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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twisted%20K-theory
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In mathematics, twisted K-theory (also called K-theory with local coefficients) is a variation on K-theory, a mathematical theory from the 1950s that spans algebraic topology, abstract algebra and operator theory.
More specifically, twisted K-theory with twist H is a particular variant of K-theory, in which the twist is given by an integral 3-dimensional cohomology class. It is special among the various twists that K-theory admits for two reasons. First, it admits a geometric formulation. This was provided in two steps; the first one was done in 1970 (Publ. Math. de l'IHÉS) by Peter Donovan and Max Karoubi; the second one in 1988 by Jonathan Rosenberg in Continuous-Trace Algebras from the Bundle Theoretic Point of View.
In physics, it has been conjectured to classify D-branes, Ramond-Ramond field strengths and in some cases even spinors in type II string theory. For more information on twisted K-theory in string theory, see K-theory (physics).
In the broader context of K-theory, in each subject it has numerous isomorphic formulations and, in many cases, isomorphisms relating definitions in various subjects have been proven. It also has numerous deformations, for example, in abstract algebra K-theory may be twisted by any integral cohomology class.
Definition
To motivate Rosenberg's geometric formulation of twisted K-theory, start from the Atiyah–Jänich theorem, stating that
the Fredholm operators on Hilbert space , is a classifying space for ordinary, untwisted K-theor
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clockwork%20universe
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In the history of science, the clockwork universe compares the universe to a mechanical clock. It continues ticking along, as a perfect machine, with its gears governed by the laws of physics, making every aspect of the machine predictable.
History
This idea was very popular among deists during the Enlightenment, when Isaac Newton derived his laws of motion, and showed that alongside the law of universal gravitation, they could predict the behaviour of both terrestrial objects and the Solar System.
A similar concept goes back, to John of Sacrobosco's early 13th-century introduction to astronomy: On the Sphere of the World. In this widely popular medieval text, Sacrobosco spoke of the universe as the machina mundi, the machine of the world, suggesting that the reported eclipse of the Sun at the crucifixion of Jesus was a disturbance of the order of that machine.
Responding to Gottfried Leibniz, a prominent supporter of the theory, in the Leibniz–Clarke correspondence, Samuel Clarke wrote:
"The Notion of the World's being a great Machine, going on without the Interposition of God, as a Clock continues to go without the Assistance of a Clockmaker; is the Notion of Materialism and Fate, and tends, (under pretence of making God a Supra-mundane Intelligence,) to exclude Providence and God's Government in reality out of the World."
In 2009, artist Tim Wetherell created a large wall piece for Questacon (The National Science and Technology centre in Canberra, Australia) represe
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mausumi%20Dikpati
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Mausumi Dikpati is a scientist at the High Altitude Observatory operated by the National Center for Atmospheric Research.
Career
In March 2006, she predicted the strength and timing of the next solar cycle based on simulations of the astrophysics of the solar interior. During 2006-2007 Mausumi Dikpati issued three predictions for solar cycle 24 -- (i) a delayed onset of solar cycle 24 which would start in late 2008 instead of 2006, (ii) a strong solar cycle 24 whose peak would be 30%-50% stronger than the previous cycle ('Cycle 23'), and (iii) the solar cycle in southern hemisphere would be stronger than that in the northern hemisphere of the Sun. Two of these three predictions, (i) and (iii) came true. Her research paper explaining the cause of delayed onset of solar cycle 24 was one of the top 100 discoveries in the Discover Magazine. Currently she is improving her solar dynamo model by building a more accurate dynamo-based solar cycle prediction tool which can assimilate solar magnetic fields and flow data in ways used in oceanic and atmospheric predictions.
References
External links
Dikpati's home page at NCAR
Living people
Women scientists from West Bengal
Year of birth missing (living people)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Next-to-Minimal%20Supersymmetric%20Standard%20Model
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In particle physics, NMSSM is an acronym for Next-to-Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model.
It is a supersymmetric extension to the Standard Model that adds an additional singlet chiral superfield to the MSSM and can be used to dynamically generate the term, solving the -problem. Articles about the NMSSM are available for review.
The Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model does not explain why the parameter in the superpotential term is at the electroweak scale. The idea behind the Next-to-Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model is to promote the term to a gauge singlet, chiral superfield . Note that the scalar superpartner of the singlino is denoted by and the spin-1/2 singlino superpartner by in the following. The superpotential for the NMSSM is given by
where gives the Yukawa couplings for the Standard Model fermions. Since the superpotential has a mass dimension of 3, the couplings and are dimensionless; hence the -problem of the MSSM is solved in the NMSSM, the superpotential of the NMSSM being scale-invariant. The role of the term is to generate an effective term. This is done with the scalar component of the singlet getting a vacuum-expectation value of ; that is, we have
Without the term the superpotential would have a U(1)' symmetry, so-called Peccei–Quinn symmetry; see Peccei–Quinn theory. This additional symmetry would alter the phenomenology completely. The role of the term is to break this U(1)' symmetry. The term is introduced trilinearly suc
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperflex
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Hyperflex may refer to:
Flexion, in anatomy
Inflection point of a curve where the tangent meets to order at least 4, in mathematics
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimethoxybenzene
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In organic chemistry, dimethoxybenzene is an organic compound which is derived from benzene () by substituting two methoxy groups (). Dimethoxybenzene comes in three structural isomers:
1,2-Dimethoxybenzene (Veratrole)
1,3-Dimethoxybenzene
1,4-Dimethoxybenzene
All isomers share the molecular weight 138.17 g/mol and the chemical formula .
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavel%20Pavel
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Pavel Pavel (born March 11, 1957 in Strakonice) is a Czech engineer and experimental archaeologist best known for investigating how ancient civilizations transported heavy weights.
Pavel Pavel studied electrical engineering at the university in Plzeň and later worked as a design engineer in Agrostav Strakonice. Solving how the ancient people could move megalithic statues and stone blocks became his hobby for which he became known. He began this line of inquiry as a child, when he became worried he may inadvertently be transported back in time and charged with moving heavy objects.
After the Velvet revolution (1989), Pavel became involved in local politics as a member of the Civic Democratic Party. He ran in two elections for the Czech Senate (in 2002 and again in 2003) finishing second. Since 1990 Pavel has worked in the field of heavy transportation, founding his company PAVEL PAVEL s.r.o. in 2000.
Experimental archaeology
Inspired by Thor Heyerdahl's Kon-Tiki, Pavel Pavel set out to demonstrate how the monolithic Moai of Easter Island might have been moved into place by a small number of people using only rudimentary technologies. He conducted a practice experiment in 1982 in south Bohemia using a concrete model (4.5 m, 12 tonnes). In 1986, he was invited by Heyerdahl to Easter Island to test his experiment in its actual setting, where he successfully replicated the experiment. Only 16 people with one leader were needed for relatively fast statue transportation.
He the
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dendrite%20%28disambiguation%29
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Dendrite derives from the Greek word "dendron" meaning ( "tree-like"), and may refer to:
Biology
Dendrite, a branched projection of a neuron
Dendrite (non-neuronal), branching projections of certain skin cells and immune cells
Physical
Dendrite (metal), a characteristic tree-like structure of crystals growing as molten metal freezes
Dendrite (mathematics), a locally connected continuum that contains no simple closed curves
Dendrite (crystal), a crystal that develops with a typical multi-branching tree-like form
Dendrimer, a repetitively branched molecule
Software
Dendrite (matrix), a server for the matrix protocol written in Go
Brand
Dendrite (adhesive), a brand of contact cement from India and South Asia
See also
Dendroid (disambiguation)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meltdown
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Meltdown may refer to:
Science and technology
Nuclear meltdown, a severe nuclear reactor accident
Meltdown (security vulnerability), affecting computer processors
Mutational meltdown, in population genetics
Arts and entertainment
Music
Meltdown (festival) in London
Meltdown Records, a Slovakian record label
Albums
Meltdown (Ash album) or the title song, 2004
Meltdown (GrimSkunk album), 1996
Meltdown (Icehouse album), 2002
Meltdown (Massacre album), 2001
Meltdown (Steve Taylor album) or the title song, 1984
Meltdown (Vinnie Moore album) or the title song, 1991
Meltdown (EP), by Pitbull, 2013
Meltdown: Live in Mexico City, by King Crimson, or the title song, 2018
Meltdown, by John Taylor, 1999
Meltdown!, by Justin Roberts, 2006
Songs
"Meltdown" (Love and Death song), 2013
"Meltdown" (Niall Horan song), 2023
"Meltdown" (Stromae song), 2014
"Meltdown" (Travis Scott Song), 2023
"Meltdown", by Motionless in White from Scoring the End of the World, 2022
"Meltdown", by AC/DC from Stiff Upper Lip, 2000
"Meltdown!", by the Aquabats from Charge!!, 2005
"Meltdown", by Live from The Distance to Here, 1999
"Meltdown", by Loverboy from Keep It Up, 1983
"Meltdown", by Quartz, 1989
"Meltdown", from the film soundtrack album Requiem for a Dream, 2000
Publications
Meltdown (Clearfield and Tilcsik book), 2018 on system failures
Meltdown (Woods book), 2009, on the 2008 financial crisis
Meltdown (Image Comics), a comic book mini-series
Meltdown: The End of the
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bistable
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Bistable may refer to:
Bistability in physics; something that can rest in two states
Bistable circuit, also known as a flip-flop or latch
See also
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grain%20growth
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In materials science, grain growth is the increase in size of grains (crystallites) in a material at high temperature. This occurs when recovery and recrystallisation are complete and further reduction in the internal energy can only be achieved by reducing the total area of grain boundary. The term is commonly used in metallurgy but is also used in reference to ceramics and minerals. The behaviors of grain growth is analogous to the coarsening behaviors of grains, which implied that both of grain growth and coarsening may be dominated by the same physical mechanism.
Importance of grain growth
The practical performances of polycrystalline materials are strongly affected by the formed microstructure inside, which is mostly dominated by grain growth behaviors. For example, most materials exhibit the Hall–Petch effect at room-temperature and so display a higher yield stress when the grain size is reduced (assuming abnormal grain growth has not taken place). At high temperatures the opposite is true since the open, disordered nature of grain boundaries means that vacancies can diffuse more rapidly down boundaries leading to more rapid Coble creep. Since boundaries are regions of high energy they make excellent sites for the nucleation of precipitates and other second-phases e.g. Mg–Si–Cu phases in some aluminium alloys or martensite platlets in steel. Depending on the second phase in question this may have positive or negative effects.
Rules of grain growth
Grain growth has lon
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baldwin%27s%20rules
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Baldwin's rules in organic chemistry are a series of guidelines outlining the relative favorabilities of ring closure reactions in alicyclic compounds. They were first proposed by Jack Baldwin in 1976.
Baldwin's rules discuss the relative rates of ring closures of these various types. These terms are not meant to describe the absolute probability that a reaction will or will not take place, rather they are used in a relative sense. A reaction that is disfavoured (slow) does not have a rate that is able to compete effectively with an alternative reaction that is favoured (fast). However, the disfavoured product may be observed, if no alternate reactions are more favoured.
The rules classify ring closures in three ways:
the number of atoms in the newly formed ring
into exo and endo ring closures, depending whether the bond broken during the ring closure is inside (endo) or outside (exo) the ring that is being formed
into tet, trig and dig geometry of the atom being attacked, depending on whether this electrophilic carbon is tetrahedral (sp3 hybridised), trigonal (sp2 hybridised) or diagonal (sp hybridised).
Thus, a ring closure reaction could be classified as, for example, a 5-exo-trig.
Baldwin discovered that orbital overlap requirements for the formation of bonds favour only certain combinations of ring size and the exo/endo/dig/trig/tet parameters. Interactive 3D models of several of these transition states can be seen here (javascript required).
There are sometimes ex
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singular%20measure
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In mathematics, two positive (or signed or complex) measures and defined on a measurable space are called singular if there exist two disjoint measurable sets whose union is such that is zero on all measurable subsets of while is zero on all measurable subsets of This is denoted by
A refined form of Lebesgue's decomposition theorem decomposes a singular measure into a singular continuous measure and a discrete measure. See below for examples.
Examples on Rn
As a particular case, a measure defined on the Euclidean space is called singular, if it is singular with respect to the Lebesgue measure on this space. For example, the Dirac delta function is a singular measure.
Example. A discrete measure.
The Heaviside step function on the real line,
has the Dirac delta distribution as its distributional derivative. This is a measure on the real line, a "point mass" at However, the Dirac measure is not absolutely continuous with respect to Lebesgue measure nor is absolutely continuous with respect to but if is any open set not containing 0, then but
Example. A singular continuous measure.
The Cantor distribution has a cumulative distribution function that is continuous but not absolutely continuous, and indeed its absolutely continuous part is zero: it is singular continuous.
Example. A singular continuous measure on
The upper and lower Fréchet–Hoeffding bounds are singular distributions in two dimensions.
See also
References
Eric W Weisstein, CRC C
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard%20Eves
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Howard Whitley Eves (10 January 1911, New Jersey – 6 June 2004) was an American mathematician, known for his work in geometry and the history of mathematics.
Eves received his B.S. from the University of Virginia, an M.A. from Harvard University, and a Ph.D. in mathematics from Oregon State University in 1948, the last with a dissertation titled A Class of Projective Space Curves written under Ingomar Hostetter. He then spent most of his career at the University of Maine, 1954–1976. In later life, he occasionally taught at University of Central Florida.
Eves was a strong spokesman for the Mathematical Association of America, which he joined in 1942, and whose Northeast Section he founded. For 25 years he edited the Elementary Problems section of the American Mathematical Monthly. He solved over 300 problems proposed in various mathematical journals. His six volume Mathematical Circles series, collecting humorous and interesting anecdotes about mathematicians, was recently reprinted by the MAA, who also published his two volume Great Moments in the History of Mathematics, and his autobiographical Mathematical Reminiscences in 2001.
Eves had six children.
