in area-averaged precipitation between the resolutions. The convective fraction, the percentage of precipitation caused by the convective scheme (Table 2), shows little dependence upon resolution in AP-c256r3. Only AP-c768 has a significantly lower convective fraction; an AP-c768 simulation with the autoconversion threshold reduced to the same value as in the other simulations (from 3 to 2 g kg−1) only increased the convective fraction to 9% from 7%, but an AP-c256r3 simulation with a threshold of 3 instead of 2 g kg−1 had a convective fraction of less than 10% in all regions. On the AP-c90 grid, the convective fraction varied from 9% when using a threshold of 3 g kg−1 to over 80% when using a threshold of 1 g kg−1. We conclude that convective fraction is relatively insensitive to resolution and more sensitive to tuning parameters such as the autoconversion threshold, until convection-permitting scales near 12 km are achieved, at which the convective parameterization is less important and more convection is explicitly resolved. b. Tropical cyclones Resolution has interesting and sometimes counterintuitive effects upon the numbers of tropical cyclones and the fraction attaining hurricane strength. Long-lived tropical cyclones (LLTCs) are counted and classified in the 6-hourly output from our simulations by a simple cyclone tracker. This tracker identifies warm-core cyclones represented by sea level pressure (SLP) minima as TCs if the longevity requirements of Chen and Lin (2011, 2013) are satisfied: the total lifetime of an identified cyclone (regardless of wind speed or warm core) must be at least 72 h, the cyclone must have a warm core for a cumulative (not necessarily consecutive) period of 48 h, and the maximum 10-m wind speed must be greater than 17.5 m s−1 and must coexist with a warm core for 36 consecutive hours. The longevity requirement removes many short-lived and disorganized storms that are difficult to track. A warm-core system is classified as a hurricane-strength storm if the 10-m wind speed reaches 32.5 m s−1 at a location equatorward of 40° latitude at least once during its lifetime. For brevity we will refer to any hurricane-strength storm simply as a hurricane, except when specifically discussing typhoons in the western Pacific and severe cyclones in the Indian Ocean and Southern Hemisphere. More details of the tracking algorithm are given in the appendix. We do not adjust the wind thresholds to compensate for lower resolutions, nor do we use an empirically adjusted lowest-level or 850-hPa wind as a proxy for 10-m winds, but instead use explicitly computed 10-m winds from the boundary layer scheme. Discussions on the realism of tropical cyclones in global models are given by Walsh et al. (2007) and Halperin et al. (2013), and references therein. The TC storm density, given in terms of cumulative days that a cyclone is found in a given 5° × 4° box (Fig. 8), shows a smooth variation in AP-c256r3 from relatively high values in the low-resolution region to smaller numbers in the high-resolution region. There are fewer storms in the high-resolution region than in the low-resolution region (Table 3). There are about 50% more TCs in AP-c256 than in AP-c768, which in turn has half as many TCs as does AP-c90. Longitudinally averaged track densities (Fig. 9) show good agreement between TCs in the uniform-resolution simulations (solid colored lines) and the corresponding region of the stretched-grid simulation (solid black lines). The storm density (Fig. 8) of hurricane-strength storms is greatest in the medium-resolution region of AP-c256r3, and in AP-c256. However, the fraction of TCs attaining hurricane strength (Table 3) is greatest in the high-resolution region of AP-c256r3, and in AP-c768; this fraction increases monotonically with resolution, although it does so more strongly in the uniform-resolution simulations than in the stretched-grid simulation. Two competing factors determine the number of hurricanes in our simulations: the number of TCs, and the ability of the model to resolve intense cyclones. Both Merlis et al. (2013) and Ballinger et al. (2015) found a relation between TC frequency and the ITCZ latitude in their aquaplanet HiRAM simulations; we follow their argument here. TCs are known to develop most frequently at the poleward side of the ITCZ (Gray 1968); since at higher resolution the ITCZ is located closer to the equator, then the region for best cyclogenesis occurs nearer to the equator, where the Coriolis force needed to organize convection into cyclones is weaker. The f-plane experiments of Held et al. (2007) found that there are fewer TCs when the Coriolis parameter is reduced, with the number of TCs halved when the ambient rotation was moved from 10° to 5° latitude; similar results were found by Zhou et al. (2014). Thus we expect there to be fewer TCs at the higher resolutions due to the equatorward shift of the ITCZ. The tropical maximum in TC storm density shifts equatorward along with the ITCZ at increasing resolution (Fig. 9). Alternately, the features in TCs representing the strongest wind speeds are better resolved as the model resolution increases. Lower-resolution models do not produce as many intense TCs as do higher-resolution models (e.g., Z09; Walsh et al. 2007; Bender et al. 2010; Zhao and Held 2010, and references therein), making the wind speed requirements for both TCs and hurricanes harder to meet. How can the effects of intensity and storm frequency on resolution be separated? The wind speed criterion can be replaced with an SLP criterion, which is known to be less sensitive to resolution in HiRAM (cf. Chen and Lin 2013). The low-resolution regions of AP-c256r3 and AP-c90 still produce many storms of deep central pressures (Fig. 10), but very few of these storms have maximum winds exceeding 40 m s−1. In contrast, AP-c768 and the high-resolution region of AP-c256r3 show a nearly linear pressure–wind relation to storms as intense as 50 m s−1 and as deep as 920 hPa. Replacing the wind criterion with a pressure criterion—that a TC must have a central SLP no greater than 1000 hPa—in the longevity requirements makes the increase in the number of TCs with resolution even stronger than with the original wind criterion (Table 3), more clearly showing the greater number of TCs produced at lower resolutions. If the threshold for hurricane-strength storms is changed to having a minimum SLP less than 980 hPa, the increase with resolution in the fraction of storms attaining hurricane-strength is much less than if the wind speed criterion is used. The high-resolution region of AP-c256r3 has fewer overall TCs than does AP-c768 (Fig. 9), both in the tropics and subtropics, and the minimum in storm density is shifted westward from the center of the high-resolution region (Fig. 8). This off-center storm density minimum corresponds to the descent in the artificial Walker circulation (Fig. 6) and may be suppressing cyclone activity in this region. 4. AMIP simulation using HiRAM and comparison with observations Three AMIP comprehensive climate simulations for 1981–2008 were performed, one for each of the c384, c384r25 OKC, and c384r25 Taiwan grids. The c384 simulation is very similar to the c360 simulations, which have been used for a number of studies (Chen and Lin 2011, 2013; Gall et al. 2011), and was used for both present-day and future time-slice integrations submitted to the CMIP5 archive (Z09). The model configuration was largely the same in all three simulations, with minor differences to suit the locally enhanced resolution. The physics time step in the stretched simulations was decreased from 600 to 300 s; the dynamics time step was decreased from 30 to 12.5 s; and the nondimensional scaling parameter for the cumulus horizontal entrainment rate [ in Zhao et al. (2012)] was increased from 10 to 12, which acts to increase the intensity of convectively coupled waves and tropical cyclones. Otherwise, the parameter tuning for the stretched-grid simulations was the same as for c384, as the tuning for the c384 could be considered a “compromise” between the low- and high-resolution regions of the stretched grid simulations. Tuning in the two stretched simulations was identical, except that in the orographic gravity wave drag parameterization (Stern and Pierrehumbert 1988) the empirical scaling parameter [ in Eq. (4) of Anderson et al. (2004)] for the maximum permitted unresolved wave drag was set to 4 in the OKC simulation and 3 in the Taiwan and c384 simulations. The OKC simulation has better resolution of the Rockies, a major orographic wave source, and so a larger value of the scaling parameter is needed. The simulations described in this section use sea surface temperatures and sea ice specified from the Hadley Centre Sea Ice and Sea Surface Temperature (HadISST; Rayner et al. 2003) 1-degree monthly dataset. The GFDL Land Model, version 3 (LM3; Milly et al. 2014), with specified daily vegetation is used on the land surface, although due to technical and personnel limitations the river module has been disabled. These simulations used the same time-varying greenhouse gas and aerosol concentrations and solar forcing as described by Z09, but without volcanic aerosols. A 2Δz Richardson number–based local mixing is applied as a “safety valve” to filter 2Δz shear instabilities and alleviate gridpoint storms. This method is less intrusive than traditional nonlocal mixing schemes but is not intended to replace the existing boundary layer scheme. a. Global climate Global-mean measures of the radiation budget, water vapor, and precipitation are given in Table 4. None of the quantities varies greatly between the simulations and all are largely comparable to those of the simulations in HL14 (see their Table 2), although the global precipitation amount and both absorbed shortwave and outgoing longwave radiation are all slightly larger and water vapor path slightly lower. All of these values are comparable to those in observations, as discussed in HL14; indeed, the Taiwan stretched-grid simulation, which covers the western Pacific warm pool and the Maritime Continent with its high-resolution region, has a value of the water vapor path very similar to the 24.7 kg m−2 value from the NASA Water Vapor Project (NVAP; Simpson et al. 2001). The tropical-mean precipitation is slightly greater in the OKC simulation than in the other two simulations; all three are larger than from Global Precipitation Climatology Project (GPCP; Adler et al. 2003) or Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission version 7 (TRMM v7; Huffman et al. 2007; Wang et al. 2014), which have annual 30°N–30°S mean precipitation of 3.39 and 3.27 mm day−1, respectively. Despite the coarser resolution covering much of the earth (Fig. 1) we find that the stretched-grid simulations have smaller globally-averaged errors for dynamical fields such as zonal-mean annual winds (Fig. 11) and annual Northern Hemisphere SLP (Fig. 12). In particular, the OKC simulation has root-mean-square errors (RMSEs; Table 5) of just over 1 m s−1 for zonal-mean wind and 1 hPa for Northern Hemisphere SLP, owing largely to a decrease in stratospheric wind biases in the tropics and Southern Hemisphere, and to substantial decreases in Arctic and North Atlantic pressure biases. All three simulations have very good RMSEs for winds and (except for c384) SLP compared to the 2° AM2 and AM3 as well as the ½° HiRAM simulations of Z09 (c180) and HL14 (c192). Conversely, the zonal-mean temperature errors increase in the stretched-grid simulations (Table 5) owing mostly to increased errors in the stratosphere and especially in the Antarctic (Fig. 13) where both stretched-grid simulations have their coarsened regions. All simulations have very low temperature biases in the tropics. Degradation of precipitation biases is seen over the Indian Ocean in the OKC simulation, and over South and Central America and the surrounding oceans in the Taiwan simulation (Fig. 14); both correspond to the coarsest regions of their respective grids. The western Pacific wet bias in the uniform-resolution simulation is alleviated in both of the stretched-grid simulations, although whether stretching gets the model closer to the observations here is dependent on the observation dataset, as GPCP and TRMM yield different precipitation amounts in this region. b. Regional precipitation: Spatial fidelity and diurnal cycle Here, we examine precipitation biases with respect to the latest version (v7) of the TRMM (Gopalan et al. 2010; Wang et al. 2014), which has much improved tropical precipitation compared to earlier versions of TRMM. The annual precipitation bias with respect to TRMM in the c384 uniform-resolution simulation (Fig. 15b) has a dipole pattern in the western Pacific—wet in the north and dry in the south—which is reversed in the South China Sea and the eastern Indian Ocean, and is enhanced during the summer (JJA) monsoon season (Fig. 15e). A wet bias is apparent in Indochina as well, partially tied to the model placing the precipitation maximum observed over the eastern Bay of Bengal over land. The Taiwan simulation (Figs. 15c,f) replaces the oceanic dipole bias with a more uniform dry bias. The annual wet bias southeast of Japan is substantially alleviated in the Taiwan simulation, as is the wet bias in Indochina, although in the monsoon season there now is a dry bias east of the Philippines. There is also a reduction in the precipitation bias near the Himalayas, in part due to the enhanced resolution of the topography. The c384 simulation (Fig. 16b) suffers dry biases in the U.S. central plains, the Gulf of Mexico, and the western Atlantic storm track, and wet biases in the eastern United States, the Caribbean, Mexico, Central America, and along the ITCZ in the eastern Pacific, most being more pronounced in the JJA warm season (Fig. 16e). The OKC simulation (Figs. 16c,f) alleviates the biases in the central plains, Atlantic, and Caribbean by a small degree. Improved resolution greatly enhances the detail in orographic precipitation in the mountainous western United States, especially during the DJF cold season when mountains receive the bulk of their precipitation (Fig. 17). Biases in high-resolution orographic precipitation fields over the continental United States can be evaluated against the 4-km Parameter-Elevation Regressions on Independent Slopes Model (PRISM; Daly et al. 2008) dataset. Many finescale topographic details are visible in the OKC simulation that are not visible in the uniform-resolution simulation, and some dry biases (particularly in Southern California and the Oregon coastal range) are alleviated, although there is now more precipitation than observed in the Sierra Nevada range. The diurnal cycle of warm-season continental convection (Fig. 18) has been a challenge to climate models, as traditional convective parameterizations cause convection to trigger too early, causing a maximum in precipitation around local noon and early afternoon and a minimum in the early evening, the opposite of what is typically observed. Over the continental United States, the c384 simulation and the Taiwan simulation yield similar JJA diurnal cycles, with the aforementioned erroneous noontime maximum and evening minimum, and an additional maximum at midnight; the c384 simulation yields only a minor “flattening” of this erroneous cycle despite it having better resolution than the Taiwan simulation in this region. However, in the OKC simulation the diurnal cycle is greatly improved: the maximum is now in the late evening, 3 h after the observed peak, and has a minimum in the early morning; the amplitude of the diurnal cycle is also much closer to that of the observations. A similar improvement is seen over Central America. The Taiwan stretched simulation also yields a greatly improved diurnal cycle averaged over East or Southeast Asia compared to the c384 simulation, which only slightly improved upon the diurnal cycle in the OKC simulation. While the global- and tropical-mean diurnal cycles for both of the stretched-grid simulations still exhibit an erroneous minimum in the evening, indicating that the improvement is local to the refined region, they do not have the noontime local maximum of the uniform-resolution simulation, possibly indicating that improvement in the higher-resolution regions of the stretched-grid simulations is not cancelled by the lower-resolution regions. The global and tropical diurnal cycles may have been improved in the stretched-grid simulations by the larger entrainment used in their convective parameterizations, so that less precipitation occurs due to the parameterization and thereby can better follow the diurnal cycle. Globally, 21% of JJA precipitation is from the convective parameterization, compared to only 13% in each stretched-grid simulation; in the tropics these fractions increase to 33% and 21%, respectively, and similar values are found in the regions depicted in Figs. 15 and 16, despite the large difference in resolutions in each region between the two stretched-grid simulations. c. Tropical cyclones All three simulations produce too many LLTCs compared to IBTrACS (Table 6), with the c384 simulation having over 100 TCs per year, and the Taiwan simulation the least; this pattern is explained largely by the c384 simulation having the most LLTCs in the active western Pacific (WPac), and the Taiwan simulation the least. In the eastern Pacific (EPac), the c384 simulation again has the most LLTCs, but now the OKC simulation has the least; and in the North Atlantic (NAtl), the Taiwan simulation has the most and the OKC simulation has the least. The worldwide number of TCs reaching 32.5 m s−1, including hurricanes and typhoons, is too large compared to IBTrACS (Table 6) in the uniform-resolution simulation and too low in the Taiwan stretched-grid simulation, with the OKC simulation having a minor high bias. The Taiwan simulation has the least, and the uniform-resolution simulation the most, in the western and eastern Pacific, and vice versa in the North Atlantic. Figure 19 demonstrates that the Taiwan simulation has too few typhoons throughout the western Pacific warm pool, the opposite of the uniform-resolution simulation, but both have too few cyclones in the South China Sea. The Taiwan simulation does reduce the positive bias in cyclones in the north Indian Ocean and substantially reduces the positive bias around Australia compared to the uniform-resolution simulation. Also notable is that while the OKC simulation has a low bias in the eastern Pacific off of Mexico, it does not have the erroneously large number of hurricanes off of Central America seen in the other two simulations; both the low bias and high bias become more pronounced at increasingly low resolution. The Taiwan simulation did improve the interannual variability of western Pacific TCs and typhoons, improving the 1990–2008 correlation of both typhoons and LLTCs (Table 7). No improvement of interannual variability was seen in the eastern Pacific or North Atlantic in the OKC simulation. Note that only a single realization of each of the simulations is presented here, limiting the conclusions to be drawn from correlations of observed against modeled storm counts. Biases in the number of hurricanes and typhoons are at least in part due to biases in the number of LLTCs. The worldwide fraction of LLTCs reaching 32.5 m s−1 is roughly 50% in all three simulations (Table 8), which is lower than observed. This is in part due to the tendency for all but the very highest-resolution models to produce too many tropical storm–strength storms and minimal hurricanes and typhoons. All three simulations produce too many weaker storms in both the western Pacific and North Atlantic (Fig. 20). The Taiwan stretched-grid simulation produces roughly the same number of very strong typhoons (>55 m s−1) as observed in the western Pacific, once a multiplicative factor of 1.05 is applied to adjust the 10-min Japanese Meteorological Agency winds to the 1-min winds used by other agencies and in other basins (dashed line in Fig. 20; Harper et al. 2010). The Taiwan stretched-grid simulation has fewer weak storms and more strong storms than the other simulations with lower resolutions over the western Pacific. Over the North Atlantic, the OKC stretched-grid simulation produces more strong hurricanes than the other simulations, albeit still fewer than observed. Indeed, in the North Atlantic and the eastern Pacific, the OKC simulation has the largest percentage of LLTCs becoming hurricanes out of all the simulations (Table 8). Furthermore, in the western Pacific the Taiwan stretched-grid simulation has the largest percentage of LLTCs becoming typhoons. Both of these points confirm the conclusions from the aquaplanet simulations. The uniform-resolution c384 simulation has the smallest percentage of North Atlantic and western Pacific LLTCs achieving hurricane strength, at least in part because the convective entrainment parameter is smaller than in the stretched-grid simulations, which is known to decrease the ratio of hurricanes to LLTCs in HiRAM (Zhao et al. 2012). In the eastern Pacific, the percentage of LLTCs becoming hurricanes increases with improved resolution. 5. Conclusions Through a series of both idealized perpetual-September aquaplanet simulations and comprehensive climate simulations, we have demonstrated the ability of stretched grids in HiRAM to improve the simulated climate, with the largest improvements coming in the improved representation of finer-scale features—orographic precipitation, the diurnal cycle of precipitation, and tropical cyclone intensity—over the region of enhanced resolution. We have also shown that despite the degradation of model resolution on the opposite side of the earth from the enhanced-resolution region, the simulation fidelity of the large-scale climate is preserved compared to a uniform-resolution simulation. Further, grid stretching has been shown to produce little in the way of numerical artifacts; instead, there is a gradual transition to a climate more like that of a higher-resolution simulation, as seen through the aquaplanet ITCZ position and in the increased fraction of tropical cyclones attaining hurricane strength, and the presence of major hurricanes and supertyphoons not apparent at lower resolutions. Improvements due to the stretched grid are mostly due to resolution, since there was very little parameterization tuning to the stretched-grid simulations, and the parameterizations used are not explicitly scale-aware. Aquaplanet simulations provide an idealized environment to demonstrate the gradual variation in precipitation and tropical cyclones with the gradual variations in gridcell width. Indeed, in the stretched-grid aquaplanet simulation with gridcell widths ranging from 12 to 130 km, the latitudinal position and intensity of the ITCZ, as well as the number of TCs and the fraction of which achieved hurricane (32.5 m s−1) strength, closely matched those in corresponding uniform-resolution simulations. The stretched-grid aquaplanet simulation was largely free of grid artifacts except for an artificial circulation resembling a Walker circulation in the tropics. There was no general degradation of the large-scale climate in the stretched-grid comprehensive climate simulations despite the range of grid scales, the low-resolution region, or the compromise parameterization tuning. In fact, for dynamical fields such as the zonal-mean winds and mean Northern Hemisphere pressure, errors were reduced in the stretched-grid simulations compared to a 25-km uniform-resolution simulation. Enhanced resolutions as high as 10 km from the stretched grid also locally improved orographic precipitation, although improvements in nonorographic precipitation biases were rather more equivocal. Alleviation of these biases may require advances in physical parameterizations, which lies beyond the scope of this paper. Over land, the diurnal cycle in the 25-km uniform-resolution simulation tended to erroneously peak near local noon and at midnight, and did little better than the 60–70-km low-resolution regions of the stretched-grid simulations; but when the stretched grid locally increased the resolution to 10 km, the diurnal cycle was nearly always improved, with the peak now occurring within 3 h of the typical early evening observed peak. As expected, enhanced resolution was shown to increase the number of the most intense tropical cyclones, particularly in the North Atlantic. The stretched grid was also able to alleviate positive biases in many basins through enhanced resolution. No grid artifacts due to the stretched grid were apparent in these climate simulations. Two results from the aquaplanet simulations help to illuminate results seen in the comprehensive climate simulations. The highest-resolution regions of the stretched-grid climate simulations have the fewest TCs compared to the coarser-resolution simulations of the same region, and thus may not have as many hurricanes–typhoons as one of the coarser simulations, but they always have the largest percentage of TCs that attain hurricane/typhoon strength. The same result occurred in the aquaplanet simulations: at higher resolutions fewer overall TCs formed, attributable to the ITCZ shifting to lower latitudes and thereby providing a less favorable environment for TC genesis. However, since the higher resolution allows the model to better resolve intense cyclones, more of the storms that did form were able to attain hurricane strength. Second, the ITCZ in the low-resolution region of the stretched-grid aquaplanet simulation was better defined and more intense, more like that of the higher-resolution regions of the stretched-grid simulation, than that of the uniform-resolution 110-km simulation, implying that the better-resolved regions may have a positive effect upon the lower-resolution regions of the stretched grid. This in turn may be similar to the effect seen in the stretched-grid climate simulations, in which SLP and zonal-mean winds were globally improved despite much of the domain having a degraded resolution compared to a uniform-resolution simulation. We have demonstrated the utility of the stretched grid to both locally and potentially globally improve the fidelity of a simulated climate, both with respect to mean climate and to variability such as TCs. Further work will involve even higher-resolution simulations, such as with a combination of grid stretching and grid nesting, nonhydrostatic climate simulations, and time-slice simulations forced with late twenty-first-century SSTs. Acknowledgments Zhi Liang, Rusty Benson, and Sergei Malychev provided indispensable technical assistance. Aquaplanet HiRAM was designed by Ming Zhao and Bruce Wyman, and the simulations were originally constructed by Chris Kerr. Sarah Kapnick provided valuable discussion of TRMM biases. IBTrACS data were sorted and quality-controlled by Jan-Huey Chen. Diurnal cycle plots were made using a script designed by Bruce Wyman. Discussions with Tim Marchok, Ming Zhao, Jan-Huey Chen, Baoqiang Xiang, and Song-Miao Fan were very helpful in developing and testing the tracker. Tom Knutson and Tim Marchok provided valuable internal reviews. Comments from three anonymous reviewers are greatly appreciated. APPENDIX Description of the Cyclone Tracker Tracking is performed on 6-hourly instantaneous SLP, 10-m winds, and upper-tropospheric (300–500 hPa) temperature. First, storm centers are found, identified by minima in the SLP field of depression at least 2 hPa compared to their surroundings. This is done by finding a minimum, no greater than 1013 hPa, in an SLP field that has been smoothed with a second-order filter, and then searching for a closed contour 2 hPa greater than the minimum not encircling any deeper minima. Closed contours are identified by using a “flood fill” algorithm in which all adjacent cells with pressures less than the value of the contour are found, creating a region bounded by that contour. This flood fill method is easily and efficiently implemented using a recursive algorithm and does not require the contour to be circular. Further closed contours are used to identify the region associated with this cyclone, in which 10-m wind speed and 300–500-hPa temperature maxima are searched for; if the maximum in 300–500-hPa temperature is encircled by a 2°C contour and is no more than 500 km from the storm center, then the storm is considered to have a warm core. To filter out weak or disorganized systems, the identified region must also have a maximum 850-hPa cyclonic vorticity of at least 1.5 × 10−4 s−1 (negative in the Southern Hemisphere). The location of the center is fine-tuned by fitting a biquadratic to the SLP field and placing the center at its minimum. Storms identified at successive times can be connected into a track if they satisfy proximity criteria. Storms are assumed to move between data times along a path extrapolated from their two previous times, or using 500-hPa winds if there is only one earlier time; if an extrapolated storm center lies within 750 km of an identified storm center at the current time they are connected into a track. Identification proceeds in order of lowest to highest central SLP for both current and previous storms; doing so avoids problems in which a strong storm at the previous time is associated with a nearby weak disturbance at the current time while the correct current-time storm is counted as a new storm track. The criteria of Chen and Lin (2011, 2013) are used to identify LLTCs. The total lifetime of a storm track must be at least 72 h (regardless of maximum wind speed), must have a warm core and maximum winds of at least tropical-storm strength (17.5 m s−1) for at least 36 consecutive hours, and must have a warm core for a cumulative total of at least 48 h (not necessarily consecutive). 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4377	dbpedia	3	10	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Jefferson_(Oregon)	en	Mount Jefferson (Oregon)	https://upload.wikimedia…ingered_Jack.JPG	https://upload.wikimedia…ingered_Jack.JPG	[ "https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png", "https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg", "https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Mt._Jefferson_from_Three_Fingered_Jack.JPG/272px-Mt._Jefferson_from_Three_Fingered_Jack.JPG", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/USA_Oregon_relief_location_map.svg/272px-USA_Oregon_relief_location_map.svg.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/39/Red_triangle_with_thick_white_border.svg/16px-Red_triangle_with_thick_white_border.svg.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Oregon_volcanoes_map.gif/250px-Oregon_volcanoes_map.gif", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Mount_Jefferson_and_Russell_Lake-Oregon.jpg/220px-Mount_Jefferson_and_Russell_Lake-Oregon.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Mt._Jefferson_%28Deschutes_County%2C_Oregon_scenic_images%29_%28desD0002a%29.jpg/220px-Mt._Jefferson_%28Deschutes_County%2C_Oregon_scenic_images%29_%28desD0002a%29.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Mount-Jefferson.jpg/220px-Mount-Jefferson.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Mt._Jefferson.jpg/220px-Mt._Jefferson.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Mount_Jefferson_2.jpg/300px-Mount_Jefferson_2.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Official_Presidential_portrait_of_Thomas_Jefferson_%28by_Rembrandt_Peale%2C_1800%29.jpg/220px-Official_Presidential_portrait_of_Thomas_Jefferson_%28by_Rembrandt_Peale%2C_1800%29.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Jefferson_Park_Meadows_Mount_Jefferson_Wilderness.jpg/220px-Jefferson_Park_Meadows_Mount_Jefferson_Wilderness.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Mount_Rainier_from_west.jpg/120px-Mount_Rainier_from_west.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png", "https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1", "https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg", "https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/footer/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "Contributors to Wikimedia projects" ]	2003-12-10T08:19:55+00:00		en	/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png		https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Jefferson_(Oregon)	Stratovolcano in the Cascade Range, Oregon, US For other mountains named Mount Jefferson, see List of peaks named Mount Jefferson. Mount Jefferson is a stratovolcano in the Cascade Volcanic Arc, part of the Cascade Range in the U.S. state of Oregon. The second highest mountain in Oregon, it is situated within Linn County, Jefferson County, and Marion County and forms part of the Mount Jefferson Wilderness. Due to the ruggedness of its surroundings, the mountain is one of the hardest volcanoes to reach in the Cascades. It is also a popular tourist destination despite its remoteness, with recreational activities including hiking, backpacking, mountaineering, and photography. Vegetation at Mount Jefferson is dominated by Douglas fir, silver fir, mountain hemlock, ponderosa pine, lodgepole pine, and several cedar species. Carnivores, insectivores, bats, rodents, deer, birds, and various other species inhabit the area. Also known as Seekseekqua by Native American populations, the volcano was named after United States President Thomas Jefferson, and was first ascended by E. C. Cross and R. L. Farmer in 1888. It sits atop an area of crustal melting, and was produced by the subduction of the oceanic Juan de Fuca tectonic plate under the continental North American tectonic plate, forming about 730,000 years ago. Consisting of basaltic andesite, andesite, and dacite, the mountain has been extensively altered by glacial erosion. The surrounding area contains a number of other volcanic features like cinder cones, shield volcanoes, and tuyas (flat-topped, steep-sided volcanoes formed when lava erupts through a thick glacier or ice sheet). It is considered a low threat by the United States Geological Survey. Despite the low chance of future eruptions, many scientists still consider mudflows a major threat at Mount Jefferson. Geography [edit] The second tallest mountain in the U.S. state of Oregon after Mount Hood, Mount Jefferson lies within Jefferson, Linn, and Marion counties,[4] in the central part of the state.[5] Reaching an elevation of 10,497 feet (3,199 m), the volcano has a proximal relief of 4,890 feet (1,490 m). It is not usually visible from the city of Portland, though it is visible on clear days from Salem and can be noticed from highways to both the east and the west of the Cascade Range.[8] The average elevation of the terrain around Jefferson is 5,500 to 6,500 feet (1,700 to 2,000 m), meaning that Jefferson's cone rises nearly 1 mile (1.6 km) above its surroundings. Wilderness [edit] Main article: Mount Jefferson Wilderness Mount Jefferson's eastern segment lies within the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, and its western portion within the Mount Jefferson Wilderness, of the Willamette National Forest and Deschutes National Forests. The wilderness area covers 111,177 acres (449.92 km2), with more than 150 lakes. It also has 190 miles (310 km) of trails, including 40 miles (64 km) of the Pacific Crest National Scenic Trail.[11][12] Mount Jefferson is the major feature of the wilderness, along with the nearby Three Fingered Jack volcano.[12] Physical geography [edit] Mount Jefferson lies in the temperate maritime climate of Western Oregon. The Cascades absorb east-moving moisture, causing warm and dry summers. Winters show higher precipitation levels, especially at higher elevations, averaging 140 to 160 inches (3,500 to 4,000 mm) at peak altitudes and consisting mostly of snow. Moving east, annual precipitation levels decrease from 98 inches (2,500 mm) to lower than 16 inches (400 mm). When Little Ice Age glaciers retreated during the 20th century, water filled in the spaces left behind, forming moraine-dammed lakes, which are more common in the Mount Jefferson Wilderness and the nearby Three Sisters Wilderness than anywhere else in the contiguous United States. A number of these lakes breached during the 20th century and inundated Jefferson Park and the Jefferson Creek drainage under Waldo Glacier. These breach events yielded floods and small lahars (volcanically induced mudslides, landslides, and debris flows). The flood on August 21, 1934, at a lake formed near Whitewater Glacier, created a debris flow that reached the Whitewater River drainage and buried parts of Jefferson Park in 1 to 8 feet (0.30 to 2.44 m) of debris; another event took place in 1957, but was poorly documented. Mount Jefferson has 35 snow and ice features, including four named glaciers: Whitewater, Jefferson Park, Russell, and Waldo. These features, for the most part on the northern, eastern, and southeastern parts of Mount Jefferson, span elevations from 6,158 to 8,189 feet (1,877 to 2,496 m) and cover an area of 2.1 square miles (5.5 km2).[19] The volcano, like much of the Oregon Cascades, was likely covered by an ice cap during the Pleistocene,[20] with the glaciers at their peak size between 25,000 and 20,000 years ago.[19] In recent years, the glaciers have retreated to form lateral moraines; Whitewater Glacier, for example, shrunk from 5 miles (8.0 km) in width and 1 to 2 miles (1.6 to 3.2 km) in length to 1.9 miles (3.1 km) in width and a length of 0.62 miles (1 km).[19] During the 20th century, scientists thought they had identified a new glacier, which they named Milk Creek Glacier, but later studies established that it was an artifact of stagnant ice that had been hidden by debris, and it is no longer considered its own distinct feature.[19] Other geographic features at Jefferson include rock outcrops, steep talus slopes, conifer forests, and alpine meadows.[11][12] Additionally, a number of rivers drain Mount Jefferson. The northern and northwestern slopes feed the South Fork Breitenbush River, which flows into Detroit Lake, and the eastern side of Detroit Lake also receives water from Whitewater Creek, Russell Creek, and Milk Creek, which flow from the western flank of Mount Jefferson. The Whitewater Glacier and the northeastern side of the volcano drain into the Whitewater River, and Shitike Creek flows between Mount Jefferson and Olallie Butte before reaching the Deschutes River. Both Jefferson and Parker Creeks receive water from Jefferson's southeastern slopes, then join the Metolius River. Wildfires occur within the wilderness area at Mount Jefferson. In the late summer to early fall of 2017, the Whitewater and Little Devil fires occurred.[24] While the Little Devil fire covered 485 acres (1.96 km2), the Whitewater fire reached more than 10,000 acres (40 km2) in area,[25] provoking the use of amphibious aircraft[26] and causing trail closures.[27] As a result of the Whitewater fire, officials closed the Mount Jefferson Wilderness during the solar eclipse of August 21, 2017.[28] Climate [edit] Ecology [edit] Vegetation at Mount Jefferson is dominated by Douglas fir, silver fir, mountain hemlock, ponderosa pine, lodgepole pine, and several species of cedar. Vine maple, rhododendron, purple lupine, yellow lupine, Indian paintbrush, wild strawberries, and red huckleberries are also common around Mount Jefferson. Above the timber line at 7,200 feet (2,200 m) above sea level, mountain hemlock and whitebark pine predominate, though mountain hemlock has also invaded into subalpine meadows at Mount Jefferson, possibly as a result of fire control programs, grazing, the influence of adjacent forest areas, and climate change. Carnivorous animals at Mount Jefferson and its surroundings include American black bears, coyotes, cougars, red foxes, raccoons, American martens, stoats (also known as ermines), long-tailed weasels, American minks, North American river otters, and bobcats. Deer species include Roosevelt elk, black-tailed deer, and mule deer; insectivores include vagrant shrews, American water shrews, and coast moles. Bats at Jefferson include little brown bats and silver-haired bats, and American pikas and snowshoe hares are also present. Rodents such as yellow-bellied marmots, mountain beavers, yellow-pine chipmunks, Townsend's chipmunks, golden-mantled ground squirrels, western gray squirrels, Douglas squirrels, mountain pocket gophers, North American beavers, deer mice, bushy-tailed woodrats, water voles, Pacific jumping mice, and North American porcupines are present. Birds at Jefferson include mallards, northern goshawks, sharp-shinned hawks, red-tailed hawks, dusky grouses, grey partridges, killdeers, spotted sandpipers, California gulls, band-tailed pigeons, great horned owls, mountain pygmy owls, common nighthawks, rufous hummingbirds, Northern flickers, pileated woodpeckers, yellow-bellied sapsuckers, hairy woodpeckers, and white-headed woodpeckers. Other bird species found in the area consist of Eurasian three-toed woodpeckers, willow flycatchers, olive-sided flycatchers, tree swallows, Canada jays, Steller's jays, common ravens, Clark's nutcrackers, black-capped chickadees, mountain chickadees, chestnut-backed chickadees, red-breasted nuthatches, pygmy nuthatches, Eurasian treecreepers, American dippers, wrens, American robins, varied thrushes, hermit thrushes, Townsend's solitaires, golden-crowned kinglets, ruby-crowned kinglets, water pipits, blue-headed vireos, western tanagers, Cassin's finches, gray-crowned rosy finches, pine siskins, red crossbills, green-tailed towhees, dark-eyed juncos, white-crowned sparrows, golden-crowned sparrows, fox sparrows, and Lincoln's sparrows. Long-toed salamanders, California giant salamanders, rough-skinned newts, tailed frogs, western toads, Pacific tree frogs, northern red-legged frogs, Oregon spotted frogs, pygmy short-horned lizards, common garter snakes, and northwestern garter snakes make up some of the amphibious and reptilian animals in the vicinity. Roughly half the lakes in the Jefferson area contain rainbow trout. Geology [edit] Mount Jefferson shows normal magnetic polarity, suggesting that it formed less than 730,000 years ago. Created by the subduction of the oceanic Juan de Fuca tectonic plate under the continental North American tectonic plate in an area where the Earth's crust is 25 to 28 miles (40 to 45 km) thick, it is part of the Oregon High Cascades, which are influenced by the movement of the North American Plate and the extension of its continental crust. These extensional processes formed grabens, or valley-like depressions between parallel fault lines, at the eastern boundary of the central Cascades, including a 4,000-foot (1,200 m) deep formation. Jefferson does not lie in one of these grabens, but these tectonic processes continue, albeit at a less dramatic rate. At their peak rates, the crustal extension and depression of the Cascades area caused eruption of the Minto Lavas, made of basalt, followed by the Santiam basalts, named for their movement into the North Santiam River valley, which they filled to depths of 600 feet (180 m). Though the Jefferson vicinity has produced andesitic and dacitic lavas for the past 5 to 6 million years, major volcanoes more than 50 miles (80 km) south of the area have erupted basaltic andesite. The central Oregon Cascades are made up of Eocene to Quaternary volcanic, volcaniclastic, igneous, and sedimentary rock. Miocene and Pliocene volcanic and sedimentary rocks have been exposed in the Jefferson area, which also sits above lava flows, cinder material, and breccia from the High Cascades that formed during and after the Pliocene. Jefferson is the largest volcano in the Jefferson Reach, which forms the 47-mile (75 km) strip that makes up the northern part of the Oregon Cascade Range. Stretching from Frog Lake Buttes to South Cinder Peak, this segment consists of at least 175 Quaternary volcanoes. With a width of 16 miles (25 km), it differs from the adjacent northern segment of the Cascades, where volcanoes show a scattered distribution. Other unusual features of the Jefferson Reach include that the northernmost 19 miles (30 km) of the strip does not contain many volcanoes formed since the early Pleistocene and that it features a number of andesitic and dacitic volcanoes, which are unlike the many mafic (rich in magnesium and iron) shield volcanoes within the stretch. North of Pinhead Buttes, the volcanoes in this region are older and less tall, usually between 3,600 to 4,900 feet (1,100 to 1,500 m) in elevation. South of Pinhead Buttes, the Cascades becomes younger Pleistocene volcanoes, which often have glaciers. Mount Jefferson may form part of a long-lasting intracrustal melting and magma storage area that encompasses an area of 12.4 by 5.0 miles (20 by 8 km), where relatively little mafic eruptive activity has occurred. The melting of the metamorphic rocks amphibolite and at deeper strata, granulite, have both produced intermediate and silicic lavas at Jefferson. The strip may still be active, as monogenetic vents near Jefferson have produced basaltic andesite since the last glacial period. Jefferson — with Mount Hood, the Three Sisters-Broken Top area, and Crater Lake — represents one of four volcanic centers responsible for much of the Oregon Cascades' Quaternary andesite, dacite, and rhyolite deposits. Some of this andesite and dacite occurs in vents that underlie the Jefferson vicinity, which also erupted during the Quaternary. Quaternary volcanic production rates in the Cascade Range from Jefferson to Crater Lake have averaged 0.72 to 1.44 cubic miles (3 to 6 km3) per mile of arc length per million years. In the area surrounding Mount Jefferson, monogenetic volcanoes constructed an upland area composed of basaltic lava flows and small volcanic vents. Within this region, basaltic vents occur at Olallie Butte, Potato Butte, Sisi Butte, North Cinder Peak, and South Cinder Peak, with basaltic lava flows at Cabot Creek, Jefferson Creek, and upper Puzzle Creek. There are several hundred other basaltic volcanoes within the central Oregon High Cascades, extending up to 110 miles (180 km) away. Mount Jefferson overlies an silicic volcanic field from the early Pleistocene. Between five and six million years old, the field reaches north from Jefferson to Olallie Butte, and it covers an area of 58 square miles (150 km2). Scientists think that the setup of this field, where various vents have erupted lava, explains why the otherwise similar Cascades volcano at Mount Hood is three times as voluminous as Jefferson, because Hood has concentrated most of the eruptions from its magma chambers. The field is also likely underlain by a batholith, a large mass of intrusive igneous rock (also called a pluton) that forms from cooled magma deep in the Earth's crust. Mount Jefferson is a stratovolcano, made up of basaltic andesite, andesite, and dacite overlying basaltic shield volcanoes, with andesite and more silicic (rich in silica) rock forming the majority of the mountain. Rhyolite from the Quaternary can also be found at Jefferson, though it is not commonly found within the major volcanic centers of the Oregon Cascades. The volcano constitutes a small stratovolcano within the Cascades, with a current volume of 3.4 cubic miles (14 km3), though prior to erosion and other alterations over time, it may have been as large as 7.2 cubic miles (30 km3) in volume at one time. Mount Jefferson has been significantly altered by erosion,[50] and represents one of the most eroded stratovolcanoes in the state of Oregon. Glacial motion during the Pleistocene decreased the summit's elevation by a few hundred feet and formed a cirque (an amphitheatre-like valley carved by glacial erosion) on the western side of the volcano. This feature, known as the West Milk Creek cirque, includes the two Milk Creek glaciers and extends into the interior of Mount Jefferson, exposing tephra and pyroclastic rock in the main volcanic cone. The final two advances of glaciers during the Pleistocene removed about a third of the volcano's original volume, decreasing the overall elevation by 1,000 feet (300 m). Currently, the Whitewater Glacier and the Milk Creek glaciers erode the mountain's eastern and western flanks, respectively, and are likely to gradually form a cleft between the northern and southern horns of the summit. Within Jefferson's main volcanic cone, more than 200 andesitic lava flows are now exposed, with mean thicknesses from 10 to 35 feet (3.0 to 10.7 m), as well as an immense, pink dacitic lava flow with a thickness of 1,000 feet (300 m). The volcano also possess a small volcanic plug (created when magma hardens within a vent on an active volcano), situated 500 feet (150 m) under the summit. Jefferson's main cone ranges from 58 to 64 percent silicon dioxide, and is mostly made up of andesite and dacite. The upper 3,300 feet (1,000 m) of Jefferson's cone formed within the past 100,000 years, and consists mostly of dacite lava flows and lava domes. While it is possible that glaciers shed material from the burgeoning lava domes, any evidence of these domes generating pyroclastic flows or lahars has not been preserved in the geological record. Basalt at Mount Jefferson contains olivine, clinopyroxene, and plagioclase phenocryst crystals, while basaltic andesite phenocrysts include plagioclase (variable among samples), clinopyroxene, olivine, orthopyroxene, and occasionally, magnetite. Dacite and rhyodacite samples show amphibole, plagioclase, orthopyroxene, clinopyroxene, magnetite, apatite, and every so often ilmenite. Andesite shows similar composition to dacite samples, though sodic plagioclases and amphiboles are not as common. Subfeatures [edit] Volcanic activity in the vicinity of Mount Jefferson tends to originate from either stratovolcanoes that erupt for thousands of years or monogenetic volcanoes, which only erupt for a brief period of time before going extinct.[8] At least 35 volcanic vents can be detected within 9 miles (14 km) of the main volcanic cone at Mount Jefferson. These have produced andesitic and dacitic lava flows, lava domes, small shield volcanoes, and lava aprons. Basalt lava flows, at least two of which are younger than 7,700 years old, have been produced from four monogenetic volcanoes 4 to 8 miles (6.4 to 12.9 km) to the south of Jefferson, and they are not directly related to activity at the Mount Jefferson volcano.[4] Rhyodacitic lava flows and pyroclastic material, which have since been significantly altered and stripped by glaciation, originated from eight vents in the area. The Mount Jefferson vicinity contains at least 40 of the 190 documented lava domes in the Oregon Cascades, including the 7,159-foot (2,182 m) tall Goat's Peak dome;[50] it also contains monogenetic tuyas (flat-topped, steep-sided volcanoes formed when lava erupts through a thick glacier or ice sheet) and emplacements of hyaloclastite among mafic lava flows. The area is full of cinder cone volcanoes and intrusive lava plugs, which occur in irregular patterns. Made up of red to gray cinders, some are loose and agglutinated, and some contain intrusive rock plugs, while others do not. Cinder cones south of Mount Jefferson erupted lava flows, such as Forked Butte and North Cinder Peak. About 1,000 years ago, the South Cinder Peak cinder cone erupted, generating a lava flow that reached Marion Lake. Other volcanic cones associated with Mount Jefferson include Forked Butte and Horseshoe Cone.[50] Eruptive history [edit] Scientists lack a comprehensive record of activity at Mount Jefferson, as important details have been obscured by the erosion of deposits by large glaciers. A few eruptions have been documented from the deposits that have been preserved, but the broad outline of Jefferson's eruptive history is understood, including that its activity has changed over time, producing both powerful explosive eruptions and lava flows. Historically, eruptive activity has alternated between andesitic and dacitic lavas. The volcano formed over the course of several eruptive episodes, beginning about 300,000 years ago with the formation of rocks on the western and southwestern flanks of the volcano, and lasting until roughly 15,000 years ago.[4] The two major eruptive episodes were separated by glacial erosion of the volcano.[50] At least during the past 700,000 years, eruptions at the volcano have produced andesitic and dacitic lava. Most of the volcano formed within the past 100,000 years, with the latest activity building the central volcanic cone taking place between 30,000 and 20,000 years ago. These eruptions took place amidst the last glacial period and indicate interaction of lava with ice.[4] They erupted dacite lava flows and silicic lava domes from vents east of the former central cone, and were influenced by ice on Mount Jefferson, which prevented them from diffusing across the volcano's flanks. Instead, they formed lava tongues near the crater and coursed down spaces in between glaciers, creating volcanic glass and columnar joints, or arrays of prismatic shapes. Silicic lava domes from this eruptive episode collapsed over and over again, producing block-and-ash flows, or pyroclastic flows with many volcanic blocks among ash with a similar composition. About 150,000 years ago, an eruption produced the volcanic rock in the Park Butte area. A huge explosive eruption took place between 100,000 and 35,000 years ago (scientists have been unable to create a more specific time frame for the event),[8] producing ash layers that covered the Metolius and Deschutes River valleys and eventually extended to the city of Arco, in the southeastern part of the state of Idaho. This eruption may have excavated the existing crater, but if that were the case, eruptions have since refilled the area and obscured evidence of a crater-forming event. Eruptions around the same time period yielded pyroclastic flows that coursed down the Whitewater River drainage of the eastern side of Mount Jefferson, and the Whitewater Creek on the volcano's western flank. Basaltic lava flows at Forked Butte and to the south of Bear Butte mark the newest lava flows in the Jefferson area, as both were produced after Mount Mazama erupted roughly 7,600 years ago. The last eruption occurred about a thousand years ago at a cinder cone on the flank of the South Cinder Peak cone. Recent activity and potential hazards [edit] The basaltic lava flows produced from four monogenetic vents near Mount Jefferson indicate that the local region could produce future eruptions and could be considered active. Mount Jefferson itself is listed with a "Low/Very Low" threat potential by the United States Geological Survey,[4] but the agency has noted that "it may be too soon to regard Mount Jefferson as extinct."[63] In a 1987 report, Richard P. Hoblitt and other USGS scientists estimated that the yearly likelihood for a major explosive eruption at Jefferson does not exceed 1 in 100,000. However, given the incomplete geologic record, imprecise dating of its known deposits, and its lack of relatively recent activity, scientists from the United States Geological Survey have commented that "It is almost impossible to estimate the probability of future eruptions at Mount Jefferson." They have designated proximal and distal hazard zones for the volcano, which extend 5 to 10 miles (8.0 to 16.1 km) and several tens of miles, respectively. An eruption from the volcano would threaten the immediate surrounding area, in addition to places downstream near river valleys or downwind that could be affected by ashfall. Lahars (volcanically induced mudslides, landslides, and debris flows) and tephra could extend far from the volcano, and Mount Jefferson may also produce pyroclastic flows, lava domes, and lava flows.[63] Though the population within 19 miles (30 km) is only about 800 people, there are more than 550,000 people living within 62 miles (100 km) of the volcano.[50] Lava flows from Mount Jefferson or another volcano nearby might form lava domes that could collapse, also yielding pyroclastic flows. Moreover, while basaltic lava flows from surrounding monogenetic vents tend to travel slowly and typically only reach 12 miles (19 km) from their source, and therefore would not pose serious hazards to much wildlife or humans, they would still burn and bury anything they encountered.[66] Mazama Ash in the region reached 4 to 6 inches (100 to 150 mm) in thickness, and at least one explosive eruption from Jefferson deposited 6 feet (1.8 m) of ash onto its surroundings within 12 miles (19 km). Finer ash particles from the volcano could threaten air traffic, as a large gas plume may form; clouds from such a plume might also spawn pyroclastic flows on the flanks of the Jefferson volcano.[67] Moreover, ash can cause irritation of the eyes or respiratory system among the ill, the elderly, and infants, potentially leading to chronic lung disease. Tephra can also lead to the short-circuiting of electric transformers and power lines, collapse roofs, clog engine filters, damage car engines, and create clouds capable of producing lightning that can start fires. Even monogenetic volcanoes in the area could yield hazardous ashfall, reaching 10 feet (3.0 m) in thickness in areas within 1.2 miles (1.9 km);[67] it is unlikely they would threaten areas outside the local Jefferson vicinity.[68] An eruption at Jefferson could create lahars that would reach Detroit Lake on the western side of the volcano or Lake Billy Chinook on the eastern side, leading to increased lake water levels (or lake dam failure) and endangering life downstream.[69] In addition to the hazards from eruptions at Mount Jefferson, other safety threats include debris avalanches and lahars, which could be caused without an eruption[63] as a result of the failure of glacial moraine dams; this has happened in the past at Jefferson.[69] Even a small or mid-sized landslide could create lahars that travel far from the volcano.[68] Flooding at one of the many lakes on the flanks of Jefferson could spawn lahars in the future.[69] Many scientists think mudflows represent the largest threat at Jefferson. Seismic activity at Mount Jefferson is monitored by a regional network of seismic meters operated by the United States Geological Survey at the University of Washington's Geophysics Department. No frequent signs of detectable earthquake have been seen within the past two decades, but if earthquakes increased, scientists are prepared to deploy additional seismometers and other tools to monitor volcanic gas emissions and ground deformation indicating movement of magma into the volcano. Human history [edit] A Native American name for the mountain is Seekseekqua; its English name, Mount Jefferson (originally called Mount Vancouver by the British) was decided in honor of U.S. President Thomas Jefferson by the Lewis and Clark Expedition.[72] The expedition, which was sponsored by President Jefferson, first saw the peak from the mouth of the Willamette River on March 30, 1806.[72] Walter Eaton later described Mount Jefferson as "the most remote, the most inaccessible and alluring" mountain in Oregon, writing that Jefferson and Mount Hood "seem to hold mystic converse with one another over the canyons between." Mount Jefferson's glaciers were named by Oregon Bureau of Mines scientist Ira A. Williams in 1915, with former professor of geology at the University of Oregon, Edwin T. Hodge, publishing a report on the volcano's glaciers and geology in 1925.[19] His report focused on the sequence of volcanic rocks at Jefferson, in addition to its physiography and glaciology. Aerial photographic surveys of the glaciers at Jefferson were conducted by the Mazamas, a hiking club from Portland, during the 20th century.[20] In 1937, Thayer analyzed Mount Jefferson's petrography and petrology from segments of the Western Cascades and High Cascades, which he separated into local units. He expanded on this research in a 1939 publication looking at Jefferson vicinity lava flows. Field work followed in summer during 1965, led by G. W. Walker, and a 1974 study of the volcano's glacial and volcanic history was carried out by Kenneth G. Sutton and other geologists. The first ascent of Mount Jefferson was probably accomplished by E. C Cross and Ray L. Farmer on 12 August 1888 by way of the south ridge. George J. Pearce, who accompanied Cross and Farmer on the expedition, wrote an account of the climb for the Oregonian newspaper on 22 August 1900. The first climber to reach the summit via the north face was S. S. Mohler in 1903. Recreation [edit] Mount Jefferson is remote, and can usually only be reached on foot or by horse. There are no paved roads within 4 miles (6.4 km) of the mountain, and it is relatively little-known compared to other features near the Willamette Valley. Still, the mountain and its surrounding wilderness are visited by so many hikers, backpackers, and climbers each year, especially during the summer, that they face threats to their ecological well-being. The Warm Springs Tribal Council does not permit access to the volcano's eastern side, so only the western flanks can be used by the public. The western side can be reached from the Oregon Route 22 highway. Jefferson Park, on the northern slope of the mountain, can be reached on foot by taking the Whitewater Trail and following the Pacific Crest Trail for 1 mile (1.6 km). Located within the Mount Jefferson Wilderness, it represents a popular tourist destination for its views, lakes, and meadows, with activities including backpacking, climbing, and hiking during the summer, as well as nature photography. The area contains 26 campsites, which enforce a maximum group size of 12 people, and do not allow campfires.[79] As a result of increased traffic to the area between 2012 and 2014, the Willamette National Forest administration enforced a campsite reservation system as of 2016, but stopped the practice in 2017 due to its failure to reduce human impact within the region.[80] The Jefferson Lake Trail runs for 4.2 miles (6.8 km) round trip, with an elevation gain of 400 feet (120 m). Parts of the Trail were destroyed by a fire in the wilderness area in 2003, but the surviving remnants of the trail reopened after maintenance work was completed.[81] At Marion Lake, there are several trails, including a 6 miles (9.7 km) long route and a hike to Marion Mountain that lasts 11.2 miles (18.0 km) round-trip. These and other trails through the region offer views of the devastation of fires in the wilderness area in 2003 and 2006.[82] The Whitewater Trail runs north through the wilderness area for 1.5 miles (2.4 km) before reaching a junction, with the right path moving 2.5 miles (4.0 km) to the Pacific Crest Trail. In the Maxwell trail area, hikes of all difficulty levels can be found, including the challenging Maxwell Butte Trail 3391, the 9-mile (14 km) round trip at Santiam Lake Trail 3491, and the slightly less demanding 6.6-mile (10.6 km) Duffy Lake Trail 3427.[83] At the Pamelia Lake trail area, there are streams, lakes, and springs, as well as bathrooms, parking areas, and picnic tables. The Pamelia Limited Entry Area only allows 20 groups per day and limits their size to mitigate human impacts on the wilderness. Trails at Pamelia Lake include the Hunts Creek Trail 3440 and a segment of the Pacific Crest Trail, in addition to the Pamelia Lake Trail 3439, which rises 800 feet (240 m) before meeting the Hunts Creek Trail. The area is popular for backpacking, mountaineering, horseback riding, and day hiking.[84] Other popular trails include the Firecamp Lakes Trail and Canyon Creek Meadows trails.[85] In addition to the trails, some of the most popular areas around Mount Jefferson Wilderness include Eight Lakes Basin, Pamelia Lake, Jack Lake, Duffy Lake, Russell Lake, Santiam Lake and Wasco Lake.[11][12] Mount Jefferson can be climbed, but the route is challenging, especially the pinnacle of the summit. Nearly annually, at least one climber attempting Jefferson perishes. Because of the hazards and difficulty of climbing Mount Jefferson, the U.S. National Geodetic Survey recommends that only experienced climbers try to climb it.[2] See also [edit] Cascade Volcanoes Geology of the Pacific Northwest References [edit] Sources [edit]
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4377	dbpedia	1	64	https://www.revitalisingredesdale.org.uk/qr-codes/west-woodburn/	en	Revitalising Redesdale	https://www.revitalising…n/images/fav.png	https://www.revitalising…n/images/fav.png	[ "https://www.revitalisingredesdale.org.uk/wp-content/themes/revitalisingredesdale/images/logo.svg", "https://www.revitalisingredesdale.org.uk/wp-content/themes/revitalisingredesdale/images/footLogos.png" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	2022-02-16T12:15:51+00:00	More about West Woodburn West Woodburn, situated in the south west of Redesdale, is a small village that sits on the A68. The Bay Horse Inn, a	en	images/fav.png	Revitalising Redesdale	https://www.revitalisingredesdale.org.uk/qr-codes/west-woodburn/	More about West Woodburn West Woodburn, situated in the south west of Redesdale, is a small village that sits on the A68. The Bay Horse Inn, a traditional country pub and accommodation provider, sits in the oldest part of the village. If you look above the door as you go in you’ll see the date 1797 inscribed in the stone – The Bay Horse was once one of only 10 buildings in West Woodburn before more houses, shops, and inns were built during the mid to late 1800s. Today, West Woodburn is a bustling village thanks in part to the opening of a council estate, White Acre, in the 1950s. West Woodburn has its own Post Office, garage and petrol station, and local shop. There are also lots of accommodation options for people looking to explore the area in more detail. You might not know that West Woodburn once had its own railway station. Aside from the station at Redesmouth, Woodburn Railway Station was the only other place in Redesdale regularly served by trains. The station opened in 1865 and ran until the 1960s. Habitancum and Robin of Risingham The Roman fort of Habitancum (or Risingham as it is often referred to) now lies as grass covered mounds, but once housed 1,000 cavalry and infantry. The fort was built during the second century AD and was either abandoned or destroyed when large numbers of Roman troops were withdrawn. The fort was later rebuilt and was active until the garrisons were removed at the end of the fourth century. Habitancum was part of the network of forts and camps along Dere Street, which cuts right across Redesdale. Dere Street was the most vital communication link between the south and north of Britain. Also close to West Woodburn are the Roman remains of a carved figure known locally as ‘Rob of Risingham’. Likely a local god adopted by the garrison at Habitancum, all that remains of the original figure are the legs because a disgruntled farmer in the 18th century, tired of visitors walking across his land to see the carving, reportedly blew it up to make gate posts. A miniature representation of Rob, made by Ron Charlton from West Woodburn, was added to the site in 1983 by the Redesdale Society. The god is seen holding a bow and a small animal, possibly a hare, in his hands, and is dressed in a tunic and cloak, with a square block or altar opposite his right knee. It’s possible to visit Rob of Risingham via a public footpath which runs parallel to the A68 near Parkhead. The coordinates are Latitude: 55.165 / 55°9’54″N, Longitude: -2.1562 / 2°9’22″W, OS Eastings: 390143.244414, OS Northings: 85647.097111, OS Grid: NY901856. More about droving Before the arrival of transport that could move livestock across large distances relatively quickly and easily, livestock was walked to markets and fairs on foot by shepherds and drovers. Droving reached its peak in the late 18th and 19th centuries as demand for meat from the growing industrial towns increased. Scottish drovers would herd several hundred cattle and up to 2,000 sheep in one single drove along major transport routes like Dere Street and the Great Drift Road. Woodburn and Elsdon were at the centre of a large network of drove roads, which led to a major influx of Scottish drovers and carriers. Men from Redesdale would follow the routes in the other direction, transporting coal and lime by pack horse and cart to the estates and woollen mills in Scotland. Droving began to decline by the 1850s as drovers had to pay tolls to use certain roads and the enclosure of common land deprived them of a place for cattle and sheep to graze. The arrival of the railways would mark the end of large-scale droving and the movement of livestock over long distances by foot. The Lost Redesdale project Redesdale contains a rich diversity of historic remains from Neolithic farming communities and Roman military occupation through to 19th century industry and First World War practice trenches. The Lost Redesdale project aims to better understand and tell the landscape story of Redesdale, investigating its cultural heritage with local people through archaeological research and sharing the stories uncovered through creative interpretation. Find out more about the projects taking place. More about bastles Located around the Anglo-Scottish border areas, bastle houses characterise the threat from the Border Reivers and the hostilities between England and Scotland during the mid-16th to the mid-17th centuries. The two-storey fortified farmhouses, with living space on the first floor and byres for cattle and sheep on the ground floor, were originally built as homes and places of safety for rich freeholders, lairds and heads of border clans. Wealthy landowners had pele towers, which were taller than bastles, usually with three or four storeys. These defensible farmhouses – named bastles from the French batir (‘to build’) – were stark and roughly built with irregular stone blocks. The walls were between 70cm and 130cm thick with heavy wooden beams to hold the second floor. Windows on the ground floor would be narrow slits or vents to provide ventilation, but small enough that bars weren’t needed for protection. Access to the second floor was normally via a ladder but some bastles had staircases built within the gable walls. Bastles were often built in small clusters, providing people with greater protection from attack. Many were extended to include a second building. Unique to Northumberland and the Scottish Borders, bastles were designed to protect people and valuable livestock from the robbery and violence that threatened this part of the country for centuries. There are many examples of bastles in Redesdale, including: Hole Bastle (Bellingham) Low Cleughs Bastle (West Woodburn) Shittleheugh Bastle (Otterburn) High Rochester Bastle (Rochester) High Shaw Bastle (High Shaw Farm) Iron House Bastle (Otterburn) More about freshwater pearl mussels A rare, globally threatened species, the freshwater mussel has been lost from many rivers across England. The River Rede, together with the North Tyne, is one of the only places in the country still supporting a population of freshwater pearl mussels, some of which are over 100 years old. Freshwater pearl mussels live in fast flowing, nutrient poor rivers with clean, sandy and stony bottoms. They improve the water quality for other species by filtering water through their gills. Current monitoring of freshwater pearl mussels shows the population is failing to breed and is in severe decline. There are a number of theories about why this is happening, including excess sediment in the river and issues with diffuse pollution. The River Rede’s flow and form has also changed in many ways over the past century: it was straightened, gravel was removed, and more intense forestry and farming practices added soil to the river. All this has impacted on the river wildlife, in particular the endangered freshwater mussels. The River Rede also supports populations of migratory Atlantic salmon and brown trout which are essential to the early development of the freshwater pearl mussel. Smoutel Ford The river crossing at Smoutel Ford was lost because so much stone and gravel was removed during the mid-1900s. Revitalising Redesdale’s work will reintroduce about 1,400 tonnes of boulder and cobble-sized stone to the river bed, to recreate the ford and associated rocky riffle features. This will reinvigorate the flow in this deeper section and improve the habitat for fish, river flies and mussels. This restored section of the Rede had suffered from a lack of gravel upstream to feed the riverbed, so as well as reconnecting the bridleway, this action will benefit river ecology beyond the 300m restored length. The Smoutel Ford project has been supported by local land owners and received funding from National Lottery Heritage Fund, Environment Agency and Northumberland County Council. Already you can see how much the river flow is changing, from slow and flat, to bumpy rapids and small pools. The River Rede The River Rede – a major tributary of the Tyne – rises in the wild, upland bogs of Northumberland Wildlife Trust’s Whitelee National Nature Reserve at Carter Fell on the English-Scottish border, before feeding into Catcleugh Reservoir and flowing past Rochester and Otterburn to join the North Tyne near Redesmouth. As the streams flow through the surrounding moors, the peat bogs regulate the water quality and flow, helping the river to support salmon, trout and freshwater pearl mussels. The river and its tributaries add to the wider habitat diversity in the area too. Otters often hunt along the Rede, along with adders and common lizards, as well as palmate newts which live in small pools along the burn. Led by Northumberland Wildlife Trust, Revitalising Redesdale is working to restore Redesdale’s peatland, which will help hold more water on the fells and reduce sedimentation downstream. Find out more about our Peatland Restoration here. Find out more about other places to visit in Redesdale through the landing pages for the interpretation panels along the valley.
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4377	dbpedia	2	27	https://als-gardencenter.com/pages/als-garden-home-of-woodburn	en	We Provide Plants and Garden Supplies in Woodburn, OR	http://als-gardencenter.com/cdn/shop/files/Als_logo.png?v=1615933509	http://als-gardencenter.com/cdn/shop/files/Als_logo.png?v=1615933509	[ "https://als-gardencenter.com/cdn/shop/t/24/assets/als-logo.svg?v=12805071832024631971717097716", "https://als-gardencenter.com/cdn/shop/t/24/assets/als-logo.svg?v=12805071832024631971717097716", "https://cdn.shopify.com/s/files/1/0257/2589/4702/files/Woodburn2022_480x480.jpg?v=1652209097", "https://cdn.shopify.com/s/files/1/0257/2589/4702/files/Woodburn_480x480.jpg?v=1644278210" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null	Al's Garden & Home offers a wide selection of plants, home décor and garden supplies at our garden center in Woodburn, OR.	en	//als-gardencenter.com/cdn/shop/files/Als_logo_32x32.png?v=1615933509	Al's Garden & Home	https://als-gardencenter.com/pages/als-garden-home-of-woodburn	1220 N Pacific Hwy. 97071 (503) 981-1245 Open 7 Days a Week Hours: 9am - 6pm Al’s Garden & Home: Proudly Serving Woodburn ABOUT OUR WOODBURN NURSERY Al's Garden & Home boasts a rich history dating back to 1948 when it was first established as Al's Fruit Stand. Since then, we have grown into a 6-acre retail garden store with an extensive collection of garden supplies and home décor products. With approximately 75% covered shopping areas, customers can shop with ease even during rainy days. Our garden store is stocked with a variety of high-quality plants, gardening tools and equipment, and home décor products that cater to the diverse needs and styles of customers. PRODUCTS AND SERVICES IN WOODBURN Our Woodburn garden center offers the finest plants, gardening tools, and garden supplies available. More than 80% of the plant material offered in our nursery is locally grown in Al's own growing facilities, ensuring that they are fresh and of the highest quality. We also offer a wide variety of garden supplies and plant accessories, including fountains, water features, wrought iron trellises, and outdoor containers. Moreover, our Woodburn location features a home décor and gift department, where you can find unique and contemporary decorative items that range from accent furnishings and dishware to candles and lotions. Our Woodburn and Sherwood locations also offer pick up and delivery when you shop Al's Online. CONTACT AL’S GARDEN & HOME IN WOODBURN, OR
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This involves systemd-resolved, Amazon's unconventional configuration of same, and Tailscale doing almost but ...	en	https://github.com/fluidicon.png	GitHub	https://github.com/tailscale/tailscale/issues/7816	* cmd/k8s-operator/deploy: allow modifying operator tags via Helm values Updates tailscale/tailscale#10659 Signed-off-by: Chandon Pierre <cpierre@coreweave.com> * util/nocasemaps: add AppendSliceElem method to nocasemaps (#10871) Updates #7667 Signed-off-by: Anishka Singh <anishkasingh66@gmail.com> * wgengine/netstack: expose gVisor metrics through expvar When tailscaled is run with "-debug 127.0.0.1:12345", these metrics are available at: http://localhost:12345/debug/metrics Updates #8210 Signed-off-by: Andrew Dunham <andrew@du.nham.ca> Change-Id: I19db6c445ac1f8344df2bc1066a3d9c9030606f8 * go.mod: bump most deps for start of cycle Plan9 CI is disabled. 3p dependencies do not build for the target. Contributor enthusiasm appears to have ceased again, and no usage has been made. Skipped gvisor, nfpm, and k8s. Updates #5794 Updates #8043 Signed-off-by: James Tucker <james@tailscale.com> * go.mod.sri: update SRI hash for go.mod changes Signed-off-by: Flakes Updater <noreply+flakes-updater@tailscale.com> * VERSION.txt: this is v1.59.0 (#10884) * VERSION.txt: this is v1.58.0 Signed-off-by: kari-ts <kari@tailscale.com> * VERSION.txt: this is v1.59.0 --------- Signed-off-by: kari-ts <kari@tailscale.com> * magicsock: mute noisy expected peer mtu related error (#10870) * tsweb: add a helper to validate redirect URLs We issue redirects in a few different places, it's time to have a common helper to do target validation. Updates tailscale/corp#16875 Signed-off-by: David Anderson <danderson@tailscale.com> * tool/gocross: force use of our custom toolchain The new 'toolchain' directive in go.mod can sometimes force the use of an upstream toolchain against our wishes. Concurrently, some of our dependencies have added the 'toolchain' directive, which transitively adds it to our own go.mod. Force all uses of gocross to ignore that directive and stick to our customized toolchain. Updates #cleanup Signed-off-by: David Anderson <danderson@tailscale.com> * go.mod,wgengine/netstack: bump gvisor Updates #8043 Signed-off-by: James Tucker <james@tailscale.com> * go.mod.sri: update SRI hash for go.mod changes Signed-off-by: Flakes Updater <noreply+flakes-updater@tailscale.com> * go.toolchain.rev: bump Tailscale Go version to 1.21.6 Updates tailscale/go#83 Signed-off-by: James Tucker <james@tailscale.com> * net/portmapper: handle cases where we have no supported clients This no longer results in a nil pointer exception when we get a valid UPnP response with no supported clients. Updates #10911 Signed-off-by: Andrew Dunham <andrew@du.nham.ca> Change-Id: I6e3715a49a193ff5261013871ad7fff197a4d77e * cmd/k8s-operator: don't proceed with Ingress that has no valid backends (#10919) Do not provision resources for a tailscale Ingress that has no valid backends. Updates tailscale/tailscale#10910 Signed-off-by: Irbe Krumina <irbe@tailscale.com> * appc,ipn/ipnlocal: optimize preference adjustments when routes update This change allows us to perform batch modification for new route advertisements and route removals. Additionally, we now handle the case where newly added routes are covered by existing ranges. This change also introduces a new appctest package that contains some shared functions used for testing. Updates tailscale/corp#16833 Signed-off-by: Charlotte Brandhorst-Satzkorn <charlotte@tailscale.com> * appc: add test to ensure that individual IPs are not removed during route updates If control advised the connector to advertise a route that had already been discovered by DNS it would be incorrectly removed. Now those routes are preserved. Updates tailscale/corp#16833 Signed-off-by: James Tucker <james@tailscale.com> * wgengine/magicsock: implement probing of UDP path lifetime (#10844) This commit implements probing of UDP path lifetime on the tail end of an active direct connection. Probing configuration has two parts - Cliffs, which are various timeout cliffs of interest, and CycleCanStartEvery, which limits how often a probing cycle can start, per-endpoint. Initially a statically defined default configuration will be used. The default configuration has cliffs of 10s, 30s, and 60s, with a CycleCanStartEvery of 24h. Probing results are communicated via clientmetric counters. Probing is off by default, and can be enabled via control knob. Probing is purely informational and does not yet drive any magicsock behaviors. Updates #540 Signed-off-by: Jordan Whited <jordan@tailscale.com> * ipn/ipnlocal: fix proxy path that matches mount point (#10864) Don't append a trailing slash to a request path to the reverse proxy that matches the mount point exactly. Updates tailscale/tailscale#10730 Signed-off-by: Irbe Krumina <irbe@tailscale.com> * ipn/ipnlocal: fix failing test (#10937) Updates#cleanup Signed-off-by: Irbe Krumina <irbe@tailscale.com> * net/portmapper: support legacy "urn:dslforum-org" portmapping services These are functionally the same as the "urn:schemas-upnp-org" services with a few minor changes, and are still used by older devices. Support them to improve our ability to obtain an external IP on such networks. Updates #10911 Signed-off-by: Andrew Dunham <andrew@du.nham.ca> Change-Id: I05501fad9d6f0a3b8cf19fc95eee80e7d16cc2cf * util/expvarx: add a time and concurrency limiting expvar.Func wrapper expvarx.SafeFunc wraps an expvar.Func with a time limit. On reaching the time limit, calls to Value return nil, and no new concurrent calls to the underlying expvar.Func will be started until the call completes. Updates tailscale/corp#16999 Signed-off-by: James Tucker <james@tailscale.com> * cmd/tailscale/cli: run Watch with NotifyNoPrivateKeys (#10950) When running as non-root non-operator user, you get this error: ``` $ tailscale serve 8080 Access denied: watch IPN bus access denied, must set ipn.NotifyNoPrivateKeys when not running as admin/root or operator Use 'sudo tailscale serve 8080' or 'tailscale up --operator=$USER' to not require root. ``` It should fail, but the error message is confusing. With this fix: ``` $ tailscale serve 8080 sending serve config: Access denied: serve config denied Use 'sudo tailscale serve 8080' or 'tailscale up --operator=$USER' to not require root. ``` Updates #cleanup Signed-off-by: Andrew Lytvynov <awly@tailscale.com> * words: i like the direction this list is taking Updates tailscale/corp#14698 Signed-off-by: Charlotte Brandhorst-Satzkorn <charlotte@tailscale.com> * cmd/gitops-pusher: fix logic for checking credentials gitops-pusher supports authenticating with an API key or OAuth credentials (added in #7393). You shouldn't ever use both of those together, so we error if both are set. In tailscale/gitops-acl-action#24, OAuth support is being added to the GitHub action. In that environment, both the TS_API_KEY and OAuth variables will be set, even if they are empty values. This causes an error in gitops-pusher which expects only one to be set. Update gitops-pusher to check that only one set of environment variables are non-empty, rather than just checking if they are set. Updates #7393 Signed-off-by: Will Norris <will@tailscale.com> * cmd/hello: avoid deprecated apis (#10957) Updates #cleanup Signed-off-by: Chris Palmer <cpalmer@tailscale.com> * ipnlocal: log failure to get ssh host keys When reporting ssh host keys to control, log a warning if we're unable to get the SSH host keys. Updates tailscale/escalations#21 Signed-off-by: Percy Wegmann <percy@tailscale.com> * ipn/ipnlocal: fix pretty printing of multi-record peer DNS results The API on the DNS record parser is slightly subtle and requires explicit handling of unhandled records. Failure to advance previously resulted in an infinite loop in the pretty responder for any reply that contains a record other than A/AAAA/TXT. Updates tailscale/corp#16928 Signed-off-by: James Tucker <james@tailscale.com> * util/deephash: implement SelfHasher to allow types to hash themselves Updates: corp#16409 Signed-off-by: Tom DNetto <tom@tailscale.com> * appc,ipn/ipnlocal: add app connector routes if any part of a CNAME chain is routed If any domain along a CNAME chain matches any of the routed domains, add routes for the discovered domains. Fixes tailscale/corp#16928 Signed-off-by: James Tucker <james@tailscale.com> * ipn/ipnlocal: fix app connector route advertisements on exit nodes If an app connector is also configured as an exit node, it should still advertise discovered routes that are not covered by advertised routes, excluding the exit node routes. Updates tailscale/corp#16928 Signed-off-by: James Tucker <james@tailscale.com> * util/deephash: document pathological deephash behavior (#11010) Updates #cleanup Signed-off-by: Joe Tsai <joetsai@digital-static.net> * util/deephash: tighten up SelfHasher API (#11012) Providing a hash.Block512 is an implementation detail of how deephash works today, but providing an opaque type with mostly equivalent API (i.e., HashUint8, HashBytes, etc. methods) is still sensible. Thus, define a public Hasher type that exposes exactly the API that an implementation of SelfHasher would want to call. This gives us freedom to change the hashing algorithm of deephash at some point in the future. Also, this type is likely going to be called by types that are going to memoize their own hash results, we additionally add a HashSum method to simplify this use case. Add documentation to SelfHasher on how a type might implement it. Updates: corp#16409 Signed-off-by: Joe Tsai <joetsai@digital-static.net> * cmd/hello: link to the Hello KB article (#11022) Fixes https://github.com/tailscale/corp/issues/17104 Signed-off-by: Chris Palmer <cpalmer@tailscale.com> * ipn/localapi: more http status cleanup (#10995) Use Http.StatusOk instead of 200 Updates #cleanup * types/views: add SliceMapKey[T] views.Slice are meant to be immutable, and if used as such it is at times desirable to use them as a key in a map. For non-viewed slices it was kinda doable by creating a custom key struct but views.Slice didn't allow for the same so add a method to create that struct here. Updates tailscale/corp#17122 Signed-off-by: Maisem Ali <maisem@tailscale.com> * tsweb: implementing bucketed statistics for started/finished counts Signed-off-by: Tom DNetto <tom@tailscale.com> Updates: corp#17075 * tsweb: replace domains/emails in paths when bucketing stats Signed-off-by: Tom DNetto <tom@tailscale.com> Updates: corp#17075 * go.toolchain.rev: bump to Go 1.22.0 (#11055) Updates #cleanup Signed-off-by: Andrew Lytvynov <awly@tailscale.com> * appc: optimize dns response observation for large route tables Advertise DNS discovered addresses as a single preference update rather than one at a time. Sort the list of observed addresses and use binary search to consult the list. Updates tailscale/corp#16636 Signed-off-by: James Tucker <james@tailscale.com> * .github/workflows: add privileged tests workflow We had missed regressions from privileged tests not running, now they can run. Updates #cleanup Signed-off-by: James Tucker <james@tailscale.com> * words: add a list of things you should yahoo! Updates #self Signed-off-by: James Tucker <james@tailscale.com> * tsweb: normalize common StableID's in bucketed stats, export as LabelMap Signed-off-by: Tom DNetto <tom@tailscale.com> Updates: corp#17075 * tsweb: normalize passkey identities in bucketed stats Signed-off-by: Tom DNetto <tom@tailscale.com> Updates: corp#17075 * go.mod, README.md: use Go 1.22 Updates #11058 Change-Id: I95eecdc7afe2b5f8189016fdb8a773f78e9f5c42 Signed-off-by: Brad Fitzpatrick <bradfitz@tailscale.com> * .github/workflows: update golangci-lint for Go 1.22 Updates #11058 Change-Id: I3785c1f1bea4a4663e7e5fb6d209d3caedae436d Signed-off-by: Brad Fitzpatrick <bradfitz@tailscale.com> * Dockerfile: use Go 1.22 Updates #11058 Change-Id: I0f63be498be33d71bd90b7956f9fe9666fd7a696 Signed-off-by: Brad Fitzpatrick <bradfitz@tailscale.com> * util/cmpx: delete now that we're using Go 1.22 Updates #11058 Change-Id: I09dea8e86f03ec148b715efca339eab8b1f0f644 Signed-off-by: Brad Fitzpatrick <bradfitz@tailscale.com> * .github/workflows: temporarily disable broken oss-fuzz action Updates #11064 Updates #11058 Change-Id: I63acc13dece3379a0b2df573afecfd245b7cd6c2 Signed-off-by: Brad Fitzpatrick <bradfitz@tailscale.com> * go.mod.sri: update SRI hash for go.mod changes Signed-off-by: Flakes Updater <noreply+flakes-updater@tailscale.com> * cmd/{containerboot,k8s-operator/deploy/manifests}: optionally allow proxying cluster traffic to a cluster target via ingress proxy (#11036) * cmd/containerboot,cmd/k8s-operator/deploy/manifests: optionally forward cluster traffic via ingress proxy. If a tailscale Ingress has tailscale.com/experimental-forward-cluster-traffic-via-ingress annotation, configure the associated ingress proxy to have its tailscale serve proxy to listen on Pod's IP address. This ensures that cluster traffic too can be forwarded via this proxy to the ingress backend(s). In containerboot, if EXPERIMENTAL_PROXY_CLUSTER_TRAFFIC_VIA_INGRESS is set to true and the node is Kubernetes operator ingress proxy configured via Ingress, make sure that traffic from within the cluster can be proxied to the ingress target. Updates tailscale/tailscale#10499 Signed-off-by: Irbe Krumina <irbe@tailscale.com> * licenses: update tailscale{,d} licenses Signed-off-by: License Updater <noreply+license-updater@tailscale.com> * licenses: update android licenses Signed-off-by: License Updater <noreply+license-updater@tailscale.com> * licenses: update win/apple licenses Signed-off-by: License Updater <noreply+license-updater@tailscale.com> * client/web: add new readonly mode The new read-only mode is only accessible when running `tailscale web` by passing a new `-readonly` flag. This new mode is identical to the existing login mode with two exceptions: - the management client in tailscaled is not started (though if it is already running, it is left alone) - the client does not prompt the user to login or switch to the management client. Instead, a message is shown instructing the user to use other means to manage the device. Updates #10979 Signed-off-by: Will Norris <will@tailscale.com> * client/web: use smart quotes in web UI frontend add the curly-quotes eslint plugin (same that we use for the admin panel), and fix existing straight quotes in the current web UI. Updates #cleanup Signed-off-by: Will Norris <will@tailscale.com> * go.mod: update web-client-prebuilt module Signed-off-by: OSS Updater <noreply+oss-updater@tailscale.com> * cmd/dist: update logs for synology builds Update logs for synology builds to more clearly callout which variant is being built. The two existing variants are: 1. Sideloaded (can be manual installed on a device by anyone) 2. Package center distribution (by the tailscale team) Updates #cleanup Signed-off-by: Sonia Appasamy <sonia@tailscale.com> * ipnlocal: force-regen new authURL when it is too old (#10971) Fixes tailscale/support-escalations#23. authURLs returned by control expire after 1 hour from creation. Customer reported that the Tailscale client on macOS would sending users to a stale authentication page when clicking on the `Login...` menu item. This can happen when clicking on Login after leaving the device unattended for several days. The device key expires, leading to the creation of a new authURL, however the client doesn't keep track of when the authURL was created. Meaning that `login-interactive` would send the user to an authURL that had expired server-side a long time before. This PR ensures that whenever `login-interactive` is called via LocalAPI, an authURL that is too old won't be used. We force control to give us a new authURL whenever it's been more than 30 minutes since the last authURL was sent down from control. Apply suggestions from code review Set interval to 6 days and 23 hours Signed-off-by: Andrea Gottardo <andrea@tailscale.com> Signed-off-by: Andrea Gottardo <andrea@gottardo.me> * cmd/tailscale/cli: fix exit node status output (#11076) This change fixes the format of tailscale status output when location based exit nodes are present. Fixes #11065 Signed-off-by: Charlotte Brandhorst-Satzkorn <charlotte@tailscale.com> * util/deephash: cleanup TODO in TestHash (#11080) Updates #cleanup Signed-off-by: Joe Tsai <joetsai@digital-static.net> * all: use reflect.TypeFor now available in Go 1.22 (#11078) Updates #cleanup Signed-off-by: Joe Tsai <joetsai@digital-static.net> * all: use new AppendEncode methods available in Go 1.22 (#11079) Updates #cleanup Signed-off-by: Joe Tsai <joetsai@digital-static.net> * tailfs: initial implementation Add a WebDAV-based folder sharing mechanism that is exposed to local clients at 100.100.100.100:8080 and to remote peers via a new peerapi endpoint at /v0/tailfs. Add the ability to manage folder sharing via the new 'share' CLI sub-command. Updates tailscale/corp#16827 Signed-off-by: Percy Wegmann <percy@tailscale.com> * cmd/gitops-pusher: only use OAuth creds if non-empty string `os.LookupEnv` may return true if the variable is present in the environment but an empty string. We should only attempt to set OAuth Config if thsoe values are non-empty. Updates gitops-acl-action#33 Signed-off-by: Jenny Zhang <jz@tailscale.com> * tsweb: update ServeMux matching to 1.22.0 syntax (#11087) Updates #cleanup Go 1.22.0 introduced the ability to use more expressive routing patterns that include HTTP method when constructing ServeMux entries. Applications that attempted to use these patterns in combination with the old `tsweb.Debugger` would experience a panic as Go would not permit the use of matching rules with mixed level of specificity. Signed-off-by: Patrick O'Doherty <patrick@tailscale.com> * Revert "tsweb: update ServeMux matching to 1.22.0 syntax (#11087)" (#11089) This reverts commit 291f91d164f1ec60ca77c0cb935a7895ac4cc555. Updates #cleanup This PR needs additional changes to the registration of child handlers under /debug Signed-off-by: Patrick O'Doherty <patrick@tailscale.com> * fix toolchain not available error (#11083) Relates to golang/go#62278 Updates #11058 Signed-off-by: keisku <keisuke.umegaki.630@gmail.com> * .github: fuzzing is now unbroken Updates #cleanup Signed-off-by: Andrew Dunham <andrew@du.nham.ca> Change-Id: I10dca601c79411b412180a46b3f82136e40544b0 * client/web: only check policy caps for tagged nodes For user-owned nodes, only the owner is ever allowed to manage the node. Updates tailscale/corp#16695 Signed-off-by: Sonia Appasamy <sonia@tailscale.com> * util/rands: add Shuffle and Perm functions with on-stack RNG state The new math/rand/v2 package includes an m-local global random number generator that can not be reseeded by the user, which is suitable for most uses without the RNG pools we have in a number of areas of the code base. The new API still does not have an allocation-free way of performing a seeded operations, due to the long term compiler bug around interface parameter escapes, and the Source interface. This change introduces the two APIs that math/rand/v2 can not yet replace efficiently: seeded Perm() and Shuffle() operations. This implementation chooses to use the PCG random source from math/rand/v2, as with sufficient compiler optimization, this source should boil down to only two on-stack registers for random state under ideal conditions. Updates #17243 Signed-off-by: James Tucker <james@tailscale.com> * build(deps-dev): bump vite from 4.4.9 to 4.5.2 in /client/web Bumps [vite](https://github.com/vitejs/vite/tree/HEAD/packages/vite) from 4.4.9 to 4.5.2. - [Release notes](https://github.com/vitejs/vite/releases) - [Changelog](https://github.com/vitejs/vite/blob/v4.5.2/packages/vite/CHANGELOG.md) - [Commits](https://github.com/vitejs/vite/commits/v4.5.2/packages/vite) --- updated-dependencies: - dependency-name: vite dependency-type: direct:development ... Signed-off-by: dependabot[bot] <support@github.com> * tailfs: clean up naming and package structure - Restyles tailfs -> tailFS - Defines interfaces for main TailFS types - Moves implemenatation of TailFS into tailfsimpl package Updates tailscale/corp#16827 Signed-off-by: Percy Wegmann <percy@tailscale.com> * tailfs: disable TailFSForLocal via policy Adds support for node attribute tailfs:access. If this attribute is not present, Tailscale will not accept connections to the local TailFS server at 100.100.100.100:8080. Updates tailscale/corp#16827 Signed-off-by: Percy Wegmann <percy@tailscale.com> * tailfs: fix startup issues on windows Starts TailFS for Windows too, initializes shares on startup. Updates tailscale/corp#16827 Signed-off-by: Percy Wegmann <percy@tailscale.com> * tailscaled: revert to using pointers for subcommands As part of #10631, we stopped using function pointers for subcommands, preventing us from registering platform-specific installSystemDaemon and uninstallSystemDaemon subcommands. Fixes #11099 Signed-off-by: Percy Wegmann <percy@tailscale.com> * util/cloudenv: add support for DigitalOcean Updates #4984 Signed-off-by: Andrew Dunham <andrew@du.nham.ca> Change-Id: Ib229eb40af36a80e6b0fd1dd0cabb07f0d50a7d1 * tailcfg: remove UserProfile.Groups Removing as per go/group-all-the-things. Updates tailscale/corp#17445 Signed-off-by: Maisem Ali <maisem@tailscale.com> * flake.nix: build tailscale with go 1.22 Updates #cleanup Signed-off-by: David Anderson <danderson@tailscale.com> * cmd/tailscale: hide share subcommand Fixes #1115 Signed-off-by: Percy Wegmann <percy@tailscale.com> * tailfs: listen for local clients only on 100.100.100.100 FileSystemForLocal was listening on the node's Tailscale address, which potentially exposes the user's view of TailFS shares to other Tailnet users. Remote nodes should connect to exported shares via the peerapi. This removes that code so that FileSystemForLocal is only avaialable on 100.100.100.100:8080. Updates tailscale/corp#16827 Signed-off-by: Percy Wegmann <percy@tailscale.com> * types/views: add test that LenIter doesn't allocate For a second we thought this was allocating but we were looking at a CPU profile (which showed calls to mallocgc view makeslice) instead of the alloc profile. Updates golang/go#65685 (which if fixed wouldn't have confused us) Change-Id: Ic0132310d52d8a65758a516142525339aa23b1ed Signed-off-by: Brad Fitzpatrick <bradfitz@tailscale.com> * cmd/k8s-operator,k8s-operator: proxy configuration mechanism via a new ProxyClass custom resource (#11074) * cmd/k8s-operator,k8s-operator: introduce proxy configuration mechanism via ProxyClass custom resource. ProxyClass custom resource can be used to specify customizations for the proxy resources created by the operator. Add a reconciler that validates ProxyClass resources and sets a Ready condition to True or False with a corresponding reason and message. This is required because some fields (labels and annotations) require complex validations that cannot be performed at custom resource apply time. Reconcilers that use the ProxyClass to configure proxy resources are expected to verify that the ProxyClass is Ready and not proceed with resource creation if configuration from a ProxyClass that is not yet Ready is required. If a tailscale ingress/egress Service is annotated with a tailscale.com/proxy-class annotation, look up the corresponding ProxyClass and, if it is Ready, apply the configuration from the ProxyClass to the proxy's StatefulSet. If a tailscale Ingress has a tailscale.com/proxy-class annotation and the referenced ProxyClass custom resource is available and Ready, apply configuration from the ProxyClass to the proxy resources that will be created for the Ingress. Add a new .proxyClass field to the Connector spec. If connector.spec.proxyClass is set to a ProxyClass that is available and Ready, apply configuration from the ProxyClass to the proxy resources created for the Connector. Ensure that when Helm chart is packaged, the ProxyClass yaml is added to chart templates. Ensure that static manifest generator adds ProxyClass yaml to operator.yaml. Regenerate operator.yaml Signed-off-by: Irbe Krumina <irbe@tailscale.com> * tsweb: update ServeMux matching to 1.22.0 syntax (#11090) * tsweb: update ServeMux matching to 1.22.0 syntax Updates #cleanup Go 1.22.0 introduced the ability to use more expressive routing patterns that include HTTP method when constructing ServeMux entries. Applications that attempted to use these patterns in combination with the old `tsweb.Debugger` would experience a panic as Go would not permit the use of matching rules with mixed level of specificity. We now specify the method for each `/debug` handler to prevent incompatibilities. Signed-off-by: Patrick O'Doherty <patrick@tailscale.com> * wgengine/router: make the Windows ifconfig implementation reuse existing MibIPforwardRow2 when possible Looking at profiles, we spend a lot of time in winipcfg.LUID.DeleteRoute looking up the routing table entry for the provided RouteData. But we already have the row! We previously obtained that data via the full table dump we did in getInterfaceRoutes. We can make this a lot faster by hanging onto a reference to the wipipcfg.MibIPforwardRow2 and executing the delete operation directly on that. Fixes #11123 Signed-off-by: Aaron Klotz <aaron@tailscale.com> * Revert "tsweb: update ServeMux matching to 1.22.0 syntax (#11090)" (#11125) This reverts commit 30c9189ed307df6f2c1567aa7945bde77bb54c52. Signed-off-by: Patrick O'Doherty <patrick@tailscale.com> * scripts/installer.sh: add tuxedoOS to the Ubuntu copies Signed-off-by: Nathan Woodburn <github@nathan.woodburn.au> * net/dns: log more info when openresolv commands fail Updates #11129 Signed-off-by: Andrew Dunham <andrew@du.nham.ca> Change-Id: Ic594868ba3bc31f6d3b0721ecba4090749a81f7f * go.mod, all: move away from inet.af domain seized by Taliban Updates inetaf/tcpproxy#39 Change-Id: I7fee276b116bd08397347c6c949011d76a2842cf Signed-off-by: Brad Fitzpatrick <bradfitz@tailscale.com> * go.mod.sri: update SRI hash for go.mod changes Signed-off-by: Flakes Updater <noreply+flakes-updater@tailscale.com> * util/topk: add package containing a probabilistic top-K tracker This package uses a count-min sketch and a heap to track the top K items in a stream of data. Tracking a new item and adding a count to an existing item both require no memory allocations and is at worst O(log(k)) complexity. Change-Id: I0553381be3fef2470897e2bd806d43396f2dbb36 Signed-off-by: Andrew Dunham <andrew@du.nham.ca> * clientupdate: disable auto update on NixOS (#11136) Updates #cleanup NixOS packages are immutable and attempts to update via our tarball mechanism will always fail as a result. Instead we now direct users to update their nix channel or nixpkgs flake input to receive the latest Tailscale release. Signed-off-by: Patrick O'Doherty <patrick@tailscale.com> * doctor/ethtool, ipn/ipnlocal: add ethtool bugreport check Updates #11137 Signed-off-by: Andrew Dunham <andrew@du.nham.ca> Change-Id: Idbe862d80e428adb044249c47d9096b87f29d5d8 * wgengine/router: fix ip rule restoration Fixes #10857 Signed-off-by: Jason Barnett <J@sonBarnett.com> * VERSION.txt: this is v1.61.0 Signed-off-by: Percy Wegmann <percy@tailscale.com> * ipn/ipnlocal: fix doctor API endpoint (#11155) Small fix to make sure doctor API endpoint returns correctly - I spotted it when checking my tailscaled node and noticed it was handled slightly different compare to the rest Signed-off-by: San <santrancisco@users.noreply.github.com> * cmd/tailscale: make web client URL clickable Updates #11151 Signed-off-by: Will Norris <will@tailscale.com> * cmd/tailscale: support clickable IPv6 web client addresses Instead of constructing the `ip:port` string ourselves, use netip.AddrPortFrom which handles IPv6 correctly. Updates #11164 Signed-off-by: Will Norris <will@tailscale.com> * tool/gocross: pass flags for visionOS and visionOS Simulator (#11127) Adds logic in gocross to detect environment variables and pass the right flags so that the backend can be built with the visionOS SDK. Signed-off-by: Andrea Gottardo <andrea@tailscale.com> Signed-off-by: Andrea Gottardo <andrea@gottardo.me> * net/dns: fix infinite loop when run on Amazon Linux 2023 This fixes an infinite loop caused by the configuration of systemd-resolved on Amazon Linux 2023 and how that interacts with Tailscale's "direct" mode. We now drop the Tailscale service IP from the OS's "base configuration" when we detect this configuration. Updates #7816 Signed-off-by: Andrew Dunham <andrew@du.nham.ca> Change-Id: I73a4ea8e65571eb368c7e179f36af2c049a588ee * logpolicy: allow longer idle log upload connections From a packet trace we have seen log connections being closed prematurely by the client, resulting in unnecessary extra TLS setup traffic. Updates #3363 Updates tailscale/corp#9230 Updates tailscale/corp#8564 Signed-off-by: James Tucker <james@tailscale.com> * ipn/ipnlocal: remove ancient transition mechanism for https certs And confusing error message that duplicated the valid cert domains. Fixes tailscale/corp#15876 Change-Id: I098bc45d83c8d1e0a233dcdf3188869cce66e128 Signed-off-by: Brad Fitzpatrick <bradfitz@tailscale.com> * prober: add TLS probe constructor to split dial addr from cert name So we can probe load balancers by their unique DNS name but without asking for that cert name. Updates tailscale/corp#13050 Change-Id: Ie4c0a2f951328df64281ed1602b4e624e3c8cf2e Signed-off-by: Brad Fitzpatrick <bradfitz@tailscale.com> * net/ktimeout: add a package to set TCP user timeout Setting a user timeout will be a more practical tuning knob for a number of endpoints, this provides a way to set it. Updates tailscale/corp#17587 Signed-off-by: James Tucker <james@tailscale.com> * util/syspolicy: add ManagedBy keys for Windows (#11183) * cmd/testwrapper: apply results of all unit tests to coverage for all packages This allows coverage from tests that hit multiple packages at once to be reflected in all those packages' coverage. Updates #cleanup Signed-off-by: Percy Wegmann <percy@tailscale.com> * cmd/tailscale/cli: pass "-o 'CanonicalizeHostname no'" to ssh Fixes #10348 Signed-off-by: Paul Scott <paul@tailscale.com> * derp: plumb context to Server.verifyClient Updates tailscale/corp#17693 Change-Id: If17e02c77d5ad86b820e639176da2d3e61296bae Signed-off-by: Brad Fitzpatrick <bradfitz@tailscale.com> * cmd/derper, derp, tailcfg: add admission controller URL option So derpers can check an external URL for whether to permit access to a certain public key. Updates tailscale/corp#17693 Change-Id: I8594de58f54a08be3e2dbef8bcd1ff9b728ab297 Co-authored-by: Maisem Ali <maisem@tailscale.com> Signed-off-by: Brad Fitzpatrick <bradfitz@tailscale.com> * util/syspolicy: add 'ResetToDefaults' (#11194) Updates ENG-2133. Adds the ResetToDefaults visibility policy currently only available on macOS, so that the Windows client can read its value. Signed-off-by: Andrea Gottardo <andrea@gottardo.me> * cmd/derper: add user timeout and reduce TCP keepalive The derper sends an in-protocol keepalive every 60-65s, so frequent TCP keepalives are unnecessary. In this tuning TCP keepalives should never occur for a DERP client connection, as they will send an L7 keepalive often enough to always reset the TCP keepalive timer. If however a connection does not receive an ACK promptly it will now be shutdown, which happens sooner than it would with a normal TCP keepalive tuning. This re-tuning reduces the frequency of network traffic from derp to client, reducing battery cost. Updates tailscale/corp#17587 Updates #3363 Signed-off-by: James Tucker <james@tailscale.com> * client/web: update vite-plugin-svgr to latest version (#11197) Update vite-plugin-svgr to the latest version (4.2.0) ahead of updating vite to 5.x. This is a major version bump from our previous 3.x, and requires changing the import paths used for SVGs. Updates https://github.com/tailscale/corp/issues/17715 Signed-off-by: Mario Minardi <mario@tailscale.com> * client/web: update plugin-react-swc to latest version (#11199) Update plugin-react-swc to the latest version (3.6.0) ahead of updating vite to 5.x. Updates https://github.com/tailscale/corp/issues/17715 Signed-off-by: Mario Minardi <mario@tailscale.com> * net/tshttpproxy: log when we're using a proxy Updates #11196 Signed-off-by: Andrew Dunham <andrew@du.nham.ca> Change-Id: Id6334c10f52f4cfbda9f03dc8096ab7a6c54a088 * wgengine/wglog: quieten WireGuard logs for allowedips An increasing number of users have very large subnet route configurations, which can produce very large amounts of log data when WireGuard is reconfigured. The logs don't contain the actual routes, so they're largely useless for diagnostics, so we'll just suppress them. Fixes tailscale/corp#17532 Signed-off-by: James Tucker <james@tailscale.com> * cmd/tailscale: add node attribute instructions to share command help This adds details on how to configure node attributes to allow sharing and accessing shares. Updates tailscale/corp#16827 Signed-off-by: Percy Wegmann <percy@tailscale.com> * client/web: update vite and vitest to latest versions (#11200) Update vite to 5.1.4, and vitest to 1.3.1 (their latest versions). Also remove vite-plugin-rewrite-all as this is no longer necessary with vite 5.x and has a dependency on vite 4.x. Updates https://github.com/tailscale/corp/issues/17715 Signed-off-by: Mario Minardi <mario@tailscale.com> * cli/debug: rename DERP debug mode (#11220) Renames a debug flag in the CLI. Signed-off-by: Andrea Gottardo <andrea@gottardo.me> * net/interfaces: reduce & cleanup logs on iOS We don't need a log line every time defaultRoute is read in the good case, and we now only log default interface updates that are actually changes. Updates #3363 Signed-off-by: James Tucker <james@tailscale.com> * .github/workflows: fix typo in XDG_CACHE_HOME This appears to be one of the contributors to this CI target regularly entering a bad state with a partially written toolchain. Updates #self Signed-off-by: James Tucker <james@tailscale.com> * cmd/derper: apply TCP keepalive and timeout to TLS as well I missed a case in the earlier patch, and so we're still sending 15s TCP keepalive for TLS connections, now adjusted there too. Updates tailscale/corp#17587 Updates #3363 Signed-off-by: James Tucker <james@tailscale.com> * net/dns: timeout DOH requests after 10s without response headers If a client socket is remotely lost but the client is not sent an RST in response to the next request, the socket might sit in RTO for extended lengths of time, resulting in "no internet" for users. Instead, timeout after 10s, which will close the underlying socket, recovering from the situation more promptly. Updates #10967 Signed-off-by: James Tucker <james@tailscale.com> * wgengine/wgcfg: don't send UAPI to disable keep-alives on new peers That's already the default. Avoid the overhead of writing it on one side and reading it on the other to do nothing. Updates #cleanup (noticed while researching something else) Change-Id: I449c88a022271afb9be5da876bfaf438fe5d3f58 Signed-off-by: Brad Fitzpatrick <bradfitz@tailscale.com> * wgengine/wglog: add TS_DEBUG_RAW_WGLOG envknob for raw wg logs Updates #7617 (part of debugging it) Change-Id: I1bcbdcf0f929e3bcf83f244b1033fd438aa6dac1 Signed-off-by: Brad Fitzpatrick <bradfitz@tailscale.com> * net/dns/publicdns: add Mullvad family DNS to the list of known DoH servers Adds the new Mullvad family DNS server to the known DNS over HTTPS server list. Signed-off-by: mrrfv <rm-rfv-no-preserve-root@protonmail.com> * all: remove LenIter, use Go 1.22 range-over-int instead Updates #11058 Updates golang/go#65685 Change-Id: Ibb216b346e511d486271ab3d84e4546c521e4e22 Signed-off-by: Brad Fitzpatrick <bradfitz@tailscale.com> * tailfs: replace webdavfs with reverse proxies Instead of modeling remote WebDAV servers as actual webdav.FS instances, we now just proxy traffic to them. This not only simplifies the code, but it also allows WebDAV locking to work correctly by making sure locks are handled by the servers that need to (i.e. the ones actually serving the files). Updates tailscale/corp#16827 Signed-off-by: Percy Wegmann <percy@tailscale.com> * wgengine/netstack: expose TCP forwarder drops via clientmetrics - add a clientmetric with a counter of TCP forwarder drops due to the max attempts; - fix varz metric types, as they are all counters. Updates #8210 Signed-off-by: Anton Tolchanov <anton@tailscale.com> * client/web: restrict serveAPI endpoints to peer capabilities This change adds a new apiHandler struct for use from serveAPI to aid with restricting endpoints to specific peer capabilities. Updates tailscale/corp#16695 Signed-off-by: Sonia Appasamy <sonia@tailscale.com> * client/web: use grants on web UI frontend Starts using peer capabilities to restrict the management client on a per-view basis. This change also includes a bulky cleanup of the login-toggle.tsx file, which was getting pretty unwieldy in its previous form. Updates tailscale/corp#16695 Signed-off-by: Sonia Appasamy <sonia@tailscale.com> * go.mod: update web-client-prebuilt module Signed-off-by: OSS Updater <noreply+oss-updater@tailscale.com> * net/dns: do not wait for the interface registry key to appear if the windowsManager is being closed The WinTun adapter may have been removed by the time we're closing the dns.windowsManager, and its associated interface registry key might also have been deleted. We shouldn't use winutil.OpenKeyWait and wait for the interface key to appear when performing a cleanup as a part of the windowsManager shutdown. Updates #11222 Signed-off-by: Nick Khyl <nickk@tailscale.com> * cmd/tailscaled, ipn/ipnlocal, wgengine: shutdown tailscaled if wgdevice is closed Tailscaled becomes inoperative if the Tailscale Tunnel wintun adapter is abruptly removed. wireguard-go closes the device in case of a read error, but tailscaled keeps running. This adds detection of a closed WireGuard device, triggering a graceful shutdown of tailscaled. It is then restarted by the tailscaled watchdog service process. Fixes #11222 Signed-off-by: Nick Khyl <nickk@tailscale.com> * health: warn about reverse path filtering and exit nodes When reverse path filtering is in strict mode on Linux, using an exit node blocks all network connectivity. This change adds a warning about this to `tailscale status` and the logs. Example in `tailscale status`: ``` - not connected to home DERP region 22 - The following issues on your machine will likely make usage of exit nodes impossible: [interface "eth0" has strict reverse-path filtering enabled], please set rp_filter=2 instead of rp_filter=1; see https://github.com/tailscale/tailscale/issues/3310 ``` Example in the logs: ``` 2024/02/21 21:17:07 health("overall"): error: multiple errors: not in map poll The following issues on your machine will likely make usage of exit nodes impossible: [interface "eth0" has strict reverse-path filtering enabled], please set rp_filter=2 instead of rp_filter=1; see https://github.com/tailscale/tailscale/issues/3310 ``` Updates #3310 Signed-off-by: Anton Tolchanov <anton@tailscale.com> * types/key: remove copy returning array by value It's unnecessary. Returning an array value is already a copy. Updates #cleanup Signed-off-by: Brad Fitzpatrick <bradfitz@tailscale.com> Change-Id: If7f350b61003ea08f16a531b7b4e8ae483617939 * wgengine: reduce critical section No need to hold wgLock while using the device to LookupPeer; that has its own mutex already. Updates #cleanup Signed-off-by: Brad Fitzpatrick <bradfitz@tailscale.com> Change-Id: Ib56049fcc7163cf5a2c2e7e12916f07b4f9d67cb * wgengine: make pendOpen time later, after dup check Otherwise on OS retransmits, we'd make redundant timers in Go's timer heap that upon firing just do nothing (well, grab a mutex and check a map and see that there's nothing to do). Updates #cleanup Change-Id: Id30b8b2d629cf9c7f8133a3f7eca5dc79e81facb Signed-off-by: Brad Fitzpatrick <bradfitz@tailscale.com> * ipn/ipnstate, wgengine/wgint: add handshake attempts accessors Not yet used. This is being made available so magicsock/wgengine can use it to ignore certain sends (UDP + DERP) later on at least mobile, letting wireguard-go think it's doing its full attempt schedule, but we can cut it short conditionally based on what we know from the control plane. Updates #7617 Signed-off-by: Brad Fitzpatrick <bradfitz@tailscale.com> Change-Id: Ia367cf6bd87b2aeedd3c6f4989528acdb6773ca7 * scripts/installer.sh: auto-start tailscale on Alpine (#11214) On Alpine, we add the tailscale service but fail to call start. This means that tailscale does not start up until the user reboots the machine. Fixes #11161 Signed-off-by: Keli Velazquez <keli@tailscale.com> * tailfs: fix race condition in tailfs_test Ues a noop authenticator to avoid potential races in gowebdav's built-in authenticator. Fixes #11259 Signed-off-by: Percy Wegmann <percy@tailscale.com> * cmd/k8s-operator,k8s-operator,go.