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19e03b2b-5e3d-4962-8207-9dda19433deb
| 0 |
Kinetics of the antibody response to type III pneumococcal polysaccharide. I. Evidence that suppressor cells function by inhibiting the recruitment and proliferation of antibody-producing cells. For the first 126 hr after immunization of mice with an optimally immunogenic dose (0.5 mug) of Type III pneumococcal polysaccharide (SSS-III), splenic antibody-forming PFC and serum antibody levels were measured at 2- and 8-hr intervals, respectively.
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19e03b2b-5e3d-4962-8207-9dda19433deb
| 1 |
PFC were detected at 28 hr after immunization and then increased through 86 hr after immunization; thereafter, the number of PFC remained nearly constant for the next 20 to 24 hr, and then began to decline. In contrast, serum antibody was first detected 60 hr after immunization.
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19e03b2b-5e3d-4962-8207-9dda19433deb
| 2 |
The accumulation of serum antibody continued to lag behind the increase in numbers of PFC by 16 to 20 hr until maximal serum antibody levels were attained; curves fitted to the values obtained for each parameter were nearly parallel.
|
a68c5af3-2683-40e6-96e4-a8fc9d5b4d93
| 0 |
Influence of protein restriction on immune functions in NZB mice. The influence of a low protein (6%) diet on the immunologic function of NZB mice was investigated. The low protein intake was associated with decreased weight gain in both male and female NZB mice. The mice fed the low protein diet did not develop splenomegaly, which generally occurs by 7 to 10 months of age in NZB mice fed a normal amount of protein.
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a68c5af3-2683-40e6-96e4-a8fc9d5b4d93
| 1 |
Further, 7- to 10-month-old NZB mice fed the low protein(6%) diet, maintained: 1) more vigorous antibody production to sheep red blood cells; 2) greater capacity to produce graft-vs-host reactions, and 3) more vigorous cell-mediated "killer" cell immunity after immunization against DBA/2 mastocytoma cells than did NZB mice on a normal (22%) protein diet.
|
a68c5af3-2683-40e6-96e4-a8fc9d5b4d93
| 2 |
The decrease of PHA and Con A response which normally occurs with aging in NZB mice was abrogated to some degree by protein restriction. However, response to LPS, which also declines with age in NZB mice, did not appear to be influenced by diet.
|
8bfc555f-772b-44ae-b4d6-07830ee6ec6b
| 0 |
Characterization of cells that suppress the cytotoxic activity of T lymphocytes. I. Quantitative measurement of inhibitor cells. Target cell lysis by sensitized cytolytic T lymphocytes (CTL) may be conveniently quantitated by 51Cr release. By fitting to the formula, P (% specfic release) = 100 (1-e-Nat) one obtains alpha, the relative frequency of CTL in N lymphoid cells.
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8bfc555f-772b-44ae-b4d6-07830ee6ec6b
| 1 |
Using a microassay and murine sarcoma target cells, we observed an unexpected decrease in lysis whenever effectors obtained from a graft-vs-host reaction were tested at high concentrations. This inhibition was not observed with CTL generated by an MLC reaction. Inhibition could not be explained by nonspecific mechanical 'crowding', reutilization of released isotope, suppression of release from dead target cells, or the particular strain combination and target used.
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8bfc555f-772b-44ae-b4d6-07830ee6ec6b
| 2 |
By modifying the formula to allow suppression of CTL by a stochastic cell-cell interaction with suppessor cell, we found that P = 100 (1-e-Nate-Ngamma) adequately fitted the data, where Ngamma is proportional to inhibitor content. An 18- to 24-hr incubation at 37 degrees C but not 4 degrees C allowed selective depletion or enrichment of inhibitors;
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8bfc555f-772b-44ae-b4d6-07830ee6ec6b
| 3 |
in mixing experiments, both parameters Nalpha t and Ngamma behaved stoichiometrically as independent cellular properties. The inhibitor was resistant to concentrations of anti-T cell (RAMG) serum + complement which killed -TL. A similar inhibitor arose in vivo during an anti-tumour allograft response. The ability to quantitate CTL and inhibitor activities from titration curves provides a technique for studying the identity and mechanism of suppressor cells acting at the effector stage of cell-mediated immunity.
|
d0666045-aeb7-4e63-bbae-53764a6c5ca7
| 0 |
IgM-mediated, T cell-independent suppression of humoral immunity. The immunological unreactive state occurring in (T,G)-A-L nonresponder mice after secondary antigen challenge was investigated. Syngeneic IgM anti-(T,G)-A-L antibody-containing plasma, transferred at the time of the time of primary challenge, induced persistent suppression of autologous specific antibody production.