Books by Eves
1953. Introduction to the History of Mathematics, New York, Rinehart
1966. Functions of a Complex Variable, v. 1, Boston: Prindle, Weber & Schmidt
1966. Elementary matrix theory, Boston: Allyn and Bacon [Reprint: 1980. Dover Publications.]
1972. Survey of Geometry in 2 vols, 2nd ed. Boston: Allyn and Bacon
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basis%20set%20superposition%20error
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In quantum chemistry, calculations using finite basis sets are susceptible to basis set superposition error (BSSE). As the atoms of interacting molecules (or of different parts of the same molecule - intramolecular BSSE) approach one another, their basis functions overlap. Each monomer "borrows" functions from other nearby components, effectively increasing its basis set and improving the calculation of derived properties such as energy. If the total energy is minimised as a function of the system geometry, the short-range energies from the mixed basis sets must be compared with the long-range energies from the unmixed sets, and this mismatch introduces an error.
Other than using infinite basis sets, two methods exist to eliminate the BSSE. In the chemical Hamiltonian approach (CHA), basis set mixing is prevented a priori, by replacing the conventional Hamiltonian with one in which all the projector-containing terms that would allow mixing have been removed. In the counterpoise method (CP), the BSSE is calculated by re-performing all the calculations using the mixed basis sets, and the error is then subtracted a posteriori from the uncorrected energy. (The mixed basis sets are realised by introducing "ghost orbitals", basis set functions which have no electrons or protons. It however has been shown that there is an inherent danger in using counterpoise corrected energy surfaces, due to the inconsistent effect of the correction in different areas of the energy surface.)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State%20symbols
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State symbols may refer to:
National symbols
Australian state symbols
Emblems of Indian states
Indian state symbols
United States state symbols
in chemistry, the symbols for different states of matter
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20Schweickart
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David Schweickart (born 1942) is an American mathematician and philosopher. He holds a BS in Mathematics from the University of Dayton, a PhD in Mathematics from the University of Virginia, and a PhD in Philosophy from Ohio State University. He currently is Professor of Philosophy at Loyola University Chicago.
He has taught at Loyola since 1975. He was a visiting professor of mathematics at the University of Kentucky from 1969 to 1970, and a visiting professor of philosophy at the University of New Hampshire from 1986 to 1987. He has also lectured in Spain, Cuba, El Salvador, Italy, the Czech Republic, and throughout the United States. In 1999, Schweickart was named Faculty Member of the Year at Loyola University Chicago.
He is an editor and contributing writer to SolidarityEconomy.net, an online journal dedicated to economic democracy.
Economic democracy
In After Capitalism and other works, Schweickart has developed the model of market socialism he refers to as "economic democracy". In his own words, "Economic Democracy is a market economy." It embodies several key ideas:
Workplace self-management, including election of supervisors
Management of capital investment by a form of public banking
A market for goods, raw materials, instruments of production, etc.
Protectionism to enforce trade equality between nations
The firms and factories are owned by society and managed by the workers. These enterprises, so managed, compete in markets to sell their goods. Profit is sh
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neighbourhood%20%28disambiguation%29
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A neighbourhood (also spelled neighborhood) is a geographically localised community within a larger city, town, suburb or rural area.
Neighbo(u)rhood(s) may also refer to:
Mathematics
Neighbourhood (mathematics), a concept in topology
Neighbourhood (graph theory), a grouping in graph theory
the Moore neighborhood and Von Neumann neighborhood, used in describing cellular automata
Music
Neighbourhood (album), a 2005 album by Manu Katché
Neighborhoods (Ernest Hood album), 1975
Neighborhoods (Olu Dara album), 2001
Neighborhoods (Blink-182 album), 2011
"Neighbourhood" (song), a 1995 song by British indie rock band Space
Four songs by Arcade Fire from their 2004 album Funeral:
"Neighborhood #1 (Tunnels)"
"Neighborhood #2 (Laika)"
"Neighborhood #3 (Power Out)"
"Neighbourhood", a 2000 song by Zed Bias
Neighborhood Records, a record label
The Neighborhood (album), 1990 album by Los Lobos
The Neighbourhood, an American rock band
The Neighbourhood (album), the band's self-titled album
Other uses
Neighbourhood (TV series), a Chinese TV series
Neighborhood Channel, a subchannel of WQED-TV in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
Neighborhood (role-playing game), a 1982 role-playing game
The Neighborhood (novel), 2016 novel by Mario Vargas Llosa
The Neighborhood (TV series), American comedy series
The Neighborhood (film), 2017 Canadian film
The Neighborhood, comic strip by Jerry Van Amerongen
See also
Hood (disambiguation)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakhshali%20manuscript
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The Bakhshali manuscript is an ancient Indian mathematical text written on birch bark that was found in 1881 in the village of Bakhshali, Mardan (near Peshawar in present-day Pakistan, historical Gandhara). It is perhaps "the oldest extant manuscript in Indian mathematics". For some portions a carbon-date was proposed of AD 224–383 while for other portions a carbon-date as late as AD 885–993 in a recent study, but the dating has been criticised by specialists on methodological grounds (Plofker et al. 2017 and Houben 2018 §3). The manuscript contains the earliest known Indian use of a zero symbol. It is written in a form of literary Sanskrit influenced by contemporary dialects.
Discovery
The manuscript was unearthed in British India from a field in 1881, by a peasant in the village of Bakhshali, which is near Mardan, in present-day Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. The first research on the manuscript was done by A. F. R. Hoernlé. After his death, it was examined by G.R.Kaye, who edited the work and published it as a book in 1927.
The extant manuscript is incomplete, consisting of seventy leaves of birch bark, whose intended order is not known.
It is kept at the Bodleian Library at the University of Oxford (MS. Sansk. d. 14), though folio are periodically loaned to museums.
Contents
The manuscript is a compendium of rules and illustrative examples. Each example is stated as a problem, the solution is described, and it is verified that the problem has been solved. The sample pr
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm%20Traube
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Wilhelm Traube (10 January 1866 – 28 September 1942) was a German chemist.
Biography
Traube was born at Ratibor (Racibórz) in Prussian Silesia, a son of the famous private scholar Moritz Traube.
After studying law for a short time, he studied chemistry in Heidelberg, Breslau (today Wrocław), Munich and Berlin. Among his tutors were August Wilhelm von Hofmann, Adolf von Baeyer and Karl Friedrich Rammelsberg. In 1888 he received his doctorate "Über die Additionsprodukte der Cyansäure". Since 1897 Traube was assistant at the Pharmakological Institute in Berlin, since 1902 assistant at the Pharmaceutical Institute and "Titularprofessor". In 1911 he became an associate professor and 1929 a full professor. Hermann Emil Fischer nominated Traube to be department head at the Chemical Institute (Analytical Department) of the university in Berlin. Traube was inventive and held many patents in cellulose chemistry and salts of metal complexes.
Traube is well known for a procedure of synthesis of caffeine. The TRAUBEsche Synthese (Traube purine synthesis) was important for the pharmacological industry. The University of Kiel appointed him full professor, but he refused. Traube was a board member of the German Chemical Society and became in 1926 a member of the Leopoldina in Halle. In December 1938, Otto Hahn used an organic salt that Traube had constructed in order to detect barium in the products of nuclear fission.
Traube liked to play the piano. He was of Jewish origin but belonged
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leslie%20Shemilt
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Leslie Webster Shemilt, (25 December 1919 - 20 December 2011 ) was a Canadian chemical engineer and professor.
Born in Souris, Manitoba, he received a B.A.Sc. degree in 1941 from the University of Toronto and a M.Sc. degree in 1946 from the University of Manitoba. He received a Ph.D. degree in Physical Chemistry from the University of Toronto in 1947.
In 1947, he joined the University of British Columbia as an Assistant Professor. He was appointed an Associate Professor in 1949 and a Professor in 1957. From 1959 to 1960, he was the Shell Visiting Professor at the University College London. Returning to Canada in 1960, he joined the University of New Brunswick as a Professor and Head of the Department of Chemical Engineering. From 1969 to 1979, he was the Dean of Engineering at McMaster University.
From 1967 to 1985, he was the editor of the Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering.
Honours
In 1991, he was made an Officer of the Order of Canada "for the quality of his research in chemical engineering, his excellence as a teacher and his professional leadership". He is a Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada. He was awarded the Canadian Centennial Medal, the Queen Elizabeth II Silver Jubilee Medal, and the 125th Anniversary of the Confederation of Canada Medal.
References
1919 births
2011 deaths
Canadian academics in engineering
Canadian university and college faculty deans
Canadian chemical engineers
Fellows of the Royal Society of Canada
Fellows of the Engineering In
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann%20Matthias%20Hase
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Johann Matthias (Matyhias) Hase (Haas, Haase) (anglicised as Johannes Hasius) (14 January 1684 – 24 September 1742) was a German mathematician, astronomer, and cartographer.
Biography
Hase taught at Leipzig and his native Augsburg. In 1720, he became professor of mathematics at the University of Wittenberg.
Hase made maps for the publishing firm of ("Homännis' Heirs"), such as the following:
A map of Africa, (1737) which itself was based on the maps developed by Leo Africanus
Kingdoms of David and Solomon (1739). At Nuremberg, Hase published his . This work, as a historical survey of the kingdoms of David and Solomon, as well as of the dominions of the Seleucids, included maps of Syria and Egypt .
(1743). It depicts Europe.
(1744). It shows Asia.
(1744), published at Nuremberg. It shows the Kingdom of Hungary, as well as countries along the Danube and in Southeast Europe.
Hase died in Wittenberg. The crater Hase on the moon is named after him.
Allegories
Based on what is known of the sources of the Africa map, Hase's primary contribution to the maps were adding a cultural explanation in the form of allegorical cartoons on the map itself, though he may have had a greater role in other maps. On the map of Africa, for example, he added in the lower corner of the map a large allegorical scene showing a finely dressed woman in clothes that are similar to modern-day clothing. The men are either dressed with single piece servant's clothes, or an African ruler's
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemistry%20World
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Chemistry World is a monthly chemistry news magazine published by the Royal Society of Chemistry. The magazine addresses current events in the world of chemistry including research, international business news and government policy as it affects the chemical science community, plus the best product applications. It features regular columns by Philip Ball, Derek Lowe, Andrea Sella, Raychelle Burks, Alice Motion and Vanessa Seifert. The magazine is sent to all members of the Royal Society of Chemistry and is included in the cost of membership. In August 2016, the magazine began offering a "soft" paywall option, where a limited amount of content is made available free to all unregistered readers.
History
In 1965 two British chemistry institutions, the Chemical Society and the Royal Institute of Chemistry agreed to merge their primary publications Proceedings of the Chemical Society and the Journal of the Royal Institute of Chemistry. This was a first step to merger of the institutions. The new journal was entitled Chemistry in Britain.
In January 2004 it was given its current title. The publication's stated reason for the change was "to acknowledge the international nature of the subject".
According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2011 impact factor of 0.159, ranking it 146th out of 154 journals in the category "Chemistry, Multidisciplinary".
References
External links
2004 establishments in the United Kingdom
Magazines established in 2004
Magazines
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European%20Genetics%20Foundation
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The European Genetics Foundation (EGF) is a non-profit organization, dedicated to the training of young geneticists active in medicine, to continuing education in genetics/genomics and to the promotion of public understanding of genetics. Its main office is located in Bologna, Italy.
Background
In 1988 Prof. Giovanni Romeo, President of the European Genetics Foundation (EGF) and professor of Medical Genetics at the University of Bologna and Prof. Victor A. McKusick founded together the European School of Genetic Medicine (ESGM).
Since that time ESGM has taught genetics to postgraduate students (young M.D. and PhD) from some 70 different countries. Most of the courses are presented at ESGM's Main Training Center (MTC) in Bertinoro di Romagna (Italy), and are also available via webcast at authorized Remote Training Centers (RTC) in various countries in Europe and the Mediterranean area (Hybrid Courses). In the Netherlands and Switzerland, medical geneticists must attend at least one ESGM course before admission to their Board examinations.
For these reasons, the School has been able to expand and to obtain funding from the European Commission and from other international organizations.
Presentation of the Ronzano Project
The European School of Genetic Medicine was founded in 1988 and saw rapid success, which necessitated that an administrative body be formed. To this end the European Genetics Foundation was born in Genoa on 20 November 1995, with the following aims:
to ru
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verifiable%20secret%20sharing
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In cryptography, a secret sharing scheme is verifiable if auxiliary information is included that allows players to verify their shares as consistent. More formally, verifiable secret sharing ensures that even if the dealer is malicious there is a well-defined secret that the players can later reconstruct. (In standard secret sharing, the dealer is assumed to be honest.)
The concept of verifiable secret sharing (VSS) was first introduced in 1985 by Benny Chor, Shafi Goldwasser, Silvio Micali and Baruch Awerbuch.
In a VSS protocol a distinguished player who wants to share the secret is referred to as the dealer. The protocol consists of two phases: a sharing phase and a reconstruction phase.
Sharing: Initially the dealer holds secret as input and each player holds an independent random input. The sharing phase may consist of several rounds. At each round each player can privately send messages to other players and can also broadcast a message. Each message sent or broadcast by a player is determined by its input, its random input and messages received from other players in previous rounds.
Reconstruction: In this phase each player provides its entire view from the sharing phase and a reconstruction function is applied and is taken as the protocol's output.
An alternative definition given by Oded Goldreich defines VSS as a secure multi-party protocol for computing the randomized functionality corresponding to some (non-verifiable) secret sharing scheme. This definition is st
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wadim%20Zudilin
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Wadim Zudilin (Вадим Валентинович Зудилин) is a Russian mathematician and number theorist who is active in studying hypergeometric functions and zeta constants. He studied under Yuri V. Nesterenko and worked at Moscow State University, the Steklov Institute of Mathematics, the Max Planck Institute for Mathematics and the University of Newcastle, Australia. He now works at the Radboud University Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
He has reproved Apéry's theorem that ζ(3) is irrational, and expanded it. Zudilin proved that at least one of the four numbers ζ(5), ζ(7), ζ(9), or ζ(11) is irrational. For that accomplishment he won the Distinguished Award of the Hardy-Ramanujan Society in 2001.
With Doron Zeilberger, Zudilin improved upper bound of irrationality measure for π, which as of November 2022 is the current best estimate.
References
External links
Wadim Zudilin's homepage
Wadim Zudilin's research profile
Wadim Zudilin's list of published works
Russian mathematicians
Number theorists
Living people
Academic staff of Moscow State University
Academic staff of the University of Newcastle (Australia)
Academic staff of Radboud University Nijmegen
Year of birth missing (living people)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pamela%20J.%20Bjorkman
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Pamela Jane Bjorkman NAS, AAAS (also spelled Pamela J. Björkman born 1956 in Portland, Oregon) is an American biochemist. She is the David Baltimore Professor of Biology and Biological Engineering at the California Institute of Technology (Caltech), Her research centers on the study of the three-dimensional structures of proteins related to Class I MHC, or Major Histocompatibility Complex, proteins of the immune system and proteins involved in the immune responses to viruses . Bjorkman is most well known as a pioneer in the field of structural biology.
