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5a02ebe3-a03e-4740-a367-a20a029c6fa7
| 4 |
The different proportions of low apparent Km phase in the kinetic patterns of these cytochromes c correlated with the amounts of high affinity complex formed with purified cytochrome c oxidase. 5. The apparent Km for cytochrome c activity in the succinate-cytochrome c reductase system of Keilin-Hartree particles was identical with that obtained with the oxidase (5 x 10(-8) M), suggesting the same site serves both reactions.
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5a02ebe3-a03e-4740-a367-a20a029c6fa7
| 5 |
6. It is concluded that the observed kinetics result from two catalytically active sites on the cytochrome c oxidase protein of different affinities for cytochrome c. The high affinity binding of cytochrome c to the mitochondrial membrane is provided by the oxidase and at this site cytochrome c can be reduced by cytochrome c1.
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5a02ebe3-a03e-4740-a367-a20a029c6fa7
| 6 |
Physiological concentrations of ATP decrease the affinity of this binding to the point that interaction of cytochrome c with numerous mitochondrial pholpholipid sites can competitively remove cytochrome c from the oxidase. It is suggested that this effect of ATP represents a possible mechanism for the control of electron flow to the oxidase.
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39c70374-9cf6-453f-bf10-f6ff7c672ab3
| 0 |
Autooxidation and hydroxylation reactions of oxygenated cytochrome P-450cam. Oxy-ferrous substrate-bound cytochrome P-450cam (mrsO2) autooxidizes in the absence of its specific effector protein, putidaredoxin, without hydroxylating the substrate, camphor. The autooxidation is first order with an activation energy of 17 kcal mol-1 at 25 degrees, pH 7.0
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39c70374-9cf6-453f-bf10-f6ff7c672ab3
| 1 |
. Substrate removal and low pH accelerate the reaction. The product, 5-exo-OH camphor, and a nonhydroxylated pseudosubstrate, norcamphor, stabilize the complex in a manner similar to camphor. Increased oxidation rate of mrsO2 and substrate hydroxylation are induced by putidaredoxin, rebredoxin, cytochrome b5, and the apoproteins of the latter two.
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39c70374-9cf6-453f-bf10-f6ff7c672ab3
| 2 |
Dihydrolipoic acid and other dithiols also replace putidaredoxin as effector molecules, but 1000-fold higher concentrations are required. Effector molecules do not increase the autooxidation rate of mrsO2 unless camphor, norcamphor, or another pseudosubstrate is present. Kinetic evidence is presented showing that an active complex between mrsO2 and effector is a required intermediate in mixed function oxidation.
|
38acfb78-3ba2-4d67-aecd-e88638e9c545
| 0 |
Demonstration of a precursor-product relationship between soluble and cross-linked elastin, and the biosynthesis of the desmosines in vitro. Direct evidence showing that a soluble form of elastin is the precursor of cross-linked elastin was obtained from pulse-chase experiments using chick embryo aortas and by demonstrating the conversion of soluble elastin into cross-linked elastin in a cell-free system.
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38acfb78-3ba2-4d67-aecd-e88638e9c545
| 1 |
Acetic acid extracts of embryonic chick aorta pulse-labeled with [14C]lysine contain two radioactive proteins of molecular weights 74,000 and 138,000 which have been identified previously as soluble elastin and the pro-alpha chain of collagen, respectively. In pulse-chase experiments, the radioactivity incorporated in the soluble elastin during the pulse with [14C]lysine disappeared during a 24-hour chase with [12C]lysine and 89% of that which disappeared was accounted for in the desmosines of alkali-insoluble elastin.
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38acfb78-3ba2-4d67-aecd-e88638e9c545
| 2 |
The disappearance of the radioactivity from the soluble fraction and its appearance in the desmosines of elastin were inhibited by beta-aminopropionitrile, a specific inhibitor of the cross-linking enzyme lysyl oxidase. In addition in vitro experiments, it was shown that the radioactivity in the desmosines of elastin can arise from that present in an acid-soluble precursor protein.
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38acfb78-3ba2-4d67-aecd-e88638e9c545
| 3 |
This precursor protein is soluble elastin, as demonstrated by the formation of desmosines when a homogeneous preparation of soluble elastin was incubated with purified lysyl oxidase.
|
e8272710-a035-4cdc-a3c7-8c0d76d32df0
| 0 |
Chondroitinase C from Flavobacterium heparinum. A chondroitinase that acts upon chondroitin sulfate C and hyaluronic acid was isolated from Flavobacterium heparinum. This enzyme was seperated from constitutional chondroitinase AC and an induced chondroitinase B also present in extracts of F. heparinum previously grown in the presence of chondroitin sulfates A, B or C.