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d0666045-aeb7-4e63-bbae-53764a6c5ca7
| 1 |
Removal of plasma IgM with goat anti-mu antisera removed the ability of the plasma to supress. The induction and maintenance of the suppressed state were not different in thymectomized or sham-thymectomized animals. Primed animals subjected to graft-vs-host reaction (GVHR) at the time of secondary challenge switched over to IgG production.
|
d0666045-aeb7-4e63-bbae-53764a6c5ca7
| 2 |
Animals suppressed by passive antibody transfer reacted to GVHR, at the time of secondary challenge, with specific IgM but not IgG antibody production. Transfused normal spleen cells partially abrogated suppression only when (suppressed) hosts had been lethally irradiated. Spleen cells from antigen-plus-antibody suppressed donors, upon transfer to previously normal, syngeneic hosts, were less immunocompetent than spleen cells from untreated donors.
|
d0666045-aeb7-4e63-bbae-53764a6c5ca7
| 3 |
These data are consistent with a model of IgM mediated, T cell-independent persistent suppression of humoral immunity.
|
0cb5d1ad-1290-4597-b771-278637b515a1
| 0 |
Secondary IgG responses to type III pneumococcal polysaccharide. II. Different cellular requirements for induction and elicitation. Mice primed with a thymus- (T) dependent form of Type III pneumococcal polysaccharide (S3), i.e., S3 coupled to erythrocytes (S3-RBC) produce S3-specific IgG antibody after secondary challenge with either S3 or S3-RBC.
|
0cb5d1ad-1290-4597-b771-278637b515a1
| 1 |
The production of IgG antibody by mice challenged with S3 was shown to be T independent since secondary responses were enhanced when mice were treated with anti-lymphocyte serum (ALS) at the time of secondary challenge with S3 and T-depleted spleen cells responded as well as unfractionated spleen cells to S3 in an adoptive transfer system.
|
0cb5d1ad-1290-4597-b771-278637b515a1
| 2 |
Secondary S3-specific IgG responses in mice challenged with S3-RBC were shown to be T dependent by the same criteria. The results obtained by using S3 as the antigen indicate that IgG-producing B cells (B lambda cells) can recognize and respond to antigen in the absence of helper T cells.
|
0cb5d1ad-1290-4597-b771-278637b515a1
| 3 |
On the other hand, T cells were required for the induction of S3-specific memory B lambda cells since mice depleted of T cells by treatment with ALS at the time of priming with S3-RBC failed to produce S3-specific IgG antibody after secondary challenge with either S3-specific IgG antibody after secondary chall-nge with either S3 or S3rbc.
|
0cb5d1ad-1290-4597-b771-278637b515a1
| 4 |
Since RBC-specific memory cells were induced in T-deprived mice the results suggest that T cell regulation of IgG antibody production may vary for different antigens.
|
bae1bcb4-b883-46a9-bb16-9daafa390054
| 0 |
The effect of Bordetella pertussis on the antibody response in mice to type III pneumococcal polysaccharide. The effect of an i.p. injection of Bordetella pertussis on the primary humoral immune response in mice to the thymus-independent antigen SIII has been studied. Suppression of the antibody response occurred when pertussis cells were injected at the same time as an optimal immunizing dose of SIII.
|
bae1bcb4-b883-46a9-bb16-9daafa390054
| 1 |
In contrast, the antibody response to high doses of SIII was enhanced by B. pertussis. When SIII alone was injected, only 19S antibody was detected. However, when B. pertussis was administered with either optimal or high doses of SIII, 7S as well as 19S antibody against SIII was produced.
|
54b67a1f-4455-4907-8358-cd9889652c44
| 0 |
Immunology of DNA. I. The influence of reaction conditions on the Farr assay as used for the detection of anti-ds DNA. The sensitivity and the specificity of the Farr assay for the detection of antibodies to double stranded (ds) DNA depends very much on the reaction conditions.
|
54b67a1f-4455-4907-8358-cd9889652c44
| 1 |
The interaction between ds DNA and anti-ds DNA is inhibited when ionic strength and pH are increased. ds DNA is bound by normal sera at ionic strength lower than 0.11 M NaCl and at physiological ionic strength when the pH is lower than 7.2. Substantial binding of DNA by normal serum takes place in barbitone, borate or Tris-HCl buffers at concentrations of 30 mM or higher, even at a pH higher than 7.2
|
54b67a1f-4455-4907-8358-cd9889652c44
| 2 |
. Such binding is due to Clq and is only partially prevented by heating the serum for 30 min at 56 degrees C, but 10 mM phosphate in the incubation mixture completely prevents it. Standardization of ionic strength, pH, phosphate concentration, incubation volume and DNA-serum ratio enhances the diagnostic usefulness of the Farr assay.
|
d9e42f72-9138-4931-af7b-0e0e1f56b0de
| 0 |
A Doppler assay for the antigen--antibody reaction. The specific combination of antigen with antibody was detected rapidly and with high sensitivity by an assay based on particle electrophoresis and laser light scattering. Antibody attachment to dilute suspensions of submicroscopic polystyrene spheres coated with antigen was detected as changes in the Doppler shift of scattered laser light when the suspended particles were subjected to an electric field.