Bjorkman earned a Bachelor of Arts degree in Chemistry at the University of Oregon, under the guidance of Hayes Griffith and Patricia Jost. She received her PhD in biochemistry at Harvard University in 1984, where she worked in the laboratory of Don Wiley. She stayed on in Wiley's lab in a postdoctoral position where she ultimately solved the first crystal structure of an MHC protein - the HLA-A2 human histocompatibility antigen. This work was published in 1987, first at 3.5Å resolution (PDB entry 1HLA) and then refined at 2.6Å (PDB entry 3HLA). Bjorkman continued her postdoctoral research at Stanford University in the laboratory of Mark Davis, studying the T-cell receptors that recognize antigens presented in the binding groove of MHC proteins. In 1989, she joined the Biology faculty at the California Institute of Technology as an assistant professor. She earned tenure as an associate professor in 1995 and was promoted to
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas%20Math%20and%20Science%20Coaches%20Association
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The Texas Math and Science Coaches Association or TMSCA is an organization for coaches of academic University Interscholastic League teams in Texas middle schools and high schools, specifically those that compete in mathematics and science-related tests.
Events
There are four events in the TMSCA at both the middle and high school level: Number Sense, General Mathematics, Calculator Applications, and General Science.
Number Sense is an 80-question exam that students are given only 10 minutes to solve. Additionally, no scratch work or paper calculations are allowed. These questions range from simple calculations such as 99+98 to more complicated operations such as 1001×1938. Each calculation is able to be done with a certain trick or shortcut that makes the calculations easier.
The high school exam includes calculus and other difficult topics in the questions also with the same rules applied as to the middle school version.
It is well known that the grading for this event is particularly stringent as errors such as writing over a line or crossing out potential answers are considered as incorrect answers.
General Mathematics is a 50-question exam that students are given only 40 minutes to solve. These problems are usually more challenging than questions on the Number Sense test, and the General Mathematics word problems take more thinking to figure out. Every problem correct is worth 5 points, and for every problem incorrect, 2 points are deducted. Tiebreakers are determine
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Born%20rule
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The Born rule (also called Born's rule) is a postulate of quantum mechanics which gives the probability that a measurement of a quantum system will yield a given result. In its simplest form, it states that the probability density of finding a system in a given state, when measured, is proportional to the square of the amplitude of the system's wavefunction at that state. It was formulated and published by German physicist Max Born in July, 1926.
Details
The Born rule states that if an observable corresponding to a self-adjoint operator with discrete spectrum is measured in a system with normalized wave function (see Bra–ket notation), then:
the measured result will be one of the eigenvalues of , and
the probability of measuring a given eigenvalue will equal , where is the projection onto the eigenspace of corresponding to .
(In the case where the eigenspace of corresponding to is one-dimensional and spanned by the normalized eigenvector , is equal to , so the probability is equal to . Since the complex number is known as the probability amplitude that the state vector assigns to the eigenvector , it is common to describe the Born rule as saying that probability is equal to the amplitude-squared (really the amplitude times its own complex conjugate). Equivalently, the probability can be written as .)
In the case where the spectrum of is not wholly discrete, the spectral theorem proves the existence of a certain projection-valued measure , the spectral measu
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade%20Union%20International%20of%20Chemical%2C%20Energy%2C%20Metal%2C%20Oil%20and%20Allied%20Industries
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The Trade Union International of Chemical, Energy, Metal, Oil and Allied Workers (CHEMISTRY-ENERGY) is a sectoral body affiliated to the World Federation of Trade Unions (WFTU). The international federations of national trade unions are organized in specific industry sectors or occupational groups.
History
The federation was founded as the Trade Union International of Energy, Metal, Chemical, Oil and Allied Industries in 1998, at a conference in Havana, by the merger of the Trade Unions International of Chemical, Oil and Allied Workers, the Trade Union International of Energy Workers and Trade Union International of Workers in the Metal Industry. It was reorganized as the new Trade Union International of Energy Workers at a conference in Mexico City in 2007. It shortened its name to the Trade Union International of Energy Workers in 2007, but has since lengthened it again.
In 2018, the international held its third congress, in Thiruvananthapuram in India. Prasanta Nandi Chowdhury of India was elected as its president, and Eric Sellini of France as its general secretary.
References
TUI of Energy, Metal, Chemical, Oil and Allied Industries
Trade unions established in 1998
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snell%E2%80%93Hitchcock
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Amos Jerome Snell Hall and Charles Hitchcock Hall, more commonly known as Snell–Hitchcock (colloquially Snitchcock), make up a residence hall at the University of Chicago. The dorm is on the northwest corner of the University's main quadrangles at the corner of 57th St. and Ellis Avenue. It is connected via emergency exits to Searle Chemistry Laboratory. Built in 1892 (Snell) and 1901 (Hitchcock), they are the oldest residence halls still in use as such on the university's campus. Snell is built in a Collegiate Gothic style, while Hitchcock is Prairie Style-inspired Gothic. The buildings feature fireplaces and exteriors of limestone, as well as hardwood molding and trim.
Snell–Hitchcock is known for having a high level of community spirit and involvement, which are best displayed at the annual University of Chicago Scavenger Hunt. As of 2015, the Snell–Hitchcock team has won 14 of the 29 hunts to date, and holds the longest winning streak (four years) in the history of the game.
Hitchcock House's mascot is the armadillo. Snell House's mascot is the tortoise, after being recently changed from a monkey.
Hitchcock Hall
Hitchcock was built in 1901, and is listed in the National Register of Historic Places. It is built in a Collegiate Gothic style, like Snell and most of the University of Chicago's campus, but has many Prairie School elements, such as stone corn husks instead of gargoyles and flat-roofed instead of gabled dormers.
Hitchcock is built in the European "landing"
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3-finite%20measure
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In mathematics, a positive (or signed) measure μ defined on a σ-algebra Σ of subsets of a set X is called a finite measure if μ(X) is a finite real number (rather than ∞). A set A in Σ is of finite measure if μ(A) < ∞. The measure μ is called σ-finite if X is a countable union of measurable sets each with finite measure. A set in a measure space is said to have σ-finite measure if it is a countable union of measurable sets with finite measure. A measure being σ-finite is a weaker condition than being finite, i.e. all finite measures are σ-finite but there are (many) σ-finite measures that are not finite.
A different but related notion that should not be confused with σ-finiteness is s-finiteness.
Definition
Let be a measurable space and a measure on it.
The measure is called a σ-finite measure, if it satisfies one of the four following equivalent criteria:
the set can be covered with at most countably many measurable sets with finite measure. This means that there are sets with for all that satisfy .
the set can be covered with at most countably many measurable disjoint sets with finite measure. This means that there are sets with for all and for that satisfy .
the set can be covered with a monotone sequence of measurable sets with finite measure. This means that there are sets with and for all that satisfy .
there exists a strictly positive measurable function whose integral is finite. This means that for all and .
If is a -finite measure, t
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finite%20measure
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In measure theory, a branch of mathematics, a finite measure or totally finite measure is a special measure that always takes on finite values. Among finite measures are probability measures. The finite measures are often easier to handle than more general measures and show a variety of different properties depending on the sets they are defined on.
Definition
A measure on measurable space is called a finite measure if it satisfies
By the monotonicity of measures, this implies
If is a finite measure, the measure space is called a finite measure space or a totally finite measure space.
Properties
General case
For any measurable space, the finite measures form a convex cone in the Banach space of signed measures with the total variation norm. Important subsets of the finite measures are the sub-probability measures, which form a convex subset, and the probability measures, which are the intersection of the unit sphere in the normed space of signed measures and the finite measures.
Topological spaces
If is a Hausdorff space and contains the Borel -algebra then every finite measure is also a locally finite Borel measure.
Metric spaces
If is a metric space and the is again the Borel -algebra, the weak convergence of measures can be defined. The corresponding topology is called weak topology and is the initial topology of all bounded continuous functions on . The weak topology corresponds to the weak* topology in functional analysis. If is also separable, the
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebesgue%27s%20decomposition%20theorem
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In mathematics, more precisely in measure theory, Lebesgue's decomposition theorem states that for every two σ-finite signed measures and on a measurable space there exist two σ-finite signed measures and such that:
(that is, is absolutely continuous with respect to )
(that is, and are singular).
These two measures are uniquely determined by and
Refinement
Lebesgue's decomposition theorem can be refined in a number of ways.
First, the decomposition of a regular Borel measure on the real line can be refined:
where
νcont is the absolutely continuous part
νsing is the singular continuous part
νpp is the pure point part (a discrete measure).
Second, absolutely continuous measures are classified by the Radon–Nikodym theorem, and discrete measures are easily understood. Hence (singular continuous measures aside), Lebesgue decomposition gives a very explicit description of measures. The Cantor measure (the probability measure on the real line whose cumulative distribution function is the Cantor function) is an example of a singular continuous measure.
Related concepts
Lévy–Itō decomposition
The analogous decomposition for a stochastic processes is the Lévy–Itō decomposition: given a Lévy process X, it can be decomposed as a sum of three independent Lévy processes where:
is a Brownian motion with drift, corresponding to the absolutely continuous part;
is a compound Poisson process, corresponding to the pure point part;
is a square integrable pure j
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milliken%27s%20tree%20theorem
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In mathematics, Milliken's tree theorem in combinatorics is a partition theorem generalizing Ramsey's theorem to infinite trees, objects with more structure than sets.
Let T be a finitely splitting rooted tree of height ω, n a positive integer, and the collection of all strongly embedded subtrees of T of height n. In one of its simple forms, Milliken's tree theorem states that if then for some strongly embedded infinite subtree R of T, for some i ≤ r.
This immediately implies Ramsey's theorem; take the tree T to be a linear ordering on ω vertices.
Define where T ranges over finitely splitting rooted trees of height ω. Milliken's tree theorem says that not only is partition regular for each n < ω, but that the homogeneous subtree R guaranteed by the theorem is strongly embedded in T.
Strong embedding
Call T an α-tree if each branch of T has cardinality α. Define Succ(p, P)= , and to be the set of immediate successors of p in P. Suppose S is an α-tree and T is a β-tree, with 0 ≤ α ≤ β ≤ ω. S is strongly embedded in T if:
, and the partial order on S is induced from T,
if is nonmaximal in S and , then ,
there exists a strictly increasing function from to , such that
Intuitively, for S to be strongly embedded in T,
S must be a subset of T with the induced partial order
S must preserve the branching structure of T; i.e., if a nonmaximal node in S has n immediate successors in T, then it has n immediate successors in S
S preserves the level structure of T;
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bromodichloromethane
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Bromodichloromethane is a trihalomethane with formula .
Bromodichloromethane has formerly been used as a flame retardant, and a solvent for fats and waxes and because of its high density for mineral separation. Now it is only used as a reagent or intermediate in organic chemistry.
Bromodichloromethane can also occur in municipally-treated drinking water as a by-product of the chlorine disinfection process.
According to the Environmental Working Group, a non-profit organization that strives to educate consumers about potential chemical and environmental health risks, bromodichloromethane can increase the risk of cancer, harm to reproduction and child development, and may cause changes to fetal growth and development in when present in quantities higher than 0.06 parts per billion (ppb). This data largely comes from studies reviewed or conducted by the California Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment. No standards regulating the presence of bromodichloromethane in drinking water currently exist in the United States.
Notes
External links
Bromodichloromethane at The Carcinogenic Potency Database
Toxicological Profile at ATSDR
Organochlorides
Halomethanes
IARC Group 2B carcinogens
Organobromides
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philipp%20von%20Jolly
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Johann Philipp Gustav von Jolly (26 September 1809 – 24 December 1884) was a German physicist and mathematician.
Born in Mannheim as the son of merchant Louis Jolly and Marie Eleonore Jolly, he studied science in Heidelberg, Vienna and Berlin. After his studies, he was appointed professor of mathematics in Heidelberg in 1839 and physics in 1846. He moved to Munich in 1854, where he took the position once held by Georg Simon Ohm. In 1854, he was knighted (and henceforth referred to as von Jolly).
Jolly was, first and foremost, an experimental physicist. He measured gravitational acceleration with precision weights and also worked on osmosis.
One of his students at the University of Munich was Max Planck, whom he advised in 1878 not to go into physics, saying, "in this field, almost everything is already discovered, and all that remains is to fill a few unimportant holes." Planck replied that he did not wish to discover new things, only to understand the known fundamentals of the field. Nevertheless, Planck's work opened the quantum mechanics field.
Jolly died in Munich.
Selected works
Anleitung zur Differential- und Integralrechnung, 1846 – Manual of differential and integral calculus.
Die Principien der Mechanik, 1852 – The principles of mechanics.
Eine Federwage zu exacten Wägungen, 1864 – A spring balance for exact weight measurements.
Die Anwendung der Waage auf Probleme der Gravitation, 1878, zweite Abhandlung, 1881 – Application of a scale to problems of gravit
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddy%20%28fluid%20dynamics%29
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In fluid dynamics, an eddy is the swirling of a fluid and the reverse current created when the fluid is in a turbulent flow regime. The moving fluid creates a space devoid of downstream-flowing fluid on the downstream side of the object. Fluid behind the obstacle flows into the void creating a swirl of fluid on each edge of the obstacle, followed by a short reverse flow of fluid behind the obstacle flowing upstream, toward the back of the obstacle. This phenomenon is naturally observed behind large emergent rocks in swift-flowing rivers.
An eddy is a movement of fluid that deviates from the general flow of the fluid. An example for an eddy is a vortex which produces such deviation. However, there are other types of eddies that are not simple vortices. For example, a Rossby wave is an eddy which is an undulation that is a deviation from mean flow, but does not have the local closed streamlines of a vortex.
Swirl and eddies in engineering
The propensity of a fluid to swirl is used to promote good fuel/air mixing in internal combustion engines.
In fluid mechanics and transport phenomena, an eddy is not a property of the fluid, but a violent swirling motion caused by the position and direction of turbulent flow.