{mod,sum},tstest/tools: add Tailscale Kubernetes operator API docs (#11246) Add logic to autogenerate CRD docs. .github/workflows/kubemanifests.yaml CI workflow will fail if the doc is out of date with regard to the current CRDs. Docs can be refreshed by running make kube-generate-all. Updates tailscale/tailscale#11023 Signed-off-by: Irbe Krumina <irbe@tailscale.com> * cmd/k8s-operator: configure all proxies with declarative config (#11238) Containerboot container created for operator's ingress and egress proxies are now always configured by passing a configfile to tailscaled (tailscaled --config <configfile-path>. It does not run 'tailscale set' or 'tailscale up'. Upgrading existing setups to this version as well as downgrading existing setups at this version works. Updates tailscale/tailscale#10869 Signed-off-by: Irbe Krumina <irbe@tailscale.com> * cmd/k8s-operator: reconcile tailscale Ingresses when their backend Services change. (#11255) This is so that if a backend Service gets created after the Ingress, it gets picked up by the operator. Updates tailscale/tailscale#11251 Signed-off-by: Irbe Krumina <irbe@tailscale.com> Co-authored-by: Anton Tolchanov <1687799+knyar@users.noreply.github.com> * tailcfg: add latitude, longitude for node location (#11162) Updates tailscale/corp#17590 Signed-off-by: Claire Wang <claire@tailscale.com> * wgengine/netstack: add a per-client limit for in-flight TCP forwards This is a fun one. Right now, when a client is connecting through a subnet router, here's roughly what happens: 1. The client initiates a connection to an IP address behind a subnet router, and sends a TCP SYN 2. The subnet router gets the SYN packet from netstack, and after running through acceptTCP, starts DialContext-ing the destination IP, without accepting the connection¹ 3. The client retransmits the SYN packet a few times while the dial is in progress, until either... 4. The subnet router successfully establishes a connection to the destination IP and sends the SYN-ACK back to the client, or... 5. The subnet router times out and sends a RST to the client. 6. If the connection was successful, the client ACKs the SYN-ACK it received, and traffic starts flowing As a result, the notification code in forwardTCP never notices when a new connection attempt is aborted, and it will wait until either the connection is established, or until the OS-level connection timeout is reached and it aborts. To mitigate this, add a per-client limit on how many in-flight TCP forwarding connections can be in-progress; after this, clients will see a similar behaviour to the global limit, where new connection attempts are aborted instead of waiting. This prevents a single misbehaving client from blocking all other clients of a subnet router by ensuring that it doesn't starve the global limiter. Also, bump the global limit again to a higher value. ¹ We can't accept the connection before establishing a connection to the remote server since otherwise we'd be opening the connection and then immediately closing it, which breaks a bunch of stuff; see #5503 for more details. Updates tailscale/corp#12184 Signed-off-by: Andrew Dunham <andrew@du.nham.ca> Change-Id: I76e7008ddd497303d75d473f534e32309c8a5144 * client/web: update to typescript 5.3.3 (#11267) Update typescript to 5.3.3. This is a major bump from the previous version of 4.8.3. This also requires adding newer versions of @typescript-eslint/eslint-plugin and @typescript-eslint/parser to our resolutions as eslint-config-react-app pulls in versions that otherwise do not support typescript 5.x. eslint-config-react-app has not been updated in 2 years and is seemingly abandoned, so we may wish to fork it or move to a different eslint config in the future. Updates https://github.com/tailscale/corp/issues/17810 Signed-off-by: Mario Minardi <mario@tailscale.com> * tsweb: expose function to generate request IDs For use in corp. Updates tailscale/corp#2549 Signed-off-by: Andrew Dunham <andrew@du.nham.ca> Change-Id: I71debae1ce9ae48cf69cc44c2ab5c443fc3b2005 * util/cache: fix missing interface methods (#11275) Updates #cleanup Change-Id: Ib3a33a7609530ef8c9f3f58fc607a61e8655c4b5 Signed-off-by: Andrew Dunham <andrew@du.nham.ca> * net/tstun: fix spelling of "WireGuard" Updates #cleanup Signed-off-by: Andrew Dunham <andrew@du.nham.ca> Change-Id: Ida7e30f4689bc18f5f7502f53a0adb5ac3c7981a * ipn/ipnstate, wgengine: make PeerStatusLite.LastHandshake zero Time means none ... rather than 1970. Code was using IsZero against the 1970 team (which isn't a zero value), but fortunately not anywhere that seems to have mattered. Updates #cleanup Change-Id: I708a3f2a9398aaaedc9503678b4a8a311e0e019e Signed-off-by: Brad Fitzpatrick <bradfitz@tailscale.com> * wgengine: use slices.Clone in two places Updates #cleanup Change-Id: I1cb30efb6d09180e82b807d6146f37897ef99307 Signed-off-by: Brad Fitzpatrick <bradfitz@tailscale.com> * wgengine: rename local variable from 'found' to conventional 'ok' Updates #cleanup Change-Id: I799dc86ea9e4a3a949592abdd8e74282e7e5d086 Signed-off-by: Brad Fitzpatrick <bradfitz@tailscale.com> * .github/workflows: fix regular breakage of go toolchains This server recently had a common ansible applied, which added a periodic /tmp cleaner, as is needed on other CI machines to deal with test tempfile leakage. The setting of $HOME to /tmp means that the go toolchain in there was regularly getting pruned by the tmp cleaner, but often incompletely, because it was also in use. Move HOME to a runner owned directory. Updates #11248 Signed-off-by: James Tucker <james@tailscale.com> * wgengine{,/wgint}: add wgint.Peer wrapper type, add to wgengine.Engine This adds a method to wgengine.Engine and plumbed down into magicsock to add a way to get a type-safe Tailscale-safe wrapper around a wireguard-go device.Peer that only exposes methods that are safe for Tailscale to use internally. It also removes HandshakeAttempts from PeerStatusLite that was just added as it wasn't needed yet and is now accessible ala cart as needed from the Peer type accessor. None of this is used yet. Updates #7617 Change-Id: I07be0c4e6679883e6eeddf8dbed7394c9e79c5f4 Signed-off-by: Brad Fitzpatrick <bradfitz@tailscale.com> * client/web: fix Vite CJS deprecation warning (#11288) Starting in Vite 5, Vite now issues a deprecation warning when using a CJS-based Vite config file. This commit fixes it by adding the `"type": "module"` to our package.json to opt our files into ESM module behaviours. Fixes #cleanup Signed-off-by: Ross Zurowski <ross@rosszurowski.com> * ipn,wgengine: only intercept TailFS traffic on quad 100 This fixes a regression introduced with 993acf4 and released in v1.60.0. The regression caused us to intercept all userspace traffic to port 8080 which prevented users from exposing their own services to their tailnet at port 8080. Now, we only intercept traffic to port 8080 if it's bound for 100.100.100.100 or fd7a:115c:a1e0::53. Fixes #11283 Signed-off-by: Percy Wegmann <percy@tailscale.com> (cherry picked from commit 17cd0626f35dbc7948a78665d06a5862fc3dfdab) * ipn/ipnlocal: make active IPN sessions keyed by sessionID We used a HandleSet before when we didn't have a unique handle. But a sessionID is a unique handle, so use that instead. Then that replaces the other map we had. And now we'll have a way to look up an IPN session by sessionID for later. Updates tailscale/corp#17859 Change-Id: I5f647f367563ec8783c643e49f93817b341d9064 Signed-off-by: Brad Fitzpatrick <bradfitz@tailscale.com> * tsweb: allow empty redirect URL in CleanRedirectURL (#11295) Updates #cleanup Signed-off-by: Andrew Lytvynov <awly@tailscale.com> * wgengine: plumb the PeerByKey from wgengine to magicsock This was just added in 69f4b459 which doesn't yet use it. This still doesn't yet use it. It just pushes it down deeper into magicsock where it'll used later. Updates #7617 Change-Id: If2f8fd380af150ffc763489e1ff4f8ca2899fac6 Signed-off-by: Brad Fitzpatrick <bradfitz@tailscale.com> * tailfs: support storing bookmark data on shares This allows the sandboxed Mac application to store security- scoped URL bookmarks in order to maintain access to restricted folders across restarts. Updates tailscale/corp#16827 Signed-off-by: Percy Wegmann <percy@tailscale.com> * ipn: include full tailfs shares in ipn notifications This allows the Mac application to regain access to restricted folders after restarts. Updates tailscale/corp#16827 Signed-off-by: Percy Wegmann <percy@tailscale.com> * util/linuxfw: insert rather than append nftables DNAT rule (#11303) Ensure that the latest DNATNonTailscaleTraffic rule gets inserted on top of any pre-existing rules. Updates tailscale/tailscale#11281 Signed-off-by: Irbe Krumina <irbe@tailscale.com> * clientupdate: handle multiple versions in "apk info tailscale" output (#11310) The package info output can list multiple package versions, and not in descending order. Find the newest version in the output, instead of the first one. Fixes #11309 Signed-off-by: Andrew Lytvynov <awly@tailscale.com> * go.mod.sri: update SRI hash for go.mod changes Signed-off-by: Flakes Updater <noreply+flakes-updater@tailscale.com> * tailfs: only impersonate unprivileged user if able to sudo -u as that user When serving TailFS shares, tailscaled executes another tailscaled to act as a file server. It attempts to execute this child process as an unprivileged user using sudo -u. This is important to avoid accessing files as root, which would result in potential privilege escalation. Previously, tailscaled assumed that it was running as someone who can sudo -u, and would fail if it was unable to sudo -u. With this commit, if tailscaled is unable to sudo -u as the requested user, and tailscaled is not running as root, then tailscaled executes the the file server process under the same identity that ran tailscaled, since this is already an unprivileged identity. In the unlikely event that tailscaled is running as root but is unable to sudo -u, it will refuse to run the child file server process in order to avoid privilege escalation. Updates tailscale/corp#16827 Signed-off-by: Percy Wegmann <percy@tailscale.com> * docs/k8s: update docs (#11307) Update docs for static Tailscale deployments on kube to always use firewall mode autodection when in non-userspace. Also add a note about running multiple replicas and a few suggestions how folks could do that. Updates#cleanup Signed-off-by: Irbe Krumina <irbe@tailscale.com> Co-authored-by: Anton Tolchanov <1687799+knyar@users.noreply.github.com> * tsweb: add more test cases for TestCleanRedirectURL (#11331) Updates #cleanup Signed-off-by: Chris Palmer <cpalmer@tailscale.com> * tailcfg: add suggest exit node related node attribute (#11329) Updates tailscale/corp#17516 Signed-off-by: Claire Wang <claire@tailscale.com> * util/cmpver: add Less/LessEq helper funcs Updates tailscale/corp#17199 Signed-off-by: Paul Scott <paul@tailscale.com> * go.toolchain.rev: bump Go toolchain to 1.22.1 Updates tailscale/corp#18000 Change-Id: I45de95e974ea55b0dac2218b3c82d124c4793390 Signed-off-by: Brad Fitzpatrick <bradfitz@tailscale.com> * {ipn/serve,cmd/tailscale/cli}: move some shared funcs to ipn In preparation for changes to allow configuration of serve/funnel from the web client, this commit moves some functionality that will be shared between the CLI and web client to the ipn package's serve.go file, where some other util funcs are already defined. Updates #10261 Signed-off-by: Sonia Appasamy <sonia@tailscale.com> * wgengine/magicsock: prefer link-local addresses to private ones Since link-local addresses are definitionally more likely to be a direct (lower-latency, more reliable) connection than a non-link-local private address, give those a bit of a boost when selecting endpoints. Updates #8097 Signed-off-by: Andrew Dunham <andrew@du.nham.ca> Change-Id: I93fdeb07de55ba39ba5fcee0834b579ca05c2a4e * licenses: update tailscale{,d} licenses Signed-off-by: License Updater <noreply+license-updater@tailscale.com> * licenses: update win/apple licenses Signed-off-by: License Updater <noreply+license-updater@tailscale.com> * licenses: update android licenses Signed-off-by: License Updater <noreply+license-updater@tailscale.com> * client/tailscale: add postures to UserRuleMatch Updates tailscale/corp#17770 Signed-off-by: Kristoffer Dalby <kristoffer@tailscale.com> * {ipn,cmd/tailscale/cli}: move ServeConfig mutation logic to ipn/serve Moving logic that manipulates a ServeConfig into recievers on the ServeConfig in the ipn package. This is setup work to allow the web client and cli to both utilize these shared functions to edit the serve config. Any logic specific to flag parsing or validation is left untouched in the cli command. The web client will similarly manage its validation of user's requested changes. If validation logic becomes similar-enough, we can make a serve util for shared functionality, which likely does not make sense in ipn. Updates #10261 Signed-off-by: Sonia Appasamy <sonia@tailscale.com> * ipn/ipnlocal: exclude mullvad exit nodes from TailFS peers list This is a temporary solution to at least omit Mullvad exit nodes from the list of TailFS peers. Once we can identify peers that are actually sharing via TailFS, we can remove this, but for alpha it'll be sufficient to just omit Mullvad. Updates tailscale/corp#17766 Signed-off-by: Percy Wegmann <percy@tailscale.com> * ipn/localapi: add set-gui-visible endpoint Updates tailscale/corp#17859 Provides a local API endpoint to be called from the GUI to inform the backend when the client menu is opened or closed. cc @bradfitz Signed-off-by: Andrea Gottardo <andrea@gottardo.me> Signed-off-by: Andrea Gottardo <andrea@tailscale.com> Signed-off-by: Andrea Gottardo <andrea@gottardo.me> * ipn: add comment about thread-safety to StateStore Updates #cleanup Signed-off-by: Percy Wegmann <percy@tailscale.com> * ipn/ipnlocal: reduce allocations in TailFS share notifications This eliminates unnecessary map.Clone() calls and also eliminates repetitive notifications about the same set of shares. Updates tailscale/corp#16827 Signed-off-by: Percy Wegmann <percy@tailscale.com> * util/linuxfw: add container-friendly IPv6 NAT check (#11353) Remove IPv6 NAT check when routing is being set up using nftables. This is unnecessary as support for nftables was added after support for IPv6. https://tldp.org/HOWTO/Linux+IPv6-HOWTO/ch18s04.html https://wiki.nftables.org/wiki-nftables/index.php/Building_and_installing_nftables_from_sources Additionally, run an extra check for IPv6 NAT support when the routing is set up with iptables. This is because the earlier checks rely on being able to use modprobe and on /proc/net/ip6_tables_names being populated on start - these conditions are usually not true in container environments. Updates tailscale/tailscale#11344 Signed-off-by: Irbe Krumina <irbe@tailscale.com> * tsweb: add String method to tsweb.RequestID In case we want to change the format to something opaque later. Updates tailscale/corp#2549 Signed-off-by: Andrew Dunham <andrew@du.nham.ca> Change-Id: Ie2eac8b885b694be607e9d5101d24b650026d89c * go.mod: bump gvisor The `stack.PacketBufferPtr` type no longer exists; replace it with `stack.PacketBuffer` instead. Updates #8043 Signed-off-by: Andrew Dunham <andrew@du.nham.ca> Change-Id: Ib56ceff09166a042aa3d9b80f50b2aa2d34b3683 net/interfaces: fix test hang on Darwin This test could hang because the subprocess was blocked on writing to the stdout pipe if we find the address we're looking for early in the output. Updates #cleanup Signed-off-by: Andrew Dunham <andrew@du.nham.ca> Change-Id: I68d82c22a5d782098187ae6d8577e43063b72573 * docs/k8s: don't run subnet router in userspace mode (#11363) There should not be a need to do that unless we run on host network Signed-off-by: Irbe Krumina <irbe@tailscale.com> * cmd/derper, types/logger: move log filter to shared package So we can use it in trunkd to quiet down the logs there. Updates #5563 Signed-off-by: Andrew Dunham <andrew@du.nham.ca> Change-Id: Ie3177dc33f5ad103db832aab5a3e0e4f128f973f * client/web: dedupe packages in yarn.lock (#11327) Run yarn-deduplicate on yarn.lock to dedupe packages. This is being done to reduce the number of redundant packages fetched by yarn when existing versions in the lockfile satisfy the version dependency we need. See https://github.com/scinos/yarn-deduplicate for details on the tool used to perform this deduplication. Updates #cleanup Signed-off-by: Mario Minardi <mario@tailscale.com> * tailcfg: bump CapabilityVersion (#11368) bump version for adding NodeAttrSuggestExitNode remove extra s from NodeAttrSuggestExitNode Updates tailscale/corp#17516 Signed-off-by: Claire Wang <claire@tailscale.com> * version/mkversion: enforce synology versions within int32 range Synology requires version numbers are within int32 range. This change updates the version logic to keep things closer within the range, and errors on building when the range is exceeded. Updates #cleanup Signed-off-by: Sonia Appasamy <sonia@tailscale.com> * wgengine/magicsock: don't change DERP home when not connected to control This pretty much always results in an outage because peers won't discover our new home region and thus won't be able to establish connectivity. Updates tailscale/corp#18095 Signed-off-by: Andrew Dunham <andrew@du.nham.ca> Change-Id: Ic0d09133f198b528dd40c6383b16d7663d9d37a7 * cmd/viewer: import views when generating byteSliceField Updates #cleanup Signed-off-by: Percy Wegmann <percy@tailscale.com> * ipn,tailfs: tie TailFS share configuration to user profile Previously, the configuration of which folders to share persisted across profile changes. Now, it is tied to the user's profile. Updates tailscale/corp#16827 Signed-off-by: Percy Wegmann <percy@tailscale.com> * ipn,cmd/tailscale,client/tailscale: add support for renaming TailFS shares - Updates API to support renaming TailFS shares. - Adds a CLI rename subcommand for renaming a share. - Renames the CLI subcommand 'add' to 'set' to make it clear that this is an add or update. - Adds a unit test for TailFS in ipnlocal Updates tailscale/corp#16827 Signed-off-by: Percy Wegmann <percy@tailscale.com> * Code Improvements (#11311) build_docker, update-flake: cleanup and apply shellcheck fixes Was editing this file to match my needs while shellcheck warnings bugged me out. REV isn't getting used anywhere. Better remove it. Updates #cleanup Signed-off-by: Panchajanya1999 <kernel@panchajanya.dev> Signed-off-by: James Tucker <james@tailscale.com> * util/linuxfw: correct logical error in NAT table check (#11380) Updates #11344 Updates #11354 Signed-off-by: James Tucker <james@tailscale.com> * util/linuxfw: fix support for containers without IPv6 iptables filters (#11381) There are container environments such as GitHub codespaces that have partial IPv6 support - routing support is enabled at the kernel level, but lacking IPv6 filter support in the iptables module. In the specific example of the codespaces environment, this also has pre-existing legacy iptables rules in the IPv4 tables, as such the nascent firewall mode detection will always pick iptables. We would previously fault trying to install rules to the filter table, this catches that condition earlier, and disables IPv6 support under these conditions. Updates #5621 Updates #11344 Updates #11354 Signed-off-by: James Tucker <james@tailscale.com> * go.mod.sri: update SRI hash for go.mod changes Signed-off-by: Flakes Updater <noreply+flakes-updater@tailscale.com> * ipn/{ipnlocal,localapi}: add debug verb to force spam IPN bus NetMap To force the problem in its worst case scenario before fixing it. Updates tailscale/corp#17859 Change-Id: I2c8b8e5f15c7801e1ab093feeafac52ec175a763 Signed-off-by: Brad Fitzpatrick <bradfitz@tailscale.com> * wgengine/netstack: fix bug with duplicate SYN packets in client limit This fixes a bug that was introduced in #11258 where the handling of the per-client limit didn't properly account for the fact that the gVisor TCP forwarder will return 'true' to indicate that it's handled a duplicate SYN packet, but not launch the handler goroutine. In such a case, we neither decremented our per-client limit in the wrapper function, nor did we do so in the handler function, leading to our per-client limit table slowly filling up without bound. Fix this by doing the same duplicate-tracking logic that the TCP forwarder does so we can detect such cases and appropriately decrement our in-flight counter. Updates tailscale/corp#12184 Signed-off-by: Andrew Dunham <andrew@du.nham.ca> Change-Id: Ib6011a71d382a10d68c0802593f34b8153d06892 * prober: export probe counters and cumulative latency Updates #cleanup Signed-off-by: Anton Tolchanov <anton@tailscale.com> * prober: remove unused derp prober latency measurements Signed-off-by: Anton Tolchanov <anton@tailscale.com> * prober: add a DERP bandwidth probe Updates tailscale/corp#17912 Signed-off-by: Anton Tolchanov <anton@tailscale.com> * VERSION.txt: this is v1.63.0 Signed-off-by: Anton Tolchanov <anton@tailscale.com> * Bakup (#2) * net/interfaces: fix android "route ip+net: netlinkrib: permission denied" * remove github ci --------- Signed-off-by: Chandon Pierre <cpierre@coreweave.com> Signed-off-by: Anishka Singh <anishkasingh66@gmail.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Dunham <andrew@du.nham.ca> Signed-off-by: James Tucker <james@tailscale.com> Signed-off-by: Flakes Updater <noreply+flakes-updater@tailscale.com> Signed-off-by: kari-ts <kari@tailscale.com> Signed-off-by: David Anderson <danderson@tailscale.com> Signed-off-by: Irbe Krumina <irbe@tailscale.com> Signed-off-by: Charlotte Brandhorst-Satzkorn <charlotte@tailscale.com> Signed-off-by: Jordan Whited <jordan@tailscale.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Lytvynov <awly@tailscale.com> Signed-off-by: Will Norris <will@tailscale.com> Signed-off-by: Chris Palmer <cpalmer@tailscale.com>…
4377	dbpedia	1	24	https://www.imperial.ac.uk/news/196516/traces-ancient-rainforest-antarctica-point-warmer/	en	Traces of ancient rainforest in Antarctica point to a warmer prehistoric world	https://www.imperial.ac.…nnews2012_x1.jpg	https://www.imperial.ac.…nnews2012_x1.jpg	[ "https://www.imperial.ac.uk/assets/news/img/iclogo.svg", "https://www.imperial.ac.uk/ImageCropToolT4/imageTool/uploaded-images/newseventsimage_1585326367406_mainnews2012_x1.jpg", "https://www.imperial.ac.uk/assets/news/img/main_image_shd.png", "https://www.imperial.ac.uk/ImageCropToolT4/imageTool/uploaded-images/7_IMG_1859_T_Ronge--tojpeg_1585327293608_x2.jpg?r=5409", "https://www.imperial.ac.uk/ImageCropToolT4/imageTool/uploaded-images/8_Palaeogeography_90_Ma_ENG--tojpeg_1585327395524_x2.jpg?r=619", "https://www.imperial.ac.uk/ImageCropToolT4/imageTool/uploaded-images/5_IMG_2622_T_Ronge--tojpeg_1585327489302_x2.jpg?r=3961", "https://profiles.imperial.ac.uk/h.dunning/photo", "https://www.imperial.ac.uk/assets/news/img/expand_arrow.png", "https://www.imperial.ac.uk/assets/news/img/icon-comment.png", "https://www.imperial.ac.uk/assets/news/img/icon-fb.png", "https://www.imperial.ac.uk/assets/news/img/icon-twitter.png", "https://www.imperial.ac.uk/assets/news/img/icon-reddit.png", "https://www.imperial.ac.uk/assets/news/img/icon-linkedin.png", "https://www.imperial.ac.uk/assets/news/img/icon-email.png", "https://www.imperial.ac.uk/assets/news/img/icon-print.png", "https://www.imperial.ac.uk/ImageCropToolT4/imageTool/uploaded-images/newseventsimage_1554371806719_featurenews2012_x1.jpg", "https://www.imperial.ac.uk/ImageCropToolT4/imageTool/uploaded-images/newseventsimage_1724762006178_featurenews2012_x1.jpg", "https://www.imperial.ac.uk/assets/news/img/image_shadow_sidebar.png", "https://www.imperial.ac.uk/ImageCropToolT4/imageTool/uploaded-images/newseventsimage_1649421195253_featurenews2012_x1.jpg", "https://www.imperial.ac.uk/assets/news/img/image_shadow_sidebar.png", "https://www.imperial.ac.uk/assets/news/img/icon-twitter.png", "https://www.imperial.ac.uk/assets/news/img/icon-reddit.png", "https://www.imperial.ac.uk/assets/news/img/icon-fb.png", "https://www.imperial.ac.uk/assets/news/img/icon-linkedin.png", "https://www.imperial.ac.uk/assets/news/img/icon-rss.png", "https://www.imperial.ac.uk/assets/news/img/icon-print.png" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "Hayley Dunning" ]	2020-04-01T00:00:00	FOREST FIND - Researchers have found evidence of rainforests near the South Pole 90 million years ago, suggesting the climate was exceptionally warm at the time.	en	/assets/news/img/favicon/favicon.svg	Imperial News	https://www.imperial.ac.uk/news/196516/traces-ancient-rainforest-antarctica-point-warmer/	Researchers have found evidence of rainforests near the South Pole 90 million years ago, suggesting the climate was exceptionally warm at the time. A team from the UK and Germany discovered forest soil from the Cretaceous period within 900 km of the South Pole. Their analysis of the preserved roots, pollen and spores shows that the world at that time was a lot warmer than previously thought. The preservation of this 90-million-year-old forest is exceptional, but even more surprising is the world it reveals. Professor Tina van de Flierdt The discovery and analysis were carried out by an international team of researchers led by geoscientists from the Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research in Germany and including Imperial College London researchers. Their findings are published today in Nature. Co-author Professor Tina van de Flierdt, from the Department of Earth Science & Engineering at Imperial, said: “The preservation of this 90-million-year-old forest is exceptional, but even more surprising is the world it reveals. Even during months of darkness, swampy temperate rainforests were able to grow close to the South Pole, revealing an even warmer climate than we expected.” Warmest period in the past 140 million years The work also suggests that the carbon dioxide (CO2) levels in the atmosphere were higher than expected during the mid-Cretaceous period, 115-80 million years ago, challenging climate models of the period. The mid-Cretaceous was the heyday of the dinosaurs but was also the warmest period in the past 140 million years, with temperatures in the tropics as high as 35 degrees Celsius and sea level 170 metres higher than today. However, little was known about the environment south of the Antarctic Circle at this time. Now, researchers have discovered evidence of a temperate rainforest in the region, such as would be found in New Zealand today. This was despite a four-month polar night, meaning for a third of every year there was no life-giving sunlight at all. The presence of the forest suggests average temperatures were around 12 degrees Celsius and that there was unlikely to be an ice cap at the South Pole at the time. Reconstructing the climate The evidence for the Antarctic forest comes from a core of sediment drilled into the seabed near the Pine Island and Thwaites glaciers in West Antarctica. One section of the core, that would have originally been deposited on land, caught the researchers’ attention with its strange colour. The team CT-scanned the section of the core and discovered a dense network of fossil roots, which was so well preserved that they could make out individual cell structures. The sample also contained countless traces of pollen and spores from plants, including the first remnants of flowering plants ever found at these high Antarctic latitudes. To reconstruct the environment of this preserved forest, the team assessed the climatic conditions under which the plants’ modern descendants live, as well as analysing temperature and precipitation indicators within the sample. Covered in dense vegetation They found that the annual mean air temperature was around 12 degrees Celsius; roughly two degrees warmer than the mean temperature in Germany today. Average summer temperatures were around 19 degrees Celsius; water temperatures in the rivers and swamps reached up to 20 degrees; and the amount and intensity of rainfall in West Antarctica were similar to those in today’s Wales. To get these conditions, the researchers conclude that 90 million years ago the Antarctic continent was covered with dense vegetation, there were no land-ice masses on the scale of an ice sheet in the South Pole region, and the CO2 concentration in the atmosphere was far higher than previously assumed for the Cretaceous. Lead author Dr Johann Klages, from the Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, said: “Before our study, the general assumption was that the global carbon dioxide concentration in the Cretaceous was roughly 1000 ppm. But in our model-based experiments, it took concentration levels of 1120 to 1680 ppm to reach the average temperatures back then in the Antarctic.” - ‘Temperate rainforests near the South Pole during peak Cretaceous warmth’ by Klages, J.P. et al is published in Nature.
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"https://www.weather2umbrella.com/wp-content/themes/w2u/image/svg/logo-blue.svg", "https://www.weather2umbrella.com/wp-content/themes/w2u/image/svg/logo-blue.svg", "https://www.weather2umbrella.com/wp-content/themes/w2u/image/svg/logo-blue.svg", "https://www.weather2umbrella.com/wp-content/themes/w2u/image/svg/logo-blue.svg", "https://www.facebook.com/tr?id=146749549185106&ev=PageView&noscript=1" ]	[]	[]	[ "weather Woodburn", "forecast Woodburn", "weather forecast Woodburn current+", "current+ Woodburn", "weather2umbrella ltd", "Woodburn", "Oregon United States", "w2u", "meteorology", "weather reports", "meteo reports", "meteorological charts analysis", "graphical forecast", "social weather network" ]	null	[]	null	We provide 7 days weather forecast data. Weather Forecast Woodburn, Oregon United States - Current+ \| Weather2Umbrella LTD - Social Weather Network		https://www.weather2umbr…/w2u_512x512.png	Weather2Umbrella	https://www.weather2umbrella.com/weather-forecast-woodburn-oregon-united-states-en/current
4377	dbpedia	2	30	https://www.wweek.com/culture/2017/12/12/a-mysterious-crop-circle-drew-me-to-woodburns-russian-orthodox-old-believer-community/	en	A Mysterious Crop Circle Drew Me to Woodburn’s Russian Orthodox Old Believer Community	https://www.wweek.com/re…=1200&height=630	https://www.wweek.com/re…=1200&height=630	[ "https://sb.scorecardresearch.com/p?c1=2&c2=8030908&cv=2.0&cj=1", "https://www.facebook.com/tr?id=1955258371407056&ev=PageView&noscript=1", "https://pixel.quantserve.com/pixel/p-devwm660sKDlc.gif", "https://static.themebuilder.aws.arc.pub/wweek/1672942374436.png", "https://www.wweek.com/resizer/v2/https%3A%2F%2Fs3.amazonaws.com%2Farc-wordpress-client-uploads%2Fwweek%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2017%2F12%2F12181958%2F4407_Lede_Russia-Issue_Old-Believers_Mike-Bivins_4.jpg?smart=true&auth=e140bf71b81609b5cfa37f787b21372bf6d28fb5682c156ba211cfea2cfc3238&width=800&height=450", "https://www.wweek.com/resizer/v2/GJ6CI7CYU5B6VPJSRZAGXO5BFM.jpg?auth=bcce68837992fe99cbcafe23b007319b25f0971ca8fa718e7b5a4abc22e426d0&width=800&height=480", "https://www.wweek.com/resizer/v2/KUUVQQ6A2JAMFCIYJNIOLOBCFM.jpg?auth=e85f387a78fabbba35cd4c2b4a647888137a0cf0a1b995ac851ba5c1bc7b2925&width=800&height=480", "https://www.wweek.com/resizer/v2/667GRSUDTBEQLNGA67Q57YSBNA.jpg?auth=c23d5189b39a8e8a48c1ab1d92aca35d8de915e6e2ea8a4b10fc1c5e81702888&width=800&height=600", "https://www.wweek.com/resizer/v2/4H5V25LBRBCC5LMZEVUVSU5NDU.jpg?auth=622028b03f1faec545978778f89fa1c3c0603296942fbd2c76d95309dcb20646&width=800&height=1066", "https://www.wweek.com/resizer/v2/RV6K5CFE4VFKBNTPFPFK4F2DV4.jpg?auth=143766befc99cf02830884cc7853b7978fb796c433663d817cf17fd679e43480&width=800&height=600", "https://www.wweek.com/resizer/v2/UF5RYUC5LNEK7I6BBO7R6VT3HU.png?auth=f34c0a2529116882f6bb5759c29f641f46a6071851d3515dc203968986035042&width=800&height=266" ]	[]	[]	[ "Old Believers", "Russian Orthodox church", "The Russia Issue", "Portland Russians", "Oregon Russians", "religion", "Bauman's Farm and Garden", "pumpkin patches", "Oregon Old Believers", "Starovery in Oregon" ]	null	[]	2017-12-12T00:00:00	In Woodburn, they are best known for wanting to be left alone.	en	/pf/resources/favicon.ico?d=85	Willamette Week	https://www.wweek.com/culture/2017/12/12/a-mysterious-crop-circle-drew-me-to-woodburns-russian-orthodox-old-believer-community/	It's 7:30 am, the sun barely crawling up into the sky over Woodburn. I negotiate my way down the Greyhound bus aisle, trying to minimize incidental contact with shut-eyed passengers as I exit at the North Front Street stop, finally making my way off the steps into a cool, clear morning in the heart of the Willamette Valley. I am here to solve a mystery about a field of corn. Specifically, why someone stomped an intricate design featuring what looks like an "OB." I spotted that crop pattern in an aerial photo of Woodburn, population 25,000, and I wondered if it might be shorthand for "Old Believers," the sect of religious Russians who live in the area. If so, what was the significance of the image? To get to the bottom of this, I have to talk to Oregon's Old Believers, or Starovery. This will not be an easy task. The cloistered group, which you may recognize from the Portland-area farmers markets where they sell produce, are descended from Russians who refused to accept the 17th-century reforms of the Russian Orthodox Church pushed for by the tsar. They became second-class citizens, and many fled to Russia's eastern frontier, or left altogether to China, Romania or even Turkey to escape torture and death. Starting in the 1960s, some Old Believers made their way to Oregon, where a large group settled about 30 miles south of Portland in the fertile Woodburn area. Today they are estimated to number around 10,000. In Woodburn, they are best known for wanting to be left alone. "They are extremely hard to talk to and don't want to be public," says Tatiana Osipovich, associate professor emeritus of Russian at Lewis & Clark College, who studied Woodburn's Old Believers in the early 1990s. "You know the Amish, in Pennsylvania? The Old Believers are sort of like Russian Amish." Indeed, they are a lot like the Amish, or Mennonites—two other religious groups that emerged around the same time. Old Believers tend to shun modern inventions because they basically consider anything that came after the Nikonian reforms to be the work of the devil in a world that has fallen into the hands of the Antichrist—although many do drive cars. "They are very persistent to have survived persecution all these years," says Osipovich. To figure out what the "OB" is about, I lined up a guide, a friendly local also named Mike. Other Mike live-streams himself feeding homeless people and anyone else who needs a hot meal in downtown Portland. I met him while covering protests in Portland, and he has occasionally lent me a hand getting to hard-to-access locations. Anyone from Woodburn knows of the Old Believers, and a little digging reveals several churches situated around Bethlehem Drive, among a dozen in the area. I was looking at satellite images of these churches to get a feel for the area when I happened upon the "OB" field, which lies near a golden dome. Was the owner of the field an Old Believer? I intended to find out what was going on and also try to strike up a conversation with some Old Believers. Other Mike picks me up in his blue sedan, and we head south toward Monitor McKee Road, where several other Old Believer churches are located. I have Google Maps open, and as we approach the location of the mystery crop markings, we pass a sign announcing Bauman's Farm, a produce farm best known in the Portland area as a well-trodden pumpkin patch. The car turns right off of Monitor McKee and down Frolov Drive, where I spot my first Old Believer church. It looks like any other church building or community center, except for the two cupolas adorned with the cross shared by Orthodox Christians and Old Believers. The paint on the largest cupola is worn, and a small dark bird perches atop the cross. Once back onto Monitor McKee, a large roadside cross dedicated to the Old Believers comes into view on the right. The monument contains two plaques, one in English and one in Old Church Slavonic—the language of Russian Old Believers and the Russian Orthodox Church before the church schism in the 17th century. Continuing down the road, we come to Bethlehem Drive, where I see a second Old Believer Church. This one is smaller than the first. Several blocks away sits a third church, probably the best known in the area since its crosses and golden domes are visible from Highway 99. To my surprise, the gates are open at this church. A dozen or so cars are parked outside and inside the church's gates. A man in a dark outfit can be seen at the doors, making ritualistic hand gestures before entering the church. Based on the man's demeanor, the occasion looks serious. I pass through the open gates and under a metal arch to get a closer look. Painted on the outside of the church are icons of many saintly figures, brightly colored and standing in stark contrast to the surrounding fields of brown and gray. I'm not sure what is going on at the church at this hour—and I don't want to disrespect whatever it is by inserting myself—but I decide to return later in the day to hopefully figure it out. It's too early to knock on doors, so I have my guide drop me off near the Woodburn Elmer's. A rotund man in overalls outside Elmer's can't be bothered to hear my inquiry about the Old Believers and shoos me away like a fly. My waitress, Selina, doesn't have much to say, either. Before returning to the area around Monitor McKee Road, I call Bauman's Farm to ask about the OB crop markings. Brian Bauman, the farm's general manager, says the markings are indeed his—the B is for Bauman, and there is no O—but the farm isn't associated with the Old Believers. It's just a corn maze. What was going on at the large church on Bethlehem Drive? I decide to knock on some more doors, so I catch an Uber back to Bethlehem Drive. All is quiet, except for some workers fiddling with a ditch. The first door I knock on is the house to the immediate right of the fancy Old Believer church—the gate now shut with no cars to be seen. A man with a formidable gray beard answers. This is 79-year-old Panfil Cam, and though he does not speak much English, we converse a little. He came to the area in 1963, from Konya, Turkey, which he says was "like Woodburn," and where he was a fisherman. Here, he farmed until retiring. I next venture to an apartment complex along Bethlehem Drive. The second door I knock on is opened by a young boy with a large scab on his cheek. An older woman appears behind him and tells me they don't want to talk. Then I hear a voice call out from an Old Believer in his 30s whose head appears in an apartment window, his face partially obscured by a bug screen. "Whatever you're here for, it's already over with, so you can go home," the man explains. The same thing happens again and again, until I come upon a man with a group of small dogs who greets me on his doorstep, wearing paint-stained shorts and a worn shirt. The mass of cars I saw at the church was for a funeral service, he says. The man in the paint-stained shorts tells me he has keys to a church on Bethlehem Drive, but he won't show me inside. If I want to visit, he says I should return for a service on Saturday night or Sunday. To talk to an Old Believer, it seems, you must first believe. I make my way back to Front Street to wait for the Greyhound home. A Holiday Recipe from Kachka, the Nation's Most Famous Russian Restaurant A Visit to the Nation's Only Russian-Only Pop Radio Station Russia's Amish: The Orthodox Old Believers of Woodburn The Ballet Academy in Beaverton that Trains Champions the Russian Way How Famed Chef Vitaly Paley Shops at a Russian Market Trump's Russian Ties
4377	dbpedia	3	9	https://www.coursehero.com/file/p4ab1qp6/What-is-the-height-of-the-peak-a-11500-meters-7-How-deep-is-the-crater-in-the/	en				[]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null					null
4377	dbpedia	1	65	https://weatherspark.com/m/773/5/Average-Weather-in-May-in-Woodburn-Oregon-United-States	en	Woodburn May Weather, Average Temperature (Oregon, United States)	https://weatherspark.com…herspark_773.png	https://weatherspark.com…herspark_773.png	[ "https://dbffkv15yp72v.cloudfront.net/p/assets/images/small_spinner_c7b3cbb3ec8249a7121b722cdd76b870.gif", "https://dbffkv15yp72v.cloudfront.net/maps/static/static-map-773.jpg", "https://dbffkv15yp72v.cloudfront.net/p/assets/images/small_spinner_c7b3cbb3ec8249a7121b722cdd76b870.gif", "https://dbffkv15yp72v.cloudfront.net/maps/sources/sources-map-773.jpg", "https://dbffkv15yp72v.cloudfront.net/p/assets/images/small_spinner_c7b3cbb3ec8249a7121b722cdd76b870.gif", "https://dbffkv15yp72v.cloudfront.net/maps/static/static-map-773.jpg", "https://dbffkv15yp72v.cloudfront.net/p/assets/merchant/loading-indicator_20295fd727fbc02635f3d8c947e54556.gif" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null	In Woodburn during May average daily high temperatures increase from 65Â°F to 71Â°F and the fraction of time spent overcast or mostly cloudy decreases from 59% to 52%.	en	https://dbffkv15yp72v.cl…3f6c80699bce.png		null	May Weather in Woodburn Oregon, United States Daily high temperatures increase by 6Â°F, from 65Â°F to 71Â°F, rarely falling below 55Â°F or exceeding 84Â°F. Daily low temperatures increase by 5Â°F, from 45Â°F to 50Â°F, rarely falling below 38Â°F or exceeding 56Â°F. For reference, on August 2, the hottest day of the year, temperatures in Woodburn typically range from 56Â°F to 85Â°F, while on December 29, the coldest day of the year, they range from 36Â°F to 46Â°F. The figure below shows you a compact characterization of the hourly average temperatures for the quarter of the year centered on May. The horizontal axis is the day, the vertical axis is the hour of the day, and the color is the average temperature for that hour and day. Average Hourly Temperature in May in Woodburn Average Hourly Temperature in May in WoodburnMay112233445566778899101011111212131314141515161617171818191920202121222223232424252526262727282829293030313112 AM12 AM2 AM2 AM4 AM4 AM6 AM6 AM8 AM8 AM10 AM10 AM12 PM12 PM2 PM2 PM4 PM4 PM6 PM6 PM8 PM8 PM10 PM10 PM12 AM12 AMAprJunvery coldcoldcoldcoolcoolcomfortablewarm frigid 15Â°F freezing 32Â°F very cold 45Â°F cold 55Â°F cool 65Â°F comfortable 75Â°F warm 85Â°F hot 95Â°F sweltering Bastida / Labastida, Spain (5,348 miles away) is the far-away foreign place with temperatures most similar to Woodburn (view comparison). © OpenStreetMap contributors Compare Woodburn to another city: Clouds The month of May in Woodburn experiences gradually decreasing cloud cover, with the percentage of time that the sky is overcast or mostly cloudy decreasing from 59% to 52%. The clearest day of the month is May 31, with clear, mostly clear, or partly cloudy conditions 48% of the time. For reference, on January 16, the cloudiest day of the year, the chance of overcast or mostly cloudy conditions is 76%, while on August 2, the clearest day of the year, the chance of clear, mostly clear, or partly cloudy skies is 82%. Cloud Cover Categories in May in Woodburn 0% clear 20% mostly clear 40% partly cloudy 60% mostly cloudy 80% overcast 100% Precipitation A wet day is one with at least 0.04 inches of liquid or liquid-equivalent precipitation. In Woodburn, the chance of a wet day over the course of May is decreasing, starting the month at 33% and ending it at 29%. For reference, the year's highest daily chance of a wet day is 58% on November 26, and its lowest chance is 4% on August 3. Rainfall To show variation within the month and not just the monthly total, we show the rainfall accumulated over a sliding 31-day period centered around each day. The average sliding 31-day rainfall during May in Woodburn is decreasing, starting the month at 3.0 inches, when it rarely exceeds 5.0 inches or falls below 1.2 inches, and ending the month at 2.2 inches, when it rarely exceeds 4.2 inches or falls below 0.6 inches. Sun Over the course of May in Woodburn, the length of the day is rapidly increasing. From the start to the end of the month, the length of the day increases by 1 hour, 5 minutes, implying an average daily increase of 2 minutes, 10 seconds, and weekly increase of 15 minutes, 8 seconds. The shortest day of the month is May 1, with 14 hours, 19 minutes of daylight and the longest day is May 31, with 15 hours, 24 minutes of daylight. The latest sunrise of the month in Woodburn is 5:59 AM on May 1 and the earliest sunrise is 32 minutes earlier at 5:27 AM on May 31. The earliest sunset is 8:18 PM on May 1 and the latest sunset is 33 minutes later at 8:51 PM on May 31. Daylight saving time is observed in Woodburn during 2024, but it neither starts nor ends during May, so the entire month is in standard time. For reference, on June 20, the longest day of the year, the Sun rises at 5:24 AM and sets 15 hours, 38 minutes later, at 9:02 PM, while on December 21, the shortest day of the year, it rises at 7:47 AM and sets 8 hours, 45 minutes later, at 4:32 PM. The figure below presents a compact representation of the sun's elevation (the angle of the sun above the horizon) and azimuth (its compass bearing) for every hour of every day in the reporting period. The horizontal axis is the day of the year and the vertical axis is the hour of the day. For a given day and hour of that day, the background color indicates the azimuth of the sun at that moment. The black isolines are contours of constant solar elevation. Solar Elevation and Azimuth in May in Woodburn Solar Elevation and Azimuth in May in WoodburnMay112233445566778899101011111212131314141515161617171818191920202121222223232424252526262727282829293030313112 AM12 AM2 AM2 AM4 AM4 AM6 AM6 AM8 AM8 AM10 AM10 AM12 PM12 PM2 PM2 PM4 PM4 PM6 PM6 PM8 PM8 PM10 PM10 PM12 AM12 AMAprJun00101020202030304040505050606000010102020303030404050506060 northeastsouthwest Moon The figure below presents a compact representation of key lunar data for May 2024. The horizontal axis is the day, the vertical axis is the hour of the day, and the colored areas indicate when the moon is above the horizon. The vertical gray bars (new Moons) and blue bars (full Moons) indicate key Moon phases. The label associated with each bar indicates the date and time that the phase is obtained, and the companion time labels indicate the rise and set times of the Moon for the nearest time interval in which the moon is above the horizon. Moon Rise, Set & Phases in May in Woodburn Moon Rise, Set & Phases in May in WoodburnMay112233445566778899101011111212131314141515161617171818191920202121222223232424252526262727282829293030313112 AM12 AM4 AM4 AM8 AM8 AM12 PM12 PM4 PM4 PM8 PM8 PM12 AM12 AMAprJunApr 811:22 AMApr 811:22 AMApr 234:50 PMApr 234:50 PMMay 78:23 PMMay 78:23 PMMay 236:54 AMMay 236:54 AMJun 65:38 AMJun 65:38 AMJun 216:09 PMJun 216:09 PM6:36 AM6:36 AM8:13 PM8:13 PM8:16 PM8:16 PM6:18 AM6:18 AM5:22 AM5:22 AM8:30 PM8:30 PM8:24 PM8:24 PM5:13 AM5:13 AM5:02 AM5:02 AM9:57 PM9:57 PM9:33 PM9:33 PM5:30 AM5:30 AM May 2024IlluminationMoonriseMoonsetMoonriseMeridian PassingDistance 1 50%3:06 AMESE12:23 PMWSW-7:45 AMS231,840 mi 2 37%3:34 AMESE1:44 PMWSW-8:38 AMS229,545 mi 3 26%3:57 AMESE3:04 PMW-9:29 AMS227,617 mi 4 16%4:18 AME4:24 PMW-10:18 AMS226,260 mi 5 8%4:38 AME5:44 PMW-11:07 AMS225,672 mi 6 3%4:58 AMENE7:06 PMWNW-11:57 AMS225,999 mi 7 0%5:22 AMENE8:30 PMWNW-12:50 PMS227,299 mi 8 1%5:50 AMENE9:52 PMNW-1:45 PMS229,520 mi 9 4%6:27 AMNE11:09 PMNW-2:43 PMS232,491 mi 10 10%7:13 AMNE--3:43 PMS235,952 mi 11 18%-12:15 AMNW8:10 AMNE4:41 PMS239,588 mi 12 27%-1:07 AMNW9:15 AMNE5:36 PMS243,088 mi 13 36%-1:47 AMNW10:24 AMNE6:26 PMS246,177 mi 14 46%-2:17 AMWNW11:34 AMENE7:12 PMS248,650 mi 15 50%-2:41 AMWNW12:41 PMENE7:55 PMS250,370 mi 16 66%-3:00 AMWNW1:46 PMENE8:35 PMS251,277 mi 17 74%-3:16 AMW2:50 PME9:13 PMS251,377 mi 18 82%-3:32 AMW3:53 PME9:52 PMS250,735 mi 19 89%-3:47 AMW4:57 PME10:32 PMS249,461 mi 20 95%-4:03 AMWSW6:04 PMESE11:13 PMS247,694 mi 21 98%-4:22 AMWSW7:12 PMESE11:59 PMS245,592 mi 22 99%-4:45 AMWSW8:24 PMESE-- 23 100%-5:13 AMSW9:35 PMSE12:48 AMS243,307 mi 24 99%-5:51 AMSW10:43 PMSE1:43 AMS240,980 mi 25 96%-6:40 AMSW11:42 PMSE2:42 AMS238,724 mi 26 91%-7:42 AMSW-3:42 AMS236,616 mi 27 83%12:31 AMSE8:54 AMSW-4:43 AMS234,699 mi 28 74%1:08 AMSE10:13 AMWSW-5:40 AMS232,995 mi 29 63%1:38 AMESE11:32 AMWSW-6:34 AMS231,517 mi 30 50%2:02 AMESE12:51 PMWSW-7:25 AMS230,291 mi 31 40%2:23 AME2:08 PMW-8:14 AMS229,368 mi Humidity We base the humidity comfort level on the dew point, as it determines whether perspiration will evaporate from the skin, thereby cooling the body. Lower dew points feel drier and higher dew points feel more humid. Unlike temperature, which typically varies significantly between night and day, dew point tends to change more slowly, so while the temperature may drop at night, a muggy day is typically followed by a muggy night. The chance that a given day will be muggy in Woodburn is essentially constant during May, remaining around 0% throughout. For reference, on July 12, the muggiest day of the year, there are muggy conditions 0% of the time, while on January 1, the least muggy day of the year, there are muggy conditions 0% of the time. Wind This section discusses the wide-area hourly average wind vector (speed and direction) at 10 meters above the ground. The wind experienced at any given location is highly dependent on local topography and other factors, and instantaneous wind speed and direction vary more widely than hourly averages. The average hourly wind speed in Woodburn is essentially constant during May, remaining within 0.1 miles per hour of 4.5 miles per hour throughout. For reference, on December 2, the windiest day of the year, the daily average wind speed is 6.1 miles per hour, while on August 8, the calmest day of the year, the daily average wind speed is 4.2 miles per hour. The hourly average wind direction in Woodburn throughout May is predominantly from the west, with a peak proportion of 44% on May 29. Water Temperature Woodburn is located near a large body of water (e.g., ocean, sea, or large lake). This section reports on the wide-area average surface temperature of that water. The average surface water temperature in Woodburn is gradually increasing during May, rising by 3Â°F, from 52Â°F to 55Â°F, over the course of the month. Growing Season Definitions of the growing season vary throughout the world, but for the purposes of this report, we define it as the longest continuous period of non-freezing temperatures (≥ 32Â°F) in the year (the calendar year in the Northern Hemisphere, or from July 1 until June 30 in the Southern Hemisphere). The growing season in Woodburn typically lasts for 7.3 months (225 days), from around March 28 to around November 8, rarely starting before February 21 or after April 28, and rarely ending before October 15 or after December 5. The month of May in Woodburn is very likely fully within the growing season, with the chance that a given day is in the growing season gradually increasing from 92% to 100% over the course of the month. Time Spent in Various Temperature Bands and the Growing Season in May in Woodburn frigid 15Â°F freezing 32Â°F very cold 45Â°F cold 55Â°F cool 65Â°F comfortable 75Â°F warm 85Â°F hot 95Â°F sweltering Growing degree days are a measure of yearly heat accumulation used to predict plant and animal development, and defined as the integral of warmth above a base temperature, discarding any excess above a maximum temperature. In this report, we use a base of 50Â°F and a cap of 86Â°F. The average accumulated growing degree days in Woodburn are increasing during May, increasing by 229Â°F, from 209Â°F to 437Â°F, over the course of the month. Solar Energy This section discusses the total daily incident shortwave solar energy reaching the surface of the ground over a wide area, taking full account of seasonal variations in the length of the day, the elevation of the Sun above the horizon, and absorption by clouds and other atmospheric constituents. Shortwave radiation includes visible light and ultraviolet radiation. The average daily incident shortwave solar energy in Woodburn is gradually increasing during May, rising by 0.8 kWh, from 5.3 kWh to 6.2 kWh, over the course of the month. Topography For the purposes of this report, the geographical coordinates of Woodburn are 45.144 deg latitude, -122.855 deg longitude, and 184 ft elevation. The topography within 2 miles of Woodburn is essentially flat, with a maximum elevation change of 85 feet and an average elevation above sea level of 178 feet. Within 10 miles is essentially flat (873 feet). Within 50 miles contains very significant variations in elevation (5,669 feet). The area within 2 miles of Woodburn is covered by cropland (54%) and artificial surfaces (46%), within 10 miles by cropland (89%) and artificial surfaces (11%), and within 50 miles by trees (42%) and cropland (28%). Data Sources This report illustrates the typical weather in Woodburn, based on a statistical analysis of historical hourly weather reports and model reconstructions from January 1, 1980 to December 31, 2016. Temperature and Dew Point There are 3 weather stations near enough to contribute to our estimation of the temperature and dew point in Woodburn. For each station, the records are corrected for the elevation difference between that station and Woodburn according to the International Standard Atmosphere , and by the relative change present in the MERRA-2 satellite-era reanalysis between the two locations. The estimated value at Woodburn is computed as the weighted average of the individual contributions from each station, with weights proportional to the inverse of the distance between Woodburn and a given station. The stations contributing to this reconstruction are: Aurora State Airport (KUAO, 56%, 8 mi, northeast, 10 ft elevation change) Mc Minnville Municipal Airport (KMMV, 26%, 14 mi, west, -26 ft elevation change) McNary Field (KSLE, 18%, 18 mi, southwest, 20 ft elevation change) To get a sense of how much these sources agree with each other, you can view a comparison of Woodburn and the stations that contribute to our estimates of its temperature history and climate. Please note that each source's contribution is adjusted for elevation and the relative change present in the MERRA-2 data. Other Data All data relating to the Sun's position (e.g., sunrise and sunset) are computed using astronomical formulas from the book, Astronomical Algorithms 2nd Edition , by Jean Meeus. All other weather data, including cloud cover, precipitation, wind speed and direction, and solar flux, come from NASA's MERRA-2 Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis . This reanalysis combines a variety of wide-area measurements in a state-of-the-art global meteorological model to reconstruct the hourly history of weather throughout the world on a 50-kilometer grid. Land Use data comes from the Global Land Cover SHARE database , published by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Elevation data comes from the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) , published by NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Names, locations, and time zones of places and some airports come from the GeoNames Geographical Database . Time zones for airports and weather stations are provided by AskGeo.com . Maps are © OpenStreetMap contributors. Disclaimer The information on this site is provided as is, without any assurances as to its accuracy or suitability for any purpose. Weather data is prone to errors, outages, and other defects. We assume no responsibility for any decisions made on the basis of the content presented on this site. We draw particular cautious attention to our reliance on the MERRA-2 model-based reconstructions for a number of important data series. While having the tremendous advantages of temporal and spatial completeness, these reconstructions: (1) are based on computer models that may have model-based errors, (2) are coarsely sampled on a 50 km grid and are therefore unable to reconstruct the local variations of many microclimates, and (3) have particular difficulty with the weather in some coastal areas, especially small islands. We further caution that our travel scores are only as good as the data that underpin them, that weather conditions at any given location and time are unpredictable and variable, and that the definition of the scores reflects a particular set of preferences that may not agree with those of any particular reader. Please review our full terms contained on our Terms of Service page.
4377	dbpedia	0	2	https://kids.kiddle.co/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Charles_City_County,_Virginia	en	National Register of Historic Places listings in Charles City County, Virginia facts for kids	https://kids.kiddle.co/i…arrison_home.jpg	https://kids.kiddle.co/i…arrison_home.jpg	[ "https://kids.kiddle.co/images/wk/kids-robot.svg", "https://kids.kiddle.co/images/wk/kids-search-engine.svg", "https://kids.kiddle.co/images/thumb/5/50/Map_of_Virginia_highlighting_Charles_City_County.svg/300px-Map_of_Virginia_highlighting_Charles_City_County.svg.png", "https://kids.kiddle.co/images/thumb/6/62/Berkeley_plantation_harrison_home.jpg/100px-Berkeley_plantation_harrison_home.jpg", "https://kids.kiddle.co/images/thumb/b/b0/Charles_City_County_Courthouse%2C_State_Route_5%2C_Charles_City_%28Charles_City_County%2C_Virginia%29.jpg/100px-Charles_City_County_Courthouse%2C_State_Route_5%2C_Charles_City_%28Charles_City_County%2C_Virginia%29.jpg", "https://kids.kiddle.co/images/thumb/0/02/EVELYN.jpg/100px-EVELYN.jpg", "https://kids.kiddle.co/images/thumb/d/df/Westover_Glebe_House_HABS_VA1.jpg/100px-Westover_Glebe_House_HABS_VA1.jpg", "https://kids.kiddle.co/images/thumb/9/9b/Greenway%2C_State_Route_5_vicinity%2C_Charles_City_vicinity_%28Charles_City_County%2C_Virginia%29.jpg/100px-Greenway%2C_State_Route_5_vicinity%2C_Charles_City_vicinity_%28Charles_City_County%2C_Virginia%29.jpg", "https://kids.kiddle.co/images/thumb/d/d2/Kittiewan_Plantation_House.JPG/100px-Kittiewan_Plantation_House.JPG", "https://kids.kiddle.co/images/thumb/3/38/Shirley_Plantation_2006.jpg/100px-Shirley_Plantation_2006.jpg", "https://kids.kiddle.co/images/thumb/0/04/Sherwood_Forest-1961.jpg/100px-Sherwood_Forest-1961.jpg", "https://kids.kiddle.co/images/thumb/3/39/WestoverPlantationSEGL.jpg/100px-WestoverPlantationSEGL.jpg", "https://kids.kiddle.co/images/thumb/c/c2/Westover_Church_Charles_City_County_Virginia_by_Frances_Benjamin_Johnston_1930.jpg/100px-Westover_Church_Charles_City_County_Virginia_by_Frances_Benjamin_Johnston_1930.jpg", "https://kids.kiddle.co/images/thumb/f/f1/Weyanoke_HABS_VA1.jpg/100px-Weyanoke_HABS_VA1.jpg", "https://kids.kiddle.co/images/wk/kids-search-engine.svg" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null	Learn National Register of Historic Places listings in Charles City County, Virginia facts for kids	en	/images/wk/favicon-16x16.png		https://kids.kiddle.co/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Charles_City_County,_Virginia	This is a list of the National Register of Historic Places listings in Charles City County, Virginia. This is intended to be a complete list of the properties and districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Charles City County, Virginia, United States. The locations of National Register properties and districts for which the latitude and longitude coordinates are included below, may be seen in a Google map. There are 29 properties and districts listed on the National Register in the county, including 4 National Historic Landmarks. Another property was once listed but has been removed. Current listings Name on the Register Image Date listed Location City or town Description Former listing
4377	dbpedia	2	88	https://www.weatherbug.com/weather-forecast/10-day-weather/woodburn-or-97071	en	10-Day Weather Forecasts & Weekend Weather	https://www.weatherbug.c…44f98a4918a1.png	https://www.weatherbug.c…44f98a4918a1.png	[ "https://api.fouanalytics.com/api/noscript-32417zi2p5iizgqrts5k.gif", "https://www.weatherbug.com/images/logo.new.color.svg", "https://www.weatherbug.com/images/wb_logo_single.svg", "https://www.weatherbug.com/images/responsive-menu-icon.svg", "https://d2erwcr27wae6d.cloudfront.net/resources/v1/resource/IconByCodeV1?iconset=forecast&iconSize=svglarge&iconCode=70&token=7a1120c8-585e-49cc-9de1-6720178a6c7e", "https://d2erwcr27wae6d.cloudfront.net/resources/v1/resource/IconByCodeV1?iconset=forecast&iconSize=svglarge&iconCode=70&token=7a1120c8-585e-49cc-9de1-6720178a6c7e", "https://d2erwcr27wae6d.cloudfront.net/resources/v1/resource/IconByCodeV1?iconset=forecast&iconSize=svglarge&iconCode=7&token=7a1120c8-585e-49cc-9de1-6720178a6c7e", 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help of our 10-day weather forecasts and weekend weather predictions for Woodburn, Oregon		/images/favicon-32x32.png?v=qslFNtVRrEWUm4bY4MzQoZB8hsn08ZJMOnaS9cAHCrU	WeatherBug	https://www.weatherbug.com/weather-forecast/10-day-weather/woodburn-or-97071	For more than 20 years Earth Networks has operated the world’s largest and most comprehensive weather observation, lightning detection, and climate networks. We are now leveraging our big data smarts to deliver on the promise of IoT. By integrating our hyper-local weather data with Smart Home connected devices we are delievering predictive energy efficiency insight to homeowners and Utility companies.
4377	dbpedia	3	50	https://www.nature.com/articles/s43247-024-01496-3	en	Climate change-resilient snowpack estimation in the Western United States	https://media.springerna…96_Fig1_HTML.png	https://media.springerna…96_Fig1_HTML.png	[ "https://pubads.g.doubleclick.net/gampad/ad?iu=/285/commsenv.nature.com/article&sz=728x90&c=-330339425&t=pos%3Dtop%26type%3Darticle%26artid%3Ds43247-024-01496-3%26doi%3D10.1038/s43247-024-01496-3%26subjmeta%3D106,125,242,2786,2805,694,704,706%26kwrd%3DCryospheric+science,Hydrology,Projection+and+prediction,Water+resources", "https://media.springernature.com/full/nature-cms/uploads/product/commsenv/header-0cc262da52be1456137714e0f094052a.svg", "https://media.springernature.com/w215h120/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41558-020-0754-8/MediaObjects/41558_2020_754_Fig1_HTML.png", "https://media.springernature.com/w215h120/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41597-022-01768-7/MediaObjects/41597_2022_1768_Fig1_HTML.png", "https://media.springernature.com/w215h120/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41467-019-12566-y/MediaObjects/41467_2019_12566_Fig1_HTML.png", "https://media.springernature.com/lw685/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fs43247-024-01496-3/MediaObjects/43247_2024_1496_Fig1_HTML.png", "https://media.springernature.com/lw685/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fs43247-024-01496-3/MediaObjects/43247_2024_1496_Fig2_HTML.png", "https://media.springernature.com/lw685/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fs43247-024-01496-3/MediaObjects/43247_2024_1496_Fig3_HTML.png", "https://media.springernature.com/lw685/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fs43247-024-01496-3/MediaObjects/43247_2024_1496_Fig4_HTML.png", "https://pubads.g.doubleclick.net/gampad/ad?iu=/285/commsenv.nature.com/article&sz=300x250&c=852762182&t=pos%3Dright%26type%3Darticle%26artid%3Ds43247-024-01496-3%26doi%3D10.1038/s43247-024-01496-3%26subjmeta%3D106,125,242,2786,2805,694,704,706%26kwrd%3DCryospheric+science,Hydrology,Projection+and+prediction,Water+resources", "https://www.nature.com/static/images/logos/sn-logo-white-ea63208b81.svg", "https://www.nature.com/static/images/logos/nature-briefing-anthropocene-logo-98e871be64.svg", "https://verify.nature.com/verify/nature.png", "https://www.nature.com/y5evuc49/article/s43247-024-01496-3" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	2024-06-18T00:00:00	In the 21st century, warmer temperatures and changing atmospheric circulation will likely produce unprecedented changes in Western United States snowfall1–3, with impacts on the timing, amount, and spatial patterns of snowpack4–7. The ~900 snow pillow stations are indispensable to water resource management by measuring snow-water equivalent (SWE)8,9 in strategic but fixed locations10,11. However, this network may not be impacted by climate change in the same way as the surrounding area12 and thus fail to accurately represent unmeasured locations; climate change thereby threatens our ability to measure the effects of climate change on snow. In this work, we show that maintaining the current peak SWE estimation skill is nonetheless possible. We find that explicitly including spatial correlations—either from gridded observations or learned by the model—improves skill at predicting distributed snowpack from sparse observations by 184%. Existing artificial intelligence methods can be useful tools to harness the many available sources of snowpack information to estimate snowpack in a nonstationary climate. Statistical models that bring together in situ measurements and open-source satellite reanalysis are necessary to maintain the current level of snow water equivalent estimation skill under future warming and circulation changes in the Western USA.	en	/static/images/favicons/nature/apple-touch-icon-f39cb19454.png	Nature	https://www.nature.com/articles/s43247-024-01496-3	Snow and snow pillow sensitivity to climate change The ability of the snow pillow networks to represent unobserved snowpack will be increasingly impacted by changing snow, precipitation, and temperature. Figure 2 shows how those impacts are expected to manifest. Figure 2a indicates the expected year at which the 918 snow pillow stations in the WUS (excluding Alaska) will exhibit substantial degradation in peak SWE sensitivity. The metric of degradation is when the peak SWE at that station is <10% of its 1980–2015 average for more than 5 of the previous 10 years, which is based on an existing percentile-based low-to-no-snow definition2 but better-suited to locations with low interannual variability within the baseline period. Figure 2b shows that the lower elevations (below 2000 masl) will become increasingly snow-free by mid-century, while the higher elevations will become snow-free later in the century. Figure 2c–h shows the rising snowline elevation at several basins across the West in three decades: 1980–90, 2050–60, and 2090–2100. Finally, Fig. 2h–l highlights the long-term decline in snow pattern repeatability (shown in black and quantified with average R2 between current-year normalized SWE and the previous 20 years of the same, see the “Methods” section for details) from 2000 to 2100, punctuated by years with far less pattern repeatability than the historical average. Across the ensemble of simulations, future years are predicted to contain different within-basin snow patterns relative to the recent past; in other words, the interannual variability in spatial SWE patterns is predicted to increase. Furthermore, Fig. 2h–l shows that the high level of peak SWE interannual pattern repeatability33 found in the historical record34,35 is expected to decline, but at different rates in each region. Climate-resilient peak snow estimation We conduct experiments to determine the forcing data and model structures that will maintain SWE estimation skills in future climates. These experiments entail establishing a range of input data sets and statistical models for distributed SWE estimation and applying them to the WUS-D3. We evaluate the relative impact of snow pillow observations, ancillary datasets, and comprehensive snow survey observations (e.g., ref. 36) on peak SWE estimation skills as used as inputs to linear regression, random forest, and U-Net convolutional neural network models. We simulate three levels of forcing data from observations that can be used to estimate peak SWE across a basin: (1) snow pillow peak SWE observations alone, (2) snow pillow peak SWE observations augmented with gridded meteorology and (3), (1) and (2) along with intensive, gridded observational estimates of SWE (such as with remotely-sensed, high-resolution lidar data36). These inputs are simulated in historical and future years by extracting the relevant fields from the WUS-D3 dataset corresponding to those observational levels, creating observational drivers, and adding synthetic error to those drivers (see the “Methods” section). We estimate pixel-wise peak SWE with three data modeling procedures in order of increasing complexity: (1) linear regression, (2) random forests37, and (3) U-Nets38. Traditionally, operational SWE and runoff forecasting in snow-dominated watersheds has relied on the first of these procedures: empirical development of linear relationships between snow measured at local (i.e., in the same watershed) snow pillow stations and distributed SWE39. We, therefore, use linear regression to replicate the assumptions of status quo approaches. The implementation of random forests then allows for explicit non-linear relationships between input data and distributed peak SWE. Lastly, U-Nets preserve spatial correlations within the outputs in addition to capturing nonlinearity. In reality, we expect neither observational information nor data models to be static as snow volumes and patterns change. Therefore, we trained all models on the previous 20 years of data (see the “Methods” section) to reflect current water management and drought definition practices9,40. Figures 3 and 4 show the coefficient of determination (R2) between the WUS-D3 peak SWE value and the modeled estimate of that value for each experimental configuration (i.e., forcing data and model choice). Figure 3 shows that more observational information and/or higher data model complexity yields higher R2 values. Consequently, the inclusion of more observations (e.g., gridded meteorology and intensive monitoring) and higher complexity models (e.g., random forest or U-Net) enables more accurate estimates of the spatial patterns of peak SWE throughout the 21st century. This figure also shows that while it will be challenging to estimate peak SWE in some catchments with low and/or intermittent snow cover (e.g., the Lower Colorado River Basin and Nevada), estimates of peak SWE can greatly benefit from additional observations and higher-complexity data models. These additional observations and complex models are able to inject information about new spatial relationships between measured and non-measured locations and the response of old spatial relationships to a new climate. Figure 4 further explores the importance of observations and model complexity for peak SWE prediction across the WUS, highlighting that all predictions decrease in skill into the future as year-to-year variability in snow increases. However, the skill of the U-Net is far greater than the skill of linear regression when forced with snow pillow SWE alone or with gridded meteorology (Fig. 4b–d). The accordion plots in Fig. 4a show high skill in predictions that use a U-Net or at least gridded meteorology. The U-Net and gridded meteorology both explicitly include two-dimensional spatial patterns, while the snow pillow locations, random forest, and linear regression do not. With gridded meteorology, the added value from higher complexity models is smaller than with linear regression but still present. Intensive observations make complex modeling unnecessary or even counterproductive. Figure 4b–d shows time sequences of R2 for each data-model combination, indicating that the U-Net consistently achieves higher skill. Even in future water years, the U-Net model retains R2 generally above 0.75. Figure 4e–g shows performance increases from implementing U-Nets in place of linear regression. The lower performance in the historical year (yellow) compared to the end-of-century year (blue) is consistent across forcing data categories, but the decline is lower for U-Nets (y-axis) than for linear regression (x-axis). The salient features of the random forest and U-Net are their ability to model nonlinear relationships and that the U-Net explicitly encodes spatial correlations while linear regression and random-forest models are point-specific. These findings suggest that encoding spatial correlations will become increasingly important for peak SWE estimation. While historical performance has less inter-model and inter-basin variance, the snow pillow and gridded cases show consistent improvements from U-Net implementation. Because each model is trained on the previous 20 years of data, the decline in performance toward the end of the century in all data and model cases indicates that snow distributions are changing faster than the spatial models can adapt. Downscaled regional climate simulations In this work, we use WUS-D325, a nine-member ensemble of CMIP6 GCMs, dynamically downscaled with WRf27. Each raw GCM was accessed at its native resolution, and its temperature, humidity, horizontal winds, and geopotential fields were bias-corrected50. Supplementary Table 1 lists each GCM name and variant used in this ensemble. These bias-corrected fields were then used to drive WRF simulations on a 45-km outer domain grid. One-way nesting was then used to downscale the 45-km results to a 9-km grid length inner domain over the Western United States The SWE field is obtained from directly coupling Noah-MP to WRF following methods in refs. 25,29. For this work, we use 9-km data, as the domain of that product covers the entire WUS land region. While this grid cell size can obscure orographic influences on snowpack, the snow product in the historical simulations of WRF with the bias correction described above showed skill in being able to reproduce observed diagnostic fields29, including exhibiting skill in largely reproducing the SWE values found in historical regional snow reanalyses15, as shown in Fig. 1. The skill of WUS-D3 SWE is further demonstrated in the snow pillow site-specific climatology shown in Supplementary Fig. 1. We justify this bias correction because the biases in the corrected fields are endemic to CMIP6 GCMs and arise from unrealistic circulation biases in the northeastern Pacific Ocean. These errors, relative to the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasting Reanalysis product—version 5 (ERA5)51, are carried forward in future projections and must be corrected to capture realistic WUS hydroclimate. We create a historical downscaled dataset covering 1980–2014 by downscaling the historical experiment of the suite of CMIP6 models analyzed26 and we create a dataset that extends from 2015 to 2100 with CMIP6 models that are forced with the Shared Socioeconomic Pathway (SSP) 3-7.0 emissions scenario28. Here, the SSP3-7.0 simulations provide one scenario through which to explore the nature of future change in snowpack-related observations. For this work, we use the ‘snow’ (snow water equivalent in mm), ‘prec’ (total precipitation in mm d−1), and ‘t2’ (2-m air temperature in K) outputs of WUS-D3. The peak SWE value at a given pixel is simply the annual maximum at that pixel, which approximately represents the total snow water storage accumulated in a particular pixel. April 1 has been a historically useful proxy for peak SWE and has been used in water supply forecasting, but we use peak SWE here because the regional and temporal drift between true peak SWE and April 1 is increasing and will continue to increase52. The precipitation field was used by summing the precipitation of any phase that occurred at that pixel for that water year prior to the peak SWE at that pixel. Similarly, positive degree-day (PDD) values at a given pixel were used as a driver. We calculated this term by summing the positive-only difference between the 2-m air temperature at that pixel and 0 °C for the same time period. The calendaring convention for this analysis is based on the WUS water year that begins on October 1 and is named for the calendar year of the following year (e.g., the water year 1981 is from October 1, 1980 to September 30, 1981 inclusive). Currently available snow data products The data combinations evaluated in this work were constructed to reflect actual snow-related data products. We accessed daily SNOTEL records from the Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) SNOTEL data repository8 and other snow pillows from CCSS. For comparisons between these data and the downscaled historical simulations, we truncated the snow pillow record to the time period that overlapped between the two datasets: 1980-2014. We accessed the WUS-SR17 SWE data post-assimilation records from the National Snow and Ice Data Center (NSIDC) and selected pixel-wise maximum SWE for each water year in the time domain 1985–2014 for comparison with modeled products in Fig. 1. We also used SNOTEL and WUS-SR data to evaluate the ability of the 9-km downscaled data to represent the performance of the SNOTEL network. Other work has conducted similar comparisons with positive outcomes, including for statistically downscaled, coarser-grid products (e.g., ref. 12). Supplementary Fig. 1 shows daily SWE climatologies for each of the 9-km downscaled, bias-corrected WUS-D3 simulations at pixels containing at least one SNOTEL station from 1985 to 2014, compared to the same time frame with the SNOTEL record and the same pixels in WUS-SR. Peak SWE in many watersheds of the WUS is constrained by multiple snow pillow stations, weather analyses, and satellite data15,17,53. The most comprehensive observations of catchment-scale SWE currently are sub-orbital: aerial lidar measurements such as the Airborne Snow Observatories36 (ASO), or stereo-photogrammetric reconstructions of snow height at the end of winter54 yield spatially-resolved, cloud-contamination-free SWE products because those measurements are a powerful constraint on SWE. The uncertainty in peak SWE from these measurements is driven by uncertainty in snow density55, the difficulty of measuring snow under canopies56, and off-peak observation timing. Therefore, in situ datasets, particularly from snow pillows, form the backbone of peak SWE estimation in most regions, as reflected in the snow pillow data case; sub-orbital observations are modeled in the intensive data case. Spatially and temporally resolved gridded precipitation fields, derived from a wide range of observational datasets including ground-based gauges and radars, satellite-based radars and radiometers, and numerical weather simulation57, represent another key dataset with predictive information on peak SWE in the mountains, as reflected by the gridded data case. Surface energy budgets strongly influence SWE, and measures of temperature, such as degree-days, provide practical information on snowpack processes that would negatively influence peak SWE, including snowmelt58. There are also numerous satellite datasets that are relevant to, but only loosely constrain peak SWE in high-altitude complex terrain. For example, the areal fraction of snow is readily measured from multi-spectral radiometry on satellite-based platforms such as the MODerate resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) and Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS), but those products do not observe snow depth and density. Spatial pattern repeatability The snow pattern repeatability34 is defined as the average R2 between the nondimensionalized peak SWE field S; where $S=\frac{s-{\mu }}{{\sigma }}$ and s is the SWE value in a given grid box, μ is the mean for that time, and σ is the standard deviation of that time step35; and each of the 20 previous years of the same. The 20-year moving window gives each analysis year that we analyze a wide range of interannual variability in SWE while not being directly impacted by a nonstationary climate. The metric S has been applied to higher-resolution snow data in ref. 34 to demonstrate a high degree of pattern repeatability between years. This method of calculating pattern repeatability treats pixels as independent points without a 2-D structure because points in a basin are flattened for correlation analysis. Perfect data experiments The findings presented here, including those in Figs. 3 and 4, are derived from perfect data experiments (sometimes referred to as observing system simulation experiments)59. In this framework, a number of different data models attempt to predict the underlying peak SWE value produced by one of the WUS-D3 simulations at a given time at a given location using predictors based on the atmospheric and surface state from that same WUS-D3 simulation. These data models range in algorithmic complexity and are only given incomplete information about the peak SWE of the WUS-D3 simulation that they are trying to predict. Consequently, synthetic, but realistic errors are added to the gridded precipitation, temperature, fSCA, and SWE predictors. Additionally, a range of different variables (see the section “Data groups for peak SWE prediction”) and algorithms (see the section “Models for peak SWE prediction”) were used to predict peak SWE. Finally, the construction of the perfect data models was designed to ensure that the data models only used a subset of the predictor variables in each WUS-D3 simulation that reasonably corresponds to the data that will be available to make a prediction for peak SWE (e.g., the prediction of any data model at a given time would not be aware of future predictor or predictand values). These observing system simulations are idealized but reveal the challenges, opportunities, and relationships between predictors and a predictand associated with using different observations and data processing algorithms and are used to assess the climate resiliency of peak SWE estimation approaches. Synthetic gridded data There are several synthetic, gridded data fields that are included in these perfect data experiments, including the following. The data field for the fractional snow-covered area (fSCA) is estimated from the distributed SWE field reported in WUS-D3 in order to correspond to what an optical spectroradiometric satellite observes (e.g., Landsat or MODIS Normalized Difference Snow Index60,61). By imaging the same location approximately daily, the satellite instrument datasets skillfully measure snow fraction in and around peak SWE in spite of cloud contamination. For a given day, if a pixel has SWE > 40 mm, then it is assigned an fSCA value of 1, otherwise 062. To account for cloud contamination, the fSCA values are corrupted by randomly masking out 1/3 of the days between the start of the water year (October 1) and the date of peak SWE. For days that are considered cloudy, the value of fSCA is determined by considering the most recent non-cloudy day. The daily fSCA values are then averaged for the entire snow season to yield a synthetic data field of fSCA corresponding to peak SWE. The PDD and cumulative precipitation fields are constructed from modeled values of those same quantities, with error and bias added as calculated between the WUS-D3 historical outputs and products from Parameter-elevation Regressions on Independent Slopes Model (PRISM)63 followed by a spatial gradient smoothing step (see Supplementary Fig. 2). Lastly, the distributed April 1 SWE in the intensive data modeling case was constructed to simulate a potential SWE observation either by a future SWE satellite or a modeled product from a sub-orbital aerial system (e.g., ASO). Due to operational constraints that limit the windows when aerial data are collected, the exact timing of sub-orbital observations relative to the peak SWE timing is not guaranteed and cannot be retroactively adjusted to align with the true date of peak SWE. To account for this variance, we randomly assigned a date of synthetic sub-orbital observation by sampling from a normal distribution centered on April 1 of the water year and a standard deviation of seven days. The synthetic future gridded temperature and precipitation datasets were developed using a statistical mapping process between the WUS-D3 outputs and historical PRISM data for the same HUC6 basin. For the 1980–2020 time period, we aggregated PRISM data for precipitation and temperature over the WUS domain and re-gridded the 4-km product to the 9-km WUS-D3 grid. For the cumulative precipitation and PDD fields, we then created a pixel-wise bias and error comparison between the PRISM data and the simulated data. We then produce synthetic gridded fields for the analysis presented in Figs. 3 and 4 by adding the same bias and error statistics we diagnosed in the historical WUS-D3 simulations to the 2015-2100 WUS-D3 simulation. The synthetic error is produced by randomly sampling from a distribution that exhibits the same bias and error statistics as the WUS-D3 historical output relative to PRISM. Because each pixel’s future error was randomly sampled independently from all other pixels, we then applied a spatial smoothing algorithm64, as implemented in Python’s skimage module65. This smoothing algorithm captures the spatial correlation structure of WUS-D3 errors relative to PRISM. Supplementary Fig. 2a and c show the synthetic PRISM data for temperature and PDD, respectively, before the spatial smoothing. Supplementary Fig. 2b and d show the same quantities after spatial smoothing. The smoothing algorithm does not change the overall distribution of the absolute quantities across the region, but rather creates a more realistic synthetic PRISM dataset with spatial distributions that represent what an actual PRISM dataset may look like in a future year. Due to the spatial domain of the PRISM data set, we truncated basins that cross the US–Canada border to only include pixels within the US, as it was impossible to estimate the bias and error needed to generate synthetic PRISM PDD and cumulative temperature fields in Canada. Data groups for peak SWE prediction These synthetic observational datasets were then used to train a series of different distributed SWE prediction data models. We established several dataset scenarios whereby different combinations of observational datasets are used as predictors of peak SWE, noting that these synthetic variables could very plausibly be used as predictors of peak SWE because they are all currently operationally available. The five predictors dataset groups are as follows: 1. Peak SWE at the pixel containing a snow pillow site, latitude, longitude 2. Data in (1) with added elevation, slope, and aspect 3. Data in (2) with added synthetic fractional snow-covered area (fSCA) at each pixel 4. Data in (3) with added synthetic PRISM cumulative precipitation, cumulative snowfall, PDD, and mean seasonal temperature 5. Data in (4) with added synthetic sub-orbital lidar-based SWE at April 1 ± 10 days These dataset groups were further grouped into three categories. Groups 1 and 2 (“snow pillow”) represent a version of current practices in which topography and snow pillow data are the main drivers of distributed SWE estimation. Groups 3 and 4 (“gridded”) represent the addition of relevant, approximately real-time remote sensing (3) and/or reanalysis (4) data but which only loosely constrain SWE estimates. These datasets, while not generally currently used in most basins to support SWE estimation, are realistically available for the entire WUS without any local expenditures or targeted measurement campaigns. Furthermore, a recent study66 showed that these datasets (scenarios 3 and 4) are drivers that tightly constrain the physical processes governing snow accumulation and melt in the Upper Colorado River Basin. We accumulated these variables from October 1 (i.e., the start of the water year) through April 1 (of the same water year). Lastly, dataset group 5 (“intensive”) represents a heavily observed basin with significant targeted measurements. These measurements tend to be in highly researched basins with funding available to pay for extensive campaigns67. For example, the Tuolumne River Basin in California and the East River Watershed in Colorado had near-April 1 ASO measurements in 2023 and thus have highly constrained SWE estimates47. Models for peak SWE prediction We established the following space of data models to explore the impact of increasing model complexity for predicting spatially distributed SWE: 1. Linear regression 2. Random forest 3. U-Net Linear regression methods represent the simplest data model and seek to predict snowpack as a linear function of a set of input variables that are connected to and predictive of the processes that control peak SWE in a given area. Random Forest methods37 add a layer of complexity to model predictions by enabling a non-linear mapping between input(s) and peak SWE. They consist of an ensemble of regression trees, which seek to minimize the model loss by recursively partitioning the input into smaller subspaces. Each regression tree picks a random subset of data points and a random subset of input features for training. The final model output is obtained by taking an average (or ensemble) prediction of all the regression trees. We implemented random forests using Python’s scikit-learn module68 and used the hyperparameter values recommended by the developers of this method (https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=randomForest). We used 500 trees, considered p/3 features when looking for the best node split (where p is the number of input features), and specified a node size of 5. Random forests have been shown to work well with these hyperparameter values for predicting snowpack66. Finally, we also considered U-Nets38, which adds another layer of complexity to model predictions by imposing spatial constraints on the non-linear mapping between snowpack and input. Spatial constraints imply that pixels that are close to each other will be more correlated than pixels that are further away from each other. U-Nets achieve this by virtue of being fully convolutional neural networks. They also use an encoder-decoder architecture to ensure that only the most relevant information is considered while learning a functional mapping. U-Nets also implement skip connections between the encoding and decoding paths to ensure that there is no information loss during the encoding-decoding process. This results in the model learning a precise mapping between its inputs and its outputs. We implemented U-Nets using the tensorflow module in python69. We used an architecture similar to the original architecture with modifications as shown in Supplementary Fig. 4. Since the input for a given year was a single 2-d image (with multiple channels corresponding to the number of input features), we used a bounding box around each HUC6 basin. The encoder (left side) consisted of a repeated application of two 3 × 3 convolutions (each padded with zeros and followed by a rectified linear unit) and a 2 × 2 max pooling operation to contract the input. Each downsampling step involved doubling the number of feature channels. We did three contractive iterations, which meant the bounding box for each basin needed to be expanded such that its dimensions were a multiple of 8. Additional contractions were not considered due to computational expense. The decoder (right side) consisted of a 3 × 3 transposed convolution that upsampled the inputs by a factor of 2 and halved the number of feature channels. This was concatenated (via a skip connection) with the corresponding hidden layer from the encoder path and then subjected to two 3 × 3 convolutions (as described for the encoder path). The above steps were repeated until the original height and width of the input were recovered. Following this approach, the output was obtained by subjecting the decoder output to a 1 × 1 convolution. The first encoder layer consisted of 64 channels, which resulted in a U-Net model with ~8.6 million parameters. We then clipped the output to the actual basin boundaries. Other machine learning models have been successfully implemented for distributed SWE prediction70,71; the choice of U-Nets for this work is motivated by the portability and 2-D nature of U-Nets, in addition to their relatively straightforward implementation. All the models were trained on the Perlmutter supercomputer CPU provided by the National Energy Research Scientific Computing Center (NERSC). For the entire study area, the linear regression models took about 20 min to train on a single core. The random forests models took 90 min to train using 128 cores. The U-Net models took 12 h to train using 2048 cores.
