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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20African-American%20mathematicians
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The bestselling book and film, Hidden Figures, celebrated the role of African-American women mathematicians in the space race, and the barriers they had to overcome to study and pursue a career in mathematics and related fields. Although much of African Americans' other achievements in careers in mathematical science, in research, education, and applied fields have also been "hidden", the community of mathematicians has been growing. African Americans represented around 4-6% of the graduates majoring in mathematics and statistics in the US between 2000 and 2015. This list catalogs Wikipedia articles on African Americans in mathematics, as well as early recipients of doctoral degrees in mathematics and mathematics education and other landmarks, and books and studies about African-American mathematicians.
Historical landmarks
1792: Benjamin Banneker calculated planetary movements and predicted eclipses in his Almanac.
1867: Howard University established its Department of Mathematics.
1895: Joseph Carter Corbin, president of Branch Normal College (now University of Arkansas at Pine Bluff), published his first problem in American Mathematical Monthly.
1916: Dudley Weldon Woodard became a charter member of the Mathematical Association of America (MAA).
1925: Elbert Frank Cox is the first African-American awarded a doctoral degree in mathematics, from Cornell University.
1929: Dudley Weldon Woodard is the first African-American mathematician known to publish in a mathematics
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gauche
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Gauche may refer to:
Literal left-hand-referenced relative direction:
A style of Western fencing using the main-gauche, i.e. the parrying dagger, normally held in the left hand
Rive Gauche, on the southern (i.e., left, when facing down the direction of flow) bank of the Seine in Paris, France
Stereochemistry:
Gauche conformation, a torsion angle of ±60° in alkane stereochemistry
Gauche effect, a characterization in which the gauche rotamer is more stable than the anti rotamer
Gauche (Scheme implementation), an implementation of the Scheme programming language
"Gauche the Cellist", short story by Kenji Miyazawa about the eponymous hypothetical cellist
Laura Gauché (born 1995), French alpine ski racer
See also
Left (disambiguation)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felix%20Otto%20%28mathematician%29
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Felix Otto (born 19 May 1966) is a German mathematician.
Biography
He studied mathematics at the University of Bonn, finishing his PhD thesis in 1993 under the supervision of Stephan Luckhaus.
After postdoctoral studies at the Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences of New York University and at Carnegie Mellon University, in 1997 he became a professor at the University of California, Santa Barbara. From 1999 to 2010 he was professor for applied mathematics at the University of Bonn, and currently serves as one of the directors of the Max Planck Institute for Mathematics in the Sciences, Leipzig.
Honours
In 2006, he received the Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Prize of the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft,
which is the highest honour awarded in German research. In 2009, he was awarded a Gauss Lecture by the German Mathematical Society. In 2008 he became a member of the German Academy of Sciences Leopoldina.
References
DFG portrait
1966 births
Living people
20th-century German mathematicians
University of Bonn alumni
Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences alumni
Carnegie Mellon University alumni
Academic staff of the University of Bonn
University of California, Santa Barbara faculty
Studienstiftung alumni
Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Prize winners
21st-century German mathematicians
Members of the German National Academy of Sciences Leopoldina
Max Planck Institute directors
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen%20Gau%C3%9F
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Jürgen Gauß (Juergen Gauss) is a German theoretical chemist.
Gauß was born on 13 August 1960 in Konstanz. He studied chemistry at the University of Cologne from 1979 till 1984. After finishing his PhD thesis on abinitio calculations at the University of Cologne in 1988, he did postdoctoral studies at the University of Washington in Seattle and at the University of Florida in Gainesville about quantum theory. He did his habilitation in 1994 at the University of Karlsruhe on abinitio calculations of NMR-shifts. In 1995, he became professor at the University of Mainz.
In 2005, he received the Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Prize of the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, which is the highest honour awarded in German research.
References
Portrait at the Deutschen Forschungsgesellschaft
1960 births
Living people
University of Cologne alumni
University of Washington alumni
University of Florida alumni
Karlsruhe Institute of Technology alumni
Academic staff of Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz
21st-century German chemists
Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Prize winners
People from Konstanz
Computational chemists
20th-century German chemists
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdi%20Sch%C3%BCth
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Ferdi Schüth (Ferdi Schueth) is a German chemist.
He was born 8 July 1960 in Allagen/Warstein.
He studied chemistry at the University of Münster from 1978 till 1984 and law from 1983 till 1988. After finishing his Ph.D. thesis on inorganic chemistry at the University of Münster in 1988 he did a postdoctoral studies in the University of Minnesota in Minneapolis. He did his habilitation in 1995 at the University of Mainz. After being professor for inorganic chemistry at the University of Frankfurt am Main from 1995 till 1998 he became director at the Max Planck Institute für Kohlenforschung Mülheim/Ruhr.
In 2003, he received the Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Prize of the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft,
which is the highest honour awarded in German research.
In July 2007, he was elected Vice-President of the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (German Research Foundation).
References
Portrait at the Deutschen Forschungsgesellschaft
1960 births
Living people
People from Warstein
21st-century German chemists
University of Münster alumni
University of Minnesota alumni
Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz alumni
Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Prize winners
Max Planck Institute directors
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babinet
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Babinet is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
Gilles Babinet (born 1967), French entrepreneur
Jacques Babinet (1794–1872), French scientist
Rémi Babinet (born 1957), French creative director
Other uses
Babinet–Soleil compensator
Babinet's principle, physics theorem
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ridged%20mirror
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In atomic physics, a ridged mirror (or ridged atomic mirror, or Fresnel diffraction mirror) is a kind of atomic mirror, designed for the specular reflection of neutral particles (atoms) coming at a grazing incidence angle. In order to reduce the mean attraction of particles to the surface and increase the reflectivity, this surface has narrow ridges.
Reflectivity of ridged atomic mirrors
Various estimates for the efficiency of quantum reflection of waves from ridged mirror were discussed in the literature. All the estimates explicitly use the de Broglie theory about wave properties of reflected atoms.
Scaling of the van der Waals force
The ridges enhance the quantum reflection from the surface, reducing the effective constant of the van der Waals attraction of atoms to the surface. Such interpretation leads to the estimate of the reflectivity
,
where is width of the ridges, is distance between ridges, is grazing angle, and is wavenumber and is coefficient of reflection of atoms with wavenumber from a flat surface at the normal incidence. Such estimate predicts the enhancement of the reflectivity at the increase of period ; this estimate is valid at . See quantum reflection for the approximation (fit) of the function .
Interpretation as Zeno effect
For narrow ridges with large period , the ridges just blocks the part of the wavefront. Then, it can be interpreted in terms of the Fresnel diffraction of the de Broglie wave, or the Zeno effect; such interpretation lead
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auxiliary%20field
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In physics, and especially quantum field theory, an auxiliary field is one whose equations of motion admit a single solution. Therefore, the Lagrangian describing such a field contains an algebraic quadratic term and an arbitrary linear term, while it contains no kinetic terms (derivatives of the field):
The equation of motion for is
and the Lagrangian becomes
Auxiliary fields generally do not propagate, and hence the content of any theory can remain unchanged in many circumstances by adding such fields by hand.
If we have an initial Lagrangian describing a field , then the Lagrangian describing both fields is
Therefore, auxiliary fields can be employed to cancel quadratic terms in in and linearize the action .
Examples of auxiliary fields are the complex scalar field F in a chiral superfield, the real scalar field D in a vector superfield, the scalar field B in BRST and the field in the Hubbard–Stratonovich transformation.
The quantum mechanical effect of adding an auxiliary field is the same as the classical, since the path integral over such a field is Gaussian. To wit:
See also
Bosonic field
Fermionic field
Composite Field
References
Quantum field theory
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher%20Trevor-Roberts
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Christopher Trevor-Roberts (died 5 May 2005, aged 77) was a teacher who taught all four children of Queen Elizabeth II.
Christopher Trevor-Roberts is credited with helping Prince Charles overcome his aversion to mathematics. His methods were unconventional, and included teaching children in local restaurants and keeping chickens.
He was born in North Wales and educated at Bromsgrove School. Though he initially trained as an opera singer "TR", as he was known, set up his first school in the early 1960s in his house in the Vale of Health in Hampstead. As the house dining room was not large enough to accommodate the 20 pupils at the school, he regularly led the children to Hampstead's Moonlight Chinese restaurant where they ate from one of the set menus.
When Sir Martin Charteris, the Queen's then private secretary, heard of TR's abilities he summoned him to Buckingham Palace to coach Prince Charles. Trevor-Roberts went on to teach Princess Anne, Prince Andrew, Prince Edward and the children of Princess Margaret.
Several other famous people sent their children to him, including musicians such as Sir George Solti and Lulu.
The preparatory school he founded in London is now run by his son and daughter, and has been described by the Good Schools Guide as a "Small, family-run school with an individualistic ethos."
References
External links
Obituary from the Telegraph
Obituary from the Evening Standard
Trevor-Roberts School profile at the Good Schools Guide
1920s births
20
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene
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In biology, the word gene (from , ; meaning generation or birth or gender) can have several different meanings. The Mendelian gene is a basic unit of heredity and the molecular gene is a sequence of nucleotides in DNA that is transcribed to produce a functional RNA. There are two types of molecular genes: protein-coding genes and non-coding genes.
During gene expression, the DNA is first copied into RNA. The RNA can be directly functional or be the intermediate template for a protein that performs a function. (Some viruses have an RNA genome so the genes are made of RNA that may function directly without being copied into RNA. This is an exception to the strict definition of a gene described above.)
The transmission of genes to an organism's offspring is the basis of the inheritance of phenotypic traits. These genes make up different DNA sequences called genotypes. Genotypes along with environmental and developmental factors determine what the phenotypes will be. Most biological traits are under the influence of polygenes (many different genes) as well as gene–environment interactions. Some genetic traits are instantly visible, such as eye color or the number of limbs, and some are not, such as blood type, the risk for specific diseases, or the thousands of basic biochemical processes that constitute life.
A gene can acquire mutations in their sequence, leading to different variants, known as alleles, in the population. These alleles encode slightly different versions of a
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normal%20sequence
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In mathematics, the term normal sequence has multiple meanings, depending on the area of specialty. In general, it is a sequence with "nice" properties.
In set theory, a normal sequence is one that is continuous and strictly increasing.
In probability theory, a normal number is a number whose representation is a normal sequence in all bases, i.e. regardless of which base is chosen (e.g. base 2, base 8, base 10, etc.) the sequence of digits contains every finite subsequence with equal probability.
References
Thomas Jech. Set Theory, 3rd millennium ed., 2002, Springer Monographs in Mathematics,Springer,
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scale%20factor%20%28computer%20science%29
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In computer science, a scale factor is a number used as a multiplier to represent a number on a different scale, functioning similarly to an exponent in mathematics. A scale factor is used when a real-world set of numbers needs to be represented on a different scale in order to fit a specific number format. Although using a scale factor extends the range of representable values, it also decreases the precision, resulting in rounding error for certain calculations.
Uses
Certain number formats may be chosen for an application for convenience in programming, or because of certain advantages offered by the hardware for that number format. For instance, early processors did not natively support the IEEE floating-point standard for representing fractional values, so integers were used to store representations of the real world values by applying a scale factor to the real value. Similarly, because hardware arithmetic has a fixed width (commonly 16, 32, or 64 bits, depending on the data type), scale factors allow representation of larger numbers (by manually multiplying or dividing by the specified scale factor), though at the expense of precision. By necessity, this was done in software, since the hardware did not support fractional value. Scale factors are also used in floating-point numbers, and most commonly are powers of two. For example, the double-precision format sets aside 11 bits for the scaling factor (a binary exponent) and 53 bits for the significand, allowing various
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruslan%20Stratonovich
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Ruslan Leont'evich Stratonovich () was a Russian physicist, engineer, and probabilist and one of the founders of the theory of stochastic differential equations.
Biography
Ruslan Stratonovich was born on 31 May 1930 in Moscow. He studied from 1947 at the Moscow State University, specializing in there under P. I. Kuznetsov on radio physics (a Soviet term for oscillation physics – including noise – in the broadest sense, but especially in the electromagnetic spectrum). In 1953 he graduated and came into contact with the mathematician Andrey Kolmogorov. In 1956 he received his doctorate on the application of the theory of correlated random points to the calculation of electronic noise. In 1969 he became professor of physics at the Moscow State University.
Research
Stratonovich invented a stochastic calculus which serves as an alternative to the Itō calculus; the Stratonovich calculus is most natural when physical laws are being considered. The Stratonovich integral appears in his stochastic calculus. Here, the Stratonovich integral is named after him (at the same time developed by Donald Fisk). He also solved the problem of optimal non-linear filtering based on his theory of conditional Markov processes, which was published in his papers in 1959 and 1960. The Kalman-Bucy (linear) filter (1961) is a special case of Stratonovich's filter.
The Hubbard-Stratonovich transformation in the theory of path integrals (or distribution functions of statistical mechanics) was introduced b
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy%20Schwitters
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Roy F. Schwitters (June 20, 1944 – January 10, 2023) was an American physicist, professor of physics at Harvard, Stanford, and finally the University of Texas at Austin. He was also director of the Superconducting Super Collider between 1989 and 1993.
Education
Schwitters earned a B.S at MIT in 1966, and a Ph.D. there in 1971, with a dissertation titled, Pi Plus Meson Photoproduction from H with Linearly Polarized Photons at 12 GeV. He conducted his doctoral research at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center.
Career
Schwitters was a researcher involved with the MIT Laboratory for Nuclear Science's Moby Dick project at the Cambridge Electron Accelerator in the late 1960s.
An early major accomplishment in Schwitters' career was to oversee the design and construction of the Cylindrical Wire Spark Chambers of the Mark I (detector) experiment, which operated at the interaction point of the SPEAR collider at the Stanford SLAC Laboratory from 1973 to 1977, and major involvement in the analysis and interpretation of the data that resulted in the discovery of the particle (which resulted in the Nobel prize for Burton Richter in 1976). A description of the discovery of the particle and his key role in this discovery is given by this article/talk from Burton Richter.