Reynolds number and turbulence
In 1883, scientist Osborne Reynolds conducted a fluid dynamics experiment involving water and dye, where he adjusted the velocities of the fluids and observed the transition from laminar to turbulent flow, characterized by the formatio
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological%20basis%20of%20love
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The theory of a biological basis of love has been explored by such biological sciences as evolutionary psychology, evolutionary biology, anthropology and neuroscience. Specific chemical substances such as oxytocin are studied in the context of their roles in producing human experiences, emotions and behaviors that are associated with love.
Evolutionary psychology
Evolutionary psychology has proposed several explanations for love. Monkey infants and children are for a very long time dependent on parental help. Love has therefore been seen as a mechanism to promote mutual parental support of children for an extended time period. Another is that sexually transmitted diseases may cause, among other effects, permanently reduced fertility, injury to the fetus, and increase risks during childbirth. This would favor exclusive long-term relationships reducing the risk of contracting an STD.
From the perspective of evolutionary psychology the experiences and behaviors associated with love can be investigated in terms of how they have been shaped by human evolution. For example, it has been suggested that human language has been selected during evolution as a type of "mating signal" that allows potential mates to judge reproductive fitness. Miller described evolutionary psychology as a starting place for further research: "Cognitive neuroscience could try to localize courtship adaptations in the brain. Most importantly, we need much better observations concerning real-life human court
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D-list
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D-list could refer to
D-list, a status on the Ulmer scale of fame and "bankability", meaning very minor celebrity
Kathy Griffin: My Life on the D-List, a reality television show
Difference list, in computer science, a data structure for representing lists with efficient append operations
See also
Delisting (disambiguation)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vidya%20Academy%20of%20Science%20and%20Technology%2C%20Thrissur
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Vidya Academy of Science and Technology (VAST) is a privately financed engineering college in Thrissur District in Kerala. The college offers a degree in Bachelor of Technology and courses in six branches of engineering - Production, Civil, Computer Science, Electrical and Electronics, Electronics and Communication, Mechanical. The college also offers a degree in Masters in Computer Application (MCA). From the year 2011, the college has offered four MTech courses and two PhD programmes in Electrical engineering & Computer science engineering.
The college was established and is administered by Vidya International Charitable Trust (VICT), a body formed by more than a thousand non-resident Keralites mostly based in the Arab States of the Persian Gulf.
History
The college started functioning in August 2003 offering BTech courses in four branches of engineering, Computer Science, Electrical and Electronics, Electronics and Communication, and Mechanical Engineering.
From 2006, the college began to offer BTech programmes in Civil Engineering and Production Engineering. In the same year, the postgraduate programme of Masters in Computer Application was started. There are around 1900 students and 112 faculty members. From 2012, the college has offered MTech in Power electronics and Drives, Computer science and engineering, Structural engineering and Embedded systems. The college is one of the Research Center for Doctoral Research (PhD) of Anna University, Chennai.
Certifications
T
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter%20Mosses
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Peter David Mosses (born 1948) is a British computer scientist.
Peter Mosses studied mathematics as an undergraduate at Trinity College, Oxford, and went on to undertake a DPhil supervised by Christopher Strachey in the Programming Research Group while at Wolfson College, Oxford in the early 1970s. He was the last student to submit his thesis under Strachey before Strachey's death.
In 1978, Mosses published his compiler-compiler, the Semantic Implementation System (SIS), which uses a denotational semantics description of the input language.
Mosses has spent most of his career at BRICS in Denmark. He returned to a chair at Swansea University, Wales. His main contribution has been in the area of formal program semantics. In particular, with David Watt he developed action semantics, a combination of denotational, operational and algebraic semantics.
Currently, Mosses is a visitor at TU Delft, working with the Programming Languages Group.
References
External links
Home page
Living people
Alumni of Trinity College, Oxford
Alumni of Wolfson College, Oxford
Members of the Department of Computer Science, University of Oxford
British computer scientists
Academics of Swansea University
Formal methods people
1948 births
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Meurig%20Thomas
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Sir John Meurig Thomas (15 December 193213 November 2020), also known as JMT, was a Welsh scientist, educator, university administrator, and historian of science primarily known for his work on heterogeneous catalysis, solid-state chemistry, and surface and materials science.
He was one of the founders of solid-state chemistry, starting with his work at the University of Wales, Bangor, in 1958 when he investigated the various ways in which dislocations influence the chemical, electronic and excitonic properties of a range of solids. He was one of the first to exploit electron microscopy as a chemical tool, especially to deduce active-site reactivities from the surface topography of many minerals and crystal hydrates. At the University of Aberystwyth (1969–1978) he elucidated the surface chemistry of diamond, clay minerals, metals and intercalates by pioneering UV and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. He also initiated the field of crystal engineering of organic molecules. As head of physical chemistry department at the University of Cambridge (1978–1986), then a separate department to chemistry, he used magic-angle-spinning NMR and high-resolution electron microscopy to characterize and determine the structures of zeolites and other nanoporous catalysts. As Fullerian Professor and Director of the Royal Institution and of the Davy–Faraday Research Laboratory, he utilized synchrotron radiation to characterize, in situ, new catalysts designed for green chemistry and clean tech
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University%20of%20Waterloo%20Faculty%20of%20Mathematics
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The Faculty of Mathematics is one of six faculties of the University of Waterloo in Waterloo, Ontario, offering more than 500 courses in mathematics, statistics and computer science. The faculty also houses the David R. Cheriton School of Computer Science, formerly the faculty's computer science department. There are more than 31,000 alumni.
History
The faculty was founded on January 1, 1967, a successor to the University of Waterloo's Department of Mathematics, which had grown to be the largest department in the Faculty of Arts under the chairmanship of Ralph Stanton (and included such influential professors as W. T. Tutte). Initially located in the Physics building, the faculty was moved in May 1968 into the newly constructed Mathematics and Computing (MC) Building. Inspired by Stanton's famously gaudy ties, the students draped a large pink tie over the MC Building on the occasion of its opening, which later became a symbol of the faculty.
At the time of its founding, the faculty included five departments: Applied Analysis and Computer Science, Applied Mathematics, Combinatorics and Optimization, Pure Mathematics, and Statistics. In 1975 the Department of Applied Analysis and Computer Science became simply the Department of Computer Science; in 2005 it became the David R. Cheriton School of Computer Science. The Statistics Department also was later renamed the Department of Statistics and Actuarial Science. The Department of Combinatorics and Optimization is the only acad
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geometry%20Center
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The Geometry Center was a mathematics research and education center at the University of Minnesota. It was established by the National Science Foundation in the late 1980s and closed in 1998. The focus of the center's work was the use of computer graphics and visualization for research and education in pure mathematics and geometry.
The center's founding director was Al Marden. Richard McGehee directed the center during its final years. The center's governing board was chaired by David P. Dobkin.
Geomview
Much of the work done at the center was for the development of Geomview, a three-dimensional interactive geometry program. This focused on mathematical visualization with options to allow hyperbolic space to be visualised. It was originally written for Silicon Graphics workstations, and has been ported to run on Linux systems; it is available for installation in most Linux distributions through the package management system. Geomview can run under Windows using Cygwin and under Mac OS X. Geomview has a web site at .
Geomview is built on the Object Oriented Graphics Library (OOGL). The displayed scene and the attributes of the objects in it may be manipulated by the graphical command language (GCL) of Geomview. Geomview may be set as a default 3-D viewer for Mathematica.
Videos
Geomview was used in the construction of several mathematical movies including:
Not Knot, exploring hyperbolic space rendering of knot complements.
Outside In, a movie about sphere eversion.
Th
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frost%20diagram
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A Frost diagram or Frost–Ebsworth diagram is a type of graph used by inorganic chemists in electrochemistry to illustrate the relative stability of a number of different oxidation states of a particular substance. The graph illustrates the free energy vs oxidation state of a chemical species. This effect is dependent on pH, so this parameter also must be included. The free energy is determined by the oxidation–reduction half-reactions. The Frost diagram allows easier comprehension of these reduction potentials than the earlier-designed Latimer diagram, because the “lack of additivity of potentials” was confusing. The free energy ΔG° is related to the reduction potential E shown in the graph by the formula: or , where n is the number of transferred electrons, and F is the Faraday constant ). The Frost diagram is named after , who originally invented it as a way to "show both free energy and oxidation potential data conveniently" in a 1951 paper.
pH dependence
The pH dependence is given by the factor −0.059m/n per pH unit, where m relates to the number of protons in the equation, and n the number of electrons exchanged. Electrons are always exchanged in electrochemistry, but not necessarily protons. If there is no proton exchange in the reaction equilibrium, the reaction is said to be pH-independent. This means that the values for the electrochemical potential rendered in a redox half-reaction, whereby the elements in question change oxidation states are the same whatever t
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann%20Hommel
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Johann Hommel (also Johannes Homelius, Hummelius, Homilius, Hummel; 2 February 1518, Memmingen – 4 July 1562, Leipzig) was a German astronomer and mathematician.
Work
Hommel was appointed professor of mathematics at the University of Leipzig in 1551.
In 1552 or 1553, Richard Cantzlar introduced transversal dot lines in graduations. It was a variant of the zigzag line system introduced by Hommel. Tycho Brahe obtained the zigzag line system from Hommel.
The lunar crater Hommel is named after him.
Sources
Johann Daniel Schulze, Abriß einer Geschichte der Leipziger Universität, Hinrichs, 1810, p. 48.
Kevin Krisciunas (1999), "Observatories"
Torsten Woitkowitz: Der Landvermesser, Kartograph, Astronom und Mechaniker Johannes Humelius (1518–1562) und die Leipziger Universität um die Mitte des 16. Jahrhunderts, in: Sudhoffs Archiv 92 (2008), S. 65–97.
Marion Gindhart and Alexander Hubert: Art. „Mathematische Wissenschaften (CamLex)“, in: Opera Camerarii Online, http://wiki.camerarius.de/Mathematische_Wissenschaften_(CamLex), section „Camerarius und Johann Hommel“.
External links
16th-century German astronomers
16th-century German mathematicians
1518 births
1562 deaths
16th-century German writers
16th-century German male writers
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RRT
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RRT or Rrt may refer to:
Radio Reconnaissance Platoon
Railroad Tycoon (series)
Rainbow Round Table
Rapidly exploring random tree
Reference Rendering Transform (Academy Color Encoding System)
Registered Respiratory Therapist
Renal replacement therapy
Randomized response technique
Rational root theorem in mathematics
Refugee Review Tribunal in Australia.
Recommended Replacement Time (In Pacemaker and Internal Defibrillator, time to replace the device because of exhaustion of the batteries)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20Harel
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David Harel (; born 12 April 1950) is a computer scientist, currently serving as President of the Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities. He has been on the faculty of the Weizmann Institute of Science in Israel since 1980, and holds the William Sussman Professorial Chair of Mathematics. Born in London, England, he was Dean of the Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science at the institute for seven years.
Biography
Harel is best known for his work on dynamic logic, computability, database theory, software engineering and modelling biological systems. In the 1980s he invented the graphical language of Statecharts for specifying and programming reactive systems, which has been adopted as part of the UML standard. Since the late 1990s he has concentrated on a scenario-based approach to programming such systems, launched by his co-invention (with W. Damm) of Live Sequence Charts. He has published expository accounts of computer science, such as his award winning 1987 book "Algorithmics: The Spirit of Computing" and his 2000 book "Computers Ltd.: What They Really Can’t do", and has presented series on computer science for Israeli radio and television. He has also worked on other diverse topics, such as graph layout, computer science education, biological modeling and the analysis and communication of odors.
Harel completed his PhD at MIT between 1976 and 1978. In 1987, he co-founded the software company I-Logix, which in 2006 became part of IBM. He has advocated building a
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian%20Bigelow
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Julian Bigelow (March 19, 1913 – February 17, 2003) was a pioneering American computer engineer.
Life
Bigelow was born in 1913 in Nutley, New Jersey. He obtained a master's degree at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, studying electrical engineering and mathematics. During World War II, he assisted Norbert Wiener in his research on automated fire control for anti-aircraft guns, leading to the development of the so-called Wiener filter.
Bigelow coauthored (with Wiener and Arturo Rosenblueth) one of the founding papers on cybernetics and modern teleology, "Behavior, Purpose and Teleology" (1943), which was published in Philosophy of Science. This paper mulled over the way mechanical, biological, and electronic systems could communicate and interact. This paper instigated the formation of the Teleological Society and later the Macy conferences. Bigelow was an active member of both organizations. He was a visiting scholar for many years at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton.
When John von Neumann sought to build one of the first digital computers at the Institute for Advanced Study, he hired Bigelow in 1946 as his "engineer," on Wiener's recommendation. The computer Bigelow built following von Neumann's design is called the IAS machine, although it was also called the MANIAC, a name that was later transferred to the successful clone of this machine at Los Alamos. Because von Neumann did not patent the IAS and wrote about it freely, 15 clones of the IAS were
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emil%20Bose
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Emil Hermann Bose (October 20, 1874 in Bremen, Germany – May 25, 1911 in La Plata, Argentina), was a German physicist. He was the first director of the Department of Electrical Engineering at the University of La Plata, Argentina. He studied under Walther Nernst at the University of Göttingen, Germany and was recruited by the newly created university in Argentina, where he taught for two years until his death from typhoid fever in 1911. He was succeeded by Richard Gans.
See
Bibiloni, A.G. (2005)
References
Argentine physicists
20th-century German physicists
1911 deaths
1874 births
Burials at La Plata Cemetery
Expatriates from the German Empire
Expatriates in Argentina
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques%20Rueff
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Jacques Léon Rueff (23 August 1896 – 23 April 1978) was a French economist and adviser to the French government.
Life
An influential French conservative and free market thinker, Rueff was born the son of a well known Parisian physician and studied economics and mathematics at the École Polytechnique. An important economic advisor to President Charles de Gaulle, Rueff was also a major figure in the management of the French economy during the Great Depression. In the early 1930s, he was as a financial attache in London, in charge of the Bank of France's sterling reserves. He also worked as an outside expert for the Economic and Financial Organization of the League of Nations, together with Oskar Morgenstern and Bertil Ohlin, supporting the EFO's work on economic depressions in the late 1930s.
He was a member of the Société d'Économie Politique and was linked to the Éditions de Médicis. He also taught at the Paris Institute of Political Studies (Sciences Po) in the 1930s.