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d9e42f72-9138-4931-af7b-0e0e1f56b0de
| 1 |
Antibody or antigen concentrations in the range of 5--10 nanograms per ml can be detected in 30 min. The principal experimental features of the technique are described and include: a) choice of particles; b) coating procedures; c) treatment for non-specificity; d) choice of measurement medium.
|
5a65c93f-f541-4a6c-b8e0-25f95cf59889
| 0 |
California arbovirus (La Crosse) infections. III. Epidemiology of California encephalitis in Minnesota. Mosquitoes (eggs, larvae, and adults), small woodland animals, and residents of an area where California encephalitis is endemic were studied to elucidate the host-vector cycle of La Crosse virus. Elementary schoolchildren from surrounding communities and gray squirrels from another area were tested to compare the prevelence of serum antibodies to La Crosse virus in areas where the disease is endemic with the prevalence of these antibodies in areas where the disease is not endemic.
|
5a65c93f-f541-4a6c-b8e0-25f95cf59889
| 1 |
From 1971 to 1974, eight isolations of La Crosse virus were made. Three of the isolates were from adult mosquitoes, one from Aedes triseriatus eggs, and four from A. triseriatus larvae. The isolation of virus from field-collected eggs and larvae confirms previous studies from Wisconsin that suggest that La Crosse virus overwinters in eggs of the mosquite A.
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5a65c93f-f541-4a6c-b8e0-25f95cf59889
| 2 |
triseriatus. In an area where California encephalitis is endemic, 10 of 19 small woodland animals (53%), which are the natural hosts of A. triseriatus, had hemagglutination-inhibiting and neutralizing antibodies to La Crosse virus. In contrast, none of 10 squirrels from an area where the disease is not endemic had such antibodies.
|
5a65c93f-f541-4a6c-b8e0-25f95cf59889
| 3 |
Fourteen of 79 residents of this area (17.7%) had both types of antibody. Eleven of the 14 seropositive residents lived in one small sector of the community studied, an indication that foci of La Crosse virus activity may be very localized. Elementary schoolchildren from surrounding communitites had a significantly lower prevalence of hemagglutination-inhibiting antibody to La Crosse virus than did the residents of the area where California encephalitis was endemic.
|
077d34a6-16ff-43a8-bcd0-a8e1046b5de9
| 0 |
Characterization of fatty acid desaturase activity in rat lung microsomes. Preparations of rat lung microsomes containing 0.030-0.050 nmole of cytochromes P-450 and b5 per mg microsomal protein have been observed to contain significant levels of fatty acid desaturase activity. Both stearoyl CoA and palmitoyl CoA are desaturated to their monounsaturated analogues, oleic acid and palmitoleic acid, respectively.
|
077d34a6-16ff-43a8-bcd0-a8e1046b5de9
| 1 |
Activity (per mg microsomal protein) of the lung preparations varied according to the diet of the animals prior to killing in the order: fat free diet greater than normal rat chow greater than starvation. All preparations exhibited approximately 50% inhibition when incubated in the presence of 0.10 mM CN-.
|
077d34a6-16ff-43a8-bcd0-a8e1046b5de9
| 2 |
Maximal activity was obtained with the 0.50 mM NADH less activity with equal amounts of NADPH, and there was no synergistic interaction of NADH and NADPH together. The rate of desaturation was linear with protein concentrations between 0.15-1.5 mg microsomal protein/incubation at incubation times up to 8 min.
|
077d34a6-16ff-43a8-bcd0-a8e1046b5de9
| 3 |
A pH optimum range of 7.0-7.4 was observed. For all variables of fatty acid desaturase activity which were examined, the rate of desaturation of stearoyl CoA was approximately twice that for palmitoyl CoA. These results indicate that the same fatty acid desaturation system which is functional in the liver is also present in significant amounts in mammalian lungs.
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d179c989-30c0-4844-9651-af7ed838f8ac
| 0 |
Effect of unilateral and bilateral castration and cryptorchidism on serum gonadotrophins in the rat. The effects of unilateral and bilateral cryptorchidism and castration on serum concentrations of testosterone, FSH and LH in adult male rats were examined. The results provide no evidence for compensatory growth or development of the remaining scrotal testes up to 32 days after unilateral castration, although the scrotal testis of unilaterally cryptorchid rats showed enlargement when compared with those of control rats (P less than 0 - 05) at 32 days.