Another major accomplishment in Schwitters' career was as a founding member and becoming the associate head in 1980 of the Collider Detector at Fermilab experiment, with significant involvement in managing the initi
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human-based%20computation
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Human-based computation (HBC), human-assisted computation, ubiquitous human computing or distributed thinking (by analogy to distributed computing) is a computer science technique in which a machine performs its function by outsourcing certain steps to humans, usually as microwork. This approach uses differences in abilities and alternative costs between humans and computer agents to achieve symbiotic human–computer interaction. For computationally difficult tasks such as image recognition, human-based computation plays a central role in training Deep Learning-based Artificial Intelligence systems. In this case, human-based computation has been referred to as human-aided artificial intelligence.
In traditional computation, a human employs a computer to solve a problem; a human provides a formalized problem description and an algorithm to a computer, and receives a solution to interpret. Human-based computation frequently reverses the roles; the computer asks a person or a large group of people to solve a problem, then collects, interprets, and integrates their solutions. This turns hybrid networks of humans and computers into "large scale distributed computing networks". where code is partially executed in human brains and on silicon based processors.
Early work
Human-based computation (apart from the historical meaning of "computer") research has its origins in the early work on interactive evolutionary computation (EC). The idea behind interactive evolutionary algorithm
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double%20subscript%20notation
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In engineering, double-subscript notation is notation used to indicate some variable between two points (each point being represented by one of the subscripts). In electronics, the notation is usually used to indicate the direction of current or voltage, while in mechanical engineering it is sometimes used to describe the force or stress between two points, and sometimes even a component that spans between two points (like a beam on a bridge or truss). Although there are many cases where multiple subscripts are used, they are not necessarily called double subscript notation specifically.
Electronic usage
IEEE standard 255-1963, "Letter Symbols for Semiconductor Devices", defined eleven original quantity symbols expressed as abbreviations.
This is the basis for a convention to standardize the directions of double-subscript labels. The following uses transistors as an example, but shows how the direction is read generally. The convention works like this:
represents the voltage from C to B. In this case, C would denote the collector end of a transistor, and B would denote the base end of the same transistor. This is the same as saying "the voltage drop from C to B", though this applies the standard definitions of the letters C and B. This convention is consistent with IEC 60050-121.
would in turn represent the current from C to E. In this case, C would again denote the collector end of a transistor, and E would denote the emitter end of the transistor. This is the same a
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Size%20consistency%20and%20size%20extensivity
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In quantum chemistry, size consistency and size extensivity are concepts relating to how the behaviour of quantum chemistry calculations changes with size. Size consistency (or strict separability) is a property that guarantees the consistency of the energy behaviour when interaction between the involved molecular system is nullified (for example, by distance). Size-extensivity, introduced by Bartlett, is a more mathematically formal characteristic which refers to the correct (linear) scaling of a method with the number of electrons.
Let A and B be two non-interacting systems. If a given theory for the evaluation of the energy is size consistent, then the energy of the supersystem A+B, separated by a sufficiently large distance so there is essentially no shared electron density, is equal to the sum of the energy of A plus the energy of B taken by themselves . This property of size consistency is of particular importance to obtain correctly behaving dissociation curves. Others have more recently argued that the entire potential energy surface should be well-defined.
Size consistency and size extensivity are sometimes used interchangeably in the literature, However, there are very important distinctions to be made between them. Hartree–Fock, coupled cluster, many-body perturbation theory (to any order), and full configuration interaction (CI) are size extensive but not always size consistent. For example, the Restricted Hartree–Fock model is not able to correctly describe th
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel%20Chonghan%20Hong
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Daniel Chonghan Hong (March 3, 1956 – July 6, 2002) was a Korean-American theoretical physicist.
Hong was born in Seoul. He studied physics at the Seoul National University . In 1979 he received his bachelor's degree there, and in 1981 his master's degree. Afterwards, he started his doctorate studies at Boston University, which he finished in 1985 with a Ph.D. After that, he got a postdoc research position at the University of California in Santa Barbara, and later another position at the Emory University. In the year 1988 he became an assistant professor at the physics department of the Lehigh University. In 1994, he became an associate professor, and in 2000 a full professor.
He was interested in the dynamics of granular matter and researched on the granular flow, diffusion models, viscosity behavior and percolation, among other subjects. The void diffusion model, developed by Dr. Hong and a Lehigh colleague, is widely recognized as an effective theoretical model for treating a broad range of dynamical phenomena in granular media.
His formal treatment of the physics of the popcorn-making process was extremely popular and enjoyed attention from both the physics community and the lay public. He actively engaged broader audiences by writing popular magazine articles on varied topics ranging from science to philosophy to religion. He had collaborations going with numerous theorists all over the world.
From 1995 till 2000 he was editor of the AKPA Newsletter and belonged t
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno%20Augenstein
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Bruno Wilhelm Augenstein (March 16, 1923 – July 6, 2005) was a German-born American mathematician and physicist who made important contributions in space technology, ballistic missile research, satellites, antimatter, and many other areas.
Career
Augenstein worked in the Aerophysics Laboratory at North American Aviation on diverse projects including weaponization of the V-2 rocket, a ramjet-powered vehicle that later became the Navajo missile. He entered RAND Corporation as a consultant and subcontractor in 1949.
Initially at RAND he developed an interest in long range missiles. Augenstein headed a team that examined research on lighter, smaller warheads, re-entry speeds, mathematical models of bomb destruction, and other information from disparate sources. He laid out his analysis in the 1954 RAND memorandum “A Revised Development Program for Ballistic Missiles of Intercontinental Range.” This document outlined a program that would provide the United States with a new level of strategic power, and is widely regarded as the most important document of the missile age.
In 1958 he left RAND to join Lockheed Missiles and Space Corporation. At Lockheed, his work focused on development of techniques, testing and theory to fully exploit the capabilities of space systems and develop space age materials. He went on to become Lockheed’s chief scientist for satellite programs and director or planning at the Sunnyvale facility. During that time, he and his Lockheed colleagues pla
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence%20Simon
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Lawrence "Larry" Mariano Simon (born 1977) is a former director of pediatric otolaryngology and current assistant clinical professor of otolaryngology at Louisiana State University.
Education and career
Simon was born and raised in Lafayette, Louisiana. He graduated from Louisiana State University with a degree in biochemistry. Following his graduation from LSU, he became obtained an MD and became a resident in otolaryngology at Baylor College of Medicine in Houston, Texas. He then pursued fellowship in pediatric otolaryngology at Rady Children's Hospital in San Diego, California. Following training, for four years, Lawrence Simon worked in the field of academic medicine at the Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, LSU. For two additional years he served as director of pediatric otolaryngology at Children's Hospital of New Orleans until he became a private practitioner in 2013 and became a director of Blue Cross and Blue Shield of Louisiana by September 2017.
Dr. Simon is known for his service to Otolaryngology and Quality Pillar Advisory Councils and is a member of Annual Meeting Program and Practice Management Education Committees. Besides being a private practitioner, Simon does various civic duties. From 2018 to 2019 he served as president-elect of the Rotary Club of Lafayette-North and was reelected for a second term starting from 2019. He is also an elected chair of the Healthcare Campaign of the Acadiana branch of the United Way and is sitting on an Adv
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000%20world%20oil%20market%20chronology
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January 7: Energy companies and countries around the world report that they have passed into the year 2000 without significant problems from the "Y2K Bug". There was concern that the inability of some computers and embedded control systems to recognize the year 2000 could create serious problems. (DJ, WP)
January 26: The United Nations Security Council reaches agreement on the appointment of Hans Blix of Sweden, the former head of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), to lead the new United Nations weapons inspection organization for Iraq. Iraq has indicated that it does not intend to accept the new Security Council resolution. (DJ)
February 2: The U.S. Federal Trade Commission (FTC) acts to block the proposed merger between BP Amoco and Atlantic Richfield, saying the merger would unduly restrict competition along the West coast of the United States. (WSJ, WP)
February 9: The Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) issues a group of policy changes which extend the deregulation of the interstate natural gas pipeline system begun under Order 636 in 1992. Among the changes is a lifting, for a trial period of 30 months, of the price ceiling on secondary market exchanges of short-term gas pipeline capacity. FERC's lifting of the ceiling is meant in part to encourage gas shippers to use longer-term contracts which would promote market stability. (DJ)
March 6: The United States Supreme Court overturns the State of Washington's law establishing state regulation of oil ta
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athanassios%20S.%20Fokas
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Athanassios Spyridon Fokas (; born June 30, 1952) is a Greek mathematician, with degrees in Aeronautical Engineering and Medicine. Since 2002, he is Professor of Nonlinear Mathematical Science in the
Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics (DAMTP) at the University of Cambridge.
Education
Fokas earned a BS in Aeronautics from Imperial College in 1975 and a PhD in Applied mathematics from Caltech in 1979. His dissertation, Invariants, Lie-Backlund Operators and Backlund Transformations, was written under the direction of Paco Axel Lagerstrom. He subsequently attended the Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine at the University of Miami, earning his medical degree in 1986.
Career
After medical school, Fokas was appointed Professor and Chair of the Department of Mathematics and Computer Science at Clarkson University in 1986. From there, he moved to Imperial College in 1996 to a Chair of Applied Mathematics. Since 2002, he holds the Professorship of Nonlinear Mathematical Science (2000) in the Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics at the University of Cambridge, a professorship established in the year 2000 for a single tenure. He was elected a Member of the Academy of Athens in 2004 and a professorial fellow of Clare Hall, Cambridge in 2005.
Research contributions
Fokas has written about symmetries, integrable nonlinear PDEs, Painleve equations and random matrices, models for leukemia and protein folding, electro-magneto-enchephalography,
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organosilicon%20chemistry
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Organosilicon chemistry is the study of organometallic compounds containing carbon–silicon bonds, to which they are called organosilicon compounds. Most organosilicon compounds are similar to the ordinary organic compounds, being colourless, flammable, hydrophobic, and stable to air. Silicon carbide is an inorganic compound.
History
In 1863 Charles Friedel and James Crafts made the first organochlorosilane compound. The same year they also described a «polysilicic acid ether» in the preparation of ethyl- and methyl-o-silicic acid. Extensive research in the field of organosilicon compounds was pioneered in the beginning of 20th century by Frederic S. Kipping. He also had coined the term "silicone" (resembling ketones, this is errorneous though) in relation to these materials in 1904. In recognition of Kipping's achievements the Dow Chemical Company had established an award in 1960s that is given for significant contributions into the silicon chemistry. In his works Kipping was noted for using Grignard reagents to make alkylsilanes and arylsilanes and the preparation of silicone oligomers and polymers for the first time.
In 1945 Eugene G. Rochow also made a significant contribution into the organosilicon chemistry by first describing Müller-Rochow process.
Occurrence and applications
Organosilicon compounds are widely encountered in commercial products. Most common are antifoamers, caulks (sealant), adhesives, and coatings made from silicones. Other important uses include
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kendall%20Houk
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Kendall Newcomb Houk is a Distinguished Research Professor in Organic Chemistry at the University of California, Los Angeles. His research group studies organic, organometallic, and biological reactions using the tools of computational chemistry. This work involves quantum mechanical calculations, often with density functional theory, and molecular dynamics, either quantum dynamics for small systems or force fields such as AMBER, for solution and protein simulations.
Early life and education
K. N. Houk was born in Nashville, Tennessee, in 1943. He received his A.B. (1964), M.S. (1966), and Ph.D. (1968) degrees at Harvard, working with R. A. Olofson as an undergraduate and R. B. Woodward as a graduate student in the area of experimental tests of orbital symmetry selection rules. In 1968, he joined the faculty at Louisiana State University, becoming Professor in 1976.
In 1980, he moved to the University of Pittsburgh, and in 1986, he moved to UCLA. From 1988 to 1990, he was Director of the Chemistry Division of the National Science Foundation. He was Chairman of the UCLA Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry from 1991 to 1994.
Awards and achievements
Houk received the Akron American Chemical Society (ACS) Section Award in 1984. He was awarded the Arthur C. Cope Scholar Award of the ACS in 1988, the James Flack Norris Award in Physical Organic Chemistry of the ACS in 1991, the Schrödinger Medal of the World Association of Theoretically Oriented Chemists (WATOC) in 1
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles%20Kassler
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Charles Kassler Jr (September 9, 1897, Denver, Colorado — April 3, 1979, San Diego, California) was a painter, printmaker, and lithographer.
Early life
He lost a hand during a high school chemistry experiment. He studied art and architecture at Princeton University and the Chicago Art Institute.
Career
From 1925 to 1932 Kassler continued his studies while living at various times in New Mexico, Europe, and North Africa. While in France, he apprenticed himself to a well-known fresco painter. After moving to Los Angeles in 1933, he painted the two largest frescoes done under the WPA. The Bison Hunt for the Central Library in Downtown Los Angeles was destroyed by weather damage. Luisa Espinel was a model for the mural Pastoral California at the Plummer Auditorium in Fullerton, in Orange County, California. She became his second wife in 1935. The Pastoral California mural was painted over in 1938 by the school district, just four years after Kassler completed it. It was restored in 1997 after spending almost 60 years hidden from view. Kassler was also commissioned by the WPA to paint eight fresco lunette murals for the Beverly Hills, California post office funded by the Treasury Section of Fine Arts. The murals depict the history of the Pony Express, postal service, and the daily life of the common American family. The post office is now home to the Wallis Annenberg Center for the Performing Arts. After creating murals for the WPA, Kassler taught at Chouinard Art Institute and
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Query%20throughput
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In computer science, query throughput (QthD) is a measurement used to determine the performance of a database system. The throughput metric is a classical throughput measure characterizing the ability of the system to support a multi-user workload in a balanced way.