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e8272710-a035-4cdc-a3c7-8c0d76d32df0
| 1 |
The enzyme acts upon chondroitin sulfate C producing tetrasaccharide plus an unsaturated 6-sulfated disaccharide (delta Di-6S), and upon hyaluronic acid producing unsaturated nonsulfated disaccharide (delta Di-OS). Chondroitin sulfate A is also degraded producing oligosaccharides and delta Di-6S but not delta Di-4S. The chondroitinase C is also distinguished from the chondroitinases B and AC by several properties, such as effect of ions, temperature for optimal activity, and susceptibility to increasing salt concentrations.
|
e8272710-a035-4cdc-a3c7-8c0d76d32df0
| 2 |
The substrate specificity of the chondroitinase C is different from that of any other chondroitinase or hyaluronidase described so far.
|
7f654cf8-9bbb-4138-948c-65904d85558b
| 0 |
Transport mechanisms in isolated plasma membranes. Nucleoside processing by membrane vesicles from mouse fibroblast cells grown in defined medium. Plasma membrane vesicles were isolated from a subline of L929 mouse fibroblasts grown on defined medium in the absence of serum. These vesicles were not significantly contaminated by mitochondria or endoplasmic reticulum.
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7f654cf8-9bbb-4138-948c-65904d85558b
| 1 |
The isolation procedure, a modification of that originally developed by McKeel and Jarett (McKeel, D.W., and Jarett, L. (1970) J. Cell Biol. 44, 417-432) employs mechanical homogenization in isotonic medium followed by differential centrifugation. The resultant plasma membrane vesicles take up radioactivity when exposed to uniformly labeled nucleosides.
|
7f654cf8-9bbb-4138-948c-65904d85558b
| 2 |
Two subfractions of the plasma membrane were isolated, distinguished by their differing activity of 5'-nucleotidase and (Na+,K+)-stimulated ATPase, two well known plasma membrane enzyme markers. Uptake of nucleoside radioactivity was extensively studied in one subfraction; it was linear with time and membrane concentration over ranges used for the studies.
|
7f654cf8-9bbb-4138-948c-65904d85558b
| 3 |
Apparent Km values for uptake of radioactivity from adenosine, inosine, and uridine were 7.1 +/- 26 muM, respectively. Uptake of radioactivity from all three nucleosides exhibits a broad pH optimum from pH 7 to pH 9, but falls off rapidly at lower pH. N-Ethylmaleimide was an effective inhibitor of uptake of radioactivity from all three nucleosides;
|
7f654cf8-9bbb-4138-948c-65904d85558b
| 4 |
uptake of radioactivity from uridine is more sensitive than uptake of radioactivity from the purine nucleosides. Adenosine inhibited uptake of radioactivity from inosine more than from uridine. Inosine inhibited the uptake of radioactivity from adenosine, but uridine did not. Caffeine and 6-methylaminopurine riboside (6-N-methyladenosine differentially inhibit uptake of radioactivity from adenosine and inosine, and thus the vesicles apparently possess seperate transport systems for uptake of radioactivity from purine nucleosides and from uridine.
|
b7b1260e-0e58-476c-920a-aade9c81c61b
| 0 |
Metallophosphoryl and Apophosphoryl Alkaline Phosphatases. The noncovalent phosphate (E-P) and covalent phosphory (E-P) complexes of Zn(II), Cd(II), and apoalkaline phosphatases of Escherichia coli have been studied by stopped flow kinetic methods and 32P-labeling techniques. With 2,4-dinitrophenylphosphate as substrate, preincubation of the Zn(II) enzyme with Pi at pH 8 slows the pre-steady state burst rate, but does not affect the burst magnitude of 1 mol of ROH per enzyme dimer.
|
b7b1260e-0e58-476c-920a-aade9c81c61b
| 1 |
Preincubation of the enzyme with Pi at pH 5.5 reduces the burst magnitude by one-half, as well as reducing the burst rate. Reduction of the burst magnitude as a function of the pH of the preincubation with Pi follows the same function as that previously established for the formation of E-P.
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b7b1260e-0e58-476c-920a-aade9c81c61b
| 2 |
Hence, ROP phosphorylates the enzyme by displacing phosphate from E-P during a pre-steady state reaction, while E-P turns over at the steady state velocity.
|
d791c5ce-b2ed-4a67-b6d5-3ca1656c107f
| 0 |
31P NMR of phosphate and phosphonate complexes of metalloalkaline phosphatases. 31P NMR spectra of phosphate and phosphonate complexes of Escherichia coli alkaline phosphatase have been obtained by Fourier transform NMR methods. One equivalent of P1i, bound to Zn(II) alkaline phosphatase, pH 8, gives rise to a single 31P resonance 2 ppm downfield from that for Pi, and assignable to the noncovalent complex, E-P.
|
d791c5ce-b2ed-4a67-b6d5-3ca1656c107f
| 1 |
Inorganic phosphate in excess of 1 eq per enzyme dimer gives rise to a resonance at the position expected for free Pi. At pH 5.1, a second resonance appears 8.5 ppm downfield from that for free Pi, and is assignable to the covalent complex, E-P. The large downfield shift suggests that the enzyme phosphoryl group is highly strained with an O-P-O bond angle of under 100 degrees.
|
6478a7f0-e533-4b69-a4de-858d4be74062
| 0 |
Isolation and characterization of indole-3-acetaldehyde reductases from Cucumis sativus. In a continuing study of the biosynthetic pathway and regulatory mechanisms governing indole-3-acetic acid (auxin) formation, we report the isolation and initial characterization of three distinct indole-3-acetaldehyde reductases from cucumber seedlings. These enzymes catalyze the reduction of indole-3-acetaldehyde to indole-3-ethanol with the concomitant oxidation of NAD(P)H to NAD(P)+.