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This is a 3-bed, 2.5-bath, 2,515 sqft property.	en			https://www.compass.com/listing/969-woodburn-lane-las-vegas-nv-89138/1558187108828703737/
4377	dbpedia	2	0	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodburn,_Oregon	en	Woodburn, Oregon	https://upload.wikimedia…dburn_square.jpg	https://upload.wikimedia…dburn_square.jpg	[ "https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png", "https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg", "https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/OR_Woodburn_square.jpg/250px-OR_Woodburn_square.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Marion_County_Oregon_Incorporated_and_Unincorporated_areas_Woodburn_Highlighted.svg/250px-Marion_County_Oregon_Incorporated_and_Unincorporated_areas_Woodburn_Highlighted.svg.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Usa_edcp_location_map.svg/250px-Usa_edcp_location_map.svg.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Settlemier_House_-_Woodburn_Oregon.jpg/220px-Settlemier_House_-_Woodburn_Oregon.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/OR_Woodburn_2ndSt.JPG/220px-OR_Woodburn_2ndSt.JPG", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/OR_Woodburn_Cityhall.JPG/220px-OR_Woodburn_Cityhall.JPG", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Willametteballetresized.jpg/220px-Willametteballetresized.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Kleindude3.jpg/220px-Kleindude3.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Tulipfarm.jpg/220px-Tulipfarm.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Kat_bjelland_by_andrew_olivo_parodi.jpg/170px-Kat_bjelland_by_andrew_olivo_parodi.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Map_of_Oregon_highlighting_Marion_County.svg/100px-Map_of_Oregon_highlighting_Marion_County.svg.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png", "https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1", "https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg", "https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/footer/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "Contributors to Wikimedia projects" ]	2002-10-24T09:10:38+00:00		en	/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png		https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodburn,_Oregon	City in Oregon, United States Woodburn is a city in Marion County, Oregon, United States. Incorporated in 1889, the community had been platted in 1871 after the arrival of the railroad. The city is located in the northern end of the Willamette Valley between Portland and Salem. Interstate 5 connects it to major cities to the north and south. Oregon routes 211, 214, 219, and 99E also serve the city, as do Union Pacific and Willamette Valley Railway freight rail lines. Woodburn is part of the Salem Metropolitan Statistical Area. With a population of 26,013 at the 2020 census, it is the third-most populous in that metropolitan area after Salem and Keizer.[5] History [edit] Originally, the area around Woodburn was inhabited by the Kalapuya Native Americans. After the Provisional Government of Oregon set-up land claims in the Oregon Country, the United States annexed much of the Pacific Northwest and established the Oregon Territory in 1848. Congress passed the Donation Land Claim Act in 1850 and many earlier land claims became donation land claims. Eli C. Cooley, Bradford S. Bonney, George Leisure, and Jean B. Ducharme all established donation land claims on the eastern part of the French Prairie where Woodburn would later be founded.[6] Cooley immigrated to Oregon in 1845, and Bonney established his land claim in 1849.[6] Ducharme's land was sold off in 1862 in a foreclosure, with Mt. Angel farmer Jesse Settlemier purchasing the 214 acres (87 ha) on the cheap.[6] Settlemier had traveled west over the Oregon Trail in 1849 and first settled in California before moving north to Oregon in 1850.[7] He settled in the Mt. Angel area where he was a successful nurseryman.[7] Settlemier then moved to his new property in 1863 and established the Woodburn Nursery Company.[6] Despite improvements to the land, including construction of his home, title in the land remained in doubt due to the purchase via a foreclosure.[6] During the litigation over title in the land, Settlemier borrowed money from capitalist William Reed with the land as collateral.[6] When Reed began to build a railroad through the area, he decided to run the line through what became Woodburn in anticipation of acquiring the land himself, as he expected Settlemier to default on the mortgage.[6] However, Settlemier did not default and eventually his case made it to the Supreme Court of the United States in Settlemier v. Sullivan, 97 U.S. 444 (1878). He gained a favorable ruling and retained the land.[6] Meanwhile, transportation baron Ben Holladay ran his Oregon and California Railroad through what became Woodburn in 1871, at which time Settlemier platted the first four blocks of the town.[6] Originally, the town and station were called Halsey, but the name was changed to Woodburn due to the existence of Halsey, Oregon, further down the valley.[6] The name Woodburn came about after a slash burn that got out of control and burned down a nearby woodlot in the 1880s, after the railroad line had been laid through the area.[8] A railroad official witnessed the fire and renamed the community.[6] The city was incorporated by the Oregon Legislative Assembly on February 20, 1889.[9] Geography [edit] According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 5.37 square miles (13.91 km2), all of it land.[10] Demographics [edit] Historical population CensusPop.Note%± 1890405—1900828104.4%19101,61695.2%19201,6562.5%19301,6751.1%19401,98218.3%19502,39520.8%19603,12030.3%19707,495140.2%198011,19649.4%199013,40419.7%200020,10050.0%201024,08019.8%202027,82715.6%2022 (est.)29,173[12]4.8% 2010 census [edit] As of the census[15] of 2010, there were 24,080 people, 7,545 households, and 5,375 families residing in the city. The population density was 4,484.2 inhabitants per square mile (1,731.4/km2). There were 8,283 housing units at an average density of 1,542.5 units per square mile (595.6 units/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 60.4% White, 0.5% African American, 2.8% Native American, 0.8% Asian, 0.1% Pacific Islander, 31.5% from other races, and 3.8% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 58.9% of the population. There were 7,545 households, of which 35.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 53.8% were married couples living together, 11.6% had a female householder with no husband present, 5.9% had a male householder with no wife present, and 28.8% were non-families. 24.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 15.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.17 and the average family size was 3.74. The median age in the city was 31.7 years. 30.9% of residents were under the age of 18; 9.6% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 26.2% were from 25 to 44; 17.9% were from 45 to 64; and 15.4% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 50.2% male and 49.8% female. 2000 census [edit] As of 2000,[4] there were 6,274 households, out of which 34.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 58.1% were married couples living together, 8.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 28.4% were non-families. 23.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 16.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.11 and the average family size was 3.63. In the city, the population was spread out, with 30.9% under the age of 18,[5] and, as of 2000, 11.8% from 18 to 24, 25.5% from 25 to 44, 14.6% from 45 to 64, and 18.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 30 years. For every 100 females, there were 107.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 104.7 males. As of 2000, the median income for a household in the city was $33,722, and the median income for a family was $36,730. Males had a median income of $21,702 versus $22,606 for females. The per capita income for the city was $12,954. About 11.5% of families and 17.3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 23.6% of those under age 18 and 8.8% of those age 65 or over. According to the 2000 Census, English is the most popular language, used by 46.53% of the general population and 25.94% of those aged 5–17. On the other hand, Spanish is used by 45.83% and 60.41% respectively, while Russian & Ukrainian are spoken by 7.02% among the general population and 13.64% of those aged 5–17.[16] Old Believers [edit] Woodburn is home for a sizable community of Russian Orthodox Old Believers.[17] This Christian traditionalist church had escaped persecution from the official Russian Orthodox Church and moved to the United States from Turkey in the 1950s. Its women wear traditional long skirts and scarfs, and its men wear beards. Also present in the city are communities of Russian Molokans, Doukhobors and recent refugees from the former USSR: Ukrainian and Russian Pentecostals and Baptists. Mexican immigration [edit] In the 1950s, Mexican immigration to Oregon began to increase. Woodburn became a destination that accumulated immigrant farmworkers, and was a place where Mexican workers were caught in sweeps during a federal initiative called Operation Wetback, which returned about one million illegal immigrants to Mexico. Immigration of Mexicans to Woodburn continued to increase through the 1980s, when Latinos made up about 2.5 percent of Oregon's population. By the early 21st century, 59% of the population of Woodburn was Latino, with a mix of first-generation immigrants and long-term residents.[18] Woodburn Estates [edit] Woodburn is also home to the largest 55+ retirement community in Oregon[19] with 1510 single family homes, a mobile home park, a private, eighteen hole golf course surrounding a clubhouse with auditorium, swimming pool, fitness center, restaurant, billiards room, crafts room, RV storage, and a variety of social events, clubs and activities. Economy [edit] In August 1999, Woodburn Premium Outlets, known as the Woodburn Company Stores until June 2013, opened in Woodburn. This is an outlet mall with many name-brand clothing companies represented. MacLaren Youth Correctional Facility is on Oregon Route 99E on the outskirts of Woodburn, in which young delinquent and criminal males are incarcerated. Arts and culture [edit] Willamette Ballet Academy was founded in 1982. Scenes from the 2007 Hallmark Hall of Fame production The Valley of Light, starring Chris Klein, were filmed in Woodburn.[20] Museums and other points of interest [edit] Listed in 1974 on the National Register of Historic Places,[21] the Jesse H. Settlemier House is a museum located on Settlemier Avenue. The World's Berry Center Museum was founded in the early 1980s. The World's Berry Center Museum occasionally produces plays by Miracle Theatre. La Fiesta Mexicana is the most important Hispanic event in the area. Each fiesta should include a queen; Francisca Gonzalez was the first selected to receive this honor in the first fiesta in 1964. It was a one-day event that was held in downtown Woodburn. Forty-five years later, the event has grown more popular and now it lasts close to a week. One of the main reasons this event happened was that the ranchers and merchants recognized the importance of the new bicultural relationship with the increased Hispanic population in the area. Sports [edit] The Woodburn Dragstrip is a 1/4-mile National Hot Rod Association (NHRA) dragstrip that hosts an annual event on the NHRA Lucas Oil Series.[22] It is located about 2 miles (3 km) west of Woodburn on Oregon Highway 219. The Oregon Golf Association (OGA) Golf Course in Woodburn is a public course, rated by Golf Digest in 1996 as one of the top 10 affordable courses in the United States.[23] It routinely hosts many large amateur and high school events in the state. The Woodburn Golf Club is a 9-hole public course 2 miles west of Woodburn. Established in 1925, play is on a first come basis with sand greens.[24] Education [edit] Woodburn is served by the Woodburn School District, which includes four elementary schools and two middle schools.[25] Woodburn High School included the following small schools: the Wellness, Business and Sports School, the Woodburn Academy of Art, Science and Technology, the Academy of International Studies at Woodburn, and the Woodburn Arts and Communications Academy. But the small school model was abandoned at the beginning of the 2022 school year. Woodburn Success High School is the district's alternative high school, serving grades 7–12.[26] Chemeketa Community College has a satellite campus in Woodburn.[27] Pacific University opened a College of Education satellite campus in 2012.[28] Media [edit] The Woodburn Independent is a weekly community newspaper serving the immediate area.[29] The region is also served by the larger Statesman Journal daily newspaper based in Salem and the state's largest newspaper The Oregonian based in Portland. Woodburn is home to two radio stations. KWBY broadcasts a regional Mexican format and is owned by 94 Country, Inc. It transmits as "La Pantera" ("The Panther") 940 AM. KPCN-LP is a low-power community radio station owned and operated by Oregon's largest farmworker union, los Pineros y Campesinos Unidos del Noroeste (PCUN). The station was built by volunteers from Woodburn and around the country in August 2006 at the tenth Prometheus Radio Project barnraising.[citation needed] KPCN broadcasts music, news, and public affairs to listeners in Spanish and several indigenous Latin American languages. It transmits as "Radio Movimiento" ("Movement Radio") 95.9 FM with the slogan "La Voz del Pueblo" ("The Voice of the People"). Infrastructure [edit] Transportation [edit] The Transit Division of the Woodburn Community Services Department runs the Woodburn Transit System (WTS), which uses small buses during non-holiday weekdays within the city's limits, and the Dial-a-Ride program, which operates paratransit vans for reservation by the elderly and disabled during weekdays within the local area and, for medical appointments, anywhere between Portland and Salem.[30] Other public bus systems making stops in Woodburn include CARTS (Chemeketa Area Regional Transportation System),[31] administered by Oregon Housing and Associated Services, Inc. (OHAS) in Salem, and CAT (Canby Area Transit), run by the city of Canby.[32] Both also only operate during non-holiday weekdays. Greyhound buses also stop in the city. Amtrak's Coast Starlight and Cascades trains pass through but do not stop. The Amtrak affiliated Cascades POINT bus service stops at the Woodburn Park & Ride at the Woodburn I-5 exit. Notable people [edit] Stacy Allison (born 1958), a 1976 graduate of Woodburn High School and a 1984 Oregon State University alum, was the first American woman to reach the summit of Mount Everest, during her second attempt on September 29, 1988.[33][34] That same year, when Mayor Nancy Kirksey declared November 17 "Stacy Allison Day," she visited and spoke at several Woodburn venues and attended ceremonies when a street in the city, Stacy Allison Way, was dedicated to her.[35] Kat Bjelland, of the punk band Babes in Toyland, grew up in Woodburn. Her first performance was at the now-closed Flight 99 tavern.[36] Model and actress Kate Nauta grew up in Woodburn and lived there until 2000. Woodburn-born baseball player Dick Whitman was an outfielder for the Brooklyn Dodgers and Philadelphia Phillies; the teams played in the 1949 and 1950 World Series, respectively. Dorothy Olsen, pilot and member of the Women Airforce Service Pilots (WASPs) during World War II, was born in Woodburn. References [edit]
4377	dbpedia	2	92	https://lilacgardens.com/	en	Hulda Klager Lilac Gardens – A National Historic Site located in Woodland, WA	https://lilacgardens.com…samllerlogo1.png	https://lilacgardens.com…samllerlogo1.png	[ "https://lilacgardens.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/samllerlogo1.png", "https://lilacgardens.com/wp-content/plugins/revslider/sr6/assets/assets/dummy.png", "https://lilacgardens.com/wp-content/plugins/revslider/sr6/assets/assets/dummy.png", "https://lilacgardens.com/wp-content/plugins/revslider/sr6/assets/assets/dummy.png", "https://lilacgardens.com/wp-content/plugins/revslider/sr6/assets/assets/dummy.png", "https://lilacgardens.com/wp-content/plugins/revslider/sr6/assets/assets/dummy.png", "https://lilacgardens.com/wp-content/plugins/revslider/sr6/assets/assets/dummy.png", "https://lilacgardens.com/wp-content/plugins/revslider/sr6/assets/assets/dummy.png", "https://lilacgardens.com/wp-content/plugins/revslider/sr6/assets/assets/dummy.png", "https://lilacgardens.com/wp-content/plugins/revslider/sr6/assets/assets/dummy.png", "https://lilacgardens.com/wp-content/plugins/revslider/sr6/assets/assets/dummy.png", "https://lilacgardens.com/wp-content/plugins/revslider/sr6/assets/assets/dummy.png", "https://lilacgardens.com/wp-content/uploads/thumbnail.jpg", "https://lilacgardens.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/events-300x167.jpg", "https://lilacgardens.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/about11-300x195.jpg", "https://lilacgardens.com/wp-content/uploads/gallery2.jpg", "https://lilacgardens.com/wp-content/uploads/info2.jpg" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "Matthew Farnell" ]	null	Raffle Quilt Winner The Gardens are open for 2024 summer – fall 2024, and will be open daily from 9am to 4 pm for visitors (*except closed on Wednesdays and holidays.) Admission is $10 adults (kids 12 and under free).	en	https://lilacgardens.com…oads/favicon.png	Hulda Klager Lilac Gardens	https://lilacgardens.com/	The Gardens are open for 2024 summer – fall 2024, and will be open daily from 9am to 4 pm for visitors (except closed on Wednesdays and holidays.) Admission is $10 adults (kids 12 and under free). See Membership page. Pay at the gatekeeper drop box at the front entrance (cash or check only). Stroll through the gardens, have a picnic and just enjoy the serenity of the flowers, plants and trees. The house and museum will be closed now until Lilac Days 2025. The Hulda Klager Lilac Gardens is a restoration project to honor the work of famed lilac developer Hulda Klager. It contains an 1800s house and surrounding buildings and Gardens. It is a National Historic Site. In 2023 we opened the museum with many new exhibits. Annually, Lilac Days celebrates the site, Hulda’s work and raises funds to maintain the site. See Today in the Gardens for current status and updates. Event rentals are available, as approved, by contacting us. There will be a few exceptions and closures, so please see the Calendar at our website for current closures. Closed on Holidays, too.
4377	dbpedia	1	90	https://www.gpsnauticalcharts.com/main/us_mi_47_21-woodburn-lake-nautical-chart.html	en	Woodburn Lake Fishing Map			[ "https://www.gpsnauticalcharts.com/main/sites/default/files/gpsnauticalcharts_logo_v2_213x67.png", "https://www.gpsnauticalcharts.com/static_html/nautical_charts_app/nautical_chart_images/US_MI_47_21.jpg", "https://www.gpsnauticalcharts.com/static_html/nautical_charts_app/nautical_chart_images/satellite/US_MI_47_21.jpg", "https://www.gpsnauticalcharts.com/static_html/nautical_charts_app/nautical_chart_images/streets/US_MI_47_21.jpg", "https://www.gpsnauticalcharts.com/main/files/i-boating-wmts-70x70.png", "https://www.gpsnauticalcharts.com/main/files/images/facebooksm.gif", "https://www.gpsnauticalcharts.com/main/sites/all/modules/socialmedia/icons/levelten/glossy/16x16/youtube.png", "https://www.gpsnauticalcharts.com/main/sites/all/modules/socialmedia/icons/levelten/glossy/16x16/twitter.png" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null	Woodburn Lake fishing map, with HD depth contours, AIS, Fishing spots, marine navigation, free interactive map & Chart plotter features	en	https://www.gpsnauticalcharts.com/main/sites/default/files/favicon.ico		https://www.gpsnauticalcharts.com/main/us_mi_47_21-woodburn-lake-nautical-chart.html	Woodburn Lake fishing map is available as part of iBoating : USA Marine & Fishing App(now supported on multiple platforms including Android, iPhone/iPad, MacBook, and Windows(tablet and phone)/PC based chartplotter.). With our Lake Maps App, you get all the great marine chart app features like fishing spots, along with Woodburn Lake depth map. The fishing maps app include HD lake depth contours, along with advanced features found in Fish Finder / Gps Chart Plotter systems, turning your device into a Depth Finder. The Woodburn Lake Navigation App provides advanced features of a Marine Chartplotter including adjusting water level offset and custom depth shading. Fishing spots, Relief Shading, Lake Temperature and depth contours layers are available in most Lake maps. Lake navigation features include advanced instrumentation to gather wind speed direction, water temperature, water depth, and accurate GPS with AIS receivers(using NMEA over TCP/UDP). Autopilot support can be enabled during ‘Goto WayPoint’ and ‘Route Assistance’. Now i-Boating supports Fishing Points in Woodburn Lake.
4377	dbpedia	1	86	https://www.usairnet.com/weather/forecast/woodburn,kentucky/	en	Woodburn, Kentucky Weather Forecast	https://www.usairnet.com…nt_satellite.jpg		[ "https://www.usairnet.com/assets/flash/logos/asn-logo.jpg", "https://www.usairnet.com/images/airsportsbanner1.gif", "https://www.usairnet.com/images/facebook.png", "https://www.usairnet.com/images/google.png", "https://www.usairnet.com/images/twitter.png", "https://www.usairnet.com/images/rss.png", "https://www.usairnet.com/images/email.png", "https://www.usairnet.com/assets/weather/MouseOver.jpg", "https://www.usairnet.com/weather/images/fcicons/sunny.jpg ", "https://www.usairnet.com/weather/images/fcicons/nmostlyclear.jpg ", "https://www.usairnet.com/weather/images/fcicons/mostlyclear.jpg ", "https://www.usairnet.com/weather/images/fcicons/thunderpc70.jpg ", "https://www.usairnet.com/weather/images/fcicons/thunderms40.jpg ", "https://www.usairnet.com/weather/images/fcicons/sunny.jpg ", "https://www.usairnet.com/weather/images/fcicons/sunny.jpg ", "https://www.usairnet.com/weather/images/fcicons/sunny.jpg ", "https://www.usairnet.com/flash/maps/090.png", "https://www.usairnet.com/weather/images/fcicons/sunny.jpg ", "https://www.usairnet.com/weather/images/fcicons/nmostlyclear.jpg ", "https://www.usairnet.com/weather/images/fcicons/mostlyclear.jpg ", "https://www.usairnet.com/weather/images/fcicons/nthundercl50.jpg ", "https://www.usairnet.com/weather/images/fcicons/thunderpc70.jpg ", "https://www.usairnet.com/weather/images/fcicons/nthundercl60.jpg ", "https://www.usairnet.com/weather/images/fcicons/thunderms40.jpg ", "https://www.usairnet.com/weather/images/fcicons/nthunderms20.jpg ", "https://www.usairnet.com/weather/images/fcicons/sunny.jpg ", "https://www.usairnet.com/weather/images/fcicons/nmostlyclear.jpg ", "https://www.usairnet.com/weather/images/fcicons/sunny.jpg ", "https://www.usairnet.com/weather/images/fcicons/nmostlyclear.jpg ", "https://www.usairnet.com/weather/images/fcicons/sunny.jpg ", "https://www.usairnet.com/weather/images/radar/KHPX_loop.gif", "https://www.usairnet.com/weather/images/current-small/kentucky/temperature.jpg", "https://www.usairnet.com/weather/images/satellite/current_satellite.jpg", "https://www.usairnet.com/weather/images/current-small/kentucky/wind-direction.jpg", "http://c.statcounter.com/10641948/0/da3fb0f6/0/" ]	[]	[]	[ "Woodburn", "Kentucky weather forecast", "current conditions", "radar", "Kentucky weather maps", "satellite images", "current Woodburn weather" ]	null	[]	null	Weather forecast for Woodburn, Kentucky with current conditions, radar and Kentucky weather maps	en	https://www.usairnet.com…-precomposed.png		null	Thursday... Mostly sunny, with a high near 91. Light and variable wind becoming south around 6 mph in the morning. Thursday Night... A 50 percent chance of showers and thunderstorms, mainly after 1am. Partly cloudy, with a low around 73. South wind 5 to 8 mph. New rainfall amounts between a quarter and half of an inch possible. Friday... Showers likely and possibly a thunderstorm before 4pm, then showers and thunderstorms likely after 4pm. Partly sunny, with a high near 90. West wind around 10 mph. Chance of precipitation is 70%. New rainfall amounts between a tenth and quarter of an inch, except higher amounts possible in thunderstorms. Friday Night... Showers and thunderstorms likely before 10pm, then showers likely and possibly a thunderstorm between 10pm and 1am, then a chance of showers and thunderstorms after 1am. Partly cloudy, with a low around 71. Chance of precipitation is 60%. New rainfall amounts between a tenth and quarter of an inch, except higher amounts possible in thunderstorms. Saturday... A 40 percent chance of showers and thunderstorms. Mostly sunny, with a high near 87.
4377	dbpedia	2	10	https://www.compass-living.com/senior-living/or/woodburn/silver-creek-senior-living/	en	Senior Living Woodburn, OR	https://g5-assets-cld-re…22-23_us4jto.png		[ "https://res.cloudinary.com/g5-assets-cld/image/upload/x_-1,y_0,h_613,w_919,c_crop/q_auto,f_auto,fl_lossy,g_center,h_200,w_300/g5/g5-c-iphogg9o-compass-senior-living-client/g5-cl-1oga13qi6j-compass-senior-living-client-woodburn-or/uploads/Silver_Creek_logo_CMYK_OL_xinvnh.png", "https://g5-assets-cld-res.cloudinary.com/image/upload/q_auto,f_auto,fl_lossy/v1709075349/g5/g5-c-iphogg9o-compass-senior-living-client/uploads/CEA_Web_Badge_small_aaycap.jpg", "https://g5-assets-cld-res.cloudinary.com/image/upload/q_auto,f_auto,fl_lossy/v1709671396/g5/g5-c-iphogg9o-compass-senior-living-client/g5-cl-1oga13qi6j-compass-senior-living-client-woodburn-or/uploads/US_News_Badge_-_AL_2022-23_us4jto.png", 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"https://g5-assets-cld-res.cloudinary.com/image/upload/q_auto,f_auto,c_fill,g_center,h_667,w_1000/v1706194477/g5/g5-c-iphogg9o-compass-senior-living-client/g5-cl-1oga13qi6j-compass-senior-living-client-woodburn-or/uploads/0002_ewnsr5_mgvw6i.jpg" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null	Silver Creek Senior Living provides compassionate senior living solutions in Woodburn, OR. Visit our website to learn more.	en	https://res.cloudinary.c…YK_OL_xinvnh.png		https://www.compass-living.com/senior-living/or/woodburn/silver-creek-senior-living/	Welcome to Silver Creek Senior Living Silver Creek Senior Living is an Assisted Living and Memory Care community in Woodburn, located at the northern end of the Willamette Valley between Portland and Salem.â¯â¯Interstate 5 connects to major cities to the north and south. Woodburn celebrates cultural and agricultural heritage with festivals throughout the year, such as the Wooden Shoe Tulip Festival and French Prairie Gardens. We also serve Silverton, Salem, Hubbard, Canby, Portland, Wilsonville, Gervais, and Mount Angel. No matter where youâve lived, weâd be honored to have you call Silver Creek home. Silver Creek serves the needs of those needing assistance with the activities of daily living and provides special services for those living with memory loss. Holistic Person-Centered Care assessments in partnership with family and care providers are designed to empower residents, improve quality of life, enhance dignity, honor choice, support independence, and promote positive well-being. Whether a person is just starting to experience memory challenges or has been living with Alzheimerâs or dementia for quite some time, you can rest assured knowing that our experienced and professional team members areâ¯providing the care they need, day and night. Care Partners provide care and support 24 hours a day in a warm setting designed for the unique needs of adults with Alzheimerâs, dementia, or other forms of memory loss. Â Â Â Â
4377	dbpedia	1	12	https://www.siamaks.com/used-vehicles/jeep/	en	Siamak's Car Dealership in Woodburn, Oregon	https://www.siamaks.com/…/05/FAVICON.webp	https://www.siamaks.com/…/05/FAVICON.webp	[ "https://www.siamaks.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/logo-smaller.c8b82b69.png", "https://devcdn.dealertower.com/assets/icons/ui/search.png", "https://www.siamaks.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/logo-smaller.c8b82b69.png", "https://siamaks.datgate.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/bbb-rating.png" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	2023-08-10T23:04:58+00:00		en	https://www.siamaks.com/…/05/FAVICON.webp	Siamak's Car Dealership in Woodburn, Oregon	https://siamaks.datgate.com/inventory/
4377	dbpedia	2	29	https://waterfallrecord.com/2016/01/23/woodburn-falls-washington/	en	Woodburn Falls, Washington	https://waterfallrecord.…/01/dsc_0738.jpg	https://waterfallrecord.…/01/dsc_0738.jpg	[ "https://waterfallrecord.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/dsc_0738.jpg?w=676", "https://1.gravatar.com/avatar/d01ef719b4af7f93ed43f1f2264ed9e131cc630fd890715f00efd83db622cc71?s=60&d=identicon&r=G", "https://secure.gravatar.com/blavatar/32bddaa7d7140b83d6bb8b144d476fed6505cbd8daca8f6565f7ee66a9d44854?s=50&d=https%3A%2F%2Fs2.wp.com%2Fi%2Flogo%2Fwpcom-gray-white.png", "https://secure.gravatar.com/blavatar/32bddaa7d7140b83d6bb8b144d476fed6505cbd8daca8f6565f7ee66a9d44854?s=50&d=https%3A%2F%2Fs2.wp.com%2Fi%2Flogo%2Fwpcom-gray-white.png", "https://pixel.wp.com/b.gif?v=noscript" ]	[ "https://www.google.com/maps/embed?pb=!1m18!1m12!1m3!1d2791.5905737113912!2d-122.3979410484517!3d45.59877473237126!2m3!1f0!2f0!3f0!3m2!1i1024!2i768!4f13.1!3m3!1m2!1s0x0:0x0!2zNDXCsDM1JzU1LjYiTiAxMjLCsDIzJzQ0LjciVw!5e0!3m2!1sen!2sus!4v1560050480305!5m2!1sen!2sus" ]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	2016-01-23T00:00:00	I visited Woodburn Falls over two years, so I had to try and remember where this waterfall was located and how to possibly arrive at the falls. Oddly enough, I did have a pretty clear recollection that the falls was on some spur trail at a park. If you are in Portland, Oregon, there are…	en	https://secure.gravatar.com/blavatar/32bddaa7d7140b83d6bb8b144d476fed6505cbd8daca8f6565f7ee66a9d44854?s=32	The Waterfall Record	https://waterfallrecord.com/2016/01/23/woodburn-falls-washington/	I visited Woodburn Falls over two years, so I had to try and remember where this waterfall was located and how to possibly arrive at the falls. Oddly enough, I did have a pretty clear recollection that the falls was on some spur trail at a park. If you are in Portland, Oregon, there are many amazing waterfalls near the city. There are also a few waterfalls near Portland on the other side of the Columbia River in Washington. One park in Camas, Lacamas Lake Regional Park, has 3 smaller waterfalls in the park’s boundaries. I posted information about Pothole Falls previously. I honestly found that waterfall (and Lower Falls) by wandering next to Lacamas Creek (which is relatively easy to find). Woodburn Falls isn’t on the main creek, but instead on a different creek. It’s got its own separate side-trail that leads to the falls from the main trail. I found it to be relatively easy to find. I think there were very clear signs posted that helped find the falls. And while there wasn’t a huge amount of water flowing, it still was actually pretty good for October. Woodburn Falls also happens to be relatively calm and quiet since it’s off on its own. I don’t think there were any other people at the falls when I reached my destination. Directions: From I-205, take WA-14 East toward Camas. Exit WA-14 onto 6th Avenue. Continue along 6th Avenue. Turn left onto NE Garfield Street (WA-500). You will veer left, and then turn right right, continuing on WA-500 (now known as NE Everett Street). There is a parking area on Everett Street, and there is also one just a short distance further up along NE 35th Avenue. The parking area on Everett Street is clearly signed, and ends up being an easier starting point. There is more parking at the 35th Avenue spot, but it is a little more difficult to determine where to begin. The park does have some of the best signs/maps I have seen, so follow the signs if in doubt. This map helps greatly. Accessibility: 8/10 (easy/moderate) Length of Hike: ~ 1 mile one-way Height: 15′ Where in the World is Woodburn Falls?
4377	dbpedia	1	85	https://www.realtyhop.com/building/659-north-3rd-street-woodburn-or-97071	en	659 North 3rd Street, Woodburn, OR 97071: Sales, Floorplans, Property Records	https://www.realtyhop.co…s/rh/favicon.png	https://www.realtyhop.co…s/rh/favicon.png	[ "https://www.realtyhop.com/images/rh/logo.png?5", "https://www.realtyhop.com/vue/img/auth_bg.jpg", "https://www.realtyhop.com/images/realtyhop/breadcrumbs-caret.svg?20240790_1723608480", "https://api.trustedform.com/ns.gif", "https://in.getclicky.com/197797ns.gif", "https://pixel.quantserve.com/pixel/p-d-Yyx40B0WNnQ.gif" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null	659 North 3rd Street, Woodburn, OR 97071: sales, floorplans, and property records. The building is located in Marion in Woodburn, OR.	en	/images/rh/touch-icon.png		https://www.realtyhop.com/building/659-north-3rd-street-woodburn-or-97071	By proceeding, you consent to receive calls and texts at the number you provided, including marketing by autodialer and prerecorded and artificial voice, and email, from realtor.com and others about your inquiry and other home-related matters, but not as a condition of purchase (More...) By submitting your information, you agree RealtyHop can share your information with its network of real estate & mortgage professionals (or through their agents) and consent to receive marketing emails, calls, & texts related to your inquiry (including via automatic telephone dialing system, or artificial or pre-recorded voice technology) from Movoto or their affiliates to the email address or number you provided. By proceeding, you agree to our Terms of Service.
4377	dbpedia	3	24	https://frenchbroadrealestatecompany.com/homes-for-sale-sold-details/3-WOODBURN-COURT-SWANNANOA-NC-28778/4015800/44/	en	3 WOODBURN COURT, SWANNANOA, NC 28778 – French Broad Real Estate Co.	https://mlsgrid.idxhome.…ae2d0376454.jpeg	https://mlsgrid.idxhome.…ae2d0376454.jpeg	[ "https://frenchbroadrealestatecompany.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/FBRE_Fontype_White.png", "https://frenchbroadrealestatecompany.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/header_logo2b.png", "https://frenchbroadrealestatecompany.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/FBRE_Fontype_White.png", "https://frenchbroadrealestatecompany.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/FBRE_Fontype_White.png", "https://frenchbroadrealestatecompany.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/FBRE_Fontype277.png", "https://mlsgrid.idxhome.com/images/CAR115449062/6f37a120-3034-4998-beff-2ae2d0376454.jpeg", "https://idx-logos.idxhome.com/nccmls.jpg", "https://frenchbroadrealestatecompany.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/FBRE_Fontype200.png" ]	[]	[]	[ "3 WOODBURN COURT", "SWANNANOA", "NC 28778", "Swannanoa Real Estate", "Swannanoa Property for Sale" ]	null	[]	null	Photos and Property Details for 3 WOODBURN COURT, SWANNANOA, NC 28778. Get complete property information, maps, street view, schools, walk score and more. Request additional information, schedule a showing, save to your property organizer.	en	https://frenchbroadreale…/2021/12/fav.png	French Broad Real Estate Co.	null	Properties reported may be listed or sold by various participants in the MLS.
4377	dbpedia	2	87	https://www.kptv.com/2023/10/21/suspect-hit-i-5-after-running-vehicle-closures-place-near-woodburn/	en	Suspect hit, injured after running from vehicle on I-5 near Woodburn	https://gray-kptv-prod.c…t=600&smart=true	https://gray-kptv-prod.c…t=600&smart=true	[ "https://gray-kptv-prod.cdn.arcpublishing.com/resizer/v2/EWOXJ57ZWJAJ7DLA2INYRMN2WE.jpg?auth=f180dfabff18991335adf4670a773537ee8f470839fe7ac76d6c38fea606c446&width=800&height=450&smart=true", "https://gray-kptv-prod.cdn.arcpublishing.com/resizer/v2/OCWN6WETERBFNCZYYTLNNLKZHQ.png?auth=460e0904c54e270f03447797c287a834920b9cfb5687b3fce853014c962625a1&width=800&height=450&smart=true", "https://gray-kptv-prod.cdn.arcpublishing.com/resizer/v2/P5EHBTZNLNFDDHRXC4OYB3NSWA.jpg?auth=371808234a3995e48ccfa8cf687cb18c627736c6d41d615ebe889ff123b8bfb7&width=800&height=450&smart=true", "https://gray-kptv-prod.cdn.arcpublishing.com/resizer/v2/AQ7HGF3KWJARZHXRRFZCWHIZDQ.jpg?auth=cb890c91e3bba10495ca44473a288d821c7ad822facf25feccfc1aa84d171ebf&width=800&height=450&smart=true", "https://gray-kptv-prod.cdn.arcpublishing.com/resizer/v2/YJ5IQ6PSSZBGLLQ7Q6SHEIVUZQ.png?auth=839e316e7c4389db198509f407641f2e1024e5c091cd4d33096475d237b3e702&width=800&height=450&smart=true", "https://gray-kptv-prod.cdn.arcpublishing.com/resizer/v2/IFCD36N6OBAI7HXWJZ5K6U5LEY.png?auth=b3df8439cbc8499c58aac9dfc480df9a18996f265fb58524595b428e0d9b96f7&width=800&height=450&smart=true", "https://gray-kptv-prod.cdn.arcpublishing.com/resizer/v2/74WA3VELYJFRVKNVTRDSOJPI3A.png?auth=cafa30f71170466fb508f86a6813450d9e54cd0f35c5b499d9b7dd257c929964&width=800&height=450&smart=true", "https://gray-kptv-prod.cdn.arcpublishing.com/resizer/v2/WCPL4Z63ZRAQHN3AO7DSD4EBH4.png?auth=06e69fc6cbb4684efaec7e7ec5bd8cc4383c514f960d18c3e5e5ec97616e7310&width=800&height=450&smart=true", "https://gray-kptv-prod.cdn.arcpublishing.com/resizer/v2/2Q5PELSYSRADTLV4U6ZWFCXUWQ.jpg?auth=0370dc3b07da83ad057b63f118b82fa3f06e04d1a157e95f2ac2625ebb6d8bac&width=800&height=450&smart=true", "https://gray-kptv-prod.cdn.arcpublishing.com/resizer/v2/4GLBQJLTINDWJHACV3WMI5AV2Y.jpg?auth=3045c365951df8460997d23c51802048678521bef273f0d1a6d91f3493ac4659&width=800&height=450&smart=true", "https://gray-kptv-prod.cdn.arcpublishing.com/resizer/v2/VNOQOQ4WNJHZ5F3EVMMIRIJIWE.png?auth=e81ed8dafe385daceb0e6f8d15a26a55611ee6f91e55afab86692da30a3026a9&width=800&height=450&smart=true", "https://gray-kptv-prod.cdn.arcpublishing.com/resizer/v2/https%3A%2F%2Fdo0bihdskp9dy.cloudfront.net%2F08-14-2024%2Ft_a8aec3516d8f426aa3bf19f6b86de25f_name_new_light_poles_brighten_Portland_city_parks_scaled.jpg?auth=06d3652b1d48ce77796f607f3517bea6da16a75bf36481723bc2c32be3bdd8e6&width=800&height=450&smart=true", "https://gray-kptv-prod.cdn.arcpublishing.com/resizer/v2/YIXL5TRYSFF33HK7GEXN76XZMY.jpg?auth=c5c46d054ee18d71f65062fa3986e9749b10f53666c5b6ad35a71c60b46c09a8&width=800&height=450&smart=true", "https://gray-kptv-prod.cdn.arcpublishing.com/resizer/v2/https%3A%2F%2Fdo0bihdskp9dy.cloudfront.net%2F08-14-2024%2Ft_dcc9f9e21c664791a44556cfa4055bf3_name_renovated_PDX_International_Airport_terminal_scaled.jpg?auth=4bc413740e4b6d1694f209b808532e767ed5b494f7596b6f56bf1131a69612c6&width=800&height=450&smart=true", "https://gray-kptv-prod.cdn.arcpublishing.com/resizer/v2/36BVQZ34K5DY5NT3M3ZARV5OSI.jpg?auth=a45067d118442dbe2d713aa5b96a44a19fde34121e7a93d2844510b52957faaf&width=800&height=450&smart=true", "https://gray-kptv-prod.cdn.arcpublishing.com/resizer/v2/https%3A%2F%2Fdo0bihdskp9dy.cloudfront.net%2F08-14-2024%2Ft_2efc969f533a4384bd7097a0a95ca9bb_name_HOPS.jpg?auth=5fa9d4e88fa4731f0d4047436ff8b090fa0b224c89181ccd5b37a30637274845&width=800&height=450&smart=true", "https://gray-kptv-prod.cdn.arcpublishing.com/resizer/v2/EZ7SNDKIXJBH3E7G3JZI5LTW2U.jpg?auth=97390151eb95dd2231ed2e2cc99ba9a3b49303f3b78bd5130635a3307bf343b9&width=800&height=450&smart=true" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "FOX 12 Staff" ]	2023-10-21T00:00:00	A suspect was hit after crashing on I-5 then running across northbound lanes near Woodburn on Saturday afternoon, according to Oregon State Police.	en	//webpubcontent.gray.tv/gray/arc-fusion-assets/images/favicons/kptv/favicon.ico?d=426	https://www.kptv.com	https://www.kptv.com/2023/10/21/suspect-hit-i-5-after-running-vehicle-closures-place-near-woodburn/	MARION COUNTY, Ore. (KPTV) - A suspect was hit after crashing on I-5 then running across northbound lanes near Woodburn on Saturday afternoon, according to Oregon State Police. OSP said just before 1 p.m. Saturday, troopers responded to I-5 just south of Woodburn. They were attempting to arrest a reported reckless driver. When they approached, the suspect took off running into northbound lanes. The suspect was hit by a vehicle and is critically injured. SEE ALSO: Police searching for driver in downtown Portland deadly hit-and-run OSP said they learned the suspect was driving south on I-5 and crashed into the center barrier multiple times. The suspect’s vehicle eventually became disabled. I-5 northbound was closed for about two hours. ODOT reported just after 3 p.m., all lanes reopened. This is developing news. FOX 12 will update this story when more information is available.
4377	dbpedia	1	11	https://www.semioticreview.com/ojs/index.php/sr/article/view/3/4	en	View of â€œWomen Are in the Village and Men Are Always in the Bushâ€	https://www.semioticrevi…avicon_en_US.jpg	https://www.semioticrevi…avicon_en_US.jpg	[]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null		en	https://www.semioticrevi…avicon_en_US.jpg		null
4377	dbpedia	2	72	https://locations.papamurphys.com/or/woodburn/1503-north-pacific-highway	en	Papa Murphy's Pizza Takeout Restaurant Woodburn,OR	https://dynl.mktgcdn.com…DNYU/150x150.png	https://dynl.mktgcdn.com…DNYU/150x150.png	[ "https://locations.papamurphys.com/permanent-b0b701/assets/images/papa-murphys-logo.98ffc696.svg", "https://locations.papamurphys.com/permanent-b0b701/assets/images/pin.c7a8e671.svg", "https://locations.papamurphys.com/permanent-b0b701/assets/images/chevron.8ca51338.svg", "https://locations.papamurphys.com/permanent-b0b701/assets/images/phone-red.14a850f5.svg", "https://locations.papamurphys.com/permanent-b0b701/assets/images/chevron.8ca51338.svg", "https://locations.papamurphys.com/permanent-b0b701/assets/images/clock.5f3bec61.svg", "https://locations.papamurphys.com/permanent-b0b701/assets/images/chevron.8ca51338.svg", "https://dynl.mktgcdn.com/p/GOI3L9IpbjyIAs--4KUE-gR3Xdj_4k-YVxw5qcLw6xM/1900x1264.jpg", "https://locations.papamurphys.com/permanent-b0b701/assets/images/pin.c7a8e671.svg", "https://locations.papamurphys.com/permanent-b0b701/assets/images/phone-red.14a850f5.svg", "https://dynl.mktgcdn.com/p/GOI3L9IpbjyIAs--4KUE-gR3Xdj_4k-YVxw5qcLw6xM/1900x1264.jpg", "https://dynl.mktgcdn.com/p/QDnoL7D6dFWbUSrzFOL51ndI-eKvYxkqHDauevwumCU/1800x900.jpg", "https://dynl.mktgcdn.com/p/TEYHlWLbVCDX1_9zp49OuAVtPr1e6pfq8WCqzwxusJg/600x400.jpg", "https://locations.papamurphys.com/permanent-b0b701/assets/images/doordash.b6d32b1e.png", "https://locations.papamurphys.com/permanent-b0b701/assets/images/chevron.8ca51338.svg", "https://dynl.mktgcdn.com/p/bfkaHN0UoEI6l8mIpBcP0bVYLIheoV-l_VYZw85au8k/1024x576.jpg", "https://dynl.mktgcdn.com/p/1RDXH89gBa2QCVBi13wFhYn1jjF3HrTMr38muv-eDOI/1024x576.jpg", "https://dynl.mktgcdn.com/p/qyaSHdJON8Y80EDQ7GlOV2hNcuPq9UVTJ2m9o0Upy4s/1024x576.jpg", "https://dynl.mktgcdn.com/p/0cfpe5L7xYl4SIPKCurl7wbgGzVsk45j6FgYsNYehEw/600x400.jpg", "https://dynl.mktgcdn.com/p/EMElifghsh_hV6O17wDIk1Sv8pic3OOL5esKvOrzMGY/600x399.jpg", "https://dynl.mktgcdn.com/p/0rhXd8FUCoePjQXwr3bjskrDoRdqtC8wYYUmQW8CLaM/600x400.jpg", "https://dynl.mktgcdn.com/p/FDL9PpyLAy-iwA3WXkm2TtGjWbIiZ9qZj9r6nZnB9OU/600x400.jpg", "https://dynl.mktgcdn.com/p/00vHim-UfwSKt-uTz0StH4jg9JZwHKJdT2sd3Qn4tiw/600x400.jpg", "https://dynl.mktgcdn.com/p/_-kuHRa9Ya2Qw-HM0RMHLizKkj_PYEmOJBAP5J1ek7Y/600x400.jpg", "https://dynl.mktgcdn.com/p/KQgrsQabhnNVFjLHBGKVrqaWFVzpjD0lQEYJn5w20P0/600x400.jpg", "https://dynl.mktgcdn.com/p/rOTF7c1nXpexx0TMHdffQA82-pIhOQD-oX2J2B9iG00/450x450.jpg", "https://locations.papamurphys.com/permanent-b0b701/assets/images/chevron.8ca51338.svg", "https://locations.papamurphys.com/permanent-b0b701/assets/images/chevron.8ca51338.svg", "https://locations.papamurphys.com/permanent-b0b701/assets/images/chevron.8ca51338.svg", "https://locations.papamurphys.com/permanent-b0b701/assets/images/chevron.8ca51338.svg", "https://locations.papamurphys.com/permanent-b0b701/assets/images/chevron.8ca51338.svg", "https://dynl.mktgcdn.com/p/dPdgdiJmtobdz66SZrb7mfa6BEBP1fLLTG6so1upm6c/1644x1900.jpg", "https://locations.papamurphys.com/permanent-b0b701/assets/images/papa-murphys-logo.98ffc696.svg", "https://locations.papamurphys.com/permanent-b0b701/assets/images/apple.451a46b3.png", "https://locations.papamurphys.com/permanent-b0b701/assets/images/android.77ebcb3d.png", "https://locations.papamurphys.com/permanent-b0b701/assets/images/new_menu-icon.04716e83.svg", "https://locations.papamurphys.com/permanent-b0b701/assets/images/rewards_icon.f8eb08a1.svg", "https://locations.papamurphys.com/permanent-b0b701/assets/images/take_icon.ef1d842f.svg", "https://locations.papamurphys.com/permanent-b0b701/assets/images/more_icon.4dc223cf.svg" ]	[]	[]	[ "Pizza Woodburn OR", "Pizza Places Woodburn OR", "Best Pizza Woodburn OR", "Bake at home pizza Woodburn OR", "Order Pizza Woodburn OR" ]	null	[]	null	Order online for contactless pick up at Papa Murphy's 1503 North Pacific Highway in Woodburn, OR for an easy home-baked meal. Change the way you pizza.	en	../../permanent-b0b701/assets/images/favicons/locations.papamurphys.com/apple-touch-icon-152x152-precomposed.29644125.png		https://locations.papamurphys.com/or/woodburn/1503-north-pacific-highway	Our lifestyle-friendly options include: dairy-free cheese pizza, crustless keto-friendly pizza, and gluten-free pizza crust – all available online and in-store at Papa Murphy's locations. *Udi's certified Gluten Free crust (available in medium size only) is topped in a shared kitchen that also handles gluten-containing ingredients; dairy-free cheese options are prepared in the same shared kitchen areas as options containing dairy. Detailed ingredient information can be found here. We do not assume responsibility for any sensitivity or allergy caused by our products. For thin and original crust pizzas: Preheat oven to 425°F and bake on center oven rack for 12 to 18 minutes. Remove when crust is golden brown. Bake within 60 minutes of purchase. If refrigerated, remove 60 minutes prior to baking for crust to rise. Find complete baking instructions for all Papa Murphy's pizzas, sides, and desserts here.
4377	dbpedia	2	33	https://www.zeitverschiebung.net/en/city/5761708	en	Current Local Time in Woodburn, United States (Marion County, Oregon): Date, time zone, time difference & time change	https://www.zeitverschiebung.net/img/open-graph/image.php?lang=en&location=Woodburn	https://www.zeitverschiebung.net/img/open-graph/image.php?lang=en&location=Woodburn	[ "https://www.zeitverschiebung.net/img/zeitverschiebung.svg", "https://www.zeitverschiebung.net/img/flag-icon-css/flags/4x3/us.svg", "https://www.zeitverschiebung.net/img/flag-icon-css/flags/4x3/us.svg", "https://www.zeitverschiebung.net/img/pages/time-change/02-03.jpg", "https://www.zeitverschiebung.net/img/pages/time-change/02-01.jpg", "https://www.zeitverschiebung.net/img/zeitverschiebung.svg", "https://www.zeitverschiebung.net/img/zeitverschiebung.svg", "https://www.zeitverschiebung.net/img/wheather/sunrise.png", "https://www.zeitverschiebung.net/img/wheather/sunset.png", "https://www.zeitverschiebung.net/img/flag-icon-css/flags/4x3/us.svg", "https://hello-world.digital/assets/img/projects-hwd-footer/hello-world-digital.svg", "https://hello-world.digital/assets/img/projects-hwd-footer/icon-cocktail-01.svg", "https://hello-world.digital/assets/img/projects-hwd-footer/icon-handy.svg", "https://hello-world.digital/assets/img/projects-hwd-footer/icon-home.svg", "https://hello-world.digital/assets/img/projects-hwd-footer/icon-science.svg", "https://hello-world.digital/assets/img/projects-hwd-footer/icon-browser.svg", "https://hello-world.digital/assets/img/projects-hwd-footer/icon-magnify.svg" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null	What time is it in Woodburn? United States (Marion County, Oregon): Current local time in & Next time change in Woodburn, Time Zone America/Los_Angeles (UTC-8). Population: 25,173 People	en	https://www.zeitverschie…e-touch-icon.png	Time Difference	https://www.zeitverschiebung.net/en/city/5761708	Time Zone Converter (Time Difference Calculator) Compare the local time of two timezones, countries or cities of the world.
4377	dbpedia	3	90	https://jhoffman.com/publications/juror-audience-impact-non-verbal-communication-trial/	en	The Juror as Audience: The Impact of Non			[ "https://jhoffman.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/JHA_logo-color.jpg" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "jrose" ]	2013-12-20T00:06:28+00:00	from Oregon State Bar Litigation Journal, published by Janet Lee Hoffman and Andrew Weiner, Fall 2013 Click to download "The Juror as Audience: The Impact of Non-Verbal Communication at Trial"	en		Janet Hoffman & Associates LLC	https://jhoffman.com/publications/juror-audience-impact-non-verbal-communication-trial/	Some of the most significant evidence presented at trial is not governed by the rules of admissibility and may be received by jurors without counsel even being aware of its presentation. Years ago I served as a juror in a three-week trial. I was struck at the time by the extent to which I was drawn to and distracted by the non-verbal, non-testimonial information conveyed each day during the proceeding. I found myself observing not only the participants in the proceeding itself but also the spectators in the gallery. I remember taking notice of one testifying expert who returned most days to watch the trial unfold. On days he failed to show up, I wondered if that day’s testimony was less important. During my years as an advocate, I have often been reminded that jurors are taking in this kind of information. Following one trial in which my client received a favorable verdict, several jurors later told me they had observed that I had been ill during the course of the trial. Notwithstanding my best efforts to disguise my symptoms, the jurors picked up on how I was feeling. They recalled being concerned about how my illness was impacting me and appreciated my efforts to appear each morning for court. In another case, I sat across from an attorney who flamboyantly emphasized certain points he argued by wadding up his notes and tossing the crumpled paper into a waste basket in true basketball fashion. I found out later that his theatrics amused the jurors; they even spent time imitating him during their deliberations. His efforts to impress, however, distracted from his argument. And although he demonstrated a flair for the theatrical, he failed to win his case. Jurors are sworn to decide cases based solely on the evidence presented and the application of the law to the evidence. Yet, they are exposed daily, both inside and outside the courtroom, to so much more information than is admitted into the record. As illustrated by the events described above, jurors are impacted in some ways by litigants’ behavior, comportment and other non-verbal communication. How much these factors actually affect jury verdicts is unknown, nevertheless one should be mindful that jurors notice. For example, following a recent lengthy trial, jurors commented to the court that they felt some of the parties were not paying attention to witnesses’ testimony if the litigants did not believe the testimony was relevant to their case. This trial reminded me of the dynamic effect non-testimonial information has on jurors and triggered my interest in exploring the impact of non-evidentiary information in courtrooms. By understanding the different ways non-verbal information is communicated, trial counsel can optimize its impact in their own presentation and will know when to object to certain forms of non-verbal communication that could prejudice the client. Below is a synthesis of information gathered from research scientists, jury consultants and courts who have examined the impact of non-verbal communications on jurors. This article also addresses the court’s role in safeguarding against forms of non-verbal communication that may prejudice a litigant and counsel’s role in actively managing the effect of these potentially powerful forms of communication. What Is Non-Verbal Communication? When the eyes say one thing, and the tongue another, a practiced man relies on the language of the first. – Ralph Waldo Emerson Jurors are generally instructed to consider only evidence (i.e., testimony and exhibits) when deciding a case.[1] Yet, the courtroom is not a laboratory in which jurors scientifically evaluate evidence in a sterile environment.[2] The trial process boils down to formally introduced evidence and argument mixed with a variety of non-verbal communication, which may at times yield unpredictable results. Model jury instructions capture this dynamic with regard to the non-verbal component of witness testimony, noting that the assumption that a witness’s testimony is truthful may be overcome by the manner in which the witness testifies and nature and quality of that testimony.[3] The model instructions, however, do not address the messages that are conveyed to jurors through various forms of non-verbal communication by those who are not witnesses or by witnesses when they are off the witness stand. One of the first steps in understanding and managing the effect of non-verbal communication on jurors is to consider the jurors themselves. Prior to being called for service, most jurors have never before set foot into a courtroom. They come from all walks of life and often arrive with an expectation that their experience in court will mirror scenes from popular movies and television. With few exceptions, trial is rarely that exciting or dramatic. Nevertheless, trial consultant, Tom Capps, notes that “jurors often try to uncover some of the drama they expected by closely observing all of the participants in the courtroom.”[4] Through even the most subtle non-verbal cues, jurors attempt to discover a hidden narrative that exists in the shadows behind the testimony of witnesses and other evidence presented in the case.[5] Non-verbal communication is most commonly recognized as “body language.” Eye contact, facial expressions, gestures, and posture all convey information to an observant juror. Other forms of non-verbal communication, such as dress and appearance, the relative proximity of counsel and litigant to the jury, paralanguage (speech rate, volume, variations in pitch), and the presence of spectators in the gallery, may also effect jurors’ impressions.[6] The use of eye contact, higher vocal volume and synchronized hand gestures are a few factors that have been associated with persuasiveness and confidence. Conversely, speaking in a monotone and frequent self-touching are signals that the speaker is less assured. Of course, the relative weight and impact of these different forms of non-verbal communication vary as they are measured through the subjective lens of individual jurors.[7] The impact of non-verbal communications has been studied in the context of demonstrative exhibits. When used in personal injury cases or criminal prosecutions involving violent crimes, research shows that graphic images contribute to increased damage awards and higher conviction rates.[8] In a scientific study on this effect, sample jurors were given a product liability case package in which an infant’s hand had been severely burned by a steam vaporizer—the facts slightly and intentionally skewed in favor of the defense. The jurors were separated into three groups: the first received detailed descriptions of the injury but no photos, the second received graphic photos taken immediately after the incident, and the third received both the injury photos as well as post-recovery photos.[9] In both groups shown the graphic images of the plaintiff’s injury, jurors awarded significantly higher non-economic damages.[10] Interestingly, the influence of the photos on jurors’ determination of liability was also dramatic: 58% of jurors in the group shown no photos found in favor of the defendant, 51% of jurors shown the graphic photos found in favor of the plaintiff; and 60% of jurors shown both sets of photos returned defense verdicts.[11] These results not only confirm the influence graphic imagery has on jurors’ perceptions when assessing damages, but also its improper effect on liability verdicts. Jurors Have a Virtual Backstage Pass In the theatrical works we love and admire the most, the ending of the drama generally takes place offstage. – Gustav Mahler The difference between the formal presentation of evidence and information communicated through non-verbal means can be understood in terms of a theater performance. Witness testimony is part of the performance given “on stage,” while non-verbal communication of information occurs through jurors’ “offstage observations.”[12] Unlike a traditional theater setting where actors waiting offstage are unseen by members of the audience, in the courtroom, litigants and counsel cannot hide backstage when it is not their turn in the limelight. Jurors have a virtual pass to observe the actors backstage and are able to view each of the players throughout the course of the proceeding.[13] Nor are these offstage observations limited to the courtroom itself; jurors may also be affected by observing trial actors’ behavior in elevators, hallways, restrooms and even outside the courthouse.[14] The effects of these so-called offstage observations vary among individual jurors. For example, studies on the effect of a defendant’s physical attractiveness on jurors indicate more favorable outcomes for those perceived as attractive.[15] Yet, physical attractiveness being a distinctly personal preference may not impact any one juror in the same way.[16] Similarly, different jurors may interpret a defendant’s tendency to fidget—often an indication of anxiety or boredom—as communicating the worry of the innocently accused or the idleness of a guilty mind simply waiting for the inevitable guilty verdict.[17] In a recent study published in the journal Law & Human Behavior, researchers attempted to quantify the influence of offstage observations on individual jurors and whether they have a carry-over effect on group deliberations.[18] The study found that jurors’ discussions about offstage observations had little measurable effect on the trial outcomes.[19] This conclusion is supported by the fact that merely 1.5% of juror discussion topics across all 50 cases in the study involved offstage observations.[20] Further, the majority of jurors’ valenced remarks (i.e. favoring one party over the other) focused negatively on plaintiffs, yet less than one-quarter of these cases resulted in a defense verdict.[21] Although the study found that offstage observations discussed by jurors during deliberations had little effect on verdicts, the study did not attempt to evaluate nor reach a conclusion regarding the impact of observations that were not openly discussed among jurors. Another interesting discovery from this study was jurors’ keen awareness of attempts by trial participants, particularly litigants, to “perform for the jury through displays of strong emotion or back-channel comments about witness’s testimony.”[22] Jurors’ critical remarks about these types of efforts highlight the common misconception that jurors are gullible and easily fooled.[23] The study’s authors also note that because many criminal defendants elect not to testify at trial, jurors in criminal trials may focus on and rely more heavily on offstage observations.[24] What is not known or quantified is the extent of the impact these observations may have had on individual jurors or how the observations of one juror may shape the attitudes of other jurors. However, the study established that jurors are exposed to and consider far more information throughout the trial process than what is admitted as evidence. All Rise Power is the most persuasive rhetoric. – Friedrich Schiller Non-verbal cues from judges can have a profound influence on jurors. Of all the courtroom actors, the person who holds the most power, and whose influence on jurors may be greatest, is the judge.[25] Part of the reason judges’ potential influence on jurors is so great is based on what has been called the Rosenthal Effect.[26] The Rosenthal Effect, named after psychology professor and researcher Robert Rosenthal, occurs when individuals modify their behavior to conform with what they perceive to the expectation of the person in authority.[27] In the courtroom, that person is the judge. The trial judge guides jurors on procedures they must follow and manages the jurors throughout the proceeding. One of the best places for counsel to actively reduce the potential influence of a trial judge’s bias is during the reading of the jury instructions. Researchers have found that the use of model instructions, which are often formally worded and confusing to a lay person, lead jurors to rely on non-verbal cues from the judge more so than the use of modified instructions that are more easily understood.[28] By making an effort to simplify jury instruction, counsel can aid jurors in understanding their duties at trial and minimize the risk that they will lean on their perceptions of the trial judge’s biases in reaching their verdict. Of course, even most well-intentioned and competent trial judges are times unable to prevent their non-verbal behavior from showing how they feel about a party or counsel and thereby unwittingly reveal a bias. In State v. Mains, the Oregon Supreme Court considered the effect of a trial court judge’s seemingly biased approach to questioning a defense expert during cross-examination.[29] Recognizing jurors’ sensitivity to both words and non-verbal communications of trial court judges, the court notes that excessive intervention by a trial judge “diminishes the effectiveness of the adversary system and may deprive a litigant of his right to an impartially administered trial.”[30] Indeed, Oregon trial court judges are prohibited from instructing jurors or making comments “with respect to matters of fact.”[31] Notably, the Federal Rules contain no similar restriction.[32] The judge’s role is meant to be one of impartiality.[33] Indeed, the court must remain unbiased not only in its actions, but must avoid even the appearance of prejudice through the use of language or conduct.[34] Yet, even the most careful judges are subject to their own human nature. Often having access to much more information than what is presented to jurors, trial judges may draw their own conclusions about testifying witnesses or the weight of the evidence. Armed with this information, a judge is at times unable to avoid transmitting subtle cues to jurors through non-verbal behavior as evidence is presented. The Alabama Supreme Court in Allen v. State acknowledged and accepted that judges transmit information to jurors when it wrote the following: “The trial judge is a human being, not an automaton or a robot. He is not required to be a Great Stone Face which shows no reaction to anything that happens in his courtroom.”[35] For this reason, trial counsel should observe the court’s manner and demeanor and, if necessary to preserve the fairness of the proceeding, make timely objection to any expression of bias against her client. Such an objection should be made only when counsel believes the bias will seriously prejudice the client’s rights since counsel’s objections to comments or expressions of the trial court might alienate the judge and possibly the jury. When objecting, counsel should be sure to include a detailed description of the conduct at issue to be sure that the nuances of the court’s non-verbal acts are fully and fairly considered on appeal.[36] Counsel should also request that the court provide a curative instruction directing the jurors to disregard the court’s actions. Success on appeal depends on a showing that the court’s conduct created “such a likelihood of bias or an appearance of bias that the judge was unable to hold the balance between vindicating the interest of the court and the interests of the accused.”[37] Dress for Success Clothes make the man. Naked people have little or no influence on society. – Mark Twain A client’s physical appearance both on and off the witness stand conveys a great deal to jurors. Similarly, counsel’s attire can draw the attention of both jurors and the court, though not always in the best way. Counsel should wear “comfortable, well-fitting clothes that are in good repair” and avoid clothing or hairstyles that are too distracting.[38] As a general matter, all persons attending court must be dressed appropriately.[39] Within this restriction, counsel has broad latitude in advising clients how best to present themselves. In her article on the theater of the courtroom, Loyola Law School professor Laurie L. Levenson discusses how the defendants’ attire and demeanor during the 1993 trial of the infamous Menendez brothers influenced jurors’ impressions of the accused.[40] Lyle and Erik Menendez were ultimately convicted of the brutal murder of their parents, but not before jurors in their first trial could not agree whether to convict them of murder or manslaughter and failed to reach a verdict.[41] The two brothers, who were in their early twenties at the time of the first trial, appeared in court wearing crewneck sweaters, button-down shirts and slacks. The outfits, which gave them an appearance of youthful innocence compared with a more formal suit and tie, were discussed by jurors during deliberations.[42] In a book recounting her experience as a juror in the first Menendez trial, Hazel Thornton recalled jurors’ recognition that the outfits, along with defense counsel’s reference to the defendants as “boys” and her maternal behavior in court, were intended to elicit sympathy from jurors.[43] Ms. Thornton’s account illustrates jurors’ awareness of so-called “offstage observations” and the effect it has on jurors’ consideration of formally admitted evidence, though in that case, awareness by some jurors that they were being manipulated was not enough for a conviction. I personally experienced the effect a client’s attire can have on jurors in a case I tried as a young, inexperienced lawyer. My client was facing rape and kidnapping charges and I wanted to soften his appearance. I had him appear for court wearing a sweater, but the sweater fit him too tightly and highlighted his muscular physique. I only noticed this unintended effect on his appearance when I called him to the stand to testify. Rather than appearing benign and harmless, the too-tight ribbed sweater made him look strong and physically powerful and sent the wrong message to jurors. In a practice not endorsed by this author, a criminal defendant’s use of nonprescriptive eyeglasses while appearing in court is another example of how appearance can affect jurors’ perceptions.[44] While eyeglasses are primarily worn by persons with vision defects, their use as a fashion accessory is on the rise.[45] Characterized as the “nerd defense,” the use of unnecessary eyeglasses plays on the commonly held stereotype that people who wear eyeglasses have a high intelligence.[46] Some attorneys assert that the use of eyeglasses is highly effective for conveying an appearance of innocence.[47] However, it is important to note that this positive influence on jurors’ perception may be limited to cases involving violent crimes. In white-collar crime cases, defendants wearing eyeglasses were more often perceived as guilty.[48] Further, the practice of outfitting a client in spectacles in an effort to influence jurors’ perceptions can backfire. In a recent and highly publicized case in Washington, D.C., Orlando Carter and four other men were charged with multiple counts of murder for their alleged roles in what was described as the South Capitol Street Massacre.[49] Each of the defendants arrived for trial wearing noticeably large-framed and heavy-rimmed glasses.[50] Prior to trial, only one of the five defendants had ever appeared during pretrial hearings wearing eyeglasses.[51] By eliciting testimony that witnesses had never seen the defendants wearing glasses in the past, prosecutors exposed the defendants’ attempt to manipulate jurors’ perceptions—a revelation that may have contributed to the guilty verdict.[52] The use of nonprescriptive eyeglasses to influence jurors’ perceptions also raises an ethical question. Under the Oregon Rules of Professional Conduct, a lawyer is prohibited from engaging “in conduct involving dishonesty, fraud, deceit or misrepresentation . . . .”[53] Advising a client to wear unnecessary eyeglasses may be nothing like rolling a perfectly healthy plaintiff into court in a wheelchair in a personal injury claim, yet both involve the use of a prop designed to influence how the client is perceived. Certainly the comparison is more apt in a criminal case where the defendant’s identity is at issue.[54] Courts also recognize the impact a defendant’s physical appearance has on jurors’ evaluation of guilt or innocence. For example, the United States Supreme Court has held that the use of visible shackles on a defendant undermines the fundamental presumption that a criminal defendant is innocent until proven guilty.[55] Only in cases where the government can show a substantial need based on safety concerns or risk of escape can a defendant be compelled to appear before jurors while visibly shackled.[56] However, the Court is careful to distinguish between a defendant appearing before jurors in shackles, which it describes as “inherently prejudicial,” and a defendant who is forced to appear in prison garb.[57] Rather than adopt a “mechanical rule vitiating any conviction, regardless of the circumstances,” in which a defendant is compelled to appear in prison clothes, the Court recognizes circumstances in which a defendant may elect to appear in prison attire hoping to elicit sympathy.[58] In these cases, a defendant’s failure to raise a timely objection negates the compulsion necessary to establish a constitutional violation.[59] As the above cases illustrate, a client’s appearance can have a real and profound impact on how jurors perceive the client. Assisting clients to cultivate an image that meshes with the narrative counsel presents at trial is an effective tool for connecting with jurors in a positive way and helps to make a favorable impression. For example, a civil plaintiff’s conservative dress and conduct at trial may be effective in conveying to jurors that he is a sympathetic victim. Similarly, a criminal defendant’s appearance and demeanor might convey a message of contrition or suggest that he is incapable of committing the crimes for which he has been charged. However, counsel should exercise restraint when advising clients on how to appear in court and remain cognizant of jurors’ ability to see through an obvious charade. May I Sit Here? Where you stand depends on where you sit. – Nelson Mandela Just as a person’s physical appearance can play an important role in how he is perceived, a party’s relative proximity to the jury box is also important.[60] Anthropologist Edward T. Hall describes four zones of space that exist around a person: (1) intimate space extending out only eighteen inches, (2) personal space stretching out to four feet, (3) social distance reaching out twelve feet, and (4) public distance in the space beyond.[61] Hall further describes social distance as the space used by “people who work together,” while people who are at a public distance are “outside the ‘circle of involvement.’”[62] In this sense, the party sitting nearest the jury box is more likely to be within the social distance, giving him a distinct advantage in making a personal connection with jurors over the party sitting further away.[63] In federal criminal trials, the prosecution generally sits at counsel table closest to the jury box. Often, government investigators and experts (e.g. FBI or IRS agents) sit just behind the prosecution. As a result, the entire prosecution team is seated in the immediate vicinity of jurors, or as Hall describes in his work, inside the social distance zone. By occupying this space, prosecutors enjoy a certain intimacy and connection with jurors. Regardless of this practice, seating arrangements in the courtroom are within the trial judge’s discretion.[64] When challenged by defense attorneys, the most common objections are that the state’s burden of proof entitles it to the advantage of being closer to jurors or that the prosecution must be positioned between a defendant and jurors as a bulwark to protect their physical safety.[65] Indeed, the government made this objection when an attorney for Kenneth Lay, former head of Enron Corporation, requested that he and his client be seated at the table nearest to the jury during his high profile case in Texas District Court.[66] Describing his decision as guided by “fairness and common sense,” Judge Simeon Lake resolved the issue by allowing each party to sit at the table closer to the jury when presenting their respective cases.[67] Custom and practice alone should not be the sole basis for denying a litigant’s preferred seating in court. Conventional wisdom tells us that jurors are more likely to reach a favorable verdict for your client if they have reason to like him. By taking the table nearer to jurors, counsel places a client within social distance to jurors, thus making it more likely that jurors will be able to observe the client’s non-verbal cues and relate to them on a more personal level. Of course, when considering seating arrangements at trial, counsel should be aware of the idiosyncrasies of the client. The potential advantage of being closer to the jury may at times be outweighed by a client’s inability to maintain decorum in court. Added distance from jurors in those cases may help reduce unwanted scrutiny. Ask the Audience The audience is the best judge of anything. They cannot be lied to. Truth brings them closer. A moment that lags – they’re gonna cough. – Barbara Streisand Spectators in the gallery can also influence jurors.[68] With few exceptions court proceedings are open to the public. Because jurors are insulated by the court—instructed not to speak to anyone about the evidence as it unfolds—spectators in the gallery can be a barometer by which they gauge their own responses to witness’s testimony and counsels’ arguments. Jurors, especially those with no prior experience with court procedure, may expect the trial process to mirror their favorite legal-drama. A full gallery of spectators tends to meet those expectations, infusing the courtroom with energy and causing jurors to pay more attention. Conversely, an empty gallery may leave jurors feeling abandoned, making it more likely they will simply tune out. However, the presence of spectators also increases the potential for jurors to be distracted and unduly influenced. In certain circumstances, these distractions may be grounds for objection when there is an argument that trial spectators’ influence on jurors is prejudicial. In Holbrook v. Flynn, a leading case on the issue, the Court considered a defendant’s challenge to the presence of four uniformed and armed state police troopers seated in the gallery directly behind the defendant.[69] The Court disagreed that the troopers’ presence created an inference of guilt and was inherently prejudicial, holding that the proper question when addressing challenges to courtroom arrangements is whether “an unacceptable risk is presented of impermissible factors coming into play.”[70] The presence of spectators at trial wearing buttons in support of crime victims has been contested on similar grounds.[71] In Norris v. Risley, the defendant, who had been charged with kidnapping and rape, successfully argued that the presence of female spectators wearing buttons with the words “Women Against Rape” was “‘so inherently prejudicial as to pose an unacceptable threat’ to the [defendant’s] right to a fair trial.”[72] Here, the court concluded the buttons “tainted [the defendant’s] right to a fair trial both by eroding the presumption of innocence and by allowing extraneous, prejudicial considerations to permeate the proceedings without subjecting them to the safeguards of confrontation and cross-examination.”[73] To establish, however, that visible messages or symbols worn by trial spectators present an unacceptable risk of prejudice is a high burden. In Pachl v. Zenon, the Oregon Appeals Court held that buttons worn by spectators with the inscriptions “C.V.U.” and “Crime Victims United” were not inherently prejudicial.[74] Unlike the buttons in Norris v. Risley, which “proclaimed public outcry” for a conviction in that particular case, the buttons in Pachl v. Zenon did not create an unavoidable effect on jurors that would cause them to “consider factors other than the evidence and law of the case.”[75] Outward displays of bias by spectators are clear targets for an objection, but counsel should monitor less obvious non-verbal communication between spectators and jurors as well. One often overlooked example is when a testifying witness returns to the courtroom on days following their appearance on the witness stand. In my experience, jurors’ ability to observe the non-verbal reactions of previously testifying witnesses to subsequent witness testimony or legal argument might have the effect of the witnesses testifying a second time. Yet, this additional “testimony” is given without the opportunity for cross-examination. Counsel should take notice of spectators at trial and be prepared to object to conduct or attire that could result in prejudice. Conclusion Jurors are sworn to consider only the evidence and exhibits presented on the record. Thus, trial counsel’s first priority is mastery of the facts and law at issue in the case. Yet, the volume and influence of non-verbal information being communicated both inside and outside the courtroom have an undeniable effect on how jurors process and interpret this evidence. By understanding how so-called offstage information is expressed and understood, counsel can increase his own effectiveness and can mitigate the impact of non-verbal cues that could have a negative impact on jurors. Counsel should consider those elements that are within her direct control. She should dress in a manner that conveys confidence and increases rapport with jurors. When addressing the jury, she should step out from behind the podium or counsel table if allowed, make eye contact and adopt a conversational tone. Counsel should also determine whether it is advantageous to sit closer to the jury. Further, it is also important to understand that many jurors expect that the trial will provide some dramatic moments. Well-placed bits of stagecraft or a timely pause can be effective ways to draw jurors in and meet their expectations. Equally important, counsel must help clients to make a favorable impression on the jury. Clients should avoid or minimize behaviors that may be construed negatively: eye-rolling, nodding along with a witness’s testimony, smiling or smirking all convey messages to an observant juror. Clients should also avoid frequent asides with counsel and instead write down questions and concerns—taking notes is a visual cue that conveys interest and involvement. Most importantly, be mindful that trial is both physically and emotionally exhausting. Clients may be tempted try to reduce the stress of trial by multi-tasking or simply tuning out. However, a client who appears detached or mentally checked out sends the wrong message to jurors. Clients should make every effort to remain present and in the moment. Finally, be mindful of others in the courtroom and their potential influence on jurors. Subtle though unintentional cues from the court and the presence of spectators in the gallery can have a profound effect on how jurors interpret evidence and judge the credibility of witnesses. When an offstage source of non-verbal information could result in prejudice, timely objection may curtail its effect on jurors and will at a minimum preserve the objection on the record. Effective trial advocacy requires more than a mastery of the fact and law. By understanding how jurors receive information through non-verbal means, counsel can present a more persuasive case and reduce factors that may negatively impact jurors. [1] See e.g., UCJI No. 10.01. [2] Laurie L. Levenson, Courtroom Demeanor: The Theater of the Courtroom, 92 Minn. L. Rev. 573, 574 (2008). [3] See UCJI No. 10.03. [4] Tom Capps is a trial consultant based out of Woodburn, Oregon. [5] See Levenson, supra note 2, at 575, n. 11. [6] Elizabeth A. LeVan, Nonverbal Communication in the Courtroom: Attorney Beware, 8 Law & Psychol. Rev. 83, 83–84 (1984). [7] Id. at 94–95. [8] See Bryan Edelman, The Impact of Graphic Injury Photographs on Liability Verdicts and Non-Economic Damage Awards, The Jury Expert: The Art and Science of Litigation Advocacy, Sept. 2009, at 1, 2. [9] Id. at 3 [10] Id. [11] Id. [12] Mary R. Rose, etal., Goffman on the Jury: Real Jurors’ Attention to the “Offstage” of Trials, 34 Law & Hum. Behav. 310, 310 (2010). [13] Id. at 311. [14] Id. [15] See Levenson, supra note 2, at 582. [16] See LeVan, supra note 6, at 92–94. [17] See Levenson, supra note 2, at 583. [18] Rose, supra note 12. [19] Id. at 318–19. [20] Id. at 322. [21] Id. at 318. [22] Id. at 321–22. [23] Id. at 322. [24] Id. [25]See Andrea M. Halverson, etal., Reducing the Biasing Effects of Judge’s Nonverbal Behavior with Simplified Jury Instructions, 82 J. Applied Psychol. 590 (1997). [26] LeVan, supra note 6, at 84. [27] Id. [28] See Halverson, supra note 25, at 597. The researchers analyzed the two sets of instructions used in their study through computation of a number of readability indexes. These included simple comparisons of words per sentence and the use of passive voice as well as how the instructions scored on the Flesch Reading Ease and Flesch-Kincaid Grade Level tests. [29] 295 Or. 640 (1983). [30] Id. at 659. [31] ORCP 59E. [32] See Fed. Rules of Civ. Proc. 51; Fed. Rules of Crim. Proc. 30. [33] See JR 1-101(A); also see State v. Garza, 125 Or. App. 385, 388 (1993). [34] Garza, 125 Or. App. at 388. [35] 290 Ala. 339, 342 (1973). [36] See, e.g., Allen, 290 Ala. at 343. [37] Garza, 125 Or. at 389. [38] Kelly Zusman & the Hon. Anna J. Brown, Coture in the Courtroom, Oregon State Bar Bulletin, Aug./Sept. 2013, at 70. [39] See, e.g., UTCR 3.010(1) (requiring court attendees to dress “so as not to detract from the dignity of court”) [40] Levenson, supra note 2, at 593. [41] Id. at n. 105. [42] Id. at 594, n. 111 (citing Hazel Thornton, Hung Jury: The Diary of a Menendez Juror 111–12 (1995)). [43] Thornton, supra note 42, at 73–74. [44] See Sarah Merry, “Eye See You”: How Criminal Defendants Have Utilized the Nerd Defense to Influence Jurors’ Perceptions, 21 J.L. & Pol’y 725 (2013). [45] Id. at 731 (citing an estimate by the Vision Council that, as of the year 2011, approximately sixteen million Americans wore nonprescriptive eyeglasses solely for the purpose of altering their appearance). [46] Id. at 733–739 (citing a 2008 study conducted by psychologist Michael J. Brown in which mock jurors found that defendants accused of a violent crime who were depicted wearing glasses appeared less physically threatening than those without glasses and that the mock jurors returned fewer guilty verdicts for those defendants who were depicted wearing glasses). [47] Debra Cassens Weiss, Jurors less Likely to Convict Defendants Wearing Glasses, Say Lawyers and 2008 Study, A.B.A. J. (Feb. 14, 2011) (quoting attorney Harvey Slovis: “I’ve tried cases where there’s been a tremendous amount of evidence, but my client wore glasses, dressed well and got acquitted”). [48] See Merry, supra note 44, at 753. [49] Rahiel Tesfamariam, Lessons from the South Capitol Street Massacre, Washington Post, May 4, 2012, http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/therootdc/post/lessons-from-the-south-capitol-street-massacre/2012/05/04/gIQAxucE1T_blog.html. [50] Merry, supra note 44, at 756. [51] Id. at 756–57. [52] Id. at 757. [53] ORPC 8.4(a)(3). [54] See Merry, supra note 44, at 761–62. [55] Deck v. Missouri, 544 U.S. 622, 630 (2005). [56] Id. at 624. [57] Estelle v. Williams, 425 U.S. 501, 513, n. 10 (1976). [58] Id. at 508. [59] Id. at 512–13. [60] See Steven Shepard, Should the Criminal Defendant Be Assigned a Seat in Court? 115 Yale L.J. 2203 (2006). [61] Id. at 2208, n. 30 (citing Edward T. Hall, The Hidden Dimension, 108–22 (1966)). [62] Id. at 2208–09. [63] Jeffrey S. Wolfe, The Effect of Location in Courtroom on Jury Perception of Lawyer Performance, 21 Pepp. L. Rev. 731, 769–71 (1994). [64] See, e.g., Mahon v. Prunty, No. 96-55411, at *2 (9th Cir. Feb. 6, 1997) (unpublished decision) (noting that the trial court did not abuse its discretion by seating the defendant at the table closer to the jury). [65] See Shepard, supra note 60, at 2204–05, n. 10. [66] Id. at 2204. [67] Id. Interestingly, when it came time to present the defense case, Lay and his counsel elected to stay at the far table. [68] See Thornton, supra note 42, at 47. [69] Holbrook v. Flynn, 475 U.S. 560, 562–63 (1986). [70] Id. at 570. [71] See, e.g., Carey v. Mulsadin, 549 U.S. 70 (2006). [72] 918 F.2d 828, 830 (9th Cir. 1990) (quoting Holbrook, 475 U.S. 560 at 572). [73] Id. at 834. [74] 145 Or. App. 350, 360, n.1 (1996) (en banc).
4377	dbpedia	1	66	https://www.sunrisesunset.com/USA/Oregon/	en	Sunrise Sunset Calendar	http://www.sunrisesunset.com/graphics/2/og/og-USA-1200x630px.jpg	http://www.sunrisesunset.com/graphics/2/og/og-USA-1200x630px.jpg	[ "https://www.sunrisesunset.com/graphics/SrssCals-banner-Aug-2018.png", "https://www.sunrisesunset.com/graphics/SrssCals-banner-Aug-2018.png", "https://www.sunrisesunset.com/graphics/help_printing.jpg", "https://www.sunrisesunset.com/graphics/black-end-line-105x5px.png" ]	[]	[]	[ "sunrise sunset moonrise moonset moon phase times twilight calendar", "Oregon", "USA" ]	null	[]	null	Select a Oregon, USA city, town or POI to make your free printable Sunrise Sunset Calendar. You can also create a calendar for your own location by entering the latitude, longitude, and time zone information.	en	/apple-touch-icon.png?v=xQzvJwo87G		https://www.sunrisesunset.com/USA/Oregon/	Oregon, USA Locations Oregon, USA Locations The locations drop-down includes: Portland, Eugene, Astoria, Bend, Burns, Corvallis, Medford, Ontario, Pendleton, Salem and more. The locations drop-down includes: Portland, Eugene, Astoria, Bend, Burns, Corvallis, Medford, Ontario, Pendleton, Salem and more. Locations In List Format All Oregon locations are available on a single page. Your Latitude, Longitude You can use the custom page to create a calendar for your own location if you know the latitude, longitude, and time zone of that location. If your city or town is not listed, contact us and we will add it. Footnotes On the calendar, latitude and longitude will be shown with the notation “not for navigational purposes.” See the Accuracy statement for the reason why.
4377	dbpedia	1	89	https://www.trulia.com/home/4614-n-woodburn-st-whitefish-bay-wi-53211-110753976	en	4614 N Woodburn St, Whitefish Bay, WI 53211	https://maps.googleapis.com/maps/api/streetview?size=2048x200&location=4614%20N%20Woodburn%20St%2C%20Whitefish%20Bay%2C%20WI%2C%2053211%20Whitefish%20Bay%20WI%2053211&key=AIzaSyCzWKDOMLGYlR3C9dltAR7sbLvcQEWNcvc&signature=DrRzLL7DJfPecGQa03n-ouoZOOQ%3D	https://maps.googleapis.com/maps/api/streetview?size=2048x200&location=4614%20N%20Woodburn%20St%2C%20Whitefish%20Bay%2C%20WI%2C%2053211%20Whitefish%20Bay%20WI%2053211&key=AIzaSyCzWKDOMLGYlR3C9dltAR7sbLvcQEWNcvc&signature=DrRzLL7DJfPecGQa03n-ouoZOOQ%3D	[ "https://collector-PXYO6YjwLb.px-cloud.net/api/v1/collector/noScript.gif?appId=PXYO6YjwLb", "https://maps.googleapis.com/maps/api/streetview?size=992x500&location=4614%20N%20Woodburn%20St%2C%20Whitefish%20Bay%2C%20WI%2C%2053211%20Whitefish%20Bay%20WI%2053211&key=AIzaSyCzWKDOMLGYlR3C9dltAR7sbLvcQEWNcvc&signature=5peCGu1qGyEfziC3sLMKlhYJs9g%3D", "https://www.trulia.com/images/icons/txl3/BedIcon.svg", "https://www.trulia.com/images/icons/txl3/BathIcon.svg", "https://www.trulia.com/images/icons/txl3/BedIcon.svg", "https://www.trulia.com/images/icons/txl3/BathIcon.svg", "https://www.trulia.com/images/icons/txl3/BedIcon.svg", "https://www.trulia.com/images/icons/txl3/BathIcon.svg", "https://www.trulia.com/images/icons/txl3/illustrations/EmptyPhoto.svg", "https://www.trulia.com/images/icons/txl3/illustrations/EmptyPhoto.svg", "https://www.trulia.com/images/icons/txl3/illustrations/EmptyPhoto.svg", "https://www.trulia.com/images/icons/txl3/illustrations/EmptyPhoto.svg", "https://www.trulia.com/images/txl3R/local_cards/streetview.svg", "https://maps.googleapis.com/maps/api/staticmap?zoom=15&size=960x200&scale=1&markers=icon%3Ahttps%3A%2F%2Fstatic.trulia-cdn.com%2Fimages%2Fapp-shopping%2Fmap-marker-txl3R%2FMapMarkerHouseIcon_large%401x.png%7Cscale%3A1%7C43.10028839111328%2C-87.89315032958984&style=feature%3Aadministrative%7Cvisibility%3Aoff&style=feature%3Apoi%7Cvisibility%3Aoff&key=AIzaSyCzWKDOMLGYlR3C9dltAR7sbLvcQEWNcvc&signature=HeF7EdcNj9QwY5wN403erajXpZ8%3D", "https://www.trulia.com/images/icons/features/parking.svg", "https://www.trulia.com/images/icons/features/outdoor.svg", "https://www.trulia.com/images/icons/features/heating.svg", "https://www.trulia.com/images/icons/features/hoa-fee.svg", "https://www.trulia.com/images/icons/features/square-feet.svg", "https://www.trulia.com/images/icons/features/days-on-market.svg", "https://www.trulia.com/images/icons/features/interior-features.svg", "https://www.trulia.com/images/icons/features/property-information-2024.svg", "https://www.trulia.com/images/icons/features/community.svg", "https://www.trulia.com/images/icons/features/lot-information.svg", "https://www.trulia.com/images/txl3R/illustrations/LocalLegalProtectionV2.svg", "https://www.trulia.com/images/icons/txl3/LongTermIcon.svg", "https://www.trulia.com/images/icons/txl3/WorkIcon.svg", "https://www.trulia.com/images/icons/txl3/ParkIcon.svg", "https://www.trulia.com/images/icons/txl3/illustrations/EmptyPhoto.svg", "https://www.trulia.com/images/icons/txl3/illustrations/EmptyPhoto.svg", "https://www.trulia.com/images/icons/txl3/illustrations/EmptyPhoto.svg", "https://www.trulia.com/images/icons/txl3/illustrations/EmptyPhoto.svg", "https://www.trulia.com/images/icons/txl3/illustrations/EmptyPhoto.svg", "https://www.trulia.com/images/icons/txl3/illustrations/EmptyPhoto.svg", "https://www.trulia.com/images/icons/txl3/illustrations/EmptyPhoto.svg", "https://www.trulia.com/images/icons/txl3/illustrations/EmptyPhoto.svg", "https://www.trulia.com/images/commute/INRIX_rgb.svg" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null	4614 N Woodburn St, Whitefish Bay, WI 53211 is a 3 bed, 1 bath home. See the estimate, review home details, and search for homes nearby.	en	//www.trulia.com/images/icons/app/app-icon-120.png	Trulia Real Estate Search	https://www.trulia.com/home/4614-n-woodburn-st-whitefish-bay-wi-53211-110753976
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This is intended to be a complete list of the properties and districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Charles City County, Virginia, United States. The locations of National Register properties and districts for which the latitude and longitude coordinates are included below, may be seen in a Google map.[1] There are 29 properties and districts listed on the National Register in the county, including 4 National Historic Landmarks. Another property was once listed but has been removed. This National Park Service list is complete through NPS recent listings posted August 9, 2024.[2] Current listings [edit] [3] Name on the Register[4] Image Date listed[5] Location City or town Description Former listing [edit] [3] Name on the Register Image Date listedDate removed Location City or town Description See also [edit] List of National Historic Landmarks in Virginia National Register of Historic Places listings in Virginia
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"https://secure.gravatar.com/blavatar/d997c3c4c4931a22299ed3146a6fbfbe1f2158d827be6657e62f65230ad5135f?s=50&d=https%3A%2F%2Fs2.wp.com%2Fi%2Flogo%2Fwpcom-gray-white.png", "https://pixel.wp.com/b.gif?v=noscript" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "Brian Haren" ]	2014-05-05T00:00:00	I was going through some photos in my collection for some Facebook friends and ran across a collection of old shots I acquired while assigned to the 320th Engineer Company (Topographic) back in the late 1990s. I say 'acquired' because I just happened to find them lying around my office as part of some left over historical…	en	https://secure.gravatar.com/blavatar/d997c3c4c4931a22299ed3146a6fbfbe1f2158d827be6657e62f65230ad5135f?s=32	Northing & Easting	https://oldtopographer.net/2014/05/05/map-makers-at-work/	I was going through some photos in my collection for some Facebook friends and ran across a collection of old shots I acquired while assigned to the 320th Engineer Company (Topographic) back in the late 1990s. I say ‘acquired’ because I just happened to find them lying around my office as part of some left over historical records from the old 649th Engineer Battalion (Topographic). All are 1970’s vintage photos that highlight the map making activities of the 649th. The 649th provided comprehensive topographic support – survey, map production & distribution, terrain analysis, and geographic intelligence analysis – to US Army Europe (USAREUR). In the early 1980’s I was assigned to the 649th at Tompkins Barracks in Schwetizingen, Germany. I served as the commander of one of the terrain analysis detachments. I have a lot of good (and some not-so-good) memories of the 649th and the Soldiers that served in the unit. Fifteen years later I found myself back in Germany. By then the 649th had been deactivated and my unit, the 320th Engineer Company (Topographic), was the last surviving remnant of the 649th. The 320th had received a lot of left over equipment and paperwork from the 649th and one of my duties was to sort through it all to determine what was worth keeping and what could be trashed. During this process I found the photos you see in this post. All of these photos were rejects, shots the photo editor didn’t think were worthy of using in a presentation. That accounts for a lot of the grease pencil ‘mark outs’ you see on many of the images. The interesting part is that the pictures that made it past the editor and into various publications or presentations are long gone – either packed up with the unit’s archives and locked away in an Army records warehouse or tossed into a trash can. Only the rejects survived to make it to my desk long after the battalion inactivated. The 649th rarely made a new map from scratch. Most of the work involved updating existing maps or creating specialized overlays (like military operational graphics) to be overprinted onto existing maps. Still, the battalion had all the functional components necessary to create a new map: Topographic and geodetic survey Photomapping and cartography Layout, photolithography and printing press operations To accomplish these tasks each topographic company within the 649th was divided into three platoons – the Survey Platoon (topographic & geodetic survey), the Photomapping Platoon (photo control, compilation and drafting) and the Reproduction Platoon (layout, photolithography and press). So let’s take a look at these processes as practiced by Soldiers of the 649th. This isn’t intended to be a comprehensive overview of map making; there are some large gaps in this tale simply because I don’t have any photos depicting specific steps. The real goal here is to highlight the Soldiers and their activities. Survey Each map starts with two things – stereo aerial photography and a topographic survey to ‘tie’ the photos to their location on the face of the earth. Army topographic units relied on US Air Force photomapping squadrons to provide the aerial photography. Once the topographic unit got the aerial photography in hand it was up to the surveyors to go out and collect precise location data for points visible in the photographs – things like road intersections, prominent terrain features or pre-positioned survey point targets. APPS – the Analytical Photogrammetric Positioning System. The APPS permitted surveyors and terrain analysts to precisely determine points on the ground using georeferenced stereo images. The system consisted of a point positioning stereoscope hooked to an early HP desktop computer. Each set of stereo images came with a computer tape that held the ephemeris data for each image. The operator would pick a point on the image in stereo (road intersection, building roof, etc.), tap a foot switch and the computer would print out the point location in latitude and longitude. The APPS was often used by surveyors to collect photo control point coordinates without having to do a formal field survey. For its time this was a revolutionary system. Surveyors ‘turning angles’ with a conventional theodolite (probably a Wild T2). The instrument would be set up over a known control point and used to measure the precise angle to other control points. The operator would call out the angle readings and the Soldier standing behind with the notebook would record the readings and do quick checks of the angle measurements to ensure the readings were accurate. What are the surveyors in the previous photo aiming at? One of these, of course! This is a Wild survey target. It would get set up over a control point that is key to the survey. The theodolite operator adjusts the crosshairs in the theodolite telescope so they bisect the white ‘arms’ and ‘skirt’, of the target, then reads the angle of measurement. If a theodolite measures angles how do we measure distances? Well in the 1970’s we used microwave distance measuring equipment called the Tellurometer. The system consisted of a master and a remote unit and measured the time it takes a reflected microwave signal to return the master unit, which was then converted into distance. While I don’t have any hands-on experience using these units, I do remember sitting in on several meetings at the 649th where the surveyors discussed what a headache they were to operate and maintain. By 1980’s standards this was old technology and the units the Army had adopted were becoming maintenance nightmares. But in their time these distance measuring units were a revolutionary time saver. Note the headset the soldier is using. He’s actually talking to the operator at the remote unit via a built-in radio link. The two operators had to continuously coordinate settings and monitor performance during the distance measurement operation. Here is the back of the Tellurometer unit showing the instrument settings panel. This picture shows the only Soldier in this series that I’ve met. CW2 Thomas (on the right) is demonstrating a new Hewlett-Packard calculator to a visiting British Army officer. CW2 Thomas was one of several survey warrant officers assigned to the 649th. We met at Fort Bragg, North Carolina years after this photo was taken. The Hewlett-Packard (HP) calculator is interesting because they were widely adopted by surveyors due to their rugged construction and advanced functions that were well suited to surveying applications. While I don’t think any HP pocket calculator was ever officially adopted by the Army they were in wide use at the Defense Mapping School where our surveyors were trained. Many of the HP calculators found their way into survey units through local purchase by individual units. Photomapping Photomapping is the process of compiling a topographic map based on information seen in the aerial photographs. Military topographic maps consisted of at least five distinct information layers, each with its own color – cultural features (black), water (blue), vegetation (green), contour lines (brown) and boundaries and built-up areas (red). It is the job of the cartographer to extract each of these information layers from the aerial photography to create a map manuscript. First the cartographers would rectify each aerial photo by removing any tip or tilt in the photo and tying it to the survey control points. Then they would use a device called a multiplex plotter to project the photos in 3D so the cartographer can trace out the key features while viewing the photos in stereo. Once the information is traced onto a manuscript sheet it is passed over to other cartographers who precisely trace out the collected information using the precise symbols we see on the finished map. This photo shows a cartographer setting up a multiplex plotter in preparation for tracing out a new map information layer using photomapping techniques. The multiplex plotter used a stereo pair of aerial photos to project a 3-dimensional image of the terrain onto the white disc or platen of the mutiplex tracing ‘table’ (the device with the white disc seen sitting on the table). The tracing table has a small tracing dot engraved on it that sits directly above a pen holder. The stereo images have been transferred to two small glass diapositive images, and in this picture you see the cartographer holding one of the diapositives in his left hand as he mounts it into the projection stage. The tall ‘can’ in his right hand is the projector assembly that contains the projection lamp, lens assembly and filter. One diapositive is filtered red, the other blue, and the operator wears a pair of glasses with one red and one blue lens (just like the old-time 3D movie glasses), enabling him to see the projected image in stereo. Here we see a cartographer tracing data from the projected image onto a manuscript sheet (usually a sheet of dimensionally stable material like Mylar). You can see entire image projected onto the the table surface just under his forearm, but only the small area projected onto the multiplex table platen is in focus. Engraved on the center of the platen is a small tracing ‘dot’, and mounted directly below it is a tracing pencil. The cartographer carefully adjusts the platen up or down so the tracing dot appears to rest directly on the ground on the stereo image and he then begins to trace out features. He traces one layer type onto each sheet; one sheet for cultural features, one sheet for hydrology (water), one sheet for vegetation etc. Once a manuscript map layer is drawn it is turned over to other cartographers who carefully trace out the data using approved map symbols and line types. This is called the compilation process, where the cartographers compile the data into standard formats. Map compilation is precise and exacting work, and a cartographer can spend days, sometimes weeks, working on a single sheet. Once each manuscript layer is complete it the information it holds is photographically ‘burned’ or transferred to specially coated plastic called either scribe coat or peel coat (seen above). The words ‘scribe’ and ‘peel’ describe the manner in which the orange coating (seen above) is removed to create clear windows through which a photographic negative can be exposed. Because of the unique nature of the orange coating it completely blocks all the light wavelengths that a film negative is sensitive to, so the orange areas come out black (or unexposed) when the negative is processed. Cartographers use specially designed scribing tools to carefully etch away the areas that represent point or linear features like individual buildings or roads. For larger areas like lakes or farm fields a sheet of peel coat is used, which allows large areas to be carefully cut with a sharp knife or razor blade and peeled away. All military maps have grids, and the grid on each map is unique based on the area of the world it covers. Calculating and drawing these grids requires great precision and accuracy since the grids must be exact or the grid coordinates a Soldier derives from an improperly gridded map could be hundreds or thousands of meters off. Here a cartographer is setting up an automated plotting device used to precisely draw the grid for a particular map sheet. Automated tools like this greatly reduced the human error often encountered when drawing grids and speeded up map compilation. Map Reproduction Once the cartographers completed the map compilation phase the manuscript sheets were turned over to the Reproduction Platoon for all the steps necessary to print the final map. This normally involved preparing negatives from the scribe and peel coat layers prepared by the Photomapping Platoon, editing and correcting the negatives, making press plates and finally, printing the map. To speed up the map compilation process cartographers made heavy use of pre-printed text. Things like standard place names (cities, towns, etc.), major feature names (rivers, mountains, etc.) and road identification symbols (highways, autobahns, etc.) would all be identified using standarized text that was prepared by the Reproduction Platoon. The cartographer would submit a list of feature names with text style and size requirements and the Reproduction Platoon personnel would provide the information on clear adhesive backed sheets that were created using a photo transfer process. Here we see a Soldier setting up some text as requested on the order sheet attached to the clipboard. One of the last steps in map production is making the negatives from which the press plates are produced. Here we see a Soldier from the Reproduction Platoon doing a final check of a negative before approving it for plate production. The final step before going to press is the plate making or ‘burning’. Press plates are just thin sheets of aluminum specifically sized to fit on a printing press. A map layer negative representing all features of the same color (black, blue, green, brown or red) is placed on top of a press plate that has been coated with a photo sensitive emulsion and the two are placed in a vacuum frame plate maker that uses a high intensity lamp to ‘burn’ or expose the positive image onto the plate. Once the plate is burned it is washed to remove the emulsion and the resulting image is what gets printed on the map. In this photo we see a Soldier from the Reproduction Platoon doing a final cleaning of a press plate before sending it on to the press section. The 649th ran a number of presses of different size and capacity, everything from small trailer mounted presses capable of producing only 1:50,000 and 1:250,000 scale maps to large format presses permanently installed in the battalion’s base plant and capable of producing over-sized maps and other geographic products. In this picture we see a press operator from the Reproduction Platoon loading a press plate onto a van mounted Harris offset press. Here’s a photo of the feeder end of another one of the 649th’s large format presses. In this photo it looks like already printed map sheets are being fed back through the press to add another information layer or military overprint. The very last step in map production is actually map distribution. The 649th also had a Map Distribution Platoon that stocked and distributed the printed maps to units all across Europe. The platoon was responsible for getting the most current maps into the hands of the front line soldier as quickly as possible. The 649th maintained a map distribution warehouse at Tompkins Barracks and at several contingency sites around Europe. The platoon even had specially designed vans that were mobile distribution warehouses that could service forward deployed headquarters. Here we see Soldiers from the Map Distribution Platoon restocking maps at the distribution warehouse at Tompkins Barracks. And there you have it, Army field map production circa 1970. As I mentioned in the start of this post I’ve taken a lot of liberties by overly simplifying the map making process with the intent of highlighting the Soldiers and activities of the 649th. If any readers recognize any of the Soldiers shown in these photos (or if you happen to be one of these Soldiers) I’d love to hear from you. You can either add a comment to this post or contact me at oldtopographer(at)gmail.com. If I’ve made any factual errors in the map making process, or if I’ve mis-identified any of the process shown in these photos please leave a comment here and I’ll make the necessary corrections. Thanks, and I hope you’ve enjoyed this trip down memory lane! – Brian
4377	dbpedia	1	31	https://bloomington.in.gov/crm/tickets%3FRITTER_NEIGHBORHOOD_ASSOCIATION%3D%3Bsort%255Bcategory%255D%3Ddesc%3Bstatus%3Dclosed%3BcontactMethod_id%3D11%3Bclient_id%3D3%3Bsla%3Doverdue%3Bdepartment_id%3D18%3Bcategory_id%3D25%3Btownship%3DBloomington	en	uReport:			[]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null		en			null	open #193183 Animal Control & Neglected Pets 723 W Allen ST Case Date: 8/28/2024 Dead raccoon on Patterson between W. Allen St. And W. 2nd St. open #193182 Street & Traffic Signs 215 N Indiana AVE Case Date: 8/28/2024 At 7th and Indiana (corner of Dunn Meadow) someone has hit a stop sign, it's bent and scuffed up. Thanks Jill. open #193181 Trash 703 N Keystone CT Case Date: 8/28/2024 Trash on Keystone Court not picked up open #193180 City Construction Projects 401 N Morton ST Case Date: 8/28/2024 What is happening again on Clarizz street. How much money and time has the city wasted on what ever project this is. Surely we have better uses for our resources. Connie Clark open #193179 Trash Park ave and Atwater Case Date: 8/28/2024 Trash blocking sidewalk open #193178 Website & Web Services Feedback 5249 N Mary ST Case Date: 8/28/2024 This says I am outside city limits, however I have a Bloomington address? open #193177 Other 719 N Grant ST Case Date: 8/28/2024 Orange fiber optic conduit exposed at SW corner of Grant/11th Streets intersection. open #193176 Other 700 N Washington ST Case Date: 8/28/2024 The fiber optic installation in the neighborhood appears to be over, but they left an orange conduit sticking out of the ground at the NE corner of Wasjington/Cottage Grove intersection. closed #193175 Street & Traffic Signs 301 E Cottage Grove AVE Case Date: 8/28/2024 Street name signage has been stolen.