Background
In the background there is an update stream that runs a series of insert/delete operations (one pair for each query user). The choice of the number of users is at the discretion of the test sponsor.
The throughput metric is computed as the total amount of work (S×17), converted to hours from seconds (3600 seconds per hour), scaled by the database volume (SF) and divided by the total elapsed time (Ts) required between the first query starting and the last query or update function completing.
Therefore, the complete formulation is:
References
Computer performance
Temporal rates
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concentration%20%28disambiguation%29
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Concentration can refer to:
Science, engineering, and technology
Concentration, in chemistry, the measure of how much of a given substance there is mixed with another substance
Mass concentration (astronomy), a region of a planet or moon's crust that is denser than average
Number density in physics, chemistry, and astronomy
Entertainment
Concentration (card game), the card game
Concentration (game show), American television game show
Concentration (album), an album by Machines of Loving Grace
Concentration 20, an album by Namie Amuro
Psychology
Attentional control, the cognitive process of controlling the focus of attention
Religion
Samadhi (Buddhism), mental concentration in Buddhism
Economics
Market concentration, in economics, the number and production share of firms in a market (or industry)
Concentration ratio, in economics, a measure of market concentration.
Other uses
Concentration camp, a detention center created for specific groups of people, usually during wartime
A term used at Brown University, Colgate University, Columbia University, Harvard College, and Saint Olaf College to refer to a type of academic major
Force concentration, and concentrate, in military tactics, the practice of concentrating military units
See also
Concentrate (disambiguation)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poisson%E2%80%93Lie%20group
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In mathematics, a Poisson–Lie group is a Poisson manifold that is also a Lie group, with the group multiplication being compatible with the Poisson algebra structure on the manifold.
The infinitesimal counterpart of a Poisson–Lie group is a Lie bialgebra, in analogy to Lie algebras as the infinitesimal counterparts of Lie groups.
Many quantum groups are quantizations of the Poisson algebra of functions on a Poisson–Lie group.
Definition
A Poisson–Lie group is a Lie group equipped with a Poisson bracket for which the group multiplication with is a Poisson map, where the manifold has been given the structure of a product Poisson manifold.
Explicitly, the following identity must hold for a Poisson–Lie group:
where and are real-valued, smooth functions on the Lie group, while and are elements of the Lie group. Here, denotes left-multiplication and denotes right-multiplication.
If denotes the corresponding Poisson bivector on , the condition above can be equivalently stated as
In particular, taking one obtains , or equivalently . Applying Weinstein splitting theorem to one sees that non-trivial Poisson-Lie structure is never symplectic, not even of constant rank.
Poisson-Lie groups - Lie bialgebra correspondence
The Lie algebra of a Poisson–Lie group has a natural structure of Lie coalgebra given by linearising the Poisson tensor at the identity, i.e. is a comultiplication. Moreover, the algebra and the coalgebra structure are compatible, i.e. is a Lie bi
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aubertite
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Aubertite is a mineral with the chemical formula CuAl(SO4)2Cl·14H2O. It is colored blue. Its crystals are triclinic pedial. It is transparent. It has vitreous luster. It is not radioactive. Aubertite is rated 2-3 on the Mohs Scale. The sample was collected by J. Aubert (born 1929), assistant director, National Institute of Geophysics, France, in the year 1961. Its type locality is Queténa Mine, Toki Cu deposit, Chuquicamata District, Calama, El Loa Province, Antofagasta Region, Chile.
References
Webmineral.com - Aubertite
Mindat.org - Aubertite
Handbook of Mineralogy - Aubertite
Copper(II) minerals
Halide minerals
Sulfate minerals
Triclinic minerals
Minerals in space group 2
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denjoy%27s%20theorem%20on%20rotation%20number
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In mathematics, the Denjoy theorem gives a sufficient condition for a diffeomorphism of the circle to be topologically conjugate to a diffeomorphism of a special kind, namely an irrational rotation. proved the theorem in the course of his topological classification of homeomorphisms of the circle. He also gave an example of a C1 diffeomorphism with an irrational rotation number that is not conjugate to a rotation.
Statement of the theorem
Let ƒ: S1 → S1 be an orientation-preserving diffeomorphism of the circle whose rotation number θ = ρ(ƒ) is irrational. Assume that it has positive derivative ƒ(x) > 0 that is a continuous function with bounded variation on the interval [0,1). Then ƒ is topologically conjugate to the irrational rotation by θ. Moreover, every orbit is dense and every nontrivial interval I of the circle intersects its forward image ƒ°q(I), for some q > 0 (this means that the non-wandering set of ƒ is the whole circle).
Complements
If ƒ is a C2 map, then the hypothesis on the derivative holds; however, for any irrational rotation number Denjoy constructed an example showing that this condition cannot be relaxed to C1, continuous differentiability of ƒ.
Vladimir Arnold showed that the conjugating map need not be smooth, even for an analytic diffeomorphism of the circle. Later Michel Herman proved that nonetheless, the conjugating map of an analytic diffeomorphism is itself analytic for "most" rotation numbers, forming a set of full Lebesgue measure, namely
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebesgue%27s%20density%20theorem
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In mathematics, Lebesgue's density theorem states that for any Lebesgue measurable set , the "density" of A is 0 or 1 at almost every point in . Additionally, the "density" of A is 1 at almost every point in A. Intuitively, this means that the "edge" of A, the set of points in A whose "neighborhood" is partially in A and partially outside of A, is negligible.
Let μ be the Lebesgue measure on the Euclidean space Rn and A be a Lebesgue measurable subset of Rn. Define the approximate density of A in a ε-neighborhood of a point x in Rn as
where Bε denotes the closed ball of radius ε centered at x.
Lebesgue's density theorem asserts that for almost every point x of A the density
exists and is equal to 0 or 1.
In other words, for every measurable set A, the density of A is 0 or 1 almost everywhere in Rn. However, if μ(A) > 0 and , then there are always points of Rn where the density is neither 0 nor 1.
For example, given a square in the plane, the density at every point inside the square is 1, on the edges is 1/2, and at the corners is 1/4. The set of points in the plane at which the density is neither 0 nor 1 is non-empty (the square boundary), but it is negligible.
The Lebesgue density theorem is a particular case of the Lebesgue differentiation theorem.
Thus, this theorem is also true for every finite Borel measure on Rn instead of Lebesgue measure, see Discussion.
See also
References
Hallard T. Croft. Three lattice-point problems of Steinhaus. Quart. J. Math.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locally%20integrable%20function
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In mathematics, a locally integrable function (sometimes also called locally summable function) is a function which is integrable (so its integral is finite) on every compact subset of its domain of definition. The importance of such functions lies in the fact that their function space is similar to spaces, but its members are not required to satisfy any growth restriction on their behavior at the boundary of their domain (at infinity if the domain is unbounded): in other words, locally integrable functions can grow arbitrarily fast at the domain boundary, but are still manageable in a way similar to ordinary integrable functions.
Definition
Standard definition
. Let be an open set in the Euclidean space and be a Lebesgue measurable function. If on is such that
i.e. its Lebesgue integral is finite on all compact subsets of , then is called locally integrable. The set of all such functions is denoted by :
where denotes the restriction of to the set .
The classical definition of a locally integrable function involves only measure theoretic and topological concepts and can be carried over abstract to complex-valued functions on a topological measure space : however, since the most common application of such functions is to distribution theory on Euclidean spaces, all the definitions in this and the following sections deal explicitly only with this important case.
An alternative definition
. Let be an open set in the Euclidean space . Then a function such th
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramanuja%20Vijayaraghavan
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Ramanuja Vijayaraghavan (born 3 January 1931) is an Indian physicist, specializing in condensed matter physics.
Vijayaraghavan pioneered active research in the areas of metal physics, magnetic resonance in biophysical systems, and fine particle physics, a forerunner to nanoscience. He is a fellow of several science academies and twice elected as a member of the International Union of Pure and Applied Physics commission on magnetism.
Early life
He was born in a well-off family. He was the grandson of Mahawidwan R. Raghava Iyengar, a renowned Tamil and Sanskrit scholar of the 20th century.
Career
After graduating from the Annamalai University in 1951, he joined the Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (TIFR) at Bombay as a Research Student, eventually rising to the position of Distinguished Professor and Dean (Physics Faculty). He formally retired in 1996 . He was deputed twice by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), Vienna, Austria, as an Expert to set up the Magnetic Resonance Laboratory at the Atomic Energy Centre, Yogyakarta, Indonesia. He was awarded an Indian National Science Academy Senior Scientist position from 1996 to 2001, during which he worked at SAMEER, Mumbai, in collaboration with TIFR. In the 1950s, he constructed a crossed circle wide line NMR spectrometer which could detect deuterium and oxygen-17 isotopes in their natural abundance. Using oxygen-17 as a probe, he demonstrated chemical shifts in organic liquids due to electronic bonding. He
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JPCC
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JPCC may refer to:
Jyllands-Posten Muhammad cartoons controversy
Journal of Physical Chemistry C
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceratomia%20igualana
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Ceratomia igualana is a moth of the family Sphingidae. It is found from Mexico to Costa Rica. Only a small number has been caught and not much is known about the biology of this species.
The wingspan is 51–56 mm for males and about 65 mm for females.
References
Sources
James P. Tuttle: The Hawkmoths of North America, A Natural History Study of the Sphingidae of the United States and Canada, The Wedge Entomological Research Foundation, Washington, DC 2007, .
Ceratomia
Moths described in 1932
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceratomia%20undulosa
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Ceratomia undulosa, the waved sphinx, is a moth of the family Sphingidae. The species was first described by Francis Walker in 1856. Also known as the "Scorpion Moth" (See "Biology" Below").
Distribution
It is found in the United States, and southern Canada, east of the Rocky Mountains. Adult moths are strictly nocturnal, hiding away as dawn approaches (Fullard & Napoleone 2001).
Description
Biology
Recorded food plants of the larvae include ash (Fraxinus), privet (Ligustrum), oak (Quercus), hawthorn (Crataegus) and fringe tree (Chionanthus virginicus).
When ready, larvae dig underground to pupate.
The most common predator is the Guiana Striped Scorpion, which feasts on the moth's egg clusters. The common proximity of the two species, sometimes showing up as the moth lays her eggs, has resulted in erroneous conclusions that the moths give birth to the scorpions, and the resultant name "Scorpion Moth."
Subspecies
Ceratomia undulosa undulosa (from Prince Edward Island and Nova Scotia west to eastern Alberta and Maine to Florida west to the eastern Great Plains and south to Florida, the Gulf Coast and Texas)
Ceratomia undulosa polingi Clark, 1929 (Mexico)
References
External links
"Waved sphinx (Ceratomia undulosa)". Moths of North America. U.S. Geological Survey Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center. Archived December 7, 2005.
Ceratomia
Moths described in 1856
Moths of North America
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PSSM
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PSSM may refer to:
Parallel-Split Shadow Map
Position-Specific Scoring Matrix
Pretty Soldier Sailor Moon, the official English translation of the series, often shortened as Sailor Moon
Principles and Standards for School Mathematics, a policy book on mathematics education
Polysaccharide storage myopathy, aka Equine polysaccharide storage myopathy (PSSM or EPSM), a disease in horses
Positive sleep state misperception, subjective hypersomnia without objective findings.
Rhizobium leguminosarum exopolysaccharide glucosyl ketal-pyruvate-transferase, an enzyme
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute%20for%20Plasma%20Research
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The Institute for Plasma Research (IPR) is an autonomous physics research institute in India. The institute conducts research in plasma science, including basic plasma physics, research on magnetically confined hot plasmas, and plasma technologies for industrial applications. It is a leading plasma physics organization. The institute is mainly funded by the Department of Atomic Energy. IPR plays a major scientific and technical role in Indian partnership in the international fusion energy initiative ITER. It is part of the IndiGO consortium for research on gravitational waves.
History
In 1982, the Government of India initiated the Plasma Physics Programme (PPP) for research on magnetically confined high-temperature plasmas.
In 1986, the PPP evolved into the autonomous Institute for Plasma Research under the Department of Science and Technology.
With the commissioning of ADITYA in 1989, full-fledged tokamak experiments started at IPR. A 1995 decision led to the second generation superconducting steady-state tokamak SST-1, capable of 1000-second operation. Due to this, the institute grew rapidly and came under the Department of Atomic Energy. The industrial plasma activities were reorganized under the Facilitation Centre for Industrial Plasma Technologies (FCIPT) and moved to a separate campus in Gandhinagar in 1998.
Location
The Institute is located on the banks of Sabarmati river in Gandhinagar district. It is approximately midway between the cities of Ahmedabad and
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marek%20Mlodzik
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Marek Mlodzik is the Chair of the Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology and also holds professorships in Oncological Sciences and Ophthalmology at the Mount Sinai School of Medicine in New York City. Prior to this (from 1991 to 2000) he was a Group Leader at EMBL Heidelberg. In 1997, Mlodzik was elected as a member of the European Molecular Biology Organization.
He is known for his contributions to the generation of planar cell polarity in the Drosophila melanogaster epithelium.