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6478a7f0-e533-4b69-a4de-858d4be74062
| 1 |
Two of the reductases are specific for NADPH as second substrate, while the third is specific for NADH. The enzymes show a strong specificity for indoleacetaldehyde, with apparent Km values of 73mum, 130mum, and 400mum being calculated for the two NADPH-specific reductases and the NADH-specific reductase, respectively.
|
6478a7f0-e533-4b69-a4de-858d4be74062
| 2 |
Under no conditions of substrate concentration, incubation time, or assay method could the reverse reaction be observed. Chromatography on a calibrated Sephadex gel column led to estimated molecualr weights of 52,000 and 17,000 for the NADPH-specific reductases, while a value of 33,000 was obtained for the NADH-specific reductase.
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6478a7f0-e533-4b69-a4de-858d4be74062
| 3 |
Both NADPH-specific reductases showed a pH optimum of 5.2 with a secondary optimum at 7.0, and both enzymes were activated by increasing ionic strength. The NADH-specific reductase showed a pH optimum of 7.0 with a secondary optimum at 6.1 and was slightly inhibited by increasing ionic strength.
|
8abfc2e1-a42a-4ef2-9500-f7e0cdc008e6
| 0 |
Calcium transport driven by a proton gradient and inverted membrane vesicles of Escherichia coli. Calcium transport into inverted vesicles of Escherichia coli was observed to occur without an exogenous energy source when an artificial proton gradient was used. The orientation of the proton gradient was acid inside and alkaline outside.
|
8abfc2e1-a42a-4ef2-9500-f7e0cdc008e6
| 1 |
Either phosphate or oxalate was necessary for transport, as was found for respiratory-driven or ATP-driven uptake (Tsuchiya, T., and Rosen, B.P. (1975) J. Biol. Chem. 250, 7687-7692). Phosphate accumulation was found to occur in conjunction with calcium accumulation. Calcium transport driven by an artificial proton gradient was stimulated by dicyclohexylcarbodiimide, an inhibitor of the Mg2+ATPase (EC 3.6.1.3
|
8abfc2e1-a42a-4ef2-9500-f7e0cdc008e6
| 2 |
). Valinomycin, which catalyzes electrogenic potassium movement, stimulated calcium accumulation, while nigericin, which catalyzes electroneutral exchange of potassium and protons, inhibited both artificial proton gradient-driven transport and respiratory-driven transport. Other properties of the proton gradient-driven system and the previously reported energy-linked calcium transport system are similar, indicating that calcium is transported by the same carrier whether energy is supplied through an artificial proton gradient or an energized membrane state.
|
8abfc2e1-a42a-4ef2-9500-f7e0cdc008e6
| 3 |
These results suggest the existence of a calcium/proton antiport.
|
e899042c-5b90-40ea-8d0b-7981682440cb
| 0 |
Stoichiometry of H+ ejection during respiration-dependent accumulation of Ca2+ by rat liver mitochondria. We have investigated the energy-dependent uptake of Ca2+ by rat liver mitochondria with succinate as respiratory substrate with rotenone added to block NAD-linked electron transport. In the presence of 3-hydroxybutyric or other permeant monocarboxylic acids Ca2+ was taken up to extents approaching those seen in the presence of phosphate.
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e899042c-5b90-40ea-8d0b-7981682440cb
| 1 |
The quantitative relationship between cation and anion uptake was determined from the slope of a plot of 3-hydroxybutyrate uptake against Ca2+ uptake, a method which allowed determination of the stoichiometry without requiring ambiguous corrections for early nonenergized or nonstoichiometric binding events. This procedure showed that 2 molecules of 3-hydroxtbutyrate were accumulated with each Ca2+ ion.
|
e899042c-5b90-40ea-8d0b-7981682440cb
| 2 |
Under these conditions close to 2 Ca2+ ions and 4 molecules of 3-hydroxybutyrate were accumulated per pair of electrons per energy-conserving site of the respiratory chain. Since 3-hydroxybutyrate must be protonated to pass the membrane as the undissociated free acid, it is concluded that 4 protons were ejected (and subsequently reabsorbed) per pair of electrons per energy-conserving site, in contrast to the value 2.0
|
e899042c-5b90-40ea-8d0b-7981682440cb
| 3 |
postulated by the chemiosmotic hypothesis.
|
1495a863-4278-4ed7-841a-04816b141c44
| 0 |
Identification of albumin as the serum factor essential for the growth of activated human lymphocytes. Albumin from human, bovine, or rabbit serum supported the growth of concanavalin A-stimulated human thymus-derived lymphocytes equally well. This activity was completely abolished by pepsin digestion. It was shown for bovine serum albumin that the albumin molecule itself, and neither an impurity nor a factor bound to albumin was essential for the growth of lymphocytes.