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d179c989-30c0-4844-9651-af7ed838f8ac
| 1 |
Unilateral treatments had few significant effects on serum hormones, but testosterone was increased on day 4 (P less than 0 - 05) in unilaterally cryptorchid rats and on day 32 (P less than 0 - 05) in unilaterally castrated rats, compared with controls, and FSH levels were higher in unilaterally castrated rats on day 16 (P less than 0 - 05).
|
d179c989-30c0-4844-9651-af7ed838f8ac
| 2 |
Bilateral cryptorchidism caused an increase in serum FSH within 4 days (P less than 0 - 05) and in serum LH by 8 days (P less than 0-05) after surgery, with both hormones reaching levels double those found in control rats (P less than 0 - 01) by day 16, while testosterone levels were maintained at or above control values.
|
d179c989-30c0-4844-9651-af7ed838f8ac
| 3 |
Bilateral castration resulted in a marked decrease in testosterone levels (P less than 0 - 01) and a sharp increase in serum gonadotrophins. FSH had nearly doubled (P less than 0 - 01) and LH had increased fourfold (P less than 0 - 01) 4 days after castration, their levels reaching 773% (LH) and 287% (FSH) of control values by 32 days (P less than 0 - 01).
|
d179c989-30c0-4844-9651-af7ed838f8ac
| 4 |
The observations support the hypothesis of a separate, testosterone-independent feedback system of the testis on the hypophysis.
|
37f58e6b-b475-45c2-ab3d-4ba8439f45ec
| 0 |
Further evidence for histamine facilitating oestrogen action in the uterus. The effect of doses of estradiol ranging from 0-0125 to 1-6 mug on the uterine weight of the spayed rat was studied 24 h after a single s.c. injection of the hormone. The lowest dose inducing a significant increase in uterine weight was 0-32 mug.
|
37f58e6b-b475-45c2-ab3d-4ba8439f45ec
| 1 |
When histamine dihydrochloride (50 mg) was simultaneously injected with the hormone, the effect of small doses of oestradiol (0-0125--0-2 mug) was significantly increased. When oestradiol and histamine were administered for 3 successive days, the uterine weight of animals receiving 0-0125 mug oestradiol, if compared with untreated controls, was increased only in the histamine-treated group.
|
37f58e6b-b475-45c2-ab3d-4ba8439f45ec
| 2 |
When 0-05 mug oestradiol was administered histamine did not modify the increase already produced by the hormone. Spermidine and burimamide, two substances structurally related to histamine, increased [3H]oestradiol uptake by the spayed rat uterus. The latter (an antihistamine drug acting on H2-receptors) as well as pyrathiazine (a histamine releaser having antihistamine properties) decreased the effect of histamine on oestradiol uptake whereas diphenhydramine (an antihistamine drug blocking H1-receptors) did not modify it.
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37f58e6b-b475-45c2-ab3d-4ba8439f45ec
| 3 |
Pyrathiazine was itself able to diminish oestradiol uptake.
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96415c50-63ac-4fa0-976f-a95e2a55fec2
| 0 |
Prolactin stimulation test with perphenazine: an evaluation of plasma prolactin levels and pituitary secretory activity in the rat. Many investigations of the regulation of prolactin synthesis and release are based on single plasma prolactin determinations. The purpose of the present experiment was to ascertain whether groups of rats (i.
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96415c50-63ac-4fa0-976f-a95e2a55fec2
| 1 |
e. young or adult, male or female animals, being either intact, gonadectomized or gonadectomized and treated with oestrone), differing in age and/or endocrine status, will react to a single dose of perphenazine by an acute release of pituitary prolactin in proportion to their initial plasma prolactin levels.
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96415c50-63ac-4fa0-976f-a95e2a55fec2
| 2 |
No consistent relation existed between the classification of the twelve groups of rats into three categories of basal plasma prolactin levels (i.e. less than 20, 25-50, greater than 125 ng/ml) and their response to perphenazine. Even though all groups showed a highly significant increase of plasma prolactin levels the magnitude of the maximum prolactin response at 30 min varied greatly within the groups of one category and thus was not related to the initial prolactin levels.
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96415c50-63ac-4fa0-976f-a95e2a55fec2
| 3 |
The effect of 14 days of oestrone treatment in increasing plasma prolactin levels in gonadectomized animals was greatest in young and adult male rats, less in young females and not significant in adult females. The results obtained after perphenazine treatment in the latter group made it clear that the effect of oestrogen treatment on prolactin release can be completely blocked by increasing synthesis and/or release of the prolactin-release inhibiting factor (PIF).
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96415c50-63ac-4fa0-976f-a95e2a55fec2
| 4 |
Since perphenazine induces decrease of pituitary prolactin and a concomitant increase of plasma prolactin levels through lowered PIF-action, the positive effect of oestrogens on prolactin release (as observed in gonadectomized male and young female rats) apparently is caused by a different mode of action. The implications of these findings for the regulation of prolactin release, as affected by the endocrine status of the rat, is discussed.
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96415c50-63ac-4fa0-976f-a95e2a55fec2
| 5 |
Moreover, comparison of prolactin lost from the pituitary and gained in the circulation of the experimental animals, with amounts of prolactin that were observed to disappear from plasma during the experiment, provided suggestive evidence that the capacity to synthesize and/or eliminate prolactin, after a sudden provoked release of the hormone, differed among the groups.
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96415c50-63ac-4fa0-976f-a95e2a55fec2
| 6 |
The rates of synthesis by the pituitary, of release from the pituitary into the circulation as well as of elimination of the hormone from the circulation (equally involved in determing actual plasma levels) are thought, therefore, to be far more important for the elucidation of prolactin regulation than single plasma prolactin determinations.