In 1941, Rueff, a Jew, was dismissed from his office as the deputy governor of the Bank of France as a result of Vichy France's new anti-Semitic laws. Rueff published several works of political economy and philosophy during his lifetime, including L'Ordre Social, which appeared shortly after the Liberation of Paris.
After the war Rueff became one of the leading French members of the classical liberal Mont Pelerin Society, the president of the Inter-Allied Reparations Agency (IARA), and the minister of state
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Identification%20studies%20of%20UFOs
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Identifying unidentified flying objects (UFOs) is a difficult task due to the normally poor quality of the evidence provided by those who report sighting the unknown object. Observations and subsequent reporting are often made by those untrained in astronomy, atmospheric phenomena, aeronautics, physics, and perception. Nevertheless, most officially investigated UFO sightings, such as from the U.S. Air Force's Project Blue Book, have been identified as being due to honest misidentifications of natural phenomena, aircraft, or other prosaic explanations. In early U.S. Air Force attempts to explain UFO sightings, unexplained sightings routinely numbered over one in five reports. However, in early 1953, right after the CIA's Robertson Panel, percentages of unexplained sightings dropped precipitously, usually being only a few percent in any given year. When Project Blue Book closed down in 1970, only 6% of all cases were classified as being truly unidentified.
UFOs that can be explained are sometimes termed "IFOs" or Identified Flying Objects.
UFO studies
The following are some major studies undertaken during the past 70+ years that reported on identification of UFOs:
Project Sign
Project Sign lists that "in order to investigate the credibility of their existence the following factors must be considered in any technical analysis":<ref>https://archive.org/details/ProjectSIGN</rorce)</ref>
Method of support (lift)
1. Wings
2. Fuselage lift (Wingless)
3. Rotor
4. Vertical Jet
5
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1%2C3-dipole
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In organic chemistry, a 1,3-dipolar compound or 1,3-dipole is a dipolar compound with delocalized electrons and a separation of charge over three atoms. They are reactants in 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions.
The dipole has at least one resonance structure with positive and negative charges having a 1,3 relationship which can generally be denoted as , where a may be a carbon, oxygen or nitrogen, b may be nitrogen or oxygen, and c may be a carbon, oxygen or nitrogen.
Known 1,3-dipoles are:
Azides ()
Ozone ()
Nitro compounds ()
Diazo compounds ()
Some oxides
Azoxide compounds (RN(O)NR)
Carbonyl oxides (Criegee zwitterions)
Nitrile oxides ()
Nitrous oxide ()
Nitrones ()
Some imines:
Azomethine imine
Nitrilimines (, analogous to nitrile oxide)
Carbonyl imines
Some ylides
Azomethine ylide
Nitrile ylide ()
Carbonyl ylide
Thiosulfines ()
References
Organic chemistry
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hann%20function
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The Hann function is named after the Austrian meteorologist Julius von Hann. It is a window function used to perform Hann smoothing. The function, with length and amplitude is given by:
For digital signal processing, the function is sampled symmetrically (with spacing and amplitude ):
which is a sequence of samples, and can be even or odd. (see ) It is also known as the raised cosine window, Hann filter, von Hann window, etc.
Fourier transform
The Fourier transform of is given by:
Discrete transforms
The Discrete-time Fourier transform (DTFT) of the length, time-shifted sequence is defined by a Fourier series, which also has a 3-term equivalent that is derived similarly to the Fourier transform derivation:
The truncated sequence is a DFT-even (aka periodic) Hann window. Since the truncated sample has value zero, it is clear from the Fourier series definition that the DTFTs are equivalent. However, the approach followed above results in a significantly different-looking, but equivalent, 3-term expression:
An N-length DFT of the window function samples the DTFT at frequencies for integer values of From the expression immediately above, it is easy to see that only 3 of the N DFT coefficients are non-zero. And from the other expression, it is apparent that all are real-valued. These properties are appealing for real-time applications that require both windowed and non-windowed (rectangularly windowed) transforms, because the windowed transforms can
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benedict%20Gross
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Benedict Hyman Gross is an American mathematician who is a professor at the University of California San Diego, the George Vasmer Leverett Professor of Mathematics Emeritus at Harvard University, and former Dean of Harvard College.
He is known for his work in number theory, particularly the Gross–Zagier theorem on L-functions of elliptic curves, which he researched with Don Zagier.
Education and Professional career
Gross graduated from The Pingry School, a leading independent school in New Jersey, in 1967 as the valedictorian. In 1971, he graduated Phi Beta Kappa from Harvard University. He then received an M.Sc. from Oxford University as a Marshall Scholar in 1974 before returning to Harvard and completing his Ph.D. in 1978, under John Tate.
After holding faculty positions at Princeton University and Brown University, Gross became a tenured professor at Harvard in 1985 and remained there subsequently, as Dean of Harvard College from 2003 to 2007.
Benedict Gross was the mathematical consultant for the 1980 film It's My Turn containing the famous scene in which actress Jill Clayburgh, portraying a mathematics professor, impeccably proves the snake lemma.
Awards and honors
Gross is a 1986 MacArthur Fellow.
Gross, Zagier, and Dorian M. Goldfeld won the Cole Prize of the American Mathematical Society in 1987 for their work on the Gross–Zagier theorem. In 2012 he became a fellow of the American Mathematical Society.
Gross was elected as a fellow of the American Academy of
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrzej%20Tarkowski
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Andrzej Krzysztof Tarkowski (; 4 May 1933 – 23 September 2016) was a Polish embryologist and a professor at Warsaw University. He is best known for his pioneering researches on embryos and blastomeres, which have created theoretical and practical basis for achievements of biology and medicine of the twentieth century - in vitro fertilization, cloning and stem cell discovery. In 2002 Tarkowski with Anne McLaren won the Japan Prize for their discoveries concerning the early development of mammalian embryos.
Career
In 1950 Tarkowski was admitted to study at the Faculty of Biology and Earth Sciences (currently the Faculty of Biology) University of Warsaw. He graduated in 1955 with M.Sc. degree. His Ph.D. was received in 1959, and in 1963 he reached a D.Sc. degree at the Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw. In 1972 he was appointed professor. He eventually received full professorship in 1978. From 1964 until his retirement in 2003 he was the head of the Department of Embryology, and during two periods (1972-1981; 1987-2003) he was the head of the Institute of Zoology in the Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw.
Tarkowski contributed to international science throughout his professional life. He collaborated with many research centers around the world. He was a Fellow of the Rockefeller Foundation in the Department of Zoology, University College of North Wales (UK), and served as a visiting professor of the Royal Society at the University of Oxford (UK), Rockefeller Unive
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dodgem
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Dodgem is a simple abstract strategy game invented by Colin Vout in 1972 while he was a mathematics student at the University of Cambridge as described in the book Winning Ways. It is played on an n×n board with n-1 cars for each player—two cars each on a 3×3 board is enough for an interesting game, but larger sizes are also possible.
Play
The board is initially set up with n-1 blue cars along the left edge and n-1 red cars along the bottom edge, the bottom left square remaining empty. Turns alternate: player 1 ("Left")'s turn is to move any one of the blue cars one space forwards (right) or sideways (up or down). Player 2 ("Right")'s turn is to move any one of the red cars one space forwards (up) or sideways (left or right).
Cars may not move onto occupied spaces. They may leave the board, but only by a forward move. A car which leaves the board is out of the game. There are no captures. A player must always leave their opponent a legal move or else forfeit the game.
The winner is the player who first gets all their pieces off the board, or has all their cars blocked in by their opponent.
The game can also be played in Misere, where you force your opponent to move their pieces off the board.
Theory
The 3×3 game can be completely analyzed (strongly solved) and is a win for the first player—a table showing who wins from every possible position is given in Winning Ways, and given this information it is easy to read off a winning strategy.
David des Jardins showed
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerzy%20D%C4%85browski
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Jerzy Dąbrowski (September 8, 1899 – September 17, 1967) was a Polish aeronautical engineer. He was the lead designer of the famed PZL.37 Łoś medium bomber.
Dąbrowski was born in Nieborów, west of Warsaw to a railway clerk family. He studied architecture and then transferred to mechanical engineering at the Warsaw Technical University (Polytechnic). The department offered aviation speciality and had an aviation fan club. Dąbrowski designed and built his first aircraft, biplane ultralight D.1 Cykacz (Ticker) in 1924 at the Centralne Warsztaty Lotnicze (Central Aviation Workshops) in Warsaw. In 1925 Dąbrowski obtained a special permission to complete pilot training at the 1st Air Regiment.
Due to financial difficulties Jerzy left the Polytechnic in 1926 and started working at the Plage & Laskiewicz company contributing to the design of the Lublin R.VIII, R.IX. and DUS-III. In 1928 he was asked to join the PZL aviation works in Warsaw. There, with Dr. Franciszek Misztal he designed the all-metal PZL.19 and the PZL.26 for the Challenge 1932 and Challenge 1934 contests.
Dąbrowski's greatest achievement was the design of a very advanced medium bomber PZL.37 Łoś, even though he had not worked on an airplane of this type and size. PZL submitted a proposal in response to the specification issued by the Departament Aeronautyki (Department of Aeronautics) in 1934 for a twin motor bomber capable of carrying a load of 2000 kg (including 300 kg bombs) with speed in excess of 350 km/h an
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytochrome%20b
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Cytochrome b within both molecular and cell biology, is a protein found in the mitochondria of eukaryotic cells. It functions as part of the electron transport chain and is the main subunit of transmembrane cytochrome bc1 and b6f complexes.
Function
In the mitochondrion of eukaryotes and in aerobic prokaryotes, cytochrome b is a component of respiratory chain complex III () — also known as the bc1 complex or ubiquinol-cytochrome c reductase. In plant chloroplasts and cyanobacteria, there is an analogous protein, cytochrome b6, a component of the plastoquinone-plastocyanin reductase (), also known as the b6f complex. These complexes are involved in electron transport, the pumping of protons to create a proton-motive force (PMF). This proton gradient is used for the generation of ATP. These complexes play a vital role in cells.
Structure
Cytochrome b/b6 is an integral membrane protein of approximately 400 amino acid residues that probably has 8 transmembrane segments. In plants and cyanobacteria, cytochrome b6 consists of two protein subunits encoded by the petB and petD genes. Cytochrome b/b6 non-covalently binds two heme groups, known as b562 and b566. Four conserved histidine residues are postulated to be the ligands of the iron atoms of these two heme groups.
Use in phylogenetics
Cytochrome b is commonly used as a region of mitochondrial DNA for determining phylogenetic relationships between organisms, due to its sequence variability. It is considered to be most u
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue%20hole
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A blue hole is a large marine cavern or sinkhole, which is open to the surface and has developed in a bank or island composed of a carbonate bedrock (limestone or coral reef). Blue holes typically contain tidally influenced water of fresh, marine, or mixed chemistry. They extend below sea level for most of their depth and may provide access to submerged cave passages. Well-known examples are the Dragon Hole (in the South China Sea) and, in the Caribbean, the Great Blue Hole and Dean's Blue Hole.
Blue holes are distinguished from cenotes in that the latter are inland voids usually containing fresh groundwater rather than seawater.
Description
Blue holes are roughly circular, steep-walled depressions, and so named for the dramatic contrast between the dark blue, deep waters of their depths and the lighter blue of the shallows around them. Their water circulation is poor, and they are commonly anoxic below a certain depth; this environment is unfavorable for most sea life, but nonetheless can support large numbers of bacteria. The deep blue color is caused by the high transparency of water and bright white carbonate sand. Blue light is the most enduring part of the spectrum; other parts of the spectrum—red, yellow, and finally green—are absorbed during their path through water, but blue light manages to reach the white sand and return upon reflection.
The deepest blue hole in the world at 300.89 meters (987 feet) deep is in the South China Sea and is named the Dragon Hole, o
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeffrey%20Lagarias
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Jeffrey Clark Lagarias (born November 16, 1949 in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States) is a mathematician and professor at the University of Michigan.
Education
While in high school in 1966, Lagarias studied astronomy at the Summer Science Program.
He completed an S.B. and S.M. in Mathematics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1972. The title of his thesis was "Evaluation of certain character sums". He was a Putnam Fellow at MIT in 1970. He received his Ph.D. in Mathematics from MIT for his thesis "The 4-part of the class group of a quadratic field", in 1974. His advisor for both his masters and Ph.D was Harold Stark.
Career
In 1975, he joined AT&T Bell Laboratories and eventually became Distinguished Member of Technical Staff. Since 1995, he has been a Technology Consultant at AT&T Research Laboratories. In 2002, he moved to Michigan to work at the University and settle down with his family.
While his recent work has been in theoretical computer science, his original training was in analytic algebraic number theory. He has since worked in many areas, both pure and applied, and considers himself a mathematical generalist.
Lagarias discovered an elementary problem that is equivalent to the Riemann hypothesis, namely whether
for all n > 0, we have
with equality only when n = 1. Here Hn is the nth harmonic number, the sum of the reciprocals of the first positive integers, and σ(n) is the divisor function, the sum of the positive divisors of n.
He dis
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bethe%20ansatz
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In physics, the Bethe ansatz is an ansatz for finding the exact wavefunctions of certain quantum many-body models, most commonly for one-dimensional lattice models. It was first used by Hans Bethe in 1931 to find the exact eigenvalues and eigenvectors of the one-dimensional antiferromagnetic isotropic (XXX) Heisenberg model.
Since then the method has been extended to other spin chains and statistical lattice models.
"Bethe ansatz problems" were one of the topics featuring in the "To learn" section of Richard Feynman's blackboard at the time of his death.
Discussion
In the framework of many-body quantum mechanics, models solvable by the Bethe ansatz can be contrasted with free fermion models. One can say that the dynamics of a free model is one-body reducible: the many-body wave function for fermions (bosons) is the anti-symmetrized (symmetrized) product of one-body wave functions. Models solvable by the Bethe ansatz are not free: the two-body sector has a non-trivial scattering matrix, which in general depends on the momenta.
On the other hand, the dynamics of the models solvable by the Bethe ansatz is two-body reducible: the many-body scattering matrix is a product of two-body scattering matrices. Many-body collisions happen as a sequence of two-body collisions and the many-body wave function can be represented in a form which contains only elements from two-body wave functions. The many-body scattering matrix is equal to the product of pairwise scattering matrices.
Th
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jmol
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Jmol is computer software for molecular modelling chemical structures in 3-dimensions. Jmol returns a 3D representation of a molecule that may be used as a teaching tool, or for research e.g., in chemistry and biochemistry.