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1495a863-4278-4ed7-841a-04816b141c44
| 1 |
This conclusion was based on observations that the growth-promoting activity could not be removed from albumin, and that the specific activity of albumin remained unaltered after the following procedures: molecular sieving at pH 7.5 at pH 3.0, and in 8 M urea at pH 6.6; ion exchange chromatography at pH 4.3
|
1495a863-4278-4ed7-841a-04816b141c44
| 2 |
and in 8 M urea at pH 7.2; isoelectric focusing; charcoal treatment; acetone precipitation; and reduction with 2-mercaptoethanol in the presence of 8 M urea. Dimeric albumin was found to support growth of lymphocytes as well as monomeric albumin, and mercaptalbumin and non-mercaptalbumin were shown to have equal activity.
|
224685c6-60a1-4170-bc2a-8d0a2140c59a
| 0 |
The fluorimetric detection of pesticides on aluminium oxide layers. Several pesticides have been investigated for their fluorigenic properties on acidic and basic aluminium oxide layers. Fluorescence was obtained in several instances and the relative intensities were observed. Fluorescence spectra were recorded for the best fluorescence obtained before and after heat treatment of the chromatogram. The results are compared with those already reported for silica gel layers.
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c1d196f7-e952-4a03-898e-bfc7380aa099
| 0 |
Determination of indomethacin in serum and urine by electron-capture gas-liquid chromatography. A specific and sensitive method for the quantitative determination of indomethacin in serum and urine is described. The drug is extracted at pH 5.0 with 1,2-dichloroethane and a portion of the organic extract is concentrated and made to react with diazoethane in diethyl ether.
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c1d196f7-e952-4a03-898e-bfc7380aa099
| 1 |
The ethyl ester derivative is analyzed by electron-capture gas-liquid chromatography, quantitation being achieved by comparison of peak areas for samples and standards, which are prepared in serum or urine and treated in the same manner as the samples. The limit of sensitivity is 50 ng/ml and the relative standard derivation for repeat determinations on the same sample is about 3%.
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30bd94f4-fbb7-419b-b3ad-f6fa5daa5d77
| 0 |
Separation of some typical Krebs cycle acids by high-speed isotachophoresis. In order to perform a required separation, an experimental procedure for the selection of suitable operating conditions is suggested and discussed. It is based on measurements of the dependences of the relative effective mobilities of the components under investigation on the pH of the leading electrolyte.
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30bd94f4-fbb7-419b-b3ad-f6fa5daa5d77
| 1 |
The procedure was applied to a set of typical Krebs cycle acids and the values of the relative effective mobilities measured are given in tables and graphs. A pH of 3.8 was selected as the most suitable. At this value, the acids investigated were successfully separated in less than 4 min using 0.011
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30bd94f4-fbb7-419b-b3ad-f6fa5daa5d77
| 2 |
M hydrochloric acid + beta-alanine as the leading electrolyte.
|
09a937d5-4de2-45c7-8789-529dfb006f71
| 0 |
Rapid gas chromatographic determination of underivatized theophylline in whole blood. A rapid gas chromatographic method for the determination of underivatized theophylline in whole blood is described. Theophylline is extracted from acidified blood and chromatographed directly using cyheptamide as an internal standard. Concentrations of the drug down to 2 mug/ml in blood could be determined with recoveries ranging from 90 to 110%.
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0e77f06a-1e4e-4527-b8e7-c94b18aa9770
| 0 |
Plasma androgen responce to hCG stimulation in prepubertal boys with hypospadias and cryptorchidism. Serum levels of testosterone, androstenedione and dehydroepiandrosterone were measured before and after 5 days of treatment with hCG (2000 IU/d) in 36 prepubertal boys with cryptorchidism and 11 with hypospadias in order to determine whether a defect in androgen synthesis could be a common cause for these disorders.
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0e77f06a-1e4e-4527-b8e7-c94b18aa9770
| 1 |
Baseline and stimulated levels of testosterone, androstenedione and dehydroepiandrosterone were similar in patients with unilateral cryptorchidism, monorchism and hypospadias; baseline and stimulated levels of testosterone were lower in boys with bilateral cryptorchidism. Testosterone levels did not correlate with either the anatomical location of the testis in patients with unilateral cryptorchidism or with the site of the urethra in boys with hypospadias.
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0e77f06a-1e4e-4527-b8e7-c94b18aa9770
| 2 |
Seven of 36 patients with cryptorchidism had a positive family history of a similar disorder; testosterone levels were similar in patients with and without a family history. It is concluded: 1) in all patients studied, the gonadotropin dependent phase of testosterone production is present; 2) hCG stimulation cannot detect unilateral Leydig cell dysfunction;
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0e77f06a-1e4e-4527-b8e7-c94b18aa9770
| 3 |
and 3) in familial cases of cryptorchidism, some factor other than an abnormality in androgen synthesis may be responsible for the hereditary tendency.