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9433e4a5-991c-4079-8328-dd19f66c8178
| 0 |
Activation and desensitization of platelets by platelet-activating factor (PAF) derived from IgE-sensitized basophils. I. Characteristics of the secretory response. The secretion of vasoactive amines from rabbit platelets induced by the platelet-activating factor (PAF) derived from IgE-sensitized rabbit basophils, was examined. The secretion required calcium has previously been shown to be noncytotoxic and was optimal in both rate and extent at 37 degrees C and pH 7.2
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9433e4a5-991c-4079-8328-dd19f66c8178
| 1 |
. Different temperature-sensitive steps were rate limiting for secretion above or below 20 degrees C. The rate of secretion was dependent upon the concentration of PAF and also of platelets. Maximal rates were observed with relatively low concentrations of platelets (2.5 X 10(8)/ml), sharply contrasting with other platelet stimuli such as C3 or thrombin.
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9433e4a5-991c-4079-8328-dd19f66c8178
| 2 |
The extent of secretion was dependent upon PAF concentration until a maximum of 50 or 60% of the serotonin was released and then declined with increasing amounts of PAF. This was interpreted to result from the platelets becoming desensitized to the PAF, a process that shuts off the secretion.
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9433e4a5-991c-4079-8328-dd19f66c8178
| 3 |
Such a desensitization was demonstrated and was shown to be stimulus specific, i.e., other stimuli could still induce secretion from PAF-desensitized platelets. PAF extracted with ethanol from the albumin to which it is usually bound during preparation, exhibited similar characteristics, except that secretion of up to 90% of the serotonin was induced.
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9433e4a5-991c-4079-8328-dd19f66c8178
| 4 |
The extracted PAF thus seemed less able to induce the desensitization. Its use did provide important evidence that populations of rabbit platelets are relatively homogenous in their ability to respond to PAF.
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bc20b2aa-8ced-4beb-bf18-e0739a7040e4
| 0 |
Activation of platelets by platelet-activating factor (PAF) derived from IgE-sensitized basophils. II. The role of serine proteases, cyclic nucleotides, and contractile elements in PAF-induced secretion. Secretion of serotonin from platelets induced by platelet-activating factor (PAF) derived from antigen-stimulated, IgE-sensitized rabbit basophils was studied to further characterize the biochemical requirements.
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bc20b2aa-8ced-4beb-bf18-e0739a7040e4
| 1 |
Inhibition of secretion with diisopropylphosphofluoridate (DFP) was observed if the DFP was present during the reaction, but not if platelets or PAF were pretreated with the inhibitor. This suggested a role for an activatable serine protease in the secretion. Supporting evidence came from the observation that other protease inhibitors and a variety of low molecular weight amino acid esters were also inhibitory.
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bc20b2aa-8ced-4beb-bf18-e0739a7040e4
| 2 |
TAMe was most effective, and AGLMe and LeuMe were inactive, indicating a specificity for different esters. Secretion was reduced by agents that increased intracellular cyclic AMP (cAMP), but enhanced by alpha-adrenergic stimulation, which reduced the levels of cAMP. Concurrent with PAF-induced secretion, a reduction in cAMP levels was observed.
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bc20b2aa-8ced-4beb-bf18-e0739a7040e4
| 3 |
No effect of cyclic GMP or cholinergic stimulation was found. Secretion was inhibited by colchicine and enhanced by cytochalasin B, suggesting a role for microfilaments and microtubules. The effects of these three systems on PAF-induced secretion indicate the basic uniformity of the secretory process in platelets (and other cells) whatever the stimulus.
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bc20b2aa-8ced-4beb-bf18-e0739a7040e4
| 4 |
The uniqueness of the reaction apparently lies in the stimulus-receptor interaction and the nature of the serine protease which is activated.
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1275673c-da35-4e7b-8c94-ea42a502a133
| 0 |
Acid hydrolases in leukocytes and platelets of normal subjects and in patients with Gaucher's and Fabry's disease. Lymphocytes, monocytes, neutrophilic granulocytes and platelets were each separated to greater than 95% purity from six normal subjects, three patients with Gaucher's disease, two heterozygotes for Gaucher's disease, and one patient with Fabry's disease.
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1275673c-da35-4e7b-8c94-ea42a502a133
| 1 |
Activities of the following acid hydrolases were determined: "acid" (pH 4.0) beta-glucosidase, pH 5.0 beta-glucosidase, alpha-galactosidase, alpha-arabinosidase, alpha-mannosidase, alpha-glucosidase, beta-glucuronidase, beta-galactosidase, beta-hexosaminidase, and acid phosphatase. Enzymatic activity varied greatly with cell type and the enzyme being measured;
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1275673c-da35-4e7b-8c94-ea42a502a133
| 2 |
the importance of assaying pure preparations especially for heterozygote detection is emphasized. Gaucher's disease patients' cells were found to be deficient in the pH 4.0 acid beta-glucosidase, variable in the pH 5.0 beta-glucosidase, and normal in all other acid hydrolases tested, including acid phosphatase, the activity of which is known to be elevated in plasma.