References
Living people
Cell biologists
Members of the European Molecular Biology Organization
Year of birth missing (living people)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iago%20%28disambiguation%29
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Iago is the main antagonist in the play Othello by William Shakespeare
Iago may also refer to:
Biology
Iago (fish), a genus of hound sharks
Iago sparrow, endemic to the Cape Verde archipelago
Characters
Iago (Aladdin), a parrot in the 1992 film Aladdin and various Disney media
Iago, a character in the American television series Gargoyles
People
Iago, a form of the given name Jacob or James
Iago (footballer, born 1995) or Iago Sampaio Silva, Brazilian footballer
Iago (footballer, born 1997) or Iago Amaral Borduchi, Brazilian footballer
Iago (footballer, born 1999) or Iago Fabrício Gonçalves dos Reis, a Brazilian footballer
Iago ap Beli (c. 560–c. 616), king of Gwynedd
Iago ap Idwal (ruled 950–979), king of Gwynedd
Iago Falque (born 1990), is a Spanish footballer who plays as an attacking midfielder
Iago Iglesias (born 1984), known simply as Iago, a Spanish professional footballer
Iago, a pen-name of Sir Robert Walpole
Place
Iago, Texas, United States
Santiago, Cape Verde, an island also called "St. Iago" or "St. Jago"
Other
Iago (film), a 2009 Italian film
IAGO, the International Abstract Games Organization
Iago, a GWR Banking Class steam locomotive on the Great Western Railway
Porth Iago, the site of the ancient St Medin's Church near Aberdaron, Gwynedd, Wales
A Spanish and Welsh variant of the name Jacob
See also
Jago (disambiguation)
Yago (disambiguation)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adaptive%20heap%20sort
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In computer science, adaptive heap sort is a comparison-based sorting algorithm of the adaptive sort family. It is a variant of heap sort that performs better when the data contains existing order. Published by Christos Levcopoulos and Ola Petersson in 1992, the algorithm utilizes a new measure of presortedness, Osc, as the number of oscillations. Instead of putting all the data into the heap as the traditional heap sort did, adaptive heap sort only take part of the data into the heap so that the run time will reduce significantly when the presortedness of the data is high.
Heapsort
Heap sort is a sorting algorithm that utilizes binary heap data structure. The method treats an array as a complete binary tree and builds up a Max-Heap/Min-Heap to achieve sorting. It usually involves the following four steps.
Build a Max-Heap(Min-Heap): put all the data into the heap so that all nodes are either greater than or equal (less than or equal to for Min-Heap) to each of its child nodes.
Swap the first element of the heap with the last element of the heap.
Remove the last element from the heap and put it at the end of the list. Adjust the heap so that the first element ends up at the right place in the heap.
Repeat Step 2 and 3 until the heap has only one element. Put this last element at the end of the list and output the list. The data in the list will be sorted.
Below is a C/C++ implementation that builds up a Max-Heap and sorts the array after the heap is built.
/*
A C/C
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ewan%20Birney
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John Frederick William Birney (known as Ewan Birney) (born 6 December 1972) is joint director of EMBL's European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), in Hinxton, Cambridgeshire and deputy director general of the European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL). He also serves as non-executive director of Genomics England, chair of the Global Alliance for Genomics and Health (GA4GH) and honorary professor of bioinformatics at the University of Cambridge. Birney has made significant contributions to genomics, through his development of innovative bioinformatics and computational biology tools. He previously served as an associate faculty member at the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute.
Education
Birney was educated at Eton College as an Oppidan Scholar. Before going to university, Birney completed a gap year internship at Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory supervised by James Watson and Adrian Krainer.
Birney completed his Bachelor of Arts degree in Biochemistry at the University of Oxford in 1996, where he was an undergraduate student at Balliol College, Oxford. He completed his PhD at the Sanger Institute, supervised by Richard Durbin while he was a postgraduate student at St John's College, Cambridge. His doctoral research used dynamic programming, finite-state machines and probabilistic automatons for sequence alignment.
While he was a student he completed internships in the office of the Mayor of Baltimore and also in financial services on valuation of options for the Swiss Bank
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cavity%20method
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The cavity method is a mathematical method presented by Marc Mézard, Giorgio Parisi and Miguel Angel Virasoro in 1987 to solve some mean field type models in statistical physics, specially adapted to disordered systems. The method has been used to compute properties of ground states in many condensed matter and optimization problems.
Initially invented to deal with the Sherrington–Kirkpatrick model of spin glasses, the cavity method has shown wider applicability. It can be regarded as a generalization of the Bethe—Peierls iterative method in tree-like graphs, to the case of a graph with loops that are not too short. The different approximations that can be done with the cavity method are usually named after their equivalent with the different steps of the replica method which is mathematically more subtle and less intuitive than the cavity approach.
The cavity method has proved useful in the solution of optimization problems such as k-satisfiability and graph coloring. It has yielded not only ground states energy predictions in the average case, but also has inspired algorithmic methods.
See also
The cavity method originated in the context of statistical physics, but is also closely related to methods from other areas such as belief propagation.
References
Further reading
Condensed matter physics
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luna%20Leopold
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Luna Bergere Leopold (October 8, 1915 – February 23, 2006) was a leading U.S. geomorphologist and hydrologist, and son of Aldo Leopold. He received a B.S. in civil engineering from the University of Wisconsin in 1936; an M.S. in physics-meteorology from the University of California, Los Angeles in 1944; and a Ph.D. in geology from Harvard University in 1950.
Leopold is widely known in his primary field for his work in fluvial geomorphology and for the classic book, Fluvial Processes in Geomorphology, that he wrote with Gordon Wolman and John Miller.
Leopold suggested that a new philosophy of water management is needed, one based on geologic, geographic, and climatic factors as well as traditional economic, social, and political factors. He argued that the management of water resources cannot be successful as long as it is naïvely perceived from an economic and political standpoint, as it is in the status quo.
Career
From 1937 to 1940, Leopold worked as an engineer for the U.S. Soil Conservation Service in New Mexico. In 1940, he enlisted and was a part of the U.S. Army Weather Service and the Army Air Force. He was in the Army until 1946 and he rose from the rank of Private to Captain.
From 1946 to 1950, Leopold served as the Chief Meteorologist of the Pineapple Research Institute, Hawaii. In 1950, he joined the U.S. Geological Survey. He worked for the USGS until 1972 serving as Hydraulic Engineer (1950–56), Chief Hydrologist (1956–66), and Senior Research Hydrologist (
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QOR
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QOR may refer to:
The Queen's Own Rifles of Canada, a Canadian Forces airborne infantry regiment based in Toronto, Ontario
Quality of results, a term used in evaluating technological processes
QoR Watercolors by Golden Artist Colors, a "Quality of Results" line of modern watercolor paints.
Quality of Resilience (QoR), an electrical engineering term
qor gene, a gene in human DNA
Kor (Star Trek), character in the Star Trek universe
Qor, a school of dark magic in the game Meridian 59
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2-valued%20morphism
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In mathematics, a 2-valued morphism is a homomorphism that sends a Boolean algebra B onto the two-element Boolean algebra 2 = {0,1}. It is essentially the same thing as an ultrafilter on B, and, in a different way, also the same things as a maximal ideal of B. 2-valued morphisms have also been proposed as a tool for unifying the language of physics.
2-valued morphisms, ultrafilters and maximal ideals
Suppose B is a Boolean algebra.
If s : B → 2 is a 2-valued morphism, then the set of elements of B that are sent to 1 is an ultrafilter on B, and the set of elements of B that are sent to 0 is a maximal ideal of B.
If U is an ultrafilter on B, then the complement of U is a maximal ideal of B, and there is exactly one 2-valued morphism s : B → 2 that sends the ultrafilter to 1 and the maximal ideal to 0.
If M is a maximal ideal of B, then the complement of M is an ultrafilter on B, and there is exactly one 2-valued morphism s : B → 2 that sends the ultrafilter to 1 and the maximal ideal to 0.
Physics
If the elements of B are viewed as "propositions about some object", then a 2-valued morphism on B can be interpreted as representing a particular "state of that object", namely the one where the propositions of B which are mapped to 1 are true, and the propositions mapped to 0 are false. Since the morphism conserves the Boolean operators (negation, conjunction, etc.), the set of true propositions will not be inconsistent but will correspond to a particular maximal conjunction
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barry%20Posner%20%28physician%29
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Barry Innis Posner, (born November 7, 1937) is a Canadian physician, research scientist and Professor Emeritus in the Departments of Medicine and Anatomy & Cell Biology at McGill University, where he also managed the Polypeptide and Protein Hormone Laboratory.
Biography
Born in Winnipeg, Manitoba, he received his Doctor of Medicine degree from the University of Manitoba in 1961. A gold medalist in his graduating class, Posner pursued post-graduate work at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the National Institutes of Health in Bethesda, Maryland before joining the Royal Victoria Hospital and the McGill University Faculty of Medicine in 1970 as an assistant professor. He was appointed to the ranks of Associate Professor in 1975 and Professor in 1979. He was the Director of the Polypeptide Hormone Laboratory at McGill University and a Professor in the Department of Medicine and the Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, as well as senior physician at the Royal Victoria Hospital. He has served as Director of the McGill Endocrine training program and physician-in-chief at the Sir Mortimer B. Davis Jewish General Hospital from 1996 to 2002.
Research
His fundamental research on insulin signaling led to the discovery of the endosomal system and the view that this is a central site for both initiating and regulating signal transduction. In the late 1980s, he discovered the peroxovanadium compounds as potent insulin mimetics; and in elucidating their mechanism of actio
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kutta%20condition
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The Kutta condition is a principle in steady-flow fluid dynamics, especially aerodynamics, that is applicable to solid bodies with sharp corners, such as the trailing edges of airfoils. It is named for German mathematician and aerodynamicist Martin Kutta.
Kuethe and Schetzer state the Kutta condition as follows:A body with a sharp trailing edge which is moving through a fluid will create about itself a circulation of sufficient strength to hold the rear stagnation point at the trailing edge.
In fluid flow around a body with a sharp corner, the Kutta condition refers to the flow pattern in which fluid approaches the corner from above and below, meets at the corner, and then flows away from the body. None of the fluid flows around the sharp corner.
The Kutta condition is significant when using the Kutta–Joukowski theorem to calculate the lift created by an airfoil with a sharp trailing edge. The value of circulation of the flow around the airfoil must be that value which would cause the Kutta condition to exist.
The Kutta condition applied to airfoils
Applying 2-D potential flow, if an airfoil with a sharp trailing edge begins to move with an angle of attack through air, the two stagnation points are initially located on the underside near the leading edge and on the topside near the trailing edge, just as with the cylinder. As the air passing the underside of the airfoil reaches the trailing edge it must flow around the trailing edge and along the topside of the airfoil
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Method%20of%20matched%20asymptotic%20expansions
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In mathematics, the method of matched asymptotic expansions is a common approach to finding an accurate approximation to the solution to an equation, or system of equations. It is particularly used when solving singularly perturbed differential equations. It involves finding several different approximate solutions, each of which is valid (i.e. accurate) for part of the range of the independent variable, and then combining these different solutions together to give a single approximate solution that is valid for the whole range of values of the independent variable. In the Russian literature, these methods were known under the name of "intermediate asymptotics" and were introduced in the work of Yakov Zeldovich and Grigory Barenblatt.
Method overview
In a large class of singularly perturbed problems, the domain may be divided into two or more subdomains. In one of these, often the largest, the solution is accurately approximated by an asymptotic series found by treating the problem as a regular perturbation (i.e. by setting a relatively small parameter to zero). The other subdomains consist of one or more small areas in which that approximation is inaccurate, generally because the perturbation terms in the problem are not negligible there. These areas are referred to as transition layers, and as boundary or interior layers depending on whether they occur at the domain boundary (as is the usual case in applications) or inside the domain.
An approximation in the form of an asy
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Key%20stretching
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In cryptography, key stretching techniques are used to make a possibly weak key, typically a password or passphrase, more secure against a brute-force attack by increasing the resources (time and possibly space) it takes to test each possible key. Passwords or passphrases created by humans are often short or predictable enough to allow password cracking, and key stretching is intended to make such attacks more difficult by complicating a basic step of trying a single password candidate. Key stretching also improves security in some real-world applications where the key length has been constrained, by mimicking a longer key length from the perspective of a brute-force attacker.
There are several ways to perform key stretching. One way is to apply a cryptographic hash function or a block cipher repeatedly in a loop. For example, in applications where the key is used for a cipher, the key schedule in the cipher may be modified so that it takes a specific length of time to perform. Another way is to use cryptographic hash functions that have large memory requirements – these can be effective in frustrating attacks by memory-bound adversaries.
Process
Key stretching algorithms depend on an algorithm which receives an input key and then expends considerable effort to generate a stretched cipher (called an enhanced key) mimicking randomness and longer key length. The algorithm must have no known shortcut, so the most efficient way to relate the input and cipher is to repeat t
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel%20J.%20Shanefield
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Daniel Jay Shanefield (April 29, 1930 – November 13, 2013) was a United States ceramic engineer.
Shanefield was born in Orange, New Jersey, and earned a bachelor's degree in chemistry from Rutgers University in 1956; he went on to graduate studies at the same university, receiving his Ph.D. in physical chemistry from Rutgers in 1962. He worked from 1962 to 1967 at ITT Research Laboratories, and from 1967 to 1986 at Bell Laboratories. In 1986 he returned to Rutgers as a Professor II (a professorial rank at Rutgers that is one step above a normal full professor).
At Bell Laboratories, Shanefield was the co-inventor with Richard E. Mistler of the tape casting technique for forming thin ceramic films. He pioneered the development of a phase-change memory system based on an earlier patent of Stanford R. Ovshinsky; Shanefield's work in this area "represented the first proof of the phase change memory concept". Beginning in the mid-1970s, Shanefield was an early proponent of double-blind ABX testing of high-end audio electronics; in 1980 he reported in High Fidelity magazine that there were no audible differences between several different power amplifiers, setting off what became known in audiophile circles as "the great debate".
Shanefield is the author of two books, Organic Additives and Ceramic Processing (Kluwer, 1995; 2nd ed., Kluwer, 1996) and Industrial Electronics for Engineers, Chemists, and Technicians (William Andrew Publishing, 2001).
He was a four-time winner of the
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20Harrell%20%28actor%29
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James Nelson Harrell (September 3, 1918 – February 1, 2000), also known as James N. Harrell, was an American actor.