It is written in the programming language Java, so it can run on the operating systems Windows, macOS, Linux, and Unix, if Java is installed. It is free and open-source software released under a GNU Lesser General Public License (LGPL) version 2.0. A standalone application and a software development kit (SDK) exist that can be integrated into other Java applications, such as Bioclipse and Taverna.
A popular feature is an applet that can be integrated into web pages to display molecules in a variety of ways.
For example, molecules can be displayed as ball-and-stick models, space-filling models, ribbon diagrams, etc.
Jmol supports a wide range of chemical file formats, including Protein Data Bank (pdb), Crystallographic Information File (cif), MDL Molfile (mol), and Chemical Markup Language (CML). There is also a JavaScript-only (HTML5) version, JSmol, that can be used on computers with no Java.
The Jmol applet, among other abilities, offers an alternative to the Chime plug-in, which is no longer under active development. While Jmol has many features that Chime lacks, it does not claim to reproduce all Chime functions, most notably, the Sculpt mode. Chime requires plug-in installation and Internet Explorer 6.0 or Firefox 2.0 on Microsoft Windows, or Netsca
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generalized%20minimal%20residual%20method
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In mathematics, the generalized minimal residual method (GMRES) is an iterative method for the numerical solution of an indefinite nonsymmetric system of linear equations. The method approximates the solution by the vector in a Krylov subspace with minimal residual. The Arnoldi iteration is used to find this vector.
The GMRES method was developed by Yousef Saad and Martin H. Schultz in 1986. It is a generalization and improvement of the MINRES method due to Paige and Saunders in 1975. The MINRES method requires that the matrix is symmetric, but has the advantage that it only requires handling of three vectors. GMRES is a special case of the DIIS method developed by Peter Pulay in 1980. DIIS is applicable to non-linear systems.
The method
Denote the Euclidean norm of any vector v by . Denote the (square) system of linear equations to be solved by
The matrix A is assumed to be invertible of size m-by-m. Furthermore, it is assumed that b is normalized, i.e., that .
The n-th Krylov subspace for this problem is
where is the initial error given an initial guess . Clearly if .
GMRES approximates the exact solution of by the vector that minimizes the Euclidean norm of the residual .
The vectors might be close to linearly dependent, so instead of this basis, the Arnoldi iteration is used to find orthonormal vectors which form a basis for . In particular, .
Therefore, the vector can be written as with , where is the m-by-n matrix formed by . In other words, finding
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exertion
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Exertion is the physical or perceived use of energy. Exertion traditionally connotes a strenuous or costly effort, resulting in generation of force, initiation of motion, or in the performance of work. It often relates to muscular activity and can be quantified, empirically and by measurable metabolic response.
Physical
In physics, exertion is the expenditure of energy against, or inductive of, inertia as described by Isaac Newton's third law of motion. In physics, force exerted equivocates work done. The ability to do work can be either positive or negative depending on the direction of exertion relative to gravity. For example, a force exerted upwards, like lifting an object, creates positive work done on that object.
Exertion often results in force generated, a contributing dynamic of general motion. In mechanics it describes the use of force against a body in the direction of its motion (see vector).
Physiological
Exertion, physiologically, can be described by the initiation of exercise, or, intensive and exhaustive physical activity that causes cardiovascular stress or a sympathetic nervous response. This can be continuous or intermittent exertion.
Exertion requires, of the body, modified oxygen uptake, increased heart rate, and autonomic monitoring of blood lactate concentrations. Mediators of physical exertion include cardio-respiratory and musculoskeletal strength, as well as metabolic capability. This often correlates to an output of force followed by a refractor
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cocke
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Cocke is a surname (pronounced cock, cox or coke) and may refer to:
Charles Lewis Cocke (1940- ) Professor of Physics at Kansas State University, winner of 2006 Davisson–Germer Prize in Atomic or Surface Physics
Erle Cocke Jr. (1921-2000), International banking consultant and lobbyist
James Cocke, mayor of Williamsburg, Virginia in the eighteenth century
James Richard Cocke (1863–1900), American physician, homeopath, and a pioneer hypnotherapist
John Cocke (1925–2002), American computer scientist
John Alexander Cocke (1772–1854), American politician who represented Tennessee
John Hartwell Cocke (1780–1866), American planter and brigadier general in the War of 1812
Martha Louisa Cocke (1855-1938), American college president
Philip St. George Cocke (1809–1861), Confederate general during the American Civil War
William Cocke (1747–1828), one of the first U.S. senators from Tennessee
W. A. Cocke (1796–1844), third mayor of Louisville, Kentucky
William Michael Cocke (1815–1896), grandson of William Cocke who also represented Tennessee
See also
Cock (surname)
Cooke
Coke (disambiguation)
John Cocke (disambiguation)
Cocke County, Tennessee
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmett%20Chappelle
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Emmett W. Chappelle (October 24, 1925 – October 14, 2019) was an American scientist who made valuable contributions in the fields of medicine, philanthropy, food science, and astrochemistry. His achievements led to his induction into the National Inventors Hall of Fame for his work on bioluminescence, in 2007. Being honored as one of the 100 most distinguished African American scientists of the 20th Century, he was also one of the members of the American Chemical Society, the American Society of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, the American Society of Photobiology, the American Society of Microbiology, and the American Society of Black Chemists.
Early life
In 1925, Emmett Chappelle was born in Phoenix, Arizona to his parents, Viola White Chappelle and Isom Chappelle, who grew cotton and raised cattle on their farm. Born into segregation, Chappelle was required to attend the segregated Phoenix Union Colored High School in Phoenix, where he was the top graduate of his senior class of 25 students. Upon graduation, in 1942, Emmett enlisted in the army where he was able to take some engineering courses before being assigned to the 92nd Infantry Division that was stationed in Italy. During his time in the service, he suffered two non-fatal wounds in action. After his return from Italy in 1946, he attended Phoenix College where he studied electrical engineering and received an A.A. degree before he redirected his focus and career towards the sciences.
Career and important disc
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennant%20Roberts
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John Pennant Roberts (15 December 1940 – 22 June 2010) was a British director and producer known for his work in British television drama.
Early life
Roberts was born at Weston-super-Mare in Somerset to Welsh parents. He went to school in Bristol and read physics at the University of Bristol.
Career
Beginning his television career as a floor manager with BBC Wales, he later directed BBC television drama programmes including Softly, Softly, Doomwatch, The Onedin Line, Sutherland's Law, Survivors, Angels, Blake's 7, Doctor Who, Juliet Bravo, Tenko and Howards' Way.
Regarding Roberts' contribution to Doctor Who, for which he directed five televised serials between 1977 and 1985 (starring Tom Baker, Peter Davison and Colin Baker), as well as another, Shada, which never completed production, Patrick Mulkern of Radio Times wrote, "Pennant Roberts wasn’t one of Who'''s most dynamic directors, but he was shrewd at casting. He'd assign more roles to women than sci-fi scripts usually demanded and give many young actors a break." He was also responsible for the casting of Louise Jameson as the companion Leela, having previously interviewed her for a role on Survivors''.
A fluent speaker of Welsh, he was also active in the Welsh television industry and moved to Cardiff in 1994.
Roberts was active within the Directors' and Producers' Rights Society and chair of the body for many years. Following his death, fellow director Piers Haggard described him as "a warm and committed man" wh
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan%20Larmonth%20Meakins
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Jonathan Larmonth Meakins, (born January 8, 1941) is a Canadian surgeon, academic, and expert in immunobiology and surgical infections.
Life
Born in Toronto, Ontario, he was the son of Jonathan Fayette Meakins, in turn the son of Jonathan Campbell Meakins.
He received a Bachelor of Science degree from McGill University and a Doctor of Medicine from the University of Western Ontario in 1966. He received a Doctor of Science from the University of Cincinnati in 1972.
In 1974, he was appointed an assistant professor of Surgery and microbiology at McGill University. He was appointed an associate professor in 1979 and a professor in 1984. From 1988 to 1993, he was the chair of the department of surgery. He was surgeon-in-chief at Montreal's Royal Victoria Hospital.
From 2002 to 2008, he was the fourth person and first Canadian appointed to lead the Nuffield Department of Surgery at the University of Oxford as Nuffield Professor of Surgery and fellow of Balliol College, Oxford.
In 1992, he became co-editor of the Canadian Journal of Surgery. He is the author of Surgical Infection in Critical Care Medicine (1985) and Surgical Infections: Diagnosis and Treatment (1994). He is the co-author of Surgical Care of the Elderly (1988), The Care of the Surgical Patient (1988), and Host Defence Dysfunction in Trauma, Shock and Sepsis: Mechanisms and Therapeutic Approaches (1993).
In 2000, he was made an officer of the Order of Canada "as a leader in the development of laparoscopic and t
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margo%20Anderson%20%28writer%29
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Margo Anderson (born August 13, 1967), formerly Mark Anderson, is an American journalist and book author.
Education
Anderson has a bachelor's degree in physics and a master's degree in astrophysics.
Career
Anderson has written articles on science, history, and technology for a variety of national and international publications and media outlets.
Anderson's first book, "Shakespeare" by Another Name (Gotham Books, 2005), supports the Oxfordian theory that the Elizabethan court poet-playwright Edward de Vere, 17th Earl of Oxford wrote the works conventionally attributed to William Shakespeare. The book is the first Oxfordian literary biography – connecting de Vere's life to Shakespeare's plays and poems.
Anderson's second book, The Day the World Discovered the Sun (Da Capo Press, 2012), covers the historical adventures involved in, and the build-up surrounding, the 1761 and 1769 transits of Venus. The book details, in addition to the myriad far-flung voyages to record the transits, the critical leaps in progress made in oceanic navigation, and in astronomical calculations such as the precise distance from the earth to the sun, during this fruitful period. The book won the USA Best Book Award in the History: General category in 2013.
Anderson is news manager at IEEE Spectrum.
Personal life
Anderson has a wife and children.
In September 2022 Anderson announced having transitioned as a transgender woman, with the name Margo Anderson.
Bibliography
Anderson, Mark. Shakespea
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf%20Jaenisch
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Rudolf Jaenisch (born on April 22, 1942) is a Professor of Biology at MIT and a founding member of the Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research. He is a pioneer of transgenic science, in which an animal’s genetic makeup is altered. Jaenisch has focused on creating genetically modified mice to study cancer, epigenetic reprogramming and neurological diseases.
Research
Jaenisch’s first breakthrough occurred in 1974, when he and Beatrice Mintz showed that foreign DNA could be integrated into the DNA of early mouse embryos They injected retrovirus DNA into early mouse embryos and showed that leukemia DNA sequences had integrated into the mouse genome and also into that of its offspring. These mice were the first transgenic mammals in history.
His current research focuses on the epigenetic regulation of gene expression, which has led to major advances in creating embryonic stem cells and “induced pluripotent stem" (IPS) cells, as well as their therapeutic applications. In 2007, Jaenisch’s laboratory was one of the first three laboratories worldwide to report reprogramming cells taken from a mouse's tail into IPS cells. Jaenisch has since shown therapeutic benefits of IPS cell-based treatment for sickle-cell anemia and Parkinson's disease in mice. Additional research focuses on the epigenetic mechanisms involved in cancer and brain development.
Jaenisch’s therapeutic cloning research deals exclusively with mice, but he is an advocate for using the same techniques with human c
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin%20Ohm
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Martin Ohm (May 6, 1792 in Erlangen – April 1, 1872 in Berlin) was a German mathematician and a younger brother of physicist Georg Ohm.
Biography
He earned his doctorate in 1811 at Friedrich-Alexander-University, Erlangen-Nuremberg where his advisor was Karl Christian von Langsdorf. In 1817, he was appointed professor of mathematics and physics in the gymnasium at Thorn. In 1821 he moved to Berlin, and in 1839 became a full professor in the University of Berlin. He delivered courses of lectures at the academy of architecture from 1824 to 1831, and at the schools of artillery and engineering from 1833 to 1852; and he also taught in the military school from 1826 to 1849.
Work
Ohm was the first to fully develop the theory of the exponential ab when both a and b are complex numbers in 1823.
The 1835 second edition of Ohm's textbook, Die reine Elementar Mathematik was the first time that Euclid's 'extreme and mean ratio' was given the name of the "golden section" (goldener Schnitt). It was via sources relying on Ohm that the psychologist Adolf Zeising adopted and popularised the term.
Students
Ohm's students included Friedrich August, Friedrich Bachmann, Elwin Bruno Christoffel, Paul Bachmann, Joseph Brutkowski, Heinrich Eduard Heine, Rudolf Lipschitz, Leo Pochhammer, Friedrich Prym, Wilhelm Wagner, Hermann Waldaestel, Wilhelm Wernicke, Elena Gerz, Valentien Gerz, and Johanna Gerz.
Selected publications
Die reine Elementar Mathematik (Pure elementary mathematics). Berlin
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magneto-optical%20trap
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In condensed matter physics, a magneto-optical trap (MOT) is an apparatus which uses laser cooling and a spatially-varying magnetic field to create a trap which can produce samples of cold, neutral atoms. Temperatures achieved in a MOT can be as low as several microkelvin, depending on the atomic species, which is two or three times below the photon recoil limit. However, for atoms with an unresolved hyperfine structure, such as , the temperature achieved in a MOT will be higher than the Doppler cooling limit.
A MOT is formed from the intersection of a weak, quadrupolar, spatially-varying magnetic field and six circularly-polarized, red-detuned, optical molasses beams. As atoms travel away from the field zero at the center of the trap (halfway between the coils), the spatially-varying Zeeman shift brings an atomic transition into resonance which gives rise to a scattering force that pushes the atoms back towards the center of the trap. This is why a MOT traps atoms, and because this force arises from photon scattering in which atoms receive momentum "kicks" in the direction opposite their motion, it also slows the atoms (i.e. cools them), on average, over repeated absorption and spontaneous emission cycles. In this way, a MOT is able to trap and cool atoms with initial velocities of hundreds of meters per second down to tens of centimeters per second (again, depending upon the atomic species).