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a5e580e0-5f3a-4940-925b-a674813c3230
| 0 |
A rabbit reticulocyte model for the role of hemin-controlled repressor in hypochromic anemias. Hemin allows maximal protein synthesis in intact rabbit reticulocytes and their cell-free lysate preparations by retarding the formation of a translational repressor (HCR) found in the postribosomal supernate. In order to evaluate the role of HCR in the pathogenesis of hypochromic anemias, HCR was isolated and partially purified from intact rabbit reticulocytes incubated in vitro with either 0.1
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a5e580e0-5f3a-4940-925b-a674813c3230
| 1 |
mM alpha,alpha-dipyridyl (an iron-chelating agent) or 0.1 M ethanol. Both of these agents inhibit reticulocyte protein synthesis. Hemin (50 muM) protects against the inhibition by both agents. A ferrous iron-transferrin mixture, however, protects only against alpha,alpha-dipyridyl. Both alpha,alpha-dipyridyl and ethanol inhibit heme synthesis before the time that protein synthesis is affected, while neither lowers either ATP or GSH levels.
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a5e580e0-5f3a-4940-925b-a674813c3230
| 2 |
These results indicate that while both agents inhibit heme synthesis, alpha,alpha-dipyridyl does so by inducing iron deficiency while ethanol works at a non-iron-requiring step. When HCR was isolated from intact cells and assayed in the reticulocyte cell-free systems, plus and minus hemin, premature appearance of HCR was found in cells incubated in vitro with alpha,alpha-dipyridyl or ethanol.
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a5e580e0-5f3a-4940-925b-a674813c3230
| 3 |
When hemin was present in the intact cell incubation, the appearance of HCR was retarded. The HCR from alpha,alpha-dipyridyl ethanol-treated cells was partially purified and eluted at the same location on a Sephadex G-200 column (molecular weight approximately 3 x 10(5)) as that from postribosomal supernates incubated minus hemin.
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a5e580e0-5f3a-4940-925b-a674813c3230
| 4 |
In addition rabbits with phenylhydrazine-induced hemolytic anemia were given intravenous ethanol in vivo at a dose of 0.4 ml/kg. This concentration of alcohol resulted in an inhibition of the rate of heme synthesis and protein synthesis as well as an acceleration of HCR formation in reticulocytes. The HCR from these in vivo treated rabbits was isolated, partially purified, and assayed in an identical fashion as the in vitro experiments.
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a5e580e0-5f3a-4940-925b-a674813c3230
| 5 |
These in vivo experiments further support the physiological and pathophysiological role of HCR in reticulocytes. On the basis of these results a model for a role of HCR in some of the hypochromic anemias is proposed. In iron deficiency or chronic disease (where iron is not available to the erythroblast for heme synthesis) HCR appears prematurely and inhibits protein synthesis.
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a5e580e0-5f3a-4940-925b-a674813c3230
| 6 |
When heme synthesis is inhibited by ethanol but there is sufficient intracellular iron, HCR appears prematurely and inhibits protein synthesis, iron accumulates in the erythroblast, and the end result is sideroblastic anemia.
|
e7c4522f-5f4b-47c7-af05-f3dcbaf622f2
| 0 |
Arylsulfatase B of human lung. Isolation, characterization, and interaction with slow-reacting substance of anaphylaxis. Arylsulfatase B was separated from arylsulfatase A in extracts of human lung tissue by anion exchange chromatography and further purified by gel filtration and cation exchange chromatography. Arylsulfatase B of human lung was similar to that enzyme in other tissues and species, exhibiting an apparent mol wt of approximately 60,000, a pH optimum for cleavage of 4-nitrocatechol sulfate (pNCS) of 5.5
|
e7c4522f-5f4b-47c7-af05-f3dcbaf622f2
| 1 |
-6.0, and a sensitivity to inhibition by phosphate ions and especially pyrophosphate in the presence of NaCl. Human lung arylsulfatase B inactivated slow-reacting substance of anaphylaxix (SRS-A) in a linear time-dependent reaction in which the rate was determined by the enzyme-to-substrate ratio. Cleavage of pNCS by human lung arylsulfatase B was competitively suppressed by SRS-A.
|
e7c4522f-5f4b-47c7-af05-f3dcbaf622f2
| 2 |
The finding that human lung tissue contains predominately arylsulfatase B discloses a potential regulatory mechanism for inactivation of SRS-A at or near the site of its generation.
|
22961fd5-d7a0-4717-b295-7393b159dc1f
| 0 |
Credibility ratings for desensitization and pseudotherapy among moderately and mildly snake-avoidant college students. Twenty moderately avoidant and 20 mildly avoidant Ss were chosen as though they were to participate in a snake-avoidance desensitization experiment. After relaxation training, Ss listened to a taped excerpt of either desensitization or pseudotherapy and responded to a 5-item questionnaire that assessed the credibility of the treatment.
|
22961fd5-d7a0-4717-b295-7393b159dc1f
| 1 |
Mildly avoidant Ss rated desensitization as more credible than pseudotherapy. The implication of this finding is that a great many experimental studies of systematic desensitization have failed to control satisfactorily for the operation of expectancy effects and nonspecific forms of behavioral influence.
|
999c36fb-5c80-4eab-8343-24f16f0756fd
| 0 |
A comparison of female and male neurotic depressives. Female and male neurotic depressives in an outpatient psychiatric clinic were compared on measures of subjective distress, interpersonal concerns, and types of treatment given. There were essentially no differences between the two groups on the patient self-report measures. However, female patients were found to have significantly more therapy sessions that the male neurotic depressives. Also, the female patients were more likely than the male patients to receive psychotropic medication, especially the more potent antidepressant variety.