|
1275673c-da35-4e7b-8c94-ea42a502a133
| 3 |
Blood cells of a patient with Fabry's disease were deficient in alpha-galactosidase and normal in all other acid hydrolases tested.
|
dbabe32a-62ef-4959-8587-172dd5ca304c
| 0 |
Regulation of the oxidative NADP-enzyme tissue levels in Drosophila melanogaster. I. Modulation by dietary carbohydrate and lipid. Wild-type third instar larvae of Drosophilia melanogaster fed a casein-sucrose synthetic diet supplemented with phosphatidylcholine (4 mg/ml) possessed 33% more tissue lipid and a modified fatty acid profile compared to larvae fed a fat free-sucrose diet.
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dbabe32a-62ef-4959-8587-172dd5ca304c
| 1 |
The rates of lipid synthesis and pentose shunt activity were 2.1 and 2.2 times greater respectively in larvae fed the fat free-sucrose diet than in fat-sucrose fed animals. The tissue concentrations of acetyl-CoA and acyl-CoA were 80 and 61% higher respectively, CoA 49% lower, and the NADPH/NADP+ ratio greater in fat-sucrose fed larvae than in larvae fed a fat free-sucrose diet.
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dbabe32a-62ef-4959-8587-172dd5ca304c
| 2 |
Thus, larvae effectively utilized dietary lipid for lipid synthesis and as a supplementary energy source to carbohydrate.
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d0773936-70a6-40ea-b39f-08d66cbabb62
| 0 |
Analysis of acetate non-utilizing (acu) mutants in Aspergillus nidulans. Genetic analysis of 119 acetate non-utilizing (acu) mutants in Aspergillus nidulans revealed ten new loci affecting acetate metabolism in addition to the three previously recognized on the basis of resistance to fluoroacetate and acetate non-utilization. The enzyme lesions associated with mutations at seven of the acu loci are described.
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d0773936-70a6-40ea-b39f-08d66cbabb62
| 1 |
These are: facA (= acuA), acetyl-CoA synthase; acuD, isocitrate lyase; acuE, malate synthase; acuF, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase; acuG, fructose 1,6-diphosphatase; acuK and acuM, malic enzyme. The acu loci have been mapped and are widely distributed over the genome of A.
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d0773936-70a6-40ea-b39f-08d66cbabb62
| 2 |
nidulans. Close linkage has only been found between acuA and acuD (less than 1% recombination). There is no evidence for any pleiotropic mutation in that region affecting the expression of both these genes. Poor induction of the enzymes of the glyoxylate cycle, isocitrate lyase and malate synthase in mutants lacking acetyl-CoA synthase, and also in the other two classes of fluoroacetate-resistant mutants, indicates that the inducer, acetate, may be metabolized to a true metabolic inducer, perhaps acetyl-CoA, to effect formation of the enzymes.
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d0773936-70a6-40ea-b39f-08d66cbabb62
| 3 |
There is no evidence of any other class of pleiotropic recessive acu mutations affecting the expression of the acuD and acuE genes, which are therefore thought to be subject to negative rather than positive control.
|
7ac14614-304a-4e52-97eb-1eae86e6f865
| 0 |
Predicting individual responses to drug treatment in schizophrenia: a test dose model. The literature and the findings from the Camarillo Schizophrenia Research Project reported in this paper indicate that a satisfactory method for predicting the response of an individual schizophrenic patient to antipsychotic drugs has yet to be devised.
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7ac14614-304a-4e52-97eb-1eae86e6f865
| 1 |
A test dose procedure is described which offers promise of a practical approach to selecting the most appropriate drug and dosage for a particular patient and tailoring blood concentrations to the needs of the individual case. Preliminary findings indicate that the test dose procedure is feasible; that detectable changes occur after a single test dose;
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7ac14614-304a-4e52-97eb-1eae86e6f865
| 2 |
and that measurements made during the test dose period may be predictive of eventual outcome. These findings are, of course, only a report of a preliminary pilot experiment, subject to important caveats about small number of cases, interpretation of large numbers of correlation coefficients, and need for cross-validation.
|
7ac14614-304a-4e52-97eb-1eae86e6f865
| 3 |
Nevertheless, they are encouraging and suggest that the test dose approach has considerable potential for further research.
|
43c2d8f4-e867-43c7-844b-8b166baf0b09
| 0 |
On the bimodality of the distribution of electrodermal orienting responses in schizophrenic patients. Data are presented from four of the author's studies on the electrodermal orienting responss which fail to confirm the findings of Gruzelier and Venables of a markedly bimodal distribution of ORs in schizophrenic populations. A review of the findings of other earlier studies, none of which confirm the bimodal hypothesis although some used patients taking phenothiazines, shows that differential effects of drugs, although probably an important factor, by itself cannot account entirely for the discrepancies in results.