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"https://jennifermaker.com/wp-content/uploads/glitter-edge-tumbler-jennifermaker-f-700x700.jpg", "https://jennifermaker.com/wp-content/uploads/as-seen-in-nov-2019.jpg", "https://jennifermaker.com/wp-content/uploads/as-seen-in-nov-2019.jpg", "https://jennifermaker.com/wp-content/uploads/CricutCoachPlaybookCoverPages-small.jpg", "https://jennifermaker.com/wp-content/uploads/CricutCoachPlaybookCoverPages-small.jpg", "https://jennifermaker.com/wp-content/uploads/cricut-coach-underneath-small.jpg", "https://jennifermaker.com/wp-content/uploads/cricut-coach-underneath-small.jpg", "https://pixel.quantserve.com/pixel/p-ntW1g3KEWzYvw.gif" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "Jennifer", "JenniferMaker", "www.facebook.com", "jennifer.anderson.marx", "Jennifer Maker" ]	2021-12-14T23:31:25+00:00	How to use a Cricut cutting machine to easily make stencils and burn designs into wood! So back in the early ’90s, I taught myself how to use a wood burning tool and painstakingly made a cutting board with one of my recipes on it. I shared this cutting board with everyone recently and many...	en	https://jennifermaker.co…teicon-32x32.jpg	Jennifer Maker	https://jennifermaker.com/how-to-burn-designs-into-wood/	Instructions I'm going to show you how to use a Cricut cutting machine to easily make stencils and burn designs into wood! I tested two different techniques for chemically burning designs into wood using stencils. These food safe methods are great alternatives to using traditional wood burning irons, especially for those of us who aren’t maybe all that great at freeform drawing. The first technique I tried uses Ammonium Chloride. I tested this method while making the Santa cookie tray. The second technique I tested uses a Scorch Marker, which already contains all the chemicals mixed within it. I’ll show you how the Grillin’ and Chillin’ sign turned out using this method. Both methods are non-toxic and food safe. But seeing as these are chemicals, even if they are safe in small quantities, you’ll still want to take extra precautions to made sure nothing irritates your skin, eyes, and lungs since the chemicals do give off gas fumes when they are heated. So be sure to wear protective gloves, eye protection, and a respirator. And since you’ll be using a heat gun to apply high heat to make the chemicals burn the wood, be extra cautious during that step to avoid touching the tip of the heat gun and keep away pets and kids. First, let’s prepare our files for the two designs. My adorable holiday cookie plate design for Santa and his helpers fits on a 12 x 12 inch round wood slice or tray, and my Grillin’ and Chillin’ sign for hanging grilling tools out on the deck fits on a 24 inch long plank. STEP 1: GET MY FREE WOOD BURNED DESIGN FILES The first step is to download my Wood Burned Designs from my free resource library -- it's design #357. TIP: If you are not sure how to upload an SVG cut file, watch this helpful video training series I made. If you are on an iPad or iPhone, here is how to download and upload SVG files to the Cricut Design Space app. This is what my Wood Burned Design files look like when they are uploaded to Cricut Design Space. Unless you want to customize or resize them, these stencils are ready to make. NOTE: If you need to resize the stencils to fit your wood tray or sign, now is a good time to do that. Measure your wood sign or tray to see how much space you have. Make sure to allow for some blank space along the edges. Then, resize the design in Design Space to fit your wood by clicking and dragging the arrow on the lower right corner of the design box on the canvas until it is the correct dimension. Or, change the width and height of the design in the "Size" boxes on the menu bar at the top of the canvas. The Santa cookie tray design fits perfectly on a 12” x 12” cutting mat. The Chillin’ and Grillin’ sign fits on a 12” x 24” mat. TIP: If you don’t have a 24 inch long mat, use the file “sliced-12inch-grilling-sign-wood-burned-design-jennifermaker-SVG.svg” I included in the SVG folder. I already spliced the design into smaller sections so you can cut them using a standard 12” x 12” mat. Just be sure that all layers are selected if you resize them. I’m going to show you how to make both designs, but I’ll start with the Santa cookie tray design. Once you’re ready to cut, select your machine on the top menu bar and then click "Make It." Unless you’re using Smart Vinyl on a Cricut Maker 3 or Explore 3, select "On Mat" and click "Done". Prepare your mat by moving the design so it’s centered on the mat. That way you have some extra margin space around the stencil when you cut it out. Click “Continue.” Select your "Base Material" when prompted. I used Premium Vinyl—Permanent. And I always recommend “More” pressure to ensure the best cut. If you’re using a mat like I did, place Premium Vinyl—Permanent Glossy, shiny side up, on a Green StandardGrip Mat. TIP: You can use any color since it will only be used as a temporary stencil. You will be prompted to load your Fine Point Blade and mat into your machine. When you’re all set up, click the flashing "Start" button. STEP 2: PREPARE THE WOOD While your vinyl is cutting, prepare your wood tray or sign. I used basswood with a natural bark edge, but you can use any wood you want. Just make sure the wood is unfinished with no stain, paint or wax. IMPORTANT: Make sure your wood is unfinished with no stain, paint or wax so the chemicals can burn the wood grain. Otherwise, you may end up with unpredictable results, and you really don’t want to be heating any finishes that may be toxic! Lightly sand the face of the wood plank that you plan on burning. This helps to make sure your vinyl stencil adheres well to the wood and doesn’t allow any of the wood burning chemical to bleed underneath. My basswood was pretty smooth, so I used the Fine side of a sanding sponge. Just be sure not to sand away any of the rough bark if you plan on maintaining the rough edge look. TIP: If your wood is rough, start by sanding it with the Medium side of the sponge until the wood is smooth, and then finish it by sanding it lightly again with the Fine side. Wipe or blow away any sawdust. I used a lint roller to make sure my surface was clean of any debris. STEP 3: WEED AND TRANSFER THE VINYL Once your vinyl is cut, weed your design carefully, removing all of the excess vinyl you do not need. Remember, this is a stencil so you will be weeding in reverse. You want to remove all the parts you want to burn into the wood (which are the parts you would normally leave on the carrier sheet). Be extra careful that all the small pieces and centers to your letters stay on the carrier sheet. TIP: I have lots of weeding tips on my Cricut Best Tips and Tricks post. Next, cut a piece of Cricut Transfer Tape a size just larger than your weeded vinyl piece. Remove the backing from the transfer tape. Apply the transfer tape to your vinyl stencil by holding the transfer tape in the shape of a taco or “U” shape then putting the bottom of your “taco” onto the middle of your design. Smooth the tape over the stencil from the center outward making sure to press out and remove any bubbles. When the transfer tape is in place, use a scraper tool or other hard and flat-edged item (like a store loyalty card) to transfer the vinyl stencil design to the transfer tape. It’s important to scrape it well to transfer the vinyl. It helps to scrape it from both the transfer tape side AND the carrier sheet side. Carefully peel the carrier sheet off the vinyl. TIP: If little bits don’t want to transfer to your tape, scrape it again and pay careful attention to those problem areas. As mentioned I will show you how to assemble the Santa Cookie Tray first, but you will follow the same steps to cut the vinyl for the "Grillin' and Chillin'" design. Now place your design on your wood, being mindful that it is straight and centered. Make sure both the vinyl and transfer tape are adhered to the wood. Use your fingers to push out any bubbles or creases in the vinyl. TIP: If you need help centering your stencil you can measure and mark the center point of your wood with a pencil. Then fold your vinyl into a taco "U" shape and line up the bottom of the "U" over your center mark. Gently press the vinyl down starting in the center and working outward. Pick up a corner of the transfer tape and slowly remove it from your vinyl. Use your fingers again to make sure the vinyl is securely adhered to the wood without any noticeable bubbles. You want to make sure it is firmly adhered to the wood since it’s a stencil and you don’t want any bleeding to occur. TIP: I used a soft basswood so didn’t have any issues getting the vinyl to stick to the wood. In fact, my vinyl wanted to stick REALLY well. But if you’re having problems, first check to make sure your wood is unfinished with no stain, paint, oil or wax. Be sure to sand your wood surface until it is smooth, and make sure your wood is clean of all debris. I used a lint roller. To prevent oils from transferring from your hands, use transfer tape and don’t handle the adhesive side of the vinyl. And, be sure to burnish the vinyl really well! STEP 4: BURN DESIGNS INTO THE WOOD USING AMMONIUM CHLORIDE First I’m going to show you how to burn designs into wood using Ammonium Chloride. I made my Santa cookie tray this way. Grab a glass bowl and measuring spoons. All the chemicals you will use are food safe, so you can safely use items you already have in your kitchen. NOTE: Ammonium Chloride is a food additive found in things like cheeses, pudding, spreads, cereals, condiments licorice and sport drinks. Thick-It is a corn starch based food and beverage thickener. Even though these are food safe, some people may be sensitive to Ammonium Chloride. Wear protective gloves and eyewear when measuring, stirring and applying it to the wood to prevent any skin or eye irritation. Also consider wearing a respirator and using it in a well ventilated area since ammonium chloride fumes decompose into ammonia gas and hydrochloric acid. In a glass bowl measure out and combine these ingredients: 1 tablespoon Ammonium Chloride (this is what burns the wood once heat is applied) 8 teaspoons Thick-It (this thickens the mixture into a gel so it doesn’t bleed under the stencil) 1/2 cup warm water TIP: This recipe makes A LOT of gel. You will only need a really small amount if you’re only making a couple trays or signs. But it does keep for several weeks without losing integrity if stored in a covered glass container such as a clean jar. Just be sure to store it in a cool location out of direct sunlight. Or, consider making a third of the recipe, which is approximately 1 tsp Ammonium Chloride, 2.5 tsp Thick-It, and 8 tsp water. Stir well with a paintbrush and then let your mixture sit for 10 minutes or until the water is fully absorbed and a nice gel has formed. When your solution is the texture of a thick gel, use the paintbrush to pick some of the gel up. Wipe off the excess on the side of the bowl. You only want enough left on your brush to lightly paint the gel onto the wood. Make sure you apply the gel to all the parts of the wood showing through the stencil. Once everything is covered with a light coat, let it dry completely, about 10 to 20 minutes. Make sure the gel doesn't get on any part of the wood you DO NOT want to burn. TIP: Be sure to apply only a single thin coat of gel to the wood. You don’t want too much gel since it would need to burn off before burning the wood, and it might end up leaving a filmy appearance on top of your burned design. Plus, you really don’t want to overwork the stencil and risk it bleeding underneath. Once it’s fully dry, carefully peel the vinyl off the wood. Use a weeding tool to help remove any little bits of vinyl stuck to the wood. Take your wood tray outside or to a WELL VENTILATED AREA with your heat gun. When you heat up the chemicals, it will actually burn the wood so there will be smoke! The ammonium chloride will also emit ammonium gas and hydrochloric acid. Be sure to wear a respirator and eye protection. Set your heat gun to at least 495 degrees Celsius. I used the hottest setting on my heat gun which is about 650 degrees Celsius. I added the extra heat because my wood tray is very thick, and I found that the thicker the wood, the more heat you can apply to speed things up. Move the heat gun over the design on the wood, making sure to keep it moving continuously. The design will magically appear and burn as it heats up! TIP: Always keep your heat gun moving so you don't accidentally over-burn the wood. It is possible to burn the parts of the wood that don't have the Ammonium Chloride solution on it if you apply too much heat, and any knots or prominent wood grain will probably darken quickly, too, so be aware of that while heating your design. Keep heating the wood surface until your design is the color you want. The longer you apply heat, the more burned and darker it will become. You can make the burned areas look as light or dark as you want. I kept some areas of my image lighter and made some areas a bit darker. Rinse off the chemicals making sure it’s all completely removed. Now your food safe tray is ready to use! TIP: You can stain and seal your tray if you want, but be aware that those chemicals may make your tray NOT food safe, depending on what you use. Simple mineral oil or beeswax is a good food safe alternative, or you can always use small bowls or napkins to serve your yummy cookies and carrots on! One of the wood trays I made had a lot of fissures in the wood grain. When I applied heat using the heat gun the cracks darkened. The result was a more rustic look (tray on left) versus the more polished look of the tray without fissures (tray on right). Just be aware of this when selecting your wood so you get the results you want! STEP 5: HOW TO BURN DESIGNS INTO WOOD USING A SCORCH MARKER I tried making my Grillin’ and Chillin’ sign using a Scorch Marker. My first attempt wasn’t very successful because it bled under my stencil —the marker is almost a watery consistency so it’s not really surprising that it bled. I also couldn’t get a very dark burn. I was underwhelmed with the result. I wasn’t sure if it was my technique (did I not not let it dry long enough, or did I apply too liquid much making it too wet?) so I decided to try again. This is what I did: Once the stencil was adhered to the sign, I shook the Scorch Marker really well for a minute or two. I primed the bullet tip by dabbing it on a paper towel. The Scorch Marker comes with both a bullet tip and a foam brush for applying the chemicals directly onto the wood. The brush is great for “painting” large areas, and the bullet tip seemed easier to use in the smaller areas. I tried using both in all areas. I applied only a SMALL amount hoping it wouldn’t bleed under the stencil this time. Once all the wood showing through the stencil was covered with a really thin coat, I let it dry really well. The first time I let it sit for only about five minutes, so this time I let it dry for twenty minutes. Once it was dry, I carefully removed the stencil by peeling it off the wood. I heat up the design by constantly moving a heat gun over the wood. As the design heated, the chemical started burning into the wood fibers. The more heat I applied, the darker the burn became, but I found it never quite got a dark burn like the Ammonium Chloride did. The Scorch Marker Pro manufacturer recommends using a heat gun set to at least 700 degrees Fahrenheit. The thicker your wood, the higher temperature you should go. I used the gun set to the hottest setting it could go, which is about 650 degrees Celsius, which is equivalent to about 1200 degrees Fahrenheit and is plenty hot enough. TIP: If you are using the Scorch Marker on a surface intended for food, it’s okay to leave it unrinsed according to the manufacturer. You can apply a food safe finish like mineral oil or beeswax right over the top. Here are the results from my second attempt at using the Scorch Marker for the Grillin’ and Chillin’ sign. I’m still not happy with the results. You can see that it bled again under the stencil causing a fuzzy and uneven edge. I wanted to love this method SO much because it was super easy to apply, but I just couldn’t get the good results I’d hoped for. Maybe a different wood such as a hard wood would work better. I used basswood, which is a soft wood and the bleeding happened right along the grain. For comparison, I made another Grillin’ and Chillin’ sign using the Ammonium Chloride gel mixture and got this beautiful result. This was a winner! Look at those really crisp lines! The thickness of the gel really prevents bleeding. But let me tell you a little secret... I really wanted to know whether someone without a heat gun could use a heat press or Cricut EasyPress instead. So I tried out using the EasyPress to burn this one, and it worked! You'll need to do something big like this sign in sections -- and the burned results are not quite as dark as you can get from a heat gun -- but it does work. This is how to use an EasyPress: STEP 6: USE AN EASYPRESS INSTEAD OF A HEAT GUN Set the temperature of your EasyPress to 400 degrees Fahrenheit, and set the timer to 20 seconds. Cover your wood completely with a single layer of butcher paper. Mentally divide your design into equal sections and press the first section for 20 seconds while lightly pressing down. Lift and move the easy press over to the next section and press for 20 seconds. Continue until each section has been pressed for 20 seconds. Then repeat another two times until each section has been pressed three times for a TOTAL of one minute. If your burned areas are not dark enough, continue in 20 second increments. Change out your butcher paper when it starts to get discolored to make sure you don't accidentally reapply any "ghosted" ammonium chloride gel back onto the wood. I changed mine once about midway through. My plank wasn’t perfectly flat so I touched up areas using my Cricut EasyPress Mini. You can even do the whole thing using a Mini if you want! Just be sure to always keep a layer of butcher paper between your plank and EasyPress. TIP: If your design is smaller than the size of your EasyPress, then you'll only need to heat that one section three separate times for 20 seconds each pressing. Just make sure to lift the EasyPress and check your progress after each pressing to make sure your design is not overcooking. STEP 7: PUT FINISHING TOUCHES ON THE GRILLIN' AND CHILLIN' SIGN I decided this version of the sign turned out the best so finished it off by adding hooks and hangers. To do this, line up a set of hooks along the bottom long edge of the sign. Every plank is slightly different size, so it’s hard to tell you exactly where to align the hooks, but I pulled a tape measure across the bottom of my plank and equally spaced out the hooks along it. I started by centering one hook and then measuring about 4.75" out from each side to place the next hooks, and so on. With your hooks lined up, use a pencil to mark each of the screw holes and then go back with a drill or screwdriver to screw in 1/2” long screws. TIP: The basswood I used was soft enough that I could screw them in by hand using just a Phillips head screwdriver, but using a drill would be really quick and easy. To hang your sign, attach saw tooth hangers to the back of the sign along the top edge. I nailed in two hangers spaced a couple inches inward from the short sides, and about one inch down from the top edge. TIP: You might want to use a level to help you align them if you have one handy. Now put up your sign and hang some grilling tools from the hooks! STEP 8: FINAL THOUGHTS AND RESULTS So from my tests I decided I really like the result of the Ammonium Chloride the best. You can add just the right amount of Thick-It thickener to control the consistency of the gel mixture so it doesn’t bleed under the stencil, even if you’re using a soft grainy wood. If you decide you want a more watery texture to paint on a hard wood, you can just reduce the amount of thickener you use. Plus, you can get any amount of burn you like from light to dark. I love the variation of burn colors I got just by playing around with the heat gun or EasyPress! Here are my Wood Burned Designs using Ammonium Chloride on the Santa cookie tray and Grillin’ and Chillin’ sign. I really like how they turned out. These would make super nice gifts for just about any occasion. Now that you know how to burn wood, you can use this technique with pretty much any design you can think of!
4377	dbpedia	2	2	https://www.livinginoregon.net/livinginwoodburn	en	Living in Woodburn Oregon - EVERYTHING You Need to Know	https://static.wixstatic…6e3002%7Emv2.jpg	https://static.wixstatic…6e3002%7Emv2.jpg	[ "https://static.wixstatic.com/media/b4017b_ade55e6286374f8781b68c38812c7613~mv2.jpg/v1/fill/w_173,h_115,al_c,q_80,usm_0.66_1.00_0.01,enc_auto/everett-mcintire-W7_tcn9KuA4-unsplash%20(1)%20(2).jpg", "https://static.wixstatic.com/media/b4017b_cd1a703c131c451b89faba07d25a2e3d~mv2.jpg/v1/fill/w_1761,h_328,al_c,q_85,usm_0.66_1.00_0.01,enc_auto/b4017b_cd1a703c131c451b89faba07d25a2e3d~mv2.jpg", "https://static.wixstatic.com/media/b4017b_4cc68b944f05446095281733f3cc8140~mv2.jpg/v1/fill/w_109,h_73,al_c,q_80,usm_0.66_1.00_0.01,blur_2,enc_auto/b4017b_4cc68b944f05446095281733f3cc8140~mv2.jpg", "https://static.wixstatic.com/media/b4017b_5f856ea966e6475591ead029fe3d8eec~mv2.jpg/v1/crop/x_0,y_608,w_3704,h_4448/fill/w_66,h_80,al_c,q_80,usm_0.66_1.00_0.01,blur_2,enc_auto/Elizabeth_Davidson-162.jpg", "https://static.wixstatic.com/media/b4017b_a6a48cd58d53430fb0dc00d0c7cd1725~mv2.jpg/v1/crop/x_47,y_0,w_506,h_608/fill/w_66,h_80,al_c,q_80,usm_0.66_1.00_0.01,blur_2,enc_auto/Todd%20Davidson%20Headshot_JPG.jpg", "https://static.wixstatic.com/media/b4017b_c7dc28a2d9764dac975e3eb0ca2ab7c4~mv2.jpg/v1/fill/w_96,h_64,al_c,q_80,usm_0.66_1.00_0.01,blur_2,enc_auto/b4017b_c7dc28a2d9764dac975e3eb0ca2ab7c4~mv2.jpg", "https://static.wixstatic.com/media/b4017b_894d2925005b4499955dd9b34c9a5e23~mv2.jpg/v1/fill/w_124,h_83,al_c,q_80,usm_0.66_1.00_0.01,blur_2,enc_auto/b4017b_894d2925005b4499955dd9b34c9a5e23~mv2.jpg", "https://static.wixstatic.com/media/b4017b_e8be3d9aedea4d8695d74ff23f875596~mv2.jpg/v1/fill/w_86,h_58,al_c,q_80,usm_0.66_1.00_0.01,blur_2,enc_auto/b4017b_e8be3d9aedea4d8695d74ff23f875596~mv2.jpg", "https://static.wixstatic.com/media/b4017b_4fc754ab9dea41a8aae814f911057af0~mv2.jpg/v1/fill/w_250,h_250,fp_0.50_0.50,q_30,blur_30,enc_auto/b4017b_4fc754ab9dea41a8aae814f911057af0~mv2.webp", "https://static.wixstatic.com/media/b4017b_4fc754ab9dea41a8aae814f911057af0~mv2.jpg/v1/fill/w_292,h_292,fp_0.50_0.50,q_90,enc_auto/b4017b_4fc754ab9dea41a8aae814f911057af0~mv2.webp", "https://static.wixstatic.com/media/b4017b_f9e1bdad8cbc47f098da7cb936d20860~mv2.jpg/v1/fill/w_250,h_250,fp_0.50_0.50,q_30,blur_30,enc_auto/b4017b_f9e1bdad8cbc47f098da7cb936d20860~mv2.webp", "https://static.wixstatic.com/media/b4017b_f9e1bdad8cbc47f098da7cb936d20860~mv2.jpg/v1/fill/w_292,h_292,fp_0.50_0.50,q_90,enc_auto/b4017b_f9e1bdad8cbc47f098da7cb936d20860~mv2.webp", "https://static.wixstatic.com/media/b4017b_ca83187ddfef4547a809b922bb9937b8~mv2.jpg/v1/fill/w_250,h_250,fp_0.50_0.50,q_30,blur_30,enc_auto/b4017b_ca83187ddfef4547a809b922bb9937b8~mv2.webp", "https://static.wixstatic.com/media/b4017b_ca83187ddfef4547a809b922bb9937b8~mv2.jpg/v1/fill/w_292,h_292,fp_0.50_0.50,q_90,enc_auto/b4017b_ca83187ddfef4547a809b922bb9937b8~mv2.webp", "https://static.wixstatic.com/media/b4017b_528734c1416f40a89c85bca068e9620d~mv2.jpg/v1/fill/w_82,h_55,al_c,q_80,usm_0.66_1.00_0.01,blur_2,enc_auto/Woodburn%20Outlet.jpg", "https://static.wixstatic.com/media/b4017b_15cb95b6a32743838b9533572e5599ba~mv2.jpg/v1/fill/w_94,h_63,al_c,q_80,usm_0.66_1.00_0.01,blur_2,enc_auto/b4017b_15cb95b6a32743838b9533572e5599ba~mv2.jpg", "https://static.wixstatic.com/media/b4017b_e73ccf3e61e04989a9a637fc30cfa35c~mv2.png/v1/fill/w_73,h_40,al_c,q_85,usm_0.66_1.00_0.01,blur_2,enc_auto/Elizabeth%20Davidson%20About%20Me%20Video.png", "https://static.wixstatic.com/media/b4017b_2be1d8c85dcc4abda51b2a927dc418e3~mv2.png/v1/fill/w_73,h_40,al_c,q_85,usm_0.66_1.00_0.01,blur_2,enc_auto/Elizabeth%20Davidson%2C%20Selling%20Your%20House.png", "https://static.wixstatic.com/media/b4017b_a4bfb4d16c794233bdfcd33feb268ece~mv2.jpg/v1/fill/w_67,h_46,al_c,q_80,usm_0.66_1.00_0.01,blur_2,enc_auto/b4017b_a4bfb4d16c794233bdfcd33feb268ece~mv2.jpg", "https://static.wixstatic.com/media/b4017b_824c124c57c0479697ea43d906a954f5~mv2.jpg/v1/fill/w_70,h_44,al_c,q_80,usm_0.66_1.00_0.01,blur_2,enc_auto/b4017b_824c124c57c0479697ea43d906a954f5~mv2.jpg" ]	[ "https://www.youtube.com/embed/QQxRIwIz3PE" ]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null	Living in Woodburn Oregon or Moving to Woodburn Oregon. Valuable information on schools, utilities, real estate, mortgage and the community to help.	en	https://static.parastorage.com/client/pfavico.ico	Living in Oregon	https://www.livinginoregon.net/livinginwoodburn	Woodburn is a city in Marion County, Oregon, United States. It is located about 25 miles south of Portland and about 30 miles north of Salem, the state capital. Woodburn has a population of around 26,000 people and is known for its rich agricultural heritage. The city is situated in the fertile Willamette Valley, which is known for its production of a wide variety of crops, including berries, hazelnuts, and Christmas trees. Woodburn is home to the Woodburn Premium Outlets, a large shopping center that attracts visitors from all over the region. The city also hosts the annual Wooden Shoe Tulip Festival, which takes place in the spring and attracts thousands of visitors who come to see the colorful tulip fields. In addition to its agricultural and commercial activities, Woodburn has a rich cultural heritage. The city has a large Hispanic population, and there are many cultural events throughout the year that celebrate the traditions of Mexico and other Latin American countries. Overall, Woodburn is a vibrant and diverse community that offers a unique blend of rural and urban living, making it a popular place to live, work, and visit in Oregon. If you are considering moving to Woodburn, Oregon, read on to learn about our Moving to Woodburn, Oregon team, Woodburn neighborhoods, schools, and for some tips, info, and blog posts that might help you determine if living in Woodburn, Oregon, is right for you and your family. Let our team of trusted professionals help you buy or/and sell a home in Woodburn, Oregon. Elizabeth Davidson has sold real estate in the Woodburn, Oregon, area, for over 12 years. Her knowledge of Woodburn and the surrounding areas will be of great value as you navigate this challenging real estate market. To learn more about Elizabeth, CLICK HERE to check out her About Me video. If you're considering buying a home in Woodburn, Oregon, CLICK HEREto sign up for Listing Alert to be the first to find out when new homes matching your criteria hit the market. Just enter the price range and other criteria you're looking for, and you'll receive an email when Woodburn homes matching your criteria are listed. Todd Davidson is an experienced mortgage broker and can help you get the best financing option for your home purchase. Whether you're a first time home buyer, or trying to buy/sell a home at the same time and move to Woodburn, Todd can help. Not quite ready yet? Todd can work with you to put together a plan to get you there. Whether you're thinking a few months or a year or more if you want to buy a home in Woodburn, Oregon, CLICK HERE to email Todd and set up a call or just call him at 971-275-2465. Together our Moving to Woodburn team can help you make moving to or within Woodburn, Oregon, a reality! If you're having thoughts about moving to Woodburn, Oregon, or any place, the cost of living would definitely be a big factor in your decision-making. I calculated the REAL cost of living in Woodburn, Oregon, by factoring in today's costs for housing (rent and own), utilities, food, transportation, healthcare, and other necessities to live. If you were to live in Woodburn, Oregon, and rent, you would need to make $44,000 a year. To live in Woodburn, Oregon, and buy a home, you would need to make $71,000 a year. Rental amount is based on current low end cost of studio or one bedroom, purchase is based on recent low end sales of a three bedroom and monthly payment with 20% down. Living in Woodburn, Oregon, your children will attend schools in the Woodburn School District. The Woodburn School District consists of nine schools, including six elementary schools, one middle school, one high school, and one alternative school. The district serves approximately 5,000 students from pre-kindergarten through 12th grade. The elementary schools in the district are Washington Elementary School, Nellie Muir Elementary School, Lincoln Elementary School, Heritage Elementary School, Valor Middle School, and Academy of International Studies. The middle school is French Prairie Middle School, and the high school is Woodburn High School. The alternative school is the Success Alternative High School. The Woodburn School District offers a variety of programs to meet the needs of its diverse student population. These programs include dual-language immersion programs in Spanish and English, the Academy of International Studies, and a range of extracurricular activities such as athletics, music, and clubs. The Woodburn School District has a diverse student population, with a high percentage of students who are bilingual or speak English as a second language. The district is committed to providing an inclusive and equitable education for all students and works to support students who may face additional challenges. Niche.com ranks Woodburn School District a C+, with a majority of the criteria getting B's. For the most recent school year, 84% of Woodburn seniors graduated, slightly above the state average. Given the diverse student base in Woodburn Schools and the challenges that presents, Woodburn Schools do a good job and provide a good education. If living in Woodburn, Oregon, your kids will get a good education. Living in Woodburn, Oregon, you'll find many different neighborhoods. Here are some of the most well-known neighborhoods in Woodburn: Downtown: The heart of Woodburn, Downtown features charming historic buildings, locally-owned shops and restaurants, and a beautiful city park. Nellie Muir: Located just north of Downtown, Nellie Muir is a quiet residential neighborhood with tree-lined streets and a mix of older and newer homes. Centennial: Located on the east side of Woodburn, Centennial is a newer development with larger, modern homes and easy access to the freeway. Heritage: Located on the west side of Woodburn, Heritage is an established neighborhood with a mix of single-family homes and apartments, as well as a community park. Tukwila: Located on the south side of Woodburn, Tukwila is a more rural neighborhood with larger lots and a mix of newer and older homes. The community is planned around the wonderful OGA golf course. So if golf is your thing and you want to live in Woodburn, the Tukwila neighborhood could be a good fit for you. Pioneer: Located on the northwest side of Woodburn, Pioneer is a primarily residential neighborhood with a mix of single-family homes and apartments, as well as a community park. If moving to Woodburn, Oregon, and you'd like to buy a home in one of these fabulous neighborhoods, CLICK HERE to sign up for LISTING ALERT to be the first to know when a home matching your criteria gets listed for sale in Woodburn, Oregon. To connect with a local realtor, CLICK HERE. One of the most important decisions you'll make when moving to Woodburn, Oregon, is picking an experienced realtor who can help you get the house you want at the best price. At living in Oregon, we work with the best realtors throughout the state and can help you get the right realtor to make your move and home purchase as easy as possible. What is Woodburn Oregon known for? Woodburn, Oregon, is known for a number of things but the annual Tulip Festival held each year at the Wooden Shoe Tulip Farm is probably the cities most famous attraction. Those visiting or living in Woodburn enjoy the beautiful tulip fields in bloom, take part in activities, and shop for local products at the event. What is the weather like in Woodburn, Oregon? Living in Woodburn, Oregon, you'll find temperatures in the winter months typically range from the mid-30s to low 50s, with occasional cold spells and light snowfall. In the summer months, temperatures range from the mid-70s to low 90s, with occasional heat waves. Overall, the weather in Woodburn is relatively mild and pleasant, with occasional variations due to the season. What cities are nearby Woodburn, Oregon? Living in Woodburn, Oregon, you're close to many other great Oregon cities: Canby - 10 miles, Silverton - 10 miles, Keizer - 11 miles, Salem 17 miles, and Wilsonville - 18 miles. The largest city in Oregon, Portland is just 30 miles away and it will take you between 30 and 45 minutes to get there depending on traffic. Is Woodburn, Oregon, a safe place to live? Woodburn, Oregon, is considered a safe place to live. The Woodburn crime rate is lower than the national average, and the city has a low incidence of violent crime. Additionally, living in Woodburn, you'll feel a sense of community and neighborly spirit, contributing to residents' sense of safety and security. Overall, you'll find living in Woodburn, Oregon, very safe. I want to move to Woodburn, Oregon? How do I make that happen? The information on this website will help you research and prepare for your move to Woodburn, Oregon. We have other resources, including our Facebook Group > Moving to Oregon, where we have a large community of people spread throughout the state to ask questions to and who are eager to answer. You will find yourself surrounded by others going through similar challenges that can provide support during their own transitions, so don't hesitate to ask away if needed as there's plenty of experts on moving to and living in Woodburn, Oregon, to help!! If you are looking to move to Woodburn and purchase a home, contact me directly. The first step would be to get pre-approved for a mortgage. I am a Mortgage Broker, and I would love to assist you and your family with all your mortgage needs during this exciting time! I also work with a number of realtors and can be of help if you need a contact.If you just want to to research home prices and homes for sale in Woodburn, Oregon, CLICK HERE. No info or login needed to see all the homes for sale in Woodburn, Oregon, currently. Is Woodburn, Oregon, a good place to live? Absolutely! It's a small, affordable, growing town surrounded by an abundance of things to do. Being situated between Portland and Salem give you good job options if you're willing to commute just a bit. There are certainly pros and cons of living in Woodburn, Oregon. Hopefully, the information in this article has answered the question, "is Woodburn, Oregon, a good place to live?" for you. For FAQs about moving to Oregon or living in Oregon, check out my blog, 31 FAQs About Living in Oregon. For more information about living in Oregon, check out the homepage of LIVING IN OREGON.
4377	dbpedia	3	52	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11226503/	en	Avian migration clocks in a changing world	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih…rd-share.jpg?_=0	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih…rd-share.jpg?_=0	[ "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/coreutils/uswds/img/favicons/favicon-57.png", "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/coreutils/uswds/img/icon-dot-gov.svg", "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/coreutils/uswds/img/icon-https.svg", "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/coreutils/nwds/img/logos/AgencyLogo.svg", "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/corehtml/pmc/pmcgifs/logo-springeropen.png", "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/corehtml/pmc/pmcgifs/corrauth.gif", "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/corehtml/pmc/pmcgifs/corrauth.gif", "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11226503/bin/359_2023_1688_Fig1_HTML.jpg", "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11226503/bin/359_2023_1688_Fig2_HTML.jpg", "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11226503/bin/359_2023_1688_Fig3_HTML.jpg", "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11226503/bin/359_2023_1688_Fig4_HTML.jpg", "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11226503/bin/359_2023_1688_Fig5_HTML.jpg", "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11226503/bin/359_2023_1688_Fig6_HTML.jpg", "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11226503/bin/359_2023_1688_Fig7_HTML.jpg", "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11226503/bin/359_2023_1688_Fig8_HTML.jpg", "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11226503/bin/359_2023_1688_Fig9_HTML.jpg", "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11226503/bin/359_2023_1688_Fig10_HTML.jpg", "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11226503/bin/359_2023_1688_Fig11_HTML.jpg" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "Barbara Helm", "Miriam Liedvogel" ]	2024-08-28T00:00:00	Avian long-distance migration requires refined programming to orchestrate the birds’ movements on annual temporal and continental spatial scales. Programming is particularly important as long-distance movements typically anticipate future environmental ...	en	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/coreutils/nwds/img/favicons/favicon.ico	PubMed Central (PMC)	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11226503/	J Comp Physiol A Neuroethol Sens Neural Behav Physiol. 2024; 210(4): 691–716. PMCID: PMC11226503 PMID: 38305877 Avian migration clocks in a changing world 1 and 2 Barbara Helm 1Swiss Ornithological Institute, Bird Migration Unit, Seerose 1, CH-6204 Sempach, Schweiz Find articles by Barbara Helm Miriam Liedvogel 2Institute of Avian Research, An Der Vogelwarte 21, 26386 Wilhelmshaven, Germany Find articles by Miriam Liedvogel 1Swiss Ornithological Institute, Bird Migration Unit, Seerose 1, CH-6204 Sempach, Schweiz 2Institute of Avian Research, An Der Vogelwarte 21, 26386 Wilhelmshaven, Germany Barbara Helm, Email: hc.etrawlegov@mleh.arabrab. Corresponding author. Handling Editor:Dirk Rieger. Copyright © The Author(s) 2024 Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Associated Data Supplementary Materials GUID: 508BD17D-77A5-40AA-84D6-AABC17C80440 Abstract Avian long-distance migration requires refined programming to orchestrate the birds’ movements on annual temporal and continental spatial scales. Programming is particularly important as long-distance movements typically anticipate future environmental conditions. Hence, migration has long been of particular interest in chronobiology. Captivity studies using a proxy, the shift to nocturnality during migration seasons (i.e., migratory restlessness), have revealed circannual and circadian regulation, as well as an innate sense of direction. Thanks to rapid development of tracking technology, detailed information from free-flying birds, including annual-cycle data and actograms, now allows relating this mechanistic background to behaviour in the wild. Likewise, genomic approaches begin to unravel the many physiological pathways that contribute to migration. Despite these advances, it is still unclear how migration programmes are integrated with specific environmental conditions experienced during the journey. Such knowledge is imminently important as temporal environments undergo rapid anthropogenic modification. Migratory birds as a group are not dealing well with the changes, yet some species show remarkable adjustments at behavioural and genetic levels. Integrated research programmes and interdisciplinary collaborations are needed to understand the range of responses of migratory birds to environmental change, and more broadly, the functioning of timing programmes under natural conditions. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00359-023-01688-w. Keywords: Circannual, Circadian, Navigation, Migration programme, Climate change, Migratory restlessness Introduction: migration across timescales Migration, the periodic arrival of animals at, and disappearance from, a given location, has long fascinated human observers. The patterns of temporal regularity were in some cases so striking that they were used to time various cultural practices, such as sowing seeds upon the migrants’ seasonal returns. Today’s observation tools and years of research efforts demonstrate an even broader natural phenomenon of migration than traditionally assumed. While definitions of migration vary (Dingle 1996), we use the term to describe coordinated, directed, periodic back-and-forth movements between at least two locations, whereby this alternation can occur within an individual or within a population (i.e., across generations). Thus defined, migration takes place in many taxa and on timescales linked to planetary cycles (Fig. ; for an exception, see (Reynolds et al. 2014)). Migrations are rhythmic on several timescales. On the scale of a day, diel vertical migration (DVM) of marine zooplankton occurs in massive volume over short distances, and may constitute earth’s greatest migration in terms of biomass (Berge et al. 2009). DVM is thought to coordinate foraging during light hours in surface water where phytoplankton photosynthesizes, and retreating during the night to lower depths where predation risk is reduced. In the marine realm, migrations also frequently occur on moon-linked time-scales, i.e., over lunar and tidal cycles (Tessmar-Raible et al. 2011). By automated acoustic monitoring, Last and colleagues (Last et al. 2016) showed that throughout the Arctic, zooplankton displays rhythmic movements during the polar night with periodicities of both the lunar day (i.e., 24.8 h) and the lunar month (29.5 d). Perhaps the most evident migrations are annual return movements, ultimately due to earth orbiting around sun on a tilted axis (Foster and Kreitzman 2009) (Fig. ). Animals migrate annually between areas that are temporarily conducive to reproduction, and areas that sustain them when breeding areas become inhospitable. Such annual shifts in habitat suitability could be due, for example, to scarcity of food or water, or to seasonally harsh climates. Amongst the best-known movements may be those of birds that migrate in flocks during the day. Yet migrations of other taxa are similarly spectacular, such as ungulate mammals moving through Serengeti, Monarch butterflies crossing between Mexico and Canada, or salmonid fish moving from the oceans to inland rivers (Horn and Narum 2023; Froy et al. 2003). Improved observation methods allow us to discover many further facettes and ecological impacts of movements, e.g., mass migrations of hoverflies (Syrphidae) that provide key ecosystem services across their range (Wotton et al. 2019). Accurately orchestrated rhythmicity on multiple scales can be important for successful migrations. Birds perform broadly synchronized movements during pre-breeding (“spring”) and post-breeding (“autumn”) migrations. In addition, during migration season most species also alter their diel activity patterns, carrying out nocturnal flights while being predominantly diurnal for the remaining year. Thus, avian migration is typically synchronized tightly on both annual and diel timescales (Fig. ). Many migrations involve predictions over a broad spectrum of time and space. Rather than just dispersing or evading unsuitable environmental conditions, animals direct their movement towards locations which can be expected to be more suitable in the near future. Movements are thus often anticipatory, e.g., when animals leave a still prolific location before conditions deteriorate. Successful migration must master two challenges. The first is keeping track of time, sometimes over vast distances where cues to environmental conditions in remote target areas are absent or misleading (Åkesson and Helm 2020). The second challenge is to accurately navigate between distinct, often remote locations. Navigation can entail seasonal adjustment of direction depending on the phase of migration, and time-dependent interpretation of reference cues used for compass orientation such as the position of sun (i.e., solar azimuth; Kramer 1949; Froy et al. 2003)). It is thus little wonder that research on biological rhythms has paid detailed attention to understanding how animal migration is coordinated and fine-tuned across different scales (e.g., Aschoff 1955; Froy et al. 2003; Gwinner 1986; Last et al. 2016; Rowan 1926)). Biological clocks play indeed central roles for migratory timing and navigation. For example, for DVM, researchers recently reported endogenous circadian migration and corresponding rhythms in metabolic activity and clock gene expression (Häfker et al. 2017). At the other extreme of the spatio-temporal spectrum, avian intercontinental migration is at least in some species based on endogenous circannual rhythms (i.e., rhythms with period lengths of ca. one year; Gwinner 1996b, 1986)). Given the timescale and distances covered, demands on clock mechanisms are particularly high for annual long-distance migration, on which we here focus. We furthermore base our review mostly on findings from long-distance migratory songbirds and in some cases from waders (charadriiforms). Partly due to the relative ease of study in captivity and in the wild, most available information on timing mechanisms comes from these groups. Given the few data, and since an in-depth discussion of parallels and differences of migration timing of other taxa is beyond the scope of this article, we acknowledge that extrapolation of our assessment to other taxa is speculative. Avian migration Phenomenon Annual migrations of birds have intrigued chronobiologists from early days. Several aspects can hardly be explained without invoking clocks. For example, during their non-breeding season, migrants may experience local summer conditions on non-breeding grounds while local resident species breed. Still, migrants do not activate their own reproductive system in these areas. Rather, they leave non-breeding areas in time to reach their remote natal areas, where they then breed at the locally appropriate time (Hamner and Stocking 1970). This seems puzzling as photoperiod (i.e., the daylight fraction of a day), which otherwise provides reliable annual information, can offer little explanation of migratory timing. Photoperiod is drastically altered by migration across latitudes, and varies widely in species that continue to move in their non-breeding areas (Åkesson and Helm 2020; Gwinner 1996b). William Rowan, who pioneered photoperiodism, thus concluded that additional mechanisms must be involved for remote timing that also buffers against untimely daylength cues (Rowan 1926). Similarly, Jürgen Aschoff, a pioneer in biological rhythms research, speculated that migratory birds should possess long-term internal clocks that entrain to relevant timing cues (i.e., Zeitgebers; (Aschoff 1955)). Use of long-term rhythms carries the challenge of requiring precision while remaining responsive to environmental conditions during the often risky journey (Åkesson and Helm 2020). For example, migration must be punctual but take place with sufficient energy reserves, and ideally under clement conditions with supportive winds (Newton 2008). Thus, avian migration requires clocks that simultaneously provide rigorous timing and heightened responsiveness to various environmental factors. Investigating how this balance is kept is difficult for a behaviour that takes place in midair and often spans continents. It is still thus largely mysterious how birds know when to depart, which direction to fly, when to stop, and when to return. Migratory restlessness reveals an inherited migration programme for space and time The habit of most migratory birds to carry out their journeys at night (Fig. ) has been instrumental for research on annual and diel timing. Bird keepers have long observed that captive migrants extend their activities into the night once the migratory season approaches, by flying, hopping and whirring their wings (e.g. (Berthold 2001)) (Fig. a). This so-called migratory restlessness (or German “Zugunruhe”) behaviour is generally coterminous with migration of free-living conspecifics. With the introduction of video-recording and automatic monitoring cages equipped with perch-switches and motion sensors, Zugunruhe became a widely, but not unanimously (e.g., Farner 1955; Helms 1963)), accepted proxy to study migration of wild birds. Its study provided the opportunity for experimental approaches that manipulate environmental conditions in a controlled manner. Of particular importance for biological rhythms research were studies under constant conditions, i.e., when birds were kept isolated from environmental cues by unchanging photoperiod, temperature, housing and food availability (Gwinner 1986; Berthold 2001; Newton 2008). Birds expressed Zugunruhe under simulated natural light conditions, under constant photoperiodic cycles (e.g., of 12 h light and 12 h darkness per day, LD 12:12 h), and under continuous dim light (e.g., Holberton and Able 1992; Gwinner 1986)). Migratory restlessness that persisted under constant conditions revealed endogenous timing mechanisms operating simultaneously on annual and diel timescales. A key figure, Eberhard Gwinner, studied small songbirds (Phylloscopus warblers) in captivity under natural and constant daylengths in Germany and in their African winter quarters (Gwinner 1967, 1969). His studies mostly examined hand-raised, naive (i.e., inexperienced) birds that had never migrated in the wild and had no prior knowledge of non-breeding grounds. Patterns of Zugunruhe characterised in captive settings were generally timed similarly at both sites and coincided with actual migration of wild conspecifics. However, under constant conditions, Zugunruhe progressively drifted away from the calendar year, indicating a free-running rhythm. These studies thus demonstrated that migration is timed by an innate circannual clock (Gwinner 1986). Circannual studies often investigated Zugunruhe as an integral part of the complete annual cycle, which in birds also includes periodic moult and reproductive activation and regression (King 1968; Gwinner 1986; Kumar et al. 2006). Research on captive migrants furthermore revealed recurring cycles of other processes linked to migration (King and Farner 1963; Dolnik and Blyumental 1967; Bairlein and Gwinner 1994). Many physiological and metabolic adjustments are carried out in step with migration (overview in Piersma and Van Gils 2011; McWilliams et al. 2022)). For example, to prepare for their formidable journeys, birds deposit fuel through temporary hyperphagia preceding migration (Piersma and Van Gils 2011). This hyperphagia can result in doubling of body mass, which is lost by the end of a migration season even in captivity. On a diel timescale, studies on Zugunruhe have provided evidence for circadian control of migratory restlessness and a range of related processes, for example a shift from anabolic physiology during the day to catabolic activity at night (Landys et al. 2004; McWilliams et al. 2022). Our understanding of the navigation of migratory birds is also largely based on experimental approaches using Zugunruhe as a study tool. Gustav Kramer discovered that Zugunruhe behaviour is directed, i.e. caged migrating songbirds move in a direction corresponding to the migratory direction of free-flying conspecifics (Kramer 1949; Emlen and Emlen 1966). This solidified the perceived link between Zugunruhe and real migration and established orientation experiments as a tool for investigating the mechanisms and sensory pathways that underlie the birds’ navigational abilities. A successful migration programme must closely integrate temporal and spatial aspects, so that appropriate directions are taken at the right time. It was therefore proposed that the integration of an innate sense of direction with an endogenous (i.e. innate) sense of time could function as a clock and compass mechanism, also referred to as “vector navigation”, whereby the angle of the vector represents direction, and the length represents time (Kramer 1957; Gwinner 1996a). Experiments involving naive birds using circular “Emlen” funnels indeed demonstrated an innate directional preference (Helbig 1996). Moreover, preferred direction changed between and within migration seasons also under constant, circannual conditions (Gwinner and Wiltschko 1980). A clock and compass mechanism could thus guide naive birds before learning and experience could inform navigational processes (Jenni and Schaub 2003; Perdeck 1958). Jointly, captivity experiments thus demonstrated that migration is based on a comprehensive, genetically hard-wired spatio-temporal migration programme. Comparative studies revealed finely differentiated migration programmes between closely related taxa or sometimes even different populations of the same species, which further supports inheritance (see below). Moreover, these programmes orchestrate interactions with environmental cues (Gwinner 1986, 1996b; Pittendrigh 1993) through reaction norms that regulate phenotypic plasticity in response to specific environmental factors (van Noordwijk et al. 2006). Migrants show additional flexibility, for example by learning or social transmission (Madsen et al. 2023; Newton 2008; Åkesson and Helm 2020). Differences in relative rigidity vs. flexibility of migration, and in the response to specific environmental factors, may contribute to differentiation of migration behaviour between closely related taxa (van Noordwijk et al. 2006). The persistence of local differences in temporal and spatial programming inspired evolutionary biologists to use Zugunruhe for investigating the genetic regulation of migration. Using the Blackcap (Sylvia atricapilla) as a study species, Berthold and colleagues showed strong genetic signal in key components of Zugunruhe behaviour (Berthold 1988a; Berthold et al. 1992). These studies involved decades-long selective and cross-breeding experiments of Blackcaps from populations with a variety of migratory phenotypes: from resident to long-distance migrant, and across migratory divides (i.e. closely neighbouring populations with different migratory directions). Behavioural phenotypes exhibited by F1 hybrid offspring (e.g., Zugunruhe propensity, timing, direction, and strength) were intermediate relative to parental populations (Berthold 1988a; Helbig 1996). One key finding was substantial microevolutionary potential of migration-related behaviour, based on the high heritability and strong response to artificial selection of Zugunruhe intensity levels (Berthold et al. 1992; Pulido and Berthold 2010). Caveats and insights from field and captivity studies The use of Zugunruhe as a proxy for migration behaviour has also limitations, and consequently, some caution is needed when drawing conclusions. In particular, correspondence between laboratory and field behaviour is not always clear. For example, bird populations with a sedentary phenotype in the wild may exhibit seasonal migratory restlessness in a caged setting, even in cases when they have been isolated from currently migratory populations for millions of years (Berthold 1988b; Mewaldt et al. 1968; Helm and Gwinner 2006). The timing of restlessness also does not always coincide perfectly with that of wild conspecifics. Caged migrants may exhibit Zugunruhe well beyond the end of actual migration, especially in the summer when bouts of nocturnal activity may continue until the onset of post-nuptial moult, despite reproductive activation ((Gwinner and Czeschlik 1978) Fig. S1). Different explanations for such discrepancies have been discussed. Thus, deviant Zugunruhe patterns could be based on migration programmes whose expression is modified in response to deficient or misleading laboratory conditions (Gwinner and Czeschlik 1978). In the wild, avian migrants adjust the onset, progress and termination of their actual journeys in response to environmental factors (Jenni and Schaub 2003). For example, changing geomagnetic cues may indicate progress towards a destination (Fransson et al. 2001; Bulte et al. 2017), and availability of a territory or a mate may signal arrival on the breeding grounds (Newton 2008). These conditions do not occur in captivity, and Zugunruhe could simply reflect a general, flexible time window during which actual migration can be triggered or inhibited by environmental conditions (Gwinner and Czeschlik 1978; Helms 1963). Rapidly advancing tracking technology allows for more direct comparisons between behaviour in captivity and the wild. Year-round approximations of migration routes and phenology (i.e., seasonal timing) by light-logging geolocators can be obtained even from tiny songbirds such as the Phylloscopus warblers referred to above (Gwinner 1969; Tøttrup et al. 2018; Sokolovskis et al. 2023). Slightly larger birds, such as Northern Wheatear (Oenanthe oenanthe) or Tawny Pipit (Anthus campestris), can carry multisensor loggers with additional functions (accelerometry, air pressure and temperature sensors) that allow derivation of daily movements and even actograms of free-flying birds (Fig. b) (Bäckman et al. 2017; Rime et al. 2023; Briedis et al. 2020). Data so far indicate that within species, phases of Zugunruhe indeed set a window in the annual cycle during which wild birds migrate (Jarrett et al. 2021; Akesson et al. 2017). However, actograms of free-flying birds also reveal stark differences from those of captive birds (Fig. ). Whereas Zugunruhe often persists for weeks or even months, wild birds only fly for few selected nights and thereafter rest and refuel. Comparisons of wild and captive behaviour also suggest that some Zugunruhe patterns might mirror nocturnal activities of wild birds not directly linked to migration (Fig. S1). Diurnal birds also naturally engage in nocturnal activity for other reasons, such as European nightingales (Luscinia megarhynchos) carrying out nocturnal courtship and prospecting behaviours (Roth et al. 2009), and Reed warblers (Acrocephalus scirpaceus) performing homing flights and change of breeding sites at night (Mukhin et al. 2009). Juvenile Reed warblers displayed nocturnal flights in the wild well in advance of migration, presumably to form memory for navigation, and corresponding nocturnal restlessness in captivity (Mukhin et al. 2005). In late summer birds may undertake post-breeding movements, for example for dispersal or to reach moulting locations (Pillar et al. 2015; Vīgants et al. 2023). In winter or during migratory stopover, birds re-initiate nocturnal flights in response to environmental factors such as feeding opportunities (Åkesson and Helm 2020). For example, visible body fat, a measure of fuel availability, predicted the nocturnal departure of wild migratory birds from a stopover site (Goymann et al. 2010). Effects of feeding conditions and body fat on nocturnality were confirmed by experimental studies. For example, in captive Garden warblers (Sylvia borin) food availability and fuel stores function as a switch that can initiate or terminate migratory restlessness during and outside migration seasons (Gwinner et al. 1988b). Temporary food reduction during autumn migration increased Zugunruhe, but upon ad libitum food provisioning the birds paused nocturnality until fat stores were replenished, and then resumed migratory restlessness. Food-related switches to nocturnality, however, did not modify the annual timing, neither in Garden warblers (Gwinner et al. 1988b) nor in Wood thrushes (Hylocichla mustelina) (Stanley et al. 2022). Yet, not all switches to nocturnality observed in captivity align with behaviour in the field. Circadian lability could also be due to factors associated with captivity such as acclimatization or lack of local cues that signal arrival at target locations (Fig. S1). Nonetheless, studies that tracked birds after quantifying Zugunruhe parameters found an increasing probability of migration in individuals that exhibited increased levels of Zugunruhe (Eikenaar et al. 2014). Furthermore, the directional preference of birds in orientation cages corresponded well with their migratory direction as assessed by subsequent tracking (Thorup et al. 2011). Thus, overall, Zugunruhe-based methods continue to reveal important insights on timing, navigation and compass systems of birds (e.g. Zapka et al. 2009; Kishkinev et al. 2016; Brodbeck et al. 2023)). Mechanisms Despite a demonstrated heritable component of migratory behaviour, the mechanisms underlying its timing are still poorly understood. It is, however, clear that both circadian and circannual timing systems are involved. First, migration timing on diel and annual timescales shows that both systems are integrated (Figs. , ). Second, since photoperiodism plays a major role in the annual timing of migration, the circadian system is involved through time measurement and through providing photo-inducible phases (Appenroth et al. 2021; Foster and Kreitzman 2009). Third, it is possible that both timescales are partly linked through shared underlying regulatory components, e.g., genes for proteins involved in photic or metabolic pathways (Bossu et al. 2022). Below we describe main mechanistic features for circadian and circannual time-scales on behavioural, physiological and molecular levels. Circadian time-keeping: behaviour Circadian rhythms of birds are well characterized on a behavioural level (Cassone and Kumar 2022; Helm 2020). Diel activity patterns in songbirds are generally robust, with the great majority of species being diurnally active (Daan and Aschoff 1975). Rhythmicity persists under constant conditions with well-described response features of the free-running circadian period length (Aschoff 1979; Cassone 2014; Kumar et al. 2004). Avian circadian rhythms readily entrain to photic Zeitgebers (i.e., synchronizing cues), including to changes in spectral composition (Pohl 1999), but alternative entrainment e.g., through phased melatonin (Heigl and Gwinner 1994), food (Hau and Gwinner 1997) or social cues (Menaker and Eskin 1966), is also possible. Diel rhythmicity is less robust in some other avian groups, for example anatids (ducks, geese and swans) that can also be active at night, and charadriiforms, whose activity patterns may reflect tidal rhythms and are flexibly adjusted during the breeding season (Helm et al. 2012; Bulla et al. 2016). Accordingly, some features of the circadian system differ starkly between taxa and ecological niches. For example, the circadian system of songbirds is generally strongly self-sustained, as illustrated by weakly resetting (type-1) phase responses of European starlings (Sturnus vulgaris; (King et al. 1997)). In contrast, Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica) had a weakly self-sustained circadian system, as exemplified by their strongly resetting (type-0) phase response curve (King et al. 1997). Nonetheless, even in migratory songbirds, diel behaviour can be labile, as detailed above. Modified rhythmicity gives clues to the diel architecture of the circadian system. In songbirds, circadian rhythms consist of multiple components that can be experimentally dissociated. For example, starlings continued to show rhythmic feeding activity even under bright constant light, whereas their locomotor activity became arhythmic (Gänshirt et al. 1984). These findings were interpreted as arising from two endogenous circadian oscillators that independently control rhythms in locomotor activity and feeding. Similarly, testosterone in starlings induced splitting of the free-running activity rhythm into two components that continued to run with different period lengths, again indicative of multiple underlying oscillators (Gwinner 1974). A multiple-oscillator system appears to also underlie the seasonal nocturnality of migrants. As illustrated for Zugunruhe in Fig. , an activity component appears to dissociate from diurnality to become migratory restlessness. Under entrained conditions, these two components tend to stabilize in antiphase to each other (Bartell and Gwinner 2005). However, under constant conditions or after weak entrainment, both activity components free-run with distinct period lengths in several study species. In all cases, the period length of migratory restlessness was longer, so that rhythms sometimes crossed (Fig. ) (Bartell and Gwinner 2005; Kumar et al. 2006). Because of the demonstrated food-dependent switch to migratory restlessness, links of Zugunruhe to metabolic pathways have been proposed (Bartell and Gwinner 2005). Circadian time-keeping: physiology The core set-up of the avian circadian system is relatively well explored (Fig. ; for overviews, see (Kumar et al. 2019; Cassone 2014; Helm 2020)). Briefly, in contrast to mammals, light input pathways to the circadian system in songbirds do not require ocular input. Based on conclusive experiments led by Mike Menaker, light input to the pineal gland, which in birds is located on top of the brain (Fig. ), is sufficient to entrain the circadian clock (Menaker and Underwood 1976). However, light input can also reach the circadian system via deep-brain photoreceptors or indirectly via the retinohypothalamic tract to the SCN (suprachiasmatic nucleus). A third main light input pathway via the retina is important in columbids (pigeons) and galliforms (quail, chicken and landfowl; (Cassone et al. 2017)). Remarkably and in further contrast to mammals, the avian pineal, SCN and retina can all function as pacemakers in their own right (Ma et al. 2019; Natesan et al. 2002). For example, the avian pineal is a miniature clock system that combines light receptors, self-sustained oscillators, and output pathways through production of melatonin (Helm 2020). The pacemaker structures communicate with each other through endocrine and neural pathways, and jointly function as a multiple photoreceptor–pacemaker system (Menaker and Underwood 1976). Through interactions, especially via melatonin and norepinephrine, they amplify each other and increase the circadian amplitude in what has been described as internal resonance through a neuroendocrine loop (Cassone et al. 2017). Yet the respective contributions of the different components differ between species. The multi-pacemaker system of birds with its many levels of regulation might facilitate the adjustment of diel rhythms, including rapid seasonal shifts to nocturnality during migration. The hormone melatonin with its typical peak in darkness has a key systemic role in the circadian organization of most bird species (Helm et al. 2023), shown for example by its ability to synchronize circadian rhythms via phased oral intake (Heigl and Gwinner 1994). Yet variation in nocturnal melatonin amplitude indicates species-specific tuning. For example, whereas songbirds typically have pronounced melatonin rhythms, amplitudes are very low in charadriiforms (Helm et al. 2012). For migratory songbirds that adopt temporary nocturnality, links between melatonin and Zugunruhe have been demonstrated. During migration seasons, the melatonin amplitude is temporarily damped, and experimentally applied melatonin in turn reduces spring migratory restlessness (Fusani et al. 2013). Other hormones widely implicated in circadian organization include glucocorticoids (Helfrich-Förster 2017; Caratti et al. 2018). Corticosterone, the main glucocorticoid in birds, also fluctuates on diel and annual timescales (Rich and Romero 2001), but its circadian functions are not well understood. In avian migrants, changes in the diel profile and amplitude of circulating corticosterone levels have been linked to migration (reviewed in (Bauer and Watts 2021)). Relationships between corticosterone and migration were not always consistent, but in several species, peaking corticosterone levels predicted migratory departure in wild birds and migratory restlessness in captive birds (Eikenaar et al. 2014). Furthermore, corticosterone was elevated when internal conditions (i.e., fuel stores) and environmental conditions (e.g., wind) were suitable for migration (Eikenaar et al. 2018). Thus, corticosterone may contribute to the fine-tuning of migration timing through mediating departure decisions based on external and internal cues (Eikenaar et al. 2018; Bauer and Watts 2021; Landys et al. 2004). Circadian time-keeping: molecular mechanisms Molecular mechanisms of circadian timing in birds are only partly explored (reviewed in Cassone 2014; Helm 2020; Kumar et al. 2019). Given the broadly conserved features of the circadian system across taxa, it is common to adopt characterisations of gene function that are heavily biased towards mammalian annotation (Bossu et al. 2022). Generally, where studied in detail, gene homologies, circadian expression dynamics, and structure of resulting proteins indicate that avian molecular functions are indeed often similar to those in mammals (e.g., core clock loop and photoperiodism; Nakane and Yoshimura 2010; Yasuo et al. 2003)). Briefly, the avian circadian system works through negative feed-back loops. These include transcription–translation feed-back loops of primary clock genes, whose gene products temporarily suppress their own transcription (mostly period genes, per; cryptochromes, cry; bmal1 (arntl1), and clock / npas2 (mop4) (name followed by aliases). These feed-back loops have a positive and a negative (suppressing) arm and are similar in birds and mammals (Fig. ; for abbreviations, see Table S1) (Cassone and Kumar 2022). The positive arm (Fig. , green) involves the transcription factors bmal1 and clock / npas2. These transcription factors enter the nucleus and activate several genes whose promoters contain enhancer boxes (Ebox, a DNA response element) to which they bind. Period (per2,3) and cryptochrome genes (cry1,2,4) are activated by the bmal1-clock complex, initiating the negative arm of the core clock loop (Fig. , red). Their gene products form cry-per heterodimers in the cytoplasm which in the nucleus interfere with the bmal1-clock complex, thus repressing their own transcription. As in mammals, casein kinases (ckδ,ε) modulate the posttranslational degradation of per through phosphorylation and thereby influence the dynamics of the core loop. Further clock genes contribute sometimes alternatively, such as dec genes (BHLHE40, BHLHE41), or only in some tissues, such as nfil3 (e4bp4)), which represses per activity in the Pars tuberalis of the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland (Yasuo et al. 2003; Natesan et al. 2002; Laine et al. 2019). Like mammals, birds have further interlocked feed-back loops that integrate the circadian system with other important physiological pathways (Fig. ). One main loop links the circadian and metabolic system through metabolic sensors ror (rorα,β (NR1F1,2)) and reverb (nr1d1,2 (reverbα,β)), whose transcription is activated by the bmal1-clock complex. Rors have been characterized as lipid sensors and activate bmal1 expression (Peek et al. 2012). Conversely, reverbs, which together with heme regulate gluconeogenesis and energy metabolism, suppress bmal1 expression (Yin et al. 2007). Both sensors act competitively on bmal1 via ror response elements (RORE) (Kumar et al. 2019; Peek et al. 2012). Top1 (topo1) is thought to modulate the relative impact of reverb and ror action (Onishi and Kawano 2012). Another interlocking loop is thought to link the circadian system to stress responses, involving ciart (chrono) (Hatanaka and Takumi 2017) (Fig. ). Additionally, interactions of the circadian system with glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid receptors (nr3c1 (gr), nr3c2 (mr)) suggest further links to stress response systems (Helfrich-Förster 2017). Ambient temperature additionally modulates circadian rhythms via transient receptor potential channels (TRP-channels) which are sensors, typically on the body surface, for ambient temperature and pain (Caro et al. 2013). and via heat-shock-factors (transcriptional regulators of genes for stress proteins) (Hirota and Fukada 2016; Reimúndez et al. 2023; Laine et al. 2019). These molecules have been associated with migration by changes in clock gene expression in central and peripheral tissues (Sur et al. 2020; Sharma et al. 2018). The cycling and phasing of the clock gene variants can differ between species, between tissues within individuals and also between migratory and non-migratory phases within a species (Singh et al. 2015; Mishra et al. 2018; Renthlei et al. 2019; Horton et al. 2019). Epigenetic modifications might also play a role, as suggested by possible effects of methylation of clock on migration timing, but this area is poorly explored in studies of avian migration (Singh et al. 2019; Saino et al. 2017). How the avian circadian system is entrained to or reset by light is also largely unclear (Fig. ). Avian light input pathways use opsins that are expressed in circadian centres and widely in the brain and associated structures (OPNs1-5; Table S1), as well as the photopigments pinopsin (pineal) and vertebrate ancient opsin (VA; pre-optic area). Some of these photopigments may be specialized on photoperiodic input to annual time-keeping (Rios et al. 2019; Cassone 2014). It is possible that photic input to the circadian clock uses similar molecular pathways as in mammals (Meijer and Schwartz 2003). In the mammalian SCN, this involves activation of the mediator creb1 through its phosphorylation along MAPK signalling pathways within minutes after light exposure. Creb1 then binds to cAMP response elements (CRE) and thereby activates core clock and immediate early genes (e.g., per, fos; (Brenna et al. 2021; Mishra et al. 2018; Natesan et al. 2002)). In birds, a further candidate pathway for light entrainment of the molecular clock is via melatonin (Cassone and Kumar 2022). The rhythmicity of melatonin biosynthesis derives from the enzyme aa-nat, whose activity is regulated by cry-per and bmal1-clock complexes and by the sympathetic nervous system (Chong et al. 2000; Klein et al. 1997; Natesan et al. 2002). Melatonin in turn increases bmal1 transcription (Beker et al. 2019). Melatonin can be highly responsive to light, with rapid degradation after exposure (Klein et al. 1997), but also with induction shown in response to light of specific wavelengths (Ma et al. 2019). This pathway could be particularly relevant in birds, given melatonin’s role for internal resonance between avian pacemakers (Kumar et al. 2004; Cassone et al. 2017). Finally, some cryptochromes are (cry4), or may be (cry2), photosensitive in birds, with putative roles in magnetoreception and possible circadian links (Balay et al. 2020; Xu et al. 2021; Langebrake et al. 2023). Annual time-keeping: behaviour A circannual basis to migration programmes is documented in various species (Gwinner 1986; Karagicheva et al. 2018). However, demonstrating robust endogenous circannual rhythms, i.e., those that persist under constant conditions with nearly annual period length, is difficult because it requires maintaining birds individually for over a year indoors (Gwinner 1986). The permissive conditions, i.e., the light regimes under which a given species expresses circannual rhythms, vary widely among species. Some species only show cycles under a narrow range of photoperiods and otherwise get locked in one life-cycle stage, e.g., reproductive activation, others have weakly self-sustained circannual rhythms that require an environmental stimulus to complete a full cycle. Yet others have robust rhythms under a broad range of constant photoperiods including continuous dim light (e.g., Holberton and Able 1992; Wingfield 1993; Gwinner 1986). The degree of robustness and specifics of the permissive conditions are related to the migratory behaviour of a species. Generally, species with long-distance migrations express particularly robust circannual rhythms that persist under a wider range of photoperiods (Gwinner 1996b). Studies of robust circannual rhythms give important cues to the underlying rhythmic organization. Rhythms can persist for over 10 years with period lengths that are mostly shorter than 1 year in songbirds (ca. 10 months), but longer than 1 year in waders (ca. 14 months (Karagicheva et al. 2018)). Circannual rhythms can be expressed from hatching, as shown for birds that hatched under constant photoperiod and developed full rhythmicity (Gwinner 1996b). Intriguingly, circannual studies showed that avian annual cycles are composed of modular processes that sometimes dissociate. For example, in some studies, moult continued to be rhythmic even if reproductive condition got locked in one state. Studies also showed that such distinct processes can cycle with different period lengths so that phase relationships progressively change (Karagicheva et al. 2016). In some songbirds, for example, postbreeding moult came to fully overlap with, or even precede, reproductive activation (Gwinner 1986). Circannual rhythms of birds entrain readily to photoperiodic cycles. For example, starlings can be entrained to up to 12 cycles per year (Gwinner 1986). In some species, entrainment is possible even to low-amplitude photoperiodic cycles or to other photic cues, such as cycles in sunrise time or in light intensity under otherwise constant 12 h days (Gwinner and Scheuerlein 1998; Goymann et al. 2012). However, responses to the Zeitgeber are phase-specific, so that for example long-day stimuli in subjective autumn of high-latitude species delay the cycle, whereas the same stimuli in subjective spring advance it (Gwinner 1996b; Helm et al. 2009). Phase-specific responses, including unresponsive phases during the subjective winter, had been postulated on theoretical grounds to prevent migratory birds from initiating breeding on winter grounds during the austral summer (Gwinner 1996b; Hamner and Stocking 1970), and were subsequently experimentally demonstrated (Gwinner et al. 1988a). While studies under constant conditions laid out the principles underlying migration programmes, studies under annually changing photoperiods are more directly applicable to natural behaviour. Common garden experiments under controlled conditions allow for some disentangling of genetic programmes and behavioural flexibility (van Noordwijk et al. 2006; Ketterson et al. 2015). In several species, differences in migration between closely related taxa that are observed in the field persisted in captivity. Figure illustrates such differences for Stonechats from a long-distance Siberian population (Saxicola maurus) and a short distances population in Europe (Saxicola torquata) (Van Doren et al. 2017). Both taxa showed clear migratory restlessness across the annual cycle, but levels were much higher in Siberian than European stonechats. Both populations also differed in timing, whereby the Siberian stonechats initiated post-breeding migration earlier, and pre-breeding migration later in the year, compared to European stonechats. These differences closely mirror the behaviour of the two taxa in the field. Moreover, F1 hybrids of the populations that were bred in captivity showed intermediate patterns (Van Doren et al. 2017). Assessment of tracking data generally converged with captivity results in concluding that migration timing is partly genetically determined. Migration phenology within populations and even within individuals is often highly repeatable across years, whereas different populations often exhibit distinct timing patterns (Kürten et al. 2022; Franklin et al. 2022; Ketterson et al. 2015). Population-specific patterns are illustrated in Fig. covering the full annual cycle for two populations of Collared flycatchers (Ficedula albicollis) (Briedis et al. 2016). The populations breed ca. 6° of latitude (ca. 800 km) apart, in Sweden and the Czech Republic, but their trans-equatorial wintering areas fully overlap. Nonetheless, seasonal timing of both populations differs year-around. As expected for their more northerly breeding sites, the Swedish birds arrived later in spring than the Czech birds, and this phase advance persisted throughout the year, albeit to varying magnitude. Since birds from both populations experienced identical daylengths during most of the winter, it is likely that they reset their annual cycle during migration or breeding. Alternatively, or in addition, distinctly timed populations may have evolved specific photoperiodic responses (Singh et al. 2021; Helm et al. 2009). Experimental studies on stonechats detailed phase-specific use of photoperiodic information under naturally changing photoperiods (Fig. ). Specifically, captive European stonechats were highly sensitive to subtle changes in daylength during the spring migration phase (Helm and Gwinner 2005). When the increase of spring daylength was temporarily slowed down during this sensitive window (simulating a slower route), the birds rapidly extended migratory restlessness. Although daylength of both groups was identical from the early breeding season onwards, the slow-route birds maintained a persistent delay of their annual cycle events. These “spring delayed” birds also delayed regression of the reproductive system, as well as initiation and completion of moult. The stonechats thus used spring photoperiod to entrain their circannual rhythm at a time when their reproductive system was already well developed (Fig. ; (Helm and Gwinner 2005)). Comparative studies of Siberian and European stonechats furthermore showed that the populations differed in their response to simultaneously applied photoperiodic cues, presumably because they were in different phases of their annual cycles (Helm et al. 2009; Singh et al. 2021). Annual time-keeping: physiological and molecular mechanisms The anatomical structures that generate and orchestrate circannual rhythms are still poorly understood. In mammals, the Pars tuberalis has been described by Lincoln and colleagues as a circannual pacemaker that regulates rhythms of secretion of prolactin, and thereby cycles of pelage moult (Lincoln et al. 2006). This pacemaker involves interactions between local prolactin-secreting cells and timer cells that receive and convey the systemic, melatonin-based daylength signal. Based on these findings, Lincoln proposed more generally that circannual rhythms are generated through interactions of tissue-based, epigenetically modulated, pacemakers with coordinating systemic signals that integrate and convey timing cues (Lincoln 2019). In birds, the pituitary and nearby regions of the hypothalamus are also implicated in annual timing (Fig. ). However, within-tissue circannual time-keeping has not been shown in birds, and unlike in mammals, melatonin plays no central role in avian annual organization (Cassone and Yoshimura 2022). Circannual rhythms in various physiological processes continued also in pineal-ectomized birds, even when diel rhythmicity was abolished (Kumar et al. 2019). Since circannual processes can dissociate within individuals, e.g., between reproductive and moult cycles, it seems plausible that Lincoln’s principal model also applies to birds (Lincoln 2019). In birds, photoperiodic information is received directly by hypothalamic deep-brain photoreceptors (Fig. ). Avian and mammalian photoperiodic pathways converge in thyroid activation. Stimulating photoperiods trigger cascading effects, involving a population of ependymal cells, tanycytes, that line the 3rd ventricle and synthesize compounds of the thyroid hormone and retinoic acid pathways (Yoshimura et al. 2003; Nakane and Yoshimura 2010; Kuenzel et al. 2015; Helfer et al. 2019). Thyroid signalling activates reproductive pathways via the hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal (HPG)-axis, whereas for avian migration, evidence for a regulatory role of thyroid pathways is so far weak (Ramenofsky 2011; Pérez et al. 2016). Along the HPG-axis, hypothalamic neurons release gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) that stimulates the secretion of LH and FSH from the pituitary gland (Fig. ), leading to production of gonadal hormones (Visser et al. 2010; Cassone and Yoshimura 2022; Chmura et al. 2022). In migratory garden warblers, however, changes in GnRH and downstream processes did not require photoperiodic stimulation. Instead, these processes occurred spontaneously under constant photoperiod at approximately the right time of year, revealing underlying circannual mechanisms (Bluhm et al. 1991). Photoperiod affects annual cycles also via parallel signalling of the retinoic acid (vitamin A) pathway that links to nutrient-sensing, energy balance and immune pathways (Helfer et al. 2019). Recently, an important role of retinoids has been elaborated also in the brain, including for circadian light responses (Natesan et al. 2002), and for neurogenesis and neuroplasticity in the eyes, hippocampus and hypothalamus (Ransom et al. 2014). The availability of fuel, an important component of the decision of birds to initiate migratory flights, or, conversely, to build further energy reserves for example during stopover (Goymann et al. 2010), appears to be assessed in the hypothalamus (arcuate nucleus, or infundibular region) (Stevenson and Kumar 2017; Watts et al. 2018). Several hormones are involved in the regulation of fuel storage, for example through hyperphagia, in particular Neuropeptide Y (NPY). Annual-cycle timing is also sensitive to ambient temperature cues, which likely are transduced via TRP channels (McKechnie 2022; Caro et al. 2013). Temperature information is processed in the preoptic area of the hypothalamus, which is photoreceptive, and can also trigger thyroid action (Fig. ). Temperature-sensitivity has been widely documented for avian migration, based on evidence from field and captivity studies (Sur et al. 2020; Chmura et al. 2022). Stress responses, regulated through the hypothalamus, can also modify annual timing (Wingfield 2012). Corticosterone levels of birds change over the annual cycle and have been implicated in the control of migration (Bauer and Watts 2021; Eikenaar et al. 2018; Landys et al. 2004). All these pathways are also modulated by, and interact with, the circadian system. Still, the anatomical substrates that underlie and integrate the contributing pathways are far from clear. A key integration site appears to be the hypothalamus (Cassone and Yoshimura 2022; Chmura et al. 2022; Mishra et al. 2018; Watts et al. 2018). Stevenson and Kumar (Stevenson and Kumar 2017) speculated that the anatomical organization of migratory timing involves the circadian pacemakers, the medio-basal hypothalamus, the dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus (DMH) and the adjacent infundibular region (IR, arcuate nucleus). In this model, the DMH, IR, and pre-optic area are central for integrating energy balance. The anatomical organization also includes a forebrain area involved in magnetic compass orientation whose activation correlates with Zugunruhe, Cluster N (Fig. ) (Brodbeck et al. 2023). Jointly, these structures might form the substrate for the integrated spatio-temporal programme of migratory birds (Stevenson and Kumar 2017). Molecular details of annual timing mechanisms in birds remain largely unclear but are inferred through two approaches. First, knowledge of involved pathways is used to generate lists of candidates that have been functionally described or tested mainly in mammals. Variation in these candidate molecules is studied correlatively by comparing taxa that differ in migration or annual-cycle timing. They are also sometimes experimentally tested, e.g., by quantifying expression levels at contrasting time-points, such as during or outside migration seasons (Mishra et al. 2018; Singh et al. 2015). A second, untargeted, approach aims to identify genes or regulatory pathways de novo by comparing genetic variation (Single-Nucleotide Polymorphisms, SNPs) between populations exhibiting different migratory strategies (e.g., migrants versus residents, different phenologies or routes (Delmore Kira et al. 2016; Bossu et al. 2022; de Greef et al. 2023; Lundberg et al. 2017)). Interpreting results from untargeted approaches in a functional context can be facilitated by charactersing differential expression patterns in focal tissues at contrasting phases of the annual cycle (Boss et al. 2016; Johnston et al. 2016; Horton et al. 2019; Frias-Soler et al. 2020; Franchini et al. 2017). Genes that are differentially expressed form a rapidly growing list of candidates for deciphering the regulatory machinery underlying migration. These genes point to key signalling pathways, involving the metabolic, circadian and stress systems (overview in Fig. ), as well as neurodevelopment, immune pathways, and memory and learning. A recent list has been compiled by (Bossu et al. 2022; Lugo Ramos et al. 2017). Perhaps unsurprisingly given the many knobs and bolts of time-keeping systems, results from various bird systems were mostly mixed and identified different targets of selection. However, there was some convergence in molecules identified by candidate and untargeted approaches, involving the key pathways described above. Main examples include the core clock loop (clock and npas2), genes related to photic input pathways (e.g., creb1, adcyap1, phlpp1), and genes associated with nutritional sensors (e.g., top1) ( (Bossu et al. 2022; Le Clercq et al. 2023; Lugo Ramos et al. 2017) and review therein). Challenges and responses in a changing world Global environments are changing at ever faster rates, and many changes have a strong temporal component. Avian migrants are particularly susceptible to such changes, because they depend on the conditions at multiple places that are separated by time and space. Successful migration requires integrated interaction with environments over several spatio-temporal stages. Each stage is sensitive to changes that may be poorly correlated over space and time, so that simple adjustments of migration may often not suffice (Vickery et al. 2023; Newton 2008). Migratory species are thus facing major threats and are broadly declining (Wilcove 2008; Bairlein 2016). For example, long-distance migrants show limited scope for advancing phenology and suffer particularly negative population trends (Howard et al. 2020; Usui et al. 2017; Vickery et al. 2023; Youngflesh et al. 2021). In a demographic analysis of long-distance migrants, a close association between warmer springs on the Czech breeding grounds and reduced breeding productivity explained a large proportion of inter-annual demographic variation (Telenský et al. 2020). An association between phenology and population trends was shown in detail for one species, the Pied flycatcher (Ficedula hypoleuca) (see below, (Both et al. 2006)). Above, we have shown that findings from studies in the wild, captive experiments and molecular analyses all converged on identifying an inherited basis to migration. Migratory traits that strongly rely on innate genetic programmes may thus be limited in flexibility, requiring evolutionary adjustments for tracking environmental change. Such change can initially occur rapidly through adaptive evolution (Bonnet et al. 2022), whereby standing genetic variation provides a basis for adjustment through natural selection (Helm et al. 2019; Van Doren et al. 2021; Delmore et al. 2020). Conversely, evolutionary adjustments that require de novo mutations might be much slower. We also showed ample phenotypic plasticity that is partly regulated through migration programmes, for example in response to food availability or geomagnetic cues (Åkesson and Helm 2020). Such plasticity may facilitate direct responses to changing environments, up to a point when underlying reaction norms themselves need to change (van Noordwijk et al. 2006; Nussey et al. 2005). Additional behavioural flexibility, for example via social transmission, can also modify speed of adjustment (e.g., (Madsen et al. 2023)). Overall, migration strategies display an astounding spectrum of variation. At one extreme is high conservatism, for example in migratory populations that have fixed schedules (Both and Visser 2001) or adhere to evolved routes, even when they imply enormous detours (Kürten et al. 2022; Bairlein et al. 2012). A striking example are Northern wheatear populations that breed in Alaska and migrate more than 14,000 km each way to sub-Saharan winter quarters in Africa, rather than overwintering in the neotropics (Bairlein et al. 2012). At the other extreme are fast and sometimes fundamental adjustments of migration, for example by swallows and geese (Areta et al. 2021; Madsen et al. 2023). This diversity may be partly due to different behavioural contexts and environmental sensitivities (Newton 2008; Youngflesh et al. 2021; Hardesty-Moore et al. 2018), and partly due to evolutionary constraints and genomic architecture (Taylor and Friesen 2017; Lundberg et al. 2023). Historically, migrations have shown major evolutionary changes, for example in step with glaciation cycles that starkly altered spatio-temporal conditions (Thorup et al. 2021). Thus, whereas the machinery underlying main migration features, such as timing and navigation, is probably ancient, many current forms of migration have appeared since the last glacial maximum (Liedvogel et al. 2011; Rappole et al. 2003). Over evolutionary time, adjustments of ancient features have thereby facilitated a wide diversity of bird migrations, but the current rate of environmental change may push the dynamic features of migration programmes to the limit (Radchuk et al. 2019). Below, we summarize factors that contribute to altered or disrupted timing, either on their own or in interaction. Environmental changes affect timing A primary challenge for organisms is global warming, which progresses at ever faster rate and affects timing of wild organisms (IPCC 2023). Direct temporal effects include altered environmental seasonality and phenology (e.g., modified temperature and precipitation patterns). These effects can be amplified by different phenological responses among species and trophic levels, and can be complex due to spatial heterogeneity (e.g., different regions warm at different rates) and temporal heterogeneity (e.g., warming is stronger in some parts of the year) (Thackeray et al. 2010; IPCC 2023). The increasing variation in climate, such as intensity and frequency of temperature and precipitation extremes, adds further risks (Ummenhofer and Meehl 2017). For example, organisms that steadily advance spring phenology may fall victim to sporadic severe cold weather events (Brown and Bomberger Brown 2000; Shipley et al. 2020); for a tree example, see Fig. S2). These challenges are exacerbated for migratory birds that need to time their journeys to predicted conditions at multiple places across the annual cycle (Zurell et al. 2018). However, global warming currently also opens new opportunities, such as milder winters that allow birds to remain closer to the breeding grounds. Shortened migration routes in turn enable earlier spring return and greater predictability of conditions on the breeding grounds (Van Doren et al. 2021; Youngflesh et al. 2021; Visser et al. 2009). A second temporal challenge to migratory birds arising through environmental change is artificial light at night (ALAN). Light pollution increases globally at ever faster rates (Kyba et al. 2017). It can have severe consequences for timing, orientation and navigation capabilities, of nocturnal migrant species. ALAN can affect migrants during breeding, at non-breeding sites and en route (Cabrera-Cruz et al. 2018). While the greatest immediate risk to birds may be disrupted orientation, the exquisite light sensitivity of their circadian and circannual systems also provides pathways for mistiming and disruption of migration programmes (Kumar et al. 2021). ALAN-induced migration phenology changes have recently been reported also in wild birds (Bani Assadi et al. 2022; Smith et al. 2021). Land-use changes can also have temporal dimensions and may thereby alter the fitness consequences of inherited migration programmes. Examples are landfills which offer food year-round and thereby counteract characteristics of migration of White storks (Ciconia ciconia) (Flack et al. 2016) and increased breeding opportunities which were suspected to invert the annual cycle of swallows (see below (Helm and Muheim 2021)). Similarly, extending the size of barriers crossed on migration such as the Sahara desert is likely to slow migration due to the need for additional stop-overs (Goymann et al. 2010). Land-use change can, however, also open new opportunities, e.g., by creating novel breeding range for migratory species (Winkler et al. 2017; Areta et al. 2021). Finally, various other forms of pollution (e.g. chemical, noise) may have implications for timing of migratory birds, but we currently lack detailed mechanistic knowledge for proper assessment. Delayed timing of migrants has been reported to result from neonicotinoid exposure, which in turn caused reduced fuelling and possibly disorientation (Eng et al. 2019). Impairment of migration programmes is also possible as neonicotinoids can disrupt circadian rhythms by interfering with nicotinic acetylcholine receptor signalling (Tasman et al. 2021). Birds are also exposed to particulate matter (PM2.5), which in mice causes circadian disruption, but no corresponding data exist for migratory birds (Palanivel et al. 2020). Below, we review some of the observed responses in greater detail, with a focus on global warming. This overview is necessarily biased towards species that show responses that can be plausibly linked to environmental change, such as adjustment of migration route or timing (Radchuk et al. 2019). Species with limited response potential may only show negative population trends, while being most vulnerable to environmental change (Telenský et al. 2020). Phenology changes due to global warming Global warming, and associated changing environmental seasonality, have reportedly modified the timing of all avian life-cycle stages, including breeding, moult and migration (Hanmer et al. 2022; Lameris et al. 2018; Visser et al. 2004; Horton et al. 2020; Bussière et al. 2015; Jenni and Kéry 2003). These responses have been best documented for reproductive timing, where the rapidly advancing environmental phenology was nonetheless difficult for birds to match. Birds bred earlier, but their advancement was insufficient for tracking plant and invertebrate phenology, leading to mismatches with potentially detrimental consequences such as reduced breeding productivity (Visser et al. 2004; Samplonius et al. 2021; Radchuk et al. 2019). While such mismatches affected even resident species, avian migrants were hypothesized to suffer greater mismatches given their strong programming. Support for this idea came from data on Pied flycatchers whose lay dates were constrained by arrival date (Both and Visser 2001). Since birds hardly advanced arrival date, they advanced lay date only by reducing the interval between arrival and laying, a short phase that migratory birds usually use to build breeding resources. Both and Visser showed that compared to ecologically similar resident species, Pied flycatchers progressively fell behind schedule. They also demonstrated that in areas where spring had advanced the most, flycatcher population trends were particularly negative (Both et al. 2006). Extrapolating these findings from a single species is speculative since various factors can affect vulnerability of a species (Hardesty-Moore et al. 2018). However, several lines of argument support a broader pattern. Thus, most long-distance migrants show limited advancement of spring activities and heightened population declines (Vickery et al. 2023; Howard et al. 2020; Usui et al. 2017; Youngflesh et al. 2021). Furthermore, warmer springs have been reported to correlate with low breeding productivity of long-distance migrants (Telenský et al. 2020), and in several avian species, a strong selection gradient favouring early breeding has been shown (Radchuk et al. 2019). Still, several studies suggest that in some species migration programmes have recently evolved (Able and Belthoff 1998; Delmore et al. 2020), including in aspects of timing (Bearhop et al. 2005; Moiron et al. 2023; Brown and Bomberger Brown 2000). These changes support the captivity evidence of high microevolutionary potential of migration-related behaviour. A recent study on Pied flycatchers has linked captivity evidence of a migration programme with the birds’ phenology in the wild (Helm et al. 2019). Migration programmes of flycatchers in full annual-cycle context had been studied in captivity by Gwinner and colleagues in the 1980s (Gwinner 1989, 1996b). Since then, lay dates of free-living flycatchers had advanced considerably, including in southern Germany from where the captive birds originated, and where citizen scientists have continuously monitored flycatchers since the 1970s (Fig. ; Both and Visser 2001; Helm et al. 2019)). Hence, a replication of the original captive study offered a unique opportunity to test whether changes in the wild were driven by modifications in the migration programme as studied in captivity. In a common garden experiment through time, nestlings from the same natal sites as in 1981 were collected in 2002, hand-raised, and their annual cycles studied under conditions that closely mimicked the original experiment (Helm et al. 2019). The study showed that over 21 years, the flycatchers had indeed modified annual-cycle timing in captivity, but selectively so. Autumn and early winter activities were slightly delayed or unchanged, in line with evidence for far less systematic changes of migration phenology in autumn compared to spring (Jenni and Kéry 2003). In contrast, the flycatchers’ activities in late winter and spring were substantially advanced, as predicted based on field evidence for earlier laying. Spring activities in captive birds were advanced by ca. 9 days, whereas free-living conspecifics had advanced laying over the same interval by ca. 11 days (Fig. (Helm et al. 2019)). The data suggest that a large part of the flycatchers’ spring advance was due to changes in the migration programme. The study also indicates that the birds can separately modify specific phases of the annual cycle, as opposed to phase-shifting the entire cycle (Tomotani et al. 2018). Such an ability, which fits findings of modular organization of avian annual cycles, could facilitate adjustments to space- and time-specific changes in climate (IPCC 2023). The magnitude of inferred evolutionary change in flycatchers (9 days over 21 years) is high, also compared to data from some other species (Moiron et al. 2023). A possible explanation is the potential of timing to function as a “magic trait” (i.e., a trait that also causes assortative mating Taylor and Friesen 2017; Ketterson et al. 2015)), and thereby accelerate evolutionary change (Bearhop et al. 2005). Such rapid change would require substantial standing genetic variation for timing. High standing variation has recently been demonstrated in at least two species, American kestrel (Falco sparverius (Bossu et al. 2022) and Purple martin (Progne subis; (de Greef et al. 2023)), where variation in genes explained 33% and 74% of phenotypic variation, respectively. Figure shows that focal genes in kestrels predicted phenological differences of similar magnitude as the spring advancement of flycatchers. Populations with such high levels of variation in timing are expected to be relatively robust in face of environmental changes (Bossu et al. 2022). Altered spatio-temporal migration features Alternatively, or in addition to, phenological adjustment, migratory birds respond to changes in seasonality and other environmental factors at breeding and non-breeding sites by spatial adjustments. Thus, poleward shifts of breeding and wintering ranges, as well as altered routes, have all been reported. Such spatial arrangements can have pronounced effects on timing. For example, shortened routes enabled by milder winters require less time for migration and may thereby advance subsequent life-cycle stages (Bearhop et al. 2005). Conversely, poleward shifts of breeding ranges but static wintering ranges are extending migration routes, with expected costs in time and energy (Gómez et al. 2021; Zurell et al. 2018). From a perspective of chronobiology, spatial re-arrangements are also expected to interact with timing mechanisms (Huffeldt 2020). Latitudinal shifts of breeding and non-breeding ranges can increase or decrease daylength experienced by birds at a given time of year depending on their location (Sockman and Hurlbert 2020). How birds will respond to such changes will depend on their phase-specific sensitivity to photoperiod, and is thus difficult to generalize (Fig. ; Helm et al. 2009; Gwinner 1996b)). Among the most extreme spatio-temporal shifts of migration were trans-hemispheric inversions. Apparently facilitated by landuse change and novel anthropogenic nesting opportunities, some individuals of the North American-breeding swallow species started breeding in their South American non-breeding range (Winkler et al. 2017; Areta et al. 2021). Remarkably, the birds kept their annual cycle intact and appeared to achieve the complete reversal in time and direction solely via re-entrainment (Helm and Muheim 2021). Rather than becoming resident, they continued their migrations, but with reversed direction, to now travel northward after breeding (Winkler et al. 2017; Areta et al. 2021). Modelling indicated that the migration programme can fully explain the birds’ spatial behaviour without need for genetic change (Fig. S3). On their North–South migratory route, with a magnetic inclination compass that is blind to polarity, hemisphere-switching swallows following the migration programme would continue to navigate between breeding and non-breeding grounds. All that is required is for the swallows to stay long enough at the non-breeding grounds to entrain their migration programme to the southern hemisphere (Helm and Muheim 2021). Being gregarious birds, it is possible that social transmission from conspecifics and closely related species aided the process. Social transmission was recently proposed to be the key driver of novel migration behaviour in another gregarious species, the Pink-footed goose (Anser brachyrhynchus) (Madsen et al. 2023). Large-scale shifts in migration behaviour have also been observed across longitudes. In several central Asian-breeding species, some individuals are newly spending the non-breeding phase in central Europe, rather than at their traditional wintering grounds in Southeast Asia (Dufour et al. 2022, 2021). For example, the formerly vagrant Richard’s pipit (Anthus richardi) is now a regular winter visitor to France, as evidenced by inter-annual return of marked individuals, and by tracks of birds that bred in Siberia between winter visits to Europe (Dufour et al. 2021). For Richard’s pipit, this new migration route, putatively enabled by mild winters, almost doubles the migration distance and shifts migration direction from south to west. Pipits using the new route thus experience photoperiods similar to those of the breeding grounds around the year. Compared to the original southeast Asian winter grounds, they experience shorter daylength in winter, but longer, and potentially stimulating daylength during the pre-breeding phase after the equinox (Fig. ; (Dufour et al. 2021)). Similar trends are observed in another Asian-breeding songbird, the Yellow‑browed warbler (Phylloscopus inornatus; (Dufour et al. 2022)). However, for both species there is insufficient information to assess whether genetic change is involved in altered migration, and whether the birds’ phenology has also shifted. Many species have shifted spatio-temporal migration features at smaller scales (Zurell et al. 2018). A textbook example that involved genetic change comes from Blackcaps, a species with a well-described migration programme (Berthold et al. 1992; Pulido and Berthold 2010). Central European-breeding populations used to spend the non-breeding season in the Iberian region, southwesterly of their breeding grounds. Since the 1960s, these birds increasingly spend their winters on the British Isles, westerly of the breeding grounds, probably due to combined effects of a milder climate and human food provisioning (Delmore et al. 2020; Van Doren et al. 2021; Bearhop et al. 2005). To test whether this new migratory divide had a genetic basis, Iberian and British-wintering Blackcaps were kept under common-garden conditions and tested in Emlen funnels for autumnal directional preference (Fig. ). Those wintering in Spain showed southwesterly preferences, whereas those wintering in Britain oriented westerly. Remarkably, their naive, captivity-bred offspring mirrored the parental preferences (Berthold et al. 1992; Helbig 1996). A follow-up study suggested that British-wintering Blackcaps returned earlier to the breeding grounds and mated assortatively (Bearhop et al. 2005). Since earlier breeding birds usually have higher reproductive success, behavioural mechanisms have apparently accelerated genetic change in migration. At present, the genetic basis underlying a broad range of migratory phenotypes in Blackcaps is being unravelled (Fig. ). First results indicate that several migration features map to a few genomic regions, which differ from those described in other species. However, possibly associated candidate genes that may be major regulators of migration include metabolic and circadian transcription factors, such as NPY (Watts et al. 2018)) and several clock genes (Table S1; Delmore et al. 2020; Mishra et al. 2018)). These data add to the emerging picture that variation in migration features can be achieved in multiple ways but often on converging physiological pathways. Conclusions and outlook For over a century, the daunting ability of avian migrants to navigate across time and space has fascinated chronobiologists, ecologists and behavioural biologists alike. Research on captive and free-living birds so far has provided intriguing answers, but how long-distance migrants know when and where to travel is still only partly resolved. Key questions include several the enigmas. It is still unclear how long-term rhythms underlying migration, on the scale of a year, are generated, and how they interact with circadian time-keeping. It is also unclear how the many processes revolving around migration and the remaining activities of the annual cycle are integrated, so that they all occur at suitable times and locations. During their migrations and over the timescale of a year, birds are faced with a wide range of environmental uncertainty. Migration programmes must offer flexibility for birds to accommodate environmental fluctuations, while canalizing behaviour so that target areas are reliably reached at the right time. Furthermore, migrations are often tailored to the specific ecologies of a population, implying that genetic, epigenetic and experiential processes must be in place that finely adjust migration programmes. Many adjustments will be achieved through molecular processes along the intertwined pathways that orchestrate avian migration. At present, we are only beginning to perceive the scope of physiological processes involved in successful migration. A better understanding of migration at physiological, behavioural and evolutionary levels is urgently needed. Migrants do not only perform some of the most fascinating behaviours, they are also under particular pressure in our rapidly changing world. Without a deeper understanding of underlying mechanisms, we have no explanations for widely disparate responses of birds to environmental change. We cannot explain why some species, such as Northern wheatears, choose conservative routes at the cost of enormous detours, and others, such as Richard’s pipits, rapidly develop completely novel migration programmes. Thus, we have no understanding of which species can succeed in the face of environmental change, and which species may decline towards extinction. Improving the knowledge basis will require integration on several levels (Fig. ). First, researchers with detailed physiological and molecular knowledge and those that study behaviour and ecology of free-living birds must reconnect. Genomic analyses of birds with known migratory phenotype, for example, produce lists of candidate genes, whose interpretation is beyond the capacity of most researchers that work in the wild. All too often, analyses focus on individual candidate genes, whose effects may be small and sometimes redundant within extensive functional networks. Moving towards network-based approaches will require substantial expertise. Furthermore, epigenetic modification has so far hardly been considered in migration studies, presumably due to missing expertise and tools. Chronobiologists, who by definition work on cross-cutting themes, are well-positioned to provide relevant expertise and facilitate future break-throughs in migration biology. Second, new technologies, such as advanced tracking methods that yield actograms, or radar observations, allow for more detailed knowledge of timing and environmental responsiveness in the wild. Ideally, these methods should be paired with collection of genetic information and progressively also apply experimental approaches. Experimental approaches will be necessary to move from correlative to causal evidence. Next to experimentation in the field, captivity studies under controlled conditions remain crucial for a mechanistic understanding. Third, long-term studies of free-living birds are key for deeper insights, given large-scale environmental fluctuations encountered by migratory birds. For example, changes in timing become evident only over long time spans and in standardised data series. If unified approaches comprising field and molecular aspects are applied, individual variation within well-described systems can give important cues to physiological, ecological and evolutionary mechanisms that shape avian migration. A growing, comparative basis of such systems, if thoroughly reviewed and integrated, will shed light on regulatory mechanisms that enable, or conversely constrain, appropriate adjustment of migration programmes in a changing world. Supplementary Information Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material. Acknowledgements We thank Benjamin Van Doren for insightful comments on earlier parts of this manuscript and for generating images. Martins Briedis, Christen Bossu, Edda Starck, Davide Dominoni, Rachel Muheim, Frederik Baumgarten, Paul Bartell and Corinna Langebrake contributed further picture materials. We also thank two greatly constructive anonymous referees for sharing their insights. We are grateful for support by the Max Planck Society (MPRG grant MFFALIMN0001 to ML), and the DFG (project Z02 and Nav05 within SFB 1372—Magnetoreception and Navigation in Vertebrates to ML). Author contributions BH wrote the manuscript text with contributions from ML. BH prepared figures 1-10, ML prepared figure 11. Both authors reviewed the manuscript. Funding Open access funding provided by Swiss Ornithological Institute. References Able KP, Belthoff JR. Rapid ‘evolution’ of migratory behaviour in the introduced house finch of eastern North America. 