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edaeb530-4efd-42b6-a06c-eae88f077009
| 0 |
Counter-current immunoelectrophoresis for the diagnosis of pneumococcal chest infection. Counter-current immunoelectrohporesis is a rapid sensitive method for detecting pneumococcal capsular antigens in sputum. A result can be obtained within 45 minutes. The optimum conditions for performing the test are given. Counter-current immunoelectrophoresis works with all the 33 pneumococcal antigens tested except type 14.
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edaeb530-4efd-42b6-a06c-eae88f077009
| 1 |
Better precipitin lines are obtained when the gel-support is acid (pH 6-6) than when it is alkaline (pH 8-6). Omniserum is as effective as group-specific sera for the identification of pneumococcal capsular antigens. The findings suggest that pneumococcal infection was present in 44% of 300 unselected suspected chest infections.
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edaeb530-4efd-42b6-a06c-eae88f077009
| 2 |
Culture for pneumococci was positive in only 15% of these cases. The clinical importance of these findings is still being studied but our experience has shown that patients with chest infections should have effective antipneumococcal antibiotics as part of their regimen and that the laboratory diagnosis may be made quickly and accurately by counter-current immunoelectrophoresis.
|
05d9ae27-2892-4534-9b4c-c622fec54d45
| 0 |
Use of anaerobic culture for the improved isolation of Streptococcus pneumoniae. The following report compares the results of aerobic and anaerobic cultivation for the primary isolation of Streptococcus pneumoniae (the pneumococcus) from the respiratory tract of children. Of 414 specimens of respiratory tract secretions cultured, 65 (15-7%) yielded pneumococci;
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05d9ae27-2892-4534-9b4c-c622fec54d45
| 1 |
31 (47-7%) grew both aerobically and anaerobically, but 34 (52-3%) strains were isolated only from the anaerobic culture. Pneumococci cultured anaerobically with added carbon dioxide characteristically produce large mucoid colonies which are more easily distinguished than the 'normal' colonies commonly seen in the mixed flora isolated from respiratory sites.
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05d9ae27-2892-4534-9b4c-c622fec54d45
| 2 |
This advantage justifies the inclusion of anaerobic culture when attempting to isolate Str. pneumoniae from clinical material.
|
1ece441e-ac6b-4f51-9dd6-0fa2aa6691a9
| 0 |
Factors affecting the assay of gentamicin by the plate diffusion method. Standard curves were prepared by plotting log gentamicin concentration against zone diameter using a conventional plate diffusion method. Results were obtained at varying concentrations of sodium chloride and at different pHs. Under optimum conditions the range in zone diameters was markedly increased, thus considerably improving the potential accuracy of the plate assay method.
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5780f970-c13d-4aff-9159-55554892d041
| 0 |
An optimized semi-automatic rate method for serum glutathione reductase activity and its application to patients with malignant disease. An improved and optimized method for serum glutathione reductase is described. The reference range for normal subjects is 47-79 IU/1. The method is more sensitive than conventional enzyme tests in the detection of malignant disease.
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5780f970-c13d-4aff-9159-55554892d041
| 1 |
It was not raised more frequently in patients with clinical evidence of metastases than in those clinically free of such metastases, and it did not seem to correlate with prognosis among those patients who failed to survive six months from the time the analysis was first conducted.
|
e5602a35-a9f2-4a73-a039-d6689959c159
| 0 |
Chemical modulation of agonistic display in Betta splendens. Mirror-induced aggressive display of male Siamese fighting fish was reduced by water-borne traces of (a) a pair of male combatants, (b) a nondisplaying fish of either sex, and (c) bits of torn cadual fin. These findings may indicate a mechanism whereby males tolerate the presence of conspecifics to permit nonagressive social interactions.
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c6c5b223-c4b8-4164-a064-0edee9012e26
| 0 |
Qualitative and quantitative changes in carbohydrates during the manufacture of yogurt. The average lactose content of yogurt mix was 8.50% and decreased during fermentation to 5.75%. The initial galactose content of the mix was a trace but increased to 1.20% during fermentation. Glucose content remained a trace throughout fermentation.
|
c6c5b223-c4b8-4164-a064-0edee9012e26
| 1 |
Several brands of commercial yogurt were purchased from local supermarkets and analyzed for carbohydrate content. Lactose ranged from 3.31 to 4.74%, galactose varied from 1.48 to 2.50%, and glucose was only a trace in all samples. Several samples of buttermilk also exhibited the near absence of glucose.