Life and career
He was born in Waco, Texas, to Margaret Teny and Jefferson Whitfield Harrell, Chair of the Baylor University Mathematics Department, graduated from Waco High School and Baylor University. He held a master's degree in Drama from Trinity University. He studied acting at the original Baylor Theater with Paul Baker in the 1930s and in 1940 was invited to join Michael Chekhov's Acting Studio in Ridgefield, Connecticut. He toured the East Coast with that company and was playing Twelfth Night when the attack on Pearl Harbor brought the United States into World War II, and most plays closed. Harrell served in the United States Army for four years in a tank company, in Headquarters Eighth Service Command, in Special Services, and in Occupied Japan. James Harrell, also known as "little Jimmy Harrell from Waco, Texas", appeared in over 75 film productions; feature films and television. He taught acting at the Dallas Theater Center and had leading roles in numerous productions, including 'Anse Bundren' in Journey to Jefferson, which toured Paris, Belgium and Germany. He also taught stage and film acting at Southwest Texas State University for 24 years, retiring in 1994 as an associate professor. He had roles in such films as JFK, Varsity Blues, Michael, Hope Floats, Leap of Faith, Paper Moon, The Texas Chainsaw Massacre 2, Flesh and Bone, and Noon Wine. He
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blancmange%20curve
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In mathematics, the blancmange curve is a self-affine curve constructible by midpoint subdivision. It is also known as the Takagi curve, after Teiji Takagi who described it in 1901, or as the Takagi–Landsberg curve, a generalization of the curve named after Takagi and Georg Landsberg. The name blancmange comes from its resemblance to a Blancmange pudding. It is a special case of the more general de Rham curve; see also fractal curve.
Definition
The blancmange function is defined on the unit interval by
where is the triangle wave, defined by ,
that is, is the distance from x to the nearest integer.
The Takagi–Landsberg curve is a slight generalization, given by
for a parameter ; thus the blancmange curve is the case . The value is known as the Hurst parameter.
The function can be extended to all of the real line: applying the definition given above shows that the function repeats on each unit interval.
The function could also be defined by the series in the section Fourier series expansion.
Functional equation definition
The periodic version of the Takagi curve can also be defined as the unique bounded solution to the functional equation
Indeed, the blancmange function is certainly bounded, and solves the functional equation, since
Conversely, if is a bounded solution of the functional equation, iterating the equality one has for any N
whence . Incidentally, the above functional equations possesses infinitely many continuous, non-bounded soluti
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Separation%20logic
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In computer science, separation logic is an extension of Hoare logic, a way of reasoning about programs.
It was developed by John C. Reynolds, Peter O'Hearn, Samin Ishtiaq and Hongseok Yang, drawing upon early work by Rod Burstall. The assertion language of separation logic is a special case of the logic of bunched implications (BI). A CACM review article by O'Hearn charts developments in the subject to early 2019.
Overview
Separation logic facilitates reasoning about:
programs that manipulate pointer data structures—including information hiding in the presence of pointers;
"transfer of ownership" (avoidance of semantic frame axioms); and
virtual separation (modular reasoning) between concurrent modules.
Separation logic supports the developing field of research described by Peter O'Hearn and others as local reasoning, whereby specifications and proofs of a program component mention only the portion of memory used by the component, and not the entire global state of the system. Applications include automated program verification (where an algorithm checks the validity of another algorithm) and automated parallelization of software.
Assertions: operators and semantics
Separation logic assertions describe "states" consisting of a store and a heap, roughly corresponding to the state of local (or stack-allocated) variables and dynamically-allocated objects in common programming languages such as C and Java. A store is a function mapping variables to values. A heap is a p
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard%20Bornat
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Richard Bornat (born 1944), is a British author and researcher in the field of computer science. He is also professor of Computer programming at Middlesex University. Previously he was at Queen Mary, University of London.
Research
Bornat's research interests includes program proving in separation logic. His focus is on the proofs themselves; as opposed to any logical underpinnings. Much of the work involves discovering ways to state the properties of independent modules, in a manner that makes their composition into useful systems conducive.
Bornat (in conjunction with Bernard Sufrin of the Oxford University Computing Laboratory) developed Jape, a proof calculator; he is involved in research on the usability of this tool for exploration of novel proofs.
Richard Bornat's PhD students have included Samson Abramsky in the early 1980s.
In 2004, one of Bornat's students developed an aptitude test to "divide people up into programmers and non-programmers before they ever come into contact with programming." The test was first given to a group of students in 2005 during an experiment on the use of mental models in programming. In 2008 and 2014, Bornat partially retracted some of the claims, impugning its validity as a test for programming capability.
Publications
Bornat published a book entitled "Understanding and Writing Compilers: A Do It Yourself Guide", which is regarded as one of the most extensive resources on compiler development. Although it has been out of print fo
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PLOS%20Genetics
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PLOS Genetics is a peer-reviewed open access scientific journal established in 2005 and published by the Public Library of Science. The founding editor-in-chief was Wayne N. Frankel (Columbia University Medical Center). The current editors-in-chief are Gregory S. Barsh (HudsonAlpha Institute of Biotechnology and Stanford University School of Medicine) and Gregory P. Copenhaver (The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill). The journal covers research on all aspects of genetics and genomics.
Abstracting and indexing
The journal is abstracted and indexed in:
According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2020 impact factor of 5.917.
Research Prize
Since its tenth year of publication, the journal annually awards the $5000 PLOS Genetics Research Prize for the best paper published in the previous year based on nominations from members of the genetics community.
References
External links
Creative Commons Attribution-licensed journals
Genetics journals
Open access journals
PLOS academic journals
Monthly journals
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group%20with%20operators
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In abstract algebra, a branch of mathematics, the algebraic structure group with operators or Ω-group can be viewed as a group with a set Ω that operates on the elements of the group in a special way.
Groups with operators were extensively studied by Emmy Noether and her school in the 1920s. She employed the concept in her original formulation of the three Noether isomorphism theorems.
Definition
A group with operators can be defined as a group together with an action of a set on :
that is distributive relative to the group law:
For each , the application is then an endomorphism of G. From this, it results that a Ω-group can also be viewed as a group G with an indexed family of endomorphisms of G.
is called the operator domain. The associate endomorphisms are called the homotheties of G.
Given two groups G, H with same operator domain , a homomorphism of groups with operators is a group homomorphism satisfying
for all and
A subgroup S of G is called a stable subgroup, -subgroup or -invariant subgroup if it respects the homotheties, that is
for all and
Category-theoretic remarks
In category theory, a group with operators can be defined as an object of a functor category GrpM where M is a monoid (i.e. a category with one object) and Grp denotes the category of groups. This definition is equivalent to the previous one, provided is a monoid (otherwise we may expand it to include the identity and all compositions).
A morphism in this category is a natu
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical%20effect
|
Physical effect may refer to:
Physical effect or phenomenon, any thing which manifests itself
Physical effect, a consequence of causality (physics)
Physical effect, a therapeutic effect or adverse effect of medical treatment on the body
Physical effect or practical effect, a special effect achieved during filming rather than in post-production
See also
List of effects
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20Kirk%20%28scientist%29
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David Blair Kirk (born 1960) is a computer scientist and former chief scientist and vice president of architecture at NVIDIA. As of 2019, he is an independent consultant and advisor.
Kirk holds B.S. and M.S. degrees in Mechanical Engineering from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and M.S. and Ph.D. degrees in Computer Science from the California Institute of Technology. From 1989 to 1991, Kirk was an engineer for Apollo Systems Division of Hewlett-Packard. From 1993 to 1996, Kirk was Chief Scientist and Head of Technology for Crystal Dynamics, a video game manufacturing company. From 1997 to 2009 he was NVIDIA's chief scientist and he is an NVIDIA Fellow.
In 2002, Kirk received the ACM SIGGRAPH Computer Graphics Achievement Award for his significant contributions to bringing high performance graphics hardware to the mass market. In 2006, Kirk was elected a member of the National Academy of Engineering for his role in bringing high-performance graphics to personal computers.
Kirk is the inventor of 50 patents and patent applications relating to graphics design and underlying graphics algorithms.
Books
References
External links
NVIDIA Corporate Biography
1960 births
Living people
Nvidia people
Computer graphics professionals
Members of the United States National Academy of Engineering
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wigner%E2%80%93Weyl%20transform
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In quantum mechanics, the Wigner–Weyl transform or Weyl–Wigner transform (after Hermann Weyl and Eugene Wigner) is the invertible mapping between functions in the quantum phase space formulation and Hilbert space operators in the Schrödinger picture.
Often the mapping from functions on phase space to operators is called the Weyl transform or Weyl quantization, whereas the inverse mapping, from operators to functions on phase space, is called the Wigner transform. This mapping was originally devised by Hermann Weyl in 1927 in an attempt to map symmetrized classical phase space functions to operators, a procedure known as Weyl quantization. It is now understood that Weyl quantization does not satisfy all the properties one would require for consistent quantization and therefore sometimes yields unphysical answers. On the other hand, some of the nice properties described below suggest that if one seeks a single consistent procedure mapping functions on the classical phase space to operators, the Weyl quantization is the best option: a sort of normal coordinates of such maps. (Groenewold's theorem asserts that no such map can have all the ideal properties one would desire.)
Regardless, the Weyl–Wigner transform is a well-defined integral transform between the phase-space and operator representations, and yields insight into the workings of quantum mechanics. Most importantly, the Wigner quasi-probability distribution is the Wigner transform of the quantum density matrix, and
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milliken%E2%80%93Taylor%20theorem
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In mathematics, the Milliken–Taylor theorem in combinatorics is a generalization of both Ramsey's theorem and Hindman's theorem. It is named after Keith Milliken and Alan D. Taylor.
Let denote the set of finite subsets of , and define a partial order on by α<β if and only if max α<min β. Given a sequence of integers and , let
Let denote the k-element subsets of a set S. The Milliken–Taylor theorem says that for any finite partition , there exist some and a sequence such that .
For each , call an MTk set. Then, alternatively, the Milliken–Taylor theorem asserts that the collection of MTk sets is partition regular for each k.
References
.
.
Ramsey theory
Theorems in discrete mathematics
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwartz%20space
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In mathematics, Schwartz space is the function space of all functions whose derivatives are rapidly decreasing. This space has the important property that the Fourier transform is an automorphism on this space. This property enables one, by duality, to define the Fourier transform for elements in the dual space of , particulary, for tempered distributions. A function in the Schwartz space is sometimes called a Schwartz function.
Schwartz space is named after French mathematician Laurent Schwartz.
Definition
Let be the set of non-negative integers, and for any , let be the n-fold Cartesian product. The Schwartz space or space of rapidly decreasing functions on is the function spacewhere is the function space of smooth functions from into , and Here, denotes the supremum, and we used multi-index notation, i.e. and .
To put common language to this definition, one could consider a rapidly decreasing function as essentially a function such that , , , ... all exist everywhere on and go to zero as faster than any reciprocal power of . In particular, (, ) is a subspace of the function space (, ) of smooth functions from into .
Examples of functions in the Schwartz space
If α is a multi-index, and a is a positive real number, then
Any smooth function f with compact support is in S(Rn). This is clear since any derivative of f is continuous and supported in the support of f, so (xαDβ) f has a maximum in Rn by the extreme value theorem.
Because the Schwartz space
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moritz%20Traube
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Moritz Traube (12 February 1826 – 28 June 1894) was a German chemist and universal private scholar.
Traube worked on chemical, biochemical, medical, physiological, pathophysiological problems. He was engaged in hygienics, physical chemistry and basic chemical research. Although he was never a staff member of a university and earned his living as a wine merchant, he was able to refute theories of his leading contemporaries, including Justus von Liebig, Louis Pasteur, Felix Hoppe-Seyler and Julius Sachs, and to develop significant theories of his own with solid experimental foundations. The chemistry of oxygen and its significance to the organism were the central objects of his research and provided the common thread uniting almost all of his scientific activity.
Moritz Traube was a younger brother of the famous Berlin physician Ludwig Traube (physician), the co-founder of the German experimental pathology. A son, Wilhelm Traube, evolved a process of purine synthesis. Hermann Traube, another son, was a mineralogist.
Biography
Education period
Traube was born on 12 February 1826 in Ratibor, Silesia, Prussia (now Racibórz, Poland). Traube's father was a Jewish wine merchant, the grandson of a rabbi from Kraków. Traube graduated from the Gymnasium in the provincial town of Ratibor when he was only 16 years old. His older brother Ludwig advised him to begin scientific studies at the University of Berlin (1842–1844). He studied experimental chemistry with Eilhard Mitscherlich,
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organophosphorus%20chemistry
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Organophosphorus chemistry is the scientific study of the synthesis and properties of organophosphorus compounds, which are organic compounds containing phosphorus. They are used primarily in pest control as an alternative to chlorinated hydrocarbons that persist in the environment. Some organophosphorus compounds are highly effective insecticides, although some are extremely toxic to humans, including sarin and VX nerve agents.
Phosphorus, like nitrogen, is in group 15 of the periodic table, and thus phosphorus compounds and nitrogen compounds have many similar properties. The definition of organophosphorus compounds is variable, which can lead to confusion. In industrial and environmental chemistry, an organophosphorus compound need contain only an organic substituent, but need not have a direct phosphorus-carbon (P-C) bond. Thus a large proportion of pesticides (e.g., malathion), are often included in this class of compounds.
Phosphorus can adopt a variety of oxidation states, and it is general to classify organophosphorus compounds based on their being derivatives of phosphorus(V) vs phosphorus(III), which are the predominant classes of compounds. In a descriptive but only intermittently used nomenclature, phosphorus compounds are identified by their coordination number σ and their valency λ. In this system, a phosphine is a σ3λ3 compound.
Organophosphorus(V) compounds, main categories
Phosphate esters and amides
Phosphate esters have the general structure P(=O)(OR)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum%20mysticism
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Quantum mysticism, sometimes referred pejoratively to as quantum quackery or quantum woo, is a set of metaphysical beliefs and associated practices that seek to relate consciousness, intelligence, spirituality, or mystical worldviews to the ideas of quantum mechanics and its interpretations. Quantum mysticism is criticized by non-believers with expert knowledge of quantum mechanics to be pseudoscience or quackery.