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4377	dbpedia	1	30	https://openjusticecourtofprotection.org/2023/09/15/anxious-scrutiny-or-boilerplate-evidence-on-transparency-orders/	en	Anxious scrutiny or boilerplate? Evidence on Transparency Orders	https://openjusticecourt…12897.jpg?w=1200	https://openjusticecourt…12897.jpg?w=1200	[ "https://openjusticecourtofprotection.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/final-logo-screengrab-small.jpg", "https://openjusticecourtofprotection.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/shutterstock_603812897.jpg?w=1568", "https://openjusticecourtofprotection.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/screenshot-2023-09-14-at-11.24.42.png?w=1000", "https://openjusticecourtofprotection.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/screenshot-2023-09-14-at-14.32.16.png?w=1024", "https://openjusticecourtofprotection.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/screenshot-2023-09-14-at-14.33.48.png?w=948", "https://openjusticecourtofprotection.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/screenshot-2023-09-14-at-14.34.35.png?w=1024", "https://openjusticecourtofprotection.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/screenshot-2023-09-14-at-14.35.08.png?w=1024", "https://openjusticecourtofprotection.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/screenshot-2023-09-14-at-14.36.28.png?w=1024", "https://openjusticecourtofprotection.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/screenshot-2023-09-14-at-14.36.54.png?w=1024", "https://openjusticecourtofprotection.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/screenshot-2023-09-14-at-14.39.01.png?w=938", "https://openjusticecourtofprotection.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/screenshot-2023-09-14-at-14.44.02.png?w=1024", "https://openjusticecourtofprotection.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/screenshot-2023-09-14-at-14.46.09.png?w=1024", "https://openjusticecourtofprotection.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/screenshot-2023-09-14-at-15.07.16.png?w=1024", "https://2.gravatar.com/avatar/5e2e7e8916b1e1959f225764f79234440db2f7f592cfe739a5624ab645a85c89?s=32&d=identicon&r=G", "https://openjusticecourtofprotection.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/cropped-final-logo-screengrab-small.jpg?w=50", "https://openjusticecourtofprotection.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/cropped-final-logo-screengrab-small.jpg?w=50", "https://pixel.wp.com/b.gif?v=noscript" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	2023-09-15T00:00:00	By Celia Kitzinger, 15 September 2023 Introduction: On 21st October 2022, I submitted (at the request of counsel and with the permission of the court) a witness statement to Mrs Justice Lieven, concerning Case no. COP 13180943). I was asked to supply evidence as to how, according to my observations, Transparency Orders are actually working…	en	https://openjusticecourt…b-small.jpg?w=32	Promoting Open Justice in the Court of Protection	https://openjusticecourtofprotection.org/2023/09/15/anxious-scrutiny-or-boilerplate-evidence-on-transparency-orders/	By Celia Kitzinger, 15 September 2023 Introduction: On 21st October 2022, I submitted (at the request of counsel and with the permission of the court) a witness statement to Mrs Justice Lieven, concerning Case no. COP 13180943). I was asked to supply evidence as to how, according to my observations, Transparency Orders are actually working in practice. This came in the wake of Mr Justice Mostyn’s expressed concerns about Transparency Orders in Re EM [2022] EWCOP 31. I’ve reproduced the bulk of that evidence below because I want it be publicly accessible now that I’ve also recently (a) sent it to the ad hoc working group of the Court of Protection Rules Committee working on on Transparency Orders and (b) referred to it in my evidence to the Ministry of Justice on “Open Justice – the Way Forward”. It starts with §6 because I’ve left the numbering as per the witness statement as submitted (and omitted the first 5 paragraphs about me, setting out my personal academic background and experience). The statement is substantially based on an analysis of Transparency Orders at what were then the most recent 50 hearings I’d observed. I have no evidence of any significant change since then. I look forward to developments following the Rules Committee work on how to do transparency better. [Celia Kitzinger] ***** IN THE COURT OF PROTECTION CASE NO: 13180943 AND IN THE MATTER OF THE MENTAL CAPACITY ACT 2005 AND IN THE MATTER OF COP Rule 4.2 B E T W E E N: PM Applicant -and- (1) B CITY COUNCIL -and- (2) B INTEGRATED CARE BOARD -and- (3) HM (by his litigation friend, the Official Solicitor) Respondents [Paragraphs 1-5 omitted – they outline my academic qualifications and publications, and the history of the Open Justice Court of Protection Project] 6. I have been asked to provide a statement drawing on my experience, in practice, about: (i) the extent to which reporting restrictions in the Court of Protection are the outcome of a balancing exercise weighing the protected party’s Article 8 right to privacy against the public’s Article 10 right to freedom of information; and (ii) the extent to which those against whom injunctions are made have the opportunity to ask for reporting restrictions to be varied, making a case for the exercise of our Convention right to freedom of expression. In summary (each of these points is subsequently evidenced)…. (i) There is rarely evidence of any balancing exercise 7. In the vast majority of hearings I observe, I do not see any evidence that the court has engaged in anxious scrutiny of competing convention rights in drawing up a Transparency Order (TO) or Reporting Restriction Order (RRO). 8. I often see evidence that TOs are treated as taken-for-granted, standardised “boilerplate” documents that do not require any balancing exercise from the court. They are sometimes authorised without the judge appearing to know what reporting restrictions they are thereby imposing, since they ask counsel if there is a TO and then re-use (without amendment) one they’re told is in the bundle (often made by a different judge) without appearing to have read it. Judicial summaries of reporting restrictions in the TO are frequently inaccurate (I would say, more often than not). (ii) There is rarely any opportunity for assertion of Article 10 rights from the public (or journalists) 9. Members of the public are very rarely in a position to engage with the reporting restrictions imposed upon us. Reporting restrictions are usually (with rare and significant exceptions) presented as a fait accompli which we are expected to accept unquestioningly as a condition of entry into the court. I have noticed that there is a little more latitude for intervention from journalists – but even for journalists there is rarely much opportunity provided for them to question the reporting restrictions. 10. I do not take a position here on whether such a balancing exercise is required by law, or whether it would be a necessary and proportionate use of court time in every case. I am certain however that the current system for determining and implementing reporting restrictions is not working and needs to be thoroughly overhauled. Two additional points: (iii) Injunctions with reporting restrictions are very often not served on observers, so cannot serve their intended function 11. Members of the public very often do not receive any written version of the reporting restrictions: around half of the blog posts published by the Open Justice Court of Protection Project are published without sight of a TO or RRO. Since it is rarely suggested that we have breached reporting restrictions, one implication could be that an injunction against us is not needed. However, the absence of TOs (after their existence has been raised in court) has a chilling effect on transparency because we have no written record of what we are and are not allowed to report, and under those circumstances many members of the public are frightened to say anything at all, and it may be the case that we are over-cautious about what we publish in the blogs – for example there is often anxiety about naming public bodies and expert witnesses. (iv) The language of the ‘standard’ Transparency Order is incomprehensible to most members of the public 12. Very few observers (except those with legal qualifications) are able to understand the TO and what it does and does not permit them to say. For example, there is a recurrent problem with the standard wording that prevents publication likely to identify that “AB is the subject of these proceedings (and therefore a P as defined in the Court of Protection Rules 2007)” – where AB are the initials a judge has assigned as those to be used in publishing information about P. A typical response: “If I have to refer to him as AB, and then I can’t say he was in this Court of Protection case, because it says I’m not allowed to say AB is the subject of the proceedings, that means I can’t say anything.” (I could give many more examples of the confusion and resultant chilling effect on transparency occasioned by the ‘standard’ wording). EVIDENCE BASE 13. I write this statement as a member of the public and as co-director of the Open Justice Court of Protection Project and editor of its blogs[1]. I am not a lawyer or a journalist. I am not a “legal blogger”[2]. 14. In preparing this statement, I draw upon: my experience over the course of the last decade with supporting family members involved in serious medical treatment cases – voluntary work carried out as an offshoot of my work with the Coma and Disorders of Consciousness Research Centre at Cardiff University; my experience over the last two and a half years, with the Open Justice Court of Protection Project, supporting other members of the public to observe hearings and myself observing more than 360 Court of Protection hearings; a systematic analysis (prepared specifically for this statement) of reporting restrictions issues as they arose in the 50 most recent hearings I’ve observed (as of 10th October 2022, listed in Appendix 1), held between 29th April 2022 and 10th October 2022. THE ‘STANDARD ORDER’ 15. The ‘Standard Order’ template for making reporting restrictions in the Court of Protection (the “Transparency Order”) has been used since 29 January 2016 with the introduction of the Transparency Pilot. It was cemented into the practice of the court in 2017 via Practice Direction 4C, which states: § 2.1 The court will ordinarily (and so without any application being made)— (a) make an order under rule 4.3(1)(a) that any attended hearing shall be in public; and (b) in the same order, impose restrictions under rule 4.3(2) in relation to the publication of information about the proceedings §2.3 An order pursuant to paragraph 2.1 will ordinarily be in the terms of the standard order approved by the President of the Court of Protection and published on the judicial website at https://www.judiciary.gov.uk/publication-court/court-of-protection/.[4] Court of Protection Practice Direction 4C 16. The most salient paragraph of the ‘Standard Order’ for public observers is the list of “material and information (the Information)” covered by the Injunction. As observers, we understand that we are “persons bound by the injunction” (#5) and what it prevents us from doing (#7), and the matter of duration (§8) is rarely at issue. It is to #6 (or its equivalent in any actual TO) that we turn to check what we are or are not allowed to report. Remote hearings 17. Until the public health restrictions imposed by the government due to the coronavirus pandemic in March 2020, it was usual for the Court of Protection to sit in public for most “attended hearings” (i.e. those “where one or more of the parties have been invited to attend the court for the determination of the application” §2.2 Practice Direction 4C). The Vice President notes that “Attended hearings can be remote hearings for these purposes.” (§55 Remote Access to the Court of Protection Guidance, 31 March 2020[5]). 18. The situation was reversed in the Vice President’s 31st March 2020 Guidance. It states that PD 4C should be disapplied for remote hearings, and any TOs already in place for established proceedings discharged (§57). In view of the court’s commitment to transparency, however: “In each case active consideration must be given as to whether any part of any remote hearing can facilitate the attendance of the public, if so Practice Direction 4C may be applied and the transparency order reissued.” (§59). This is now the usual practice in the Court of Protection for remote hearings (other than hearings in the Royal Court of Justice, which are usually listed as “in open court” whether they are in person, remote or hybrid)[6]. 19. An alternative practice for remote hearings has been adopted by some judges whereby PD 4C is disapplied and the hearing remains a private one, to which an observer is admitted, subject to a Reporting Restrictions Order (RRO). In my experience this is a minority practice. EMPIRICAL FINDINGS Boilerplate or “anxious scrutiny”? 20. There is a small minority of hearings partly, or wholly, devoted to the reporting restrictions themselves in which it is absolutely clear that there is anxious scrutiny of reporting restrictions. These include (successful) applications from the press to name P (as Laura Wareham [351][7] and Robert Bourn [360]) and a case where the judge invited submissions about an interim RRO he’d imposed at the beginning of the hearing preventing reporting that P was being covertly medicated [362]. These are exceptional cases. 21. In the majority of hearings, the language used by the judiciary and by advocates in court conveys the impression that reporting restrictions are effectively boilerplate text used from a template and deployed over and over again without making significant changes – that they are routinised and predictable, rather than the outcome of anxious scrutiny of competing convention rights in the individual case in question. 22. Drawing on contemporaneous notes from the last 50 hearings I’ve observed, there are references to: “the usual Transparency Order” (DJ Glassbrook [240]); “the Transparency Order is in the usual terms” (Arbuthnot, J [345]); “in the usual terms” (HHJ Hildyard KC [327]). Advocates also talk this way: “it’s the standard order in the standard terms” [357]; “the Transparency Order is in the standard terms” [320]; “Usual transparency orders apply as you know (do not identify family, P, clinicians etc)” [330]. 23. Judges and advocates who know that I regularly observe court hearings sometimes display the assumption that I will know – without being told – what is in these “standard” orders: “Professor Kitzinger probably knows the terms of the injunction better than most practitioners” [342]; “Professor Kitzinger is here and understands the reporting restrictions”[338]; “I make the usual order that publication is permitted except that you can publish nothing to disclose P’s name, or the names of P’s family members, or of P’s current placement. I have been over that many times with Professor Kitzinger” [356]. 24. Most of the TOs I am sent are virtually identical except for the initials used for P. For example: 25. It’s quite common to receive (sealed) TOs that bear clear evidence of a ‘cut and paste’ approach and are insufficiently ‘personalised’ for the particular case (e.g. no initials for P, or the wrong initials, or a template that hasn’t been completed). I don’t see this level of inattention to detail in other documents before the court: position statements and substantive orders are usually impressively free of typos etc. and the latter are subject to careful attention by judges. This contrast between the quality of TOs and other court documents suggests a degree of inattention to the details of TOs 26. The TO from which the first of the extracts above is taken [328] was sent by court staff in advance of the hearing, attached to an email in which the judge was quoted as having said, “requestor is welcome to attend subject ONLY to confirmation that she has received copy of TPO”. I confirmed receipt at the beginning of the hearing – but that didn’t seem the right time to raise the deficiencies of the order I’d been sent. It seems unlikely that the judge can actually have read it. (Another member of the public, Bridget Penhale, Co-editor Journal of Adult Protection, and an elder abuse and adult safeguarding specialist, tells me she also has received a blank template TO for a different hearing.) 27. The same inattention to detail in TOs extends beyond the paragraph concerned with “The subject matter of the Injunction” and is sometimes apparent across the whole document. For example, one TO gives P’s initials as MH and those initials [MH] are used sometimes in the TO, including in the “subject matter of the Injunction” section, but there are also places where they should have been entered and have not and it instead reads “[the initials chosen to identify P]” [355]. Another TO uses “P” rather than “LD” (the nominated initials) for the person at the centre of this case and there are omissions throughout, e.g. “1) This application be set down for an attended hearing on [missing date] at [missing time] with a time estimate of [missing time estimate] at which the Court will consider the following issues:…”. (3) The attended hearing is to be listed as follows: [but nothing follows) [357] 28. Transparency orders are not supposed to have a Confidential Annex – but both [314] and [322] have these, with full postal addresses for P and P’s family in [332]. They do this despite also including a paragraph that instructs them not to add this confidential information and to keep the list of names “separately from other parts of the Information”. 29. Another member of the public, Ruby Reed-Berendt (academic lawyer) tells me she was also sent a TO with a Confidential Annex. This concerns me because it means that confidential information (often beyond the information revealed in the hearing) is sent in written form to members of the public and hence renders people’s identities vulnerable to exposure (e.g. via a lost laptop, an overseen printed version). OPPORTUNITIES TO ASSERT RIGHTS TO FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION + ASK FOR THE TRANSPARENCY ORDER TO BE VARIED Family members of P 30. Family members and other lay persons involved in COP proceedings as parties, witnesses, observers, or in other roles (e.g. attorneys, deputies) are also bound by the TO – and it impacts upon their freedom of expression more severely than it does observers , because in speaking about (for example) “my son” or “my mother”, under their own name, in connection with a COP hearing, they are “likely to identify” that person as a P in the Court of Protection. 31. In many cases, family members seem content with these restrictions. In a significant proportion of cases, they are not. In hearings I’ve observed, the TO has led to restrictions on family members that they hadn’t understood in advance and do not want. These restrictions have included: use of fundraising platforms; talking to friends and relatives in search of evidence about P’s former values, wishes, feelings and beliefs; sharing updates about what’s happening with P on closed Facebook pages or their own publicly accessible blog posts; seeking out expert opinions of their own for P; and media, public education and campaigning activities. Often – even when they are parties to the case – family members do not realise that they are bound by the TO, and that it restricts their freedom of speech. It seems there is rarely any attempt to explain this to them (until after a breach is seen to have occurred). 32. Many of the families I’ve supported through serious medical treatment cases find themselves angry about being “silenced” or “gagged”. They have come to believe that the TO protects clinicians, not P. Some of the family members who’ve contacted me through the Open Justice Court of Protection Project say similarly that the court is attempting to silence them because of their criticisms of the healthcare or legal systems. Reporting restrictions are viewed as damaging P, not protecting them. Most have not, in fact, been willing to challenge reporting restrictions – believing it will be another expensive court battle, or that they are bound to lose anyway, or simply because they are too stressed and exhausted by the situation that has led to the court hearing in the first place. Some fear ‘reprisals’ against P if they are seen as ‘difficult’ family members. 33. I am currently supporting two members of the public seeking variations of the TO – neither of whom recalls any discussion at all, at the outset of their relative’s COP case, about the restrictions it would impose upon their Art.10 rights. What they remember is being “reassured” by lawyers that their names (and that of their relative) would not be made public, and that the family’s privacy would be protected – but not that they would lose the right to speak out. 34. It seems that there is no proper explanation or ‘anxious scrutiny’ of reporting restriction orders with family members. When supporting family members with cases that have not yet reached court, I explain the TO to them, and help them to engage in a balancing exercise, both in relation to their own rights to privacy and freedom of expression, and in relation to P’s. In a couple of cases, I have recommended publicising as much as possible in advance of the application to the court, such that “the cat is already out of the bag”, in terms of what is publicly available and a TO restrictive of their Art 10 rights is then less likely. Public Observers 35. Most public observers (who are not journalists) have no idea that they can ask for a variation in the TO (or feel confident to do so, given that they have a very hazy idea of what the TO actually means anyway). I’m not aware of anyone except me who has done so. 36. It is exceptionally rare for me to be treated by judges, in the course of a hearing, as someone with Article 10 rights who might wish to vary the TO. This is not provided for in the Transparency Pilot rules (I’m not sure whether it was even considered?). I am regularly asked whether I have received the TO and sometimes whether I have understood it, but not whether I have concerns about it. Since I only receive the TO around 50% of the time (often after the hearing), it’s difficult for me to make any sensible interventions on behalf of my Article 10 rights anyway. The only journalist who regularly attends COP hearings (albeit almost exclusively those in the Royal Courts of Justice and not in the county courts) is Brian Farmer of the Press Association and I’ve noticed that he also finds it very difficult to intervene: I often observe him switching on his camera, or standing up in court towards the end of a hearing to say: “I’m sorry to interrupt the proceedings but…” Some judges are more open to inviting a contribution from journalists than others (Hayden J, Theis, J, Francis J, Poole J and Keehan J in particular, Brian Farmer tells me) – and Hayden J, Poole J, Roberts J and a handful of other judges (including District Judges and Circuit Judges in the county courts) have supported contributions from me about transparency matters when I have been able to indicate that I wish to make them. 37. I do sometimes have Article 10 concerns which I’ve been unable to address. For example, I’ve sometimes been told that a “standard” TO is in place, only subsequently to receive something like [316] below, which prevents me from identifying a public body (the Local Authority). But by then the hearing was over and there was no opportunity to ask why, or to ask for it to be varied. I was told in court that the TO was “the standard order in the standard terms” but when I received it, it prevented identification of the Local Authority. Since the hearing was over by then, I was not able to clarify this. [357] 38. When I have Article 10 concerns about a TO and have received it before the end of the hearing, I have usually found it most efficient (in remote hearings) to write an email to the judge and send it via whoever I have an address for who can pass it on (the judge’s clerk; counsel; whoever sent me the video link). In person, I have simply raised my hand and asked for permission to address the court. I have written blogs about some of these concerns: they have all been carefully considered by judges and resulted in variations to the TO in every case. This suggests that a member of the public (who is not a journalist) can play a part in ensuring the transparency of the court when given the opportunity to do so. He’s Polish: Challenging reporting restrictions (before Cohen J – varied to enable reporting of P’s nationality) Prader-Willi Syndrome and Transparency (before Theis J – varied to enable reporting of P’s diagnosis) Predatory marriage and coercive control (before Roberts J – challenged a retrospective reporting order, see §108-§110 of her judgment which deals with this) Naming a putative ‘expert’ in a Covid vaccination case: A letter to the judge (before Deputy Circuit Judge Rogers – asked and was granted permission to name the ‘expert’) Reflections on open justice and transparency in the light of Re A (Covert Medication: Closed Proceedings) [2022] EWCOP 44 (before Poole J – addressed concerns relating to an interim RRO prohibiting reporting of covert medication) TRANSPARENCY ORDERS ARE OFTEN NOT SENT TO MEMBERS OF THE PUBLIC – RENDERING ‘ANXIOUS SCRUTINY’ OTIOSE 39. I only ever receive TOs (or written RROs) for about 50% of hearings. Of the last 50, I have no record of having received a written reporting restrictions order for the following (public) hearings: [317] [318] [319] [320] [322] [323] [325][329] [330] 336] [337] [340] [342] [344] [346] [349] [353] [354] [355] [358][8] 40. In one of these hearings [319], my contemporaneous notes record that the judge asked about TO at the beginning of the hearing, saying there was “added complexity because of concurrent care proceedings and other young people whose confidentiality needs to be respected.” But I have no record of having received the TO. 41. At some of these hearings (e.g. [320] [349]) the judge made explicit requests for TOs to be sent to observers, but we have no record of receiving them. For example, neither I, nor another observer (Paige Taylor, a Bar course student) who blogged about this hearing, ever received a TO for [320]. She describes what happened in her blog post: 42. Some other examples: Three observers from the charity “Compassion in Dying” attended an in-person hearing – on different days – in the Royal Courts of Justice (and blogged about it: “She is religious and she is a fighter”: Three perspectives on best interests decision-making in the Court of Protection from ‘Compassion in Dying’). I was also in court for one of these days. None of us received a TO. I hadn’t received a TO for [318] and checked with another observer, Mollie Heywood who observed a subsequent hearing in the same case She says: “I’ve never had a TO for anything I’ve observed sent to me! They read out instructions but that’s it…. I’ve seen about five [hearings] or so” (Mollie Hayward, social worker + law student). One observer has watched 9 hearings and received only 3 TOs (and one of those came via me) – see Upeka de Silva, Policy Officer or Compassion in Dying, Appendix 2A. Another observer, Georgina Baidoun, former lay COP Deputy, tells me she has observed 10 hearings but received only 4 TOs. A member of the core Open Justice Court of Protection Project group has gone systematically through the 38 hearings (across 32 cases) that she’s observed. She has 14 TOs (=38%) – see Claire Martin Appendix 2B. 43. It does not seem to be anyone’s (agreed) job to send TOs to observers. When I’ve asked about this, I’ve generally been told that court staff should send them (e.g. ““It is not Counsel’s role to provide orders. This is an HMCTS role.”, HHJ Hilder, Item 8 Minutes of COP User Group meeting, 20 April 2022), but when I’ve asked court staff, I rarely get them (either there’s no response, or I’m advised to ask the judge). In practice, I mostly receive TOs from counsel. 44. Judges sometimes seem content to provide simply verbal summaries of reporting restrictions, followed by the request to “contact the court if you need a copy of the order” (Theis, J [337]) or “if you want a copy you can ask” [Theis, J [347]). One judge ran through the TO – she said it was “in the usual terms, nothing to identify [P], her family or where she lives – that would be contempt of court” and seemed surprised – when she offered me the opportunity to address her – by my request for a TO (‘You are keeping me on my toes’) [327]. Mostly I don’t get an opportunity to address the judge, so cannot make this request. 45. The problem with relying on oral summaries from the judge about what the TO says is that these summaries are often incorrect. For example: On discovering that no TO had been prepared, the judge said: “you’re welcome to observe but the identity of the parties to the proceedings must remain confidential”. She checked with the advocates whether they were content to go ahead on that basis. Francis Hoar (counsel) provided a slightly different version of the TO: “You cannot report anything that may risk identifying any of their parties, or where they live, or who they associate with”. (The addition of “who they associate with” was new to me.) The judge asked the observers if we understood, so I was at that point able to ask whether we could identify public bodies, since they were also ‘parties’ to the proceedings. The judge said: “Yes, I meant the family. Not the public bodies. I think I need a pro-forma I can read out in these situations”. When I eventually received the TO, it prohibited identification of the CCG. I am unclear whether or not what the judge said in court means that she varied the pre-existing TO (made by HHJ Owens on 23rd April 2021). I’m not sure she meant to. [364] 46. Most members of the public who receive only oral summaries relating to reporting restrictions (whether these are framed as TOs or RROs, the latter of which are overwhelmingly oral only) do not feel confident to write blog posts about the hearing because they are not sure what the judge said they could and couldn’t report (or – wrongly – believe that there is nothing at all they are allowed to report). Not sending out TOs has a chilling effect on transparency. 47. In my experience, written versions of TOs (and RROs) are not sent to observers for the following reasons: there is still some confusion between TOs and “Remote Hearings Order” (even though more recently they are sometimes combined). I was sent RHOs for [317] and [353]. These did not include anything equivalent to “the subject matter of the injunction”. nobody knows how to separate out the TO from the rest of the electronic bundle counsel have the TO, but not the observers’ email addresses court staff have the observers’ email addresses, but not the TO it’s not clear whose job it is (if anyone’s) to send out TOs – sometimes I’m asked to circulate to other observers 48. Repeated requests for TOs are sometimes unsuccessful. For example: “What sounded like a standard ‘warning’ was read out at the beginning of the hearing, informing me that publishing “the Information” prohibited by the TO could lead to me being sent to prison or having my assets seized etc. Nothing at all was said at any point during this hearing about what “the Information” was. Nor had I been sent a TO nor was there any attempt to send me a TO during the course of the hearing. I pursued the TO after the hearing, including via the court staff (on 21/8/22) and then via one of the barristers in the hearing (on 27/8/22) and finally by emailing the court address with an email for the attention of HHJ Howells herself. On 8/9/22, I receive an email from a Court of Protection Clerk at Cardiff COP saying “Please see attached 2x transparency orders for the hearings that you observed on 19th August”. Two documents were attached. One was a TO for the 9am hearing (which I had already received). The other was a Remote Hearings Order (not a TO) for the 11am hearing (COP 13802410). It contains NO REFERENCE to “the Information” I am not allowed to publish (i.e. it is not a combined RRO and TO). I still do not have a Transparency Order for this hearing.” [353] 49. My impression is that I am less likely to receive a TO if the judge requires amendments to the draft order (or to the order approved by the previous judge). 50. For example: I never received a TO for the case before Lieven J on 27 January 2021 (COP 13703893). My contemporaneous notes from that hearing record that the judge referred at the beginning of the hearing to the draft TO and said she could see no reason for anonymising the hospital or the treating clinicians – and in fact she then referred to the clinicians by name in the published judgment. It subsequently transpired that the amendments had never been made – leading to considerable confusion for the BBC (and the court) in their application to name P a year and a half later, since there was a discrepancy between the still-extant TO (which said the treating clinicians could not be named) and the published judgment, which named them. The judge (Francis J) hearing the case brought by the BBC ruled that they could not now be named and ordered that Lieven J’s judgment should be taken down and redacted to remove the names of the treating clinicians (see BAILII (The Newcastle Upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust v Bourn (Rev1) [2021] EWCOP 11). For reasons not discussed in court, the name of the independent expert was also redacted. A temporary restriction on publishing anything about the case was imposed until the redacted judgment was in place. This whole process of seeking a variation to the TO was messier and more complicated than it need have been had the judicially approved version of the TO been available in the first place. (I blogged about the hearing: Medical treatment for people with learning disabilities: Telling Robert Bourn’s story and the challenges of ‘transparency’.) 51. I have emails from counsel in other cases saying that they will send me the revised TO once they have made the revisions and the judge has approved them – but then there is no record that I’ve ever received these revised TOs. REPORTING RESTRICTION PROCEDURES ARE NOT WORKING WELL 52. In sum, there is strong evidence that the current procedures in place with the aim of protecting P’s privacy while at the same time protecting the public’s right to freedom of information and freedom of expression are not working well. I understand that, following the concerns expressed by Mostyn in Re EM [2022] EWCOP 31, aspects of TOs are being reviewed by the Rules Committee. Pragmatically, requiring a full-scale Re S analysis and notification of the press before any Transparency Order is made would cause a level of delay and complexity that would be impossible to manage – but it would be worth exploring how to address the current problems created by reporting restrictions and to build in mechanisms to allow the court more effectively to address the concerns participants (including family members) and observers often have about the way things are working (and failing to work) at present. STATEMENT OF TRUTH I believe that the facts stated in this witness statement are true. I understand that proceedings for contempt of Court may be brought against anyone who makes, or causes to be made a false statement in a document verified by a statement of truth without an honest belief in its truth Celia Kitzinger Dated 21st October 2022 Appendix 1. List of hearings 50 most recently observed hearings (on 10 October 2022) by Celia Kitzinger in date order. Ref. CASE NO. DATE JUDGE TO? [314] COP 13755775 (29.04.22) Cobb J RCJ Y [315] COP 13744224 (03.05.22) DJ Beckley FAH N (Private) [316] COP 13801482 (04.05.22) DJ Woodburn Bristol Y [317] COP 13053463 (17.05.22) DJ Porter-Bryant Cardiff N [318] COP 13861341 (08.05.22) Francis J RCJ N [319] COP 13630800 (20.05.22) HHJ Edwards Cardiff N [320] COP 13585739 (23.05.22) Lieven, J N [321] COP 1388671T (23.05.22) DJ Birk Y [322] COP 1378613T (24.05.22) Moor J RCJ N [323] COP 13930317 (25.05.22) MacDonald J RCJ N [324] COP 1393210T (07.05.22) DJ Charnock-Neal Newcastle Y [325] COP 13776756 (13.05.22) DJ Keller Cardiff N [326] COP 13744224 (30.05.22) DJ Beckley FAH N (Private) [327] COP 13899903 (07.06.22) HHJ Hildyard Reading Y [328] COP 13719647 (09.06.22) DJ Searl Newcastle Y [329] COP 13861341 (13.06.22) Francis J RCJ N [330] COP 13933678 (15.06.22) Hayden J RCJ N [331] COP 13662687 (17.06.22) HHJ Hilder FAH Y [332] COP 13862920 (20.06.22) Cobb J RCJ Y [333] COP 13861341 (27.06.22) Francis J RCJ Y [334] COP 1393108T (01.07.22) HHJ Cove (Medway) N (Private – RRO) [335] COP 13452747 (06.07.22) DJ Beckley FAH Y [336] COP 13667357 (05.07.22) Hayden J RCJ N [337] COP 133883671 (06.07.22) Theis J RCJ N [338] COP 13744224 (07.07.22) DJ Beckley FAH N (Private) [339] COP 13955023 (06.07.22) Arbuthnot J RCJ Y [340] COP 13627568 (08.07.22) DJ Glassbrook Birmingham N [341] COP 13796227 (13.07.22) DJ Beckley FAH N (Private) [342] COP 13890570 (13.07.22) Poole J RCJ N [343] COP 13609965 (09.07.22) Hayden J RCJ Y [344] COP 13710982 (18.07.22) Lieven J RCJ N [345] COP 139622855 (19.07-22) Arbuthnot J RCJ Y [346] COP 13961662 (22.07.22) Arbuthnot J RCJ N [347] COP 1394451 [22.07.22] Theis J RCJ Y [348] COP 13755775 (25.07.22) Cobb J RCJ N [349] COP 13969520 (02.08.22) Lieven J, RCJ N [350] COP 13627568 (03.08.22) DJ Glassbrook Birmingham N [351] COP 13977747T (18.08.22) Cobb J RCJ Y [352] COP 13710521 (19.08.22) HHJ Howells Cardiff Y [353] COP 13802410 (19.08.22) HHJ Howells Cardiff N [354] COP 13407956 (19.08.22) Keehan J RCJ N [355] COP 13488785 (30.08.22) HHJ Mitchell Bristol Y [356] COP 13887142 (30.08.22) DJ Beckley FAH N (Private) [357] COP 13971098 (31.08.22) DDJ Morrill (Huddersfield) Y [358] COP 13777736 (02.09.22) DJ Foster Leeds N [359] COP 13936808 (15.09.22) DJ Matharu Manchester Y [360] COP 13703893 (16.09.22) Francis J RCJ N [361] COP 12174660 (20.09.22) DJ Ellington FAH Y [362] COP 13236134 (20.09.22) Poole J RCJ Y (also RRO) [363] COP 13180943 (05.10.22) Lieven, J (Northampton) Y [364] COP 12219141 (6-10-22) HHJ Brown Reading Y Appendix 2 Other observers don’t get TOs either A. Upeka de Silva (Policy Officer for the charity Compassion in Dying) TOs for 3/9 = 33% (Note: one came from me) B. Dr Claire Martin, Consultant Clinical Psychologist, leads Older People’s Psychology Team, Gateshead TOs for 14/38 cases = 37% (Note: one came via me; and she watched 2 hearings in 6 cases so second opportunities were missed to send TOs in some cases) Total number of hearings = 38 Total cases observed = 32 [1] 13712176 – from my notes: Reference made to TO, but not sent to me (not sure I requested). Mungo Wenban-Smith mentioned the ‘previous draft order on 9 March included a TO regarding anonymity. Said the aim was to ‘preserve the anonymity of CD’. The judge (Williams J) reinforced that P would be referred to by name during the hearing and that ‘others’ must adhere to the TO, and added that in the TO it also says family members’ names also not to be disclosed. [2] Lieven J said ‘TO will be sent. Nobody is to publish information that could lead to the identification of the claimant or P’. Did not receive TO. [3] From my notes: HHJ Hilder – I had to confirm that I understood the hearing was in private and I could not identify anything about P etc. [4] From my notes: Judge mentioned observers – “welcome of course, but may I say … the court office is only open from 9-5 and communications received outside of those hours … a lot for staff to do… so Dr M if you wd be kind enough the earlier you can give notice the easier it will be.” Asked if I had received the TO [No] – asked for ‘someone’ to send it to me. Never rec’d. No summary. Don’t know who respondents are ….. [1] https://openjusticecourtofprotection.org/about/ [2] The Family Procedure Rule 27.11 (which applies only to private proceedings in the Family courts, and not to the Court of Protection) permits observation and blogging from “legal bloggers”, defined as “duly authorised lawyers” who meet the criteria specified in Practice Direction 27B. [3] https://cdoc.org.uk [4] I couldn’t find it on that website, but it is available as a downloadable pdf from this page, where Charles J (then VP of the COP) explains the new approach: https://www.judiciary.uk/guidance-and-resources/the-transparency-pilot-a-note-from-the-vice-president-of-the-court-of-protection/ [5] https://www.judiciary.uk/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/20200331-Court-of-Protection-Remote-Hearings.pdf [6] For a full account of the changing situation vs. observer access to Court of Protection hearings, see my Transparency Project blog post: “Why are so many Court of Protection hearings labelled ‘private’?” [7] Numbers in square brackets refer to the number I’ve given the 50 court hearings I’ve observed, listed in Appendix 1.
4377	dbpedia	0	0	https://www.mapsofworld.com/usa/states/virginia/lat-long.html	en	Virginia Latitude and Longitude Map	https://images.mapsofwor…lat-long-map.jpg	https://images.mapsofwor…lat-long-map.jpg	[ "https://images.mapsofworld.com/usa/states/mow-logo.png", "https://www.mapsofworld.com/images2016/icons/pod-ico.png", "https://www.mapsofworld.com/images2016/icons/digital-ico.png", "https://www.mapsofworld.com/usa/states/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/wall-maps.png", "https://www.mapsofworld.com/images2016/icons/customize-ico.png", "https://images.mapsofworld.com/usa/states/virginia/virginia-lat-long-map.jpg", "https://www.mapsofworld.com/images2016/bbb-img.png", "https://www.mapsofworld.com/usa/states/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/mapsofworld-logo-1.jpg", "https://moderate2-v4.cleantalk.org/pixel/ad42d31ed6ad4db277d6658608a61fe8.gif" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "Vishul Malik" ]	2022-03-04T05:35:01+00:00	Latitude and longitude of Virginia is 42° 44'N to 45° 0' 43'N and 71° 28'W to 73° 26'W. Use our Vermont lat long map to find coordinates anywhere in the state.	en	https://www.mapsofworld.…world-logo-1.jpg	USA States	https://www.mapsofworld.com/usa/states/virginia/lat-long.html	Latitude and Longitude of Virginia Cities and Towns Location Latitude Longitude Abingdon town 36.71 -81.97 Accomac town 37.72 -75.67 Adwolf 36.79 -81.59 Alberta town 36.86 -77.89 Alexandria city 38.82… 10.4K Latitude and Longitude of Virginia Cities and Towns previous post Williamsburg City Map next post Virginia County Map
4377	dbpedia	1	88	https://metar-taf.com/US-4026	en	Basting Airport, Woodburn, United States	https://metar-taf.com/images/social.jpg	https://metar-taf.com/images/social.jpg	[ "https://metar-taf.com/images/windsock.svg", "https://metar-taf.com/wx/ani/drk/mist.svg", "https://metar-taf.com/images/wind-kt.svg", "https://metar-taf.com/images/compass-2024.svg", "https://metar-taf.com/images/rwy/day-9.svg", "https://metar-taf.com/images/compass-wind-needle.svg", "https://metar-taf.com/images/default.svg", "https://metar-taf.com/images/bdg-ios.svg", "https://metar-taf.com/images/bdg-android.svg" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "Eveline van den Boom" ]	2024-08-14T09:35:00+00:00	METAR KSMD 140935Z AUTO 6SM BR CLR 15/14 A3016 RMK A01. Current weather is mist.There is little or no wind from a variable direction. Visibility is 6 mi. No ceiling has been observed. The temperature and wind chill are 15 °C.	en	https://content.metar-ta…e-icon-57x57.png	Metar-Taf.com	https://metar-taf.com/US-4026	METAR Basting Airport - 3II3 Basting Airport is a small airport in Indiana, United States. The airport is located at latitude 41.08699 and longitude -84.84107. The airport has one runway: 9/27. This airport has no ICAO code, we use US-4026 as reference. The local airport ID (FAA LID) of this airport is 3II3. The airport is in the Chicago FIR. This aviation weather observation was made for Smith Field on August 14, 2024 05:35, local time. Airport observations There is little or no wind from a variable direction. Visibility is 6 mi. There are no clouds. No ceiling has been observed. Current weather is mist. The temperature and wind chill are 15 °C. The dew point is 14 °C, the relative humidity is 94%. The air pressure at sea level is 30.16 inHg (QNH). Daylight period Today the sun rises at 06:48 and sets at 20:39. This applies to Basting Airport, the universal daylight period may be different. The difference between the local time and UTC is -4 hour. Daylight saving time is currently in progress. Companies We don't have information about companies on this airport. Experiences
4377	dbpedia	1	71	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salem,_Oregon	en	Salem, Oregon	https://upload.wikimedia…gon_downtown.JPG	https://upload.wikimedia…gon_downtown.JPG	[ "https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png", "https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg", "https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Salem_Oregon_downtown.JPG/288px-Salem_Oregon_downtown.JPG", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Oregon_State_Capitol_1.jpg/133px-Oregon_State_Capitol_1.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Waller_Hall%2C_Willamette_University%2C_Salem_-_DPLA_-_2bd0de5ccef1356f0ac1a060ddc50372.jpg/151px-Waller_Hall%2C_Willamette_University%2C_Salem_-_DPLA_-_2bd0de5ccef1356f0ac1a060ddc50372.jpg", 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"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Oregon.svg/32px-Flag_of_Oregon.svg.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Abies_lasiocarpa_0775.JPG/32px-Abies_lasiocarpa_0775.JPG", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png", "https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1", "https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg", "https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/footer/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "Contributors to Wikimedia projects" ]	2001-08-31T16:49:21+00:00		en	/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png		https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salem,_Oregon	Capital city of Oregon, United States State capital city in Oregon, United States Salem ( SAY-ləm) is the capital city of the U.S. state of Oregon, and the county seat of Marion County. It is located in the center of the Willamette Valley alongside the Willamette River, which runs north through the city. The river forms the boundary between Marion and Polk counties, and the city neighborhood of West Salem is in Polk County. Salem was founded in 1842, became the capital of the Oregon Territory in 1851, and was incorporated in 1857. Salem had a population of 175,535 at the 2020 census,[8] making it the 3rd most populous city in the state after Portland and Eugene. Salem is the principal city of the Salem Metropolitan Statistical Area, a metropolitan area that covers Marion and Polk counties[9] and had a combined population of 433,353 at the 2020 census.[10] This area is, in turn, part of the Portland–Vancouver–Salem Combined Statistical Area. The city is home to Willamette University, Corban University, and Chemeketa Community College. The State of Oregon is the largest public employer in the city, and Salem Health is the largest private employer. Transportation includes public transit from Cherriots (legally known as Salem Area Mass Transit District), Amtrak service, as well as limited commercial and non-commercial air travel at McNary Field.[11] Major roads include Interstate 5, Oregon Route 99E, and Oregon Route 22, which connects West Salem across the Willamette River via the Marion Street and Center Street bridges. History [edit] Origin of name [edit] The Native Americans who inhabited the central Willamette Valley at first European contact, the Kalapuya, called the area Chim-i-ki-ti, which means "meeting or resting place" in the Central Kalapuya language (Santiam).[12] When the Methodist Mission moved to the area, they called the new establishment Chemeketa; although it was more widely known as the Mill, because of its situation on Mill Creek.[13] When the Oregon Institute was established, the community became known as the institute.[13] When the institute was dissolved, the trustees decided to lay out a town site on the Institute lands.[13] Some possible sources for the name "Salem" include William H. Willson, who in 1850 and 1851 filed the plans for the main part of the city, and suggested adopting an Anglicized version of the Biblical Hebrew word "שָׁלוֹם, Shalom", meaning "peace" (used also as a greeting).[13][14] The Reverend David Leslie, President of the town's Trustees, also wanted a Biblical name, and suggested using the last five letters of "Jerusalem".[14] Or, the town may be named after Salem, Massachusetts, where Leslie was educated. There were many names suggested, and even after the change to Salem, some people, such as Asahel Bush (editor of the Oregon Statesman), believed the name should be changed back to Chemeketa.[15] The Vern Miller Civic Center, which houses the city offices and library, has a public space dedicated as the Peace Plaza in recognition of the names by which the city has been known.[15] Europeans [edit] The first people of European descent arrived in the area as early as 1812; they were animal trappers and food gatherers for the fur trading companies in Astoria, Oregon. The first permanent American settlement in the area was the Jason Lee Methodist mission (1840) located in the area north of Salem known as Wheatland.[16] In 1842, the missionaries established the Oregon Institute (the forerunner of Willamette University) in the area that was to become the site of Salem. In 1844, the mission was dissolved and the town site established. In 1851, Salem became the territorial capital after it was moved from Oregon City. The capital was moved briefly to Corvallis in 1855, but was moved back to Salem permanently that same year. Salem incorporated as a city in 1857, and with the coming of statehood in 1859, it became the state capital. Capitol buildings [edit] Oregon has had three capitol buildings in Salem. A two-story state house, which had been occupied for only two months, burned to the ground in December 1855. Oregon's second capitol building was completed in 1876 on the site of the original. The Revival-style building was based in part on the U.S. Capitol building. The building received its distinctive copper dome in 1893. On April 25, 1935, this building was also destroyed by fire. The third and current Oregon State Capitol was completed on the same site in 1938. It faces north instead of west like it's predecessor, and is recognizable by its distinctive pioneer statue atop the capitol dome that is plated with gold-leaf and officially named the Oregon Pioneer. State fair and cherry festival [edit] Agriculture has always been important to Salem, and the city has historically recognized and celebrated it in a number of ways. In 1861, Salem was chosen as the permanent site of the Oregon State Fair by the Oregon State Agricultural Association.[17] Salem is nicknamed the "Cherry City", because of the past importance of the local cherry-growing industry.[18] The first cherry festival in Salem was held in 1903 and was an annual event, with parades and the election of a cherry queen, until sometime after World War I. The event was briefly revived as the Salem Cherryland Festival for several years in the late 1940s.[19] Geography and climate [edit] Salem is located in the north-central Willamette Valley, in Marion and Polk counties. The 45th Parallel (roughly the halfway point between the North Pole and the Equator) passes through Salem's city limits. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 48.45 square miles (125.48 km2), of which 47.90 square miles (124.06 km2) is land and 0.55 square miles (1.42 km2) is water.[20] Although the Willamette River flows through Salem, the North Santiam River watershed is Salem's primary drinking water source. Other important streams that pass through Salem are Mill Creek, the Mill Race, Pringle Creek, and Shelton Ditch.[21] Smaller streams in the southern and southeastern parts of the city include Clark Creek, Jory Creek, Battle Creek, Croisan Creek, and Claggett Creek, while Glen Creek and Brush Creek flow through West Salem.[21] Elevation within the city limits ranges from about 120 to 800 feet (37 to 244 m). Salem contains the volcanic Salem Hills in the south and is sandwiched by the 1,000 ft (300 m) Eola Hills directly to the west and the 600 ft (180 m) Waldo Hills to the east. Northern and eastern Salem are less hilly. South and West Salem contain some canyons and are the hilliest areas. The coast range and the Cascades—including Mount Hood, Mount Jefferson, and on the clearest of days, Mount St. Helens and Mount Adams in Washington—can be viewed from throughout the city. Like most of the Willamette Valley area, Salem has a mediterranean climate (Köppen Csb). Rain is heaviest in late fall and throughout winter, and almost all of the annual precipitation falls between October and April, with a dry season from May through September. Light snowfall occurs in winter, but major snows are rare. Mostly cloudy skies and low cloud ceilings are commonplace during the rainy season. Salem's mean annual temperature is 54.1 °F (12.3 °C);[22] its annual precipitation is 40.08 inches (1,018 mm), with an average 3.5 inches (8.9 cm) of snow included. However, over a quarter of years receive no snowfall.[22] The state capital is about 47 mi (76 km) south of Portland, but actually has a lower average temperature than that of Portland (54.4 °F or 12.4 °C),[22] due in part to the lower daily minima. All-time extremes in Salem range from 117 to −12 °F (47 to −24 °C).[22] The coldest afternoon of the year usually falls to 32 °F (0 °C) on the freezing point, whereas the coldest recorded maximum temperature was 16 °F (−9 °C) in three separate months and years.[22] The warmest night on record was 74 °F (23 °C) in July 2006 and the warmest annual night averages 64 °F (18 °C).[22] See or edit raw graph data. Demographics [edit] Historical population CensusPop.Note%± 1860902—18702,139137.1%18802,53818.7%18903,42234.8%19004,25824.4%191014,094231.0%192017,67925.4%193026,26648.6%194030,90817.7%195043,14039.6%196049,14213.9%197068,29639.0%198089,23330.7%1990107,78620.8%2000136,92427.0%2010154,63712.9%2020175,53513.5%2022 (est.)180,0132.6% 2020 census [edit] As of the 2020 census, there were 175,535 people, and 64,426 households in the city.[8] The population density was 3,596.8 people per square mile. The racial make up of the city was 75.3% White, 1.4% African American, 1.0% Native American, 3.3% Asian, 1.8% Pacific Islander, and 10.2% two or more races. Those of Hispanic or Latino origin made up 22.4% of the population.[8] 24.2% of the population were under 18, and 6.2% were under 5. People over 65 made up 14.6% of the population. The gender make up was 49% female and 51% male.[8] The median household income was $62,185, and the per capita income was $31,610. 14.7% of the population were under the poverty line.[8] Salem, Oregon – Racial and ethnic composition Note: the US Census treats Hispanic/Latino as an ethnic category. This table excludes Latinos from the racial categories and assigns them to a separate category. Hispanics/Latinos may be of any race. Race / Ethnicity (NH = Non-Hispanic) Pop 2000[28] Pop 2010[29] Pop 2020[30] % 2000 % 2010 % 2020 White alone (NH) 106,331 109,352 111,430 77.66% 70.72% 63.48% Black or African American alone (NH) 1,621 2,081 2,812 1.18% 1.35% 1.60% Native American or Alaska Native alone (NH) 1,692 1,750 1,776 1.24% 1.13% 1.01% Asian alone (NH) 3,268 4,134 5,446 2.39% 2.67% 3.10% Pacific Islander alone (NH) 617 1,429 2,293 0.45% 0.92% 1.31% Other race alone (NH) 195 214 838 0.14% 0.14% 0.48% Mixed Race or Multi-Racial (NH) 3,227 4,318 9,638 2.36% 2.79% 5.49% Hispanic or Latino (any race) 19,973 31,359 41,302 14.59% 20.28% 23.53% Total 136,924 154,637 175,535 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 2010 census [edit] As of the census[31] of 2010, there were 154,637 people, 57,290 households, and 36,261 families residing in the city. The population density was 3,228.3 inhabitants per square mile (1,246.5/km2). There were 61,276 housing units at an average density of 1,279.2 per square mile (493.9/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 79.0% White, 1.5% African American, 1.5% Native American, 2.7% Asian, 0.9% Pacific Islander, 10.1% from other races, and 4.3% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 20.3% of the population. There were 57,290 households, of which 33.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 45.0% were married couples living together, 13.0% had a female householder with no husband present, 5.2% had a male householder with no wife present, and 36.7% were non-families. 28.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.55 and the average family size was 3.15. The median age in the city was 34.5 years. 25.2% of residents were under the age of 18; 10.8% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 27.6% were from 25 to 44; 24.5% were from 45 to 64; and 12% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 49.9% male and 50.1% female. 2000 census [edit] As of the census of 2000, there were 136,924 people, 50,676 households, and 32,331 families residing in the city. The population density was 2,994.0 people per square mile (1,156.0 people/km2). There were 53,817 housing units at an average density of 1,176.8 per square mile (454.4/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 83.1% White, 1.3% African American, 1.5% Native American, 2.4% Asian, 0.5% Pacific Islander, 7.9% from other races, and 3.4% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 14.6% of the population. Non-Hispanic Whites were 70.7% of the population in 2010,[32] compared to 88.6% in 1990.[33] There were 50,676 households, out of which 32.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 47.7% were married couples living together, 11.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 36.2% were non-families. 28.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.53 and the average family size was 3.10. In the city, the population was spread out, with 25.4% under the age of 18, 11.4% from 18 to 24, 30.1% from 25 to 44, 20.6% from 45 to 64, and 12.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 34 years. For every 100 females, there were 100.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 99.5 males. The median income for a household in the city was $38,881, and the median income for a family was $46,409. Males had a median income of $34,746 versus $26,789 for females. The per capita income for the city was $19,141. About 10.5% of families and 15.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 20.2% of those under age 18 and 7.1% of those age 65 or over. Government [edit] Salem is governed using the council–manager government model.[34] The city council consists of eight members who are elected from single member wards. The mayor is elected in a citywide vote. The current mayor is Chris Hoy, a Democrat who took office in 2022. The following are Salem's city councilors:[35] Ward 1: Virginia Stapleton Ward 2: Linda Nishioka Ward 3: Trevor Phillips Ward 4: Deanna Gwyn Ward 5: Jose Gonzalez Ward 6: Julie Hoy Ward 7: Vanessa Nordyke Ward 8: Micki Varney Economy [edit] State government is Salem's largest employer, but the city also serves as a hub for the area farming communities and is a major agricultural food processing center.[36] It lies along the I-5 corridor and is within an hour's drive of Oregon's largest city, Portland. Salem is the home of Kettle Foods, Inc., a maker of potato chips since 1982. Kettle employs 700 in Salem and at a plant in Bowthorpe, England. NORPAC Foods, Inc., is a large food processor in Salem and elsewhere in Marion County. Its brands include Flav-R-Pac and West-Pac frozen fruits and vegetables, and Santiam canned vegetables. Oregon Fruit Products, Inc., has been canning blackberries, marionberries and other fruits in Salem since 1935, with Oregon as its brand name. In a bid to diversify its economic base, Salem attracted a number of computer-related manufacturing plants in the 1990s. In November 2003, the Sumitomo Mitsubishi Silicon Group (SUMCO), one of these arrivals, announced it would be closing its two silicon wafer plants at the end of 2004, eliminating 620 jobs, and moving production to other plants.[37] Salem is the headquarters of the Oregon Department of Corrections and home to four state correctional facilities, including the Oregon State Penitentiary, Oregon's only maximum-security prison. Numerous projects are underway to increase the supply of housing in the downtown core. These projects will provide upscale, low- and high-rise condominium and office space. Top employers [edit] According to Salem's Comprehensive Annual Financial Report for the 2022 fiscal year,[38] the top employers in the area are: Rank Employer Number of Employees 1 State of Oregon 21,000 2 Salem-Keizer School District 5,137 3 Salem Health 5,058 4 Marion County 1,742 5 Federal Government 1,500 6 Amazon Fulfillment Center 1,400 7 City of Salem 1,291 8 Chemeketa Community College 1,080 9 Wal-Mart 980 10 State Accident Insurance Fund 923 People and culture [edit] Neighborhood associations [edit] Salem has 18 recognized neighborhood associations, which are independent groups that receive administrative support from the city.[39] Central Area-Downtown (CAN-DO) East Lancaster (ELNA) Faye Wright Grant Highland Lansing Morningside Northeast (NEN) Northeast Salem (NESCA) North Lancaster (NOLA) Northgate South Central (SCAN) Southeast Mill Creek (SEMCA) South East Salem (SESNA) South Gateway Sunnyslope South Salem (SWAN) West Salem Cultural events and series [edit] The nonprofit group Salem Community Markets (SCM) operates several farmers' markets in Salem. The largest and most well-known of these is the Salem Saturday Market, which is located north of the Capitol, runs from May to October, and focuses on local products, including art, baked goods, produce, live plants, meat, and other items.[40] Other SCM-run markets include a Monday Market (hosted from May to September at the Salem Hospital), a Wednesday Farmers' Market hosted on campus at Chemeketa Community College, a Thursday Market in West Salem,[41] and a Holiday Gift Market in December. There is also an indoor Saturday Public Market which is open all year.[40] The annual World Beat Festival, held in June, is sponsored by the nonprofit Salem Multicultural Institute.[42] The event lasts for two days and is held at the Riverfront Park. It features international crafts, music, dance, food, and folklore from every continent, and in recent years has held a Dragon Boat race similar to the ones held during the nearby Rose Festival in Portland.[43] The Salem Art Association sponsors the annual Salem Art Fair and Festival, which takes place at Bush's Pasture Park during the summer.[44] Its displays, interactive exhibits, food, and performances attract thousands of visitors each year.[45] The Bite of Salem, held in July at the Riverfront Park, is an event similar to others such as the Bite of Oregon in Portland. The event consists of a weekend of local restaurants in Salem offering samples of their menus to patrons in a festival atmosphere, with live entertainment and benefiting local charities. In the summer, Chef's Nite Out is a wine and food benefit held for Marion-Polk Food Share.[46] Oregon Wine & Food Festival takes place at that state's fairgrounds in January. The largest event in Salem is the Oregon State Fair at the end of August through Labor Day. Located in the Oregon State Fairgrounds in North Salem, the fair offers exhibits, competitions and carnival rides. Other events such as concerts, horse shows and rodeos take place at the Oregon State Fair and Expo Center throughout the year.[47] The Mid-Valley Video Festival offers local, national and international independent films in theaters throughout the city.[48] The Salem Film Festival has included feature films that were Oregon premieres.[49] The Salem Repertory Theatre presents shows at the Reed Opera House.[50] The Pentacle Theatre, which features plays and musicals, is located in West Salem.[51] The Elsinore Theatre is a historic landmark featuring recitals, concerts, films, and plays. It has the largest working pipe organ on the west coast, a remnant of its days as a showcase for silent films, in the early days of cinema. Grand Theater is newly renovated and is the home of Enlightened Theatrics, a professional theatre company and hosts the Salem Progressive Film Series on the third Tuesday nine months of the year. Salem Capital Pride (Salem's yearly Gay Pride Event), hosted by Aundrea Smith (Author of: "Your Local Queer"; 2019) is held in early August.[52] The personal house and garden of landscape architects Elizabeth Lord and Edith Schryver, known as Gaiety Hollow, is on the National Register of Historic Places. Their firm Lord & Schryver designed the gardens of Historic Deepwood Estate. Museums and other points of interest [edit] In addition to the Oregon State Capitol and adjacent Willson Park, Salem's downtown contains the Willamette Heritage Center, Hallie Ford Museum of Art, the Elsinore Theatre, Riverfront Park, the Willamette River, some of the oldest buildings in Oregon, as well as shopping and restaurants. The A.C. Gilbert's Discovery Village interactive children's museum and Prewitt-Allen Archaeological Museum are both also located in Salem.[53] The two leading candidates for the tallest building in Salem are Salem First United Methodist Church and the Capitol Center.[54] A private survey commissioned by a local publication holds that the church is the tallest.[55] The tall white spire of the 1878 church rises at the intersection of Church and State Streets across from the Capitol grounds. The Capitol Center (originally the First National Bank Building, then the Livesley Building) was built in 1927 by former Salem mayor Thomas A. Livesley, a prominent Salem-area businessman and civic leader. At that time of its completion, it was the tallest commercial building in the state.[54] In 1988, Livesley's family home was purchased through private donations and was donated to the state. It now serves as the official residence of the Governor and family. Now known as Mahonia Hall, it was placed on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) in 1990. The Oregon Symphony, based in Portland, presents approximately ten classical and pops concerts each year in Salem. The Salem Chamber Orchestra includes professional area musicians as well as students.[56] The Salem Armory Auditorium has hosted touring bands including Korn and Phish. The Salem Concert Band is a community band made up of professional and amateur musicians that performs several classical and pops concerts annually.[57] Because Salem is the state capital, it has a multitude of government agencies, departments, and boards housed in buildings with architectural designs ranging from the early 20th century to examples of state-of-the-art civil building design. The historic Reed Opera House in downtown Salem has a number of local shops and dining establishments, as well as an art gallery. Salem has been awarded "Tree City USA" status by the National Arbor Day Foundation for 30 consecutive years for its dedication to urban forestry.[58] Salem was the first city in Oregon to receive the award.[59] In keeping with the city's "Cherry City" theme, flowering cherry trees have been planted along many Salem streets as well as on the Capitol Mall across from the Capitol. The Salem Public Library's main branch is located just south of downtown. A branch library is located in West Salem (Polk County). The Library participates in the Chemeketa Cooperative Regional Library Service, so Salem Public Library cards are also valid in the member libraries in Yamhill, Polk, Marion, and parts of Linn County. In addition to the Salem Public Library, the Mark O. Hatfield Library at Willamette University is open to the public as well, although the hours are limited. The film One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest was filmed at the Oregon State Hospital. Salem and its environs have a multitude of wineries and vineyards that are open to the public.[60] Media [edit] Salem has one daily newspaper, the Gannett-owned Statesman Journal. The Capital Press, a weekly agricultural newspaper, is published in the city and is distributed throughout the West Coast. The monthly Salem Business Journal covers business and government.[61] Salem Magazine, published quarterly, both in physical and digital (online) issues, focuses upon its people; its unique culture; and its downtown and surrounding neighborhood communities.[62] Northwest Television operates three television stations that have Salem transmitters: KWVT-LD, KSLM, and KPWC, which serve an area from Longview, Washington, to Eugene, Oregon. Two stations are licensed to Salem but operate out of Portland: KPXG-TV and KRCW. As of 2012, seven radio stations broadcast from Salem, including three commercial AM stations, three non-commercial FM stations, and a community radio station. KBZY was a popular Top 40 station from its sign-on in 1957 through the 1960s and 1970s. Today KBZY has an oldies format, and continues to use live and local personalities. KBZY is affiliated with the ABC Radio Network. KYKN carries syndicated conservative talk hosts. KZGD is a Spanish language sports talk station. KSLM features conservative talk programming. KSAI is a non-commercial station licensed to Educational Media Foundation with a Contemporary Christian format. KMUZ, established in 2012, is a non-commercial community radio station carrying locally produced content in a variety format. Salem is part of the Portland Arbitron survey area for radio stations, and most of the Portland stations can be received in Salem, including powerful AM stations news/talk KEX, CBS Sports Radio affiliate KXTG, and Fox Sports Radio affiliate KPOJ. Stations to the south in Corvallis and Albany are also easily heard in Salem. NPR programming is carried by Oregon Public Broadcasting, which can be heard on KOPB-FM from Portland, and KOAC from Corvallis. Parks and recreation [edit] City parks [edit] Salem's Public Works Department, Parks Operations Division, is responsible for a park system encompassing 2,338 acres (946 ha) with 29.53 miles (47.52 km) of trails, 46 parks, and another 55 open and undeveloped areas.[63] Minto-Brown Island Park is the largest at 1,200 acres (490 ha).[64] In 2018, the Peter Courtney pedestrian and bicycle bridge was completed, connecting Minto-Brown with the 23-acre (9.3 ha) Riverfront Park, located across the Willamette River adjacent to downtown.[65] Riverfront Park is also home to the Salem Carousel. Bush's Pasture Park, a 90.5-acre (36.6 ha) urban park a few blocks south of downtown Salem, features natural groves of native Oregon White Oak trees, the historic Bush House, a rose garden, and adjacent Deepwood Estates.[66] Other city parks include 101-acre (41 ha) Cascade Gateway Park and Marion Square Park, which is located downtown next to Marion Street Bridge and has a skatepark and basketball court.[67] The skatepark also allows bicycles.[67] Marion Square Park was laid out by city founder William H. Willson, and is the next oldest municipal park in Salem after Willson Park at the Oregon State Capitol.[67] Across the Willamette River in West Salem is the 114-acre (46 ha) Wallace Marine Park, which includes a boat ramp and floating boat dock allowing easy access to the river for water sports. The NRHP-listed Union Street Railroad Bridge, repurposed as a bicycle and pedestrian bridge, connects Wallace Marine Park and West Salem to Riverfront Park and downtown Salem. Salem is also home to one of the smallest city parks in the world, Waldo Park, which consists of a single Sequoia tree.[68] The capitol grounds, which are maintained by the Oregon Parks and Recreation Department, cover three city blocks and include Willson and Capitol parks. Recreation [edit] Other large parks located in the Salem area include the 1,680-acre (680 ha) Willamette Mission State Park north of the city, and Silver Falls State Park east of Salem. Both of these parks have extensive hiking, biking, and horse trails. Salem's central location provides access to a wide variety of recreational activities in a variety of climates and geographies year round. The Coast Range and the Pacific Ocean are to the west. The Santiam Canyon area, the Western Cascades and the High Cascades are to the east. Portland and its environs are to the north, while Eugene and its environs are to the south. Salem also has two disc golf courses. A nine-hole course located in the woods of Woodmansee Park (located behind Judson Middle School), and a more open style 18-hole course located throughout Cascade Gateway Park. They are both free and open to the public. Sports [edit] Sport League Team Baseball Mavericks Independent Baseball League Salem-Keizer Volcanoes Roller Derby WFTDA Cherry City Roller Derby Soccer USL2 Capital FC College Athletics NCAA Division III Willamette Bearcats College Athletics Cascade Collegiate Conference Corban University College Athletics Northwest Athletic Conference Chemeketa Community College Basketball The Basketball League Salem Capitals Arena Football Arena Football League Oregon Black Bears Education [edit] Elementary and secondary [edit] Salem's public elementary and secondary schools are part of the Salem-Keizer School District, which includes almost all of the city limits.[69][70] The Salem-Keizer district has approximately 39,000 students and is the second largest public school district in the state.[71] A small section of Salem in Marion County is assigned to Cascade School District 5.[69] The city also has many private elementary and secondary schools such as Blanchet Catholic School and Salem Academy Christian. One school, Willamette Academy, is part of an outreach program run by Willamette University that is designed to expose under-represented students to the rewards of an academic life at an early age (7th–12th grade).[72] Salem is also home to several public boarding schools, the Chemawa Indian School (a Bureau of Indian Education (BIE)-affiliated Native American high school), and the Oregon School for the Deaf. Oregon School for the Blind was formerly in the city and closed in 2009.[73] Colleges and universities [edit] Post secondary schools include Chemeketa Community College, Corban University, Tokyo International University of America, and Willamette University, the oldest university in the American west.[74] Portland State University, Eastern Oregon University, Western Oregon University and Oregon State University provide classes and a handful of undergraduate degrees at Chemeketa Community College. All of Marion County and all of Polk County are within the Chemeketa community college district.[75] Infrastructure [edit] Transportation [edit] Cherriots, an independent government agency, provides fixed-route bus service, rideshare matching, and paratransit/lift services for the disabled, within the urban growth boundary. They also operate Cherriots Regional, previously known as Chemeketa Area Regional Transportation System (CARTS), which provides bus service that connects Salem to destinations as far north as Wilsonville, as far west as Dallas, and to the east to Silverton and up the Santiam Canyon to Mill City. Cherriots, in cooperation with Wilsonville's SMART, provides routes between downtown Salem and Wilsonville. From Wilsonville, WES Commuter Rail connects to TriMet routes in Beaverton, including MAX Light Rail. Greyhound Lines provides north–south service and connecting carrier service to Bend, Oregon, from the Salem Amtrak station. Amtrak, the national passenger rail system, leases the Salem Depot from the Oregon Department of Transportation. The Coast Starlight provides daily north–south service to cities between Los Angeles, California and Seattle, Washington. Amtrak Cascades trains, operating as far north as Vancouver, British Columbia and as far south as Eugene, Oregon, serve Salem several times daily in both directions. HUT Airport Shuttle provides transportation to Portland International Airport. HUT also serves Corvallis with a second stop at Oregon State University, Albany, and Woodburn. Mountain Express provides transportation between Salem and Bend.[76] McNary Field (Salem-Willamette Valley Airport) is owned and operated by the City of Salem. It serves primarily general aviation and the Oregon National Guard – Army Aviation Support Facility (AASF). Delta Connection offered commercial air service with two daily flights to Salt Lake City, Utah, from July 2007. However, citing fuel costs versus a load factor of less than 85 percent, the service was discontinued in October 2008. The city plans to go forward with airport improvements that were announced when service was commenced, including a longer runway and an expanded terminal building.[77] Avelo Airlines began service to Burbank, CA and Las Vegas, NV in early October 2023. The city is served by the following highways: Interstate 5 Oregon Route 99E Oregon Route 99E Business is a spur of the above, serving the downtown area Oregon Route 22 Oregon Route 221 Oregon Route 51 Oregon Route 213 Healthcare [edit] Salem Hospital Regional Health Services, one of the largest of Oregon's 57 acute care hospitals, is a 454-bed acute care medical facility. It is a not-for-profit organization, and is also the city's largest private employer.[78] Notable people [edit] Ryan Allen, football player for the Tennessee Titans George Andrews, mathematician[79] Debbie Armstrong, gold medalist in skiing at the 1984 Winter Olympics Ryan Bailey, Olympic sprinter[80] Cal Barnes, actor, director, screenwriter, film producer, novelist, and playwright[81] Lute Barnes, baseball player for the New York Mets.[82] Kat Bjelland, lead singer of the punk rock band Babes in Toyland[83] Jerome Brudos, serial killer[84] Gus Envela Jr., Olympic sprinter[85] John Fahey, musician, author and founder of Takoma records[86] Pat Fitzsimons, PGA Tour golfer[87] Ron Funches, standup comedian[88] Thomas Leigh Gatch, Vice Admiral, U.S. Navy Alfred Carlton Gilbert, inventor, athlete, toy-maker, and businessman. Known for inventing the Erector Set, and for winning an Olympic gold medal.[89] Craig Hanneman, NFL defensive lineman (1972–1975) Jon Heder, actor, filmmaker, and screenwriter[90] Frank Herbert, author of Dune (novel) series; graduated from North Salem High School and employed by Statesman Journal Herbert Hoover, 31st President of the United States; worked in Salem in the 1880s[91] Bob Horn, NFL linebacker (1976–1983) Cory Kendrix, musician Justin Kirk, actor[92] Kelly LeMieux, bass guitarist for Goldfinger[93] Jed Lowrie, Major League Baseball shortstop[94] Technical Sergeant Donald G. Malarkey, former non-commissioned officer with Easy Company, 2nd Battalion, 506th Parachute Infantry Regiment, in the 101st Airborne Division of the U.S. Army during World War II Richard Laurence Marquette, serial killer[95] Douglas McKay, mayor of Salem, State Senator, Governor of Oregon, and U.S. Secretary of the Interior[96] Jennelle V. Moorhead, educator, president of National PTA from 1964 to 1967 Larry Norman, Christian rock musician[97] Thelma Payne, diver, 1920 Summer Olympics bronze medalist Ben Petrick, baseball player Joe Preston, bassist for several metal and rock bands[98] Leonard Stone, actor[99] William L. Sullivan, author of outdoor guide books Kendra Sunderland, pornographic actress Bill Swancutt, football player[100] Stephen Thorsett, professor and astronomer[101] Michael Totten, journalist and novelist[102] Zollie Volchok, former general manager of the Seattle SuperSonics and winner of the 1983 NBA Executive of the Year Award[103] Evina Westbrook, WNBA player Randall Woodfield, murderer and suspected serial killer Dolora Zajick, opera singer Sister cities [edit] Salem has three sister cities:[104] Salem, Tamil Nadu , India Kawagoe, Saitama, Japan Gimhae, South Gyeongsang, South Korea As of 2014, there was talk of reviving the now-stagnant Sister City project launched in 1964 with Salem in Tamil Nadu, India.[105] See also [edit] USS Salem (CM-11) Madame Web—comic character born in Salem, known for appearances in Spider-Man References [edit] Further reading [edit] MacGibbons, Elma (1904). Leaves of Knowledge. Spokane: Shaw & Borden Co. OCLC 1048231403. Reminiscences of MacGibbons' travels in the United States starting in 1898, which were mainly in Oregon and Washington. Includes a chapter: "Salem, the Capital of Oregon".
4377	dbpedia	1	5	https://www.usairnet.com/weather/forecast/woodburn,oregon/	en	Woodburn, Oregon Weather Forecast	https://www.usairnet.com…nt_satellite.jpg		[ "https://www.usairnet.com/assets/flash/logos/asn-logo.jpg", "https://www.usairnet.com/images/airsportsbanner1.gif", "https://www.usairnet.com/images/facebook.png", "https://www.usairnet.com/images/google.png", "https://www.usairnet.com/images/twitter.png", "https://www.usairnet.com/images/rss.png", "https://www.usairnet.com/images/email.png", "https://www.usairnet.com/assets/weather/MouseOver.jpg", "https://www.usairnet.com/weather/images/fcicons/nmostlycloudy.jpg ", "https://www.usairnet.com/weather/images/fcicons/partlycloudy.jpg ", "https://www.usairnet.com/weather/images/fcicons/partlycloudy.jpg ", "https://www.usairnet.com/weather/images/fcicons/partlycloudy.jpg ", "https://www.usairnet.com/weather/images/fcicons/thunderpc20.jpg ", "https://www.usairnet.com/weather/images/fcicons/rains10.jpg ", "https://www.usairnet.com/weather/images/fcicons/mostlyclear.jpg ", "https://www.usairnet.com/weather/images/fcicons/mostlyclear.jpg ", "https://www.usairnet.com/flash/maps/0.png", "https://www.usairnet.com/flash/maps/290.png", "https://www.usairnet.com/weather/images/fcicons/nmostlycloudy.jpg ", "https://www.usairnet.com/weather/images/fcicons/partlycloudy.jpg ", "https://www.usairnet.com/weather/images/fcicons/nmostlycloudy.jpg ", "https://www.usairnet.com/weather/images/fcicons/partlycloudy.jpg ", "https://www.usairnet.com/weather/images/fcicons/nmostlycloudy.jpg ", "https://www.usairnet.com/weather/images/fcicons/partlycloudy.jpg ", "https://www.usairnet.com/weather/images/fcicons/ncloudy.jpg ", "https://www.usairnet.com/weather/images/fcicons/thunderpc20.jpg ", "https://www.usairnet.com/weather/images/fcicons/nrainmc20.jpg ", "https://www.usairnet.com/weather/images/fcicons/rains10.jpg ", "https://www.usairnet.com/weather/images/fcicons/ncloudy.jpg ", "https://www.usairnet.com/weather/images/fcicons/mostlyclear.jpg ", "https://www.usairnet.com/weather/images/fcicons/ncloudy.jpg ", "https://www.usairnet.com/weather/images/fcicons/mostlyclear.jpg ", "https://www.usairnet.com/weather/images/radar/KRTX_loop.gif", "https://www.usairnet.com/weather/images/current-small/oregon/temperature.jpg", "https://www.usairnet.com/weather/images/satellite/current_satellite.jpg", "https://www.usairnet.com/weather/images/current-small/oregon/wind-direction.jpg", "http://c.statcounter.com/10641948/0/da3fb0f6/0/" ]	[]	[]	[ "Woodburn", "Oregon weather forecast", "current conditions", "radar", "Oregon weather maps", "satellite images", "current Woodburn weather" ]	null	[]	null	Weather forecast for Woodburn, Oregon with current conditions, radar and Oregon weather maps	en	https://www.usairnet.com…-precomposed.png		null	Overnight... Mostly cloudy, with a low around 53. Light north wind. Wednesday... Partly sunny, then gradually becoming sunny, with a high near 82. North wind 3 to 6 mph. Wednesday Night... Increasing clouds, with a low around 57. Northwest wind 5 to 7 mph becoming southwest after midnight. Thursday... Partly sunny, with a high near 78. Calm wind. Thursday Night... Mostly cloudy, with a low around 56. West northwest wind around 6 mph becoming calm in the evening. Friday... Partly sunny, with a high near 77. Friday Night... Partly cloudy, with a low around 54. Saturday... A chance of showers, with thunderstorms also possible after 11am. Partly sunny, with a high near 77. Saturday Night... A chance of showers. Mostly cloudy, with a low around 54. Sunday... A slight chance of showers. Mostly sunny, with a high near 76. Sunday Night... Partly cloudy, with a low around 53. Monday... Mostly sunny, with a high near 78. Monday Night... Partly cloudy, with a low around 53.
4377	dbpedia	2	86	https://eatatelmers.com/locations/	en	Elmer's Restaurants	https://eatatelmers.com/…rs-ico-32x32.jpg	https://eatatelmers.com/…rs-ico-32x32.jpg	[ "https://eatatelmers.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/Elmers_logo.webp" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null		en	https://eatatelmers.com/…rs-ico-32x32.jpg		https://eatatelmers.com/locations/
4377	dbpedia	1	84	https://www.searchlightproperties.com/listings/209091731/101%2BN%2BWoodburn%2BDrive%252C%2BLos%2BAngeles%252C%2BCA%2B90049/%3Fsr_vendor%3Dcrmls	en	vendor=crmls – SearchLight Properties	https://www.searchlightp…1/06/slide-1.jpg	https://www.searchlightp…1/06/slide-1.jpg	[ "https://www.searchlightproperties.com/wp-content/themes/searchlightproperties.com/images/fixed-logo.png", "https://www.searchlightproperties.com/wp-content/themes/searchlightproperties.com/images/broker-logo.png", "https://www.searchlightproperties.com/wp-content/themes/searchlightproperties.com/images/logo.png", "https://www.searchlightproperties.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/New-Logo-V2.png", "https://www.searchlightproperties.com/wp-content/themes/searchlightproperties.com/images/broker-logo.png", "https://www.searchlightproperties.com/wp-content/themes/searchlightproperties.com/images/ip-logo-1.jpg", "https://www.searchlightproperties.com/wp-content/themes/searchlightproperties.com/images/ip-logo-2.jpg", "https://www.searchlightproperties.com/wp-content/themes/searchlightproperties.com/images/ip-logo-3.png", "https://www.searchlightproperties.com/wp-content/themes/searchlightproperties.com/images/ip-logo-4.png", "https://www.searchlightproperties.com/wp-content/themes/searchlightproperties.com/images/logo.png" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null		en	https://www.searchlightp…avicon-32x32.png	SearchLight Properties	null
4377	dbpedia	1	92	https://developer.mapquest.com/documentation/tools/latitude-longitude-finder/	en	Latitude Longitude Finder Tool	https://developer.mapque…avicon-32x32.png	https://developer.mapque…avicon-32x32.png	[ "https://developer.mapquest.com/documentation/assets/img/logo.svg", "https://developer.mapquest.com/documentation/assets/img/MQLogo-White-Transparent.svg" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null	A tool to use an address or interactively click on the MapQuest map to find the corresponding latitude and longitude.	en	/documentation/assets/img/apple-touch-icon.png	MapQuest API Documentation	https://developer.mapquest.com/documentation/tools/latitude-longitude-finder/	MapQuest for Business powers thousands of businesses with location-enabled Geospatial solutions. Our platform provides companies of any size with the means to increase efficiency and streamline processes, connect with customers, and ultimately deliver the all-important exceptional user experience. And, as usual, the MapQuest for Business experience is backed by the customer service and technical support that we're known for.
4377	dbpedia	2	90	https://www.benchmarkpt.com/locations/woodburn/	en	Physical Therapy in Woodburn, OR	https://www.benchmarkpt.…avicon-32x32.png	https://www.benchmarkpt.…avicon-32x32.png	[ "https://www.benchmarkpt.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/Benchmark-logo.png", "https://www.benchmarkpt.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/BenchMarkPhysicalTherapyWoodburnexterior-01-800x475.jpg", "https://www.benchmarkpt.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/BenchMarkPhysicalTherapyWoodburninterior-01-800x475.jpg", "https://www.benchmarkpt.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/BenchMarkPhysicalTherapyWoodburninterior-02-800x475.jpg", "https://www.benchmarkpt.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/BenchMarkPhysicalTherapyWoodburninterior-03-800x475.jpg", "https://www.benchmarkpt.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/BenchMarkPhysicalTherapyWoodburninterior-04-800x475.jpg", "https://www.benchmarkpt.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/Benchmark-logo.png" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	2022-07-13T04:32:32+00:00	BenchMark Physical Therapy in Woodburn, OR is focused on exceptional care and industry-leading outcomes. Call today to make an appointment.	en	/apple-touch-icon.png	BenchMark Physical Therapy	https://www.benchmarkpt.com/locations/woodburn/	Are you looking for the best physical therapy services in Woodburn? Look no further than BenchMark Physical Therapy, your premier destination for exceptional physical and occupational therapy care. You have a choice when it comes to selecting your physical therapy. At our Woodburn physical therapy clinic, we offer individualized treatment for a remarkable patient experience. Get seen quickly, schedule your appointment today. Why Choose BenchMark for Your Physical Therapy Care Our commitment to patients is simple: effective, compassionate care marked by integrity and honesty. Known for our best-in-class physical therapy, patient care, and unparalleled customer service, we stand as the top physical therapy clinic in Woodburn – trusted by patients and healthcare professionals alike.
4377	dbpedia	0	89	https://www.idxhome.com/site/listing/detail/3366-WOODBURN-ROAD-14-ANNANDALE-VA-22003/47158/VAFX2194302/530	en	3366 WOODBURN ROAD #14, ANNANDALE, VA 22003	https://bright-media01.p…KuD6EQrDKgbA.jpg	https://bright-media01.p…KuD6EQrDKgbA.jpg	[ "https://bright-media01.prd.brightmls.com/bright/images/0000/8032/5643/3692/803256433692_1024_768_WM_f8KmKuD6EQrDKgbA.jpg", "https://idx-logos.idxhome.com/pabmls.png" ]	[]	[]	[ "3366 WOODBURN ROAD #14", "ANNANDALE", "VA 22003", "ANNANDALE Real Estate", "ANNANDALE Property for Sale" ]	null	[]	null	Photos and Property Details for 3366 WOODBURN ROAD #14, ANNANDALE, VA 22003. Get complete property information, maps, street view, schools, walk score and more. Request additional information, schedule a showing, save to your property organizer.				null
4377	dbpedia	3	33	https://bloomington.in.gov/crm/tickets%3Fcategory_id%3D44%3Bclient_id%3D9%3Btownship%3DBloomington	en	uReport:			[]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null		en			null	open #192864 Traffic Signals 515 S Patterson Dr Case Date: 8/13/2024 Patterson/Fairview traffic light timing is on the piss again open #192863 Parking Meters and Citations 401-403 N Indiana Ave Case Date: 8/13/2024 Hello, I am inquiring on clarification to a resolution on case #191206. It was reporting extended no parking zones along the intersections of 8th and Indiana. The yellow paint extended an extra three to five feet, removing parking spots for one or two cars. The afmormentioned message is in the attached file. The resolution states that the curb has been corrected and there will be updated neighborhood signs, but what does that mean? Thank you. open #192862 Blocked Sidewalk 116 E 3rd St Suite 101 Case Date: 8/13/2024 Sidewalk has been blocked for DAYS with barricades on 3rd street between Walnut and Washington. This is a route to Transit and the Police Station. No one seems to be working there, so why is it blocked? This blocks businesses and is just a pain to get around. Why doesn’t the city have people who help keep the sidewalks open?? closed #192861 Blocked Sidewalk 116 E 3rd St Suite 101 Case Date: 8/13/2024 Sidewalk has been blocked for DAYS with barricades on 3rd street between Walnut and Washington. This is a route to Transit and the Police Station. No one seems to be working there, so why is it blocked? This blocks businesses and is just a pain to get around. Why doesn’t the city have people who help keep the sidewalks open?? open #192860 Other 3621 N Kinser PIKE Case Date: 8/13/2024 Please conduct an animal (dogs) wellness check - dogs are whining in garage, and I'm not sure anyone occupies this home. These animals may not have food or water. I believe there are possibly 2 pit bulls so use caution. open #192859 Parks & Playgrounds 4698 S Leonard Springs RD Case Date: 8/13/2024 The street apron at the entrance to Leonard Springs Nature Park is badly eroded, to the point where vehicles can bottom out and scrape against the edge of the remaining asphalt. This happens even when turning very slowly and carefully into the park. I believe it needs to be filled in with road base and topped with asphalt or concrete. Thanks! closed #192858 Line of Sight 3641 W Indian Creek DR Case Date: 8/13/2024 There are limbs blocking view of school buses open #192857 Potholes, Other Street Repair 101 S Heritage RD Case Date: 8/13/2024 A citizen called in and explained that a curb in this area caused damage to their tire and has caused damage to others. She wanted to make sure it was reported. She said it was near the first speed bump on Morningside, right off Smith Road. She's already been informed of how to file a tort claim for the incident. open #192855 Traffic Suggestions 300 E 11th ST Case Date: 8/13/2024 4- Way stop needed, close calls
4377	dbpedia	2	74	https://www.nidirect.gov.uk/articles/angling-upper-south-woodburn	en	Angling at Upper South Woodburn	https://www.nidirect.gov.uk/themes/custom/nicsdru_nidirect_theme/favicon.ico	https://www.nidirect.gov.uk/themes/custom/nicsdru_nidirect_theme/favicon.ico	[ "https://www.nidirect.gov.uk/themes/custom/nicsdru_nidirect_theme/logo.svg" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "nidirect" ]	2015-12-04T14:34:54+00:00	Upper South Woodburn Reservoir (sometimes referred to as Carrick Dams) can have low water levels in late summer. Work has been carried out to improve the number of wild young fish in this water.	en	/themes/custom/nicsdru_nidirect_theme/favicon.ico	nidirect	https://www.nidirect.gov.uk/articles/angling-upper-south-woodburn	If you have a comment or query about benefits, you will need to contact the government department or agency which handles that benefit. Contacts for common benefits are listed below. Carer's Allowance Call 0800 587 0912 Email dcs.incomingpostteamdhc2@nissa.gsi.gov.uk Discretionary support / Short-term benefit advance Call 0800 587 2750 Email customerservice.unit@communities-ni.gov.uk Disability Living Allowance Call 0800 587 0912 Email dcs.incomingpostteamdhc2@nissa.gsi.gov.uk Employment and Support Allowance Call 0800 587 1377 Jobseeker’s Allowance Contact your local Jobs & Benefits office Personal Independence Payment Call 0800 587 0932 If your query is about another benefit, select ‘Other’ from the drop-down menu above. If you can’t find the information you’re looking for in the Coronavirus (COVID-19) section, then for queries about: Restrictions or regulations — contact the Department of Health Travel advice (including self-isolation) — contact the Department of Health Coronavirus (COVID-19) vaccinations — contact the Department of Health or Public Health Agency If your query is about another topic, select ‘Other’ from the drop-down menu above. If you wish to report a problem with a road or street you can do so online in this section. If you wish to check on a problem or fault you have already reported, contact DfI Roads.
4377	dbpedia	1	21	https://bikeportland.org/2018/07/18/the-ride-from-portland-to-eugene-on-two-wheels-285995	en	The Ride: From Portland to Eugene on two wheels	https://bikeportland.org…/07/IMG_4574.jpg	https://bikeportland.org…/07/IMG_4574.jpg	[ "https://bikeportland.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/BikePortland-white-logo-transparent-2022-tight.png", "https://bikeportland.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/BikePortland-white-logo-transparent-2022-tight.png", "https://bikeportland.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/Untitled-design-17-300x300.png", "https://bikeportland.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/IMG_4972-1200x900.jpg", "https://bikeportland.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/IMG_4892-1200x900.jpg", "https://bikeportland.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/IMG_4574-1200x900.jpg", "https://bikeportland.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/IMG_4552-1200x900.jpg", "https://bikeportland.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/portland-eugene-map.jpg", 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I-5.	en	https://bikeportland.org…on-2-300x300.png	BikePortland	https://bikeportland.org/2018/07/18/the-ride-from-portland-to-eugene-on-two-wheels-285995	So often while driving down Interstate 5 south of Portland my mind wanders: Could I ride to Eugene? What would the roads be like? I began to ask myself those questions again this past weekend as the date for the Cycle Oregon Weekender event approached. This year it was held on the University of Oregon campus in Eugene. I’ve ridden to Salem a few times via backroads on both sides of Interstate 5 — for the Fresh Hop Century and the Salem Gravel Grinder rides just to name a few — but until last weekend I had never gone further south. Like with all my adventures, my first stop was RideWithGPS.com, the Portland-based route-finding, recording, and planning service. Simply typing in “Portland to Eugene” in the search bar got me started on my research. If found a route that looked interesting, did a bit of editing to make it more windy and to follow the smallest roads possible, then synced it up with my GPS device. With frame-bags packed full of overnight gear, my plan was to bike down to UO to check out the Weekender. Would I ride back to Portland? That was still up in the air. My first priority was getting to Eugene. The 145-mile route to Eugene was great. It passed through small towns, broad valleys, many rivers and creeks, and even through fern-covered forests (with much-needed shade on a day with a high temp of 100!). The highlight was discovering a small town called Sodaville, home of the first-ever officially designated State Park in Oregon. A sign posted near the corner of Sodaville Mountain Home Road and Maple Street said a mineral spring was discovered there in 1848 by a local man who was looking for his oxen who had gone astray. The water was thought to have medicinal qualities and soon bathhouses, hotels, and vibrant small town developed around it. Sodaville reached its apex in the late 1890s. By 1953 the spring was found to be contaminated and it was closed off for good. Today there’s a basketball court and small park where the spring once spouted. The road south of Sodaville was by far my favorite part of the ride. It’s a beautiful climb that rises 1,000 feet in five miles on the western edge of the Santiam State Forest. An eight mile descent into Brownsville — including a good chunk of luxury-grade gravel — was the reward. I enjoyed Main Street in the historic pioneer town of Brownsville before the final push into Eugene. 1,500 people attended the Weekender, which Cycle Oregon describes as simply, “Great rides and good friends.” On Saturday I rode the 76-mile route: a loop northeast of Eugene that featured a steady climb on Marcola Road along the Mohawk River to Crawfordsville. The second half of the route was on the same roads I used on Friday with the added fun of riding the bikes paths along the Willamette River into downtown Eugene. I found a nice little spot to take a swim a few miles from the finish. By Saturday afternoon I’d made up my mind to ride back to Portland on Sunday. I was grateful to find a friend to haul my bags back for me so I could be much lighter for the ride home (thanks Tom!). I didn’t want to take the exact same route so I browsed RideWithGPS.com once again to find something interesting (and with a bit less climbing than the way down). I was very happy with how it turned out. The highlights of the 145-mile route were Brownsville Road (north of its namesake town) and Gilkey Road. Gilkey is fantastic. The 10-mile stretch between Crabtree (Highway 226) and Scio was almost traffic-free and I was treated to many memorable vignettes of farm life. On rides like this my head is always on a swivel. When I’m not glancing over my left shoulder to acknowledge and scan other road users, I’m peeking at yards and farms and porches. I love seeing the farm and country lifestyle unfold as I roll by: a retired couple playing cards in the shade, a man baling hay, a dad driving a tractor with his young son in his lap, a woman sitting in a chair picking blueberries, and a horse show that look so cool I had to pull over. Hosted by the Scio Buckaroos, the part of the show I saw featured teenage girls competing in barrel-running (not sure if that’s the official name). As these capable riders flew around the course, a man offered play-by-play and encouragement in a classic country drawl over a loudspeaker. “That’s it. Look where you want to the horse to go. That’s how you do it.” At about mile 100 I came to one of my favorite places in Oregon: Front Street in Woodburn. This part of Woodburn owes its classic main street-style development to the busy railroad that runs along it. On Sundays, all the locals come out to get food and treats and it feels like a street in Mexico. People wait in the always-long line for ice cream and other sweets at Paleteria Y Neveria El Paisanito, or they find fresh-made corn and other specialities from street vendors. Since I was ready for a break, I settled into Luis’s Taqueria for some cold Jarritos Mineragua and tacos. The tortillas at Luis’s are fantastic. Huge and soft and made by hand, they cradle a healthy serving of veggies and meat. After filling up my tanks the rest of the ride was mostly a formality as I wound my way on familiar roads back to Oregon City and Portland. I’d highly recommend using these routes if you want to venture down to Eugene. With Amtrak and plenty of parks, camping and hotel options, this could also make for a fun 2-4 day trip. I stitched both routes together on RideWithGPS to make a complete loop. While there are definitely some miles of highways you’ll share with a good number of car drivers, the vast majority of the roads are quiet backroads where the only vehicles you’ll see are tractors. — Jonathan Maus: (503) 706-8804, @jonathan_maus on Twitter and jonathan@bikeportland.org Never miss a story. Sign-up for the daily BP Headlines email. BikePortland needs your support.