|
e8339e5a-1d60-4246-af82-e13baa75579d
| 0 |
Effects of adrenalectomy and glucocorticoid therapy on enzyme activities in mammary and adipose tissues from lactating rats. Several mammary and adipose enzymes were measured in normal, adrenal-ectomized, adrenalectomized cortisol-treated, and intake-restricted lactating rats. Acetyl-CoA carboxylase, lipoprotein lipase, and triglyceride synthetase complex activities in mammary tissue were unchanged by intake restriction, decreased by adrenalectomy, and increased by glucocorticoid-replacement therapy. Malic dehydrogenase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, and lipoprotein lipase activities in adipose were unchanged after adrenalectomy.
|
f2adb168-c5ef-43e1-8907-9bdc45d61b0b
| 0 |
B-complex vitamins in cultured and acidified yogurt. Studies were to determine the effect of various factors upon B-vitamin content of cultured yogurt and to compare the B-vitamin contents of cultured and direct acidified yogurt. Incubation of yogurt culture at 42 C for 3 h yielded maximum vitamin synthesis concurrent with optimal flavor and texture qualities.
|
f2adb168-c5ef-43e1-8907-9bdc45d61b0b
| 1 |
A method was standardized for the manufacture of direct acidified yogurt involving the use of Stabilac acidulant and nonfat dry milk, Carboxymethyl cellulose, gelatin, and Starite. Acidified yogurt showed a slightly higher content of certain B-vitamins than the cultured yogurt due to the contribution made by various food additives.
|
f2adb168-c5ef-43e1-8907-9bdc45d61b0b
| 2 |
Both cultured and acidified yogurt showed good keeping quality and freedom from microbial contaminants during storage at 5 C for 16 days. However, folic acid and vitamin B12 contents decreased 29 and 60% in cultured yogurt and 48 and 54% in acidified yogurt.
|
8e53e817-d4b9-453f-88f5-3738ac78a323
| 0 |
Microorganisms and characteristics of laban. Laban had a titratable acidity of about 1.0%, a pH of 4.25, an ethanol content of 1.25%, and contained 4.2 mug acetaldehyde and 34 mug acetoin/ml. There was no diacetyl. Five microorganisms, classified as Streptococcus thermophilus, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Leuconostoc lactis, Kluyveromyces fragilis, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae, were responsible for the fermentation.
|
8e53e817-d4b9-453f-88f5-3738ac78a323
| 1 |
Streptococcus thermophilus and L. acidophilus were responsible for acid production with S. thermophilus producing acid more rapidly. Most of the acetaldehyde was produced by K. fragilis, little ethanol was found in absence of S. cerevisiae, and the acetoin was producted by S. thermophilus.
|
2fd721ad-b50d-4981-aec3-3ae2b512177a
| 0 |
A mechanism for tobacco smoke-induced allergy. Normal CFW mice, when exposed to tobacco smoke, showed a significantly increased susceptibility to the lethal effects of histamine. The LD50 for mice subjected to smoke was 45 mg/kg of histamine, whereas in normal CFW mice the LD50 was 1,100 mg/kg.
|
2fd721ad-b50d-4981-aec3-3ae2b512177a
| 1 |
The histamine susceptibility of smoked mice was markedly diminished by injecting the animals with isoproterenol. Normal CFW mice, as well as sham control mice, exhibited an epinephrine-induced hyperglycemia, whereas the blood glucose values for smoked mice given epinephrine were essentially the same as those for sham mice given only saline.
|
2fd721ad-b50d-4981-aec3-3ae2b512177a
| 2 |
This observation indicates that tobacco smoke may contain a component which causes an autonomic imbalance, hence rendering the mice more susceptible to histamine. This tobacco smoke-induced allergy is probably related to a blockade of adrenergic receptors and not to an immunologic phenomenon.
|
afcb685d-434c-4a86-a62b-d63b72858c5f
| 0 |
Regulation of the antibody response to type III pneumococcal polysaccharide. V. Ontogeny of factors influencing the magnitude of the plaque-forming cell response. Mice of different ages were evaluated with respect to their ability to give a plaque-forming cell (PFC) response to Type III pneumococcal polysaccharide (SSSIII), as well as the degree of amplifier and suppressor thymus-derived(T) cell activity present.
|
afcb685d-434c-4a86-a62b-d63b72858c5f
| 1 |
Although the magnitude of the PFC response to an optimally immunogenic dose of SSS-III for 2-and 3-week old mice was only 7% and 14%, respectively, of that produced by adult (8-week old) mice, values comparable to those of adult animals were attained by 4 weeks of age;
|
afcb685d-434c-4a86-a62b-d63b72858c5f
| 2 |
no significant changes in the ability to respond to SSS-III occurred thereafter. Amplifier T cell activity, which was minimal at 2 to 4 weeks of age, matured slowly and did not reach a maximum until 8 to 10 weeks of age. By contrast, suppressor T cell activity appeared to be fully developed at least as early as 2 weeks of age;
|
afcb685d-434c-4a86-a62b-d63b72858c5f
| 3 |
here, the inhibitory effects produced could by abrogated by depletion of T cells, indicating that the unresponsiveneness induced by such cells does not result in the depletion ot irreversible inactivation of B cells capable of responding to SSS-III. These findings suggest that the inhibitory effects of suppressor T cells are predominant in young mice and that such cells may play an important role in determining the ease with which unresponsiveness is induced in neonates, and in the prevention of autoimmune disease.