Before the 1970s the term was usually used in reference to the von Neumann–Wigner interpretation, but was later more closely associated with the purportedly pseudoscientific views espoused by New Age thinkers such as Fritjof Capra and other members of the Fundamental Fysiks Group, who were influential in popularizing the modern form of quantum mysticism.
History
Physicists Werner Heisenberg and Erwin Schrödinger, two of the main pioneers of quantum mechanics, were interested in Eastern mysticism, but are not known to have directly associated one with the other. In fact, both endorsed the Copenhagen interpretation of quantum mechanics.
Olav Hammer said that "Schrödinger’s studies of Hindu mysticism never compelled him to pursue the same course as quantum metaphysicists such as David Bohm or Fritjof Capra." Schrödinger biographer, Walter J. Moore, said that Schrödinger's two interests of quantum physics and Hindu mysticism were "strangely dissociated".
Juan Miguel Marin argues that "consciousness [was] introduced hypothetically at the birth of quantum physics, [
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/166%20%28number%29
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166 (one hundred [and] sixty-six) is the natural number following 165 and preceding 167.
In mathematics
166 is an even number and a composite number. It is a centered triangular number.
Given 166, the Mertens function returns 0. 166 is a Smith number in base 10.
In astronomy
166 Rhodope is a dark main belt asteroid, in the Adeona family of asteroids
166P/NEAT is a periodic comet and centaur in the outer Solar System
HD 166 is the 6th magnitude star in the constellation Andromeda
In the military
166th Signal Photo Company was the official photo unit in the 89th Division of George Patton's Third Army in World War II
Convoy ON-166 was the 166th of the numbered ON series of merchant ship convoys outbound from the British Isles to North America departing February 11, 1943
Marine Medium Helicopter Squadron 166 is a United States Marine Corps helicopter
was a United States Coast Guard cutter during World War II
was a United States Navy yacht. She was the first American vessel lost in World War I
was a United States Navy during World War II
was a United States Navy during the World War I
was a United States Navy during World War II
was a United States Navy ship during World War II
USS Jamestown (AGTR-3/AG-166) was a United States Navy Oxford-class technical research ship following World War II
In sports
Sam Thompson’s 166 RBIs in 1887 stood as a Major League Baseball record until Babe Ruth broke the record in 1921
In transportation
British Rail Class 1
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Correlation%20immunity
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In mathematics, the correlation immunity of a Boolean function is a measure of the degree to which its outputs are uncorrelated with some subset of its inputs. Specifically, a Boolean function is said to be correlation-immune of order m if every subset of m or fewer variables in is statistically independent of the value of .
Definition
A function is -th order correlation immune if for any independent binary random variables , the random variable is independent from any random vector with .
Results in cryptography
When used in a stream cipher as a combining function for linear feedback shift registers, a Boolean function with low-order correlation-immunity is more susceptible to a correlation attack than a function with correlation immunity of high order.
Siegenthaler showed that the correlation immunity m of a Boolean function of algebraic degree d of n variables satisfies m + d ≤ n; for a given set of input variables, this means that a high algebraic degree will restrict the maximum possible correlation immunity. Furthermore, if the function is balanced then m + d ≤ n − 1.
References
Further reading
Cusick, Thomas W. & Stanica, Pantelimon (2009). "Cryptographic Boolean functions and applications". Academic Press. .
Cryptography
Boolean algebra
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International%20Conference%20on%20Functional%20Programming
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The International Conference on Functional Programming (ICFP) is an annual academic conference in the field of computer science sponsored by the ACM SIGPLAN, in association with IFIP Working Group 2.8 (Functional Programming). The conference focuses on functional programming and related areas of programming languages, logic, compilers and software development.
The ICFP was first held in 1996, replacing two biennial conferences: the Functional Programming and Computer Architecture (FPCA) and LISP and Functional Programming (LFP). The conference location alternates between Europe and North America, with occasional appearances in other continents. The conference usually lasts 3 days, surrounded by co-located workshops devoted to particular functional languages or application areas.
The ICFP has also held an open annual programming contest since 1998, called the ICFP Programming Contest.
History
2012: 17th ACM SIGPLAN International Conference on Functional Programming in Copenhagen, Denmark (General Chair: Peter Thiemann, University of Freiburg; Program Chair: Robby Findler, Northwestern University)
See also
Related conferences
FLOPS: International Symposium on Functional and Logic Programming
IFL: International Symposia on Implementation and Application of Functional Languages
ISMM: International Symposium on Memory Management
MPC: International Conference on Mathematics of Program Construction
PLDI: Programming Language Design and Implementation
POPL: Principles o
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven%20Muchnick
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Steven Stanley Muchnick (1945-2020) was a noted computer science researcher, best known as author of the 1997 treatise on compilers, "Advanced Compiler Design and Implementation."
Background
In 1974, Muchnick was awarded a PhD in computer science from Cornell University. After graduation, he became a professor at the University of Kansas, located in Lawrence, Kansas. During his tenure at that institution, he wrote several research papers, many of which were published in the Journal of the ACM.
Muchnick eventually departed from his teaching profession. He then went on to apply his knowledge of compilers as a vital member of the teams that developed two computer architectures — PA-RISC at Hewlett-Packard and SPARC at Sun Microsystems.
Upon completion of the initial work on each architecture, he served as the leader of the advanced compiler design and implementation groups for these systems.
Later Muchnick became involved in the prevention of HIV infections. In 2010 he was a member of the San Francisco HIV Prevention Planning Center.
References
Cornell University alumni
University of Kansas faculty
American computer scientists
Living people
Hewlett-Packard people
Sun Microsystems people
1945 births
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lasell%20University
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Lasell University (LU) is a private university in Auburndale, Massachusetts. Lasell offers undergraduate and graduate degrees in the liberal arts, sciences, and professional fields of study.
History
Lasell was founded in 1851 as the Auburndale Female Seminary by Williams College Professor of Chemistry, Edward Lasell, after he took a sabbatical from his job in Williamstown to teach at the Mount Holyoke Female Seminary in South Hadley, where the experience inspired him to invest more personally in women's education. He died of typhoid fever during the first semester, but his school proved highly successful as a first-rate educational institution and was soon renamed Lasell Female Seminary in his memory.
Its name later changed to Lasell Seminary for Young Women and, in 1874, governance was given to a board of trustees and Principal Charles C. Bragdon. Bragdon further expanded the faculty to make Lasell renowned as a more academically rigorous institution, a prestigious school with a highly scientific approach to domestic work, art, and music. As an innovative institution, known for a radical approach to women's education at the time, Lasell also administered the Harvard exams and offered law courses for women.
Lasell also offered two years of standard collegiate instruction as early as 1852 and is cited as having been the "first successful and persistent" junior college in the United States. In 1932, the college changed its name to Lasell Junior College, and the school offic
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve%20Weiner
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Steve Weiner is a Canadian writer and animator. He was born in Milwaukee, Wisconsin in 1947, and grew up in Wausau, Wisconsin where his father taught chemistry at the Wausau campus of the University of Wisconsin. Steve Weiner later studied writing at the University of California. In 1970 he married Deborah Blacker. Blacker. He continued to live and work in California for most of the 1970s, including a period working for Frank deFelitta, the film director and screenwriter. He is a citizen of the United States and Canada and a Permanent Resident of the UK.
Weiner's exposure to the film industry, and his interest particularly in contemporary animated film from Eastern Europe --- particularly the work of Jan Lenica, Daniel Szczechura and Walerian Borowczyck --- as well as the Brothers Quay has been a marked influence on his work. He has published three novels.
Published works
Weiner's 1993 debut novel The Museum of Love was published by Bloomsbury UK and subsequently by Kodansha in Japan, The Overlook Press in the United States and Canada, and Belfond in France. It earned comparisons to William S. Burroughs, Céline, Jean Genet, David Lynch and Todd Haynes for its blend of surrealism and dark eroticism, and was a nominee for the inaugural Giller Prize.
His second novel, The Yellow Sailor, was published in 2001 by the Overlook Press of Woodstock & New York. The novel consists almost entirely of curt, sardonic dialogue interrupted by terse descriptions of a grotesque world of an
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inventiones%20Mathematicae
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Inventiones Mathematicae is a mathematical journal published monthly by Springer Science+Business Media. It was established in 1966 and is regarded as one of the most prestigious mathematics journals in the world. The current (2023) managing editors are Jean-Benoît Bost (University of Paris-Sud) and Wilhelm Schlag (Yale University).
Abstracting and indexing
The journal is abstracted and indexed in:
References
External links
Mathematics journals
Academic journals established in 1966
English-language journals
Springer Science+Business Media academic journals
Monthly journals
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MicroWorlds
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MicroWorlds is a program that uses the Logo programming language to teach language, mathematics, programming, and robotics concepts in primary and secondary education. It features an object in the shape of a turtle that can be given commands to move around the screen drawing shapes, creating animations, and playing games. The program's use of Logo is part of a large set of dialects and implementations created by Seymour Papert aimed at triggering the development of abstract ideas by children through experimentation. MicroWorlds is developed by Logo Computer Systems Inc. (LCSI) and released for Windows and Mac computers.
Release History
The precursors to MicroWorlds were the programs Apple Logo, Atari Logo, and LogoWriter released by LCSI for the Macintosh, Atari 8-bit family, and IBM Personal Computer in the 1980s. The first version to bear the MicroWorlds name was released in 1993 for DOS and Mac called MicroWorlds Project Builder. Two modules were released to accompany the software called "Math Links" and "Language Arts."
MicroWorlds 2.0 was released in 1996 for Windows 95 and in 1998 for Mac. Modules for weather and plants were released in 1997, as well as an internet browser plugin to view projects in Internet Explorer and Netscape Navigator without the full software installed. Spanish and Portuguese editions were released under the name MicroMundos.
MicroWorlds Pro, an advanced version intended for high school students, was released in 1999 for Windows 95/98/NT and i
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman%20White
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Norman White (born January 7, 1938, San Antonio Texas) Canadian New Media artist considered to be a pioneer in the use of electronic technology and robotics in art.
Life
White was born in San Antonio Texas in 1938. He grew up in and around Boston, Massachusetts, and obtained his B.A. in Biology from Harvard University in 1959. Originally planning to become a fisheries biologist, White changed his mind and decided to travel to places like New York City, San Francisco, London, and the Middle East during the 1960s.
While living in San Francisco, he worked as an electrician at Hunter's Point Naval Shipyard, and developed a fascination for electrical switching systems. In London England, 1965-1967, he began to experiment with electronics. He then moved to Toronto, Ontario, Canada, where he began creating a series of kinetic, digital logic driven light machines. His first artwork utilizing "RTL" integrated circuits was shown in the E.A.T. sponsored group exhibition entitled "Some More Beginnings", in 1969, at the Brooklyn Museum. From 1978 to 2003. White taught classes such as "Mechanics for Real Time Sculpture" as part of the Integrated Media Program of the Ontario College of Art & Design
A retrospective of his work and influence, called Norm’s Robots and Machine Life, with works by both White and several Canadian artists he has influenced, was shown at the Agnes Etherington Art Centre, Kingston, Ontario in 2004.
From 1992 to 2003, White was an essential force behind the OCAD
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Replicate
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Replicate may refer to:
Replicate (biology), the exact copy resulting from self-replication of genetic material, a cell, or an organism
Replicate (statistics), a fully repeated experiment or set of test conditions.
See also
Replication (disambiguation)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isoparce%20cupressi
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Isoparce cupressi, the baldcypress sphinx or cypress sphinx, is a moth of the family Sphingidae.
Distribution
It is found in cypress swamps in from Maryland to Texas. It has been reported from Mexico.
Description
The wingspan is .
Biology
There are at least four generations per year in Louisiana with adults on wing from February to October.
References
External links
Baldcypress Sphinx Moths of North America Guide
Sphingini
Moths described in 1895
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emory%20Leon%20Chaffee
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Emory Leon Chaffee (April 15, 1885 – March 8, 1975) was an American physicist. He was a professor at Harvard University from 1911 to 1953.
Chaffee was born in Somerville, Massachusetts. He studied electrical engineering and received his bachelor's degree from MIT in 1907. Afterward he made further studies at the Harvard University and took his master's degree and his Ph.D.
He was made an instructor in electrical engineering in 1911 and got a position as assistant professor of physics in 1917. In 1923, he became an associate professor and a professor in 1926. He was appointed Rumford Professor of Physics in 1940, and Gordon McKay Professor of applied physics in 1946. Chaffee became chairman of the Department of Engineering Sciences and Applied Physics from 1949 till 1952.
Chaffee was awarded the IEEE Medal of Honor in 1959. He was best known for his work on thermionic vacuum tubes. In 1911, he invented the concept of the Chaffee Gap which was a way of producing continuous oscillations for long-distance telephone transmissions, and in 1924, he started to work on controlling weather, using aircraft to break up clouds with electrically charged grains of sands.
Chaffee died in Waltham, Massachusetts.
External links
Oral history interview transcript with Emory Leon Chaffee on 31 January 1964, American Institute of Physics, Niels Bohr Library & Archives
Today in Science History
IEEE
Geocities.com
1885 births
1975 deaths
20th-century American physicists
20th-century American
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algebraic%20expression
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In mathematics, an algebraic expression is an expression built up from constant algebraic numbers, variables, and the algebraic operations (addition, subtraction, multiplication, division and exponentiation by an exponent that is a rational number). For example, is an algebraic expression. Since taking the square root is the same as raising to the power , the following is also an algebraic expression:
An algebraic equation is an equation involving only algebraic expressions.
By contrast, transcendental numbers like and are not algebraic, since they are not derived from integer constants and algebraic operations. Usually, is constructed as a geometric relationship, and the definition of requires an infinite number of algebraic operations.
A rational expression is an expression that may be rewritten to a rational fraction by using the properties of the arithmetic operations (commutative properties and associative properties of addition and multiplication, distributive property and rules for the operations on the fractions). In other words, a rational expression is an expression which may be constructed from the variables and the constants by using only the four operations of arithmetic. Thus,
is a rational expression, whereas
is not.