4377	dbpedia	1	37	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Jefferson_(Oregon)	en	Mount Jefferson (Oregon)	https://upload.wikimedia…ingered_Jack.JPG	https://upload.wikimedia…ingered_Jack.JPG	[ "https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png", "https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg", "https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Mt._Jefferson_from_Three_Fingered_Jack.JPG/272px-Mt._Jefferson_from_Three_Fingered_Jack.JPG", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/USA_Oregon_relief_location_map.svg/272px-USA_Oregon_relief_location_map.svg.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/39/Red_triangle_with_thick_white_border.svg/16px-Red_triangle_with_thick_white_border.svg.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Oregon_volcanoes_map.gif/250px-Oregon_volcanoes_map.gif", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Mount_Jefferson_and_Russell_Lake-Oregon.jpg/220px-Mount_Jefferson_and_Russell_Lake-Oregon.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Mt._Jefferson_%28Deschutes_County%2C_Oregon_scenic_images%29_%28desD0002a%29.jpg/220px-Mt._Jefferson_%28Deschutes_County%2C_Oregon_scenic_images%29_%28desD0002a%29.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Mount-Jefferson.jpg/220px-Mount-Jefferson.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Mt._Jefferson.jpg/220px-Mt._Jefferson.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Mount_Jefferson_2.jpg/300px-Mount_Jefferson_2.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Official_Presidential_portrait_of_Thomas_Jefferson_%28by_Rembrandt_Peale%2C_1800%29.jpg/220px-Official_Presidential_portrait_of_Thomas_Jefferson_%28by_Rembrandt_Peale%2C_1800%29.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Jefferson_Park_Meadows_Mount_Jefferson_Wilderness.jpg/220px-Jefferson_Park_Meadows_Mount_Jefferson_Wilderness.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Mount_Rainier_from_west.jpg/120px-Mount_Rainier_from_west.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png", "https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1", "https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg", "https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/footer/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "Contributors to Wikimedia projects" ]	2003-12-10T08:19:55+00:00		en	/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png		https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Jefferson_(Oregon)	Stratovolcano in the Cascade Range, Oregon, US For other mountains named Mount Jefferson, see List of peaks named Mount Jefferson. Mount Jefferson is a stratovolcano in the Cascade Volcanic Arc, part of the Cascade Range in the U.S. state of Oregon. The second highest mountain in Oregon, it is situated within Linn County, Jefferson County, and Marion County and forms part of the Mount Jefferson Wilderness. Due to the ruggedness of its surroundings, the mountain is one of the hardest volcanoes to reach in the Cascades. It is also a popular tourist destination despite its remoteness, with recreational activities including hiking, backpacking, mountaineering, and photography. Vegetation at Mount Jefferson is dominated by Douglas fir, silver fir, mountain hemlock, ponderosa pine, lodgepole pine, and several cedar species. Carnivores, insectivores, bats, rodents, deer, birds, and various other species inhabit the area. Also known as Seekseekqua by Native American populations, the volcano was named after United States President Thomas Jefferson, and was first ascended by E. C. Cross and R. L. Farmer in 1888. It sits atop an area of crustal melting, and was produced by the subduction of the oceanic Juan de Fuca tectonic plate under the continental North American tectonic plate, forming about 730,000 years ago. Consisting of basaltic andesite, andesite, and dacite, the mountain has been extensively altered by glacial erosion. The surrounding area contains a number of other volcanic features like cinder cones, shield volcanoes, and tuyas (flat-topped, steep-sided volcanoes formed when lava erupts through a thick glacier or ice sheet). It is considered a low threat by the United States Geological Survey. Despite the low chance of future eruptions, many scientists still consider mudflows a major threat at Mount Jefferson. Geography [edit] The second tallest mountain in the U.S. state of Oregon after Mount Hood, Mount Jefferson lies within Jefferson, Linn, and Marion counties,[4] in the central part of the state.[5] Reaching an elevation of 10,497 feet (3,199 m), the volcano has a proximal relief of 4,890 feet (1,490 m). It is not usually visible from the city of Portland, though it is visible on clear days from Salem and can be noticed from highways to both the east and the west of the Cascade Range.[8] The average elevation of the terrain around Jefferson is 5,500 to 6,500 feet (1,700 to 2,000 m), meaning that Jefferson's cone rises nearly 1 mile (1.6 km) above its surroundings. Wilderness [edit] Main article: Mount Jefferson Wilderness Mount Jefferson's eastern segment lies within the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, and its western portion within the Mount Jefferson Wilderness, of the Willamette National Forest and Deschutes National Forests. The wilderness area covers 111,177 acres (449.92 km2), with more than 150 lakes. It also has 190 miles (310 km) of trails, including 40 miles (64 km) of the Pacific Crest National Scenic Trail.[11][12] Mount Jefferson is the major feature of the wilderness, along with the nearby Three Fingered Jack volcano.[12] Physical geography [edit] Mount Jefferson lies in the temperate maritime climate of Western Oregon. The Cascades absorb east-moving moisture, causing warm and dry summers. Winters show higher precipitation levels, especially at higher elevations, averaging 140 to 160 inches (3,500 to 4,000 mm) at peak altitudes and consisting mostly of snow. Moving east, annual precipitation levels decrease from 98 inches (2,500 mm) to lower than 16 inches (400 mm). When Little Ice Age glaciers retreated during the 20th century, water filled in the spaces left behind, forming moraine-dammed lakes, which are more common in the Mount Jefferson Wilderness and the nearby Three Sisters Wilderness than anywhere else in the contiguous United States. A number of these lakes breached during the 20th century and inundated Jefferson Park and the Jefferson Creek drainage under Waldo Glacier. These breach events yielded floods and small lahars (volcanically induced mudslides, landslides, and debris flows). The flood on August 21, 1934, at a lake formed near Whitewater Glacier, created a debris flow that reached the Whitewater River drainage and buried parts of Jefferson Park in 1 to 8 feet (0.30 to 2.44 m) of debris; another event took place in 1957, but was poorly documented. Mount Jefferson has 35 snow and ice features, including four named glaciers: Whitewater, Jefferson Park, Russell, and Waldo. These features, for the most part on the northern, eastern, and southeastern parts of Mount Jefferson, span elevations from 6,158 to 8,189 feet (1,877 to 2,496 m) and cover an area of 2.1 square miles (5.5 km2).[19] The volcano, like much of the Oregon Cascades, was likely covered by an ice cap during the Pleistocene,[20] with the glaciers at their peak size between 25,000 and 20,000 years ago.[19] In recent years, the glaciers have retreated to form lateral moraines; Whitewater Glacier, for example, shrunk from 5 miles (8.0 km) in width and 1 to 2 miles (1.6 to 3.2 km) in length to 1.9 miles (3.1 km) in width and a length of 0.62 miles (1 km).[19] During the 20th century, scientists thought they had identified a new glacier, which they named Milk Creek Glacier, but later studies established that it was an artifact of stagnant ice that had been hidden by debris, and it is no longer considered its own distinct feature.[19] Other geographic features at Jefferson include rock outcrops, steep talus slopes, conifer forests, and alpine meadows.[11][12] Additionally, a number of rivers drain Mount Jefferson. The northern and northwestern slopes feed the South Fork Breitenbush River, which flows into Detroit Lake, and the eastern side of Detroit Lake also receives water from Whitewater Creek, Russell Creek, and Milk Creek, which flow from the western flank of Mount Jefferson. The Whitewater Glacier and the northeastern side of the volcano drain into the Whitewater River, and Shitike Creek flows between Mount Jefferson and Olallie Butte before reaching the Deschutes River. Both Jefferson and Parker Creeks receive water from Jefferson's southeastern slopes, then join the Metolius River. Wildfires occur within the wilderness area at Mount Jefferson. In the late summer to early fall of 2017, the Whitewater and Little Devil fires occurred.[24] While the Little Devil fire covered 485 acres (1.96 km2), the Whitewater fire reached more than 10,000 acres (40 km2) in area,[25] provoking the use of amphibious aircraft[26] and causing trail closures.[27] As a result of the Whitewater fire, officials closed the Mount Jefferson Wilderness during the solar eclipse of August 21, 2017.[28] Climate [edit] Ecology [edit] Vegetation at Mount Jefferson is dominated by Douglas fir, silver fir, mountain hemlock, ponderosa pine, lodgepole pine, and several species of cedar. Vine maple, rhododendron, purple lupine, yellow lupine, Indian paintbrush, wild strawberries, and red huckleberries are also common around Mount Jefferson. Above the timber line at 7,200 feet (2,200 m) above sea level, mountain hemlock and whitebark pine predominate, though mountain hemlock has also invaded into subalpine meadows at Mount Jefferson, possibly as a result of fire control programs, grazing, the influence of adjacent forest areas, and climate change. Carnivorous animals at Mount Jefferson and its surroundings include American black bears, coyotes, cougars, red foxes, raccoons, American martens, stoats (also known as ermines), long-tailed weasels, American minks, North American river otters, and bobcats. Deer species include Roosevelt elk, black-tailed deer, and mule deer; insectivores include vagrant shrews, American water shrews, and coast moles. Bats at Jefferson include little brown bats and silver-haired bats, and American pikas and snowshoe hares are also present. Rodents such as yellow-bellied marmots, mountain beavers, yellow-pine chipmunks, Townsend's chipmunks, golden-mantled ground squirrels, western gray squirrels, Douglas squirrels, mountain pocket gophers, North American beavers, deer mice, bushy-tailed woodrats, water voles, Pacific jumping mice, and North American porcupines are present. Birds at Jefferson include mallards, northern goshawks, sharp-shinned hawks, red-tailed hawks, dusky grouses, grey partridges, killdeers, spotted sandpipers, California gulls, band-tailed pigeons, great horned owls, mountain pygmy owls, common nighthawks, rufous hummingbirds, Northern flickers, pileated woodpeckers, yellow-bellied sapsuckers, hairy woodpeckers, and white-headed woodpeckers. Other bird species found in the area consist of Eurasian three-toed woodpeckers, willow flycatchers, olive-sided flycatchers, tree swallows, Canada jays, Steller's jays, common ravens, Clark's nutcrackers, black-capped chickadees, mountain chickadees, chestnut-backed chickadees, red-breasted nuthatches, pygmy nuthatches, Eurasian treecreepers, American dippers, wrens, American robins, varied thrushes, hermit thrushes, Townsend's solitaires, golden-crowned kinglets, ruby-crowned kinglets, water pipits, blue-headed vireos, western tanagers, Cassin's finches, gray-crowned rosy finches, pine siskins, red crossbills, green-tailed towhees, dark-eyed juncos, white-crowned sparrows, golden-crowned sparrows, fox sparrows, and Lincoln's sparrows. Long-toed salamanders, California giant salamanders, rough-skinned newts, tailed frogs, western toads, Pacific tree frogs, northern red-legged frogs, Oregon spotted frogs, pygmy short-horned lizards, common garter snakes, and northwestern garter snakes make up some of the amphibious and reptilian animals in the vicinity. Roughly half the lakes in the Jefferson area contain rainbow trout. Geology [edit] Mount Jefferson shows normal magnetic polarity, suggesting that it formed less than 730,000 years ago. Created by the subduction of the oceanic Juan de Fuca tectonic plate under the continental North American tectonic plate in an area where the Earth's crust is 25 to 28 miles (40 to 45 km) thick, it is part of the Oregon High Cascades, which are influenced by the movement of the North American Plate and the extension of its continental crust. These extensional processes formed grabens, or valley-like depressions between parallel fault lines, at the eastern boundary of the central Cascades, including a 4,000-foot (1,200 m) deep formation. Jefferson does not lie in one of these grabens, but these tectonic processes continue, albeit at a less dramatic rate. At their peak rates, the crustal extension and depression of the Cascades area caused eruption of the Minto Lavas, made of basalt, followed by the Santiam basalts, named for their movement into the North Santiam River valley, which they filled to depths of 600 feet (180 m). Though the Jefferson vicinity has produced andesitic and dacitic lavas for the past 5 to 6 million years, major volcanoes more than 50 miles (80 km) south of the area have erupted basaltic andesite. The central Oregon Cascades are made up of Eocene to Quaternary volcanic, volcaniclastic, igneous, and sedimentary rock. Miocene and Pliocene volcanic and sedimentary rocks have been exposed in the Jefferson area, which also sits above lava flows, cinder material, and breccia from the High Cascades that formed during and after the Pliocene. Jefferson is the largest volcano in the Jefferson Reach, which forms the 47-mile (75 km) strip that makes up the northern part of the Oregon Cascade Range. Stretching from Frog Lake Buttes to South Cinder Peak, this segment consists of at least 175 Quaternary volcanoes. With a width of 16 miles (25 km), it differs from the adjacent northern segment of the Cascades, where volcanoes show a scattered distribution. Other unusual features of the Jefferson Reach include that the northernmost 19 miles (30 km) of the strip does not contain many volcanoes formed since the early Pleistocene and that it features a number of andesitic and dacitic volcanoes, which are unlike the many mafic (rich in magnesium and iron) shield volcanoes within the stretch. North of Pinhead Buttes, the volcanoes in this region are older and less tall, usually between 3,600 to 4,900 feet (1,100 to 1,500 m) in elevation. South of Pinhead Buttes, the Cascades becomes younger Pleistocene volcanoes, which often have glaciers. Mount Jefferson may form part of a long-lasting intracrustal melting and magma storage area that encompasses an area of 12.4 by 5.0 miles (20 by 8 km), where relatively little mafic eruptive activity has occurred. The melting of the metamorphic rocks amphibolite and at deeper strata, granulite, have both produced intermediate and silicic lavas at Jefferson. The strip may still be active, as monogenetic vents near Jefferson have produced basaltic andesite since the last glacial period. Jefferson — with Mount Hood, the Three Sisters-Broken Top area, and Crater Lake — represents one of four volcanic centers responsible for much of the Oregon Cascades' Quaternary andesite, dacite, and rhyolite deposits. Some of this andesite and dacite occurs in vents that underlie the Jefferson vicinity, which also erupted during the Quaternary. Quaternary volcanic production rates in the Cascade Range from Jefferson to Crater Lake have averaged 0.72 to 1.44 cubic miles (3 to 6 km3) per mile of arc length per million years. In the area surrounding Mount Jefferson, monogenetic volcanoes constructed an upland area composed of basaltic lava flows and small volcanic vents. Within this region, basaltic vents occur at Olallie Butte, Potato Butte, Sisi Butte, North Cinder Peak, and South Cinder Peak, with basaltic lava flows at Cabot Creek, Jefferson Creek, and upper Puzzle Creek. There are several hundred other basaltic volcanoes within the central Oregon High Cascades, extending up to 110 miles (180 km) away. Mount Jefferson overlies an silicic volcanic field from the early Pleistocene. Between five and six million years old, the field reaches north from Jefferson to Olallie Butte, and it covers an area of 58 square miles (150 km2). Scientists think that the setup of this field, where various vents have erupted lava, explains why the otherwise similar Cascades volcano at Mount Hood is three times as voluminous as Jefferson, because Hood has concentrated most of the eruptions from its magma chambers. The field is also likely underlain by a batholith, a large mass of intrusive igneous rock (also called a pluton) that forms from cooled magma deep in the Earth's crust. Mount Jefferson is a stratovolcano, made up of basaltic andesite, andesite, and dacite overlying basaltic shield volcanoes, with andesite and more silicic (rich in silica) rock forming the majority of the mountain. Rhyolite from the Quaternary can also be found at Jefferson, though it is not commonly found within the major volcanic centers of the Oregon Cascades. The volcano constitutes a small stratovolcano within the Cascades, with a current volume of 3.4 cubic miles (14 km3), though prior to erosion and other alterations over time, it may have been as large as 7.2 cubic miles (30 km3) in volume at one time. Mount Jefferson has been significantly altered by erosion,[50] and represents one of the most eroded stratovolcanoes in the state of Oregon. Glacial motion during the Pleistocene decreased the summit's elevation by a few hundred feet and formed a cirque (an amphitheatre-like valley carved by glacial erosion) on the western side of the volcano. This feature, known as the West Milk Creek cirque, includes the two Milk Creek glaciers and extends into the interior of Mount Jefferson, exposing tephra and pyroclastic rock in the main volcanic cone. The final two advances of glaciers during the Pleistocene removed about a third of the volcano's original volume, decreasing the overall elevation by 1,000 feet (300 m). Currently, the Whitewater Glacier and the Milk Creek glaciers erode the mountain's eastern and western flanks, respectively, and are likely to gradually form a cleft between the northern and southern horns of the summit. Within Jefferson's main volcanic cone, more than 200 andesitic lava flows are now exposed, with mean thicknesses from 10 to 35 feet (3.0 to 10.7 m), as well as an immense, pink dacitic lava flow with a thickness of 1,000 feet (300 m). The volcano also possess a small volcanic plug (created when magma hardens within a vent on an active volcano), situated 500 feet (150 m) under the summit. Jefferson's main cone ranges from 58 to 64 percent silicon dioxide, and is mostly made up of andesite and dacite. The upper 3,300 feet (1,000 m) of Jefferson's cone formed within the past 100,000 years, and consists mostly of dacite lava flows and lava domes. While it is possible that glaciers shed material from the burgeoning lava domes, any evidence of these domes generating pyroclastic flows or lahars has not been preserved in the geological record. Basalt at Mount Jefferson contains olivine, clinopyroxene, and plagioclase phenocryst crystals, while basaltic andesite phenocrysts include plagioclase (variable among samples), clinopyroxene, olivine, orthopyroxene, and occasionally, magnetite. Dacite and rhyodacite samples show amphibole, plagioclase, orthopyroxene, clinopyroxene, magnetite, apatite, and every so often ilmenite. Andesite shows similar composition to dacite samples, though sodic plagioclases and amphiboles are not as common. Subfeatures [edit] Volcanic activity in the vicinity of Mount Jefferson tends to originate from either stratovolcanoes that erupt for thousands of years or monogenetic volcanoes, which only erupt for a brief period of time before going extinct.[8] At least 35 volcanic vents can be detected within 9 miles (14 km) of the main volcanic cone at Mount Jefferson. These have produced andesitic and dacitic lava flows, lava domes, small shield volcanoes, and lava aprons. Basalt lava flows, at least two of which are younger than 7,700 years old, have been produced from four monogenetic volcanoes 4 to 8 miles (6.4 to 12.9 km) to the south of Jefferson, and they are not directly related to activity at the Mount Jefferson volcano.[4] Rhyodacitic lava flows and pyroclastic material, which have since been significantly altered and stripped by glaciation, originated from eight vents in the area. The Mount Jefferson vicinity contains at least 40 of the 190 documented lava domes in the Oregon Cascades, including the 7,159-foot (2,182 m) tall Goat's Peak dome;[50] it also contains monogenetic tuyas (flat-topped, steep-sided volcanoes formed when lava erupts through a thick glacier or ice sheet) and emplacements of hyaloclastite among mafic lava flows. The area is full of cinder cone volcanoes and intrusive lava plugs, which occur in irregular patterns. Made up of red to gray cinders, some are loose and agglutinated, and some contain intrusive rock plugs, while others do not. Cinder cones south of Mount Jefferson erupted lava flows, such as Forked Butte and North Cinder Peak. About 1,000 years ago, the South Cinder Peak cinder cone erupted, generating a lava flow that reached Marion Lake. Other volcanic cones associated with Mount Jefferson include Forked Butte and Horseshoe Cone.[50] Eruptive history [edit] Scientists lack a comprehensive record of activity at Mount Jefferson, as important details have been obscured by the erosion of deposits by large glaciers. A few eruptions have been documented from the deposits that have been preserved, but the broad outline of Jefferson's eruptive history is understood, including that its activity has changed over time, producing both powerful explosive eruptions and lava flows. Historically, eruptive activity has alternated between andesitic and dacitic lavas. The volcano formed over the course of several eruptive episodes, beginning about 300,000 years ago with the formation of rocks on the western and southwestern flanks of the volcano, and lasting until roughly 15,000 years ago.[4] The two major eruptive episodes were separated by glacial erosion of the volcano.[50] At least during the past 700,000 years, eruptions at the volcano have produced andesitic and dacitic lava. Most of the volcano formed within the past 100,000 years, with the latest activity building the central volcanic cone taking place between 30,000 and 20,000 years ago. These eruptions took place amidst the last glacial period and indicate interaction of lava with ice.[4] They erupted dacite lava flows and silicic lava domes from vents east of the former central cone, and were influenced by ice on Mount Jefferson, which prevented them from diffusing across the volcano's flanks. Instead, they formed lava tongues near the crater and coursed down spaces in between glaciers, creating volcanic glass and columnar joints, or arrays of prismatic shapes. Silicic lava domes from this eruptive episode collapsed over and over again, producing block-and-ash flows, or pyroclastic flows with many volcanic blocks among ash with a similar composition. About 150,000 years ago, an eruption produced the volcanic rock in the Park Butte area. A huge explosive eruption took place between 100,000 and 35,000 years ago (scientists have been unable to create a more specific time frame for the event),[8] producing ash layers that covered the Metolius and Deschutes River valleys and eventually extended to the city of Arco, in the southeastern part of the state of Idaho. This eruption may have excavated the existing crater, but if that were the case, eruptions have since refilled the area and obscured evidence of a crater-forming event. Eruptions around the same time period yielded pyroclastic flows that coursed down the Whitewater River drainage of the eastern side of Mount Jefferson, and the Whitewater Creek on the volcano's western flank. Basaltic lava flows at Forked Butte and to the south of Bear Butte mark the newest lava flows in the Jefferson area, as both were produced after Mount Mazama erupted roughly 7,600 years ago. The last eruption occurred about a thousand years ago at a cinder cone on the flank of the South Cinder Peak cone. Recent activity and potential hazards [edit] The basaltic lava flows produced from four monogenetic vents near Mount Jefferson indicate that the local region could produce future eruptions and could be considered active. Mount Jefferson itself is listed with a "Low/Very Low" threat potential by the United States Geological Survey,[4] but the agency has noted that "it may be too soon to regard Mount Jefferson as extinct."[63] In a 1987 report, Richard P. Hoblitt and other USGS scientists estimated that the yearly likelihood for a major explosive eruption at Jefferson does not exceed 1 in 100,000. However, given the incomplete geologic record, imprecise dating of its known deposits, and its lack of relatively recent activity, scientists from the United States Geological Survey have commented that "It is almost impossible to estimate the probability of future eruptions at Mount Jefferson." They have designated proximal and distal hazard zones for the volcano, which extend 5 to 10 miles (8.0 to 16.1 km) and several tens of miles, respectively. An eruption from the volcano would threaten the immediate surrounding area, in addition to places downstream near river valleys or downwind that could be affected by ashfall. Lahars (volcanically induced mudslides, landslides, and debris flows) and tephra could extend far from the volcano, and Mount Jefferson may also produce pyroclastic flows, lava domes, and lava flows.[63] Though the population within 19 miles (30 km) is only about 800 people, there are more than 550,000 people living within 62 miles (100 km) of the volcano.[50] Lava flows from Mount Jefferson or another volcano nearby might form lava domes that could collapse, also yielding pyroclastic flows. Moreover, while basaltic lava flows from surrounding monogenetic vents tend to travel slowly and typically only reach 12 miles (19 km) from their source, and therefore would not pose serious hazards to much wildlife or humans, they would still burn and bury anything they encountered.[66] Mazama Ash in the region reached 4 to 6 inches (100 to 150 mm) in thickness, and at least one explosive eruption from Jefferson deposited 6 feet (1.8 m) of ash onto its surroundings within 12 miles (19 km). Finer ash particles from the volcano could threaten air traffic, as a large gas plume may form; clouds from such a plume might also spawn pyroclastic flows on the flanks of the Jefferson volcano.[67] Moreover, ash can cause irritation of the eyes or respiratory system among the ill, the elderly, and infants, potentially leading to chronic lung disease. Tephra can also lead to the short-circuiting of electric transformers and power lines, collapse roofs, clog engine filters, damage car engines, and create clouds capable of producing lightning that can start fires. Even monogenetic volcanoes in the area could yield hazardous ashfall, reaching 10 feet (3.0 m) in thickness in areas within 1.2 miles (1.9 km);[67] it is unlikely they would threaten areas outside the local Jefferson vicinity.[68] An eruption at Jefferson could create lahars that would reach Detroit Lake on the western side of the volcano or Lake Billy Chinook on the eastern side, leading to increased lake water levels (or lake dam failure) and endangering life downstream.[69] In addition to the hazards from eruptions at Mount Jefferson, other safety threats include debris avalanches and lahars, which could be caused without an eruption[63] as a result of the failure of glacial moraine dams; this has happened in the past at Jefferson.[69] Even a small or mid-sized landslide could create lahars that travel far from the volcano.[68] Flooding at one of the many lakes on the flanks of Jefferson could spawn lahars in the future.[69] Many scientists think mudflows represent the largest threat at Jefferson. Seismic activity at Mount Jefferson is monitored by a regional network of seismic meters operated by the United States Geological Survey at the University of Washington's Geophysics Department. No frequent signs of detectable earthquake have been seen within the past two decades, but if earthquakes increased, scientists are prepared to deploy additional seismometers and other tools to monitor volcanic gas emissions and ground deformation indicating movement of magma into the volcano. Human history [edit] A Native American name for the mountain is Seekseekqua; its English name, Mount Jefferson (originally called Mount Vancouver by the British) was decided in honor of U.S. President Thomas Jefferson by the Lewis and Clark Expedition.[72] The expedition, which was sponsored by President Jefferson, first saw the peak from the mouth of the Willamette River on March 30, 1806.[72] Walter Eaton later described Mount Jefferson as "the most remote, the most inaccessible and alluring" mountain in Oregon, writing that Jefferson and Mount Hood "seem to hold mystic converse with one another over the canyons between." Mount Jefferson's glaciers were named by Oregon Bureau of Mines scientist Ira A. Williams in 1915, with former professor of geology at the University of Oregon, Edwin T. Hodge, publishing a report on the volcano's glaciers and geology in 1925.[19] His report focused on the sequence of volcanic rocks at Jefferson, in addition to its physiography and glaciology. Aerial photographic surveys of the glaciers at Jefferson were conducted by the Mazamas, a hiking club from Portland, during the 20th century.[20] In 1937, Thayer analyzed Mount Jefferson's petrography and petrology from segments of the Western Cascades and High Cascades, which he separated into local units. He expanded on this research in a 1939 publication looking at Jefferson vicinity lava flows. Field work followed in summer during 1965, led by G. W. Walker, and a 1974 study of the volcano's glacial and volcanic history was carried out by Kenneth G. Sutton and other geologists. The first ascent of Mount Jefferson was probably accomplished by E. C Cross and Ray L. Farmer on 12 August 1888 by way of the south ridge. George J. Pearce, who accompanied Cross and Farmer on the expedition, wrote an account of the climb for the Oregonian newspaper on 22 August 1900. The first climber to reach the summit via the north face was S. S. Mohler in 1903. Recreation [edit] Mount Jefferson is remote, and can usually only be reached on foot or by horse. There are no paved roads within 4 miles (6.4 km) of the mountain, and it is relatively little-known compared to other features near the Willamette Valley. Still, the mountain and its surrounding wilderness are visited by so many hikers, backpackers, and climbers each year, especially during the summer, that they face threats to their ecological well-being. The Warm Springs Tribal Council does not permit access to the volcano's eastern side, so only the western flanks can be used by the public. The western side can be reached from the Oregon Route 22 highway. Jefferson Park, on the northern slope of the mountain, can be reached on foot by taking the Whitewater Trail and following the Pacific Crest Trail for 1 mile (1.6 km). Located within the Mount Jefferson Wilderness, it represents a popular tourist destination for its views, lakes, and meadows, with activities including backpacking, climbing, and hiking during the summer, as well as nature photography. The area contains 26 campsites, which enforce a maximum group size of 12 people, and do not allow campfires.[79] As a result of increased traffic to the area between 2012 and 2014, the Willamette National Forest administration enforced a campsite reservation system as of 2016, but stopped the practice in 2017 due to its failure to reduce human impact within the region.[80] The Jefferson Lake Trail runs for 4.2 miles (6.8 km) round trip, with an elevation gain of 400 feet (120 m). Parts of the Trail were destroyed by a fire in the wilderness area in 2003, but the surviving remnants of the trail reopened after maintenance work was completed.[81] At Marion Lake, there are several trails, including a 6 miles (9.7 km) long route and a hike to Marion Mountain that lasts 11.2 miles (18.0 km) round-trip. These and other trails through the region offer views of the devastation of fires in the wilderness area in 2003 and 2006.[82] The Whitewater Trail runs north through the wilderness area for 1.5 miles (2.4 km) before reaching a junction, with the right path moving 2.5 miles (4.0 km) to the Pacific Crest Trail. In the Maxwell trail area, hikes of all difficulty levels can be found, including the challenging Maxwell Butte Trail 3391, the 9-mile (14 km) round trip at Santiam Lake Trail 3491, and the slightly less demanding 6.6-mile (10.6 km) Duffy Lake Trail 3427.[83] At the Pamelia Lake trail area, there are streams, lakes, and springs, as well as bathrooms, parking areas, and picnic tables. The Pamelia Limited Entry Area only allows 20 groups per day and limits their size to mitigate human impacts on the wilderness. Trails at Pamelia Lake include the Hunts Creek Trail 3440 and a segment of the Pacific Crest Trail, in addition to the Pamelia Lake Trail 3439, which rises 800 feet (240 m) before meeting the Hunts Creek Trail. The area is popular for backpacking, mountaineering, horseback riding, and day hiking.[84] Other popular trails include the Firecamp Lakes Trail and Canyon Creek Meadows trails.[85] In addition to the trails, some of the most popular areas around Mount Jefferson Wilderness include Eight Lakes Basin, Pamelia Lake, Jack Lake, Duffy Lake, Russell Lake, Santiam Lake and Wasco Lake.[11][12] Mount Jefferson can be climbed, but the route is challenging, especially the pinnacle of the summit. Nearly annually, at least one climber attempting Jefferson perishes. Because of the hazards and difficulty of climbing Mount Jefferson, the U.S. National Geodetic Survey recommends that only experienced climbers try to climb it.[2] See also [edit] Cascade Volcanoes Geology of the Pacific Northwest References [edit] Sources [edit]
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Thunder Pass by Lauran Paine (DBC15690) Hyde Belmont, a Texas Marshal, and Buck Forsythe, one of Oklahoma's wild bunch, were on the opposite sides of the law. Katherine Merritt was caught in the middle, and that was a dangerous place to be when the bullets started to fly. 2003. Narrator: Mary Kelly \| Reviewer: Judy Ogliore Hard Cold Winter [#2, Van Shaw] by Glen Erik Hamilton (DBC19118) When Van Shaw is asked to find a missing woman who's an old friend, he finds two dead bodies. One of them is the son of a billionaire, and soon Van is caught between him and local gangsters. 2016. Narrator: Rick Sipe \| Reviewer: Mark Danner Latitude 47 by Brian Peters (DBC19209) Seattle noir set in the 1990s. Newspaper reporter Clay suffers from sleep disorders and stumbles through life. Kiki, a member of the Duwamish Tribe, researches a murder that happened in the 1800s. Police detective Carpenter investigates a string of present day murders. Their paths converge, and not in a good way. 2020. Narrator: Michael Memmo \| Reviewer: Amy Cork Leave It With Him: A Novel [#1, Johansen Family Saga] by Elizabeth Lonseth (DBC19275) Fifteen-year-old Luke Johansen's idyllic life in the San Juan Islands of Puget Sound is shattered by his parents' divorce, his mother's illness, and uprooting to his father's home in the state capitol, Olympia, to start high school. Luke's faith is challenged by this onslaught, as he's left to attempt to do things his way, or leave it in the Lord's hands, and up to God's grace. 2007. Narrator: Rick Sipe Adult Nonfiction Rising Son: A US Soldier’s Secret and Heroic Role in World War II by Sandra Vea (DBC07137) Masao Abe was a Nisei who found himself doing intelligence work on the frontlines in the Pacific in World War II. Based on a series of interviews with his daughter-in-law, he describes being distrusted by other American troops and hated by the Japanese he faced. Narrator: AC Petersen Image When Women Sexually Abuse Men: The Hidden Side of Rape, Stalking, Harassment, and Sexual Assault by Philip W. Cook with Tammy L. Hodo (DBC19042) An overview of cases of sexual assault, harassment, and stalking of men by women. 2013. Narrator: Gregg Porter Invisible: How Young Women with Serious Health Issues Navigate Work, Relationships, and the Pressure to Seem Just Fine by Michele Lent Hirsch (DBC19072) Michele Lent Hirsch weaves her own harrowing experiences together with stories from other women, perspectives from sociologists on structural inequality, and insights from neuroscientists on misogyny in health research. She shows how health issues and disabilities amplify what women in general already confront: warped beauty standards, workplace sexism, worries about romantic partners, and mistrust of their own bodies. By shining a light on this hidden demographic, Hirsch explores the challenges that all women face. 2018. Narrator: Camille Blanchette Image Whidbey Island: Reflections on People and the Land by Elizabeth Guss, Janice O’Mahony, and Mary Richardson (DBC19129) A loving description of the history and land of Whidbey Island in the Salish Sea. 2014. Narrator: Debra Godfrey \| Reviewer: Judy Ogliore The Dangers of Denial: Embracing the Challenges of Alzheimer’s and Dementia by Elizabeth Lonseth (DBC19133) Lonseth draws on her own experiences as caregiver for her parents and in-laws living with cognitive decline to provide tools and information needed by others to cope with the reality of their situation and their loved one's condition. 2015. Narrator: Winfield Hobbs \| Reviewer: Martha Oman The Magical Language of Others: A Memoir by E.J. Koh (DBC19260) Eun Ji Koh's parents returned to Korea to work, leaving 15-year-old Eun Ji behind. Her mother wrote her letters in Korean seeking forgiveness and love. Years later, Eun Ji translates these letters and learns about herself through her family's history. 2020. Narrator: Linda Nelson Image Tiny House, Big Fix by Gail Anderson-Dargatz (DBC19314) Sometimes less is more. All day long, Sadie builds houses for other people, but she can't seem to find one that she and her daughters can call home. When the housing crisis in their area doesn't seem to be letting up, Sadie gets creative with her friends and builds a tiny house for her family. From the outside it looks like they are living with less, but can Sadie and her daughters find the value in living small? 2019. Narrator: Diane Novak \| Reviewer: Wendy Anderson David Livingstone: Missionary, Explorer, Abolitionist by Vance Christie (DBC28317) David Livingstone was one of the most consequential individuals who lived in the nineteenth century. An unpretentious Scottish missionary doctor, explorer, and abolitionist, he opened the door for Christianity in southern Africa. Vance Christie's biography is the most comprehensive and accurate ever written about Livingstone. During his lifetime he was a hero in Britain and beyond, and gained a degree of respect, trust, appreciation and even affection with many African people. He was a man who overcame many deprivations and discouragements, and displayed the utmost measure of courage, self-control, faith, wisdom, and ingenuity. Christie takes a balanced look at Livingstone's amazing achievements, but also at his very real flaws. This gripping in-depth biography is a must-read insight into a fascinating man. Narrator: Vance Christie July 2024 Image Julia Butler Hansen: A Trailblazing Washington Politician by John C. Hughes (DBC19139) Julia Butler Hansen rose from being on the Cathlamet City Council in the 1930s to being one of the most influential members in Congress in the 1960s. Along the way she served in the Washington State House of Representatives and was a major force in the development of the postwar highway system in the state. Narrator: Debra Godfrey Return of the Kid by Wayne D. Overholser (DBC19024) Jim Dunn left town with the reputation as a hell-raiser. Three years later, he comes back to reclaim his father's ranch--and there's a crew of outlaws who aren't about to let that happen. Narrator: John Gahagan \| Reviewer: Carol Tobin June 2024 Image Oh, La La! Homegrown Stories, Tips, and Garden Wisdom by Ciscoe Morris (DBC07152) An experienced gardener shares his knowledge of plants and pruning in the northwest. He cheerfully admits to learning from his mistakes. 2020. Narrator: Norm Zimmerman Seattle at 150: Stories of the City Through 150 Objects from the Seattle Municipal Archivesedited by Jennifer Ott (DBC19032) On the 150th anniversary of the incorporation of the City of Seattle, this book illustrates over a century and a half of the city's history through images and stories told through 150 objects and photographs from the collection of the Seattle Municipal Archives. Each object provides insight into a specific context of the city's history. With an afterword by Seattle Mayor Jenny Durkan. 2019. Narrator: Debra Godfrey \| Reviewer: Judy Ogliore Image Wicked Seattle by Teresa Nordheim (DBC19103) Seattle and the surrounding area has had its share of disreputable people and events such as Mother Damnable, a bank robber who lived in a luxury tree house, and the Wah Mee massacre. 2020. Narrator: Jim Weston \| Reviewer: Akiko Maeda The Dreamer and the Doctor: A Forest Lover and a Physician on the Edge of the Frontier by Jack Nisbet (DBC19135) John Leiberg, a botanist, and his wife, Carrie, a physician, arrived in the Inland Northwest in 1885. While he performed natural resource surveys throughout the west, she was one of the first female doctors and political candidates in the region. 2018. Narrator: Gregg Porter \| Reviewer: Mark Danner Ski Jumping in Washington State: A Nordic Tradition by John W. Lundin (DBC19207) Scandinavian settlers brought ski jumping to Washington state where it became a popular spectator sport. This book describes the history and people involved with this sport. 2021. Narrator: John Ogliore \| Reviewer: Martha Oman Image Double Crossing by Meg Mims (DBC15612) In August 1869, Lilly Granville didn't believe her father committed suicide, so she leaves Illinois and travels to California on the new transcontinental railroad. She hopes to prove people wrong as well as find his deed to a gold mine. Other people want that deed, too. 2012. #1 in the Double Series. Narrator: Mary Kelly The Grand Ones of San Ildefonso by Lauran Paine (DBC15674) Lázaro Guardia, mayor of San Ildefonso, New Mexico Territory, was uneasy about rumors of renegades coming in search of Spanish treasure. True, the village had an old cannon, but who knew how to use it? 1998. Narrator: Norm Zimmerman \| Reviewer: Judy Ogliore March 2024 Adult Fiction Image The Lumby Lines by Gail Fraser (DBC15584) The people of Lumby, a small Pacific Northwest town, didn't know what to make of Pam and Mark Walker when they moved to town and started to rebuild the Montis Abbey as a country inn. The Walkers didn't know what to make of Lumby and its eccentric residents. 2005. Narrated by Evelyn Frantz. Reviewed by Michael Memmo. 21 Dogs Years: A Cube Dweller’s Tale by Mike Daisey (DBC15757) Working at a dot-com, even the biggest dot-com, may seem exciting until you find yourself in a cubicle. Mike Daisey made it through three years at Amazon with the stories to prove it. 2002. Narrated by Norm Zimmerman. A Red Heart of Memories by Nina Kiriki Hoffman (DBC19106) Edmund Reynolds and Matilda Black are travelers with special gifts. Seeking to help others, they must heal themselves as well. 2000. Narrated by Betsy Haddox. Reviewed Judy Ogliore. Every Day Above Ground by Glen Erik Hamilton (DBC19121) Van Shaw is broke when an old criminal partner of his grandfather shows up with quick, big heist. It turns out to be a set up, and Van is in deep trouble. 2018. Narrated by Michael Memmo. Reviewed by Debby Miller. Rat City [#1, Rossiter and Jenkins mystery] by Curt Colbert (DBC19297) Detective Jake Rossiter and his able-bodied girl Friday, Miss Jenkins, dig through layers of vice and violence in Seattle's seamy underbelly to uncover a case of corruption and prejudice. 2001. Narrated by Steve Hunziker. Image #2: Sayonaraville (DBC19228) #3: Queer Street (DBC19134) Adult Nonfiction Protecting Your Children Online: What You Need to Know About Online Threats to Your Children by Kimberly Ann McCabe (DBC19062) Addresses several types of cyber crimes, ranging from child pornography and solicitation to cyberbullying, cyberstalking, and sexting, giving parents the necessary information they need to protect their children in cyberspace. 2017. Narrated Elizabeth Lapic. Reviewed by Judy Ogliore. February 2024 Juvenile & Young Adult Image Jelly Roll by Mere Joyce (DBC19082) “At school, Jenny Royce is bullied by Grade A Jerk Austin Parks. When Jenny and Austin end up at a March Break leadership camp together, Jenny thinks her week will be miserable. Especially once she and Austin are grouped together for the camp’s main assignment. They have to run a stall at a local farmer’s market. The market could be a lot of fun. But when Jenny learns that Austin wants their group’s project to fail, she has to decide if she can risk standing up to him. For grades 4-7. 2020.” Narrated by Martha Baskin. Enough is Enough: How Students Can Join the Fight for Gun Safety by Michelle Roehm McCann (DBC19056) “This handbook deftly explains America's gun violence issues - myths and facts, causes and perpetrators, solutions and change-makers - and provides a road map for effective activism. Told in three parts, Enough Is Enough also explores how America got to this point and the obstacles we must overcome, including historical information about the Second Amendment, the history of guns in America, and an overview of the NRA. Informative chapters include interviews with teens who have survived gun violence and student activists who are launching their own movements across the country. Additionally, the book includes a Q&A with gun owners who support increased gun safety laws. For junior high school and older. 2019.” Narrated by Mary Schlosser. Reviewed by Martha Oman. The Goblins of Bellwater by Molly Ringle (DBC19061) “Most people have no idea goblins live in the woods around the small town of Bellwater, Washington. But some are about to find out. Skye, a young barista and artist, falls victim to a goblin curse in the forest one winter night, rendering her depressed and silenced, unable to speak of what happened. For senior high and older. 2017.” Narrated by Candace Kramer. Reviewed by Nicole Jendro. Image Adult Fiction Death on Tap by Ellie Alexander (DBC15764) “Leavenworth, Washington. Sloan Krause quit her job at her husband's brewery after she caught him with a barmaid. She found work at a rival microbrewery, but still felt obligated to help her ex after he's accused of murder. 2017.” Narrated by Mary Kelly. The Cure for What Ales You by Ellie Alexander (DBC19249) “Leavenworth, Washington. Sloan Krause would rather be pouring beer during Maifest, but a woman claiming to be her aunt has arrived and claims Sloan is in danger. It becomes all too believable when Alex, Sloan's son, is kidnapped. 2021.” Narrated by Barb Scamman. Reviewed by Emma McDonnell. Mercy River [#4, Van Shaw] by Glen Erik Hamilton (DBC19120) “After traveling to a remote Oregon location to help a fellow veteran falsely accused of murder, Van Shaw finds himself drawn into a small town dominated by the drug trade, violent white supremacists, and dark family secrets. Strong language and violence. 2019.” Narrated by Rick Sipe. Reviewed by Amy Cork. Image Adult Nonfiction Becoming Mama-San: 80 Years of Wisdom by Mary Matsuda Gruenewald (DBC19272) “Seattle. 2022. Published by the author at age 88, Gruenewald's third book is the distillation of a lifetime of wisdom captured into 10 chapters, each a story from her life imparting a specific life lesson to the reader. Gruenewald draws on her upbringing during the Great Depression, experiences in a Japanese-American internment camp, interracial marriage, and divorce to impart her hard-earned wisdom in the esteemed role of elder. 2013.” Narrated by Linda Nelson. I’m Not Done: It’s Time To Talk About Ageism in the Workplace by Patti Temple Rocks (DBC19057) “Takes a deep dive into ageism in the workplace—what it looks like, how it harms people and businesses alike, and how business leaders can get on the right side of the issue. 2018.” Narrated by Mary Schlosser. Reviewed by Akiko Maeda. Your Special Education Rights: What Your School District Isn’t Telling You by Jennifer Laviano & Julie Swanson (DBC19065) “Authored by two special education experts and draws on decades of experience from the front lines of special education advocacy. 2017.” Narrated by Diane Novak. Image Life Behind the Badge: The Spokane Police Department’s Founding Years, 1881-1903 by Suzanne Bamonte, Tony Bamonte, & The Spokane Police Department History Book Committee (DBC19184) “The Spokane Police Department was formed in 1881 when the rough and tumble frontier town of Spokane was incorporated. In the next 23 years, the population grew from 500 residents to over 50,000 with enough crime to keep the police busy even as the city became respectable. 2008.” Narrated by John Ogliore. January 2024 Image Children’s & Juvenile The Many Reflections of Miss Jane Deming by J. Anderson Coats (DBC15722) “Set in the 1800s. High-spirited young Jane is excited to be part of Mr. Mercer's plan to bring Civil War widows and orphans to Washington Territory - but life out west isn't at all what she expects! Seattle doesn't turn out to be quite as advertised. In this rough-and-tumble frontier town, Jane is going to need every bit of that broad mind and sturdy constitution - not to mention a good sense of humor and a stubborn streak a mile wide. For grades 5 and up. 2017.” Narrated by Evelyn Frantz. Reviewed by Judy Ogliore. A Day at the Museum by Christine Platt (DBC19083) “It's a surprise visit! Ana & Andrew are excited when Grandma comes to visit. While she is there, the family tours the Smithsonian Museum of African American History and Culture and learns about important African American achievements. For preschool and older. 2019.” Narrated by Lauren DuPree (with Merri Ann Osborne). Summer in Savannah by Christine Platt (DBC19085) “Ana & Andrew travel to visit their grandparents in Savannah, Georgia. While they are there, they learn Grandma and Grandpa's church was built by slaves. With some help from an unusual source! For preschool and older. 2019.” Narrated by Lauren DuPree (with Merri Ann Osborne). A Snowy Day by Christine Platt (DBC19087) “School is canceled! Ana & Andrew play in the snow with their neighbors and learn to make snow ice cream. They save some snow cream in the freezer for their cousins in Trinidad who have never seen snow. For preschool and older. 2019.” Narrated by Lauren DuPree (with Merri Ann Osborne). Image Adult Lady’s Choice by Jayne Ann Krentz (DBC15560) “Travis Sawyer wooed and seduced Juliana Grant to get revenge for a bad business deal. Then he realized he was in love with her and she realized he had his reasons for being angry. Some sexual content. 2002.” Narrated by Leslayann Schecterson. Reviewed by Nicole Jendro. Quicker Than The Eye by Ray Bradbury (DBC15583) “The range of the 21 stories in this collection show Ray Bradbury's mastery of the short story. Realism and fantasy exist side by side here. 1997.” Narrated by Tim Sherburn. Bury My Heart at Chuck E. Cheese’s by Tiffany Midge (DBC15588) “Artfully blending sly humor, social commentary, and meditations on love and loss, Midge uses insight as an act of resistance when she writes about her identity as a Native woman in America. These slices of life provide commentary on popular culture, media, feminism, and the complications of identity, race, and politics. 2019.” Narrated by Mary Schlosser. Reviewed by Arlyn Purcell. The Ballad of Desiree by Susan Carr (DBC15890) “In the early 1970s, Desiree, a 22-year-old free spirit travels the roads of Idaho and Washington where she meets a man named Ruby who becomes her footloose lover and later the father of her child in Seattle. When offered a chance for a singing career in Los Angeles, Desiree makes a decision for herself, leaving for Los Angeles and the adventure of the rest of her life. Strong language and some descriptions of sex. 2013.” Narrated by Barb Scamman. Image Beyond a Reasonable Stout by Ellie Alexander (DBC19112) “Sloan Krause is part of Leavenworth, Washington's thriving craft beer culture. Things get awkward after a city councilmember who was campaigning to make the town dry is murdered. Is it closing time? 2019.” Narrated by Barb Scamman. Reviewed by Martha Oman. Sayonaraville by Curt Colbert (DBC19228) “Seattle 1948. Private detective Jake Rossiter fought in the Pacific and isn't fond of anything Japanese so he's not thrilled when his partner, Miss Jenkins, takes a case for a Japanese-American family. They lost their property while in an internment camp, and somebody doesn't want them to get it back. Some violence and strong language.” Narrated by Winfield Hobbs. Reviewed by Amy Cork. Unsettled Ground: The Whitman Massacre and Its Shifting Legacy in the American West by Cassandra Tate (DBC19229) “Marcus and Narcissa Whitman were among the 13 people killed by Cayuse Indians in November 1847. They became legendary martyrs to the American settlement of the Pacific Northwest. Their real story is much more complicated than the legend. 2020.” Narrated Gregg Porter. Reviewed by Judy Ogliore. Image December 2023 Image Children’s & Young Adult Fast Backward by David Patneaude (DBC07077) Fifteen-year-old Bobby Hastings witnesses an atomic explosion near a top secret New Mexico army base in July of 1945. Terrified, he soon heads off on his bike for home, only to encounter something that rivals the blast for drama. A girl his age stands naked at the side of the lonely desert road: underweight, unwell, and speaking with a German accent. In the coming days, she unveils an impossible story about time travel and a heartbreaking outcome of the war. She begs people to believe her warning and prevent the awful future she claims to know too well. But even if they do believe her, and the story is true, the biggest question remains: can history be undone? For junior and senior high readers. 2018. Narrated by Kevin Pitman. Dancing at Carnival by Christine Platt (DBC19086) During Carnival, Ana & Andrew travel to visit their family on the island of Trinidad. They love watching the parade and dancing to the music. This year, they learn how their ancestors helped create the holiday! For preschool and older. 2019. Narrated by Lauren DuPree. Adult True Tales of Puget Sound by Dorothy Wilhelm (DBC15879) A collection of true stories about the Puget Sound region that has seen everything from a Pie Goddess to octopus wrestling. Don't forget the Wine and Swine Wreck, either. 2019. Narrated by Jim Weston. Reviewed by Debby Miller. Warren Miller: Lurching From One Near Disaster to the Next by Warren Miller (DBC19040) Warren Miller, famous for his ski films, recounts a life of mishaps on skis, on the water, and facing down raccoons. 1998. Narrated by Michael Memmo Digressions of a Native Son by Emmett Watson (DBC19181) Emmett Watson lived in Seattle all of his life and was a columnist for local newspapers for nearly 60 years. Known for his curmudgeonly views about urban development, he remembers Seattle before Microsoft and Amazon. 1982. Narrated by Michael Memmo. Reviewed by Steve Zon. Image November 2023 Image Children’s & Young Adult Curious Kids Nature Guide: Explore the Amazing Outdoors of the Pacific Northwest by Fiona Cohen, illustrated by Marni Fylling (DBC15750) Get out and explore the big backyard of the Pacific Northwest with this field guide for nature lovers young and old. For grades K-3 and up. Narrated by Elizabeth Gould Adult Fugitives’ Fire by Max Brand (DBC07067) After Paul Torridon was captured by the Cheyenne, they renamed him White Thunder and treated him well because they thought he was a powerful medicine man. He knew, though, that one day he would have to escape. 1991. Narrated by Jim Weston. Angel Lane by Sheila Roberts (DBC15881) Jamie Moore and other shop owners in the town of Heart Lake try to recapture the fading small town charm by practicing random acts of kindness. Things don't always go as planned, including independent Jamie starting to have feelings for policeman Josh Armstrong. Includes recipes. 2009. Narrated by Candace Kramer. When Dad Hurts Mom: Helping Your Children Heal the Wounds of Witnessing Abuse by Lundy Bancroft (DBC19066) A counselor reveals how abusers interact with and manipulate children--and how mothers can help their children recover from the trauma of witnessing abuse. Narrated by Shadzeeda Sperry. Reviewed by Judy Ogliore. Image Seawomen of Iceland: Survival on the Edge by Margaret Willson (DBC19193) Commercial fishing in the North Atlantic is dangerous work, and women from Iceland have been doing it for centuries. The author worked on fishing boats so she brings an understanding of the challenges that these seawomen have dealt with even as technology has evolved from open skiffs to computerized trawlers. 2016. Narrated by Ros Wilkes. Reviewed by Steve Zon. The Alpine Zen by Mary Daheim (DBC19231) Emma Lord is now happily married, but that doesn't mean things are peaceful in Alpine, Washington. A woman has shown up, swearing her parents were murdered there years ago, and then there's that unidentified body in the town dump. Narrated by Elizabeth Lapic. Book #26 in the Emma Lord mystery series. Image October 2023 Image Children’s & Young Adult A Heart For Any Fate: Westward to Oregon, 1845 by Linda Crew, 2005. (DBC15561) Oregon Trail, 1845. Lovisa and the rest of the extended King family join a wagon train, experiencing hardship and even death, but the family still has time to wonder if outspoken Lovisa will ever find a husband. Based on a real family who populated Kings Valley, Oregon. For grade 6 and older readers. Narrator: Elizabeth Lapic. Reviewer: Tom Heestand. Are You Seeing Me? by Darren Groth, 2015. (DBC19090) Twins Justine and Perry have left their home in Australia and embarked on the road trip of a lifetime in the Pacific Northwest. For junior and senior high school. Narrator: Margarita Muñoz. This Old Dog by Martha Brockenbrough, illustrated by Gabriel Alborozo, 2020. (DBC19162) An ode to the bond between a young toddler and an old dog, this book celebrates taking your time to appreciate the little things. For preschool to grade 2. Narrator: John Gahagan. Adult Image Final Notice by Jo Dereske, 1998. (DBC19259) Librarian Helma Zukas never expected a visit from her elderly Aunt Em to turn her life into chaos. The trouble begins when the dear lady's purse is snatched. But when they arrive home, the dead body of the would-be thief is discovered outside of Helma's apartment. Narrator: Elizabeth Lapic #6 in the Miss Zukas mysteries series. #1: Miss Zukas and The Library Murders (DBC19232 – in process), #2: Miss Zukas and the Island Murders (DBC19255 – in process), #3: Miss Zukas and the Stroke of Death (DBC19263 – in process), #4: Miss Zukas and The Raven’s Dance (DBC19235 – in process), #5: Out of Circulation (DBC19258 – in process), #7: Miss Zukas in Death’s Shadow (DBC19265 – in process), #8: Miss Zukas Shelves the Evidence (DBC16965), #9: Bookmarked to Die (DBC19264 – in process), #10: Catalogue of Death (DBC16791), #11: Index to Murder (DBC19268 – in process), #12: Farewell, Miss Zukas (DBC19269 – in process) Tacoma StoriesbyRichard Wiley, 2019. (DBC15703) Tacoma, Washington. On St. Patrick's Day in 1968, sixteen people sit in Pat's Tavern, drink green beer, flirt, rib each other, and eventually go home in (mostly) different directions. Their paths cross now and again in the stories that follow, which span 1958 to the present. Narrator: Jim Weston. Reviewer: Judy Ogliore. September 2023 Image Children’s & Young Adult (or older) The Spirit of Springer: The Real-Life Rescue of an Orphaned Orca by Amanda Abler, 2020. (DBC16953) A compelling nonfiction picture book about the remarkable rescue of an orphaned orca calf, Springer (A73), whose story captured the hearts of whale lovers throughout the Pacific Northwest. For grades 2-4. Narrated by Margarita Muñoz. The Ninth Day by Ruth Tenzer Feldman, 2013. (DBC07029) Hope Friis has struggled with a severe stutter her entire life. As the 1960s Free Speech Movement gains ground in her hometown of Berkeley, California, Hope embarks on a journey back in time guided by her time-traveling ancestor Serakh to the city of Paris, circa 1099 A.D. Her mission: to save the newborn son of the young woman Dolcette and find the courage to become a young woman of strength and conviction. Narrated by Rachel Glass. Reviewed by Nicole Jendro. Companion novel to Blue Thread. For Grades 6-9. #2 in The Blue Thread Saga. #1 is Blue Thread (DBC07018). #3 is Seven Stitches (DBC07030) – still in process. The Originals by Cat Patrick, 2013. (DBC15729) Seventeen-year-olds Lizzie, Ella, and Betsey Best are clones, raised as identical triplets by their surrogate mother but living as her one daughter, Elizabeth - until their separate abilities and a romantic relationship force a change. For Junior and Senior high school readers. Narrated by Florrie Munat. Image Four Rubbings by Jennifer Hotes, 2013. (DBC15886) Fourteen-year-old Josie Jameson and three friends went to an old cemetery in Seattle to make tombstone rubbings. They find that the people in those graves have stories that need resolution. For high school and older readers. Narrated by Nadine Haglin. The Cure for Dreaming by Cat Winters, 2014. (DBC07025) Set in 1900s Oregon, Olivia is a strong and independent woman who speaks her mind. Her father thinks a stage mesmerist will be able to hypnotize this trait out of her. However, the man - Henri Reverie - gives her a terrible gift. Instead: she can see people's true natures, good or bad, in vivid manifestations. For high school readers and older. Narrated by Sarah Pitman. Reviewed by Michael Memmo. The Boys From Little Mexico: A Season Chasing the American Dream by Steve Wilson, 2010. (DBC07045) 2005, Woodburn High. The true story of an all-Latino boys' soccer team in Oregon - Los Perros/The Bulldogs - and their fight to win the State Championship, against the odds and the wealthy all-white suburban schools around them. For High School readers and older. Narrated by Ron Davids. Adult Fiction The Vanishing Raiders: Western Stories by Fred Grove, 2012. (DBC15602) In the title story of this collection of Western short stories, Laban Bushrod witnessed an attack on an army paymaster's wagon. He soon discovered the frontier was a more dangerous, treacherous place than he imagined. Narrated by Jim Weston. Stories for a Dead Night in Spokane, Dale Alling, Colin Conway, Barbara Curtis, Steve Oliver, Mark Shilo, Dan Webster, 2009. (DBC15859) Spokane. An All-American city with some unsavory residents. Some of those people do bad things. Some of those people die before their time. These stories are about those people. Narrated by Debra Godfrey. Reviewed by Fred Seidel. Image Never Been This Close To Crazy by Alan Hardwick & Kristen Martin, 2019. (DBC19130) Alex Hill, a policeman in Edmonds, WA, is left with five children when his unstable wife, Holly, moves out. After he meets Nikki Myers she proves to be his closest friend and biggest ally in the fight over child custody. Narrated by Michael Memmo. The Weight of Silence by Gregg Olsen, 2018. (DBC19190) Hoquiam, Washington. Nicole Foster has moved back to her hometown and is getting her life back together while working as a police detective and taking care of her niece, Emma. Things darken when Nicole handles a case about a toddler who died of heatstroke in a car and her sister, Emma's mother, returns with deadly secrets. Narrated by Elizabeth Lapic. Reviewed by Margarita Muñoz. Companion novel to The Sound of Rain (DBC19138) . Adult Nonfiction Image American Buffalo: In Search of a Lost Icon by Steven Rinella, 2008. (DBC00376) Inspired by his opportunity to hunt wild buffalo in the Alaskan wilderness, Steven Rinella examines the American buffalo from its known history as an animal in North America to what the animal as an icon means to Americans. Narrated by Jim Weston. Reviewed by Martha Oman. The Chicken Who Saved Us: The Remarkable Story of Andrew and Frightful by Kristin Jarvis Adams, 2017. (DBC15860) Andrew, the author's son, is autistic. When he was younger he had a beloved pet chicken named Frightful. This bird helped him and his family make it through his suffering from a rare genetic disorder that took months of stressful treatment. Narrated by Florrie Munat. Tough Girl: Lessons in Courage and Heart From Olympic Gold to the Camino de Santiago by Carolyn Wood, 2018. (DBC15867) After her 30-year relationship ended, Carolyn Wood decided to challenge herself by walking the 500-mile pilgrim road in Spain. As she walked, she looked back on the arduous training that helped her win an Olympic gold medal in swimming as a teenager while she was also accepting her sexuality. Narrated by Leslayann Schecterson. Washington Curiosities: Quirky Characters, Roadside Oddities & Other Offbeat Stuff by Harriet Baskas, 2008. (DBC15870) The Fremont Troll, a Stonehenge, and a Combine Demolition Derby. Washington State has these things and many more things that are strange and wonderful. Narrated by Camille Blanchette. I’m Saying No!: Standing Up Against Sexual Assault, Sexual Harassment, and Sexual Pressure by Beverly Engel, 2019. (DBC19071) Written specifically for women who are afraid to speak up for themselves, especially women whose personal history of child sexual abuse or sexual assault as an adult has wounded them so much they have lost their voice. Aims to help women find their voice and their courage so they can better resist all forms of sexual violence. Narrated by Diane Novak. Reviewed by Judy Ogliore. Image August 2023 Young Adult Image The Seven Year King by Kiki Hamilton, 2013. (DBC00484) It is the seventh year -- the time when the UnSeelie Court must pay a tithe to Seelie royalty to remain a separate entity. Sacrificed at midnight on Samhain, the UnSeelies call their offering the Seven Year King. This time, Donegal plans to sacrifice someone Tiki loves. To make matters worse, Fiona disappears, Johnny lies near death, and the threat of the liche comes closer. Tiki's only hope is that she and Rieker can find an ancient faerie treasure and outsmart the Winter King. Narrated by Diane Novak. Poison’s Kiss by Breeana Shields, 2017. (DBC07028) Marinda has kissed dozens of boys, and each one of them has died. Based on the mythology of India, Marinda is a girl trained since birth to be a "poison maiden," an elite assassin for the Raja. But what happens when her next target is a boy she knows, and even loves? Narrated by Arwen Ham. Living in a Violent Household by Laura La Bella, 2016. (DBC19044) Facts about and advice for dealing with living in a violent situation at home. Covers domestic abuse, family relationships, and how to break the cycle. Narrated by Pam Schwartz. Image LGBT Discrimination by Heidi C. Feldman, 2019. (DBC19048) Discusses civil rights and discrimination against people in the LGBT community. Narrated by Joanna Whitney. Religious Discrimination by Peggy J. Parks, 2019. (DBC19068) Details types of religious discrimination, such as hate crimes, and how to alleviate and prevent such occurrences. Narrated by Joanna Whitney. Sexual Assault and Abuse by Ann Byers, 2016. (DBC19075) Makes teens aware of the many forms sexual abuse can take and the best practices for trying to prevent it. This guide will help them make sense of the issue, emphasizing that the victim is never to blame. Readers will be armed with crucial information that will help them know what to do if it happens to them or their friends or loved ones. Narrated by Camille Blanchette. Adult Nonfiction Protest on Trial: The Seattle 7 Conspiracy by Kit Bakke, 2018. (DBC00241) In 1970, the Seattle 7 were young political activists known as the Seattle Liberation Front who were dedicated to changing society and partying. After successfully organizing demonstrations they were brought to trial on grounds of inciting riot. The trial became political theater. Narrated by Florrie Munat. Image Big Little Man: In Search of My Asian Self by Alex Tizon, 2014. (DBC00336) Takes a groundbreaking look at the experience and psyche of the Asian American male. In an America that saw Asian women as sexy and Asian men as sexless, the author traces his quest for love during college in the 1980s, a tortured tutorial on stereotypes that still make it hard for Asian men to get the girl. And then, a transformation with the author's understanding that shame is universal and seismic cultural changes where Asian males become cultural icons in America. An original, taboo-bending investigation turns outward, tracking the unheard stories of young Asian men today, in a landscape still complex but much changed for the Asian American man. Narrated by Nathan Ureta. Seattle Walks: Discovering History and Nature in the City by David B. Williams, 2017. (DBC06824) More than just a collection of walking tours throughout Seattle, this book describes the natural and human history of the sights along the way. The walks are detailed and give a great sense of place. Narrated by Beth Larimore. Crown Jewel Wilderness: Creating North Cascades National Park by Lauren Danner, 2017. (DBC06984) The creation of the North Cascades National Park complex was the result of decades of local activism and compromise by conservationists and other stakeholders. This book describes the motives and strategies used by stakeholders as plans for the park and related areas were developed. Narrated by Amy Osowski. Reviewed by Martha Oman. An American Picture Bride by Toy Kay with Janine Gates, 2017. (DBC07155) Born in 1924 to a traditional Chinese-American family in Montana, Toy had an arranged marriage at age 16 to Bill Kay, a man she had never met. She moved to Olympia where she worked in his family's cafe. They had a family and she blossomed, getting a college degree, investing in real estate, and becoming a community activist. Narrated by Paula Bock. Reviewed by Amy Cork. Image River of Promise: Lewis and Clark on the Columbia by David L. Nicandri, 2009. (DBC15616) This account of the Lewis & Clark expedition focuses on their time west of the Rockies and their search for a water route to the Pacific. Close attention is also paid to the contribution of the area's Native Americans. Narrated by John Ogliore. Image Red Light to Starboard: Recalling the Exxon Valdez Disaster by Angela Day, 2014. (DBC19123) On March 24, 1989, the tanker Exxon Valdez went off course, ran aground, and spilled 10.8 million gallons of crude oil in the rich fisheries of Prince William Sound. This book describes the effect of the spill on the local population and the environment as well as on the subsequent hearings and court trials. Narrated by Debra Godfrey. Reviewed by Soren Andersen. Razor Clams: Buried Treasure of the Pacific Northwest by David Berger, 2019. (DBC19124) A cheerful book on the lore, science, and history of razor clams on Washington beaches. It includes useful information about harvestings razor clams and recipes to use with them. Narrated by Michael Memmo. Reviewed by Martha Oman. Outriders: Rodeo at the Fringes of the American West by Rebecca Scofield, 2019. (DBC19201) This study of rodeo life focuses on groups not always associated with this dangerous sport: women, people of color, and gay folks. Their reasons for participating in rodeo life reflects how their roles in society are viewed. Narrated by Mary Schlosser. Adult Fiction Steal the North by Heather Brittain Bergstrom, 2014. (DBC00322) Emmy is a shy, sheltered sixteen-year-old when her mom, Kate, sends her to eastern Washington to an aunt and uncle she never knew she had. Fifteen years earlier, Kate had abandoned her sister Beth, when she fled her painful past and their fundamentalist church. And now, Beth believes Emmy's participation in a faith healing is her last hope for having a child. Narrated by Yvette Vandermolen. Reviewed by Judy Ogliore. Image Roots and Branches: A Story of Survival in Budapest During 1944-45 by Edith Kapka with Marga Kapka, 2015. (DBC15596) Based on the author's experiences during World War II, this novel highlights the important role of family in surviving the Nazi occupation, Allied bombing, and Russian conquest of Hungary toward the end of World War II. Narrated by Holly Chaffin. Small Change by Sheila Roberts, 2010. (DBC15864) Heart Lake, Washington. Rachel, Jessica, and Tiffany have major money problems. Together, they start a financial support group called The Small Change Club, challenging each other to bring balance back to their checkbooks, and their lives. Narrated by Candace Kramer. Aberdeen by James Bierce, 2018. (DBC19238) The disease continues to spread and the group of survivors hide from the infected. Somewhere there might be a safe place, but it might not be Aberdeen. Narrated by Scott Harris. This is the third, and final, book in the Grays Harbor series. The first, Westport (DBC15701), and second, Grayland (DBC19185), round out this dystopian trilogy. Image Westerns The Gallows at Graneros by Lewis B. Patten, 2005. (DBC07066) Graneros, Colorado, 1889. Sheriff Thorpe Stedman knew nothing good would come of it when the Apache Billy Pinto was lynched for a crime he didn't commit. The Apache reservation was only 20 miles away and memories of Geronimo were still fresh. Narrated by Ian Johnson. Reviewed by Soren Andersen. Bags and Saddles by Lauran Paine, 1999. (DBC07068) Puma Station, Montana. Sheriff Tom McGrath was surprised that the horse thief he captured was a woman. The next surprise was much more dangerous--the outlaw Jay Adams was nearby. Narrated by Brian Gregory. The Red Eagle: A Western Trio by Ray Hogan, 2002. (DBC15888) In this collection of three stories, a wagon master tries to keep peace on the frontier, a homesteader faces off against cattlemen, and an Indian is whipsawed between his tribe and the settlers encroaching on their land. Narrated by Bob Carlson. The Marshal of Babylon: A Shawn Starbuck Western by Ray Hogan, 1971. (DBC19026) Shawn Starbuck has ridden endless dusty miles through the Southwest searching for his lost brother Ben. Now, on a tip from Wyatt Earp himself, he comes to Babylon - a glittering gambling town where vice and violence flourish unchecked. When Starbuck signs on as town marshal, he vows to bring law and order to the streets of Babylon...until a stranger rides in with a message from Ben. Is it a trap - or does Ben really need him? Narrated by Scott Harris. Reviewed by Robert Manzlak.
4377	dbpedia	2	15	https://www.oregonlive.com/business/2024/04/look-inside-amazons-gigantic-new-oregon-warehouse-its-biggest-in-the-northwest.html	en	Look inside Amazon’s gigantic new Oregon warehouse, its biggest in the Northwest	https://www.oregonlive.c…=1280&quality=90	https://www.oregonlive.c…=1280&quality=90	[ "https://www.oregonlive.com/pf/resources/images/common/weather/small/02.png?d=1381", "https://www.oregonlive.com/pf/resources/images/common/weather/small/02.png?d=1381", "https://www.oregonlive.com/pf/resources/images/common/weather/small/02.png?d=1381", "https://www.oregonlive.com/pf/resources/images/oregonlive/logos/logo_main_inverse.svg?d=1381", "https://www.oregonlive.com/pf/resources/images/oregonlive/logos/logo_main_sm.svg?d=1381", "https://www.oregonlive.com/resizer/v2/2MFGEW5ZONHEPLA7N3T42FG53Q.JPG?auth=94a4109a4c10db3959e7d9c110b7fe7c0c257574bdb7b3c07c88bb7f3650f804&width=1280&quality=90", "https://www.oregonlive.com/resizer/v2/RTIQIPQJHFCYTH2KSY4RTCOQOY.JPG?auth=95aa56f1f087fe7435c8ccca76ec1aeb1dbd1ce13b1be97e0572eee7b7171e2b&width=1280&quality=90", "https://www.oregonlive.com/resizer/v2/2MFGEW5ZONHEPLA7N3T42FG53Q.JPG?auth=94a4109a4c10db3959e7d9c110b7fe7c0c257574bdb7b3c07c88bb7f3650f804&width=500&quality=90", "https://www.oregonlive.com/resizer/v2/RTIQIPQJHFCYTH2KSY4RTCOQOY.JPG?auth=95aa56f1f087fe7435c8ccca76ec1aeb1dbd1ce13b1be97e0572eee7b7171e2b&width=500&quality=90", "https://www.oregonlive.com/resizer/v2/YABZ63OAUVEL3C6B6UFUJJFZRM.JPG?auth=eb8689a35a80dbf600e645932bae70da99b366e72c8e8ba0f8831fb4ab4b90c2&width=500&quality=90", "https://www.oregonlive.com/resizer/v2/PARZTBUMB5D57GURCPOZR5ZLWE.JPG?auth=25c73e8448328b1830f6a67fe21c01518dc293442487f6c8dd6e34fb59399913&width=500&quality=90", "https://www.oregonlive.com/resizer/v2/F4QKQ4LS55GDLO62GOBWQFQPJI.JPG?auth=115927581be8fe04d396aa47014414759a47710d48ef174222196ffacd58c752&width=500&quality=90", "https://www.oregonlive.com/resizer/v2/VJNVMWUUGBA57GFSDB54NWGOSY.JPG?auth=db552ea1a098dc625b366316c7419649fae3a7b343e4f6bd51c517cdc16e9130&width=500&quality=90", "https://www.oregonlive.com/resizer/v2/GO3TH44XONHSNL7RKHDFF7R2QE.JPG?auth=9ef02540b66310935bcfdcc6f1a77531d7fd74c312073f3697b7d06893be71b3&width=500&quality=90", "https://www.oregonlive.com/resizer/v2/IYJUJX3KORCKDJ6EGOERFSMBVQ.JPG?auth=60ee67f75fe2fc2c557ddf392c6a1e07e3e657b7ef6e0f41a66faea6750407fe&width=500&quality=90", "https://www.oregonlive.com/resizer/v2/NBAYNOK5B5DILANZZX3T5LKAZA.JPG?auth=08d040ca6ee66dd63a6ad021133a6f46cf6204ee1dba3bdf28781be67165ab87&width=500&quality=90", "https://www.oregonlive.com/resizer/v2/JGJZMCCESNFIPPY5FNZBLDU6D4.JPG?auth=2fbbe7e7771edd237484f26df79564adc4d9d76d87554c3d759dc8a763807264&width=500&quality=90", "https://www.oregonlive.com/resizer/v2/XDMGJPV7OBFBFMI5ICDNGACSNY.JPG?auth=9288b849cbfad7239bc972b042d7c9acea7e699df8920de0a53b3bd1fc88f727&width=500&quality=90", "https://www.oregonlive.com/resizer/v2/TF3PZ6RBLFCYBIGZPSP6AU5R2A.JPG?auth=c67599fa78db2e2f54b2258e9449f3caf03b20fd3afa91a875ff9fb072b34fd2&width=500&quality=90", "https://www.oregonlive.com/resizer/v2/7L26FPFTMBCGRO4BA3LSTMFRVQ.JPG?auth=61eacd292d9debd129cb00139a996a47a922cf1b96f54fc05b4b02212c4c3064&width=500&quality=90", "https://www.oregonlive.com/resizer/v2/UMNEIMV4MBFXRLYDIKEA5P7RMY.JPG?auth=6d5d3fa25f9245f8d77aabb9cd240e9d734eb2f7b8fd81b05aea3fd795be82f9&width=500&quality=90", "https://www.oregonlive.com/pf/resources/images/oregonlive/logos/logo_footer.png?d=1381", "https://www.oregonlive.com/pf/resources/images/common/icons/privacyoptions29x14.png?d=1381", "https://www.oregonlive.com/pf/resources/images/common/logos/ad-choices-arrow.png?d=1381", "https://www.oregonlive.com/pf/resources/images/common/logos/AdvanceLocal_horizontal.svg?d=1381", "https://www.oregonlive.com/pf/resources/images/common/logos/ad-choices-arrow.png?d=1381" ]	[ "https://www.google.com/maps/embed?pb=!1m18!1m12!1m3!1d358945.4838503842!2d-123.04191213335731!3d45.34353144119164!2m3!1f0!2f0!3f0!3m2!1i1024!2i768!4f13.1!3m3!1m2!1s0x54955d000cf47c5d%3A0x4e02b402e689917!2sAmazon%20Fulfillment%20Center%20PDX8!5e0!3m2!1sen!2sus!4v1712872485512!5m2!1sen!2sus" ]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "Mike Rogoway \| The Oregonian/OregonLive", "Mike Rogoway", "The Oregonian" ]	2024-04-14T13:05:00.339000+00:00	The $500 million project is due to open late this year or early in 2025. It will eventually employ 3,500.	en	/pf/resources/images/oregonlive/favicon.ico?d=1381	oregonlive	https://www.oregonlive.com/business/2024/04/look-inside-amazons-gigantic-new-oregon-warehouse-its-biggest-in-the-northwest.html	Picture a typical huge Costco store, with aisles and aisles of products stacked to the ceiling as far as you can see. Now arrange four more Costcos of the same size around it. And now, take that enormous array of five Costcos – and stack four more on top. That’s the size of Amazon’s colossal new warehouse on the west side of Interstate 5 in Woodburn. Five stories tall, 105 feet high, it’s the company’s largest fulfillment center in the Northwest and one of its largest anywhere in the world. It’s more than four times larger than the warehouse Amazon opened in Troutdale six years ago. A bigger warehouse and more advanced robotics, the company says, will reduce the time between when customers place their online orders and when the packages reach doorsteps around the region. Amazon expects to employ around 1,500 at the Woodburn site when it opens late this year or early in 2025. As operations ramp up, the company expects it could have 2,800 working on site before long, and as many as 3,500 Woodburn employees during busy periods. Some neighbors in the small community eye the 3.8 million-square-foot facility with apprehension, worried that the flood of employees and Amazon’s fleet of trucks and vans will add to traffic congestion in and out of Woodburn. City leaders hear those concerns but insist they’ve been planning for this for years. They see the huge new warehouse as the culmination of a long-term plan to broaden Woodburn’s property tax base, add new city services and make the local economy less reliant on low-paying agricultural jobs. “The facility’s an impressive sight on I-5, but it took a decade of work for the city to be ready to have a strategy for industrial development,” said Scott Derickson, Woodburn’s city administrator. One of Oregon’s biggest buildings Amazon’s Woodburn building is mostly empty right now, five stories of open floor plans that stretch for hundreds of yards. Robotics teams start arriving this week to outfit the warehouse to handle a cascade of products and packages. The company began construction in July 2021, intending to have the Woodburn site operating by the end of last year. But Amazon changed course in the middle of building, opting to install more advanced robotics to handle more packages, more rapidly. That pushed the opening date to the end of 2024, or maybe a little later. Meanwhile, in nearby Canby, Amazon shelved plans for a 517,000-square-foot warehouse amid a downturn in online orders in the pandemic’s aftermath. Amazon calls the Woodburn site PDX8. It will be one of the largest buildings in Oregon, about four-fifths the size of the building that houses Intel’s D1X semiconductor factory in Hillsboro. Amazon says the $500 million it has spent in Woodburn so far reflects just a portion of the project’s final cost. PDX8 is part of the 11th generation of Amazon’s fulfillment center and will incorporate a relatively new robotics technology known as Robin. Robots identify packages on a conveyer belt and big robotic arms pluck out items for specific packages – then send them to Amazon employees who box them up for customer orders. “We’re bringing the work to the employee,” said Amazon spokesperson Leigh Anne Gullett. Amazon’s warehouses have been a focus of complaints for many years from workers who say repetitive physical tasks lead to injuries. A 2019 report by the investigative news organization Reveal found the rate of injuries at Amazon’s PDX9 warehouse in Troutdale to be especially high. Amazon said last year that data it compiled in 2022, after the Reveal investigation, found sites that employed new robotics technology had lower injury rates than at sites without its advanced robotics. Amazon wants robots to take over the most strenuous work so that employees aren’t walking long distances or lifting heavy items, according to Gullett. Hiring won’t start in Woodburn for at least a few months. Amazon said it will eventually be looking for workers to stow, pick, pack and sort packages, paying hourly wages between $17 and $28. The company offers various benefits and tuition assistance programs to workers who are in school. Traffic concerns The thousands of people who will go to work at PDX8 in the coming years will dramatically shift the economy of the small community, about 30 miles south of Portland. People in the Willamette Valley may know Woodburn primarily for its outlet mall, just north of Amazon’s new facility. But it’s a largely agricultural community of about 27,000 residents, according to the U.S. Census Bureau. About 60% are Latino. City leaders have been working for years to diversify the region’s economy and property tax base. In 2015, they completed a new interchange on Interstate 5 to accommodate more traffic and reached a deal with land conservationists to expand Woodburn’s urban growth boundary and add the industrial land Amazon now occupies. But unlike other small Oregon communities, Woodburn didn’t offer Amazon a big property tax break. The City Council removed Amazon’s site from Woodburn’s local enterprise zone, making it ineligible for tax breaks that could have been worth tens of millions of dollars. Amazon came anyway, donating $1 million to renovate a local soccer field and agreeing to pay $15 million to upgrade a highway interchange near PDX8 and make other changes to improve traffic flow. (Amazon did secure a tax break that exempts the company from most property taxes until the warehouse is open.) Still, Woodburn residents and business owners say they’re watching closely to see how the new warehouse will affect their lives and livelihoods. “Our biggest concern is the traffic it’s going to cause and if it’ll have them zipping down our driveway and things like that,” said Jacob Pletcher, owner of the nearby BC Hop Ranch. Even without Amazon, traffic backs up along I-5 near Woodburn’s outlet mall during the holiday season. Amazon’s busy holiday period coincides with the mall’s. “I think traffic is a reasonable concern to have, for sure,” said Derickson, the city administrator. But he said transportation upgrades were built with Amazon in mind. And the company says it will stagger employees’ shifts so people aren’t all arriving and leaving at the same time. Traffic isn’t the only thing in Woodburn that’s on the rise. The city’s budget is set to increase in the next year by more than a third, to $175 million. Derickson said that’s because of tax revenue and development charges associated with industrial and housing growth. Very little of that new revenue comes from Amazon, though, since it isn’t paying most property taxes until its new warehouse is ready to open. Woodburn expects Amazon’s taxes will eventually help it pay for more public amenities, and that the new jobs will attract health care providers and other private services to the city. Woodburn plans to ask voters to approve a $40 million bond for a new community center in November and the city is hopeful Amazon’s taxes with help cover those payments. Amazon’s arrival is the payoff of years of planning, according to Woodburn Mayor Frank Lonergan. “It means a lot for our economic growth. We’ve been trying to position ourselves over the years with our urban growth boundaries to bring in big business,” he said. Amazon will change Woodburn, Lonergan acknowledged, but in a way the city has been working toward for more than a decade. “I’m hoping that this is just the beginning,” he said, “that we can continue to grow and, with Amazon here, we’ll continue to bring in other big business.” Update: This article has been updated with a response from Amazon to the workplace safety investigation by Reveal. -- Mike Rogoway covers Oregon technology and the state economy. Reach him at mrogoway@oregonian.com. Our journalism needs your support. Please become a subscriber today at OregonLive.com/subscribe
4377	dbpedia	2	42	https://www.ocdc.net/locations/	en	OCDC Locations – Oregon Child Development Coalition	https://www.ocdc.net/wp-…lColor-32x32.png	https://www.ocdc.net/wp-…lColor-32x32.png	[ "https://www.ocdc.net/wp-content/plugins/ocdc-notifications-bar/icon-close.svg", "https://www.ocdc.net/wp-content/themes/ocdc/images/ocdc-logo.svg", "https://www.ocdc.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/Map-Blue-02-OCDC-Locations-Black-Font-1024x757.png", "https://www.ocdc.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/image-1.png", "https://www.ocdc.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/image-2.png", "https://www.ocdc.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/image-3.png", "https://www.ocdc.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/image-4.png", "https://www.ocdc.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/mulino.jpg", "https://www.ocdc.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/image-8.png", "https://www.ocdc.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/image-9.png", "https://www.ocdc.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/image-11.png", "https://www.ocdc.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/image-12.png", "https://www.ocdc.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/image-13.png", "https://www.ocdc.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/image-14.png", "https://www.ocdc.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/image-15.png", "https://www.ocdc.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/image-16.png", "https://www.ocdc.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/image-17.png", "https://www.ocdc.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/image-18.png", "https://www.ocdc.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/image-19.png", "https://www.ocdc.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/image-20.png", "https://www.ocdc.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/image-21.png", "https://www.ocdc.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/image-22.png", "https://www.ocdc.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/image-23.png", "https://www.ocdc.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/image-24.png", "https://www.ocdc.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/image-26.png", "https://www.ocdc.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/image-27.png", "https://www.ocdc.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/OCDC_Logo2022_Stacked_Black.svg", "https://www.ocdc.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/image-28.png", "https://www.ocdc.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/image-29.png", "https://www.ocdc.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/image-30.png", "https://www.ocdc.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/image-31.png", "https://www.ocdc.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/image-32.png", "https://www.ocdc.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/image-33.png", "https://www.ocdc.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/image-34.png", "https://www.ocdc.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/image-35.png", "https://www.ocdc.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/stock-photo-child.jpg", "https://www.ocdc.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/icon-donate.svg", "https://www.ocdc.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/icon-resources.svg", "https://www.ocdc.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/icon-careers.svg", "https://www.ocdc.net/wp-content/themes/ocdc/images/ocdc-logo-footer.svg" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null		en	https://www.ocdc.net/wp-…lColor-32x32.png		https://www.ocdc.net/locations/	OCDC has locations and partnership sites in 15 Oregon counties; some of these locations serve additional counties in Oregon and outside of the State’s borders. OCDC’s administrative office is located in Wilsonville, Oregon. Locations by county are listed below.
4377	dbpedia	1	2	https://www.gaisma.com/en/location/woodburn-oregon.html	en	Woodburn, Oregon - Sunrise, sunset, dawn and dusk times for the whole year	https://www.gaisma.com/i…ication-wide.png	https://www.gaisma.com/i…ication-wide.png	[ "https://www.gaisma.com/img/gaisma.svgz" ]	[]	[]	[ "Woodburn", "sunrise", "sunup", "sunset", "sundown", "dawn", "dusk", "civil dawn", "civil", "twilight", "local time", "map", "ultraviolet radiation", "UVA", "UVB" ]	null	[]	null	Woodburn, Oregon - sunrise, sunset, dawn and dusk times for the whole year in a graph, day length and changes in lengths in a table. Basic information, like local time and the location on a world map, are also featured.	en	https://www.gaisma.com/favicon.ico	Gaisma	https://www.gaisma.com/en/location/woodburn-oregon.html	Show and hide January 21, sun path February 21, sun path March equinox, sun path April 21, sun path May 21, sun path June solstice, sun path July 21, sun path August 21, sun path September equinox, sun path October 21, sun path November 21, sun path December solstice, sun path Today, sun path Annual variation Equinoxes, sun path Shadow Shadow length Solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation [?] Rough clear sky estimates. Wavelengths: UVA λ=360 nm, UVB λ=300 nm. Source: CICARMA, Emanuela, et al. Sun and sun beds: inducers of vitamin D and skin cancer. Anticancer research, 2009, 29.9: 3495-3500. Both UVA and UVB cause skin damage (sunburn, premature aging, skin cancer). UVB is responsible for delayed tanning and burning. UVA is responsible for the immediate tanning effect. Exposure to UVB radiation helps the skin produce vitamin D (D3). UVA, Vertical cylinder [?] CICARMA, Emanuela, et al. Sun and sun beds: inducers of vitamin D and skin cancer. Anticancer research, 2009, 29.9: 3495-3500. UVB, Vertical cylinder [?] CICARMA, Emanuela, et al. Sun and sun beds: inducers of vitamin D and skin cancer. Anticancer research, 2009, 29.9: 3495-3500. UVA, Horizontal plane [?] CICARMA, Emanuela, et al. Sun and sun beds: inducers of vitamin D and skin cancer. Anticancer research, 2009, 29.9: 3495-3500. UVB, Horizontal plane [?] CICARMA, Emanuela, et al. Sun and sun beds: inducers of vitamin D and skin cancer. Anticancer research, 2009, 29.9: 3495-3500. UVB radiation is sufficient for vitamin D3 synthesis [?] TSIARAS, William G.; WEINSTOCK, Martin A. Factors influencing vitamin D status. Acta dermato-venereologica, 2011, 91.2: 115-124. Save image
4377	dbpedia	2	9	https://discoverrichmondvalley.com.au/our-region-2/woodburn-new-italy/	en	Woodburn & New Italy – Discover Richmond Valley	https://discoverrichmond…51-1168x1536.jpg		[ "https://discoverrichmondvalley.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/discover-richmond-valley-primary-logo-logo-inverted-rgb-e1639542342488.png", "https://discoverrichmondvalley.com.au/wp-content/uploads/elementor/thumbs/discover-woodburn-logo-reverse-rgb-p7c3k78q4awfbg8vy598aot4ougyx7k1hulgkgqigw.png", "https://discoverrichmondvalley.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/explore-next-door-with-dashed-line-logo-full-color-rgb.png", "https://discoverrichmondvalley.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/DSC01690.jpg", "https://discoverrichmondvalley.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/wild-honey-creative_new-italy_21-scaled-e1614209222651-1168x1536.jpg", "https://discoverrichmondvalley.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/accommodation-evans-head-350x175.jpg", "https://discoverrichmondvalley.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/NRDWMBC8-e1569971443258-350x175.jpg", "https://discoverrichmondvalley.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/Coffee-Stock-Image-e1578525096808-350x175.jpg", "https://discoverrichmondvalley.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/Jerusalem-Creek-350x175.jpg", "https://discoverrichmondvalley.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/wild-honey-creative_new-italy_29-350x175.jpg", "https://discoverrichmondvalley.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/Riverside-Park-e1579054816133-350x175.jpg", "https://discoverrichmondvalley.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/discover-richmond-valley-primary-logo-logo-inverted-rgb.png", "https://discoverrichmondvalley.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/Region_Primary-1024x426.png" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null		en			https://discoverrichmondvalley.com.au/our-region-2/woodburn-new-italy/	Well-known by regular travellers of the Pacific Highway, Woodburn is a delightful and peaceful town on the banks of the Richmond River. While few people know the story of its exciting past, today it is known as ‘the travellers rest’, a wonderful place to stop, stretch and relax. The river has always been an important part of life in Woodburn. In early days large vessels, small craft and ferries, which for 100 years were the only means of traversing the region, were built here. When the roads were merely tracks, the river was the highway, alive with sailing ships, ocean steamers and riverboats. Today, the river is an excellent focal point for recreational water sport activities. Woodburn is the Southern Gateway to the world heritage-listed Gondwana Rainforests of Australia and the Rainforest Way touring loop. New Italy is a small community located just 15km south of Woodburn on the Pacific Highway. Settlement was established in 1882 when Italian immigrants from the region of Veneto in northern Italy took up a conditional purchase farm of 40 acres. By the mid-1880s, about 50 holdings of an aggregate area of more than 3,000 acres were under occupation, and the Italian population of New Italy has increased to 250. It was a small farming community growing fruits and vegetables including grape vines. In the late 1950s the regional significance of the settlement began to be recognised and the Bicentennial Museum was opened in 1989. New Italy had its beginnings in 1880, when poor farming families from the Veneto region in Northern Italy were beguiled by Frenchman, Marquis de Rays, to purchase land in a phantom paradise in the Pacific named La Nouvelle France (an imaginary kingdom east of Papua New Guinea). On their arrival they found there was no promised colony. After enduring disease and starvation in the festering tropics, the survivors were eventually brought to Sydney in April 1881. Over time the majority reunited at what is now called New Italy on some of the last land available for selection in northern New South Wales. As the community grew, establishing a fledgling silk industry, it embraced the diverse cultures of the region. They commemorate the stories of the expeditioners and those families who established the vibrant community of New Italy, carved out of the Australian bush.
4377	dbpedia	1	3	https://www.travelmath.com/cities/Woodburn,%2BPA	en	Woodburn, Pennsylvania latitude	https://www.travelmath.com/favicon.ico	https://www.travelmath.com/favicon.ico	[ "https://travelmath.gumlet.io/img/travelmath-sm.jpg", "https://travelmath.gumlet.io/img/icons/swap.gif", "https://travelmath.gumlet.io/img/trippy.gif", "https://travelmath.gumlet.io/img/travelmath-gray.jpg" ]	[ "https://www.google.com/maps/embed/v1/view?key=AIzaSyDm4lvrFlhdPEaWYdSA4SGTa2oX_seVJH8&center=41.7572985,-75.9054742&zoom=11" ]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null	Find the latitude and longitude of Woodburn, Pennsylvania, United States to calculate the travel distance between cities.	en	https://www.travelmath.com/favicon.ico		https://www.travelmath.com/cities/Woodburn,+PA	cities near Woodburn distance to Woodburn 50 miles from Woodburn 100 miles from Woodburn Woodburn, PA Do you live in Woodburn, Pennsylvania? Help us verify the data and let us know if you see any information that needs to be changed or updated. County: Susquehanna County State: Pennsylvania Country: United States Latitude: 41.7572985 Longitude: -75.9054742 Time zone: US/Eastern Current time zone offset: UTC/GMT -4 hours The current time and date in Woodburn is 8:58 AM on Wednesday, August 28, 2024. Local map of Woodburn Related links Hotels near Woodburn, PA Airports near Woodburn, PA Cities near Woodburn, PA Cities in Pennsylvania Cities in the United States Cities Travelmath provides a database of major and local cities around the world. You can find the latitude and longitude of any world city, and check the city distance by comparing the flight distance between cities with the driving distance to see how far two cities are from each other. You can also figure out the time change if you're moving to a new city, or browse other cities in the surrounding area if you're planning a road trip. If you're traveling overseas, look up all the major cities in any country to find the best places to travel on your next vacation.