Although charged particles can be trapped using a Penning trap or a Paul trap usi
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phillip%20Rogaway
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Phillip Rogaway is an American cryptographer who is a professor of computer science at the University of California, Davis. He graduated from Beverly Hills High School, and later earned a BA in computer science from UC Berkeley and completed his PhD in cryptography at MIT, in the Theory of Computation group. He has taught at UC Davis since 1994. He was awarded the Paris Kanellakis Award in 2009 and the first Levchin Prize for Real World Cryptography in 2016. Rogaway received an NSF CAREER award in 1996, which the NSA had attempted to prevent by influencing the NSF.
He has been interviewed in multiple media outlets regarding his stance on the ethical obligations that cryptographers and computer scientists have to serve to the public good, specifically in the areas of internet privacy and digital surveillance.
Rogaway's papers cover topics including:
CMAC
Concrete security
DES and DES-X
Format-preserving encryption
OCB mode
Random oracle model
SEAL
UMAC
Zero-knowledge proofs
References
External links
Phillip Rogaway's home page at UC Davis
American cryptographers
Living people
Public-key cryptographers
University of California, Berkeley alumni
Massachusetts Institute of Technology alumni
University of California, Davis faculty
International Association for Cryptologic Research fellows
Year of birth missing (living people)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor%20of%20Economics
|
The Bachelor of Economics (BEc or BEcon),
or the Bachelor of Applied Economics, is a bachelor's degree awarded by many universities and colleges for completion of an undergraduate program in economics, econometrics, or applied economics;
these are often paired with business, finance, or mathematics.
Specialized economics degrees are also offered as a "tagged" BA (Econ), BS (Econ) / BSc (Econ), BCom (Econ), and BSocSc (Econ),
or variants such as the "Bachelor of Economic Science".
The curriculum is (substantially) more theoretical and mathematical than the major in economics available generally (BBA, general BCom or BA).
Structure
The BEcon and the specialized degrees each have their own structure, differing by university.
Generally, though, the curriculum is built around a core of theory, to which is added courses in the various branches, and areas of application; see next section.
In the US, a structured "program"
is often offered within the College of Arts and Sciences.
In the Commonwealth, specialized BCom-Economics degrees are often offered through the commerce faculty.
The program is often available as a social science degree.
Several universities offer a separate 1 year Honours degree, and the program then comprises "3 years plus 1"; often Honours (or Honors in the US) is included in the four year structure. An Honours research-thesis will be required.
Under both specialized and general programs, economics is often combined with a second major in finance
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Featherstone%27s%20algorithm
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Featherstone's algorithm is a technique used for computing the effects of forces applied to a structure of joints and links (an "open kinematic chain") such as a skeleton used in ragdoll physics.
The Featherstone's algorithm uses a reduced coordinate representation. This is in contrast to the more popular Lagrange multiplier method, which uses maximal coordinates. Brian Mirtich's PhD Thesis has a very clear and detailed description of the algorithm. Baraff's paper "Linear-time dynamics using Lagrange multipliers" has a discussion and comparison of both algorithms.
References
External links
Featherstone Multibody in Bullet Physics engine
Featherstone's algorithm implementation in the Moby rigid body dynamics simulator
Source code for implementation of Featherstone's algorithm
Description and references
Mirtich's Thesis
Baraff's Lagrange multiplier method
Roy Featherstone's home page
Mechanics
Computational physics
Computer physics engines
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George%20H.%20Goble
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George H. Goble is a staff member at the Purdue University Engineering Computer Network and a 1996 Ig Nobel Prize winner.
Goble is commonly known as "ghg" since he has used that as a login id, and signature in digital communications, since the 1970s. He received his BS in Electrical Engineering at Purdue University.
In 1981, he wired together the backplanes of two DEC VAX-11/780's and made the first multi-CPU Unix computer, preceding DEC's dual processor VAX-11/782. The operating system was based on the 4.1 BSD kernel, and the modifications thus eventually made it into the 4.3 BSD Unix release. At the beginning of the 4.3 BSD user manuals, Bill Joy wrote a special note of thanks to GHG for being courageous enough to put the multi-CPU kernel into a production environment before anyone else did. (However, the frequent crashes for a while inspired the writing of many humorous text files by the Purdue University Electrical Engineering student body, such as "The VAX had a Blowout", to be sung to the tune of "London Bridge is Falling Down".) The development of the Dual-CPU Unix system was the subject of Goble's Master's thesis.
Around this time, Goble, along with Bill Croft, also developed a networking protocol for Unix, referred to as pnet, which was used at Purdue at the time before being displaced by TCP/IP. Pnet allowed remote logins, and remote execution of commands, among other capabilities.
In the late 1980s, Goble started experimenting with refrigerants, due to in
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20adiabatic%20concepts
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Adiabatic (from Gr. ἀ negative + διάβασις passage; transference) refers to any process that occurs without heat transfer. This concept is used in many areas of physics and engineering. Notable examples are listed below.
Automobiles
Engine braking, a feature of some diesel engines, uses adiabatic expansion to diminish the vehicle's forward momentum.
Meteorology
Adiabatic lapse rate, the change in air temperature with changing height, resulting from pressure change.
Quantum chemistry
Adiabatic invariant Born–Oppenheimer approximation
Thermodynamics
Adiabatic process
Adiabatic ionization
Adiabatic index
Adiabatic accessibility
Quantum mechanics
Adiabatic theorem
Adiabatic quantum motor
Electronics
Adiabatic circuit
Adiabatic logic
Carbohydrate chemistry
Adiabatic map
Extraction
Adiabatic extraction
References
Thermodynamic processes
Science-related lists
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanish
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Vanish may refer to:
Vanish (toilet cleaner), a toilet bowl cleaner by S.C. Johnson
Vanish (stain remover), a brand of cloth cleaning product by Reckitt
"Vanish" an episode of the TV series Criss Angel Mindfreak
Vanishing, a type of magical effect
Vanish (mathematics), said of a mathematical function that gives the value a zero at some argument (a root of the function)
Vanish (computer science), a project at the University of Washington to protect online personal data
Vanish (film), a 2015 American thriller film stylized as VANish
Vanish (comic), a 2022 series published by Image Comics
See also
Forced disappearance
Vanished (disambiguation)
Vanishing (disambiguation)
Varnish (disambiguation)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mado
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Mado may refer to:
Biology
Mado (fish) (in New Zealand), Atypichthys latus, a species of perciform fish
Geography
Mado, Burkina Faso, a village in south-western Burkina Faso
Mado Gashi (also Modogashe), a small remote town in the Eastern Province of Kenya
Mado (마도 馬島), an island in Hadong County, South Gyeongsang Province, South Korea
Mado, a township in Hwaseong, Gyeonggi Province, South Korea
Organizations
Mado (restaurateur), abbreviation of "Maraş Dondurması", a Turkish café and restaurant chain, famous for its unique ice cream
Mado (manufacturer), aka Oje Parvaz Mado Nafar, an Iranian company that specializes in aircraft propulsion systems
People
Mado Lamotte, stage name of Luc Provost, a Montréal drag queen
Mado Robin, (1918–1960), a French Soprano
Michio Mado (1909–2014), a Japanese poet
Various media
Mado (film), a French-Italian film by Claude Sautet, premiered in 1976
Orpheus no Mado, a manga by Riyoko Ikeda
Mado is also the Creek and Seminole word for "thank you"
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rambutan%20%28cryptography%29
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Rambutan is a family of encryption technologies designed by the Communications-Electronics Security Group (CESG), the technical division of the United Kingdom government's secret communications agency, GCHQ.
It includes a range of encryption products designed by CESG for use in handling confidential (not secret) communications between parts of the British government, government agencies, and related bodies such as NHS Trusts. Unlike CESG's Red Pike system, Rambutan is not available as software: it is distributed only as a self-contained electronic device (an ASIC) which implements the entire cryptosystem and handles the related key distribution and storage tasks. Rambutan is not sold outside the government sector.
Technical details of the Rambutan algorithm are secret. Security researcher Bruce Schneier describes it as being a stream cipher (linear-feedback shift register) based cryptosystem with 5 shift registers each of around 80 bits, and a key size of 112 bits. RAMBUTAN-I communications chips (which implement a secure X.25 based communications system) are made by approved contractors Racal and Baltimore Technologies/Zergo Ltd. CESG later specified RAMBUTAN-II, an enhanced system with backward compatibility with existing RAMBUTAN-I infrastructure. The RAMBUTAN-II chip is a 64-pin quad ceramic pack chip, which implements the electronic codebook, cipher block chaining, and output feedback operating modes (each in 64 bits) and the cipher feedback mode in 1 or 8 bits. Schne
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface%20%28mathematics%29
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In mathematics, a surface is a mathematical model of the common concept of a surface. It is a generalization of a plane, but, unlike a plane, it may be curved; this is analogous to a curve generalizing a straight line.
There are several more precise definitions, depending on the context and the mathematical tools that are used for the study. The simplest mathematical surfaces are planes and spheres in the Euclidean 3-space. The exact definition of a surface may depend on the context. Typically, in algebraic geometry, a surface may cross itself (and may have other singularities), while, in topology and differential geometry, it may not.
A surface is a topological space of dimension two; this means that a moving point on a surface may move in two directions (it has two degrees of freedom). In other words, around almost every point, there is a coordinate patch on which a two-dimensional coordinate system is defined. For example, the surface of the Earth resembles (ideally) a two-dimensional sphere, and latitude and longitude provide two-dimensional coordinates on it (except at the poles and along the 180th meridian).
Definitions
Often, a surface is defined by equations that are satisfied by the coordinates of its points. This is the case of the graph of a continuous function of two variables. The set of the zeros of a function of three variables is a surface, which is called an implicit surface. If the defining three-variate function is a polynomial, the surface is an algebr
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter%20Day%20%28chemist%29
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Peter Day (20 August 1938 – 19 May 2020) was a British inorganic chemist and Professor of Chemistry at Oxford University and later at University College London (UCL).
Early life and education
Day was born 20 August 1938 in Wrotham, Kent. He was educated at Maidstone Grammar School and Wadham College, Oxford where he was awarded a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1961 and a Doctor of Philosophy degree in 1965 for research supervised by Robert Williams.
Career and research
Day was a pioneer of materials chemistry, seeking unusual physical properties in inorganic and metal–organic compounds and models to explain them. He played a major role in the development of mixed-valence chemistry, and has carried out important and elegant experimental and theoretical work on the spectra, magnetic properties and conductivity of solid, inorganic complexes.
As a young researcher, he gave the first theoretically consistent description of the visible–ultraviolet spectra of vitamin B12 and its derivatives. Later, he put the assignment of inorganic charge-transfer spectra on a more rigorous basis; he correlated structures and physical properties of metal chain compounds and identified the first optically transparent ferromagnetic compounds by combined optical and neutron scattering methods. He also measured and systematised the optical properties of metamagnets.
Peter Day's graduate work initiated the study of mixed-valence compounds and led to the Robin-Day Classification of such species.
In 2012
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neonatology%20%28journal%29
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Neonatology (formerly Biology of the Neonate) is a peer-reviewed medical journal covering the fields of fetal and neonatal research and is published by Karger Publishers. It was established in 1959 as Biologia Neonatorum and renamed to Biology of the Neonate in 1970, obtaining its current name in 2006. Developmental Pharmacology and Therapeutic was incorporated into the Biology of the Neonate in 1996. Its editors-in-chief are H. L. Halliday (Queen's University Belfast) and C. P. Speer (University of Würzburg). Its former editors are A. Minkowski (1959–1985) and J.-P. Relier (1986–2003). According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2020 impact factor of 4.035.
References
External links
Academic journals established in 1959
Karger academic journals
Pediatrics journals
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint%20Mary%27s%20University%20%28Halifax%29
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Saint Mary's University (SMU) is a formerly Catholic, public university located in Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada. The school is best known for having nationally leading programs in business and chemistry. The campus is situated in Halifax's South End and covers approximately .
History
Founding
Saint Mary's is the second-oldest English-speaking and first Roman Catholic-initiated university in Canada. The Roman Catholic church founded Saint Mary's College in Halifax, Nova Scotia in 1802. It was established in Glebe House, on the corner of Spring Garden Road and Barrington Street, with the aim of extending educational opportunities for Catholic youth and training candidates for the clergy.
In 1840 the Nova Scotia Legislature bestowed the degree granting charter to Saint Mary's and eleven years later granted the university formal legal status. Saint Mary's collapsed in 1883, but was revived in 1903 by Cornelius O'Brien, then Archbishop of Halifax. It reopened as a high school in a new campus on Windsor Street, near the junction with Quinpool Road.
In 1913 the Christian Brothers of Ireland were asked by the Archdiocese of Halifax to direct the college and academic programs. Degree-granting resumed in 1918. With this change of leadership the university's reputation thrived as a liberal arts institution and expanded its undergraduate programs, with the most notable being the Faculty of Commerce in 1934 (now known as the Sobey School of Business), which was the first of its kind
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspergillus%20nidulans
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Aspergillus nidulans (also called Emericella nidulans when referring to its sexual form, or teleomorph) is one of many species of filamentous fungi in the phylum Ascomycota. It has been an important research organism for studying eukaryotic cell biology
for over 50 years,
being used to study a wide range of subjects including recombination, DNA repair, mutation, cell cycle control, tubulin, chromatin, nucleokinesis, pathogenesis, metabolism, and experimental evolution.
It is one of the few species in its genus able to form sexual spores through meiosis, allowing crossing of strains in the laboratory. A. nidulans is a homothallic fungus, meaning it is able to self-fertilize and form fruiting bodies in the absence of a mating partner. It has septate hyphae with a woolly colony texture and white mycelia. The green colour of wild-type colonies is due to pigmentation of the spores, while mutations in the pigmentation pathway can produce other spore colours.
Genome
The A. nidulans genome was sequenced in a collaboration between Monsanto and the Broad Institute. A sequence with 13-fold coverage was publicly released in March 2003; analysis of the annotated genome was published in Nature in December 2005. It is 30 million base pairs in size and is predicted to contain around 9,500 protein-coding genes on eight chromosomes.
Recently, several caspase-like proteases were isolated from A. nidulans samples under which programmed cell death had been induced. Findings such as these pla
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITest
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The iTest (formerly known as the American High School Internet Mathematics Competition (AHSIMC)), was founded in 2004 by Bradley Metrock and takes place each September, offering students from across the country to compete against the best and brightest high school students in a highly competitive environment.