A rational equation is an equation in which two rational fractions (or rational expressions) of the form
are set equal to each other. These expressions obey the same rules as fractions. The equations can be solved by cross-multiplyin
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultrarelativistic%20limit
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In physics, a particle is called ultrarelativistic when its speed is very close to the speed of light .
The expression for the relativistic energy of a particle with rest mass and momentum is given by
The energy of an ultrarelativistic particle is almost completely due to its momentum (), and thus can be approximated by . This can result from holding the mass fixed and increasing to very large values (the usual case); or by holding the energy fixed and shrinking the mass to negligible values. The latter is used to derive orbits of massless particles such as the photon from those of massive particles (cf. Kepler problem in general relativity).
In general, the ultrarelativistic limit of an expression is the resulting simplified expression when is assumed. Or, similarly, in the limit where the Lorentz factor is very large ().
Expression including mass value
While it is possible to use the approximation , this neglects all information of the mass. In some cases, even with , the mass may not be ignored, as in the derivation of neutrino oscillation.
A simple way to retain this mass information is using a Taylor expansion rather than a simple limit.
The following derivation assumes (and the ultrarelativistic limit ).
Without loss of generality, the same can be shown including the appropriate terms.
The generic expression can be Taylor expanded, giving:
Using just the first two terms, this can be substituted into the above expression (with acting as ), a
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fay%20Dowker
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Helen Fay Dowker (; born 9 September 1965) is a British physicist who is a current professor of theoretical physics at Imperial College London.
Education
Dowker attended Manchester High School for Girls. As a student, she was interested in wormholes and quantum cosmology. Having studied the Mathematical Tripos at the University of Cambridge, Dowker was awarded the Tyson Medal in 1987 and completed her Doctor of Philosophy for research on spacetime wormholes supervised by Stephen Hawking in 1990.
Career and research
Dowker completed postdoctoral research at Fermilab, at the University of California, Santa Barbara and also the California Institute of Technology.
Until 2003, Dowker was a lecturer at Queen Mary University of London.
She is currently a professor of Theoretical Physics and a member of the Theoretical Physics Group at Imperial College London and a Visiting Fellow at the Perimeter Institute. She conducts research in a number of areas of theoretical physics including quantum gravity and causal set theory.
Personal life
Dowker is the daughter of physicist Stuart Dowker, who worked at the University of Manchester. She was interviewed by Jim Al-Khalili for The Life Scientific in 2017.
She delivered the eulogy at Stephen Hawking's funeral, describing him as her "teacher, mentor and friend" and asserting that "his influence and legacy will live forever."
References
Living people
Scientists from Manchester
Academics of Imperial College London
People educated at Manc
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horst%20St%C3%B6cker
|
Horst Stöcker (born 1952 in Frankfurt, West Germany) is a German theoretical physicist and Judah M. Eisenberg Professor Laureatus at the Goethe University Frankfurt.
Biography
After Abitur 1971, Stöcker studied physics, chemistry, mathematics and philosophy at the Goethe University Frankfurt, where he got his Dr. phil.nat. in 1979 under Walter Greiner. Title of the dissertation was Shock waves in nuclear matter – proof by circumstantial evidence.
He went on to GSI and – as a DAAD – postdoctoral fellow – to LBL, UC Berkeley.
Stöcker joined the faculty of physics and astronomy at Michigan State University and the National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory, NSCL, in 1982.
1985 Stöcker moved on to a professorship for Theoretical Physics and Astrophysics at Goethe University Frankfurt, where Stöcker holds the Judah M. Eisenberg endowed chair since 2004.
From 2000 to 2003, Stöcker was twice elected vice president at Goethe University, for science, mathematics, computer science, IT and high performance computing, HPC, for the medical school and for the , the hospital of the Goethe University. He was re-elected ViP for a third time 2006–2007.
Stöcker is senior fellow, and, with Walter Greiner and Wolf Singer, founding director and chair of the executive board at the international interdisciplinary Frankfurt Institute for Advanced Studies (FIAS) – a public-private scientific foundation for theoretical research in fundamental science, natural science and computational life sci
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20Beverly
|
James Theodore Beverly (born September 28, 1968) is an American politician from the state of Georgia. A member of the Democratic Party, Beverly has represented the 143rd district in the Georgia House of Representatives since January 2013. He has served as Minority Leader since January 2021.
Education
Beverly earned a B.S. in Biology from Guilford College in 1990 and a doctorate in optometry from the Pennsylvania College of Optometry in 1994. He later earned an MBA from Wesleyan College in Macon, Georgia in 2006 and an MPA from the Harvard Kennedy School of Government in 2010.
Political career
Beverly won a House seat in a 2011 special election. Beverly serves on the Health and Human Services, Retirement, Small Business Development, and Special Rules committees.
The first bill Beverly proposed would expand the tax credit for companies that create jobs in poor neighborhoods.
Beverly was chosen as the House Minority Leader in November 2020, after former leader Bob Trammell lost re-election to the House.
See also
Georgia General Assembly
References
External links
James Beverly at ourcampaigns.com
Vote James Beverly
1968 births
21st-century American politicians
Guilford College alumni
Harvard Kennedy School alumni
Living people
Democratic Party members of the Georgia House of Representatives
Salus University alumni
Wesleyan College alumni
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poisson%20ring
|
In mathematics, a Poisson ring is a commutative ring on which an anticommutative and distributive binary operation satisfying the Jacobi identity and the product rule is defined. Such an operation is then known as the Poisson bracket of the Poisson ring.
Many important operations and results of symplectic geometry and Hamiltonian mechanics may be formulated in terms of the Poisson bracket and, hence, apply to Poisson algebras as well. This observation is important in studying the classical limit of quantum mechanics—the non-commutative algebra of operators on a Hilbert space has the Poisson algebra of functions on a symplectic manifold as a singular limit, and properties of the non-commutative algebra pass over to corresponding properties of the Poisson algebra.
Definition
The Poisson bracket must satisfy the identities
(skew symmetry)
(distributivity)
(derivation)
(Jacobi identity)
for all in the ring.
A Poisson algebra is a Poisson ring that is also an algebra over a field. In this case, add the extra requirement
for all scalars s.
For each g in a Poisson ring A, the operation defined as is a derivation. If the set generates the set of derivations of A, then A is said to be non-degenerate.
If a non-degenerate Poisson ring is isomorphic as a commutative ring to the algebra of smooth functions on a manifold M, then M must be a symplectic manifold and is the Poisson bracket defined by the symplectic form.
References
Ring theory
Symplectic geometry
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann%20Boll%C3%A9
|
Hermann Bollé (18 September 1845 – 17 April 1926) was an Austro-Hungarian architect of Franco-German origin who practiced in Croatia (Zagreb and Slavonia), as well as parts of what is now Vojvodina in northern Serbia.
Life
He was born in Cologne. After attending a vocational school where he studied civil engineering, he worked in the architectural studios of Heinrich Wiethase, where he was involved in projects for churches and other religious buildings. Beginning in 1872, he studied at the Academy of Fine Arts Vienna while working in the offices of well-known cathedral architect Friedrich von Schmidt.
During 1875–76, he lived in Italy where he met Bishop Josip Juraj Strossmayer and the painter Izidor Kršnjavi. This meeting led him to consider Croatia as a place to establish his practice.
In 1876, he went to Đakovo, where he joined Friedrich von Schmidt to complete construction of the Cathedral of St.Peter and St.Paul, begun by architect Carl Roesner, who had died in 1869. That same year, he completed the restoration of St.Mark's Church in Zagreb, where he settled permanently in 1878.
He restored and built many structures in a variety of styles, including the Museum of Arts and Crafts, the Zagreb Cathedral, the Mirogoj Cemetery and the Greek Catholic Cathedral of the Holy Trinity in Križevci. He eventually gained great influence over the general city planning process and layout of Zagreb. He died on 17 April 1926 in Zagreb.
Best-known projects
Sources
1845 births
192
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximum%20common%20induced%20subgraph
|
In graph theory and theoretical computer science, a maximum common induced subgraph of two graphs G and H is a graph that is an induced subgraph of both G and H,
and that has as many vertices as possible.
Finding this graph is NP-hard.
In the associated decision problem, the input is two graphs G and H and a number k. The problem is to decide whether G and H have a common induced subgraph with at least k vertices. This problem is NP-complete. It is a generalization of the induced subgraph isomorphism problem, which arises when k equals the number of vertices in the smaller of G and H, so that this entire graph must appear as an induced subgraph of the other graph.
Based on hardness of approximation results for the maximum independent set problem, the maximum common induced subgraph problem is also hard to approximate. This implies that, unless P = NP, there is no approximation algorithm that, in polynomial time on -vertex graphs, always finds a solution within a factor of of optimal, for any .
One possible solution for this problem is to build a modular product graph of G and H.
In this graph, the largest clique corresponds to a maximum common induced subgraph of G and H. Therefore, algorithms for finding maximum cliques can be used to find the maximum common induced subgraph. Moreover, a modified maximum-clique algorithm can be used to find a maximum common connected subgraph.
The McSplit algorithm (along with its McSplit↓ variant) is a forward checking algorithm that d
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biconjugate%20gradient%20method
|
In mathematics, more specifically in numerical linear algebra, the biconjugate gradient method is an algorithm to solve systems of linear equations
Unlike the conjugate gradient method, this algorithm does not require the matrix to be self-adjoint, but instead one needs to perform multiplications by the conjugate transpose .
The Algorithm
Choose initial guess , two other vectors and and a preconditioner
for do
In the above formulation, the computed and satisfy
and thus are the respective residuals corresponding to and , as approximate solutions to the systems
is the adjoint, and is the complex conjugate.
Unpreconditioned version of the algorithm
Choose initial guess ,
for do
Discussion
The biconjugate gradient method is numerically unstable (compare to the biconjugate gradient stabilized method), but very important from a theoretical point of view. Define the iteration steps by
where using the related projection
with
These related projections may be iterated themselves as
A relation to Quasi-Newton methods is given by and , where
The new directions
are then orthogonal to the residuals:
which themselves satisfy
where .
The biconjugate gradient method now makes a special choice and uses the setting
With this particular choice, explicit evaluations of and are avoided, and the algorithm takes the form stated above.
Properties
If is self-adjoint, and , then , , and the conjugate gradient method produces the
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lie%20bialgebra
|
In mathematics, a Lie bialgebra is the Lie-theoretic case of a bialgebra: it is a set with a Lie algebra and a Lie coalgebra structure which are compatible.
It is a bialgebra where the multiplication is skew-symmetric and satisfies a dual Jacobi identity, so that the dual vector space is a Lie algebra, whereas the comultiplication is a 1-cocycle, so that the multiplication and comultiplication are compatible. The cocycle condition implies that, in practice, one studies only classes of bialgebras that are cohomologous to a Lie bialgebra on a coboundary.
They are also called Poisson-Hopf algebras, and are the Lie algebra of a Poisson–Lie group.
Lie bialgebras occur naturally in the study of the Yang–Baxter equations.
Definition
A vector space is a Lie bialgebra if it is a Lie algebra,
and there is the structure of Lie algebra also on the dual vector space which is compatible.
More precisely the Lie algebra structure on is given
by a Lie bracket
and the Lie algebra structure on is given by a Lie
bracket .
Then the map dual to is called the cocommutator,
and the compatibility condition is the following cocycle relation:
where is the adjoint.
Note that this definition is symmetric and is also a Lie bialgebra, the dual Lie bialgebra.
Example
Let be any semisimple Lie algebra.
To specify a Lie bialgebra structure we thus need to specify a compatible Lie algebra structure on the dual vector space.
Choose a Cartan subalgebra and a choice of positive roots.
Let
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario%20Szegedy
|
Mario Szegedy (born October 23, 1960) is a Hungarian-American computer scientist, professor of computer science at Rutgers University. He received his Ph.D. in computer science in 1989 from the University of Chicago. He held a Lady Davis Postdoctoral Fellowship at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem (1989–90), a postdoc at the University of Chicago, 1991–92, and a postdoc at Bell Laboratories (1992).
Szegedy's research areas include computational complexity theory and quantum computing.
He was awarded the Gödel Prize twice, in 2001 and 2005, for his work on probabilistically checkable proofs and on the space complexity of approximating the frequency moments in streamed data. His work on streaming was also recognized by the 2019 Paris Kanellakis Theory and Practice Award.
He is married and has two daughters.
References
External links
Home page
1960 births
Living people
Hungarian emigrants to the United States
Hungarian computer scientists
20th-century Hungarian mathematicians
21st-century Hungarian mathematicians
Gödel Prize laureates
Rutgers University faculty
University of Chicago alumni
Theoretical computer scientists
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lefschetz%20manifold
|
In mathematics, a Lefschetz manifold is a particular kind of symplectic manifold , sharing a certain cohomological property with Kähler manifolds, that of satisfying the conclusion of the Hard Lefschetz theorem. More precisely, the strong Lefschetz property asks that for , the cup product
be an isomorphism.
The topology of these symplectic manifolds is severely constrained, for example their odd Betti numbers are even. This remark leads to numerous examples of symplectic manifolds which are not Kähler, the first historical example is due to William Thurston.
Lefschetz maps
Let be a ()-dimensional smooth manifold. Each element
of the second de Rham cohomology space of induces a map
called the Lefschetz map of . Letting be the th iteration of , we have for each a map
If is compact and oriented, then Poincaré duality tells us that and are vector spaces of the same dimension, so in these cases it is natural to ask whether or not the various iterations of Lefschetz maps are isomorphisms.
The Hard Lefschetz theorem states that this is the case for the symplectic form of a compact Kähler manifold.
Definitions
If
and
are isomorphisms, then is a Lefschetz element, or Lefschetz class. If
is an isomorphism for all , then is a strong Lefschetz element, or a strong Lefschetz class.