4377	dbpedia	3	19	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10078612/	en	Temperature synchronizes temporal variation in laying dates across European hole‐nesting passerines	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih…rd-share.jpg?_=0	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih…rd-share.jpg?_=0	[ "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/coreutils/uswds/img/favicons/favicon-57.png", "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/coreutils/uswds/img/icon-dot-gov.svg", "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/coreutils/uswds/img/icon-https.svg", "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/coreutils/nwds/img/logos/AgencyLogo.svg", "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/corehtml/pmc/pmcgifs/logo-blackwellopen.png", "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/corehtml/pmc/pmcgifs/corrauth.gif", "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/corehtml/pmc/pmcgifs/corrauth.gif", "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10078612/bin/ECY-104-0-g004.jpg", "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10078612/bin/ECY-104-0-g001.jpg", "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10078612/bin/ECY-104-0-g003.jpg", "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10078612/bin/ECY-104-0-g002.jpg" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "Rianne Pinxten", "Tone Kristin Reiertsen", "Seppo Rytkönen", "Juan Carlos Senar", "Ben C. Sheldon", "Alberto Sorace", "János Török", "Emma Vatka", "Marcel E. Visser", "Bernt‐Erik Sæther" ]	2023-02-14T00:00:00	Identifying the environmental drivers of variation in fitness‐related traits is a central objective in ecology and evolutionary biology. Temporal fluctuations of these environmental drivers are often synchronized at large spatial scales. Yet, ...	en	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/coreutils/nwds/img/favicons/favicon.ico	PubMed Central (PMC)	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10078612/	Ecology. 2023 Feb; 104(2): e3908. PMCID: PMC10078612 PMID: 36314902 Temperature synchronizes temporal variation in laying dates across European hole‐nesting passerines , 1 , 2 , 1 , 1 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 2 , 7 , 6 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 3 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 , 11 , 32 , 8 , 33 , 27 , 12 , 4 , 2 , 34 , 35 , 24 , 34 , 36 , 15 , 37 , 38 , 34 , 39 , 2 and 1 Stefan J. G. Vriend 1 Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics, Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim Norway 2 Department of Animal Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO‐KNAW), Wageningen The Netherlands Find articles by Stefan J. G. Vriend Vidar Grøtan 1 Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics, Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim Norway Find articles by Vidar Grøtan Marlène Gamelon 1 Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics, Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim Norway 3 Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive UMR 5558, CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Villeurbanne France Find articles by Marlène Gamelon Frank Adriaensen 4 Evolutionary Ecology Group, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp Belgium Find articles by Frank Adriaensen Markus P. Ahola 5 Environmental Research and Monitoring, Swedish Museum of Natural History, Stockholm Sweden Find articles by Markus P. Ahola Elena Álvarez 6 Ecology of Terrestrial Vertebrates, ‘Cavanilles’ Institute of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, University of Valencia, Valencia Spain Find articles by Elena Álvarez Liam D. Bailey 2 Department of Animal Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO‐KNAW), Wageningen The Netherlands 7 Department of Evolutionary Genetics, Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research (IZW) in the Forschungsverbund Berlin e.V, Berlin Germany Find articles by Liam D. Bailey Emilio Barba 6 Ecology of Terrestrial Vertebrates, ‘Cavanilles’ Institute of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, University of Valencia, Valencia Spain Find articles by Emilio Barba Jean‐Charles Bouvier 8 INRAE, Plantes et Systèmes de culture Horticoles, Avignon France Find articles by Jean‐Charles Bouvier Malcolm D. Burgess 9 RSPB Centre for Conservation Science, Sandy UK 10 Centre for Research in Animal Behaviour, University of Exeter, Exeter UK Find articles by Malcolm D. Burgess Andrey Bushuev 11 Department of Vertebrate Zoology, Moscow State University, Moscow Russia Find articles by Andrey Bushuev Carlos Camacho 12 Department of Biological Conservation and Ecosystem Restoration, Pyrenean Institute of Ecology (IPE‐CSIC), Jaca Spain Find articles by Carlos Camacho David Canal 13 Institute of Ecology and Botany, Centre for Ecological Research, Vácrátót Hungary Find articles by David Canal Anne Charmantier 14 CEFE, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Montpellier France Find articles by Anne Charmantier Ella F. Cole 15 Department of Zoology, Edward Grey Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford UK Find articles by Ella F. Cole Camillo Cusimano 16 Stazione Ornitologica Aegithalos, Monreale Italy Find articles by Camillo Cusimano Blandine F. Doligez 3 Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive UMR 5558, CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Villeurbanne France 17 Department of Ecology and Genetics/Animal Ecology, Uppsala University, Uppsala Sweden Find articles by Blandine F. Doligez Szymon M. Drobniak 18 Institute of Environmental Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Krakow Poland 19 Evolution & Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological, Environmental and Earth Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney New South Wales, Australia Find articles by Szymon M. Drobniak Anna Dubiec 20 Museum and Institute of Zoology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw Poland Find articles by Anna Dubiec Marcel Eens 21 Behavioural Ecology & Ecophysiology Group, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk Belgium Find articles by Marcel Eens Tapio Eeva 22 Department of Biology, University of Turku, Turku Finland 23 Kevo Subarctic Research Institute, University of Turku, Turku Finland Find articles by Tapio Eeva Kjell Einar Erikstad 24 Norwegian Institute for Nature Research (NINA), FRAM High North Research Centre for Climate and the Environment, Tromsø Norway Find articles by Kjell Einar Erikstad Peter N. Ferns 25 Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff UK Find articles by Peter N. Ferns Anne E. Goodenough 26 School of Natural and Social Sciences, University of Gloucestershire, Cheltenham UK Find articles by Anne E. Goodenough Ian R. Hartley 27 Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster UK Find articles by Ian R. Hartley Shelley A. Hinsley 28 Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Wallingford UK Find articles by Shelley A. Hinsley Elena Ivankina 29 Zvenigorod Biological Station, Moscow State University, Moscow Russia Find articles by Elena Ivankina Rimvydas Juškaitis 30 Nature Research Centre, Vilnius Lithuania Find articles by Rimvydas Juškaitis Bart Kempenaers 31 Department of Behavioural Ecology and Evolutionary Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Ornithology, Seewiesen Germany Find articles by Bart Kempenaers Anvar B. Kerimov 11 Department of Vertebrate Zoology, Moscow State University, Moscow Russia Find articles by Anvar B. Kerimov John Atle Kålås 32 Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Norwegian Institute for Nature Research (NINA), Trondheim Norway Find articles by John Atle Kålås Claire Lavigne 8 INRAE, Plantes et Systèmes de culture Horticoles, Avignon France Find articles by Claire Lavigne Agu Leivits 33 Department of Nature Conservation, Environmental Board, Saarde Estonia Find articles by Agu Leivits Mark C. Mainwaring 27 Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster UK Find articles by Mark C. Mainwaring Jesús Martínez‐Padilla 12 Department of Biological Conservation and Ecosystem Restoration, Pyrenean Institute of Ecology (IPE‐CSIC), Jaca Spain Find articles by Jesús Martínez‐Padilla Erik Matthysen 4 Evolutionary Ecology Group, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp Belgium Find articles by Erik Matthysen Kees van Oers 2 Department of Animal Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO‐KNAW), Wageningen The Netherlands Find articles by Kees van Oers Markku Orell 34 Ecology and Genetics Research Unit, University of Oulu, Oulu Finland Find articles by Markku Orell Rianne Pinxten 35 Research Group Didactica, Antwerp School of Education, University of Antwerp, Antwerp Belgium Find articles by Rianne Pinxten Tone Kristin Reiertsen 24 Norwegian Institute for Nature Research (NINA), FRAM High North Research Centre for Climate and the Environment, Tromsø Norway Find articles by Tone Kristin Reiertsen Seppo Rytkönen 34 Ecology and Genetics Research Unit, University of Oulu, Oulu Finland Find articles by Seppo Rytkönen Juan Carlos Senar 36 Evolutionary and Behavioural Ecology Research Unit, Museu de Ciències Naturals de Barcelona, Barcelona Spain Find articles by Juan Carlos Senar Ben C. Sheldon 15 Department of Zoology, Edward Grey Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford UK Find articles by Ben C. Sheldon Alberto Sorace 37 Institute for Environmental Protection and Research, Rome Italy Find articles by Alberto Sorace János Török 38 Behavioural Ecology Group, Department of Systematic Zoology and Ecology, Eötvös Loránd University (ELTE), Budapest Hungary Find articles by János Török Emma Vatka 34 Ecology and Genetics Research Unit, University of Oulu, Oulu Finland 39 Ecological Genetics Research Unit, Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, University of Helsinki, Helsinki Finland Find articles by Emma Vatka Marcel E. Visser 2 Department of Animal Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO‐KNAW), Wageningen The Netherlands Find articles by Marcel E. Visser Bernt‐Erik Sæther 1 Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics, Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim Norway Find articles by Bernt‐Erik Sæther 1 Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics, Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim Norway 2 Department of Animal Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO‐KNAW), Wageningen The Netherlands 3 Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive UMR 5558, CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Villeurbanne France 4 Evolutionary Ecology Group, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp Belgium 5 Environmental Research and Monitoring, Swedish Museum of Natural History, Stockholm Sweden 6 Ecology of Terrestrial Vertebrates, ‘Cavanilles’ Institute of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, University of Valencia, Valencia Spain 7 Department of Evolutionary Genetics, Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research (IZW) in the Forschungsverbund Berlin e.V, Berlin Germany 8 INRAE, Plantes et Systèmes de culture Horticoles, Avignon France 9 RSPB Centre for Conservation Science, Sandy UK 10 Centre for Research in Animal Behaviour, University of Exeter, Exeter UK 11 Department of Vertebrate Zoology, Moscow State University, Moscow Russia 12 Department of Biological Conservation and Ecosystem Restoration, Pyrenean Institute of Ecology (IPE‐CSIC), Jaca Spain 13 Institute of Ecology and Botany, Centre for Ecological Research, Vácrátót Hungary 14 CEFE, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Montpellier France 15 Department of Zoology, Edward Grey Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford UK 16 Stazione Ornitologica Aegithalos, Monreale Italy 17 Department of Ecology and Genetics/Animal Ecology, Uppsala University, Uppsala Sweden 18 Institute of Environmental Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Krakow Poland 19 Evolution & Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological, Environmental and Earth Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney New South Wales, Australia 20 Museum and Institute of Zoology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw Poland 21 Behavioural Ecology & Ecophysiology Group, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk Belgium 22 Department of Biology, University of Turku, Turku Finland 23 Kevo Subarctic Research Institute, University of Turku, Turku Finland 24 Norwegian Institute for Nature Research (NINA), FRAM High North Research Centre for Climate and the Environment, Tromsø Norway 25 Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff UK 26 School of Natural and Social Sciences, University of Gloucestershire, Cheltenham UK 27 Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster UK 28 Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Wallingford UK 29 Zvenigorod Biological Station, Moscow State University, Moscow Russia 30 Nature Research Centre, Vilnius Lithuania 31 Department of Behavioural Ecology and Evolutionary Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Ornithology, Seewiesen Germany 32 Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Norwegian Institute for Nature Research (NINA), Trondheim Norway 33 Department of Nature Conservation, Environmental Board, Saarde Estonia 34 Ecology and Genetics Research Unit, University of Oulu, Oulu Finland 35 Research Group Didactica, Antwerp School of Education, University of Antwerp, Antwerp Belgium 36 Evolutionary and Behavioural Ecology Research Unit, Museu de Ciències Naturals de Barcelona, Barcelona Spain 37 Institute for Environmental Protection and Research, Rome Italy 38 Behavioural Ecology Group, Department of Systematic Zoology and Ecology, Eötvös Loránd University (ELTE), Budapest Hungary 39 Ecological Genetics Research Unit, Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, University of Helsinki, Helsinki Finland Stefan J. G. Vriend, Email: moc.liamg@dneirvs. Corresponding author. * Correspondence Stefan J. G. Vriend Email: moc.liamg@dneirvs Copyright © 2022 The Authors. Ecology published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of The Ecological Society of America. This is an open access article under the terms of the http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Associated Data Supplementary Materials ECY-104-0-s004.pdf (4.9M) GUID: 4973B636-42A8-4FF9-9FDE-90E46A53634E ECY-104-0-s001.pdf (758K) GUID: 055DBF33-F055-44A6-BAF8-A938B02E6BF2 ECY-104-0-s003.pdf (259K) GUID: B9C0B6B1-4046-47B5-9D19-91562C965396 ECY-104-0-s002.pdf (1.1M) GUID: 2FA0050F-182B-46F7-B4A4-1AB7B29816FB Data Availability Statement The data supporting the results and the R code for the analyses (Vriend et al., 2022) are available in Figshare at https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.14972259. Daily North Atlantic Oscillation index values were downloaded from the National Weather Service Climate Prediction Center (www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov), as described in Appendix S2. Abstract Identifying the environmental drivers of variation in fitness‐related traits is a central objective in ecology and evolutionary biology. Temporal fluctuations of these environmental drivers are often synchronized at large spatial scales. Yet, whether synchronous environmental conditions can generate spatial synchrony in fitness‐related trait values (i.e., correlated temporal trait fluctuations across populations) is poorly understood. Using data from long‐term monitored populations of blue tits (Cyanistes caeruleus, n = 31), great tits (Parus major, n = 35), and pied flycatchers (Ficedula hypoleuca, n = 20) across Europe, we assessed the influence of two local climatic variables (mean temperature and mean precipitation in February–May) on spatial synchrony in three fitness‐related traits: laying date, clutch size, and fledgling number. We found a high degree of spatial synchrony in laying date but a lower degree in clutch size and fledgling number for each species. Temperature strongly influenced spatial synchrony in laying date for resident blue tits and great tits but not for migratory pied flycatchers. This is a relevant finding in the context of environmental impacts on populations because spatial synchrony in fitness‐related trait values among populations may influence fluctuations in vital rates or population abundances. If environmentally induced spatial synchrony in fitness‐related traits increases the spatial synchrony in vital rates or population abundances, this will ultimately increase the risk of extinction for populations and species. Assessing how environmental conditions influence spatiotemporal variation in trait values improves our mechanistic understanding of environmental impacts on populations. Keywords: birds, climate, clutch size, comparative analysis, fitness‐related traits, fledgling number, phenology, spatial synchrony, timing of breeding, weather INTRODUCTION Understanding spatial and temporal variation in traits is a central objective in ecology and evolutionary biology (Berven & Gill, 1983; Jetz et al., 2008; Lack, 1947; Moreau, 1944; Ruuskanen et al., 2011). Particular attention has been directed at understanding variation in traits that directly link to fitness. Fitness‐related traits (sometimes more generally referred to as functional traits) can be defined as measurable traits that impact individual fitness (e.g., body mass, timing of breeding, offspring number; Violle et al., 2007). Key to improving our understanding of spatial and temporal variation in such traits is identifying the environmental variables that drive them and examining how variation in these environmental drivers relates to variation in fitness‐related traits. Among the best studied fitness‐related traits are timing of breeding, clutch size, and fledgling number in birds. Arguably the most striking spatial pattern in the values of these traits are latitudinal gradients (Lack, 1947; Moreau, 1944). With increasing latitudes, breeding tends to start later and clutch size and fledgling number tend to increase (Bailey et al., 2022; Sanz, 1997). These traits also vary substantially across years. Annual variation in the timing of breeding, clutch size, and fledgling number has been linked to various environmental variables, including timing and availability of resources (Visser et al., 2006), breeding density (Dunn & Winkler, 2010), temperature (Sanz et al., 2003), precipitation (Öberg et al., 2015), and large‐scale weather indices like the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) index (Møller, 2002), as well as the interaction between environmental variables (Møller et al., 2020). Further, within seasons, clutch size and fledgling number may be affected by the timing of breeding; they generally decrease with later laying (Perrins, 1970), and this seasonal decline is stronger at higher latitudes (Winkler et al., 2014). However, the link between laying date and clutch size or fledgling number across years is unclear. Depending on the trait under study, the influence of environmental variables may differ between species, habitats, or geographic locations. For example, timing of breeding in birds and other taxa across the globe has advanced in response to increasing temperatures (Dunn & Winkler, 2010) but to varying degrees among species and geographic areas (Bailey et al., 2022; Visser et al., 2003). The responses of clutch size and fledgling number to increasing temperatures, however, are not so straightforward. Clutch size may increase with increasing temperatures (Both & Visser, 2005), decrease (Laaksonen et al., 2006), or display no temperature‐related fluctuations (Husby et al., 2010). Further, in some populations, laying date did not respond to increasing temperatures, whereas clutch size and fledgling number decreased (Ahola et al., 2009). Temporal fluctuations of environmental conditions that affect fitness‐related traits are often correlated, or synchronized, over large distances (Liebhold et al., 2004). This environmental synchrony may, in turn, induce correlated temporal fluctuations in population abundance among spatially distinct populations, a phenomenon known as spatial population synchrony (Hansen et al., 2020; Liebhold et al., 2004). Spatial population synchrony often spans large spatial scales, with a general pattern of high synchrony among nearby populations and lower synchrony among more distant populations (Liebhold et al., 2004). Elton (1924) and Moran (1953) were the first to attribute spatial synchrony in population fluctuations to spatial correlation in environmental conditions. Since then, studies on a wide range of taxa, including birds, have shown that spatial synchrony in environmental conditions contributes to spatial synchrony in population abundance (Hansen et al., 2020; Koenig & Liebhold, 2016; Paradis et al., 1999; Sæther et al., 2007). Spatial synchrony in environmental conditions can also influence spatial synchrony in vital rates, like survival (Olmos et al., 2020), and fitness‐related traits, like body mass (Herfindal et al., 2020). Yet, despite numerous studies on geographical and temporal patterns of timing of breeding, clutch size, and fledgling number, as well as climatic effects on these traits (Both et al., 2004; Samplonius et al., 2018; Skagen & Adams, 2012), little is known about large‐scale synchrony in their trait values (but see Olin et al., 2020). Likewise, there is a lack of understanding of how spatial synchrony in traits is influenced by environmental conditions or scales up to spatial synchrony in population abundances. Laying date, clutch size, and fledgling number are the focus of some of the most extensive long‐term individual‐based studies, with multiple decades of data collected over multiple continents (Culina et al., 2021), making them ideal for studying spatial synchrony. Here, we use a unique collection of data from 86 long‐term (i.e., at least 9 years) monitored populations of blue tits (Cyanistes caeruleus), great tits (Parus major), and pied flycatchers (Ficedula hypoleuca) at 44 different study sites across Europe to study spatial synchrony in trait values across populations. We focus on three fitness‐related traits (i.e., laying date, clutch size, and fledgling number) and quantify how spatial correlation in the temporal variation of trait values changes with distance between populations. We then examine the extent to which these spatial synchrony patterns can be explained by two local climatic variables: temperature and precipitation during spring. We expect that traits tightly linked to the environment, such as laying date, may show high correlations between trait values over large geographic areas. METHODS Study sites and data collection Blue tits, great tits, and pied flycatchers are small passerines that breed in natural cavities and artificial nest boxes across Europe. Blue tits and great tits are mostly year‐round residents or partial migrants (Smallegange et al., 2010), whereas pied flycatchers are obligate migrants that travel to West Africa in fall and return in spring. We collated data from 86 populations (blue tit: n = 31, great tit: n = 35, pied flycatcher: n = 20) that had been monitored for at least 9 years. These populations came from nest box schemes at 44 locations in Europe (Figure ). The studied populations occupied various woodland habitats dominated by deciduous, evergreen, or mixed forests. They ranged latitudinally from Sicily, Italy (37°35′ N) to Kevo, Finland (69°45′ N) and longitudinally from Okehampton, UK (3°59′ W) to Zvenigorod, Russia (36°51′ E), representing a large part of each species' breeding range. Metadata of most populations are available through the Studies on Populations of Individuals Birds (SPI‐Birds; www.spi-birds.org; Culina et al., 2021). The general procedure of data collection involved regular visits to all nest boxes throughout the breeding season. Brood‐specific information on laying date (i.e., the day the first egg was laid, 1 = April 1; note that smaller values are earlier in the year), clutch size (i.e., number of eggs), and fledgling number (i.e., number of chicks 13–16 days after hatching) were collected. When nests were not visited on the day the first egg was laid, laying date was calculated assuming that one egg was laid per day. For all analyses we only included first clutches that were not subjected to any experiments that could have affected the viability of parents or chicks (e.g., clutch size manipulation), and for each species and site we only retained years with two broods or more. For analyses on fledgling number, we only included broods with at least one fledgling. This way, fledgling number is essentially influenced by parental effort because complete brood losses due to predation or other external causes are excluded. Laying dates were not available for great tits in Dendles Wood, and fledgling numbers were not available for blue tits in Rome and Upeglynis and great tits in Gotland and Upeglynis. Overall, the study period spanned from 1955 to 2019, collectively including a total of 2670 study years. We used 126,667 brood records for analyses of laying date, 123,763 for clutch size, and 97,481 for fledging number. For an overview of sample sizes per population, see Vriend et al. (2022). Climatic variables Two local climatic variables were used in this study. Mean temperature and precipitation have been widely associated with variation in the traits studied here (e.g., Bailey et al., 2022; Bowers et al., 2016) and identified as drivers of spatial synchrony in other animal groups (e.g., Herfindal et al., 2020). Several studies have suggested that temperature extremes rather than averages drive climate change responses (Bailey & van de Pol, 2016). However, because maximum and mean temperatures correlated strongly across our study populations (Appendix S1: Figure S1), we used mean temperature in further analyses. We extracted daily mean temperatures (°C) and daily precipitation (mm) from the corresponding 0.1° × 0.1° grid cell in the E‐OBS gridded data set version 20.0e (Cornes et al., 2018). The E‐OBS data set did not include data for three of 44 (7%) study sites. For Askainen and Cambridgeshire, we used data from the nearest‐neighboring grid cells in the E‐OBS data set, which were, respectively, 6 and 2 km from the study sites. For Vlieland, an island population in the Netherlands, no neighboring grid cells were available. Temperature data were used from grid cells corresponding to the neighboring island of Texel (18 km from the study site), which strongly correlated (Pearson's r = 0.999) with data from a Royal Dutch Meteorological Institute (KNMI) weather station on Vlieland (available for 1996–2017). Precipitation data were extracted from another KNMI weather station on Vlieland (Oost‐Vlieland, 4 km away). For both climatic variables, we calculated annual values as the mean in February–May (i.e., the period before and during breeding) because this period was the most crucial to the species and traits studied here (e.g., Both et al., 2004; Visser et al., 2006). This was further confirmed by other studies using climate window analyses (Bailey et al., 2022; Samplonius et al., 2018), a statistical approach that identifies and quantifies weather signals and their critical time window on trait values (van de Pol & Bailey, 2019). In addition to the two local climatic variables, we used the NAO index as a climatic variable on a larger, regional scale. We extracted daily data on the NAO index from the Climate Prediction Center of the National Weather Service (www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov). Analyses involving the NAO index are available in Appendix S2. Effects of climatic variables on temporal variation in fitness‐related trait values For each year in each population, we calculated median laying date, mean clutch size, and mean fledgling number. Because annual distributions of laying dates are often right‐skewed, the median is a more appropriate measure of the central tendency than the arithmetic mean for this trait. Hereafter, descriptors (mean and median) of population values for the three traits are referred to as average trait values. We first explored time trends in these average values for each trait separately using linear mixed‐effects models of the form Yijk=βint,j+bint,jk+βyear,j+byear,jkXijk+εijk (1) where Yijk are the average trait values per year i, species j, and location k, βint,j is a species‐specific intercept, bint,jk denotes random intercepts for each species j at location k (i.e., population jk), assumed to have a normal prior distribution with mean 0 and standard deviation (SD) σbint, βyear,j is a species‐specific slope for the linear time trend, byear,jk denotes random slopes for the linear time trends for each population jk, assumed to have a normal prior distribution with mean 0 and SD σbyear, Xijk are time indicators per population jk, and εijk is a residual error, assumed to have a normal prior distribution with mean 0 and SD σε. In a second set of models, we explored the effects of local climatic variables (mean temperature and mean precipitation in February–May) on the average trait values. Climatic variables were normalized (i.e., subtracting the mean and dividing by the SD) to compare their relative effects on the average trait values. For each combination of trait and climatic variable, we ran a linear mixed‐effects model of the form Yijk=βint,j+bint,jk+βyear,j+byear,jkXijk+βclim,j+bclim,jkZijk+εijk (2) where βclim,j is a species‐specific slope for the climatic variable, bclim,jk denotes random slopes for the climatic variables for each population jk, assumed to have a normal prior distribution with mean 0 and SD σbclim, Zijk are the normalized climatic variables per population jk, and the other parameters and variables are as defined in Equation (1). Linear mixed‐effects models were run using brms version 2.15.0 (Bürkner, 2017) in R version 4.0.5 (R Core Team, 2021). We used default priors and ran four Markov chains for 2000 iterations with a burn‐in of 1000, resulting in 4000 posterior samples. Chain convergence was assessed using the convergence diagnostic R^ and the effective sample size (Vehtari et al., 2021). Effects of climatic variables on spatial synchrony in fitness‐related trait values For the analysis of spatial synchrony, annual average trait values were linearly detrended (i.e., retaining residuals from a linear regression of average trait value against year) and normalized. By detrending and normalizing the average trait values, we explored spatial synchrony in the temporal fluctuations of the average trait values relative to long‐term population means rather than spatial synchrony in absolute population differences and shared common trends. Following Engen et al. (2005), we assumed a spatial autocorrelation function for each species–trait combination of the form ρd=ρ∞+ρ0−ρ∞e−d2/2l2 (3) where ρ0 and ρ∞ are the correlation of average trait values as distance approaches zero and infinity, respectively, e−d2/2l2 is a Gaussian positive‐definite autocorrelation function where d is the distance between populations (in kilometers), and the standard deviation l (in kilometers) is a standardized measure of the scale of spatial autocorrelation (Engen et al., 2005; Lande et al., 1999). The spatial scale l can be considered the characteristic distance at which the temporal fluctuations of an ecological property (here trait values) remain correlated or, in other words, the size of the region over which temporal fluctuations are synchronized (Jarillo et al., 2018). There are various approaches to quantifying spatial synchrony, which can be categorized into parametric models, like the one we used here, and nonparametric models (e.g., Koenig & Liebhold, 2016). Contrary to nonparametric approaches, our model (Equation 3) assumed that the spatial autocorrelation structure was Gaussian. As a result, the model parameters (ρ0, ρ∞, l) were assumed to be positive, although the correlation between two sites might be negative, especially at large distances. The advantage of our parametric approach is that the model parameters have a biological interpretation that allows the user to formally compare spatial synchrony across traits or species and assess the effects of potential drivers of spatial synchrony. The observations of the detrended and normalized average trait value Y~ of all locations in each year were assumed to follow a multivariate normal distribution, Y~t~MVN0∑t. The off‐diagonal elements of the variance–covariance matrix ∑ were defined by ρ0, ρ∞, and l (Equation 3) given distance d, and the diagonal elements were set to 1. Since data from different locations were available over different but partly overlapping periods, the set of locations varied among years. Generally, the more a pair of time series overlapped, the larger the contribution to the likelihood. The total log‐likelihood was the sum of annual log‐likelihoods and optimized numerically to provide estimates for ρ0, ρ∞, and l. Distributions of these parameters were obtained by a parametric bootstrapping procedure involving data simulation from the multivariate normal distribution as defined earlier and based on the estimated parameters and the annual sets of locations included in the observed data (Engen et al., 2005). This procedure was undertaken 2000 times, resulting in 2000 bootstrap replicates. The multivariate normal distribution was obtained from mvtnorm version 1.1‐1 (Genz et al., 2020) in R version 4.0.5 (R Core Team, 2021). In addition to laying date, clutch size, and fledgling number, we quantified spatial synchrony in fledgling success (i.e., proportion fledged, calculated as fledgling number/clutch size) because the constraint of clutch size on fledgling number might confound the spatial synchrony patterns in fledgling number. Spatial synchrony patterns in fledgling number and fledgling success were similar for all three species (see Appendix S3). Finally, we examined the extent to which the climatic variables (mean temperature and mean precipitation) contributed to spatial synchrony in average trait values. Following Grøtan et al. (2005) and Sæther et al. (2007), we regressed the population‐specific annual average trait values against population‐specific annual means of the climatic variables using separate linear regression models for each combination of species, trait, and climatic variable. The residuals were normalized and used in the spatial autocorrelation model (Equation 3; three species, three traits, two climatic variables, 18 models in total) to calculate the spatial synchrony in trait values after accounting for the effect of climatic variables. Populations at the southern edges of the species' distribution ranges generally experience warmer temperatures and are more likely to face extreme temperatures. Despite that, the most southern populations of all three study species did not disproportionately influence the findings of this study since results were similar when considering a subset of populations located at higher latitudes (>45° N; see Appendix S4). RESULTS Temporal variation in fitness‐related trait values The timing of laying advanced over time for all species (posterior mode [95% credible interval]: blue tit: −0.175 [−0.214, −0.133]; great tit: −0.168 [−0.207, −0.131]; pied flycatcher: −0.165 [−0.211, −0.117] in days per year), but the strength of this trend differed between populations (σbyear: 0.059 [0.032, 0.090]; Appendix S1: Table S1 and Figure S2). Annual median laying dates occurred within a two‐month period for all species (Figure ) but were earlier for resident blue tits (range: 26 March–28 May, mode: 22 April, n = 898) and great tits (25 March–7 June, 23 April, n = 1041) than for migratory pied flycatchers (21 April–13 June, 10 May, n = 662). Clutch size showed a trend toward smaller clutches over time for blue tits (−0.021 [−0.026, −0.015] eggs per year) and great tits (−0.017 [−0.022, −0.012] eggs per year), with varying strengths among populations (σbyear: 0.008 [0.006, 0.012]), but not for pied flycatchers (0.005 [−0.002, 0.011] eggs per year; Appendix S1: Table S1 and Figure S3). Annual mean clutch size varied strongly over time for blue tits (CV = 0.137, n = 899) and great tits (CV = 0.141, n = 1046), but less for pied flycatchers (CV = 0.075, n = 670; Figure ). Similarly, annual mean fledgling number showed a trend toward fewer fledglings over time for blue tits (−0.019 [−0.028, −0.011] fledglings per year) and great tits (−0.018 [−0.025, −0.010] fledglings per year), with varying strengths among populations (σbyear: 0.013 [0.010, 0.018]), but not for pied flycatchers (0.000 [−0.009, 0.009] fledglings per year; Appendix S1: Table S1 and Figure S4). Annual mean fledgling number varied strongly over time for blue tits (CV = 0.209, n = 845) and great tits (CV = 0.211, n = 1020), and less for pied flycatchers (CV = 0.125, n = 657; Figure ). Effects of climatic variables on fitness‐related trait values We observed earlier laying with increasing temperatures for all three species, but the effect was stronger for blue tits and great tits compared to pied flycatchers (Table ). The effects of mean temperature showed large variation among populations. We observed weak effects of mean temperature on clutch size; clutch size increased with mean temperatures for great tits and pied flycatchers but not for blue tits. In addition, we observed no overall effect of mean temperature on fledgling numbers for any of the species, but there was large variation among populations (Table ). TABLE 1 TraitTemperaturePrecipitationParameterMode95% CrIMode95% CrILaying date βclim,B −11.716−13.390 to −10.2180.7490.149 to 1.182 βclim,G −10.558−11.977 to −8.9210.8220.330 to 1.328 βclim,P −5.614−7.629 to −3.8190.071−0.468 to 0.609 σbclim 3.3912.627 to 4.4880.0600.009 to 0.567Clutch size βclim,B 0.158−0.012 to 0.293−0.005−0.066 to 0.068 βclim,G 0.1550.028 to 0.287−0.008−0.079 to 0.048 βclim,P 0.2250.096 to 0.406−0.029−0.100 to 0.042 σbclim 0.0210.003 to 0.1890.0140.002 to 0.092Fledgling number βclim,B 0.148−0.093 to 0.4230.026−0.077 to 0.126 βclim,G 0.209−0.014 to 0.449−0.048−0.149 to 0.040 βclim,P −0.062−0.317 to 0.248−0.045−0.491 to 0.058 σbclim 0.3490.136 to 0.5360.0140.001 to 0.120 The effects of mean precipitation were toward later laying with increasing precipitation for blue tits and great tits, but we found no evidence for such an effect for pied flycatchers. In addition, we found no evidence for an effect of mean precipitation on clutch sizes and fledgling numbers in any of the species (Table ). In general, for each trait, the effects of mean temperature were stronger and more variable than the effects of mean precipitation. Temporal variation in climatic variables is shown in Appendix S1: Figure S6. Spatial synchrony in fitness‐related trait values For each species–trait combination, spatial synchrony decreased with increasing distance between populations (Figure ). Estimates of the correlation at zero distance (ρ^0) were high for laying date (median ρ^0 range: 0.624–0.800) and lower for clutch size and fledgling number in all species (median ρ^0 range: 0.314–0.477; Table , Appendix S1: Figure S7a–c). Estimates of the correlation at infinity (ρ^∞) approached zero for most species–trait combinations (Table , Appendix S1: Figure S7d–f), except for laying date in blue tits and fledgling number in blue tits and great tits. TABLE 2 ParameterBlue titGreat titPied flycatcherTraitMedian95% CIMedian95% CIMedian95% CI ρ^0 LD0.8000.769–0.8280.6570.619–0.6940.6240.564–0.679CS0.3140.243–0.3890.4180.355–0.4760.4100.330–0.488FN0.4000.308–0.4840.4770.402–0.5470.3850.298–0.468 ρ^∞ LD0.2630.163–0.3550.0000.000–0.1400.0000.000–0.139CS0.0170.000–0.1000.0000.000–0.0860.0000.000–0.094FN0.0700.008–0.1400.0940.033–0.1580.0000.000–0.096 l^ LD247204–305841710–997734585–898CS422225–625595447–767565385–769FN11973.8–199141101–199596386–825 Estimates of the scale of spatial autocorrelation (l^ in kilometers, i.e., the characteristic distance at which the temporal fluctuations of trait values remain correlated) were high for laying date and clutch size in great tits and pied flycatchers (median l^ range: 565–841 km) but relatively low in blue tits (median l^ range: 247–422 km, Table , Appendix S1: Figure S7g–i). The scale of spatial autocorrelation for fledgling number was substantially lower than for the other traits in blue tits and great tits (median l^ range: 119–141 km), but not in pied flycatchers. Effect of climatic variables on spatial synchrony Accounting for variation in mean temperature substantially decreased the spatial synchrony in laying date at both short and longer distances in blue tits and great tits, whereas spatial synchrony remained mostly unchanged for pied flycatchers (Figure , Appendix S1: Figure S8). In contrast, we found no contribution of mean temperature to the spatial synchrony in clutch size (Figure , Appendix S1: Figure S8) or fledgling number (Figure , Appendix S1: Figure S8), except for a small contribution of mean temperature to clutch size in pied flycatchers (Figure , Appendix S1: Figure S8). We found no evidence for synchronizing effects of mean precipitation for any species‐trait combination (Figure , Appendix S1: Figure S9). DISCUSSION Using 86 long‐term monitored populations of three common European hole‐nesting passerines from 44 different study sites, we found a high degree of spatial synchrony in laying date (Figure ) and a lower degree in clutch size and fledgling number (Figure ), a pattern that was consistent across species. We also found a strong effect of mean temperature on temporal variation in trait values within populations (Table ) and on spatial synchrony among populations for laying date, particularly in blue tits and great tits (Figure ). Effects of temperature on laying dates and their spatial synchrony Seasonal timing of breeding has strong fitness consequences for all three species studied here (Perrins, 1970). Reproductive success often decreases during the breeding season (Perrins & McCleery, 1989), but breeding too early can also be costly (Bowers et al., 2016). In temperate regions, strong seasonality in the environment leads to a short optimal breeding period in terms of energy and nutrient availability (Perrins, 1970) that varies in timing and length among years (Marrot et al., 2018). In response to warming springs, many bird populations have advanced their timing of breeding (Both et al., 2004; Hällfors et al., 2020). Other populations show no such trend (Keogan et al., 2018; Vatka et al., 2014), sometimes resulting in a phenological mismatch between food abundance and nestlings' nutritional needs (Visser et al., 1998). Even if birds advance their breeding time, a phenological mismatch can still occur when the phenology of food supplies advances at a different rate than the birds' breeding phenology (Mayor et al., 2017). Ultimately, we can expect that between‐year variation in the timing of breeding is explained by between‐year variation in the environment (Visser et al., 2010). Here, we found evidence for strong effects of mean local temperature in February–May on laying dates and spatial synchrony in laying date, particularly in blue tit and great tit populations and at large distances. A previous study also demonstrated a synchronizing effect of temperature on the population abundance of blue tits and great tits in Central Europe (Sæther et al., 2007), and our results confirmed that large‐scale variation in laying date could be attributed to spatial covariation in temperature (Visser et al., 2003). In contrast to the synchronizing effects of mean local temperature on blue tit and great tit laying dates, we found that mean temperature contributed less to spatial synchrony in pied flycatcher laying dates. The time window used for our analysis (i.e., February–May) overlaps largely with the timing of pied flycatcher spring migration. Long‐distance migrants, like pied flycatchers, experience a greater range of challenges across their annual cycle (Rushing et al., 2017). Their timing of breeding is constrained by the timing of spring arrival, which in turn is affected by the conditions they experience before and during migration (Saino et al., 2011), including temperature and precipitation throughout their migration trajectory (Ahola et al., 2004; Saino et al., 2007). Because there is large variation in how conditions across the annual cycle may have changed (Ahola et al., 2004), populations of migratory birds differ substantially in their response to abiotic factors at the breeding grounds (Both & te Marvelde, 2007). Additionally, the timing of breeding of migrants may be influenced by competition with earlier breeding resident species (Samplonius et al., 2018), leading migrants to adjust their breeding time based on the residents' breeding time (Samplonius & Both, 2017). Effects of precipitation on trait values and their spatial synchrony We found little evidence for the effect of mean precipitation on spatial synchrony in any species–trait combination. Spatial synchrony in precipitation is generally lower than in temperature (Herfindal et al., 2020; Koenig & Liebhold, 2016), which could explain why we found no effect of precipitation on spatial synchrony in this study. Yet, even when precipitation shows spatial synchrony, this may lead to similar spatial synchrony in species' trait values. Variation in precipitation patterns can affect breeding time and reproductive success of small passerines (Bowers et al., 2016). These effects can occur indirectly through reduced food availability or directly through increased energy expenditure (Radford et al., 2001), both of which can have negative consequences for nestling growth and survival (Öberg et al., 2015; Radford et al., 2001). However, precipitation has also been positively associated with nestling mass and growth in other studies (Eeva et al., 2020). The contradictory results in the literature may indicate that the effects of precipitation can vary substantially between individuals and populations. As such, geographically close populations may respond differently to changes in climatic variables (Bonamour et al., 2019; Sæther et al., 2003). Effects of other drivers on trait values and their spatial synchrony We found evidence for large annual variation in clutch size and fledgling number for the resident blue tits and great tits, with smaller clutches and fewer fledglings over time. This pattern was not observed for the migratory pied flycatchers for which clutch size and fledgling number remained constant over time and buffered against environmental variation. For all three species, unlike laying date, we found no evidence for the effects of mean temperature or mean precipitation in February–May on spatial synchrony in clutch size and fledgling number. Spatial synchrony in clutch size and fledgling number generally acted at a smaller spatial scale than spatial synchrony in laying date. Furthermore, after accounting for mean temperature, the spatial correlation in laying dates remained high at shorter distances. This implies that more local factors play an important role in driving the fluctuations in the values of the traits studied here. Spatial autocorrelation in a variety of factors may generate smaller‐scale spatial synchrony in laying date, clutch size, and fledgling number. First, hole‐nesting passerines breed in a variety of habitats with varying quality (e.g., Blondel et al., 1993). Spatial structuring of habitats of different quality may cause spatial covariation in clutch size and breeding performance (Lambrechts et al., 2004). Second, habitat heterogeneity may influence spatial synchrony through density‐dependent effects on breeding parameters like clutch size (Dhondt et al., 1992). Because locations with different density‐dependent dynamics are expected to show reduced spatial synchrony (Walter et al., 2017), the spatial scale of density dependence determines the spatial scale of trait synchrony. In general, the spatial scale of synchrony in population abundances (Kendall et al., 2000; Lande et al., 1999) and the spatial covariation in phenotypic selection (Engen & Sæther, 2016) decrease with increasing strength of density dependence. Further, population density may also affect the relationship between environmental variables, such as spring temperature, and traits, such as laying date and clutch size (Møller et al., 2020). Third, in the case of tits, individuals are facultative multiple breeders in some parts of the species range (Verhulst et al., 1997). Pairs producing multiple clutches must optimize their fitness over multiple clutches, which affects the breeding time, clutch size, and fledgling success of the first brood (Verhulst et al., 1997). The incidence of double brooding in tits varies geographically, annually, and between habitat types (Husby et al., 2009). If populations in similar habitats show similar temporal dynamics of the incidence of double brooding, habitat heterogeneity and local density dependence may then synchronize the dynamics of clutch size and fledgling number of first clutches. Fourth, for tits in temperate regions, beech mast forms a major food source in winter (Perdeck et al., 2000; Perrins, 1965). In great tits, beech mast variation has been linked to increased survival (Perdeck et al., 2000) and recruitment (Grøtan et al., 2009). Temporal dynamics of beech mast tend to be consistent over large distances (Perrins, 1965), inducing spatial synchrony in abundance (Sæther et al., 2007), which may indirectly generate spatial synchrony in tit fitness‐related traits. If beech mast plays a role in the spatial synchrony in traits, it is likely restricted in time and space because annual variation in beech seed production has decreased recently (Bogdziewicz et al., 2020), and great tits in evergreen forests and blue tits, in general, rely on other food sources (e.g., supplemental feeding; Orell, 1989). Besides synchronous environmental fluctuations, movement between spatially distinct populations has also been identified as a driver of spatial population synchrony (Lande et al., 1999), particularly on local scales (Paradis et al., 1999). Median natal dispersal distances in these species are typically short (Chernetsov et al., 2006; Paradis et al., 1998; Tufto et al., 2005; van Balen & Hage, 1989), and median breeding dispersal distances are even shorter (Eeva et al., 2008; Paradis et al., 1998, 2002; Thomson et al., 2003), despite the fact that some individuals may disperse up to hundreds of kilometers to suitable breeding sites, especially when local population densities are high (Both et al., 2012; Matthysen, 2005; Paradis et al., 2002). Therefore, the spatial scale of dispersal between populations (Paradis et al., 1998, 2002; Tufto et al., 2005) is likely too short to induce the synchronous fluctuations in fitness‐related trait values reported here. Implications of spatial synchrony in fitness‐related trait values Spatial synchrony in population abundance often spans large spatial scales, with a general pattern of high correlation between nearby populations and lower correlation when the distance between populations increases (Koenig, 2002; Liebhold et al., 2004). Here, we showed that spatial synchrony in fitness‐related trait values could act over similarly large distances. In fact, except for fledgling number in blue tits and great tits, the spatial scales of synchrony in this study were larger than for spatial synchrony in abundances of blue tit (mean l^ = 380 km) and great tit (mean l^ = 34 km) populations in Europe (Sæther et al., 2007). Because our results were consistent across species and traits, large‐scale spatial synchrony in trait values is likely for similar species and traits. Fitness‐related traits that show consistent responses to specific environmental variables, like laying date does to temperature, are likely candidates to have synchronous dynamics. Climate change and other environmental perturbations may increase spatial population synchrony. For example, in a study on 49 widespread North American wintering bird species, spatial synchrony in population abundance increased over a period of 50 years, in parallel to an increase of spatial synchrony in temperature (Koenig & Liebhold, 2016). As a result of increased spatial synchrony, the probability of correlated declines in population abundances may increase, increasing the risk of species extinction (Heino et al., 1997; Pearson et al., 2014). Spatiotemporal fluctuations in vital rates or population abundances may be impacted not only directly by synchronized fluctuations in environmental conditions (i.e., environmental synchrony) but also indirectly by environment‐induced spatial synchrony in fitness‐related trait values. Future studies should therefore aim to understand under what conditions spatial synchrony in fitness‐related trait values can help explain spatiotemporal fluctuations in vital rates or population abundances and quantify the relative contributions of spatial trait synchrony in relation to other drivers of spatial population synchrony, such as movement and the environment. In the current context of global change and biodiversity loss, it will be especially valuable to explore the use of spatial trait synchrony as an indicator of spatial population synchrony, which could ultimately affect the risk of extinction. AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS Stefan J. G. Vriend, Vidar Grøtan, Marlène Gamelon, and Bernt‐Erik Sæther conceived the study. All others provided data. Stefan J. G. Vriend and Liam D. Bailey compiled the data set. Stefan J. G. Vriend conducted the analyses with advice from Vidar Grøtan, Marlène Gamelon, and Bernt‐Erik Sæther. Stefan J. G. Vriend wrote the first draft of the manuscript. All others provided feedback on later drafts of the manuscript. CONFLICT OF INTEREST The authors declare no conflict of interest. Supporting information Appendix S1 Click here for additional data file.(4.9M, pdf) Appendix S2 Appendix S3 Appendix S4 Click here for additional data file.(1.1M, pdf) ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This work could not have been carried out without the long‐term effort and dedication of all the fieldworkers and landowners to data collection. We thank Jaime Potti for his feedback on the manuscript and his fundamental contribution to the data collection for the La Hiruela study system. This work was funded by the Research Council of Norway (223257). Malcolm D. Burgess thanks Natural England for its support of the monitoring. Marcel Eens and Rianne Pinxten were funded by the University of Antwerp and FWO Flanders. John Atle Kålås was funded by the Norwegian Environment Agency. Bart Kempenaers was funded by the Max Planck Society. Jesús Martínez‐Padilla was funded by ARAID and the Spanish Ministry of Education and Science (PID2019‐104835GB‐I00). David Canal was supported by the Hungarian Academy of Sciences (MTA Premium Postdoctoral Research Program; ID: 2019‐353). Juan Carlos Senar was funded by Project CGL‐2020 PID2020‐114907GB‐C21. Szymon M. Drobniak was funded by the DECRA fellowship (DE180100202). EB was funded by the Ministry of Science and Innovation (Project PID2021‐122171NB‐I00). The Gotland field work was supported by the Swedish Research Council, the Centre national de la recherche scientifique (CNRS), and the Polish National Science Centre (UMO‐2015/18/E/NZ8/00505, UMO‐2012/07/D/NZ8/01317). The Pirio and Rouvière field work was funded by the OSU‐OREME. The Zvenigorod field work was supported by RSF‐FWO (No. 20‐44‐01005). We acknowledge the E‐OBS data set from the EU‐FP6 Project UERRA, the Copernicus Climate Change Service, and data providers in the ECA&D project. Notes Vriend, Stefan J. G. , Grøtan Vidar, Gamelon Marlène, Adriaensen Frank, Ahola Markus P., Álvarez Elena, Bailey Liam D., et al. 2023. “Temperature Synchronizes Temporal Variation in Laying Dates across European Hole‐Nesting Passerines.” Ecology 104(2): e3908. 10.1002/ecy.3908 [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar] Handling Editor: Viviana Ruiz‐Gutierrez Funding information Research Council of Norway, Grant/Award Number: 223257; University of Antwerp; FWO Flanders; Norwegian Environment Agency; Max Planck Society; ARAID; Spanish Ministry of Education and Science, Grant/Award Number: PID2019‐104835GB‐I00; Hungarian Academy of Sciences; DECRA, Grant/Award Number: DE180100202; Ministry of Science and Innovation; Swedish Research Council; CNRS; Polish National Science Centre, Grant/Award Numbers: UMO‐2012/07/D/NZ8/01317, UMO‐2015/18/E/NZ8/00505; OSU‐OREME; RSF‐FWO, Grant/Award Number: 20‐44‐01005 DATA AVAILABILITY STATEMENT The data supporting the results and the R code for the analyses (Vriend et al., 2022) are available in Figshare at https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.14972259. 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4377	dbpedia	2	14	https://www.woodburnvillage.net/	en	Woodburn Village, Annandale, VA			[ "http://s34.sitemeter.com/meter.asp?site=s34woodburnvillage", "https://www.woodburnvillage.net/wb%20sign%207.jpg" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null					null	illa in Annandale, VA. Woodburn Village in Annandale, VA. Woodburn Village in Annandale, VA. Woodburn Village in Annandale, VA. Woodburn Village in Annandale, VA. If you like trees you will love Woodburn Village. Living in Woodburn Village is like living in a Forest. But, it is located close to everything in the Northern Virginia - Washington D.C. area. Woodburn Village is located; twelve miles west of Washington, D.C., five miles south of Tysons Corners Shopping Center, two miles south of the Dunn Loring Metro Station, half a mile west of the belt way (I-495), and 100 yards south of the INOVA Fairfax Hospital. Woodburn Village has 606 condominiums located on approximately forty acres of land. Most of the condominiums have two bedrooms. But there are also units with one bedroom, three bedrooms, and four bedrooms. Woodburn Village has a large swimming pool, two tennis courts, a basketball court, a volley ball court, a fitness trail, two play ground areas, and a dozen picnic areas. The Fairfax bus and the Metro bus have a bus stop only 100 yards from Woodburn Village. So it is easy to get around even if you do not want to use your car. If you have any questions or comments about this site please send a message to me at: Sweetland@WoodburnVillage.Net or 571 274 6614. Richard Sweetland - Realtor After Hours / Emergency 703 600-6000 Several people have asked me what a Blog is and how they can use it. A Blog is an open forum that lets people who visit a web site leave a message to other people who visit the web site. When you leave a message in the Blog site everyone who visits the Blog site can read your message; and make a comment about your message, or leave their own message. At this time there is only one Blog site at this web site. To get to this Blog site click on the word "Blog" in the top left hand corner of this page. Read the the opening statement in the Blog page. Then click on the word "Comments" below the opening statement. Read the comments that other people have left. You can then leave your own comments in the space provided. You can use this Blog site to tell other people your opinions about: parking in Woodburn Village, security in Woodburn Village, the actions of the Board of Directors, special events at Woodburn Village, problems with this web site, etc...
4377	dbpedia	3	58	https://www.linkedin.com/posts/douglaswoodburn_westcoast-acquires-100m-rival-spire-activity-7186250956911652864-TAg8	en	Doug Woodburn on LinkedIn: Westcoast acquires £100m rival Spire	https://media.licdn.com/dms/image/sync/v2/D4E27AQEkw0aL94guYw/articleshare-shrink_800/articleshare-shrink_800/0/1713335327422?e=2147483647&v=beta&t=bC3HBydmw4LBTOEIrGoNR6DGT5_uwvynsd5PxWfbJd4	https://media.licdn.com/dms/image/sync/v2/D4E27AQEkw0aL94guYw/articleshare-shrink_800/articleshare-shrink_800/0/1713335327422?e=2147483647&v=beta&t=bC3HBydmw4LBTOEIrGoNR6DGT5_uwvynsd5PxWfbJd4	[ "https://media.licdn.com/dms/image/v2/D4E16AQEN1GXy2mSAfg/profile-displaybackgroundimage-shrink_200_800/profile-displaybackgroundimage-shrink_200_800/0/1690132161168?e=2147483647&v=beta&t=S6QuCbsjApnT62g912VVu9uzqpcid5xYOGPy-_czr7k" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "Doug Woodburn" ]	2024-04-17T06:35:42.191000+00:00	Is Westcoast Limited about to formally announce an acquisition of £100m-revenue peer Spire? That's what IT Channel Oxygen is hearing... According to…	en	https://static.licdn.com/aero-v1/sc/h/al2o9zrvru7aqj8e1x2rzsrca		https://www.linkedin.com/posts/douglaswoodburn_westcoast-acquires-100m-rival-spire-activity-7186250956911652864-TAg8	Our study shows that Layer 2 VUA/Bitstream will continue to be the dominant ODN sharing mechanism in the near future, even though it does not allow much room for innovation and competition. Passive Wholesale products have been widely used in France as an ODN sharing mechanism, but has come with a number of quality issues. A more promising alternative is the Fixed Access Network sharing (FANs) concept developed by Broadband Forum, which will enable access seekers to design their own services without depending on the wholesaler’s “static” products. This concept has the potential to stimulate innovation and competition, but its commercial implementation is still uncertain, as wholesale operators need to adapt to this new business model. https://lnkd.in/eqJw7rpW Cognex Corporation (NASDAQ: CGNX), a leader in industrial machine vision, announced it has agreed to acquire Moritex Corporation (Moritex) from Trustar Capital, a private equity affiliate of CITIC Capital Holdings Limited, for ¥40 billion (approximately $275 million), in an all-cash transaction. Moritex is a leading global provider of #optics #components with a strong #presence in Japan. Cognex Corporation 🔸Discover more by clicking here https://lnkd.in/dbcXXWbK #metrology #metrologynews #quality #inspection #productivity #blogs #news #press #presse #release #pressrelease #business Indeed there are far more IDMs in need of GAN than there are GAN Fabless companies active left in the power market after TRANSPHORM and GAN SYSTEM acquisitions 5-6 years ago, question was: Is there a future and space for GAN, vs Silicon and SIC Obviously Yes https://lnkd.in/gkGd4n98 🔔 TXOne Networks Raises $51 Million in Series B 🔔 ' The solution for tackling security weaknesses prevalent across industrial environments' 🤑 TXOne Networks, the Taiwan and Californian based leader in Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS) security has raised $51M in its Series B extension round of financing! 💰 The B round was led be TGVest Capital and Pegatron, CDIB Capital Group 中華開發資本 and CDIB Capital International Corporation. New Investors included Taiwania Capital and Applied Ventures! 🖥 Led by Terence Liu, TXOne Networks works with manufacturers and critical infrastructure operators to develop practical approaches to cyber defence of industrial control systems and operational technology (OT) environments. In April this year the company announced its latest innovative CPS protection platform, the SageOne central management console. The new platform delivers managements of the CPS attack surface across the OT environment, combines advanced technology with a user friendly interface for securing critical infrastructure and enables integrated lifecycle protection! 🏭 TXOne Networks already secured the operations of more than 3600 organisation globally in industries such as semiconductors, automotive, pharmaceutical, food and beverages, electronics, public transport, oil and gas and more! 📈 The new funds are set to be used to continue the growth with the SagaOne platform ! #venturecapital #vc #vcfunding #funding #seriesB #investments ASX-listed compound semiconductor company BluGlass Limited (ASX: BLG) has received $4.3 million in commitments from institutional and sophisticated investors in what it describes as “a strongly supported share placement” at an issue price of $0.037 per share. According to an announcement from BluGlass on Monday, it is also undertaking a share purchase plan offer to enable eligible shareholders in Australia and New Zealand to acquire up to $100,000 worth of shares on the same terms. The SPP offer aims to raise as much as a further $9 million (before costs.) The new funds will be used to scale and speed production and delivery of BluGlass’s visible lasers to fulfil new and existing contracts, as well as support additional fab equipment, working capital, and R&D for next-generation products. #manufacturing #australianmanufacturing #semiconductorindustry #semiconductors #ASX #finance #capitalraising Volex PLC (AIM:VLX), the power products #manufacturer, expects to deliver full-year results in line with market expectations, despite suffering a #cyberattack, having reported a 4% jump in revenues for the first six months of the 2023 financial year, a trading update revealed. Confirming a cyberattack took place earlier this month on certain #IT systems with #data on some international sites affected, the Hampshire-based group reassured that all manufacturing sites are now operational, delivering full production output. The company does not expect any material impact to revenue or underlying profits from the incident but costs to recover the situation are expected to be around US$2 million, which will be reported as an exceptional item in the group’s second-half results. More at #Proactive #ProactiveInvestors http://ow.ly/UzA3104YRvh #AIM #VLX Interesting data in this report. As I understand it, the #aviation and #telecommunications industries have approximately equal #value to the #USA #economy. Now that the #FCC has (hopefully) learned its extremely #costly and industry damaging lessons, #Washington can do better second time around. #FCC #FAA #AIA #RTCA #EUROCAE #5G #6G #Spectrum #BigMug #DamageControl #Economics #Telcos #Telecommunications #RADALT #RadioAltimeters #SatCom #Radar #FMBroadcast #VOR #ILS #GBAS #Navigation #Communications #Surveillance #FlightSafety #SafetyofFlight #ValueofSpectrum
4377	dbpedia	1	41	https://profilesolar.com/locations/United-States/Woodburn/	en	Solar PV Analysis of Woodburn, United States	https://profilesolar.com/images/og/Qi9vMjNmL3dYWEVLaG1ta1lHMkw5Zz09/	https://profilesolar.com/images/og/Qi9vMjNmL3dYWEVLaG1ta1lHMkw5Zz09/	[ "https://profilesolar.com/images/profileSOLAR_logo_transparent.webp", "https://profilesolar.com/images/flags/Flag_of_Germany.svg", "https://profilesolar.com/images/flags/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg", "https://profilesolar.com/images/charts/Qi9vMjNmL3dYWEVLaG1ta1lHMkw5Zz09/", "https://profilesolar.com/images/hostinger-image.png", "https://profilesolar.com/images/summer.png", "https://profilesolar.com/images/autumn.png", "https://profilesolar.com/images/winter.png", "https://profilesolar.com/images/spring.png", "https://profilesolar.com/images/sun.png", "https://profilesolar.com/images/bmc-button.svg", "https://profilesolar.com/images/share_fb.png", "https://profilesolar.com/images/share_twitter.png", "https://profilesolar.com/images/og/worldwide/?6735", "https://profilesolar.com/images/YT_lazy_load.webp", "https://profilesolar.com/images/og_SolarPanelTiltAngle.png", "https://profilesolar.com/images/profilesolarlogo_dark.webp", "https://profilesolar.com/images/connect_with_us_on_Linkedin.png", "https://profilesolar.com/images/yt_logo_rgb_light.png", "https://profilesolar.com/images/bmc-button.svg" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "Aaron Robinson" ]	null	Maximise annual solar PV output in Woodburn, United States, by tilting solar panels 37degrees South. Woodburn, Oregon, in the United States is a decent location for generating energy through solar PV systems...	en	/apple-touch-icon.png		https://profilesolar.com/locations/United-States/Woodburn/	Solar PV Analysis of Woodburn List of Solar PV Installers for Woodburn, United States Woodburn, Oregon, in the United States is a decent location for generating energy through solar PV systems throughout the year. However, it's not equally effective in all seasons. During summer and spring months, you can expect to generate a good amount of electricity from your solar panels. In summer, each kW of installed solar can produce 7.15kWh/day while in spring it can yield 5.52kWh/day. These are ideal times to get maximum output from your solar installation at this location. On the other hand, autumn and winter see a significant drop in production with each kW of installed solar producing only 2.96kWh/day and 1.42 kWh/day respectively due to shorter days and less sunlight. To maximize total annual production from your solar PV system at this location, it's recommended that you tilt your panels at an angle of 37 degrees facing South if they're fixed installations. As far as environmental or weather factors that could potentially hinder production go; Woodburn experiences frequent rain especially during fall and winter which could reduce system performance due to less direct sunlight reaching the panels on cloudy days or when they're wet. Preventative measures include installing panels with self-cleaning surfaces or arranging for regular cleaning services during these rainy months so that dirt or grime doesn't accumulate on them reducing their efficiency further. Additionally, using high-quality inverters will ensure better performance even under low light conditions which is common during overcast days typical to this region’s climate. It's also important to consider any potential shading issues caused by nearby trees or buildings blocking direct sunlight onto your panels - trimming back foliage where possible would be beneficial here. In conclusion: While Woodburn isn’t perfect for year-round maximum productivity due its weather patterns (with lower outputs expected particularly in autumn and winter), careful planning around panel positioning combined with regular maintenance should still allow for reasonable power generation across all seasons overall. Note: The Northern Temperate Zone extends from 35° latitude North up to 66.5° latitude. So far, we have conducted calculations to evaluate the solar photovoltaic (PV) potential in 1348 locations across the United States. This analysis provides insights into each city/location's potential for harnessing solar energy through PV installations. Link: Solar PV potential in the United States by location Solar output per kW of installed solar PV by season in Woodburn Seasonal solar PV output for Latitude: 45.1402, Longitude: -122.861 (Woodburn, United States), based on our analysis of 8760 hourly intervals of solar and meteorological data (one whole year) retrieved for that set of coordinates/location from NASA POWER (The Prediction of Worldwide Energy Resources) API: &nbsp Ideally tilt fixed solar panels 37° South in Woodburn, United States To maximize your solar PV system's energy output in Woodburn, United States (Lat/Long 45.1402, -122.861) throughout the year, you should tilt your panels at an angle of 37° South for fixed panel installations. As the Earth revolves around the Sun each year, the maximum angle of elevation of the Sun varies by +/- 23.45 degrees from its equinox elevation angle for a particular latitude. Finding the exact optimal angle to maximise solar PV production throughout the year can be challenging, but with careful consideration of historical solar energy and meteorological data for a certain location, it can be done precisely. We use our own calculation, which incorporates NASA solar and meteorological data for the exact Lat/Long coordinates, to determine the ideal tilt angle of a solar panel that will yield maximum annual solar output. We calculate the optimal angle for each day of the year, taking into account its contribution to the yearly total PV potential at that specific location. At Latitude: 45.1402, Longitude: -122.861, the ideal angle to tilt panels is 37° South Seasonally adjusted solar panel tilt angles for Woodburn, United States If you can adjust the tilt angle of your solar PV panels, please refer to the seasonal tilt angles below for optimal solar energy production in Woodburn, United States. As mentioned earlier, for fixed-panel solar PV installations, it is optimal to maintain a 37° South tilt angle throughout the year. Overall Best Summer Angle Overall Best Autumn Angle Overall Best Winter Angle Overall Best Spring Angle 29° South in Summer 48° South in Autumn 59° South in Winter 37° South in Spring Assuming you can modify the tilt angle of your solar PV panels throughout the year, you can optimize your solar generation in Woodburn, United States as follows: In Summer, set the angle of your panels to 29° facing South. In Autumn, tilt panels to 48° facing South for maximum generation. During Winter, adjust your solar panels to a 59° angle towards the South for optimal energy production. Lastly, in Spring, position your panels at a 37° angle facing South to capture the most solar energy in Woodburn, United States. Our recommendations take into account more than just latitude and Earth's position in its elliptical orbit around the Sun. We also incorporate historical solar and meteorological data from NASA's Prediction of Worldwide Energy Resources (POWER) API to assign a weight to each ideal angle for each day based on its historical contribution to overall solar PV potential during a specific season. This approach allows us to provide much more accurate recommendations than relying solely on latitude, as it considers unique weather conditions in different locations sharing the same latitude worldwide. Calculate solar panel row spacing in Woodburn, United States We've added a feature to calculate minimum solar panel row spacing by location. Enter your panel size and orientation below to get the minimum spacing in Woodburn, United States. Our calculation method Solar Position: We determine the Sun's position on the Winter solstice using the location's latitude and solar declination. Shadow Projection: We calculate the shadow length cast by panels using trigonometry, considering panel tilt and the Sun's elevation angle. Minimum Spacing: We add the shadow length to the horizontal space occupied by tilted panels. This approach ensures maximum space efficiency while avoiding shading during critical times, as the Winter solstice represents the worst-case scenario for shadow length. Please enter information above to calculate panel spacing. Topography for solar PV around Woodburn, United States Woodburn, Oregon, United States is located in the Willamette Valley. The topography of this region is characterized by flat and fertile plains surrounded by mountain ranges - the Cascade Range to the east and the Coast Range to the west. It also has a number of rivers flowing through it. For large-scale solar PV installations, areas with flat or gently sloping terrain are generally preferred as they require less site preparation and can accommodate larger arrays more easily. Therefore, the plains within Willamette Valley would be suited for such projects. However, considering that Oregon's climate is not particularly sunny compared to other states like California or Arizona, it might not be optimal for solar power generation. However, technological advances have made it possible for solar panels to generate electricity even under cloudy conditions though at lower efficiencies. Hence sites with good south-facing exposure free from shading (from trees, buildings etc.) should be considered too. In addition to these geographical considerations, factors such as proximity to transmission lines and substations (for connection to grid), land use regulations (zoning laws), environmental impact assessments etc., will also play a significant role in determining suitable locations for large scale solar PV projects. United States solar PV Stats as a country United States ranks 2nd in the world for cumulative solar PV capacity, with 95,209 total MW's of solar PV installed. This means that 3.40% of United States's total energy as a country comes from solar PV (that's 26th in the world). Each year United States is generating 289 Watts from solar PV per capita (United States ranks 15th in the world for solar PV Watts generated per capita). [source] Are there incentives for businesses to install solar in United States? Yes, there are several incentives for businesses wanting to install solar energy in the United States. These include federal tax credits, state and local rebates, net metering policies, and renewable energy certificates (RECs). Additionally, many states have enacted legislation that requires utilities to purchase a certain amount of electricity from renewable sources such as solar. Do you have more up to date information than this on incentives towards solar PV projects in United States? Please reach out to us and help us keep this information current. Thanks! Feeling generous? "Just like the sun juicing up solar PV panels, coffee is our liquid sunshine that fuels our research and development shenanigans!" 😊 Share this with your friends! Compare this location to others worldwide for solar PV potential The solar PV analyses available on our website, including this one, are offered as a free service to the global community. Our aim is to provide education and aid informed decision-making regarding solar PV installations. However, please note that these analyses are general guidance and may not meet specific project requirements. For in-depth, tailored forecasts and analysis crucial for feasibility studies or when pursuing maximum ROI from your solar projects, feel free to contact us; we offer comprehensive consulting services expressly for this purpose. Helping you assess viability of solar PV for your site Calculate Your Optimal Solar Panel Tilt Angle: A Comprehensive Guide
4377	dbpedia	2	80	https://nwvrestore.org/	en	Habitat for Humanity ReStores	https://img1.wsimg.com/i…restore-0661.jpg	https://img1.wsimg.com/i…restore-0661.jpg	[ "https://img1.wsimg.com/isteam/ip/c56c2dbd-c8ab-4b92-b829-dd220b35fc8f/logo/ec905890-1f4e-449b-b30c-227cee24a7c6.png/:/rs=h:80,cg:true,m/qt=q:95", "https://img1.wsimg.com/isteam/ip/c56c2dbd-c8ab-4b92-b829-dd220b35fc8f/restore-0661.jpg/:/cr=t:0%25,l:0%25,w:100%25,h:100%25/rs=h:1000,cg:true", "https://img1.wsimg.com/isteam/ip/c56c2dbd-c8ab-4b92-b829-dd220b35fc8f/e943c6a2-56b7-4774-a981-33ac9b3c6d69.jpg/:/cr=t:0%25,l:0%25,w:66.76%25,h:100%25/rs=w:365,h:365,cg:true", "https://img1.wsimg.com/isteam/ip/c56c2dbd-c8ab-4b92-b829-dd220b35fc8f/ReStore-Donation.jpg/:/cr=t:0%25,l:11.11%25,w:66.76%25,h:100%25/rs=w:365,h:365,cg:true", "https://img1.wsimg.com/isteam/ip/c56c2dbd-c8ab-4b92-b829-dd220b35fc8f/b365da9e-2c40-48cc-ae20-f2fa99c0f4d1.jpg/:/cr=t:0%25,l:21.88%25,w:56.23%25,h:100%25/rs=w:365,h:365,cg:true", "https://www.paypalobjects.com/webstatic/icon/pp258.png", "https://www.paypalobjects.com/webstatic/en_US/i/buttons/cc-badges-ppmcvdam.png" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "Habitat for Humanity ReStores" ]	null	Shop Habitat for Humanity ReStore A good deal for you, your community and the environment.	en	//img1.wsimg.com/isteam/ip/c56c2dbd-c8ab-4b92-b829-dd220b35fc8f/favicon/13984967-b9f3-405e-863f-589b488c034b.png/:/rs=w:16,h:16,m	Habitat for Humanity ReStores	https://nwvrestore.org/	WINTER HOURS BEGIN OCT. 10 We’re adjusting our store hours for the season. The stores will still be open 7 days a week, we’re just closing an hour earlier during the week. Starting Oct. 10th, the Canby & Woodburn ReStores will be open 9 am to 6 pm Monday through Saturday and 12 to 5 pm on Sundays. The stores will return to normal hours March 20th. Thank you for supporting North Willamette Valley Habitat for Humanity by shopping at our ReStores! Our volunteers have a lot of roles to fill-- from providing helpful customer service to creating DIY projects and displays, to painting store signs and organizing stock. We'll assess your natural abilities to find a place where you'll fit in and a role that interests you.
4377	dbpedia	3	1	https://eclipse2024.org/eclipse-cities/city/14903.html	en	Woodburn Indiana eclipse viewing information for the Great North American Eclipse of April 8, 2024	https://eclipse2024.org/favicon.ico	https://eclipse2024.org/favicon.ico	[ "https://eclipse2024.org/images/icons/home_inactive.png", "https://eclipse2024.org/images/icons/glasses_inactive.png", "https://eclipse2024.org/images/icons/site_map_inactive.png", "https://eclipse2024.org/images/icons/back_inactive.png", "https://www.eclipse2024.org/images/glasses-banner-desktop.jpg", "https://eclipse2024.org/images/visit_store.jpg", "https://eclipse2024.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/citypgs/2024/2/14903_2024.png", "https://eclipse2024.org/images/icons/info_icon.png", "https://eclipse2024.org/images/icons/info_icon.png", "https://eclipse2024.org/images/icons/info_icon.png", "https://eclipse2024.org/images/icons/info_icon.png", "https://eclipse2024.org/graphics/maps/city_maps/11.jpg", "https://eclipse2024.org/simvideos/thumbs/2024/en/14903_vidth_2024_en.jpg", "https://eclipse2024.org/images/blog/thumbs/Ft_Wayne-total-th.jpg", "https://eclipse2024.org/images/glasses.png" ]	[]	[]	[ "eclipse 2024", "2024 eclipse", "eclipse", "solar eclipse", "total solar eclipse", "2024 solar eclipse", "2024 total solar eclipse", "2024 eclipse in Woodburn Indiana" ]	null	[]	null	Information about the total solar eclipse in North America on April 8 2024!	en	/favicon.ico		null	In this table, we’ve listed the following information: Location identifier and latitude/longitude The times in the table have been calculated based on this exact location. Times can shift by several seconds as you get several miles/km away from the location shown. Start time of the partial phase ("C1") All times are given in local time or Universal time [UT] (also known as GMT or Zulu time). You can convert the entire table by clicking on the time zone you want to see it shown in! Where to look for that first “bite” of partial eclipse ("V") We’ve called this value “V”, because that’s what astronomers call it. If you imagine the Sun’s disk as a clock face, this is the hour hand value of where to look on that “clock” to see that very first little bite that the Moon is taking! (Remember, you must use eclipse glasses to look at the Sun at this time!) Who will be the first to see that bite and shout “First Contact!”? Start time of totality ("C2") This is what you came here to see! When does totality start? Again, this time is given in Universal time [UT] and you can convert it if you like. Remember, due to edge effects unique to your viewing location, this time may be “off” by a few seconds, and different observers will see things differently. Therefore, you have to remember the most important safety rule: Use your eclipse glasses to view the eclipse at all times until the very last bit of the Sun’s bright disk has been covered by the Moon! When you can’t see anything through the eclipse glasses any longer, then it is safe to look! (But put them back on IMMEDIATELY as soon as totality is over!) Duration of totality How long totality will last – given in minutes and seconds, or just seconds if the location is close to the edge of the path. This is an approximate time, again due to localized edge effects. It is correct to within a very few seconds, though! Altitude and azimuth of the Sun at the time of totality This will let you know where the Sun will be in the sky during totality, so you can check to make sure that trees, buildings or mountains won’t be in your way. (You can also go outside to your planned viewing location on the day before the eclipse at eclipse time and check it out yourself. The Sun’s location in the sky at that time won’t change enough in one day for you to notice the difference.) Altitude is given in degrees. The horizon is at 0°, and straight up is 90°. So 45° would be exactly halfway up, 30° would be 1/3 of the way up, and 60° would be 2/3 of the way up. Anything in between is, well, in between! Azimuth is given as an angle so you can tell exactly where the Sun will be, and here are some references: 90° is due east, 180° is due south, and 270° is due west. So, if you see 200°, that’s a bit less than 1/3 of the way from due south to due west. 135° would be straight southeast.
4377	dbpedia	1	82	https://www.posc.org/gas-station/marathon-country-oasis/	en	16817 Old, US 24, Woodburn, Indiana 46797	https://www.posc.org/wp-…atured-Image.png	https://www.posc.org/wp-…atured-Image.png	[ "https://www.posc.org/wp-content/uploads/Posc-Logo.png", "https://www.posc.org/photos/featured-image.png", "https://www.posc.org/wp-content/uploads/Posc-Logo-300x72.png" ]	[ "https://maps.google.com/maps?q=Marathon%2FCountry+Oasis+in+16817+Old%2C+US+24%2C+Woodburn%2C+Indiana+46797&output=embed" ]	[]	[ "Marathon/country Oasis is one of the Nearest Gas Station in the Area that is conveniently Located on the 16817 Old (Street) of Woodburn (City) at 41.1245048 latitude and -84.9249224 longitude has a overall Rating of 3.8 in the 46797 zip code. Marathon/country Oasis in 16817 Old road has been providing High quality Fuel and Services for its Customers. Marathon/country Oasis at 16817 Old lane is known for its friendly Customer Service and Cleanliness." ]	null	[]	2020-08-29T21:30:47+00:00	Marathon/country Oasis is one of the Nearest Gas Station in the Area that is conveniently Located on the 16817 Old (Street) of Woodburn (City) at 41.1245048 latitude and -84.9249224 longitude has a overall Rating of 3.8 in the 46797 zip code. Marathon/country Oasis in 16817 Old road has been providing High quality Fuel and Services for its Customers. Marathon/country Oasis at 16817 Old lane is known for its friendly Customer Service and Cleanliness.	en	https://www.posc.org/wp-…oads/Favicon.png	Posc	https://www.posc.org/gas-station/marathon-country-oasis/	Marathon/Country Oasis Navigate to Marathon/Country Oasis, 16817 Old, US 24, Woodburn, Indiana 46797 Below are the driving Directions to Marathon/Country Oasis in 16817 Old, US 24, Woodburn, Indiana 46797, United States. Marathon/country Oasis is one of the Nearest Gas Station in the Area that is conveniently Located on the 16817 Old (Street) of Woodburn (City) at 41.1245048 latitude and -84.9249224 longitude has a overall Rating of 3.8 in the 46797 zip code. Marathon/country Oasis in 16817 Old road has been providing High quality Fuel and Services for its Customers. Marathon/country Oasis at 16817 Old lane is known for its friendly Customer Service and Cleanliness.
4377	dbpedia	1	94	https://www.alamy.com/east-woodburn-northumberland-united-kingdom-england-n-55-10-31-w-2-8-48-map-timeless-map-published-in-2021-travelers-explorers-and-adventurers-like-florence-nightingale-david-livingstone-ernest-shackleton-lewis-and-clark-and-sherlock-holmes-relied-on-maps-to-plan-travels-to-the-worlds-most-remote-corners-timeless-maps-is-mapping-most-locations-on-the-globe-showing-the-achievement-of-great-dreams-image439398725.html	en	East Woodburn, Northumberland, United Kingdom, England, N 55 10' 31'', W 2 8' 48'', map, Timeless Map published in 2021. Travelers, explorers and adventurers like Florence Nightingale, David Livingsto	https://c7.alamy.com/com…eams-2GET9FH.jpg	https://c7.alamy.com/com…eams-2GET9FH.jpg	[ "https://s.alamy.com/logos/1.68.0/alamy.svg", "https://s.alamy.com/logos/1.68.0/alamy.svg", "https://s.alamy.com/assets/latest/footer/mastercard.svg", "https://s.alamy.com/assets/latest/footer/visa.svg", "https://s.alamy.com/assets/latest/footer/amex.svg", "https://s.alamy.com/assets/latest/footer/paypal.svg", "https://s.alamy.com/assets/latest/footer/apple-pay.svg", "https://s.alamy.com/assets/latest/footer/google-pay.svg" ]	[]	[]	[ "atlas", "atlases", "beautiful map", "cartographic", "cartography", "city maps", "driving directions", "east woodburn", "england", "experiences of travel" ]	null	[ "Alamy Limited" ]	null	Download this stock image: East Woodburn, Northumberland, United Kingdom, England, N 55 10' 31'', W 2 8' 48'', map, Timeless Map published in 2021. Travelers, explorers and adventurers like Florence Nightingale, David Livingstone, Ernest Shackleton, Lewis and Clark and Sherlock Holmes relied on maps to plan travels to the world's most remote corners, Timeless Maps is mapping most locations on the globe, showing the achievement of great dreams - 2GET9FH from Alamy's library of millions of high resolution stock photos, illustrations and vectors.	en	https://s.alamy.com/logo…avicon-16x16.png		https://www.alamy.com/east-woodburn-northumberland-united-kingdom-england-n-55-10-31-w-2-8-48-map-timeless-map-published-in-2021-travelers-explorers-and-adventurers-like-florence-nightingale-david-livingstone-ernest-shackleton-lewis-and-clark-and-sherlock-holmes-relied-on-maps-to-plan-travels-to-the-worlds-most-remote-corners-timeless-maps-is-mapping-most-locations-on-the-globe-showing-the-achievement-of-great-dreams-image439398725.html	East Woodburn, Northumberland, United Kingdom, England, N 55 10' 31'', W 2 8' 48'', map, Timeless Map published in 2021. Travelers, explorers and adventurers like Florence Nightingale, David Livingstone, Ernest Shackleton, Lewis and Clark and Sherlock Holmes relied on maps to plan travels to the world's most remote corners, Timeless Maps is mapping most locations on the globe, showing the achievement of great dreams Captions are provided by our contributors. RMID:Image ID :2GET9FH Image details Contributor : Penta Springs Limited / Alamy Stock Photo Image ID : 2GET9FH File size : 71.5 MB (697.2 KB Compressed download) Open your image file to the full size using image processing software. Releases : Model - no \| Property - noDo I need a release? Dimensions : 5000 x 5000 px \| 42.3 x 42.3 cm \| 16.7 x 16.7 inches \| 300dpi Photographer : Timeless Maps More information : This image could have imperfections as it’s either historical or reportage. Taxes may apply to prices shown.
4377	dbpedia	2	96	https://www.ncpedia.org/biography/chase-harry-woodburn	en	Chase, Harry Woodburn			[ "https://www.ncpedia.org/sites/default/files/images/logos/Cardinal_abstract-logo_2017.png", "https://www.ncpedia.org/sites/default/files//01_Stay_tuned_upgrade.png", "https://www.ncpedia.org/sites/default/files/images_bio/Chase_Harry_Woodburn.jpg", "https://www.ncpedia.org/sites/default/files//images/social_media_icons/facebook-icon-24.png", "https://www.ncpedia.org/sites/default/files//images/social_media_icons/twitter-icon-24.png", "https://www.ncpedia.org/sites/default/files//images/social_media_icons/pinterest-icon-24.png", "https://www.ncpedia.org/sites/default/files//images/social_media_icons/youtube-icon-24.png", "https://www.ncpedia.org/sites/default/files//images/social_media_icons/flickr-icon-24.png", "https://www.ncpedia.org/sites/default/files/SLNC_title.png", "https://www.ncpedia.org/sites/default/files//small_2015 NC_NCR_horiz.png", "https://www.ncpedia.org/sites/default/files/NCLIVE-logo_white-RGB.jpg", "https://www.ncpedia.org/sites/default/files/imls_logo_2c.jpg" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null		en	https://www.ncpedia.org/…ia_favicon_0.png		https://www.ncpedia.org/biography/chase-harry-woodburn	by Louis R. Wilson, 1979; Revised November 2022. 11 Apr. 1883–20 Apr. 1955 Harry Woodburn Chase, university president, was born in Groveland, Mass., the son of Charles Merrill and Agnes Woodburn Chase. In 1900 he entered Dartmouth College, from which he received the A.B. degree, magna cum laude, in 1904. A Rufus Choate Scholar during his junior and senior years, he received special honors in French and philosophy and was ranked fourth in his class. He was admitted to Phi Beta Kappa and was a commencement speaker at his graduation. Chase began his professional career in education in 1904 as a high school teacher. In 1908 he received his master's degree from Dartmouth, with a thesis entitled "Plato's Theory of Education." Not content with this preparation, he relinquished his position that year and entered the new, nationally acclaimed Clark University at Worcester, to study under Dr. G. Stanley Hall. He held a fellowship in psychology and served as the director of the clinic for subnormal children in 1909–10. He later translated and published the series of lectures delivered at Clark by Sigmund Freud, which influenced the development of psychoanalysis in the United States. Chase received the Ph.D. degree from Clark in 1910. In September 1910, Chase became a member of the faculty of the department of education at The University of North Carolina. In 1914 he became professor of psychology and began to introduce laboratory courses and scientific methods in this new and expanding field. At the university, he served on various faculty committees and was chairman of the Committee on Intellectual Life. He was also appointed acting dean of the College of Liberal Arts, following the death of E. K. Graham in October 1918, and chairman of the faculty after the death of Marvin H. Stacy in January the following year. In June 1919 he was elected president of the university. In December 1910, Chase married Lucetta Crum, a native of Indiana and a graduate of Coe College. She had been a graduate student at Clark University and had received the M.A. degree in 1910. Although Chase was a native New Englander, he quickly adapted himself to the environment of North Carolina and identified himself completely with the interests of the university. During the eleven years of his presidency, he devoted his attention to objectives including the establishment of the office of dean of students and the transfer of the responsibility of supervising student discipline under the honor system from the office of the dean of the College of Liberal Arts to a committee of the faculty and the student council. The entire administrative structure of the university was entirely reorganized through the provision of administrative boards to formulate policies and advise the deans and officers of the principal units. William M. Kendal of the New York firm of McKim, Mead and White was appointed consulting architect to develop plans for the expansion of the physical plant by the addition of twenty-one new buildings and very extensive modification of three others, to accommodate a student body of 3,000. The faculty was increased from 78 to 115 members, and the annual support of the university from $270,097 in 1918–19 to $1,342,974 in 1928–29. There was a new emphasis on staffing the professional schools with faculty trained and experienced in professional education and administration instead of professional practice and on adopting national, to replace state and regional, standards of scholarship and attainment. The Graduate School was thoroughly reorganized for training teachers and professional experts, and a strong central library was built up for the support of research. The university defended academic freedom and the right to teach science against the nationwide fundamentalist crusade to outlaw the teaching of evolution; established new departments of dramatic art, music, journalism, psychology, and sociology and new schools of business administration, public welfare, and library science; and strengthened and enriched both the widely known Institute for Research in Social Science and The University of North Carolina Press. Chase's decision to appoint a dean of students grew out of the confusion that resulted from the control of the students during World War I by military officers. Student morale greatly declined, and Chase found it necessary to place policy-making, curriculum management, and student conduct control under two full-time officers. Another matter that severely challenged his leadership was that of establishing the principle of staffing professional schools with faculty members not only professionally trained but also experienced in professional teaching and administration. The test came in 1923 in the appointment of a dean at the Law School. The majority of the trustees were lawyers who thought the position should be filled by a distinguished attorney. Chase contended that the point of view held by the trustees was outmoded and insisted that training in law school administration was fundamental to the successful development of the best type of legal education. Merely practicing law did not provide the experience required in order to give legal training. Chase succeeded in establishing this principle throughout the university. The establishment of the department of sociology and the encouragement of the Institute for Research in Social Science likewise called for long and diplomatic handling. Sociology was generally suspect in the South, not so much by churchmen as by industrialists and politicians, who saw sociology and socialism as related and horrendous subjects. Having secured the acceptance of a sociology department in principle, Chase appointed H. W. Odum, a native southerner who had trained with Chase at Clark and who was then serving as dean of the College of Liberal Arts at the University of Georgia. The most difficult of Chase's objectives was freedom to teach and publish, the fight for which lasted through several years and two 1920s assemblies of the legislature and of the Synod of the North Carolina Presbyterian Church. In defeating those who opposed the teaching of evolution in the university, Chase added to skill in presenting convincing arguments the support of several strong leaders of other churches and colleges in the state and of alumni and students. The margin of victory in both legislative contests was reasonably large and very gratifying. During his stay in North Carolina, Chase held posts in the North Carolina College Conference, the Southern Association of Colleges and Secondary Schools, the National Association of State Universities, the National Education Association, and the American Association of Adult Education. He also served as a member of the boards of several educational foundations, including the General Education Board and the Julius Rosenwald Fund. Chase left Chapel Hill in 1930 and became president of the University of Illinois in July of that year. He reorganized Illinois's administrative structure in very much the same manner as North Carolina's, establishing a number of new departments and schools. In 1933 he accepted appointment as chancellor of New York University and once again began a program of administrative reorganization and expansion.
4377	dbpedia	2	79	https://salemaudiologyclinic.com/woodburn-hearing-center/	en	Woodburn Hearing Center	https://salemaudiologycl…team-1-32x32.jpg	https://salemaudiologycl…team-1-32x32.jpg	[ "https://www.facebook.com/tr?id=800132064089367&ev=PageView%0D%0A&noscript=1", "https://salemaudiology.wpengine.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/nav-logo.png", "https://salemaudiologyclinic.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/IMG_4528.jpg", "https://salemaudiologyclinic.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/IMG_4516-1024x683.jpg", "https://salemaudiology.wpengine.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/logo.png", "https://salemaudiologyclinic.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/Lion_daryblue.png" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	2020-04-10T12:13:44-07:00	Find the right audiologist near Woodburn by working with Woodburn Hearing Center today. Contact our hearing loss specialists at 503-505-9622today.	en	https://salemaudiologycl…team-1-32x32.jpg	Salem Audiology - Where yo ucan trust what you hear	https://salemaudiologyclinic.com/woodburn-hearing-center/	Your Woodburn Hearing Aid Specialists This is one of the best times in our history if you have a hearing loss. Technology has improved so much in the last ten years that it is sometimes hard for hearing professionals to keep up. The competitiveness of the hearing aid manufacturers to develop the best technology only serves to benefit the customer. And with so many options available it can be difficult to sift through all of the marketing to determine what the best solution for you is. The simplest way to determine what is best for you is to narrow down your choices based on the following areas: Your needs (Technological solutions) Your style preferences (i.e. physical design) Your budget If you live in or around Woodburn Oregon. Our staff of highly trained Audiologists at Woodburn Hearing Center can help match your needs with the right hearing instruments. Hearing Aid Repair Services in Woodburn Our experienced hearing aid tech professionals are available for walk-in repairs and services at this location. Generally, they will be able to repair your hearing device in-house while you wait. Same-Day Hearing Aid Repair Services: Clean and Checks Replacing Ear Mold Tubing Fixing Most Battery Doors Due to the demand and tech availability, we ask that you please call ahead to schedule your service or repair. We will do our best to get you in as quickly as possible with as short of a turn around time that we can provide. Feel free to visit our Services and Repairs page to find out more information on all of the services provided at Salem Audiology Clinic.
4377	dbpedia	2	4	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodburn,_Fairfax_County,_Virginia	en	Woodburn, Fairfax County, Virginia	https://upload.wikimedia…fax_Hospital.jpg	https://upload.wikimedia…fax_Hospital.jpg	[ "https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png", "https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg", "https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Apartments_and_the_back_of_Inova_Fairfax_Hospital.jpg/250px-Apartments_and_the_back_of_Inova_Fairfax_Hospital.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/USA_Virginia_Northern_location_map.svg/250px-USA_Virginia_Northern_location_map.svg.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/USA_Virginia_location_map.svg/250px-USA_Virginia_location_map.svg.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Usa_edcp_location_map.svg/250px-Usa_edcp_location_map.svg.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Map_of_Virginia_highlighting_Fairfax_County.svg/180px-Map_of_Virginia_highlighting_Fairfax_County.svg.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Map_of_Virginia_highlighting_Fairfax_County.svg/40px-Map_of_Virginia_highlighting_Fairfax_County.svg.png", "https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1", "https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg", "https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/footer/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "Contributors to Wikimedia projects" ]	2011-06-13T07:50:00+00:00		en	/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png		https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodburn,_Fairfax_County,_Virginia	Census-designated place in Virginia, United States Woodburn is a census-designated place in Fairfax County, Virginia, United States. The population as of the 2010 census was 8,480.[1] Geography [edit] Bounded by the Capital Beltway (I-495) to the east, Arlington Boulevard (US 50) to the north, Prosperity Avenue to the west, and Little River Turnpike (SR 236) to the south, the CDP is home to Inova Fairfax Hospital. Neighboring communities are Annandale to the east, Wakefield to the south, Mantua to the west, Merrifield to the north, and West Falls Church at the northeast corner of Woodburn. The city of Fairfax is 4 miles (6 km) to the west by either US 50 or SR 236, and downtown Washington, D.C. is 12 miles (19 km) to the east. According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the Woodburn CDP has a total area of 2.80 square miles (7.25 km2), of which 2.78 square miles (7.19 km2) is land and 0.02 square miles (0.05 km2), or 0.75%, is water.[1]
4377	dbpedia	1	36	https://www.oregonhikers.org/field_guide/Hermanson_Pond_Trailhead	en	Hermanson Pond Trailhead			[ "https://www.oregonhikers.org/forum/styles/milky_way/imageset/OregonHikersBanner.jpg", "https://cdn.printfriendly.com/button-print-gry20.png", "https://www.oregonhikers.org/w/images/thumb/2/2f/Hermanson_Street_Trailhead%2C_Mill_Creek_Greenway.jpg/400px-Hermanson_Street_Trailhead%2C_Mill_Creek_Greenway.jpg", "https://www.oregonhikers.org/w/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null		en	/favicon.ico		null	Weather forecast: NWS/NOAA Maps: Oregon Hikers Maps Google Maps Latitude, Longitude: 45.1316, -122.8557 Elevation: 185 feet Driving time from Portland: 40 minutes Contents 1 Hikes starting here 2 Driving Directions 3 Other Notes 4 Page Contributors Hikes starting here Mill Creek Greenway Hike (TH \| <— —> \| LOG) Driving Directions Drive I-5 south, and take Exit 271 for Woodburn and Silverton. Turn left onto Highway 214 after exiting, and proceed 1.2 miles to a traffic light. Go right here onto Settlemier Avenue, and drive 0.5 miles before making a left turn onto Cleveland Street. Go 0.5 miles on Cleveland, and then turn right on Marshall Street. Drive 0.2 miles on Marshall, and make a left onto Stark Street. Go one block on Stark, and turn right on Hermanson Street. Enter the Meadowvale neighborhood, and proceed for 0.4 miles before making a left turn, opposite Deer Run Lane, into a three-car parking area for the Greenway Trail. Other Notes Trail open 7:00 a.m. to dusk Dogs on leash Playgrounds Page Contributors
4377	dbpedia	0	6	https://www.mapsofworld.com/lat_long/usa-lat-long.html	en	USA Latitude and Longitude Map	https://www.mapsofworld.…lat-long-map.jpg		[ "https://www.mapsofworld.com/images2016/innerpage/icons/close-icon.png", "https://www.mapsofworld.com/images2016/mow-logo.png", "https://www.mapsofworld.com/images2016/mapsofworld-logo.jpg", "https://www.mapsofworld.com/images2016/icons/pod-ico.png", "https://www.mapsofworld.com/images2016/icons/digital-ico.png", "https://www.mapsofworld.com/images2016/icons/customize-ico.png", "https://www.mapsofworld.com/lat_long/maps/usa-lat-long-map.jpg", "https://www.mapsofworld.com/lat_long/maps/USA-lat-long.jpg", "https://www.mapsofworld.com/lat_long/images/download.jpg", "https://www.mapsofworld.com/images2016/icons/home/mailer_icon.png", "https://www.mapsofworld.com/images2016/copyspace.png", "https://www.mapsofworld.com/images2016/bbb-img.png" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null		en	https://www.mapsofworld.com/images/mapsofworld.ico		null	USA Latitude and Longitude Map is a clickable US map with clearly mentioned Latitude and Longitude. Latitude and Longitude refer to angles, measured in degrees (1 degree = 60 minutes of arc) that tell you the exact location of a country, city, etc. on a map. Just click any state in this US map and itâll take you to an enlarged Lat Long Map of that state showing state capital, county seats, state boundaries, and country boundaries with latitudes and longitudes plotted on it. Find all kinds of world, country, or customizable maps, in printable or preferred formats from MapsOfWorld.com. Search For Latitude & Longitude Map By Country Or Latitude Longitude Or Area * Put South & West values with minus ( - ) sign. USA Latitude and Longitude Map Disclaimer × Disclaimer : All efforts have been made to make this image accurate. However MapSherpa, Inc, its directors and employees do not own any responsibility for the correctness or authenticity of the same.
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So back in the early ’90s, I taught myself how to use a wood burning tool and painstakingly made a cutting board with one of my recipes on it. I shared this cutting board with everyone recently and many...	en	https://jennifermaker.co…teicon-32x32.jpg	Jennifer Maker	https://jennifermaker.com/how-to-burn-designs-into-wood/	Instructions I'm going to show you how to use a Cricut cutting machine to easily make stencils and burn designs into wood! I tested two different techniques for chemically burning designs into wood using stencils. These food safe methods are great alternatives to using traditional wood burning irons, especially for those of us who aren’t maybe all that great at freeform drawing. The first technique I tried uses Ammonium Chloride. I tested this method while making the Santa cookie tray. The second technique I tested uses a Scorch Marker, which already contains all the chemicals mixed within it. I’ll show you how the Grillin’ and Chillin’ sign turned out using this method. Both methods are non-toxic and food safe. But seeing as these are chemicals, even if they are safe in small quantities, you’ll still want to take extra precautions to made sure nothing irritates your skin, eyes, and lungs since the chemicals do give off gas fumes when they are heated. So be sure to wear protective gloves, eye protection, and a respirator. And since you’ll be using a heat gun to apply high heat to make the chemicals burn the wood, be extra cautious during that step to avoid touching the tip of the heat gun and keep away pets and kids. First, let’s prepare our files for the two designs. My adorable holiday cookie plate design for Santa and his helpers fits on a 12 x 12 inch round wood slice or tray, and my Grillin’ and Chillin’ sign for hanging grilling tools out on the deck fits on a 24 inch long plank. STEP 1: GET MY FREE WOOD BURNED DESIGN FILES The first step is to download my Wood Burned Designs from my free resource library -- it's design #357. TIP: If you are not sure how to upload an SVG cut file, watch this helpful video training series I made. If you are on an iPad or iPhone, here is how to download and upload SVG files to the Cricut Design Space app. This is what my Wood Burned Design files look like when they are uploaded to Cricut Design Space. Unless you want to customize or resize them, these stencils are ready to make. NOTE: If you need to resize the stencils to fit your wood tray or sign, now is a good time to do that. Measure your wood sign or tray to see how much space you have. Make sure to allow for some blank space along the edges. Then, resize the design in Design Space to fit your wood by clicking and dragging the arrow on the lower right corner of the design box on the canvas until it is the correct dimension. Or, change the width and height of the design in the "Size" boxes on the menu bar at the top of the canvas. The Santa cookie tray design fits perfectly on a 12” x 12” cutting mat. The Chillin’ and Grillin’ sign fits on a 12” x 24” mat. TIP: If you don’t have a 24 inch long mat, use the file “sliced-12inch-grilling-sign-wood-burned-design-jennifermaker-SVG.svg” I included in the SVG folder. I already spliced the design into smaller sections so you can cut them using a standard 12” x 12” mat. Just be sure that all layers are selected if you resize them. I’m going to show you how to make both designs, but I’ll start with the Santa cookie tray design. Once you’re ready to cut, select your machine on the top menu bar and then click "Make It." Unless you’re using Smart Vinyl on a Cricut Maker 3 or Explore 3, select "On Mat" and click "Done". Prepare your mat by moving the design so it’s centered on the mat. That way you have some extra margin space around the stencil when you cut it out. Click “Continue.” Select your "Base Material" when prompted. I used Premium Vinyl—Permanent. And I always recommend “More” pressure to ensure the best cut. If you’re using a mat like I did, place Premium Vinyl—Permanent Glossy, shiny side up, on a Green StandardGrip Mat. TIP: You can use any color since it will only be used as a temporary stencil. You will be prompted to load your Fine Point Blade and mat into your machine. When you’re all set up, click the flashing "Start" button. STEP 2: PREPARE THE WOOD While your vinyl is cutting, prepare your wood tray or sign. I used basswood with a natural bark edge, but you can use any wood you want. Just make sure the wood is unfinished with no stain, paint or wax. IMPORTANT: Make sure your wood is unfinished with no stain, paint or wax so the chemicals can burn the wood grain. Otherwise, you may end up with unpredictable results, and you really don’t want to be heating any finishes that may be toxic! Lightly sand the face of the wood plank that you plan on burning. This helps to make sure your vinyl stencil adheres well to the wood and doesn’t allow any of the wood burning chemical to bleed underneath. My basswood was pretty smooth, so I used the Fine side of a sanding sponge. Just be sure not to sand away any of the rough bark if you plan on maintaining the rough edge look. TIP: If your wood is rough, start by sanding it with the Medium side of the sponge until the wood is smooth, and then finish it by sanding it lightly again with the Fine side. Wipe or blow away any sawdust. I used a lint roller to make sure my surface was clean of any debris. STEP 3: WEED AND TRANSFER THE VINYL Once your vinyl is cut, weed your design carefully, removing all of the excess vinyl you do not need. Remember, this is a stencil so you will be weeding in reverse. You want to remove all the parts you want to burn into the wood (which are the parts you would normally leave on the carrier sheet). Be extra careful that all the small pieces and centers to your letters stay on the carrier sheet. TIP: I have lots of weeding tips on my Cricut Best Tips and Tricks post. Next, cut a piece of Cricut Transfer Tape a size just larger than your weeded vinyl piece. Remove the backing from the transfer tape. Apply the transfer tape to your vinyl stencil by holding the transfer tape in the shape of a taco or “U” shape then putting the bottom of your “taco” onto the middle of your design. Smooth the tape over the stencil from the center outward making sure to press out and remove any bubbles. When the transfer tape is in place, use a scraper tool or other hard and flat-edged item (like a store loyalty card) to transfer the vinyl stencil design to the transfer tape. It’s important to scrape it well to transfer the vinyl. It helps to scrape it from both the transfer tape side AND the carrier sheet side. Carefully peel the carrier sheet off the vinyl. TIP: If little bits don’t want to transfer to your tape, scrape it again and pay careful attention to those problem areas. As mentioned I will show you how to assemble the Santa Cookie Tray first, but you will follow the same steps to cut the vinyl for the "Grillin' and Chillin'" design. Now place your design on your wood, being mindful that it is straight and centered. Make sure both the vinyl and transfer tape are adhered to the wood. Use your fingers to push out any bubbles or creases in the vinyl. TIP: If you need help centering your stencil you can measure and mark the center point of your wood with a pencil. Then fold your vinyl into a taco "U" shape and line up the bottom of the "U" over your center mark. Gently press the vinyl down starting in the center and working outward. Pick up a corner of the transfer tape and slowly remove it from your vinyl. Use your fingers again to make sure the vinyl is securely adhered to the wood without any noticeable bubbles. You want to make sure it is firmly adhered to the wood since it’s a stencil and you don’t want any bleeding to occur. TIP: I used a soft basswood so didn’t have any issues getting the vinyl to stick to the wood. In fact, my vinyl wanted to stick REALLY well. But if you’re having problems, first check to make sure your wood is unfinished with no stain, paint, oil or wax. Be sure to sand your wood surface until it is smooth, and make sure your wood is clean of all debris. I used a lint roller. To prevent oils from transferring from your hands, use transfer tape and don’t handle the adhesive side of the vinyl. And, be sure to burnish the vinyl really well! STEP 4: BURN DESIGNS INTO THE WOOD USING AMMONIUM CHLORIDE First I’m going to show you how to burn designs into wood using Ammonium Chloride. I made my Santa cookie tray this way. Grab a glass bowl and measuring spoons. All the chemicals you will use are food safe, so you can safely use items you already have in your kitchen. NOTE: Ammonium Chloride is a food additive found in things like cheeses, pudding, spreads, cereals, condiments licorice and sport drinks. Thick-It is a corn starch based food and beverage thickener. Even though these are food safe, some people may be sensitive to Ammonium Chloride. Wear protective gloves and eyewear when measuring, stirring and applying it to the wood to prevent any skin or eye irritation. Also consider wearing a respirator and using it in a well ventilated area since ammonium chloride fumes decompose into ammonia gas and hydrochloric acid. In a glass bowl measure out and combine these ingredients: 1 tablespoon Ammonium Chloride (this is what burns the wood once heat is applied) 8 teaspoons Thick-It (this thickens the mixture into a gel so it doesn’t bleed under the stencil) 1/2 cup warm water TIP: This recipe makes A LOT of gel. You will only need a really small amount if you’re only making a couple trays or signs. But it does keep for several weeks without losing integrity if stored in a covered glass container such as a clean jar. Just be sure to store it in a cool location out of direct sunlight. Or, consider making a third of the recipe, which is approximately 1 tsp Ammonium Chloride, 2.5 tsp Thick-It, and 8 tsp water. Stir well with a paintbrush and then let your mixture sit for 10 minutes or until the water is fully absorbed and a nice gel has formed. When your solution is the texture of a thick gel, use the paintbrush to pick some of the gel up. Wipe off the excess on the side of the bowl. You only want enough left on your brush to lightly paint the gel onto the wood. Make sure you apply the gel to all the parts of the wood showing through the stencil. Once everything is covered with a light coat, let it dry completely, about 10 to 20 minutes. Make sure the gel doesn't get on any part of the wood you DO NOT want to burn. TIP: Be sure to apply only a single thin coat of gel to the wood. You don’t want too much gel since it would need to burn off before burning the wood, and it might end up leaving a filmy appearance on top of your burned design. Plus, you really don’t want to overwork the stencil and risk it bleeding underneath. Once it’s fully dry, carefully peel the vinyl off the wood. Use a weeding tool to help remove any little bits of vinyl stuck to the wood. Take your wood tray outside or to a WELL VENTILATED AREA with your heat gun. When you heat up the chemicals, it will actually burn the wood so there will be smoke! The ammonium chloride will also emit ammonium gas and hydrochloric acid. Be sure to wear a respirator and eye protection. Set your heat gun to at least 495 degrees Celsius. I used the hottest setting on my heat gun which is about 650 degrees Celsius. I added the extra heat because my wood tray is very thick, and I found that the thicker the wood, the more heat you can apply to speed things up. Move the heat gun over the design on the wood, making sure to keep it moving continuously. The design will magically appear and burn as it heats up! TIP: Always keep your heat gun moving so you don't accidentally over-burn the wood. It is possible to burn the parts of the wood that don't have the Ammonium Chloride solution on it if you apply too much heat, and any knots or prominent wood grain will probably darken quickly, too, so be aware of that while heating your design. Keep heating the wood surface until your design is the color you want. The longer you apply heat, the more burned and darker it will become. You can make the burned areas look as light or dark as you want. I kept some areas of my image lighter and made some areas a bit darker. Rinse off the chemicals making sure it’s all completely removed. Now your food safe tray is ready to use! TIP: You can stain and seal your tray if you want, but be aware that those chemicals may make your tray NOT food safe, depending on what you use. Simple mineral oil or beeswax is a good food safe alternative, or you can always use small bowls or napkins to serve your yummy cookies and carrots on! One of the wood trays I made had a lot of fissures in the wood grain. When I applied heat using the heat gun the cracks darkened. The result was a more rustic look (tray on left) versus the more polished look of the tray without fissures (tray on right). Just be aware of this when selecting your wood so you get the results you want! STEP 5: HOW TO BURN DESIGNS INTO WOOD USING A SCORCH MARKER I tried making my Grillin’ and Chillin’ sign using a Scorch Marker. My first attempt wasn’t very successful because it bled under my stencil —the marker is almost a watery consistency so it’s not really surprising that it bled. I also couldn’t get a very dark burn. I was underwhelmed with the result. I wasn’t sure if it was my technique (did I not not let it dry long enough, or did I apply too liquid much making it too wet?) so I decided to try again. This is what I did: Once the stencil was adhered to the sign, I shook the Scorch Marker really well for a minute or two. I primed the bullet tip by dabbing it on a paper towel. The Scorch Marker comes with both a bullet tip and a foam brush for applying the chemicals directly onto the wood. The brush is great for “painting” large areas, and the bullet tip seemed easier to use in the smaller areas. I tried using both in all areas. I applied only a SMALL amount hoping it wouldn’t bleed under the stencil this time. Once all the wood showing through the stencil was covered with a really thin coat, I let it dry really well. The first time I let it sit for only about five minutes, so this time I let it dry for twenty minutes. Once it was dry, I carefully removed the stencil by peeling it off the wood. I heat up the design by constantly moving a heat gun over the wood. As the design heated, the chemical started burning into the wood fibers. The more heat I applied, the darker the burn became, but I found it never quite got a dark burn like the Ammonium Chloride did. The Scorch Marker Pro manufacturer recommends using a heat gun set to at least 700 degrees Fahrenheit. The thicker your wood, the higher temperature you should go. I used the gun set to the hottest setting it could go, which is about 650 degrees Celsius, which is equivalent to about 1200 degrees Fahrenheit and is plenty hot enough. TIP: If you are using the Scorch Marker on a surface intended for food, it’s okay to leave it unrinsed according to the manufacturer. You can apply a food safe finish like mineral oil or beeswax right over the top. Here are the results from my second attempt at using the Scorch Marker for the Grillin’ and Chillin’ sign. I’m still not happy with the results. You can see that it bled again under the stencil causing a fuzzy and uneven edge. I wanted to love this method SO much because it was super easy to apply, but I just couldn’t get the good results I’d hoped for. Maybe a different wood such as a hard wood would work better. I used basswood, which is a soft wood and the bleeding happened right along the grain. For comparison, I made another Grillin’ and Chillin’ sign using the Ammonium Chloride gel mixture and got this beautiful result. This was a winner! Look at those really crisp lines! The thickness of the gel really prevents bleeding. But let me tell you a little secret... I really wanted to know whether someone without a heat gun could use a heat press or Cricut EasyPress instead. So I tried out using the EasyPress to burn this one, and it worked! You'll need to do something big like this sign in sections -- and the burned results are not quite as dark as you can get from a heat gun -- but it does work. This is how to use an EasyPress: STEP 6: USE AN EASYPRESS INSTEAD OF A HEAT GUN Set the temperature of your EasyPress to 400 degrees Fahrenheit, and set the timer to 20 seconds. Cover your wood completely with a single layer of butcher paper. Mentally divide your design into equal sections and press the first section for 20 seconds while lightly pressing down. Lift and move the easy press over to the next section and press for 20 seconds. Continue until each section has been pressed for 20 seconds. Then repeat another two times until each section has been pressed three times for a TOTAL of one minute. If your burned areas are not dark enough, continue in 20 second increments. Change out your butcher paper when it starts to get discolored to make sure you don't accidentally reapply any "ghosted" ammonium chloride gel back onto the wood. I changed mine once about midway through. My plank wasn’t perfectly flat so I touched up areas using my Cricut EasyPress Mini. You can even do the whole thing using a Mini if you want! Just be sure to always keep a layer of butcher paper between your plank and EasyPress. TIP: If your design is smaller than the size of your EasyPress, then you'll only need to heat that one section three separate times for 20 seconds each pressing. Just make sure to lift the EasyPress and check your progress after each pressing to make sure your design is not overcooking. STEP 7: PUT FINISHING TOUCHES ON THE GRILLIN' AND CHILLIN' SIGN I decided this version of the sign turned out the best so finished it off by adding hooks and hangers. To do this, line up a set of hooks along the bottom long edge of the sign. Every plank is slightly different size, so it’s hard to tell you exactly where to align the hooks, but I pulled a tape measure across the bottom of my plank and equally spaced out the hooks along it. I started by centering one hook and then measuring about 4.75" out from each side to place the next hooks, and so on. With your hooks lined up, use a pencil to mark each of the screw holes and then go back with a drill or screwdriver to screw in 1/2” long screws. TIP: The basswood I used was soft enough that I could screw them in by hand using just a Phillips head screwdriver, but using a drill would be really quick and easy. To hang your sign, attach saw tooth hangers to the back of the sign along the top edge. I nailed in two hangers spaced a couple inches inward from the short sides, and about one inch down from the top edge. TIP: You might want to use a level to help you align them if you have one handy. Now put up your sign and hang some grilling tools from the hooks! STEP 8: FINAL THOUGHTS AND RESULTS So from my tests I decided I really like the result of the Ammonium Chloride the best. You can add just the right amount of Thick-It thickener to control the consistency of the gel mixture so it doesn’t bleed under the stencil, even if you’re using a soft grainy wood. If you decide you want a more watery texture to paint on a hard wood, you can just reduce the amount of thickener you use. Plus, you can get any amount of burn you like from light to dark. I love the variation of burn colors I got just by playing around with the heat gun or EasyPress! Here are my Wood Burned Designs using Ammonium Chloride on the Santa cookie tray and Grillin’ and Chillin’ sign. I really like how they turned out. These would make super nice gifts for just about any occasion. Now that you know how to burn wood, you can use this technique with pretty much any design you can think of!
4377	dbpedia	1	20	https://www.weather.gov/lmk/tornado_climatology_warren	en	Tornado Climatology of Warren County	https://www.wpc.ncep.noa…/noaa/noaad1.gif		[ "https://www.weather.gov/bundles/templating/images/header/header.png", "https://www.weather.gov/bundles/templating/images/header/header_doc.png", "https://www.weather.gov/bundles/templating/images/top_news/important.png", "https://www.weather.gov/images/lmk/tornado_climatology/county/warren.PNG", "https://www.weather.gov/images/lmk/wxstory/Tab2FileL.png", "https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/noaa/noaad1.gif", "https://radar.weather.gov/ridge/standard/KLVX_loop.gif", "https://www.weather.gov/bundles/templating/images/social/twitter.png", "https://www.weather.gov/bundles/templating/images/social/facebook.png", "https://www.weather.gov/bundles/templating/images/social/youtube.png", "https://www.weather.gov/bundles/templating/images/social/rss.png", "https://www.weather.gov/bundles/templating/images/footer/usa_gov.png" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "US Department of Commerce", "National Weather Service" ]	null					null	December 29, 1865 Counties: Warren F-scale: Deaths: Injuries: Path width: Path length: Time: Narrative: A tornado unroofed and blew out the walls of a bank in Bowling Green. April 22, 1887 Counties: Warren F-scale: F2 Deaths: 0 Injuries: 5 Path width: 125 yards Path length: 3 miles Time: Narrative: A tornado hit near Boat Island on the Barren River. One home and at least six barns were destroyed. May 8, 1918 Counties: Warren F-scale: F2 Deaths: 2 Injuries: 7 Path width: Path length: 5 miles Time: afternoon Narrative: Barns or outbuildings were destroyed on eight farms. Two people died in a turnip house on the Wright Farm near Oakland. Wheat, orchard grass, strawberries, and garden crops were ruined near Smith's Grove. The Cook Hazelip Building in Smith's Grove was unroofed. Trees and telephone poles were knocked down. October 16, 1925 Counties: Warren, Edmonson, Hart F-scale: F3 Deaths: 1 Injuries: 44 Path width: 300 yards Path length: 45 miles (probably a family of tornadoes) Time: 4:00pm Notes: A family of tornadoes and downbursts moved from six miles west of Bowling Green to beyond Munfordville. Homes were wrecked near Kuykendall's Store west of Bowling Green and in Davenport on Barren River Pike. Three houses and four barns were blown into the Barren River at Thomas Landing, injuring ten people. A car was blown off the road, over a fence, and into a field. The vehicle landed on its tires and the driver survived, despite the top half of the car getting sheared off. Additional damage occurred in the Richardsville area. In Edmonson County, barns and a hotel were torn apart near Mammoth Cave National Park, along with the home of a cave tour guide. In Hart County the tornado and its attendant straight-line winds mowed down a path five miles wide. Three people were injured as houses were unroofed and barns destroyed. Canmer and Woodsonville were the hardest struck districts. Seven barns were blown down near Munfordville. April 3, 1957 Counties: Warren F-scale: F1 Deaths: Injuries: Path width: Path length: Time: 5:30pm Grazulis Narrative: Noted discrepancies: SPC gives a path length of 1/10 of a mile...NCDC gives nothing. SPC gives a path width of 10 yards, NCDC gives nothing. April 22, 1958 Counties: Warren F-scale: F1 Deaths: Injuries: Path width: Path length: Time: 9:00am Noted discrepancies: SPC gives a path length of 1/10 of a mile...NCDC gives nothing. SPC gives a path width of 10 yards, NCDC gives nothing. May 26, 1968 Counties: Warren F-scale: F2 Deaths: Injuries: Path width: Path length: Time: 3:30pm Grazulis narrative: One barn was destroyed and another was damaged at Smiths Grove. Noted discrepancies: SPC gives a path length of 1/10 of a mile and a width of 10 yards...NCDC gives nothing for either. April 27, 1971 Counties: Butler, Warren (from Muhlenberg) F-scale: F3 Deaths: 1 Injuries: Path width: Path length: Time: 8:20pm CDT Grazulis narrative: Skipped east-southeast from four miles east of Drakesboro, to near Ennis, South Hill, and Riverside. A six room brick veneer home was completely destroyed, as were several large trailers. There were two injuries in one, and a death in another. Many homes sustained damage. South Hill, where several people were injured and trailers were swept away, and Dunbar were especially hard hit. Cherry Chapel Church near Richardsville was destroyed. Damage was found along Stringtown Road in Butler County. Noted discrepancies: SPC and NCDC list no injuries, Grazulis lists 20, Storm Data lists 7. SPC lists a path length of 27 miles, NCDC 28 miles, Grazulis and Storm Data 30 miles. Grazulis ends this tornado closer to Riverside, SPC and NCDC end it closer to Richardsville (both in Warren County). According to Storm Data, radar first showed a hook echo four miles east of Drakesboro. The storm struck South Hill, 1.75 miles east of Ennis, and "probably" on to Riverside and Richardsville. December 15, 1971 Counties: Warren F-scale: F0 Deaths: Injuries: Path width: Path length: Time: 8:30am Noted discrepancies: Storm Data says this tornado touched down at Beech Bend Park four miles northwest of Bowling Green...should say northeast. May 10, 1973 Counties: Warren F-scale: F1 Deaths: Injuries: Path width: Path length: Time: 10:45am Grazulis narrative: Noted discrepancies: SPC gives a path width of 10 yards, NCDC 30 yards. Notes: Storm Data reports damage on the north side of Bowling Green. June 20, 1973 Counties: Warren F-scale: F1 Deaths: Injuries: Path width: Path length: Time: 8:00pm Noted discrepancies: SPC gives a path width of 10 yards, NCDC 30 yards. The SPC and NCDC longitude (-88.45) for this tornado is in Marshall County. If changed to -86.45 it is in Warren County (right in Bowling Green). Storm Data reports damage on a farm just south of Bowling Green. Even if using -86.45, that would put the tornado right in the city of Bowling Green, not on a farm south of town. More research reveals that this very small tornado hit the Kenneth Hardcastle property between Hardcastle and Greenhill east-southeast of Bowling Green. April 3, 1974 Counties: Simpson, Warren, Barren F-scale: F3 Deaths: 3 Injuries: 57 Path width: Path length: Time: 3:45pm Grazulis narrative: Moved northeast from west of Gold City to east of Smiths Grove. One person was killed in Simpson County at Temperance as seven homes and 40 barns were destroyed. Two people died in Warren County: one at Three Forks and one at Rocky Springs. Noted discrepancies: SPC, NCDC, and Grazulis give a time of 3:45pm...Storm Data says 4:45pm. SPC and NCDC give a path length of 31 miles...Grazulis says 25 miles. SPC gives a path width of 10 yards...NCDC 30 yards...Grazulis nothing. May 12, 1978 Counties: Butler, Warren F-scale: F2 Deaths: 0 Injuries: 0 Path width: 400 yards Path length: 15 miles Time: 9:45pm Grazulis narrative: Moved east-northeast from six miles south of Morgantown near KY 79, damaging or destroying three farm homes and fifteen barns. Notes: A home was moved off its foundation and lost a wall on "Guy Hadley" (Hadley Shearer?) Road. Trees were uprooted and a car was lifted and spun around. Noted discrepancies: This tornado is not included in the SPC database or at the NCDC website (despite listing 32 tornadoes elsewhere across the country that day), but is listed in Storm Data and Grazulis. The Bowling Green newspaper said the damage occurred around 10:30pm. August 11, 1983 Counties: Warren F-scale: F1 Deaths: Injuries: 6 Path width: Path length: Time: 2:00pm Notes: Storm Data says this tornado struck the Greenwood Trailer Park on the north side of Bowling Green. July 26, 1984 Counties: Warren F-scale: F1 Deaths: Injuries: Path width: Path length: Time: 4:00pm Notes: Storm data places this tornado just south of Smiths Grove. March 22, 1991 Counties: Logan, Warren (from Todd) F-scale: F2 Deaths: 1 Injuries: 12 Path width: 400 yards Path length: Time: 5:50pm Grazulis narrative: Skipped northeast from 6 1/2 miles southeast of Trenton to southwest of Allensville to near Lickskillet to near Auburn and Richardsville. Southeast of Trenton the tornado was on the ground for a mile and a half and destroyed a barn and a trailer. Twelve homes were destroyed in the touchdown near Allensville. Churches and a tied-down trailer were destroyed near Lickskillet. An 11-year-old boy was killed in the trailer. Several barns were destroyed farther to the northeast. Noted discrepancies: SPC and NCDC give a path length of 39 miles, Grazulis gives 45 miles, and Storm Data says 25 miles. April 15, 1994 Counties: Warren F-scale: F1 Deaths: Injuries: Path width: Path length: Time: 9:15am Noted discrepancies: Not listed at NCDC. May 18, 1995 Counties: Warren F-scale: F2 Deaths: 0 Injuries: 0 Path width: 100 yards Path length: 2 1/2 miles Time: 4:25pm Grazulis narrative: A tornado moved northeast from five miles west of Bowling Green. Homes and businesses were damaged or destroyed. Noted discrepancies: This tornado is not listed at NCDC. However, in addition to Grazulis' information, the Bowling Green newspaper reported tornado damage on Hammett Hill Road. May 18, 1995 Counties: Warren F-scale: F2 Deaths: 0 Injuries: 0 Path width: 100 yards Path length: 1 1/2 miles Time: 4:30pm Grazulis narrative: A tornado was intermittently on the ground near Bowling Green. Numerous homes and businesses were damaged or destroyed on the north side of Bowling Green. Noted discrepancies: This tornado is not listed at NCDC. May 18, 1995 Counties: Warren F-scale: F2 Deaths: 0 Injuries: 0 Path width: 100 yards Path length: 5 miles Time: 4:47pm Grazulis narrative: A tornado was intermittently on the ground about five miles east of Bowling Green. Several homes and businesses were damaged or destroyed. Noted discrepancies: This tornado is not listed at NCDC. However, in addition to Grazulis' information, the Bowling Green newspaper reported tornado damage on Porter Pike. March 1, 1997 Counties: Warren F-scale: F0 Deaths: Injuries: Path width: Path length: Time: 4:26am Notes: Storm Data puts this tornado on Garrett Hollow Road. June 16, 1997 Counties: Warren F-scale: F0 Deaths: Injuries: Path width: Path length: Time: 6:21pm Notes: Storm Data puts this tornado at Richardsville. April 16, 1998 Counties: Logan, Warren, Allen, Barren F-scale: F3 Deaths: 2 Injuries: 9 Path width: Path length: 58 miles Time: 2:35pm Notes: After researching this tornado (see discrepancies below), including reviewing radar data, it appears this tornado touched down at Chandlers Chapel in northeast Logan County, moving through Warren County crossing I-65 about seven and a half miles south of Bowling Green, continuing eastward into northernmost Allen County passing just north of Meador, then turning to the northeast near Finny, Haywood, three miles south of Glasgow, and ending at the Metcalfe County line near where the parkway crosses the border. The worst damage was in Barren County. Homes on Needmore School Road southwest of Haywood were extensively damaged, and a mobile home was flipped over near the intersection of Riddle Road and KY 249. In Glasgow one person was killed in his mobile home and another was killed by flying debris. In the Glasgow area one house was destroyed (F3 damage) and 45 badly damaged. Winds estimated at 175mph near Glasgow damaged or destroyed 35 mobile homes and 25 barns. Noted discrepancies: SPC mistakenly replaces Warren County with Lawrence County. SPC gives a beginning latitude of 36.92...NCDC gives 36.95. SPC gives a path width of 100 yards, NCDC gives 200 yards. The lat/lons given for this event are all over the place. Going by the beginning lat/lon in Logan County and the ending lat/lon in Barren County, the track would go through the south side of Glasgow and would end at the Barren/Metcalfe county line, which agrees with the narrative given at NCDC. However, this path would completely miss Allen County. Storm Data has it in Logan County (Chandlers Chapel to six miles east of Chandlers Chapel), Warren County (ten miles southwest of Bowling Green to sixteen miles southeast of Bowling Green), Allen County (three miles west of Meador to two miles east of Meador), and Barren County (fourteen miles southwest of Glasgow to ten miles east of Glasgow, with Glasgow hard hit). May 24, 2000 Counties: Warren F-scale: F0 Deaths: Injuries: Path width: Path length: Time: 6:45pm Noted discrepancies: SPC lists a path width of 20 yards, NCDC 27 yards, Storm Data 25 yards. November 15, 2005 Counties: Warren F-scale: F1 Deaths: 0 Injuries: 0 Path width: 150 yards Path length: 1 mile Time: 6:07pm Notes: This tornado touched down in the Woodburn area. It did F1 damage to at least three businesses, six homes, and numerous barns and outbuildings. June 11, 2009 Counties: Warren, Edmonson, Barren EF-scale: EF1 Deaths: 0 Injuries: 0 Path width: 150 yards Path length: 18 miles (skipping) Time: 7:00pm CDT Notes: This tornado touched down along the Edmonson/Warren county line between Brownsville and Bowling Green. It moved to the east-southeast, passing just north of Smiths Grove, west of Hays, and dissipating at Beckton west of Glasgow. Many trees were snapped or uprooted, and farms in the path suffered roof and outbuilding damage. Cornfields were flattened and convergent wind signatures could be seen in the vegetation. October 26, 2010 Counties: Warren F-scale: EF1 Deaths: 0 Injuries: 0 Path width: 60 yards Path length: 2.2 miles Time: 11:08am CDT Notes: A tree was uprooted at the beginning of the track. As the tornado crossed Cemetery Road it damaged a home. A barn was unroofed near the end of the track. Damage was intermittent along the 2.2 mile long, 60 yard wide path. March 2, 2012 Counties: Warren EF-Scale: EF-1 Deaths: 0 Injuries: 0 Path width: 60 yards Path length: 0.5 mile Time: 4:06pm CST Notes: Straight line winds along and north of the supercell moving through Simpson County uprooted shallow-rooted hardwood and softwood trees and destroyed a tool shed on Evans Rd. As it moved into Warren County, it damaged barn roofs and produced golf ball size hail which penetrated siding on numerous vinyl sided houses. As it reached 961 east of Alvaton in Warren County, it spawned an EF1 tornado with winds estimated at 95 mph destroying a barn and tool shed. January 30, 2013 County: Warren EF-Scale: EF2 Deaths: 0 Injuries: 0 Path width: 250 yards Path length: 3.3 miles Time: 3:38am CST Notes: Four grain bins were scattered over a quarter mile, with some debris thrown up to a half mile away. Fencing with 8" posts was torn down. A semi truck was flipped as the tornado crossed Interstate 65. Towards the end of the path a barn was destroyed and a 100 by 300 foot well-built metal outbuilding was destroyed. March 1, 2017 County: Warren EF-Scale: EF1 Deaths: 0 Injuries: 0 Path width: 125 yards Path length: 2.6 miles Time: 7:24am - 7:28am CST Notes: The tornado touched down east of Interstate 65 near Claypool. Several residences and barns suffered extensive damage along Cemetery Road and Martinsville Ford Road. Peak winds were around 110 mph. February 24, 2018 County: Warren, Barren EF-Scale: EF1 Deaths: 0 Injuries: 0 Path width: 50 yards Path length: 1.6 miles Time: 5:19pm - 5:21pm CST Notes: Touchdown occurred near the intersection of Hays Pondsville Road and FH Roundtree Road where a small metal shed was destroyed, a trailer was overturned, a fence was flattened, and a home suffered minor roof damage. The narrow tornado continued northeast, uprooting trees and damaging outbuildings, breaking out all of the windows of one building. It then tore the porch off the east side of a home on the south side of US 68/80, depositing debris into nearby woods. Crossing the highway the tornado did its greatest damage, tearing a very large pine tree out of the ground and tossing it 100 feet over a home, splattering the front of the home with mud, ripping holes in the roof, and destroying the attached garage. The tornado continued to snap trees and damage outbuildings on its way northeast, scattering debris a quarter mile downwind. The tornado damaged the roof of a home and did porch, deck, and roof damage to a neighboring residence, plastering the east side of the home with insulation. Crossing over Lewis Road into Barren County, the roof of a sunroom was torn off of a home and an outbuilding destroyed.