|
43c2d8f4-e867-43c7-844b-8b166baf0b09
| 1 |
It is hypothesized that due to changes in hospital discharge policies, the groups of patients tested by Gruzelier and Venables, compared to those tested in earlier studies, were more heavily weighted with patients whose symptoms were resistant to phenothiazines. These patients may either have come from the extremes of the responsivity distribution or have atypical reactions to neuroleptic drugs.
|
ba79858b-2712-4fcd-bb5b-487e8533aff8
| 0 |
Sudden hemorrhage in metastatic thyroid carcinoma of the brain during treatment with iodine-131. A patient with papillary--follicular carcinoma of the thyroid, with metastases to the lungs, skeleton, and brain was treated 5 weeks after thyroidectomy with 135 mCi of 131I. Although preliminary studies with 1 mCi had not shown any iodine uptake by the brain metastasis, this lesion showed intense concentration at the time of the larger therapeutic dose.
|
ba79858b-2712-4fcd-bb5b-487e8533aff8
| 1 |
Four days later, acute hemorrhage of the tumor occurred, requiring surgical removal. Although 131I therapy would seem an unlikely cause of acute necrosis and hemorrhage in these lesions, the association of therapeutic radioiodine and hemorrhage is interesting. Since recent reports suggest that brain metastasis may be somewhat more common than previously suspected, we suggest that brain imaging be included in the workup prior to radioiodine therapy of patients with advanced metastatic disease or neurologic symptoms.
|
43985856-601a-4246-9554-9eda70fc8927
| 0 |
Concentrations of bacteria in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with bacterial meningitis. Concentrations of bacteria in cerebrospinal fluid ranged from 4.5 X 10(3) to 3 X 10(8) colony-forming units/ml in 27 patients with bacterial meningitis before antibiotic therapy and from 4 X 10(1) to 1.4
|
43985856-601a-4246-9554-9eda70fc8927
| 1 |
X 10(6) CFU/ml in four patients after one to two days of antibiotic therapy. All patients with persistent positive cultures had pretreatment concentrations of 10(7) CFU/ml or greater. A significant association was observed between cerebrospinal fluid lactic acid dehydrogenase activity and concentrations of bacteria (p less than 0.01
|
43985856-601a-4246-9554-9eda70fc8927
| 2 |
). Large inocula of Hemophilus influenzae type b (10(7)) increased the minimal inhibitory concentration for penicillin and ampicillin but not for chloramphenicol. The minimal inhibitory concentration of each of the three antibiotics increased when group B streptococci were assayed. These data indicate that persistence of a positive culture may be related to large initial concentrations of bacteria.
|
43985856-601a-4246-9554-9eda70fc8927
| 3 |
The relative "resistance" in vitro of large inocula possibly contributes to this persistence. These observations are also consistent with the hypothesis that lactic acid dehydrogenase activity in cerebrospinal fluid is derived from bacteria.
|
83d92cf3-3172-4af4-81ce-1241262f75eb
| 0 |
Quantitative determination of resorcinol in presence of phenol. A simple and accurate method for the quantitative determination of resorcinol in the presence of phenol is reported. The method is based on the formation of indophenol by reacting resorcinol with 2, 6-dibromoquinone-4-chlorimide. The concentration of indophenol can be measured spectrophotometrically. This method is recommended for the determination of resorcinol in resorcinol-phenol-boric acid solution and carbol-fuchsin solution. The decomposition products of resorcinol and phenol, e.g., colored quinones, do not interfere with the assay procedure.
|
7cb03271-4745-4070-abf7-6ba7279abdb7
| 0 |
Oil-water distribution of p-alkylpyridines. The distribution of a homologous series of p-alkylpyridines between water and six organic solvents with varying degrees of polarity was investigated. The distribution coefficients were considered as reflections of the strength of net interactions involved in the solvents. The order was chloroform greater than octanol greater than carbon tetrachloride greater than butyl ether greater than hexadecane greater than octane.
|
7cb03271-4745-4070-abf7-6ba7279abdb7
| 1 |
The effect of the methylene group upon the distribution coefficients differed little among the six solvents. The relative constancy was attributed to the predominance of the dispersion forces in the incremental effect.
|
b8dcb029-ddd5-4afb-906a-392fb2e988d5
| 0 |
Neurogenic influences of bilateral adrenalectomy on monoamine oxidase. Bilateral adrenalectomy (10 days) increased the monoamine oxidase activity of the rat heart, vas deferens, spleen, superior cervical ganglion, and hypothalamus but not that of the rest of the brain, kidney, and liver. Experiments were made to determine whether the increased activity was due to neurogenic influences and whether the enhanced activity of monoamine oxidase was intra- or extraneuronally located.
|
b8dcb029-ddd5-4afb-906a-392fb2e988d5
| 1 |
Ganglionic blockade with chlorisondamine failed to alter the rise in cardiac monoamine oxidase. Likewise, superior cervical ganglion monoamine oxidase was unaffected by surgical denervation. 6-Hydroxydopamine abolished the increase in monoamine oxidase activity of the vas deferens, spleen, and superior cervical ganglion but failed to alter that of the kidney, hypothalamus, and the rest of the brain.