Let be a -dimensional symplectic manifold. Then it is orientable, but maybe not compact. One says that is a Lefschetz manifold if is a Lefschetz element, and is a strong Lefsche
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solvmanifold
|
In mathematics, a solvmanifold is a homogeneous space of a connected solvable Lie group. It may also be characterized as a quotient of a connected solvable Lie group by a closed subgroup. (Some authors also require that the Lie group be simply-connected, or that the quotient be compact.)
A special class of solvmanifolds, nilmanifolds, was introduced by Anatoly Maltsev, who proved the first structural theorems. Properties of general solvmanifolds are similar, but somewhat more complicated.
Examples
A solvable Lie group is trivially a solvmanifold.
Every nilpotent group is solvable, therefore, every nilmanifold is a solvmanifold. This class of examples includes n-dimensional tori and the quotient of the 3-dimensional real Heisenberg group by its integral Heisenberg subgroup.
The Möbius band and the Klein bottle are solvmanifolds that are not nilmanifolds.
The mapping torus of an Anosov diffeomorphism of the n-torus is a solvmanifold. For , these manifolds belong to Sol, one of the eight Thurston geometries.
Properties
A solvmanifold is diffeomorphic to the total space of a vector bundle over some compact solvmanifold. This statement was conjectured by George Mostow and proved by Louis Auslander and Richard Tolimieri.
The fundamental group of an arbitrary solvmanifold is polycyclic.
A compact solvmanifold is determined up to diffeomorphism by its fundamental group.
Fundamental groups of compact solvmanifolds may be characterized as group extensions of free abelian
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alphabet%20%28formal%20languages%29
|
In formal language theory, an alphabet, sometimes called a vocabulary, is a non-empty set of indivisible symbols/glyphs, typically thought of as representing letters, characters, digits, phonemes, or even words. Alphabets in this technical sense of a set are used in a diverse range of fields including logic, mathematics, computer science, and linguistics. An alphabet may have any cardinality ("size") and depending on its purpose maybe be finite (e.g., the alphabet of letters "a" through "z"), countable (e.g., ), or even uncountable (e.g., ).
Strings, also known as "words" or "sentences", over an alphabet are defined as a sequence of the symbols from the alphabet set. For example, the alphabet of lowercase letters "a" through "z" can be used to form English words like "iceberg" while the alphabet of both upper and lower case letters can also be used to form proper names like "Wikipedia". A common alphabet is {0,1}, the binary alphabet, and a "00101111" is an example of a binary string. Infinite sequence of symbols may be considered as well (see Omega language).
It is often necessary for practical purposes to restrict the symbols in an alphabet so that they are unambiguous when interpreted. For instance, if the two-member alphabet is {00,0}, a string written on paper as "000" is ambiguous because it is unclear if it is a sequence of three "0" symbols, a "00" followed by a "0", or a "0" followed by a "00".
Notation
If L is a formal language, i.e. a (possibly infinite) set of
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum%20singularity
|
The term quantum singularity is used to refer to many different phenomena in fiction. They often only approximate a gravitational singularity in the scientific sense in that they are massive, localized distortions of space and time. The name invokes one of the most fundamental problems remaining in modern physics: the difficulty in uniting Einstein's theory of relativity, which includes singularities within its models of black holes, and quantum mechanics. In fact, since according to relativity, singularities, by definition, are infinitely small, and expected to be quantum mechanical by nature, a theory of quantum gravity would be required to describe their behavior. No such theory has yet been formulated.
Star Trek
A Star Trek quantum singularity is a phenomenon of multiple varieties. One such variety appears in the Star Trek: Voyager episode "Parallax" which creates a mirror image along with a temporal distortion. Voyager flies into the singularity after seeing an image of itself inside, and becomes trapped. To escape, the crew uses a shuttle to fire a tachyon beam at the entry. In the Voyager episode "Hunters", the crew discover a Hirogen relay station almost 100,000 years old, powered by a quantum singularity, also referred to by Tom Paris as a black hole. The word "tiny" being used to describe a quantum singularity, about "a centimeter" in diameter, making it relatively large, although it is more likely that the stated diameter instead refers to the singularity's event
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don%20Simmons%20%28artist%29
|
Don Simmons (Born 1973 in St. John's, Newfoundland) is a Canadian experimental artist and writer whose work materializes itself as robotics, electronics, audio, installation and performance.
Simmons' work addresses problematic concepts like the automation and the psychological effects of simulated processes. He often treats the body as a machine and tool for collecting data/information. Simmons will create situations for 'false' emotional states to occur in the audience, in turn questioning the reality of simulated emotions. His work has also dealt with scatological, littoral, and tactical art practices. He also exhibits collaboratively as the Tactical Art Coalition, EMMAX and the Work group.
Simmons has participated in exhibitions internationally, including exhibitions at the Walter Phillips Gallery, Banff, curated by Jim Drobnick, the College for Creative Studies, Detroit, curated by Melanie Manos, Video In Studios, Vancouver, as a part of the Signal & Noise Festival, and at EMMEDIA, Calgary. His performative installation called 'One Month' at the Truck Gallery, Calgary, involved several clown/drag queen hybrids performing during gallery hours. The clown/drag queen hybrids would wander the gallery in depressed mood avoiding the gallery's visitors.
Other past exhibitions have included Western Front, Vancouver, curated Victoria Singh & Velveeta Krisp for That 70's Ho Performance Series, Galerie SAW Gallery, Ottawa, curated by Jason & Stefan St-Laurent for SCATALOGUE: 30
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven%20L.%20Goldman
|
Steven Louis Goldman (born 1941) is the Andrew W. Mellon Distinguished Professor in the Humanities at Lehigh University.
Biography
Goldman studied as an undergraduate at Polytechnic University of New York, earning a Bachelor of Science degree in Physics. He then attended Boston University, where he received Master of Arts and PhD degrees in Philosophy. In the 1970s, Goldman was on faculty in the philosophy department at the State College campus of Pennsylvania State University. At Pennsylvania State, he was involved in the development of one of the first U.S. academic programs in science, technology, and society studies (STS).
In 1977, Goldman joined the faculty at Lehigh University, as Andrew W. Mellon Distinguished Professor in the Humanities.
He has a joint appointment in the departments of philosophy and history because his teaching and research focus on the history, philosophy, and social relations of modern science and technology. Professor Goldman came to Lehigh from the philosophy department at the State College campus of Pennsylvania State University, where he was a co-founder of
one of the first U.S. academic programs in science, technology, and society (STS) studies. For 11 years (1977–1988), he served as director of Lehigh’s STS program and was a co-founder of the National Association of Science, Technology and Society Studies. Professor Goldman has received the Lindback Distinguished Teaching Award from Lehigh University and a Book-of-the-Year Award for a
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max%20Planck%20Institute%20for%20Molecular%20Genetics
|
The Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics is a research institute for molecular genetics based in Berlin, Germany. It is part of the Max Planck Institute network of the Max Planck Society for the Advancement of Science.
Departments and research groups
Department of Developmental Genetics (Bernhard Herrmann)
Department of Genome Regulation (Alexander Meissner)
Genome Regulation Group (Alexander Meissner)
Stem Cell Chromatin Group (Aydan Bulut-Karslioglu)
Lab for Human Brain & Neural Stem Cell Studies (Yechiel Elkabetz)
Precision Gene Control group (Denes Hnisz)
Cellular Phenotyping Group (Franz-Josef Müller)
Department of Computational Molecular Biology (Martin Vingron)
Transcriptional Regulation Group (Martin Vingron)
Mechanisms of Transcriptional Regulation Group (Sebastiaan H. Meijsing)
Chromatin Structure and Function Group (Sarah Kinkley)
Bioinformatics Group (Ralf Herwig)
Research Group Evolutionary Genomics (Peter Arndt)
Otto Warburg Laboratories
Quantitative RNA Biology (Tugce Aktas)
Epigenomics (Ho-Ryun Chung)
RNA Bioinformatics (Annalisa Marsico)
Nascent Transcription & Cell Differentiation (Andreas Mayer)
Regulatory Networks in Stem Cells (Edda Schulz)
Gene Regulation & System Biology of Cancer (Marie-Laure Yaspo)
Cell Signaling Dynamics (Zhike Zi)
Efficient Algorithms for Omics Data (Knut Reinert)
Scientific Services
Flow Cytometry Facility (Claudia Giesecke-Thiel)
Mass Spectrometry Facility (David Meierhofer)
Microscopy & Cryo-Electron Microscopy Unit (T
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COGO
|
COGO is a suite of programs used in civil engineering for modelling horizontal and vertical alignments and solving coordinate geometry problems. Cogo alignments are used as controls for the geometric design of roads, railways, and stream relocations or restorations.
COGO was originally a subsystem of MIT's Integrated Civil Engineering System (ICES), developed in the 1960s. Other ICES subsystems included STRUDL, BRIDGE, LEASE, PROJECT, ROADS and TRANSET, and the internal languages ICETRAN and CDL. Evolved versions of COGO are still widely used.
Some basic types of elements of COGO are points, Euler spirals, lines and horizontal curves (circular arcs).
More complex elements can be developed such as alignments or chains which are made up of a combination of points, curves or spirals.
See also
Civil engineering software
References
"Engineer's Guide to ICES COGO I", R67-46, Civil Engineering Dept MIT (Aug 1967)
"An Integrated Computer System for Engineering Problem Solving", D. Roos, Proc SJCC 27(2), AFIPS (Spring 1965). Sammet 1969, pp.615-620.
Mathematical software
Surveying
History of software
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infinite%20dihedral%20group
|
In mathematics, the infinite dihedral group Dih∞ is an infinite group with properties analogous to those of the finite dihedral groups.
In two-dimensional geometry, the infinite dihedral group represents the frieze group symmetry, p1m1, seen as an infinite set of parallel reflections along an axis.
Definition
Every dihedral group is generated by a rotation r and a reflection; if the rotation is a rational multiple of a full rotation, then there is some integer n such that rn is the identity, and we have a finite dihedral group of order 2n. If the rotation is not a rational multiple of a full rotation, then there is no such n and the resulting group has infinitely many elements and is called Dih∞. It has presentations
and is isomorphic to a semidirect product of Z and Z/2, and to the free product Z/2 * Z/2. It is the automorphism group of the graph consisting of a path infinite to both sides. Correspondingly, it is the isometry group of Z (see also symmetry groups in one dimension), the group of permutations α: Z → Z satisfying |i − j| = |α(i) − α(j)|, for all i', j in Z.
The infinite dihedral group can also be defined as the holomorph of the infinite cyclic group.
Aliasing
An example of infinite dihedral symmetry is in aliasing of real-valued signals.
When sampling a function at frequency (intervals ), the following functions yield identical sets of samples: }. Thus, the detected value of frequency is periodic, which gives the translation element . The functions
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Completeness%20%28cryptography%29
|
In cryptography, a boolean function is said to be complete if the value of each output bit depends on all input bits.
This is a desirable property to have in an encryption cipher, so that if one bit of the input (plaintext) is changed, every bit of the output (ciphertext) has an average of 50% probability of changing. The easiest way to show why this is good is the following: consider that if we changed our 8-byte plaintext's last byte, it would only have any effect on the 8th byte of the ciphertext. This would mean that if the attacker guessed 256 different plaintext-ciphertext pairs, he would always know the last byte of every 8byte sequence we send (effectively 12.5% of all our data). Finding out 256 plaintext-ciphertext pairs is not hard at all in the internet world, given that standard protocols are used, and standard protocols have standard headers and commands (e.g. "get", "put", "mail from:", etc.) which the attacker can safely guess. On the other hand, if our cipher has this property (and is generally secure in other ways, too), the attacker would need to collect 264 (~1020) plaintext-ciphertext pairs to crack the cipher in this way.
See also
Correlation immunity
Cryptography
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altai%20State%20University
|
Altai State University is a public research university in Barnaul, Russia. It was established by a decree by Leonid Brezhnev as the first multidisciplinary university in Altai Krai in 1973.
Departments
Altai State University has the following departments: Arts, Biology, Chemistry, Geography, History, Law,
Mathematics and IT, Mass Communication, Philology and Political Science,
Physics and Technology, Education and Psychology, Sociology and
International Institute of Economics, Management and Informational Systems.
The university has affiliates in Biysk, Belokurikha, Rubtsovsk and Slavgorod all in Altai Krai.
Rankings
References
External links
Altai State University website
Universities and institutes established in the Soviet Union
Universities in Altai Krai
Universities and colleges established in 1973
Education in Barnaul
1973 establishments in the Soviet Union
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon%20Slemon
|
Gordon Richard Slemon, (August 15, 1924 – September 26, 2011) was a Canadian electrical engineer and professor.
Born in Bowmanville, Ontario, he received a B.A.Sc. in electrical engineering in 1946 and a M.A.Sc. in electrical engineering in 1948 from the University of Toronto. He received a Ph.D. from the University of London in 1952.
From 1953 to 1955, he was an assistant professor at the Nova Scotia Technical College. In 1955, he joined the University of Toronto as an associate professor and was appointed a professor in 1964. He was made a professor emeritus in 1990. From 1966 to 1976, he was the head of the Department of Electrical Engineering and from 1979 to 1986 was dean of the Faculty of Applied Science and Engineering.
He is the co-author of Scientific Basis of Electrical Engineering (1961), Electric Machinery (1979), and Power Semiconductor Drives (1984). He is the author of Magnetoelectric Devices (1966) and Electric Machines and Drives (1992).
In 1994, he was made an Officer of the Order of Canada for his work as "a world authority on the analysis, design and development of electric machines and controlled drive systems, he has dedicated his professional life to teaching and research in engineering". In 1990, he was awarded the IEEE Nikola Tesla Award, given each year to a team or to an individual that has made an outstanding contribution to the generation or utilization of electric power. He was elected to Fellow of the Canadian Academy of Engineering. In 20
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