4377	dbpedia	2	75	https://www.chilis.com/locations	en	Find A Chili's Location Near You: Lunch, Dinner, Happy Hour	https://www.chilis.com/i…e.WM_DSRujNh.png	https://www.chilis.com/i…e.WM_DSRujNh.png	[]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null	Dine-in at a local Chili's Grill & Bar restaurant near you for lunch, dinner & happy hour specials near you or order food online for pick up or delivery!	en	/apple-touch-icon-57x57.png	Chili's Grill & Bar Restaurant	https://www.chilis.com/locations	Find a Chili's Restaurant Near You Enter a city, state, ZIP or delivery address (where available) to order online or see menu pricing by location.
correct_death_00070	FactBench	2	7	https://www.whitehouse.gov/about-the-white-house/presidents/james-monroe/	en	The White House	https://www.whitehouse.g…james_monroe.jpg	https://www.whitehouse.g…james_monroe.jpg	[ "https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/themes/whitehouse/assets/img/wh-outline.svg", "https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/05_james_monroe.jpg?w=1250", "https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/themes/whitehouse/assets/img/bottomcta-logo.svg", "https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/themes/whitehouse/assets/img/footer-seal.svg" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	2021-01-11T01:47:41+00:00	James Monroe was the fifth President of the United States (1817–1825) and the last President from the Founding Fathers.	en	/favicon.ico	The White House	https://www.whitehouse.gov/about-the-white-house/presidents/james-monroe/	The biography for President Monroe and past presidents is courtesy of the White House Historical Association. James Monroe was the fifth President of the United States (1817–1825) and the last President from the Founding Fathers. On New Year’s Day, 1825, at the last of his annual White House receptions, President James Monroe made a pleasing impression upon a Virginia lady who shook his hand: “He is tall and well formed. His dress plain and in the old style…. His manner was quiet and dignified. From the frank, honest expression of his eye … I think he well deserves the encomium passed upon him by the great Jefferson, who said, ‘Monroe was so honest that if you turned his soul inside out there would not be a spot on it.’ ” Born in Westmoreland County, Virginia, in 1758, Monroe attended the College of William and Mary, fought with distinction in the Continental Army, and practiced law in Fredericksburg, Virginia. As a youthful politician, he joined the anti-Federalists in the Virginia Convention which ratified the Constitution, and in 1790, an advocate of Jeffersonian policies, was elected United States Senator. As Minister to France in 1794-1796, he displayed strong sympathies for the French cause; later, with Robert R. Livingston, he helped negotiate the Louisiana Purchase. His ambition and energy, together with the backing of President Madison, made him the Republican choice for the Presidency in 1816. With little Federalist opposition, he easily won re-election in 1820. Monroe made unusually strong Cabinet choices, naming a Southerner, John C. Calhoun, as Secretary of War, and a northerner, John Quincy Adams, as Secretary of State. Only Henry Clay’s refusal kept Monroe from adding an outstanding Westerner. Early in his administration, Monroe undertook a goodwill tour. At Boston, his visit was hailed as the beginning of an “Era of Good Feelings.” Unfortunately these “good feelings” did not endure, although Monroe, his popularity undiminished, followed nationalist policies. Across the facade of nationalism, ugly sectional cracks appeared. A painful economic depression undoubtedly increased the dismay of the people of the Missouri Territory in 1819 when their application for admission to the Union as a slave state failed. An amended bill for gradually eliminating slavery in Missouri precipitated two years of bitter debate in Congress. The Missouri Compromise bill resolved the struggle, pairing Missouri as a slave state with Maine, a free state, and barring slavery north and west of Missouri forever. In foreign affairs Monroe proclaimed the fundamental policy that bears his name, responding to the threat that the more conservative governments in Europe might try to aid Spain in winning back her former Latin American colonies. Monroe did not begin formally to recognize the young sister republics until 1822, after ascertaining that Congress would vote appropriations for diplomatic missions. He and Secretary of State John Quincy Adams wished to avoid trouble with Spain until it had ceded the Floridas, as was done in 1821. Great Britain, with its powerful navy, also opposed reconquest of Latin America and suggested that the United States join in proclaiming “hands off.” Ex-Presidents Jefferson and Madison counseled Monroe to accept the offer, but Secretary Adams advised, “It would be more candid … to avow our principles explicitly to Russia and France, than to come in as a cock-boat in the wake of the British man-of-war.” Monroe accepted Adams’s advice. Not only must Latin America be left alone, he warned, but also Russia must not encroach southward on the Pacific coast. “. . . the American continents,” he stated, “by the free and independent condition which they have assumed and maintain, are henceforth not to be considered as subjects for future colonization by any European Power.” Some 20 years after Monroe died in 1831, this became known as the Monroe Doctrine.
correct_death_00070	FactBench	1	58	https://www.americanrevolution.org/james-monroe-biography/	en	James Monroe Biography & Facts	https://www.americanrevo…s-monroe-min.jpg	https://www.americanrevo…s-monroe-min.jpg	[ "https://www.americanrevolution.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/american-revolution-logo-min.png", "https://www.americanrevolution.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/american-revolution-logo-white-min.png", "https://www.americanrevolution.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/american-revolution-logo-white-min.png", "https://www.americanrevolution.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/american-revolution-logo-white-min.png", "https://www.americanrevolution.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/american-revolution-logo-white-min.png", "https://www.americanrevolution.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/edward-st-germain-headshot-min.png", "https://www.americanrevolution.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/edward-st-germain-headshot-min.png", "https://www.americanrevolution.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/james-monroe-min.jpg", "https://www.americanrevolution.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/james-monroe-2-min.jpg", "https://www.americanrevolution.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/james-monroe-2-min.jpg", "https://www.americanrevolution.org/wp-content/plugins/american-revolution/assets/images/american-revolution-favicon.png", "https://www.americanrevolution.org/wp-content/plugins/american-revolution/assets/images/american-revolution-favicon.png", "https://www.americanrevolution.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/Journals-min.png", "https://www.americanrevolution.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/Journals-min.png", "https://www.americanrevolution.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/Primary-Sources-min.png", "https://www.americanrevolution.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/Primary-Sources-min.png", "https://www.americanrevolution.org/wp-content/plugins/american-revolution/assets/images/american-revolution-favicon.png", "https://www.americanrevolution.org/wp-content/plugins/american-revolution/assets/images/american-revolution-favicon.png", "https://www.americanrevolution.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/Journals-min.png", "https://www.americanrevolution.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/Journals-min.png", "https://www.americanrevolution.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/Primary-Sources-min.png", "https://www.americanrevolution.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/Primary-Sources-min.png", "https://www.americanrevolution.org/wp-content/plugins/american-revolution/assets/images/american-revolution-favicon.png", "https://www.americanrevolution.org/wp-content/plugins/american-revolution/assets/images/american-revolution-favicon.png", "https://www.americanrevolution.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/Journals-min.png", "https://www.americanrevolution.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/Journals-min.png", "https://www.americanrevolution.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/Primary-Sources-min.png", "https://www.americanrevolution.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/Primary-Sources-min.png", "https://www.americanrevolution.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/american-revolution-logo-white-min-1024x358.png", "https://www.americanrevolution.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/american-revolution-logo-white-min-1024x358.png", "https://images.dmca.com/Badges/dmca_protected_sml_120n.png?ID=95987250-45c9-4a85-a639-c083de23a153", "https://images.dmca.com/Badges/dmca_protected_sml_120n.png?ID=95987250-45c9-4a85-a639-c083de23a153" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "Edward St. Germain" ]	null	Learn about James Monroe, fifth President of the United States. Read a biography and key facts about James Monroe.	en	https://www.americanrevo…re-min-32x32.png	AmericanRevolution.org	https://www.americanrevolution.org/james-monroe-biography/	Contents Quick facts Born: 28 April 1758 in Westmoreland County, Virginia. James Monroe was the fifth President of the United States, serving two terms from 1817 to 1825, a period known as the “Era of Good Feelings” due to the decline in partisan politics. He is best known for the Monroe Doctrine (1823), a cornerstone of U.S. foreign policy that opposed European colonialism in the Americas. Monroe served as an officer in the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War and was wounded at the Battle of Trenton. He held several important diplomatic positions, including Minister to France and to the United Kingdom, and also served as Secretary of State and Secretary of War under President Madison. Monroe played a significant role in the Louisiana Purchase negotiations while he was the Minister to France. As president, he supported internal improvements and oversaw the Missouri Compromise, addressing the issue of slavery’s expansion into new territories. Died: 4 July 1831 in New York, NY. Buried at Hollywood Cemetery in Richmond, Virginia. Biography James Monroe, fifth president of the United States, was born on Monroe’s Creek, a tributary of the Potomac River, in Westmoreland County, Virginia, on 28 April 1758. His father, Spence Monroe, was of Scotch descent and his mother, Elizabeth Jones, was of Welsh descent. At the age of 16 he entered the College of William and Mary in Williamsburg, Virginia — but he left in 1776 to take part in the American Revolutionary War. Monroe enlisted in the Third Virginia Regiment, where he became a lieutenant, and subsequently took part in the battles of Harlem Heights, White Plains, Trenton (where he was wounded), Brandywine, Germantown, and Monmouth. In November 1777 he was appointed volunteer aide-de-camp to William Alexander — Lord Stirling, with the rank of major, and thereby lost his rank in the Continental Army. But in the following year, at General Washington’s solicitation, he received a commission as lieutenant-colonel in a new regiment to be raised in Virginia. In 1780 he began the study of law under Thomas Jefferson, then governor of Virginia, and between the two there developed an intimacy and a sympathy that had a powerful influence upon Monroe’s later career. In 1782 he was elected to the Virginia House of Delegates, and though only 24, he was chosen a member of the governor’s council. He served in the Congress of the Confederation from 1783 to 1786 where he was conspicuous for his vigorous insistence upon the right of the United States to the navigation of the Mississippi River, and for his attempt, in 1785, to secure for the weak Congress the power to regulate commerce — in order to remove one of the great defects in the existing central government. On retiring from Congress Monroe began the practice of law at Fredericksburg, Virginia. He was chosen a member of the Virginia House of Delegates in 1787; in 1788 was a member of the State Convention that ratified the Constitution of the United States for Virginia. In 1790 he was elected to the U.S. Senate to fill the vacancy caused by the death of William Grayson. There he vigorously opposed Washington’s administration. Nevertheless, on 27 May 1794 Washington nominated him as minister to France. It was the hope of the administration that Monroe’s well-known French sympathies would secure for him a favorable reception, and that his appointment would also conciliate the friends of France in the United States. However his warm reception in France and his enthusiastic Republicanism displeased the Federalists at home. And he did nothing to reconcile the French to the Jay Treaty, which they regarded as a violation of the French Treaty of Alliance of 1778 and as a possible casus belli. The administration therefore decided that he was unable to represent his government properly and in late 1796 recalled him. Monroe returned to the U.S. in the spring of 1797, and the following December published a defense of his actions in a pamphlet of 500 pages entitled A View of the Conduct of the Executive in the Foreign Affairs of the United States. Washington seems never to have forgiven Monroe for this, though Monroe’s opinion of Washington and Jay underwent a change in his later years. In 1799 Monroe was chosen Governor of Virginia and was twice re-elected, serving until 1802. At this time there was much uneasiness in the United States as a result of Spain’s restoration of Louisiana to France by the secret treaty of San Ildefonso (Oct-1800) and the subsequent withdrawal of the right of deposit at New Orleans by the Spanish intendant greatly increased this feeling — leading to much talk of war. Resolved upon peaceful measures, President Jefferson in January 1803 appointed Monroe Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary to France. There he aided Robert R. Livingston, the resident minister, in purchasing the territory at the mouth of the Mississippi, including the island of New Orleans. At the same time he cooperated with Charles Pinckney, the minister at Madrid, in securing from Spain the cession of East and West Florida. On 18 April Monroe was further commissioned as the minister to Great Britain. He joined Livingston in Paris on 12 April after the negotiations were well under way; and the two ministers, on finding Napoleon willing to dispose of the entire province of Louisiana, decided to exceed their instructions and effect its purchase. Accordingly, on 30 April they signed a treaty and two conventions, whereby France sold Louisiana to the United States. In July 1803 Monroe left Paris and entered upon his duties in London. In the autumn of 1804 he proceeded to Madrid to assist Pinckney in his efforts to secure the definition of the Louisiana boundaries and the acquisition of the Floridas. After negotiating with Don Pedro de Cevallos, the Spanish minister of foreign affairs, from January to May 1805 without success, Monroe returned to London and resumed his negotiations — which had been interrupted by his journey to Spain — concerning the impressment of American seamen and the seizure of American vessels. As the British ministry was reluctant to discuss these vexed questions, little progress was made and in May 1806 Jefferson ordered William Pinkney of Maryland to assist Monroe. The British government appointed Lords Auckland and Holland as negotiators and the result of the deliberations was the treaty of 31 December 1806, which contained no provision against impressments and provided no indemnity for the seizure of goods and vessels. In passing over these matters Monroe and Pinkney had disregarded their instructions, and Jefferson was so displeased with the treaty that he refused to present it to the Senate for ratification and returned it to England for revision. Just as the negotiations were re-opened, however, the questions were further complicated and their settlement delayed by the attack on American frigate Chesapeake by the British ship Leopard. Monroe returned to the United States in December 1807. He was elected to the Virginia House of Delegates in spring 1810. The following winter he was again chosen governor, serving from January to November 1811, when he resigned to become Secretary of State under President James Madison — a position which he held until the 3 March 1817. The direction of foreign affairs in the troubled period immediately preceding and during the War of 1812 with Great Britain thus devolved upon him. On 27 September 1814, after the disaster of Bladensburg and the capture of Washington by the British, he was appointed Secretary of War to succeed General John Armstrong. In addition to his duties at the State Department, he discharged the duties of this office until until March 1815. In 1816 Monroe was elected President of the United States (he received 183 electoral votes, and Rufus King, his Federalist opponent, 34). And when he was re-elected in 1820 he received all the electoral votes but one — which was cast for John Quincy Adams — in order, it is said, that no one might share with Washington the honor of a unanimous election. The chief events of the Monroe administration, which has been called the era of good feeling, were the Seminole War (1817 – 18); the acquisition of the Floridas from Spain (1819 – 21); the Missouri Compromise (1820), by which the first conflict over slavery under the constitution was peacefully resolved; the veto of the Cumberland Road Bill (1822) on constitutional grounds; and — most intimately connected with Monroe’s name — the enunciation in the presidential message of 2 December 1823 of what has since been known as the Monroe Doctrine, which has profoundly influenced the foreign policy of the United States. On the expiration of Monroe’s second term, he retired to his home at Oak Hill, Virginia. In 1826 he became a regent of the University of Virginia, and in 1829 was a member of the convention called to amend the state constitution. Having neglected his private affairs and incurred large expenditures during his missions to Europe, he experienced considerable pecuniary embarrassment in his later years, and was compelled to ask Congress to reimburse him for his expenses in the public service. In 1826 Congress finally authorized the payment of $30,000 to him, and after his death appropriated a small amount for the purchase of his papers from his heirs. Monroe died in New York City on 4 July 1831, while visiting his daughter. In 1858, the centennial year of his birth, Monroe’s remains were reinterred with impressive ceremonies at Richmond, Virginia. Jefferson, Madison, John Quincy Adams, John C. Calhoun, and Thomas Hart Benton had all spoken strongly in Monroe’s praise; but he suffers by comparison with the greater statesmen of his time. Possessing none of their brilliance, he had — to use the words of John Quincy Adams — a mind … sound in its ultimate judgments, and firm in its final conclusions.
correct_death_00070	FactBench	0	14	https://www.dhr.virginia.gov/historic-registers/127-0221-0080/	en	0221	https://www.dhr.virginia…nline-scaled.jpg	https://www.dhr.virginia…nline-scaled.jpg	[ "https://www.dhr.virginia.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/horizontal_logo_fullcolorblue_rgb.svg", "https://www.dhr.virginia.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/127-0221-0080_JamesMonroeTomb_2018_VLR_online-768x998.jpg", "https://www.dhr.virginia.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/127-0221-0080_JamesMonroeTomb_2018_VLR_online-scaled.jpg", "https://www.dhr.virginia.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/127-0434_Hickory_Hill_School_2016_NEElevation_VLR-300x171.jpg", "https://www.dhr.virginia.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/253-5182_Balls_Bluff_Battlefield_2015_battlefield-300x225.jpg", "https://www.dhr.virginia.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/253-5182_Balls_Bluff_Battlefield_2015_Potomac_River-Harrison_Island-300x200.jpg", "https://www.dhr.virginia.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/253-5182_Balls_Bluff_Battlefield_2015_Fort_Evans-300x225.jpg", "https://www.dhr.virginia.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/253-5182_Balls_Bluff_Battlefield_2015_Jackson_House-300x225.jpg", "https://www.dhr.virginia.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/253-5182_Balls_Bluff_Battlefield_2015_Cemetery-300x200.jpg", "https://www.dhr.virginia.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/127-7673_High-Rise_for_the_Elderly_2022_exterior_SW_oblique_VLR_Online-300x277.jpg", "https://www.dhr.virginia.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/vertical_logo_white_rgb.svg", "https://www.dhr.virginia.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/eva-logo.png", "https://www.dhr.virginia.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/agency-expendltures.png", "https://www.dhr.virginia.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/Group-180s.svg", "https://www.dhr.virginia.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/Group-180s.svg", "https://www.dhr.virginia.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/Group-180s.svg", "https://www.dhr.virginia.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/Group-180s.svg", "https://www.dhr.virginia.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/Group-180s.svg" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	2023-03-24T20:30:47+00:00	The tomb of President James Monroe, the chief ornament of John Notman’s romantically landscaped Hollywood Cemetery, is a tour de force of both Gothic Revival design and artistry in cast […]	en	https://www.dhr.virginia…avicon-32x32.png	DHR	https://www.dhr.virginia.gov/historic-registers/127-0221-0080/	The tomb of President James Monroe, the chief ornament of John Notman’s romantically landscaped Hollywood Cemetery, is a tour de force of both Gothic Revival design and artistry in cast iron. The simple granite sarcophagus is enclosed by an iron screen surmounted by an ogee dome of openwork tracery. The scheme recalls Henry VII’s tomb in Westminster Abbey, similarly enclosed but lacking a dome. The tomb was designed by Albert Lybrock, an Alsatian architect who settled in Richmond in 1852. The iron was cast by the Philadelphia firm of Wood and Perot and was assembled in 1858 by Asa Snyder, a Richmond ironworker. Monroe died and was buried in New York City in 1831. His body was moved to Richmond on the centennial of his birth in 1858, a cooperative effort by citizens of New York and Virginia.
correct_death_00070	FactBench	3	16	https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/james-monroe-us-presidents-in-history.html	en	James Monroe: US Presidents in History	https://www.worldatlas.c…james-monroe.jpg	https://www.worldatlas.c…james-monroe.jpg	[ "https://www.worldatlas.com/r/w1200/upload/7b/90/91/james-monroe.jpg", "https://www.worldatlas.com/r/w1200/upload/0c/ad/1f/image-placeholder-title.jpg", "https://www.worldatlas.com/r/w1200/upload/68/5c/cf/james-buchanan.jpg", "https://www.worldatlas.com/r/w1200/upload/e4/21/f8/shutterstock-594090350.jpg", "https://www.worldatlas.com/r/w1200/upload/0a/0c/a3/shutterstock-1106729012.jpg", "https://www.worldatlas.com/r/w1200/upload/55/9b/2d/shutterstock-1149428213.jpg", "https://www.worldatlas.com/r/w1200/upload/63/8f/38/twa-flight-847-captain-john-testrake-with-hijacker-in-beirut.jpg", "https://www.worldatlas.com/r/w1200/upload/76/96/5e/shutterstock-615383279.jpg", "https://www.worldatlas.com/r/w1200/upload/c7/44/dc/the-death-of-socrates-by-jacques-louis-david.jpg", "https://www.worldatlas.com/r/w1200/upload/02/a5/07/drawing-of-frontispiece-of-leviathan.jpg", "https://www.worldatlas.com/r/w1200/upload/5e/9a/ff/final-obesity-01.png", "https://www.worldatlas.com/r/w1200/upload/63/b0/07/shutterstock-1141685366.jpg", "https://www.worldatlas.com/r/w1200/upload/e5/77/29/fm-2019-1-5-9-17-niggl-radloff-b-hannah-arendt-1.jpg", "https://www.worldatlas.com/nwa_assets/img/site/wa2_logo_text_white.svg" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "Janice Feng" ]	2016-02-15T16:28:39-05:00	James Monroe would take a firm stand in letting the world know where the U.S. stood (and wouldn't stand) regarding global affairs.	en	/nwa_assets/img/site/favicon.png	WorldAtlas	https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/james-monroe-us-presidents-in-history.html	5. Early Life James Monroe was born on April 28th, 1758, in Westmoreland County, Virginia, to a family of Scottish and French descent. During his childhood, he was first tutored by his father at their home. Then, he attended Campbell Town Academy between the ages of 11 and 16. The same year, his father passed away and he inherited his father's plantation. He also enrolled in the College of William and Mary, a public university in Virginia. In 1776, halfway through his degree, Monroe joined the Virginia Regiment in the Continental Army in the American Revolutionary War. He served in the military until 1780, then he returned to Virginia to study law with George Wythe and then Thomas Jefferson. He passed the bar, and practiced law thereafter in Fredericksburg, Virginia. 4. Rise to Power in 1782, Monroe was elected to the Virginia House of Delegates. A year later, he was elected to the Congress of the Confederation. The war had just ended, and the temporary government was taking control before the Constitution was finished being made. Monroe supported the newly proposed U.S. Constitution, and helped it get ratified by his state of Virginia. He then ran for the first U.S. Congress under the Constitution, but lost to James Madison. Then, in 1790, Monroe was elected as a U.S. Senator from Virginia. Soon thereafter, he joined the Democratic-Republican Party, led by fellow Virginians Thomas Jefferson and James Madison, in opposition to the Federalist party. He then served as a U.S. ambassador to France and the United Kingdom, the two foreign ambassador terms separated by a Governorship of Virginia. After that, he was chosen by President Madison to be his Secretary of State in 1811, as well as the Secretary of War during the War of 1812. He then ran in the 1812 Presidential Election, and was elected with success. He became the 7th President of the United States, and he was reelected once again in 1816. 3. Contributions Monroe was a capable politician, a skilled military man, and an excellent diplomat. He resolved increasing tensions between the Democratic-Republicans and the Federalists by enabling the "Era of Good Feelings" during his administration, focusing on cultivating national unity and focusing on national developments. Monroe is also known for his proposal of the "Monroe Doctrine", declaring that the U.S. would stay away from future European countries' colonization efforts, as well as stay away from interference in sovereign countries' internal affairs. Furthermore, the U.S. would remain officially neutral in European conflicts and wars, but at the same time tend to support the struggles of independence in the Americas because of the United States' own revolutionary history. 2. Challenges Monroe faced a series of challenges in his time at the Executive helm of the U.S., both domestically and internationally. During his Presidency, partisan tensions intensified and threatened the newly founded, and still fragile, country. A severe economic depression hit the country in 1819, and meanwhile Missouri Territory attempted to apply for admission as a slave state. Congress was split over the Missouri issue, and a debate on it lasted for two years. Finally, Congress reached a compromise, which is referred to as the "Missouri Compromise". Therein, Missouri would join the Union as a slave state, with Maine joining the state as a free state, in order to maintain some semblance of balance. 1. Death and Legacy Monroe died on July 4th, 1831, in New York City, on the 55th Anniversary of the signing of the Declaration, 5 years to the day from the deaths of Jefferson and john Adams, who both died on the 50th Anniversary of the signing. He died from heart failure and tuberculosis at 73 years old. Monroe was the last to serve as U.S. President of all the Founding Fathers, and he left a rich legacy behind. His deft political judgement and insight helped him in making delicate decisions, many of which ultimately sustained national unity and reduced tensions within a Congress split along party lines. The Monroe Doctrine was one of the most important diplomatic declarations in U.S., as it served as official precedent for diplomatic principles of the US through the rest of the 19th Century, and has had profound political influences even since then. It helped the U.S. to focus on its own development, instead of meddling in complicated world affairs. Many schools, cities, and public places have been named in honor of James Monroe. James Monroe's Birthplace, the James Monroe Tomb, and his mansion and plantation at Oak Hill are all today listed on the U.S. National Register of Historic Places and the Virginia Landmarks Register.
correct_death_00070	FactBench	0	43	https://www.whitehouse.gov/about-the-white-house/presidents/james-monroe/	en	The White House	https://www.whitehouse.g…james_monroe.jpg	https://www.whitehouse.g…james_monroe.jpg	[ "https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/themes/whitehouse/assets/img/wh-outline.svg", "https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/05_james_monroe.jpg?w=1250", "https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/themes/whitehouse/assets/img/bottomcta-logo.svg", "https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/themes/whitehouse/assets/img/footer-seal.svg" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	2021-01-11T01:47:41+00:00	James Monroe was the fifth President of the United States (1817–1825) and the last President from the Founding Fathers.	en	/favicon.ico	The White House	https://www.whitehouse.gov/about-the-white-house/presidents/james-monroe/	The biography for President Monroe and past presidents is courtesy of the White House Historical Association. James Monroe was the fifth President of the United States (1817–1825) and the last President from the Founding Fathers. On New Year’s Day, 1825, at the last of his annual White House receptions, President James Monroe made a pleasing impression upon a Virginia lady who shook his hand: “He is tall and well formed. His dress plain and in the old style…. His manner was quiet and dignified. From the frank, honest expression of his eye … I think he well deserves the encomium passed upon him by the great Jefferson, who said, ‘Monroe was so honest that if you turned his soul inside out there would not be a spot on it.’ ” Born in Westmoreland County, Virginia, in 1758, Monroe attended the College of William and Mary, fought with distinction in the Continental Army, and practiced law in Fredericksburg, Virginia. As a youthful politician, he joined the anti-Federalists in the Virginia Convention which ratified the Constitution, and in 1790, an advocate of Jeffersonian policies, was elected United States Senator. As Minister to France in 1794-1796, he displayed strong sympathies for the French cause; later, with Robert R. Livingston, he helped negotiate the Louisiana Purchase. His ambition and energy, together with the backing of President Madison, made him the Republican choice for the Presidency in 1816. With little Federalist opposition, he easily won re-election in 1820. Monroe made unusually strong Cabinet choices, naming a Southerner, John C. Calhoun, as Secretary of War, and a northerner, John Quincy Adams, as Secretary of State. Only Henry Clay’s refusal kept Monroe from adding an outstanding Westerner. Early in his administration, Monroe undertook a goodwill tour. At Boston, his visit was hailed as the beginning of an “Era of Good Feelings.” Unfortunately these “good feelings” did not endure, although Monroe, his popularity undiminished, followed nationalist policies. Across the facade of nationalism, ugly sectional cracks appeared. A painful economic depression undoubtedly increased the dismay of the people of the Missouri Territory in 1819 when their application for admission to the Union as a slave state failed. An amended bill for gradually eliminating slavery in Missouri precipitated two years of bitter debate in Congress. The Missouri Compromise bill resolved the struggle, pairing Missouri as a slave state with Maine, a free state, and barring slavery north and west of Missouri forever. In foreign affairs Monroe proclaimed the fundamental policy that bears his name, responding to the threat that the more conservative governments in Europe might try to aid Spain in winning back her former Latin American colonies. Monroe did not begin formally to recognize the young sister republics until 1822, after ascertaining that Congress would vote appropriations for diplomatic missions. He and Secretary of State John Quincy Adams wished to avoid trouble with Spain until it had ceded the Floridas, as was done in 1821. Great Britain, with its powerful navy, also opposed reconquest of Latin America and suggested that the United States join in proclaiming “hands off.” Ex-Presidents Jefferson and Madison counseled Monroe to accept the offer, but Secretary Adams advised, “It would be more candid … to avow our principles explicitly to Russia and France, than to come in as a cock-boat in the wake of the British man-of-war.” Monroe accepted Adams’s advice. Not only must Latin America be left alone, he warned, but also Russia must not encroach southward on the Pacific coast. “. . . the American continents,” he stated, “by the free and independent condition which they have assumed and maintain, are henceforth not to be considered as subjects for future colonization by any European Power.” Some 20 years after Monroe died in 1831, this became known as the Monroe Doctrine.
correct_death_00070	FactBench	1	19	https://www.dhr.virginia.gov/historic-registers/127-0221-0080/	en	0221	https://www.dhr.virginia…nline-scaled.jpg	https://www.dhr.virginia…nline-scaled.jpg	[ "https://www.dhr.virginia.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/horizontal_logo_fullcolorblue_rgb.svg", "https://www.dhr.virginia.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/127-0221-0080_JamesMonroeTomb_2018_VLR_online-768x998.jpg", "https://www.dhr.virginia.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/127-0221-0080_JamesMonroeTomb_2018_VLR_online-scaled.jpg", "https://www.dhr.virginia.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/127-0434_Hickory_Hill_School_2016_NEElevation_VLR-300x171.jpg", "https://www.dhr.virginia.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/253-5182_Balls_Bluff_Battlefield_2015_battlefield-300x225.jpg", "https://www.dhr.virginia.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/253-5182_Balls_Bluff_Battlefield_2015_Potomac_River-Harrison_Island-300x200.jpg", "https://www.dhr.virginia.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/253-5182_Balls_Bluff_Battlefield_2015_Fort_Evans-300x225.jpg", "https://www.dhr.virginia.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/253-5182_Balls_Bluff_Battlefield_2015_Jackson_House-300x225.jpg", "https://www.dhr.virginia.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/253-5182_Balls_Bluff_Battlefield_2015_Cemetery-300x200.jpg", "https://www.dhr.virginia.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/127-7673_High-Rise_for_the_Elderly_2022_exterior_SW_oblique_VLR_Online-300x277.jpg", "https://www.dhr.virginia.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/vertical_logo_white_rgb.svg", "https://www.dhr.virginia.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/eva-logo.png", "https://www.dhr.virginia.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/agency-expendltures.png", "https://www.dhr.virginia.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/Group-180s.svg", "https://www.dhr.virginia.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/Group-180s.svg", "https://www.dhr.virginia.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/Group-180s.svg", "https://www.dhr.virginia.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/Group-180s.svg", "https://www.dhr.virginia.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/Group-180s.svg" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	2023-03-24T20:30:47+00:00	The tomb of President James Monroe, the chief ornament of John Notman’s romantically landscaped Hollywood Cemetery, is a tour de force of both Gothic Revival design and artistry in cast […]	en	https://www.dhr.virginia…avicon-32x32.png	DHR	https://www.dhr.virginia.gov/historic-registers/127-0221-0080/	The tomb of President James Monroe, the chief ornament of John Notman’s romantically landscaped Hollywood Cemetery, is a tour de force of both Gothic Revival design and artistry in cast iron. The simple granite sarcophagus is enclosed by an iron screen surmounted by an ogee dome of openwork tracery. The scheme recalls Henry VII’s tomb in Westminster Abbey, similarly enclosed but lacking a dome. The tomb was designed by Albert Lybrock, an Alsatian architect who settled in Richmond in 1852. The iron was cast by the Philadelphia firm of Wood and Perot and was assembled in 1858 by Asa Snyder, a Richmond ironworker. Monroe died and was buried in New York City in 1831. His body was moved to Richmond on the centennial of his birth in 1858, a cooperative effort by citizens of New York and Virginia.
correct_death_00070	FactBench	0	55	https://www.georgiahistory.com/ghmi_marker_updated/james-monroe/	en	Georgia Historical Society	https://www.georgiahistory.com/wp-content/themes/georgia-historical-society/images/favicon.ico	https://www.georgiahistory.com/wp-content/themes/georgia-historical-society/images/favicon.ico	[ "https://www.georgiahistory.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/GHS_Logo_Linear_pantone.jpg", "https://www.georgiahistory.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/georgia-history-footer-logo.png", "https://www.georgiahistory.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/charity_navigator.png", "https://www.georgiahistory.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/georgia-history-footer-logo.png", "https://www.georgiahistory.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/charity_navigator.png" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "greenmellen" ]	2016-01-26T16:54:26-04:00	Year Erected: 1955 Marker Text: This City of Monroe, settled in 1818 and incorporated Nov. 30, 1821, was named for James Monroe, fifth President. Born in Virginia in 1758 he fought in the Continental Army. He served in the Virginia legislature, in Congress and the Senate, and as Governor of…	en	https://www.georgiahistory.com/wp-content/themes/georgia-historical-society/images/favicon.ico	Georgia Historical Society	https://www.georgiahistory.com/ghmi_marker_updated/james-monroe/	Year Erected: 1955 Marker Text: This City of Monroe, settled in 1818 and incorporated Nov. 30, 1821, was named for James Monroe, fifth President. Born in Virginia in 1758 he fought in the Continental Army. He served in the Virginia legislature, in Congress and the Senate, and as Governor of Virginia twice. He was Minister to France, helped negotiate the Louisiana Purchase and was Minister to England and Spain. He served as Secretary of State, and later of War for President Madison. He was elected President in 1816 and again in 1820 and is best known as author of the Monroe Doctrine. He died in New York in 1831. Tips for Finding This Marker: Located on South Broad Street (Georgia Route 11) 0 miles south of East Washington Street in Monroe
correct_death_00070	FactBench	3	57	https://emergingrevolutionarywar.org/tag/james-monroe/	en	James Monroe – Emerging Revolutionary War Era	https://secure.gravatar.com/blavatar/eedc05230941a9e7bd32b889a9816a481b795155eb55bfa88a9a65e50e650e3b?s=200&ts=1721479419	https://secure.gravatar.com/blavatar/eedc05230941a9e7bd32b889a9816a481b795155eb55bfa88a9a65e50e650e3b?s=200&ts=1721479419	[ "https://emergingrevolutionarywar.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/cropped-img_8850.jpeg", "https://emergingrevolutionarywar.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/53779ec9bad42.jpg?w=670", "https://emergingrevolutionarywar.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/mcgrath-bio-of-monroe.jpeg", "https://emergingrevolutionarywar.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/the-crooked-run-valley-in-northern-fauquier-county-looks-much-as-it-did-when-john-ashby-lived-there-two-centuries-ago-author_s-photo.jpg", "https://emergingrevolutionarywar.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/founders-presidents-slaveowners.jpg", "https://emergingrevolutionarywar.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/1leutze.jpg?w=640", "https://emergingrevolutionarywar.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/1trenton.jpg?w=640", "https://emergingrevolutionarywar.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/1hessians.jpg?w=640", "https://emergingrevolutionarywar.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/emanuel_leutze_american_schwc3a4bisch_gmc3bcnd_1816e280931868_washington_d-c-_-_washington_crossing_the_delaware_-_google_art_project.jpg?w=640", "https://emergingrevolutionarywar.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/2011-12-27-washingtoncrossing.jpg?w=640", "https://emergingcivilwardotcom.files.wordpress.com/2015/01/revwarwednesdays-header.jpg", "https://emergingcivilwardotcom.files.wordpress.com/2015/01/revwarwednesdays-header.jpg", "https://emergingrevolutionarywar.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/washington-crossing-the-delaware-leutze.jpg?w=640", "https://secure.gravatar.com/blavatar/eedc05230941a9e7bd32b889a9816a481b795155eb55bfa88a9a65e50e650e3b?s=50&d=https%3A%2F%2Fs2.wp.com%2Fi%2Flogo%2Fwpcom-gray-white.png", "https://secure.gravatar.com/blavatar/eedc05230941a9e7bd32b889a9816a481b795155eb55bfa88a9a65e50e650e3b?s=50&d=https%3A%2F%2Fs2.wp.com%2Fi%2Flogo%2Fwpcom-gray-white.png", "https://pixel.wp.com/b.gif?v=noscript" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "Phill Greenwalt", "Eric Sterner" ]	2024-06-18T07:00:00-04:00	Posts about James Monroe written by Phill Greenwalt, Eric Sterner, and erwguest	en	https://secure.gravatar.com/blavatar/eedc05230941a9e7bd32b889a9816a481b795155eb55bfa88a9a65e50e650e3b?s=32	Emerging Revolutionary War Era	https://emergingrevolutionarywar.org/tag/james-monroe/	One of the iconic images of the Revolutionary War is Emanuel Gottlieb Leutze’s 1851 painting, Washington Crossing the Delaware. It is the night of December 25, 1776. The Continental Army is being transported across the Delaware River to attack a Hessian garrison at Trenton, New Jersey, some nine miles to the south. In the foreground, anonymous men (and possibly one woman) of varying nationalities and races row an overloaded boat across the river, pushing great slabs of ice out of the way. Two of the boat’s occupants are not anonymous: General George Washington, standing resolutely near the bow, and young Lieutenant James Monroe, holding the stars and stripes. Leutze’s painting is glorious–and wrong in almost every detail. The river resembles the Rhine more than the Delaware; the boat is too small and of inaccurate design; there is too much light for what was a night crossing; Washington did not cross standing up; the stars and stripes had not yet been adopted by the Continental Congress; and James Monroe was not holding the flag, not in the boat, and not even present with the army. He was already across the river, and he was busy. Washington’s plan for a surprise attack on Trenton was a risky attempt to reverse the sagging fortunes of the Patriot cause. During the summer of 1776 British forces, including Hessian mercenaries, had driven the Continental Army from New York across New Jersey and into Buck’s County, Pennsylvania. Expired enlistments and outright desertion had thinned the American ranks, and many of those who remained were despondent. Washington gambled that a successful attack against an isolated British outpost would boost the army’s morale and stiffen the resolve of Congress and the people. Three Hessian regiments, comprising about 1,400 men, were stationed at Trenton under the command of Colonel Johann Rall (also spelled Rahl). Washington planned to bring 2,400 Continental soldiers across the river overnight at McKonkey’s Ferry, march to Trenton, and attack before dawn. Two other elements of the army were part of the plan. A 1,900-man force under Colonel John Cadwalader would make a diversionary attack against British troops at Bordentown, New Jersey. General James Ewing would lead 700 men across the Delaware at Trenton Ferry, control the bridge over Assunpink Creek, and intercept any Hessian troops retreating from Trenton. Bad weather prevented both of these deployments, meaning that everything would depend on the main body’s effort. The army’s password for the evening was “Victory or Death.” Washington’s plan included sending a small detachment of troops over the Delaware first to secure the army’s route of march. James Monroe was with this contingent. In his autobiography (written in the third person late in life and not completed before his death), Monroe described the mission: The command of the vanguard, consisting of 50 men, was given to Captain William Washington, of the Third Virginia Regiment . . . Lieutenant Monroe promptly offered his services to act as a subaltern under him, which was promptly accepted. On the 25th of December, 1776, they passed the Delaware in front of the army, in the dusk of the evening, at [McKonkey’s] ferry, 10 miles above Trenton, and hastened to a point, about one and one-half miles from it, at which the road by which they descended intersected that which led from Trenton to Princeton, for the purpose, in obedience of orders, of cutting off all communication between them and from the country to Trenton. Monroe noted that the night was “tempestuous,” and that snow was falling. While manning their post, the detachment was accosted by a local resident who thought the Continentals were British troops. Describing the incident many years later at a White House dinner during his presidency, Monroe recalled that the man, whose name was John Riker, was “determined in his manner and very profane.” Upon learning that the soldiers were Americans, he brought food from his house and said to Monroe, “I know something is to be done, and I am going with you. I am a doctor, and I may help some poor fellow.” Dr. Riker proved remarkably prescient. The main army’s river crossing and march to Trenton took longer than planned, meaning that the attack would occur well after sunup. Outside the town Washington divided his force, sending a division commanded by Major General Nathaniel Greene to attack from the north while the other, led by Major General John Sullivan, attacked from the south. At 8:00 AM the assault began, and here we return to Monroe’s account from his autobiography: Captain Washington then moved forward with the vanguard in front, attacked the enemy’s picket, shot down the commanding officer, and drove it before him. A general alarm then took place among the troops in town. The drums were beat to arms, and two cannon were placed in the main street to bear on the head of our column as it entered. Captain Washington rushed forward, attacked, and put the troops around the cannon to flight, and took possession of them. Moving on afterwards, he received a severe wound and was taken from the field. The command then devolved upon Lieutenant Monroe, who attacked in like manner at the head of the corps, and was shot down by a musket ball which passed through his breast and shoulder. He was also carried from the field. Monroe was brought to the same room where William Washington lay, and their wounds were dressed by the army’s surgeon general and Dr. John Riker. Riker’s prediction of helping “some poor fellow” came true as he repaired a damaged artery in Monroe’s shoulder. What neither man realized at the time was that the intrepid physician had saved the life of a future president. George Washington’s gamble in initiating the Battle of Trenton paid off. The victory was complete, and came at a surprisingly small cost in terms of American casualties. Two enlisted men froze to death during the nighttime march, and two were wounded in combat. The only losses among officers were the nonfatal wounds sustained by William Washington and James Monroe. Washington followed up his success at Trenton with another at Princeton on January 3, 1777, where the Continental Army proved that it could prevail over regular British troops. The best commentary upon James Monroe’s performance at Trenton, and his Revolutionary War service generally, comes from no less an authority than George Washington. Writing to an acquaintance in 1779, Washington noted Monroe’s “zeal he discovered by entering the service at an early period, the character he supported in his regiment, and the manner in which he distinguished himself at Trenton, where he received a wound.” The general concluded that James Monroe had “in every instance maintained the reputation of a brave, active, and sensible officer.” Scott H. Harris is the Executive Directors of the James Monroe Museum in Fredericksburg, Virginia. Harris became director of the James Monroe Museum and Memorial Library in July 2011, following ten years as director of the New Market Battlefield State Historical Park (administered by Virginia Military Institute). From 1988 to 2001, Scott was the first curator of the Manassas Museum and later director of historic resources for the City of Manassas, Virginia. Prior to his work in Manassas, he was a consulting historian with the Association for the Preservation of Virginia Antiquities in Richmond and an historical interpreter with the Colonial Williamsburg Foundation. He has been a board member of the New Market Area Chamber of Commerce, Prince William County/Manassas Convention and Visitors Bureau, Shenandoah Valley Travel Association, and Virginia Civil War Trails, Inc. He is a past president of the Virginia Association of Museums and serves as a peer reviewer for the Museum Assessment and Accreditation programs of the American Association of Museums. Scott received his BA with honors in History and Historic Preservation from the University of Mary Washington in 1983. In 1988, he received an MA in History and Museum Administration from the College of William and Mary. Scott is also a graduate of the Seminar for Historical Administration, the nation’s oldest advanced museum professional development program. On Christmas, 1776, George Washington took the greatest gamble of the American Revolution, up to that date. On that cold and snowy night, with an ice-clogged river, and an army teetering on the verge of disintegration, the American commander led his command toward a signature, morale-improving, improbable victory. He defeated Hessian soldiers, in the service of the British, at Trenton, New Jersey. The call sign –used to enter and exit the American camp– leading up to the offensive movement was “victory or death.” That was quite an accurate statement to summarize the dire straits the American cause of independence had become by winter 1776. The heroics of that night lent itself to the painting by Emanuel Leutze in 1851 that is chock full of historical inaccuracies. But the painting conjured up images of that noble band of American patriots that followed George Washington across the frozen waterway in 1776. [Did you know that James Monroe, who would be wounded at the Battle of Trenton, is painted in holding the flag? There is no primary account that puts both men in the same boat that night, though.] Luckily, famous historical artist Mort Kunstler, took a look at Leutze’s famous painting and decided to make it more historically accurate. Although initially reluctant to tackle the project given the popularity of the previous work, Kunstler studied, tackled history books, and diligently sought such information like the type of boats that would have been used, in the process of creating a more historically accurate depiction. He succeeded. So, as you celebrate the holidays, you now need a little more space on the wall for a second painting of Washington and his army crossing the Delaware. Whether you have the space or not on your wall for two paintings, one thing these great illustrations have in common is showing the fortitude of the American soldier. That fortitude is still on display to this very date. On Christmas Day 2015 thousands of men and women, in the service of America, will serve around the world, where the call sign of “victory or death” is not a mere anecdote from years past, unfortunately. Thank you to all the men who crossed that icy river many cold nights ago to help win our independence and to the men and women who keep watch tonight on another cold night around the world. To the readers of Emerging Revolutionary War, I wish you a Merry Christmas and Happy Holidays. Thank you for reading! Great article on Kunstler and the painting can be found here. *Link to Mort Kunstler’s website can be found here.
correct_death_00070	FactBench	1	35	https://www.battlefields.org/learn/biographies/james-monroe	en	James Monroe	https://www.battlefields…f4&itok=GCRDoUPX	https://www.battlefields…f4&itok=GCRDoUPX	[ "https://flask.nextdoor.com/pixel?pid=400a26fd-08d0-4995-82cc-554e22bf7f27&ev=PAGE_VIEW&noscript=1", "https://www.battlefields.org/sites/default/files/styles/squarish/public/LT_DaleWatson_Waxhaws_220721.jpg?h=a1e55bfd&itok=YfJWtIt0", "https://www.battlefields.org/sites/default/files/styles/squarish/public/USS-Constitution-still.png?h=6dfc8096&itok=MGkeSfFU", "https://www.battlefields.org/sites/default/files/styles/squarish/public/thumbnails/image/Perryville_DanielKirchner_FloralField1LRsmaller.jpg?h=002f5345&itok=Jgfy2Ja9", "https://www.battlefields.org/sites/default/files/styles/squarish/public/AMBT22091-02-Hero-1%402x.jpg?h=f9aa6fc0&itok=h0RXCFoV", "https://www.battlefields.org/sites/default/files/styles/squarish/public/IMG_2046.JPG?h=a22b8561&itok=RsPt5ak3", "https://www.battlefields.org/sites/default/files/styles/squarish/public/Heritage-Map-Snippet.jpg?h=9865509e&itok=z-C9GYP0", "https://www.battlefields.org/sites/default/files/styles/squarish/public/apps_0.jpg?h=b01f0a4e&itok=Er_BHH1U", "https://www.battlefields.org/sites/default/files/styles/squarish/public/VirtualTours_thumb2.jpg?h=95baaa28&itok=63Tz_JVV", "https://www.battlefields.org/sites/default/files/styles/squarish/public/Saved-Land-Thumbnail_0.jpg?h=9865509e&itok=mHytFNS5", "https://www.battlefields.org/sites/default/files/styles/squarish/public/thumbnails/image/James-Monroe-Accomplishments-Featured_0.jpg?h=f6f7c884&itok=PdjQlzoh", "https://www.battlefields.org/sites/default/files/styles/squarish/public/fry-portrait-thumbnail.jpeg?h=3c963ad9&itok=NPLxRH4Z", "https://www.battlefields.org/sites/default/files/styles/squarish/public/ARE_DaleWatson_Robert%20Kirkwood%20221128.jpg?h=a7ae5bde&itok=FaVw78gz", "https://www.battlefields.org/sites/default/files/styles/squarish/public/ARE_DaleWatson_Button_Gwinnett_220329_2.jpg?h=a7ae5bde&itok=2mbP8NGa", "https://www.battlefields.org/sites/default/files/styles/house_ad/public/2024-03/Teacher%20Programs_250x250%20HAD-2%402x_0.jpg?itok=b1HjIufE", "https://www.battlefields.org/sites/default/files/styles/crop_modal_stacked_image/public/Gettysburg_LouisQuattrini_GovWarrenLRT_HR_2.jpg?h=bc12ba87&itok=wBMRbQRu", "https://www.battlefields.org/sites/default/files/styles/house_ad/public/Three-Map-Books-Photo-Square.jpg?itok=mPpn_ecx", "https://www.battlefields.org/sites/default/files/styles/house_ad/public/2020-08/pre_footer_2.jpg?itok=BXXXzfD4", "https://www.battlefields.org/sites/default/files/styles/wysiwyg_third/public/ABT-Logo-Primary-Lockup-White.png?itok=9kKZ7CLw", "https://www.battlefields.org/sites/default/files/styles/wysiwyg_third/public/icon-tiktok-white.png?itok=U6qi1ao3", "https://www.battlefields.org/sites/default/files/styles/wysiwyg_third/public/thumbnails/image/charity_navigator.png?itok=rrScuwRX", "https://www.battlefields.org/sites/default/files/styles/wysiwyg_third/public/thumbnails/image/best_in_america-2019.png?itok=t7i5cdgE", "https://www.battlefields.org/sites/default/files/styles/wysiwyg_third/public/2022-badge.png?itok=mAmuEyEP", "https://www.battlefields.org/sites/default/files/styles/wysiwyg_third/public/thumbnails/image/aC-seal-vertical-w-url-57px.png?itok=mChsDAZM", "https://www.battlefields.org/sites/default/files/styles/wysiwyg_third/public/candid_0.jpg?itok=TDQGhBBw", "https://www.battlefields.org/sites/default/files/styles/wysiwyg_third/public/thumbnails/image/history.png?itok=Cla6ZPMm" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null	James Monroe, the last of the “Founding Father presidents,” was born on April 28, 1758, in Westmoreland County, Virginia. Born to Spence Monroe and...	en	/themes/client/abt/favicon.ico	American Battlefield Trust	https://www.battlefields.org/learn/biographies/james-monroe	James Monroe, the last of the “Founding Father presidents,” was born on April 28, 1758, in Westmoreland County, Virginia. Born to Spence Monroe and Elizabeth Jones, his family was made up of patriots. His father joined the Northern Neck Farmers in 1766 in protest of the Stamp Act, his uncle Joseph Jones was a member of the Virginia House of Burgesses and was close friends with George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, and James Madison. Monroe looked up to his uncle a great deal and would later base his political identity on that of his uncle. Monroe first attended school at the age of eleven. It was at Westmoreland County’s only school that he met his lifelong friend, and future chief justice of the Supreme Court, John Marshall. By the age of sixteen, Monroe lost both of his parents, and Joseph Jones became his adopted father. Jones took an active role in his nephew’s life. In 1774, Jones took Monroe to Williamsburg and enrolled him in the College of William and Mary. A year and a half after his enrollment, the War for Independence erupted between colonial and British forces. The future president dropped out of college and joined the Continental Army. As Monroe was literate, healthy, and a good shot, he was made a lieutenant. The lieutenant first saw action in the New York and New Jersey campaign. Along with several hundred Virginians, Monroe went to support Washington’s army in its nearly disastrous retreat from New York City. Monroe took part in the famous December 1776 crossing of the Delaware River and the surprise attack on the Hessians in Trenton. Monroe suffered a severe injury during the skirmish when a musket ball hit him in the shoulder. Monroe would have died, had it not been for a doctor, who tied his severed artery immediately after the wounding. For his bravery in the campaign, Washington made Monroe a captain. After the New York and New Jersey campaigns, Monroe returned home to recruit. The 18-year-old captain returned to the continental army in August 1777 as an aide to Lord Stirling (William Alexander). He saw action at Brandywine Creek, where he tended to a wounded Marquis de Lafayette. Monroe was once again promoted to major and Stirling’s aide-de-camp. Monroe was present during the harsh winter at Valley Forge, where he shared a hut with his childhood friend John Marshall. Monroe was present at the Battle of Monmouth. He continued to serve under Washington through the summer and fall of 1778, but likely due to self-financing his service, he was forced to return home and resign. However, in the spring of 1779, after letters of recommendations from Washington and Alexander Hamilton, Monroe received a commission as a lieutenant colonel. With his position, the Virginia Assembly promised to provide troops for him to lead; however, the Assembly could not raise a militia resulting from inadequate resources. Instead, he received a position as an aide to then Governor of Virginia, Thomas Jefferson. Jefferson, in charge of Virginia’s militia, promoted Monroe to the rank of colonel. Jefferson ordered him to establish communications between the southern army and the government of Virginia. Monroe continued to seek a command, but there was an abundance of commanders and Virginia had no excess of money, and as a result, Monroe could not participate in the Yorktown campaign. After the war concluded, Monroe continued to study law under Jefferson. Monroe was not particularly interested in law; however, the young veteran knew law offered the most possibility for power and wealth within the budding nation. In 1782 he was elected to the Virginia House of Delegates and in 1783 was elected to the Congress of the Confederation. Even during his early political career, Monroe advocated for western expansion and protection, the policy positions which would dominate his presidency. While a member of the congress Monroe toured the western American territories and used his experience to amend and enact the Northwest Ordinance, organizing the region of the United States. Monroe was opposed to the Constitution, as it gave the national government taxation power, and he voted against the final document. Despite Monroe’s opposition, the Virginia ratifying committee ratified the Constitution. During the elections for the First Congress, Monroe ran for a senate seat against his close friend, James Madison. Madison and Monroe did not let political animosity destroy their friendship, and often traveled with each other. Madison prevailed, and Monroe lost the election, but after the death of Senator William Grayson, less than a year after the establishment of Congress, Monroe was elected to serve the remainder of Grayson’s term. In 1792 Monroe came into conflict with Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton. During an investigation into the misuse of federal funds, Monroe found evidence that a co-conspirator in the plot, James Reynolds, received payments from Hamilton. Monroe, believed that Hamilton had been involved in the plot and prepared a comprehensive report of the crime; however, before publishing the story, he brought the evidence to Hamilton. Hamilton then confessed to what became the “Reynolds Affair.” Hamilton had not been stealing money from the government but instead had been having an affair with Reynold’s wife, Maria. Monroe believed Hamilton and promised to keep the scandal under wraps. However, a secretary working for Monroe sent the investigation to a scandal writer, making the issue public. This publication nearly brought Monroe and Hamilton to a duel; however, the senator’s second, Aaron Burr, negotiated a truce. Burr called the dispute, “childish.” As political tensions between Jeffersonian Democratic-Republicans and Hamiltonian Federalists exploded, Monroe stood with his friend and fellow Virginian, Jefferson. As the Democratic-Republicans had vigorously supported the French Revolution, in 1794 Washington, hoping to capitalize on Monroe’s French allegiance, sent Monroe to be the ambassador to France. As an ambassador, Monroe protected American trade, released Thomas Paine, whom French revolutionaries arrested during their own revolution because of French leadership’s unwillingness to acknowledge his American citizenship, and secured US navigation rights on the Mississippi River. Monroe’s time as ambassador came quickly to an end after the US negotiated the Jay Treaty. No one in the Federal government provided Monroe with the details of the deal, and when it was published, the specifics outraged the French and Monroe. The ambassador was also angered by the fact that George Washington withheld the details from him; this division between old friends destroyed their relationship. In 1796, frustrated with Monroe’s opposition, Washington removed him from the position of ambassador for “incompetence.” Monroe later wrote a lengthy defense of his time in France and criticized the Washington government for growing closer with the British. In 1799 Monroe was elected governor of Virginia. As governor Monroe increased state involvement in education and transportation, he also invested in the state militia. He supported the candidacy of Thomas Jefferson in 1800, by appointing election officials favorable to Jefferson to ensure his presidential victory. Jefferson capitalized on this support and Monroe’s ambassadorial past, by sending him to France to assist in the Louisiana Purchase. While negotiating, Jefferson made Monroe the ambassador to Britain. Jefferson gave orders to purchase only West Florida and New Orleans for at most nine million dollars, Monroe disobeyed Jefferson and bought all of Louisiana for fifteen million dollars. Monroe’s actions did not anger Jefferson; rather he was very pleased with the purchase, the president even offered Monroe the position of the first governor of the new territory, he declined and remained in Europe to continue as ambassador to the British. In 1806 Monroe negotiated the Monroe-Pickney treaty, which would extend the Jay Treaty, which ironically Monroe had opposed a decade earlier, Jefferson who strongly opposed the Jay Treaty also opposed the Monroe-Pickney deal, and it was as a result never ratified. This failure allowed tensions to grow over the following six years, leading to the War of 1812. Though some members of the Democratic-Republican party wanted to run Monroe for president in 1808, Jefferson and Madison pressured Monroe to put his presidential aspirations on hold. This coercion deeply disappointed Monroe, and though he quickly reconciled with Jefferson, Monroe and Madison would not even speak, again, until 1810. In 1811 Monroe was once again elected the governor of Virginia, however, in April of that year, Madison appointed him Secretary of State forcing him to leave the gubernatorial position. By selecting Monroe, Madison sought to quell instability within the party, along with reconciling with his former friend. As Secretary of State Monroe worked diligently to prevent the practice of impressment, he found progress with the French, however; the British would not negotiate and in 1812 Monroe joined Henry Clay and the “War Hawks” and called for war. Madison followed Monroe’s advice, and the War of 1812 began. The War of 1812 cemented Monroe into the public eye as a leader. Monroe served as Secretary of State, where he sent John Quincy Adams to negotiations in Ghent. In 1814 Madison made Monroe Secretary of War, and Monroe resigned from his position as Secretary of State, but Madison never appointed a new Secretary of State, and as a result, for a brief time, Monroe served a joint role as both Secretary of State and Secretary of War. After the war concluded in 1815, Monroe decided to run for president in 1816. Monroe had become a hero through his leadership in the war. Monroe won the presidency with an electoral vote of 183 to 34. Monroe, as president broke with tradition and built his cabinet, not through hard party lines but instead based on whom he believed would execute each role successfully. Which partly resulted in the Federalist Party falling into obscurity while Democratic-Republicans did not act in lockstep. The adjournment of national political identities created what is often known as “the era of good feelings.” Many “good feelings” did characterize Monroe’s presidency, especially regarding land acquisition, the president acquired Florida through the Adams-Onis Treaty, along with settling border disputes in the north and the Oregon territory. However, it was not all good feelings in the era of Monroe; in 1819, America had its first economic crisis, “The Panic of 1819.” Monroe used infrastructure projects to bolster the economy while also remaining within the structure of the Constitution. Along with economic panic, Monroe’s presidency saw the beginnings of sectional divisions over the expansion of slavery as the new lands acquired in the years since the signing of the Constitution were formed into territories, which were now eligible for statehood. When Missouri sought statehood as a slave state, many believed the balance of power between free and slave states would shift in favor of slave states. The solution to the issue was the Missouri Compromise. The compromise admitted Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state to continue the balance of power, while also dividing unorganized territories between north and south. Monroe’s most lasting legacy is his “Monroe Doctrine.” Monroe and his secretary of state John Quincy Adams had grown increasingly frustrated with European intervention in Latin America as many former colonies in Latin America became independent states, Monroe and Adams prepared a speech for the State of Union espousing a new ideology for America, the “Monroe Doctrine” as it came to be known by the 1850s. The Doctrine decreed that if European powers sought colonization within the American continents, that it would be perceived and not only an attack on the free independent peoples of that state, but on America as well. This Doctrine had little to no effect on the world during Monroe’s time. America did not yield much political or war powers and as a result, it extensively ignored by European powers and minorly appreciated by Latin American states. However, Monroe’s Doctrine would be repeated by US president long into the future. President James K. Polk used the Doctrine to justify Manifest Destiny, and the proliferation of a war with Mexico. Ulysses S. Grant used the Doctrine to replace European influence in Latin America, under President James Garfield, the Monroe Doctrine introduced the US as a “big brother” to Latin American countries. President Teddy Roosevelt added his “Roosevelt Corollary” to the Doctrine, to justify US imperialism into Latin America. Even President John F. Kennedy cited the Doctrine during the Cuban Revolution. The Monroe doctrine was not just Monroe’s personal foreign policy but became the prevailing American ideology regarding Latin America. Monroe was the last president to serve in the War for American independence, and his presidency saw America truly becoming its own country. America began to consolidate its expansion, fight against future colonization, and even grapple with its issue of slavery. Monroe would be remembered three times fighting for independence—in the revolution, in the War for 1812, and in the Monroe Doctrine.
correct_death_00070	FactBench	0	96	https://theclio.com/entry/94070	en	James Monroe's Oak Hill	https://storage.googleap…ersFarm_HERO.jpg	https://storage.googleap…ersFarm_HERO.jpg	[ "https://theclio.com/_next/static/images/app-bar-logo-85bcdf195c567dbecc94e4b99e78e9a5.png", "https://storage.googleapis.com/clio-images/medium_6101_18_25_FALL13_FoundersFarm_HERO.jpg", "https://storage.googleapis.com/clio-images/medium_9345_oak-hill-from-side-800x445.jpg", "https://storage.googleapis.com/clio-images/medium_3905_oakhill3%20(1).jpg", "https://storage.googleapis.com/clio-images/medium_8146_oakhill4.jpg", "https://storage.googleapis.com/clio-images/medium_2320_VA-F4%20President%20Monroes%20Home.jpg", "https://storage.googleapis.com/clio-images/medium_2264_Oak%20Hill%20Edit%201.jpg", "https://storage.googleapis.com/clio-images/medium_0248_Oak%20Hill%20Edit%202.jpg", "https://theclio.com/_next/static/images/twitter-d6525199f36e4e7cb451233398cee7e0.png", "https://theclio.com/_next/static/images/fb-05c6c74da3ed97647d396039e976f44e.png", "https://theclio.com/_next/static/images/fb-05c6c74da3ed97647d396039e976f44e.png", "https://theclio.com/_next/static/images/twitter-d6525199f36e4e7cb451233398cee7e0.png", "https://theclio.com/_next/static/images/instagram-f90d7f573b3958d8e34d3045f571fec0.png", "https://theclio.com/_next/static/images/tumblr-ea0854cdd01cf0751b15cf07f1491ade.png", "https://theclio.com/_next/static/images/neh-30b8993268c0df506f84e9e1723481a5.png", "https://theclio.com/_next/static/images/knight-0c26ecb2d54ca356efea474eed7ae0ed.png", "https://theclio.com/_next/static/images/WTKF_logo_2020-ceada665713f26ff8f228696d2e51107.jpg", "https://theclio.com/_next/static/images/umkc-logo-a4711c4a99a86938c78fba657a6f2796.png" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null	Located in Aldie, Virginia, Oak Hill Estate served as the long-time home of the fifth president of the United States, James Monroe. Monroe inherited the 2,000 acre plantation in 1808 and began construction on the Oak Hill that stands today in 1820 while he was still president, with Thomas Jefferson drawing the interior plans for Oak Hill. First, Monroe divided his time between Oak Hill and his other home on the University of Virginia campus, but from 1827 to 1830, he and Elizabeth Monroe lived at Oak Hill full time. Elizabeth Monroe died at Oak Hill in 1830 and a despondent James moved to New York to live with his daughter, where he died the following year. Although Oak Hill is a National Historic Landmark, it is a privately owned home and not open to the public.	en	/_next/static/images/clio-logo-background-small-451d24efda1e099e31bcf2230362805a.jpg	Clio	https://theclio.com/entry/94070	James Monroe purchased the land that he would build Oak Hill Estate on in 1794 along with his uncle, Judge Joseph Jones. Jones built a small, timber-frame house on the property and lived there until his death in 1808, when James Monroe and his wife Elizabeth inherited the home and 2,000 acres. After the War of 1812 ended and James Monroe was elected president, the Monroes decided to build a more stately, elaborate home, one that was fitting for a president and first lady. Although Aldie is located some 40 miles from Washington and was a day's carriage ride away in the 1820s, Monroe chose designers and architects working in D.C., James Hoban and Benjamin Latrobe, to construct Oak Hill. One of Monroe's closest friends, Thomas Jefferson, is said to have designed the interior of Oak Hill. This would explain the neoclassical design that is always seen at Jefferson's Monticello as well as at the University of Virginia. The facade features a simple portico, a Jeffersonian feature, and there are no grand staircases, something Jefferson would famously avoid including. The South Portico sits on a high foundation that looks out to the Bull Run Mountains and oversees lush gardens. Inside, there are two mantels that the Marquis de Lafayette sent to Monroe from overseas. Oak Hill was completed in 1823 and it was that year that Monroe completed what would become known as the Monroe Doctrine in the library of the estate. The Monroe Doctrine had three key elements: Europe will cease colonizing in the new world, the U.S. would refrain from interfering in Europe's affairs, and European nations would not intervene in governmental affairs in the western hemisphere. During her husband's presidency, Elizabeth was in poor health and was unable to fulfill the normal duties that go with being first lady, so Oak Hill became her place of refuge. After leaving office in 1825, James Monroe joined his wife at Oak Hill and enjoyed a simple, quiet life and wrote his autobiography. In 1830, Elizabeth Monroe died at Oak Hill and was buried in the garden there. Her husband moved to New York to live with his daughter and died there in 1831. Monroe's two daughters sold Oak Hill after their father's death and the now 1,200 acre plantation remains in private hands. The interior and the exterior of the home have remained well-preserved, even after a number of different families have owned the estate. In addition to the main house with the Roman Doric portico, the original smokehouse, springhouse, as well as other outbuildings built during Monroe's time still stand. Although Oak Hill is not open to visitors as other presidential homes are, there is no denying the critical role this estate in Loudoun County played in world history, when the last president of the Revolutionary War generation sat down in his library and created the Monroe Doctrine.
correct_death_00070	FactBench	2	37	https://history.state.gov/departmenthistory/people/monroe-james	en	Office of the Historian			[ "https://history.state.gov/resources/images/Office-of-the-Historian-logo_500x168.jpg", "https://static.history.state.gov/secretaries/monroe-james.jpg" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null	history.state.gov 3.0 shell	en	/resources/images/favicon.ico		null	Rise to Prominence Monroe was born to a plantation family in Westmoreland County, Virginia. He began attending Campbell Academy when he was eleven years old and entered the College of William and Mary at sixteen. In 1775 he enlisted in the Third Virginia Infantry and then fought under George Washington’s command during the Revolutionary War. Monroe was wounded during the Battle of Trenton, and eventually reached the rank of Lieutenant Colonel. Following the war, he returned to the College of William & Mary to study law at the suggestion of Thomas Jefferson. Monroe’s election to the Virginia House of Delegates in 1782 began a long series of public appointments. Among many other positions including Secretary of State, Monroe served as a member of the Congress of the Confederation from 1783 until 1786, a U.S. Senator from 1790 until 1794, Governor of Virginia from 1799 until 1802 and in 1811, and U.S. President from 1817 until 1824. Influence on American Diplomacy Monroe conducted numerous diplomatic missions addressing the most critical international threats facing his generation. President George Washington appointed Monroe Minister to France in 1794. Jay’s Treaty frustrated Monroe’s efforts to retain cordial relations with the French Government and he was recalled in 1796. Monroe returned to France in 1803 on a successful mission to assist Robert Livingston with the Louisiana Purchase negotiations. Monroe also served as Minister to Britain from 1803 until 1807, a period complicated by disputes over U.S. neutrality rights. In 1805 Monroe traveled to Spain, intending to win recognition of the U.S. possession of West Florida. The United States claimed the territory as part of the Louisiana Purchase, but Monroe could not gain the consent of the Spanish Government. Monroe joined with Special Commissioner William Pinkney in 1806 in the effort to halt British impressment of U.S. sailors and to secure neutral trading rights. The proposed Monroe-Pinkney Treaty, however, failed to address impressments, and President Jefferson therefore declined to forward the treaty to the Senate. While serving as Secretary of State in 1811, Monroe became convinced that a declaration of war against Great Britain was the best option to change offensive British policies. Along with Madison, Monroe encouraged Congress to issue a war declaration, which came on June 17, 1812. Monroe skillfully managed the expansion of the U.S. military occupation of Florida and served as acting Secretary of War during the War of 1812. Although there would be no clear victor, the United States emerged from the war with enhanced international prestige. As President, Monroe’s main diplomatic challenges stemmed from the recession of the Spanish Empire in the Americas and Russian Tsar Alexander’s hopes to populate the Oregon Coast. Monroe responded effectively. In 1819 he skillfully managed the total Acquisition of Florida. Along with his influential Secretary of State John Quincy Adams, Monroe issued the Monroe Doctrine, which forewarned the imperial European powers against interfering in the affairs of the newly independent Latin American states or potential U.S. territories in the Western hemisphere. Adhering to the intellectual underpinnings of the doctrine, Monroe granted diplomatic recognition to newly-independent Latin American republics.
correct_death_00070	FactBench	1	74	https://congressionalcemetery.org/2024/02/15/of-the-people-the-american-presidency-at-congressional-cemetery/	en	Of The People: The American Presidency at Congressional Cemetery	https://congressionalcem…Inauguration.jpg	https://congressionalcem…Inauguration.jpg	[ "https://congressionalcemetery.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/Historic-Congressional-Logo.webp", "https://congressionalcemetery.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/Washington-Inauguration-1-300x249.jpg", "https://congressionalcemetery.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/DSC07779-240x300.jpg", "https://congressionalcemetery.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/DSC07750-240x300.jpg", "https://congressionalcemetery.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/DSC07768-240x300.jpg", "https://congressionalcemetery.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/Forbes-2-300x238.jpg", "https://congressionalcemetery.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/Brady-LOC-Cropped-260x300.png", "https://congressionalcemetery.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/DSC00314SM-240x300.jpg", "https://congressionalcemetery.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/Body_snatchers_at_work_Old_Crown_Inn_Penicuik-500x383.jpg", "https://congressionalcemetery.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/Body_snatchers_at_work_Old_Crown_Inn_Penicuik-500x383.jpg", "https://congressionalcemetery.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/Cemetery-in-Washington-DC-1-500x383.jpg", "https://congressionalcemetery.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/Arlington-County-VA-cemeteries-500x383.jpg", "https://congressionalcemetery.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/cemeteries-in-Washington-DC-500x383.jpg", "https://congressionalcemetery.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/Washington-Inauguration-66x66.jpg", "https://congressionalcemetery.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/Body_snatchers_at_work_Old_Crown_Inn_Penicuik-66x66.jpg", "https://congressionalcemetery.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/Body_snatchers_at_work_Old_Crown_Inn_Penicuik-66x66.jpg", "https://congressionalcemetery.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/Cemetery-in-Washington-DC-1-66x66.jpg", "https://congressionalcemetery.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/Arlington-County-VA-cemeteries-66x66.jpg", "https://congressionalcemetery.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/Historic-Congressional-Logo.webp" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "AJ Orlikoff" ]	2024-02-15T00:00:00		en	https://congressionalcem…d-icon-32x32.png	Historic Congressional Cemetery	https://congressionalcemetery.org/2024/02/15/of-the-people-the-american-presidency-at-congressional-cemetery/	Those familiar with the history of Congressional Cemetery are likely aware that the Public Vault temporarily housed the remains of three U.S. presidents: William Henry Harrison in 1841, John Quincy Adams in 1848, and Zachary Taylor in 1850. It’s popularly known that the cemetery also sheltered the body of First Lady Dolley Madison for nine years, from her death in 1849 until 1858, when private funds were raised to lay her to rest beside President James Madison at their Virginia plantation, located 100 miles southwest in Montpelier Station. These temporary internments illustrate Congressional’s proximity to political power despite the fact that no commander-in-chief or leading lady of the land stand as permanent residents. However, its 35-acre grounds do cradle the remains of numerous people with ties to the White House and the office of the presidency: aides, a private secretary, five cabinet members, an assassination conspirator, and a vice president are just some of the HCC residents whose lives intersected with our nation’s chief executives. These figures did not serve as presidents themselves, but they still profoundly influenced the highest office in the land and its occupants. First Lady Hillary Clinton popularized the idea that “it takes a village” to raise a child. The adage is also true of presidents. On this Washington’s Birthday (colloquially known as Presidents’ Day), Congressional Cemetery delves into the narratives of some of these comparatively overlooked White House connections and the ways in which they helped – or in some instances, hurt – the presidents’ ability to fulfill their duties. First Friends: George Washington Connections Washington’s Birthday commemorates the first U.S. president to serve under the Constitution. George Washington took the first oath of office on April 30, 1789 at Federal Hall in Manhattan and he relied on dozens of individuals to execute his official duties, including at his inauguration. The person who held the St. John’s Lodge Bible used in the ceremony was the secretary of the Senate, Samuel Allyne Otis. A Massachusetts native and Harvard graduate, Otis served in the commonwealth’s state legislature and then in the Congress of the Confederation prior to the adoption of the Constitution. Otis followed the Senate from its original location in New York to the second capital in Philadelphia, and then finally to Washington, D.C. He is reputed to have never missed a day of work, and he fulfilled his administrative duties as secretary until his death in 1814, concluding a still-record quarter of a century in the role. He was laid to rest in Range 30. Mere feet from Otis is the grave of someone with deeper ties to the first president: Washington’s personal secretary, Tobias Lear. Washington hired Lear in 1786 to manage his correspondence and his expense reports submitted to the Confederation Congress. He continued in this role during Washington’s presidency, assisting the first president with various executive functions. Lear also tutored the Washington grandchildren and married into the family in 1795. The details of Washington’s final illness, including his last words of “’Tis well,” and his time of death, are known thanks to Lear’s notes. He died from a self-inflicted gunshot wound in 1816. The epitaph on his box tomb is the origin of one of Congressional Cemetery’s nicknames, “The City of Silence.” A Bit of Advice: The Cabinet Washington assembled the first presidential cabinet during his first term. He created the body to resemble his war council that advised him during the Revolutionary War. All subsequent presidents have followed his precedent and gathered department heads together to provide advice and carry out policies. Five cabinet members currently call Congressional home. Robert Mosbacher, who worked as the finance chairman of Gerald Ford’s unsuccessful 1976 campaign, served as secretary of commerce under George H.W. Bush from 1989 to 1992. Acting Postmaster General Horatio King filled a vacancy left by his predecessor, Joseph Holt, in December 1860, and then was appointed to the position properly for the final three weeks of James Buchanan’s term. In contrast to King’s brief tenure, William Wirt, entombed in Range 50, is one of the longest-serving cabinet members. He was one of only ten cabinet officials to serve over a decade, and he is still the longest-tenured attorney general, serving during John Quincy Adams’s presidency and James Monroe’s two terms before that. One of Wirt’s predecessors as AG, William Pinkney, was in James Madison’s cabinet from December 1811 to February 1814. Pinkney then served as one of Maryland’s U.S. senators from 1819 to 1822, when he died. He is buried beneath one of Congressional’s distinctive Cenotaphs. Georgian John Forsyth held the post of secretary of state during the administrations of Andrew Jackson and Martin Van Buren. He is interred in Range 37. Multiple cabinet members have left Congressional Cemetery for other environs. President John Quincy Adams, who previously served as James Monroe’s secretary of state, was returned home to Quincy, Massachusetts, after his ten-day stay in the Public Vault from February 26 to March 6, 1848. Abel P. Upshur served in President John Tyler’s cabinet, first as secretary of the Navy, and then as secretary of state. It was the latter office Upshur occupied on February 28, 1844, when he was killed during a canon demonstration gone awry aboard the USS Princeton. Upshur was buried at Congressional in Range 54 until 1895, at which time he was disinterred and reburied at Oak Hill Cemetery in Georgetown. Secretary of War John Rawlins died in office in September 1869, and President Ulysses S. Grant participated in his funeral procession to Congressional. Rawlins’s permanent resting place is at Arlington National Cemetery. John C. Calhoun served as vice president under both John Quincy Adams and Andrew Jackson, but bookended his time as VP by serving in James Monroe’s cabinet as war secretary and John Tyler’s as secretary of state. Calhoun has a Cenotaph at Congressional and stayed in the Public Vault in 1850. Although Calhoun’s body was soon transported from Congressional to his native South Carolina, his young daughter, Elizabeth, rests here, as does the offspring of another of the Senate’s nineteenth-century triumvirate, Henry Clay, the loser of three presidential elections. Clay, who was John Quincy Adams’s secretary of state, is memorialized with a Cenotaph immediately next to Calhoun’s. The Lincoln Presidency at Congressional Abraham Lincoln, a celebrated team builder and delegator, stands as the president with the most connections to Congressional Cemetery’s residents. Lincoln and Secretary of War Edwin M. Stanton participated in the funeral procession of seventeen of the victims of the June 1864 Arsenal explosion, fifteen of whom are buried under the monument sculpted by Lot Flannery. Close to the gatehouse, in Range 53, lies the grave of Ann G. Sprigg. During Lincoln’s lone term as a member of the House of Representatives (1847 to 1849), Sprigg was the future president’s landlady. When Sprigg fell on hard times during the Civil War, Lincoln wrote to his Treasury secretary and inquired if he could find a position in the department for his former landlady. Benjamin Brown French was the chief marshal of Lincoln’s 1861 inauguration, and Lincoln re-installed French to his previous position of public buildings commissioner that September. He worked closely with First Lady Mary Lincoln, and the disclosure of French’s diary entries illuminated many of the inner workings of the Lincoln White House. Ultimately, he oversaw the funeral arrangements for the Lincolns’ son Willie in 1862 and for the president himself in 1865. Lincoln assassination connections are plentiful at Congressional Cemetery. White House messenger Charles Forbes sat outside the president’s box at Ford’s Theatre on the evening of April 14, 1865. Around 10:00 p.m., renowned actor John Wilkes Booth presented Forbes with a paper or calling card, which Forbes accepted and then allowed him to enter the box. His grave, marked by the Lincoln Group of Washington in 1983, notes that Forbes accompanied President and Mrs. Lincoln to the theatre that fateful night, but does not divulge that Forbes was the person who let Booth into the box. David Herold never met Lincoln, but he was one of four people sentenced to death for their role in the 16th president’s assassination. Originally consigned to the earth by the site of the gallows at the Washington Arsenal, in 1869 his family secured permission to take possession of his body. Herold was buried here at Congressional in Range 46, with the only indication of his occupancy being the inscribed stones of other kin in the family plot. Mathew Brady, Photographer to the Presidents Visually, the most clear-cut presidential connection is Mathew Brady, the acclaimed photographer whose daguerreotypes vividly captured the likenesses of many famous personalities of the nineteenth century. They included every president from John Quincy Adams to William McKinley, with the exception of William Henry Harrison – an astonishing nineteen in total. Brady notably took several images of Abraham Lincoln, including one that served as the basis for his portrait on the five-dollar bill. Lincoln asserted that Brady’s work, specifically his photograph of the then-presidential candidate after his 1860 Cooper Union speech, “made me President of the United States.” His other subjects included First Lady Dolley Madison, presidential candidate Belva Lockwood, and John Wilkes Booth. The Mathew Brady Memorial, dedicated beside his grave in 2022, includes tiles that show recreated samples of Brady’s handiwork, including images of the presidential connections who reside at Congressional Cemetery. Not So Sudden Impact: Congressional’s Vice Presidents Since the administration of Jimmy Carter (1977-1981), presidents tend to have close working relationships with their vice presidents. Vice presidents often sit in on cabinet meetings and can be “the last person in the room on every major decision.” Presidents have not always relied on their vice presidents as much. Their primary – and sometimes only – duty was to preside over the Senate and cast the occasional tie-breaking vote. Generally, vice presidents were chosen solely for electoral purposes, to balance out a national ticket by representing a different region of the country than the presidential candidate, or to satisfy another wing of the political party. Such is the case with New Yorker George Clinton, who ran with both Thomas Jefferson and James Madison, two Virginians. Clinton was buried in Range 31 from the time he died in office in 1812 until 1908, when his remains and his 6,000-lb limestone monument were removed to Kingston, New York. Clinton was succeeded as James Madison’s vice president by fellow northerner Elbridge Gerry, who likewise died in office, in 1814. His 12-foot memorial of Massachusetts marble, topped by a “towering and animated flame,” is one of the most unique older monuments at Congressional. Calhoun, for his part, raised the ire of Andrew Jackson for his role in the 1832 nullification crisis, and Jackson later lamented that he did not hang Calhoun. The presidents can easily be viewed as monolithic figures in American history, yet this interpretation of them can obfuscate the hundreds of individuals who influenced the course of their presidencies. Congressional Cemetery’s presidentially-connected residents help illustrate that presidencies are not singular ventures, but the products of the American people. By: Kurt Deion Education Specialist and Future Resident Historic Congressional Cemetery Edited by A.J. Orlikoff, Director of Programming Works Cited: Associated Press. “Biden Casts Himself as Obama’s Kindred Spirit.” YouTube, 1:18. October 20, 2015. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-NXuDgxACrk. George Washington’s Mount Vernon. “Tobias Lear.” Accessed February 12, 2024. https://www.mountvernon.org/library/digitalhistory/digital-encyclopedia/article/tobias-lear/. Reynolds, Hugh. “Old Dutch the center of Friday’s Clinton commemoration.” Hudson Valley One. April 16, 2012. https://hudsonvalleyone.com/2012/04/16/old-dutch-the-center-of-fridays-clinton-commemoration/. Swanson, James L. Manhunt: The 12-Day Chase for Lincoln’s Killer. Boston: Mariner Books, 2007.
correct_death_00070	FactBench	2	21	https://www.whitehousehistory.org/peter-marks	en	"liberated & set free at Mr. Monroe's dying request": Peter Marks' White House Story	https://d1y822qhq55g6.cl…heast-Philly.jpg	https://d1y822qhq55g6.cl…heast-Philly.jpg	[ "https://www.whitehousehistory.org/images/topnav-logo--default.svg", "https://d1y822qhq55g6.cloudfront.net/WH-1600-Sessions-Podcast-Cover_WIDE_2024-03-19-170012_wvdq.png", "https://d1y822qhq55g6.cloudfront.net/1112932_2024-06-05-171824_xyat.jpg", "https://d1y822qhq55g6.cloudfront.net/layout/digital-library-hero.jpg", "https://d1y822qhq55g6.cloudfront.net/20230330_DAG_4315_2024-03-19-170737_upoa.jpg", "https://d1y822qhq55g6.cloudfront.net/layout/reso-planyourvisit-events2.jpg", "https://d1y822qhq55g6.cloudfront.net/layout/reso-bookdecatur-facilitydetails-B.jpg", "https://www.whitehousehistory.org/images/topnav-logo--default.svg", "https://d1y822qhq55g6.cloudfront.net/default/_smallImage/Northeast-Philly.jpg", "https://d1y822qhq55g6.cloudfront.net/default/_smallImage/Screen-Shot-2020-05-08-at-4.36.31-PM.png", "https://d1y822qhq55g6.cloudfront.net/default/_smallImage/Philly.jpg", "https://d1y822qhq55g6.cloudfront.net/thumbnails/_thumbSmall/dhsq-thumb.jpg", "https://library.whitehousehistory.org/fotoweb/cache/v2/f/Z/Main%20Index/Events/Holidays/1130602.tif.mSeO87jlMaHBDV9jkAMA.biixDeSEiv.jpg", "https://library.whitehousehistory.org/fotoweb/cache/v2/d/a/Main%20Index/Events/Holidays/1130603.tif.mSen867lMV3BDV9jkAMA.Mi1sXqq0B2.jpg", "https://library.whitehousehistory.org/fotoweb/cache/v2/8/h/Main%20Index/Events/Holidays/1130713.tif.mSeJibPlMYF7DV9jkAMA.nd2khEZC1n.jpg", "https://library.whitehousehistory.org/fotoweb/cache/v2/b/z/Main%20Index/Presidents/Abraham%20Lincoln/8935.jpg.mSf_qLrlMV91Rd9hkAMA.WROVRkQO2y.jpg", "https://www.whitehousehistory.org/images/footer-logo.png" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null	On July 4, 1831, President James Monroe died after months of illness. Many Americans mourned the loss of the last “Founding Father” president. But for one man,...	en	/favicon.ico	WHHA (en-US)	https://www.whitehousehistory.org/peter-marks	On July 4, 1831, President James Monroe died after months of illness. Many Americans mourned the loss of the last “Founding Father” president. But for one man, Peter Marks, the impact of Monroe’s death was very different. Peter Marks (sometimes spelled Marx) was enslaved in Monroe’s household for most of his life. Sometime in the final few months of his life, Monroe made a “dying request” that Marks be given his freedom. He was the only enslaved person Monroe ever freed. We know of Marks’ manumission because a month after the former president’s death, Tench Ringgold, a friend of Monroe’s, wrote the following recommendation to help Marks find employment as a free man in Washington, DC: While it is difficult to definitively prove, Marks likely lived and worked at the White House during Monroe’s presidency. The 1820 census tells us that Monroe had at least six enslaved individuals in his White House household at that time: two men between the ages of fourteen and twenty-five, two men between the ages of twenty-six and forty-four, one man aged forty-five or older, and one woman aged forty-five or above.2 Marks was around twenty-five at the time, right on the cusp between two age brackets, so any of the first four men listed could plausibly have been him. Another household record provides at least circumstantial evidence of Marks’ presence at the White House: a financial record noting the purchase of clothes and shoes for enslaved men named Tom, Daniel, Hartford, and Peter.3 It’s certainly not impossible that Monroe owned more than one enslaved man named Peter, but it is relatively unlikely. Click here to learn more about the enslaved household of President James Monroe. Ringgold’s detailed recommendation also strongly suggests that Marks would have been one of the individuals listed in the 1820 census. He describes Marks as a skilled dining room servant and coachman, both essential duties to the domestic life of the Monroe family. There is no evidence Monroe left Marks behind at Highland and Monroe would have required someone with Marks’s skillset at the White House. Bringing Marks would also have been the logical financial decision for the Monroes – exploiting the unpaid labor of an enslaved person like Peter Marks was considerably less expensive than hiring free servants to do the same job. Other details further suggest that Marks accompanied Monroe to the White House. Tench Ringgold lived and worked in Washington, D.C. during and after Monroe’s presidency, as Monroe had appointed him U.S. Marshal for the District of Columbia. If Ringgold knew Peter Marks well enough to recommend him to potential employers, it is likely that they met in Washington, either at the White House or on one of Monroe’s visits to Ringgold’s home. Finally, it is telling that Marks was the only enslaved person James Monroe ever freed. When other early presidents freed one or a small number of enslaved people, they were almost always valets or other close members of the domestic household. Thomas Jefferson freed his manservant Burwell Colbert. George Washington freed his longtime valet William Lee.4 Since Monroe only freed Peter Marks, one can assume that Marks worked closely with him. Given that context, it is almost certain that Marks would have been one of those six enslaved people working at White House in 1820. Click here to learn more about the enslaved household of President George Washington. Click here to learn more about the enslaved household of President Thomas Jefferson. Peter Marks had another unusual connection to the presidency. His wife, Eugenia Hemings Marks, belonged to President Thomas Jefferson, although she never worked in the White House. After Jefferson’s death in 1826, she was bequeathed to his daughter, Martha Jefferson Randolph, and later to his granddaughter, Cornelia J. Randolph. In 1833, Cornelia sold Eugenia to Major Alfred Mordecai of the United States Arsenal in Washington, D.C, where Eugenia worked as his housekeeper and cook.5 In Washington, Eugenia likely met and married Peter Marks, who had returned to the city after Monroe’s death in search of work, though it is possible that they already knew each other before they arrived in the capital. Monroe admired Jefferson as a friend and mentor, and because Monticello and Highland were only a few miles apart, Monroe visited him often.6 Monroe might have brought Marks on those trips as a servant, in which case Marks would have had ample opportunity to form relationships with Monticello’s enslaved community. In 1835, four years after Peter received his freedom, the two had a son, James. At least four other children followed. They made their way to Philadelphia, where Peter Marks worked as a waiter, just as he had likely done in the White House. This time he earned wages. The family’s record from the 1850 census suggests that all the children after James were born in Pennsylvania, which would have put their departure from Washington, D.C. around 1836. However, Major Mordecai did not manumit Eugenia and her children until 1839.7 It is possible that Peter, Eugenia, and their family had escaped to Philadelphia, and that after a few years Major Mordecai simply gave up trying to get them back. They might also have made an agreement with Mordecai to allow them to go in exchange for paying off Eugenia’s freedom. It is also possible that the census-taker simply recorded the children’s birthplaces wrong, and that the Marks family did not move to Philadelphia until after 1839. What we know for sure is that by 1850, Peter and Eugenia were living free in Philadelphia with James (age 15), Mary Ann (14), Eugene (12), Elizabeth (11), and Edward (6). There is little other information about Peter and Eugenia Marks’ life and marriage beyond what appeared in newspapers in the 1870s and 1880s, during Eugenia’s old age or at the time of her death. Columnists noted the coincidence of two enslaved people from different presidential households ending up together, but also promoted a positive, whitewashed view of slavery common in that era. Many described Major Mordecai as Eugenia’s “greatest benefactor and friend” for freeing her and detailed the many powerful men Eugenia had the opportunity to cook for and wait on while she was enslaved.8 One article, published in 1873, described Peter Marks in glowing terms as “a sort of prime minister behind the scenes” during Monroe’s time in the White House.9 These articles provide interesting anecdotes related to the Marks’ story, but given the decades that had passed since Monroe’s presidency, and the often exaggerated language used in the articles, we should be wary of taking any of their claims as definitive fact. The final official record of Peter Marks’ life is tragic. A Philadelphia census record for “Persons who Died during the Year ending 1st June 1860” listed both Peter Marks, age sixty-five, and his son James, age twenty-five, among the deceased. They died only a few months apart, of apparently unrelated illnesses. Neither lived to see the end of slavery in the United States. An annotation by the record keeper noted that Peter Marks was a manumitted slave of President James Monroe, “quite an aristocrat among the colored people, and much respected by the whites.”10 Although the language is somewhat condescending, the fact that the note was made at all is remarkable. No one else in the Marks’ ward was singled out in such a way in the records. In the free city of Philadelphia, with its substantial free black population, Peter and Eugenia Marks found a degree of community that slavery had previously denied them. Although she lost her husband and eldest child relatively young, Eugenia Marks lived into her eighties, residing with her daughter and then with her grandson, supported by the free family she had built.11
correct_death_00070	FactBench	0	38	https://www.periodpaper.com/products/1923-rotogravure-president-james-monroe-home-house-nyc-lafayette-prince-street-239930-rto7-034	en	1923 Rotogravure President James Monroe Home House NYC Lafayette Princ	http://www.periodpaper.com/cdn/shop/products/RTO7_034_40209846-c4a0-4e07-a965-4a300960fd07_1200x1200.jpg?v=1571712944	http://www.periodpaper.com/cdn/shop/products/RTO7_034_40209846-c4a0-4e07-a965-4a300960fd07_1200x1200.jpg?v=1571712944	[ "https://www.periodpaper.com/cdn/shop/files/checkout_logo_3_180x.png?v=1614240650", "https://www.periodpaper.com/cdn/shop/products/RTO7_034_40209846-c4a0-4e07-a965-4a300960fd07_300x300.jpg?v=1571712944", "https://www.periodpaper.com/cdn/shop/products/RTO7_034_40209846-c4a0-4e07-a965-4a300960fd07.jpg?v=1571712944" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null	"New York Home of James Monroe" This is an original 1923 sepia rotogravure of the house in which President James Monroe died in 1831 at Lafayette and Prince Streets in New York City.CONDITIONThis 91+ year old Item is rated Very Fine +++. No creases. No surface rub. No tears. No water damage. There is printing on the ve	en		Period Paper Historic Art LLC	https://www.periodpaper.com/products/1923-rotogravure-president-james-monroe-home-house-nyc-lafayette-prince-street-239930-rto7-034	"New York Home of James Monroe" This is an original 1923 sepia rotogravure of the house in which President James Monroe died in 1831 at Lafayette and Prince Streets in New York City. CONDITION This 91+ year old Item is rated Very Fine +++. No creases. No surface rub. No tears. No water damage. There is printing on the verso. Please note that the small marks in the bottom margin are just reflections on the digital image -- they are NOT on the item. Product Type: Original Rotogravure; Sepia Grade: Very Fine +++ Dimensions: Approximately 9.75 x 14.75 inches; 25 x 37 cm Authentication: Serial-Numbered Certificate of Authenticity w/ Full Provenance Protection: Packaged in a custom archival sleeve with an acid-free black board (great for display, gift-giving, and preservation) Period Paper is pleased to offer a collection of original rotogravures from 1923. These images provide us with fascinating "snapshots," so to speak, of historical events, people and places -- a virtual treasure trove for the collector of historical memorabilia from the early 20th century. About Rotogravure: Rotogravure is a printing method using a rotary press with intaglio cylinders which allows for very high quality halftone reproductions to be printed at high speed on inexpensive paper stock. Newspapers, beginning with The New York Times, were able to make effective use of this technology, and many published regular rotogravure pictorial sections in their publications during the early 20th century. RTO7C23

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