|
afcb685d-434c-4a86-a62b-d63b72858c5f
| 4 |
Also, studies conducted with adult-thymectomized mice showed that both amplifier and suppressor T cells, once seeded to the periphery, are stable and do not depend upon the presence of intact thymus for the expression or renewal of their activity.
|
9ece18e2-db39-4c02-8f04-86628637947c
| 0 |
The role of the capsular polysaccharide in the activation of the alternative pathway by the pneumococcus. Previous studies have shown that when pneumococci are incubated in normal, nonimmune serum, they activate the alternative pathway and opsonically active C3b is fixed to the surface of the organism. Other studies have demonstrated that C3-dependent opsonization via the alternative pathway plays a significant role in the nonimmune host's defense against the pneumococcus.
|
9ece18e2-db39-4c02-8f04-86628637947c
| 1 |
The present studies concern the role of the capsular polysaccharide in initiating the activation of the alternative pathway by the pneumococcus. Some pneumococcal capsular polysaccharide types, but not all, are able to activate the alternative pathway. Soluble purified capsular polysaccharide types 1, 4 and 25 activate the alternative pathway, whereas types 2, 3, 14, and 19 do not.
|
9ece18e2-db39-4c02-8f04-86628637947c
| 2 |
Since the capsular polysaccharides exist in their native form attached to the pneumococcal surface, selected capsular polysaccharides were also tested for their ability to activate the alternative pathway when attached to a particulate carrier, sheep erythrocytes. Capsular polysaccharide types 2 and 3 failed to activate the alternative pathway when attached to sheep erythrocytes, paralleling the results obtained when these capsular polysaccharides were in solution.
|
9ece18e2-db39-4c02-8f04-86628637947c
| 3 |
In contrast, the type 25 capsular polysaccharide not only activated the alternative pathway when attached to sheep erythrocytes, as it had when in solution, but it also initiated alternative pathway-mediated lysis of the erythrocytes. The capsular polysaccharide is not required for the activation of the alternative pathway by the pneumococcus.
|
9ece18e2-db39-4c02-8f04-86628637947c
| 4 |
Although all types of encapsulated pneumococci are able to activate the alternative pathway, not all the purified capsular polysaccharide types are able to do so. In addition, a nonencapsulated pneumococcus, derived originally from a type 2 organism, activates the alternative pathway as well as a fully encapsulated type 2 pneumococcus.
|
b56ada91-5dfa-4e4b-a17b-0ed03e0e33e2
| 0 |
The effects of age on the immune response to type III pneumococcal polysaccharide (SIII) and bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in BALB/c, SJL/J, and C3H mice. Type III pneumococcal polysaccharide (SIII) and bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) were used to evaluate B cell and T cell regulatory functions in BALB/c, SJL/J, and C3H mice of various ages.
|
b56ada91-5dfa-4e4b-a17b-0ed03e0e33e2
| 1 |
It was found that the BALB/c and C3H mice could mount high level plaque-forming cell (PFC) responses to SIII at various ages through 110 weeks whereas the levels of the SJL/J PFC responses had begun to decline by the age of 42 weeks through the age of 80 weeks.
|
b56ada91-5dfa-4e4b-a17b-0ed03e0e33e2
| 2 |
BALB/c mice were also capable of producing strong PFC responses to LPS at various ages through 110 weeks whereas the comparable SJL/J PFC responses to LPS had declined by 80 weeks of age. By using anti-lymphocyte serum (ALS) and low-dose paralysis to SIII, it was shown that suppressor T cell activity was apparently greater in young BALB/c mice than in older BALB/c mice.
|
b56ada91-5dfa-4e4b-a17b-0ed03e0e33e2
| 3 |
It was also found that paralysis to SIII in BALB/c mice was easier to achieve at an early age. SJL/J mice were found to have the necessary B cell activity to respond to SIII through 80 weeks of age and the PFC responses could be greatly enhanced by ALS.
|
b56ada91-5dfa-4e4b-a17b-0ed03e0e33e2
| 4 |
Implications of the roles of regulatory T cells in aging are discussed.
|
9199330d-86a2-4cb5-8347-11df70b18d67
| 0 |
Production of IgG antibodies and enhanced response of nude mice to DNP-AE-dextran. DNP-AE-dextran, prepared by the binding of DNP-epsilon-aminocaproyl residues to animoethylated dextran (predominantly alpha-1,6-linked), induced a T-independent anti-DNP antibody response in mice. However, certain differences were observed between the response to this antigen in normal andnude mice.
|
9199330d-86a2-4cb5-8347-11df70b18d67
| 1 |
Thus, the antibody titers of nu/nu mice from day 10 to 38 after immunization were significantly higher than those of nu/+ controls. Furthermore, DNP-AE-dextran induced a weak secondary response in nu/+ but not in nu/nu mice. For both thymusless and normal mice the production of IgG in addition to IgM antibodies to DNP-AE-dextran could be established.
|
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