Guidelines
Any American high school student (or middle school, though the competition may be too challenging for all but the brightest of these) may compete in a team of up to five people. Students are not required to be students of the same school, or even residents of the same state. Because of the decentralized nature of the competition, an advisor such as a teacher of a guardian is required for each team to monitor the team and vouch for compliance with the competition's rules. No computer or calculator programs or applications are allowed on the iTest, though graphing calculator use is allowed.
Format
Prior to 2008, it had consisted of 25 multiple-choice questions (with 1 answer choice on the first problem, 2 on the second, etc.), 25 short-answer questions, and 10 "Ultimate" questions, which are much like relay questions in that each Ultimate question depends on the answer to the previous ones. In 2008, it consisted only of 100 multiple choice or short answer problems. There were 4 Tiebreaker proof questions up until 2008 - in the 2008 competition, ties were solely broken by submission time.
Participation
Students from 44 states have participated in the iTest,
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abner%20Shimony
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Abner Eliezer Shimony (; March 10, 1928 – August 8, 2015) was an American physicist and philosopher. He specialized in quantum theory and philosophy of science. As a physicist, he concentrated on the interaction between relativity theory and quantum mechanics. He authored many works and research on complementarity in quantum entanglement as well as multiparticle quantum interferometry, both relating to quantum coherence. He authored research articles and books on the foundations of quantum mechanics. He received the 1996 Lakatos Prize for his work in philosophy of science.
Education
Shimony was born in Columbus, Ohio. He obtained his BA in Mathematics and Philosophy from Yale University in 1948, and an MA in Philosophy from the University of Chicago in 1950. He obtained his Ph.D. in philosophy from Yale University in 1953 under the supervision of Rudolf Carnap, and served in the U.S. Army Signal Corps from 1953 to 1955. Shimony acquired his second doctorate in physics from Princeton University in 1962 under the supervision of Eugene Wigner with a thesis titled Regression and Response in Thermodynamic Systems.
Career
After receiving his second Ph.D., Shimony interacted with both the philosophical academic world and the physics academic world. His most famous professional correspondence is with Rudolf Carnap. He taught philosophy of science at MIT from 1959 until 1968 in the school’s Department of Humanities. In 1968 he transferred to Boston University, beginning a 26-year
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werner%20Ploberger
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Werner Ploberger (born 5 August 1956 in Vienna) is an Austrian economist. He graduated in mathematics from the Vienna University of Technology. Beginning in 1997, he was a professor of economics at the University of Rochester. Effective July 1, 2006, he is professor of economics at Washington University in St. Louis. He is married to Gabriele Ploberger, and has a son.
Literature
Testing for Structural Change in Dynamic Models (with W. Krämer and R. Alt), Econometrica, Vol. 56, No.6, 1988, pp. 1355–1369.
A New Test for Structural Stability in the Linear Regression Model (with W. Kraemer and K. Kontrus), Journal of Econometrics, vol. 40, 1989, pp. 307–318.
The CUSUM-Test with OLS-Residuals (with W. Krämer), Econometrica, Vol. 60, No. 2, 1992, pp. 271–285.
Posterior Odds Testing for a Unit Root with Data-Based Model Selection (with Peter C. B. Phillips), Econometric Theory, Vol.10, No. 3-4, 1994, pp 771–808.
Optimal Tests When a Nuisance Parametere is Present Only Under the Alternative (with Donald Andrews), Econometrica, Vol. 62, No. 6, 1994, pp. 1383–1414
An Asymptotic Theory of Bayesian Inference for Time Series (with Peter C.B. Phillips), Econometrica Vol. 64, No.2, 1996, pp 381–412
Asymptotic Theory of Integrated Conditional Moments Tests (with Herman J. Bierens), Econometrica vol 65 no. 5, 1997, pp. 1129–1145
Empirical Limits for Time Series Econometric Models (with Peter C. B. Phillips), Econometrica, Vol. 71(2), 2003, pp. 627–673
External links
Homepage
Washington U
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese%20robotics
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In Japan, popular robots include humanoid entertainment robots, androids, animal robots, social robots, guard robots, and many more. Each type has a variety of characteristics.
Japan employs over a quarter of a million industrial robot workers. In the next 15 years, it's estimated that the number will jump to over one million. Robotics revenue by 2025 is expected to reach $70 billion.
Types of robots
Humanoid robots
ASIMO, manufactured by Honda
QRIO by Sony
HOAP(*1) Robot Series (Humanoid for Open Architecture Platform), manufactured by Fujitsu
Toyota Partner Robot, manufactured by Toyota
EMIEW by Hitachi
Androids
Androids are robots designed to have a very strong resemblance to humans. These include:
Actroid, a realistic female robot demonstrated at Expo 2005 in Japan
Hanako, a humanoid robot designed for the training of dental professionals
HRP-4C, a humanoid robot with a realistic head and the figure of an average young Japanese female
Animal (four-legged) robots
AIBO is a commercial robotic dog manufactured by Sony Electronics.
Social robots
Musio
PaPeRo
Paro, a robot baby seal intended for therapeutic purposes
Wakamaru
Guard robots
Guardrobo D1, manufactured by Sohgo Security Services
Banryu, manufactured by Sanyo and TMSUK
Domestic robots
SmartPal V, manufactured by Yaskawa Electric Corporation
TWENDY-ONE, developed by Waseda University
TPR-ROBINA, manufactured by Toyota
Mobility robots
WL-16RIII, developed by Waseda University and TMSUK
i-foot,
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/171%20%28number%29
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171 (one hundred [and] seventy-one) is the natural number following 170 and preceding 172.
In mathematics
171 is a triangular number and a Jacobsthal number.
There are 171 transitive relations on three labeled elements, and 171 combinatorially distinct ways of subdividing a cuboid by flat cuts into a mesh of tetrahedra, without adding extra vertices.
The diagonals of a regular decagon meet at 171 points, including both crossings and the vertices of the decagon.
There are 171 faces and edges in the 57-cell, an abstract 4-polytope with hemi-dodecahedral cells that is its own dual polytope.
Within moonshine theory of sporadic groups, the friendly giant is defined as having cyclic groups ⟨ ⟩ that are linked with the function,
∈ where is the character of at .
This generates 171 moonshine groups within associated with that are principal moduli for different genus zero congruence groups commensurable with the projective linear group .
See also
The year AD 171 or 171 BC
List of highways numbered 171
References
Integers
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epispiral
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The epispiral is a plane curve with polar equation
.
There are n sections if n is odd and 2n if n is even.
It is the polar or circle inversion of the rose curve.
In astronomy the epispiral is related to the equations that explain planets' orbits.
See also
Logarithmic spiral
Rose (mathematics)
References
https://www.mathcurve.com/courbes2d.gb/epi/epi.shtml
Plane curves
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/174%20%28number%29
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174 (one hundred [and] seventy-four) is the natural number following 173 and preceding 175.
In mathematics
There are 174 7-crossing semi-meanders, ways of arranging a semi-infinite curve in the plane so that it crosses a straight line seven times. There are 174 invertible (0,1)-matrices. There are also 174 combinatorially distinct ways of subdividing a topological cuboid into a mesh of tetrahedra, without adding extra vertices, although not all can be represented geometrically by flat-sided polyhedra.
The Mordell curve has rank three, and 174 is the smallest positive integer for which has this rank. The corresponding number for curves is 113.
In other fields
In English draughts or checkers, a common variation is the "three-move restriction", in which the first three moves by both players are chosen at random. There are 174 different choices for these moves, although some systems for choosing these moves further restrict them to a subset that is believed to lead to an even position.
See also
The year AD 174 or 174 BC
List of highways numbered 174
References
Integers
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Ernst%20Weaver
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John Ernst Weaver ( 5 May 1884 – 8 June 1966) was an American botanist, prairie ecologist, and university professor.
Biography
Weaver was born in Villisca, Iowa. He obtained a PhD in Biology and Botany at the University of Minnesota, 1916. He was "Instructor of Botany" at Washington State College from 1912 to 1913. In 1915 he became "Assistant professor of Botany" at the University of Nebraska where he was a plant ecology professor from 1917 until his retirement in 1952.
Weaver published many works regarding vegetation and ecology of prairies. According to his biography in Nebraska Authors:
In 1929 Weaver and Henry Chandler Cowles published the first American ecology textbook. According to his obituary at the Ecological Society of America, which he served as both vice president and president (1924–1925 and 1930 respectively):
He was also a member of the Botanical Society of America, and the Nebraska Academy of Sciences.
Books
Study of Amygdalus persica. Unpublished thesis (1910)
A Study of the vegetation of Southeastern Washington and Adjacent Idaho. Lincoln, Nebraska. (1917)
The ecological relations of roots. - Carnegie institution of Washington, Publ. 286. (1919)
Root development in the grassland formation, a correlation of the root systems of native vegetation and crop plants. Washington, Carnegie Institution of Washington (1920)
Development and activities of roots of crop plants; a study in crop ecology. Carnegie institution of Washington with franc C Jean and J
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huang%20Huahua
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Huang Huahua (born October 1946 in Xingning, Guangdong) is a retired Chinese politician, and the Governor of Guangdong between 2003 and 2011. Of Hakka heritage, he was once the mayor of Meizhou.
Biography
Huang was born in Xingning County, Guangdong. Huang graduated in mathematics from Sun Yat-sen University.
From 1970 to 1978, Huang worked at a machinery factory of the Guangdong Coal Mine, joined the Communist Party in 1971 and served as deputy secretary of the workshop Party Branch. He was later promoted to secretary of the Communist Youth League of China (CYLC) Shaoguan Municipal Committee.
Huang was deputy secretary of the CYLC provincial committee from 1982 to 1985 and then secretary of CYLC provincial committee from 1985 to 1987.
Prior to becoming mayor of Meixian, Huang served as deputy secretary of the CCP Meixian Prefectural Committee.
He was Mayor of Meizhou (1988–1992) and subsequently the CCP party chief in Guangzhou. In January 2003, Huang was made Governor of Guangdong.
The stepping down of Huang as governor in 2011 marked the end of the dominance of the provincial government by the "Hakka clique" (). In December 2011, Huang was made a deputy chair of the National People's Congress Overseas Chinese Affairs Committee.
Huang was an alternate member of the 15th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party, and a full member of the 16th and 17th Central Committees.
References
China Vitae – Huang Huahua 黄华华
Who's Who in China's Leadership
1946 birth
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein%E2%80%93protein%20interaction%20prediction
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Protein–protein interaction prediction is a field combining bioinformatics and structural biology in an attempt to identify and catalog physical interactions between pairs or groups of proteins. Understanding protein–protein interactions is important for the investigation of intracellular signaling pathways, modelling of protein complex structures and for gaining insights into various biochemical processes.
Experimentally, physical interactions between pairs of proteins can be inferred from a variety of techniques, including yeast two-hybrid systems, protein-fragment complementation assays (PCA), affinity purification/mass spectrometry, protein microarrays, fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET), and Microscale Thermophoresis (MST). Efforts to experimentally determine the interactome of numerous species are ongoing. Experimentally determined interactions usually provide the basis for computational methods to predict interactions, e.g. using homologous protein sequences across species. However, there are also methods that predict interactions de novo, without prior knowledge of existing interactions.
Methods
Proteins that interact are more likely to co-evolve, therefore, it is possible to make inferences about interactions between pairs of proteins based on their phylogenetic distances. It has also been observed in some cases that pairs of interacting proteins have fused orthologues in other organisms. In addition, a number of bound protein complexes have been struct
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loop%20theorem
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In mathematics, in the topology of 3-manifolds, the loop theorem is a generalization of Dehn's lemma. The loop theorem was first proven by Christos Papakyriakopoulos in 1956, along with Dehn's lemma and the Sphere theorem.
A simple and useful version of the loop theorem states that if for some 3-dimensional manifold M with boundary ∂M there is a map
with not nullhomotopic in , then there is an embedding with the same property.
The following version of the loop theorem, due to John Stallings, is given in the standard 3-manifold treatises (such as Hempel or Jaco):
Let be a 3-manifold and let
be a connected surface in . Let be a normal subgroup such that .
Let be a continuous map such that and Then there exists an embedding such that and
Furthermore if one starts with a map f in general position, then for any neighborhood U of the singularity set of f, we can find such a g with image lying inside the union of image of f and U.
Stalling's proof utilizes an adaptation, due to Whitehead and Shapiro, of Papakyriakopoulos' "tower construction". The "tower" refers to a special sequence of coverings designed to simplify lifts of the given map. The same tower construction was used by Papakyriakopoulos to prove the sphere theorem (3-manifolds), which states that a nontrivial map of a sphere into a 3-manifold implies the existence of a nontrivial embedding of a sphere. There is also a version of Dehn's lemma for minimal discs due to Meeks and S.-T. Yau, which also cruc
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conjugate%20index
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In mathematics, two real numbers are called conjugate indices (or Hölder conjugates) if
Formally, we also define as conjugate to and vice versa.
Conjugate indices are used in Hölder's inequality, as well as Young's inequality for products; the latter can be used to prove the former. If are conjugate indices, the spaces Lp and Lq are dual to each other (see Lp space).
See also
Beatty's theorem
References
Antonevich, A. Linear Functional Equations, Birkhäuser, 1999. .
Functional analysis
Linear functionals
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peekskill%20High%20School
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Peekskill High School, established in 1929, is located at 1072 Elm Street in Peekskill, New York, United States. It educates most of the district's ninth, tenth, eleventh, and twelfth graders. The school's current principal is Dr. Jenna Ferris. Peekskill students prepare for the New York State Regents Exams in science, language, mathematics, history and English. In addition to the Regents curriculum, the high school also offers Advanced Placement courses, which prepare students to take the AP Exams offered by the College Board in early May. A new course at the school as of the 2007–2008 school year is the three-year Authentic Science Research program. Several college courses are also offered.
The school replaced the Peekskill High School at 212 Ringgold Street (1929–1972). Prior to 1929, Drum Hill School served as the high school, and is now a senior living community. The current school is located on the former grounds of the original Peekskill Military Academy, which closed in 1968.
Clubs and sports
The school offers many clubs and sports for students to enrich their in-school experiences.
Fall sports:
Football
Women's swimming
Men's and women's cross country
Men's and women's soccer
Women's tennis
Women's volleyball
Winter sports:
Basketball
Bowling
Winter track
Wrestling
Men's swimming
Spring sports:
Baseball
Softball
Golf
Lacrosse
Men's tennis
Track
Many students participate in one or more sports, in addition to one or more of the numerous clubs of
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