|
b8dcb029-ddd5-4afb-906a-392fb2e988d5
| 2 |
Cardiac monoamine oxidase was reduced markedly by 6-hydroxydopamine, but the remaining activity was still significantly elevated over the respective control values. The data suggest that the increase in organ monoamine oxidase is predominantly of neuronal origin and that this increase is not due to transsynaptic induction.
|
e4349c33-6040-439e-9459-4c7c340e6190
| 0 |
Binding study of tetracyclines to human serum albumin using difference spectrophotometry. The binding of several tetracyclines to human serum albumin was studied using difference spectrophotometry and a spectrophotometric probe, 2-(4'-hydroxybenzeneazo)benzoic acid. Difference spectra observed for the interaction between the probe and human serum albumin were similar to probe-bovine serum albumin spectra but were less intense for a given concentration of probe and did not reach saturation as quickly.
|
e4349c33-6040-439e-9459-4c7c340e6190
| 1 |
Difference spectra for the tetracyclines were dependent on the characteristics of the ring substituents. More hydrophobic substituents on the D and C rings tended to give more intense difference spectra, but charge-transfer complexing may also have been involved since methacycline with a methylene group in the 6-position showed the most intense spectra of the compounds studied.
|
e4349c33-6040-439e-9459-4c7c340e6190
| 2 |
Solvent perturbation, pH, and urea studies tended to confirm that something other than hydrophobic binding of the tetracyclines was involved. Drug-probe displacement studies showed that methacycline gave the greatest probe displacement followed by doxycycline, chlortetracycline, oxytetracycline, and tetracycline. This order of displacement of the anionic probe indicates that both hydrophobic and charge-transfer binding are involved.
|
e4349c33-6040-439e-9459-4c7c340e6190
| 3 |
Experiments with calcium ion and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid showed that the difference spectra obtained with the tetracyclines and human serum albumin were not the result of metallic bridge-chelate formation.
|
c1aad8d6-c98d-4bdb-bb15-9a05715ad1f6
| 0 |
Fluorescence of hydralazine in concentrated sulfuric acid. Hydralazine shows intense fluorescence at 353 nm in concentrated sulfuric acid when excited at 320 nm. This fluorescence can be utilized for the quantitative analysis of the drug in dosage forms.
|
1faaa319-3e95-44c0-a195-aec35f7bd4a0
| 0 |
The antiarrhythmic and cardiovascular properties of 1-dimethyl isopropylamino-3-(2-phenylphenoxy)-propan-2-ol chloride, UM-424. The quarternary ammonium compound, UM-424 [1-dimethyl isopropylamino-3-(2-phenylphenoxy)-propan-2-ol chloride], was evaluated for its antiarrhythmic and hemodynamic effects. UM-424 converted ouabain-induced ventricular tachycardia in the anesthetized dog when administered in an average dose of 4.6
|
1faaa319-3e95-44c0-a195-aec35f7bd4a0
| 1 |
mg/kg i.v. Pretreatment of anesthetized dogs with UM-424, 10 mg/kg, provided complete protection against the development of premature beats and ventricular fibrillation when the left anterior descending coronary artery was occluded for 20 minutes and then released. UM-424 was effective in reversing ventricular arrhythmias in conscious animals which had been subjected to a two-stage ligation of the anterior descending coronary artery.
|
1faaa319-3e95-44c0-a195-aec35f7bd4a0
| 2 |
The mean ectopic rate in a group of five dogs was 143 +/- 4.0 (S.E.M.) beats/min 24 hours after coronary ligation. Normal sinus rhythm was restored with a mean dose of 9.5 mg/kg of UM-424 and was maintained for a period in excess of 60 minutes.
|
1faaa319-3e95-44c0-a195-aec35f7bd4a0
| 3 |
The ventricular fibrillation threshold was increased from a control value of 4.0 +/- 0.4 to 26.2 +/- 8.6 mA (P less than .05) 30 minutes after pretreatment with UM-424, 10 mg/kg. Inotropic and chronotropic dose-response studies to isoproterenol in the anesthetized dog demonstrated that the quarternary compound lacked beta adrenergic receptor blocking properties.
|
1faaa319-3e95-44c0-a195-aec35f7bd4a0
| 4 |
UM-424, 10 mg/kg, did not produce any persistent changes in spontaneous heart rate, cardiac contractile force, left ventricular dP/ct, mean arterial blood pressure, cardiac output and mean pulmonary arterial pressure.
|
784587d8-0278-4c66-998d-18287a5295cf
| 0 |
Acid secretion by guinea-pig isolated stomach. An isolated stomach preparation from the guinea-pig is described. 2. Both histamine acid phosphate (1-4 mug/ml.) and theophylline hydrate (0-2-3-2 mg/ml.) separately stimulated hydrochloric acid, HCl, secretion from the guinea-pig stomach preparation.
|
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