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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biotelemetry
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Biotelemetry (or medical telemetry) involves the application of telemetry in biology, medicine, and other health care to remotely monitor various vital signs of ambulatory patients.
Application
The most common usage for biotelemetry is in dedicated cardiac care telemetry units or step-down units in hospitals. Although virtually any physiological signal could be transmitted, application is typically limited to cardiac monitoring and SpO2.
Biotelemetry is increasingly being used to understand animals and wildlife by remotely measuring physiology, behaviour and energetic status. It can be used to understand the way that animals migrate, and also the environment that they are experiencing by measuring the abiotic variables, and how it is affecting their physiological status by measuring biotic variables such as heart rate and temperature. Telemetry systems can either be attached externally to animals, or placed internally, with the types of transmission for the devices dependent on the environment that the animal moves in. For example, to study the movement of swimming animals signals using radio transmission or ultrasonic transmission are often used but land based or flying animals can be tracked with GPS and satellite transmissions.
Components of a biotelemetry system
A typical biotelemetry system comprises:
Sensors appropriate for the particular signals to be monitored
Battery-powered, Patient worn transmitters
A Radio Antenna and Receiver
A display unit capable of conc
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT%20Center%20for%20Theoretical%20Physics
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The MIT Center for Theoretical Physics (CTP) is the hub of theoretical nuclear physics, particle physics, and quantum information research at MIT. It is a subdivision of MIT Laboratory for Nuclear Science and Department of Physics.
Research
CTP activities range from string theory and cosmology at the highest energies down through unification and beyond-the-standard-model physics, through the standard model, to QCD, hadrons, quark matter, and nuclei at the low energy scale.
Members of the CTP are also currently working on quantum computation and on energy policy. The breadth and depth of research in nuclear, particle, string, and gravitational physics at the CTP makes it a unique environment for researchers in these fields.
Members
In addition to the 15 MIT faculty members working in the CTP, at any one time there are roughly a dozen postdoctoral fellows, and as many, or more, long-term visitors working at the postdoctoral or faculty level. The CTP supports 25-35 MIT graduate students, who work with the faculty and postdocs on problems across the energy spectrum.
Current research areas in the center include particle physics, cosmology, string theory, phenomenology in and beyond the standard model, quantum field theory, lattice QCD, condensed matter physics, quantum computing, and energy research.
Notable current faculty include Nobel Laureate Frank Wilczek, Jeffrey Goldstone, inflationary cosmologist Alan Guth, cosmologist Max Tegmark, and quantum information scientist
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fredholm%20theory
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In mathematics, Fredholm theory is a theory of integral equations. In the narrowest sense, Fredholm theory concerns itself with the solution of the Fredholm integral equation. In a broader sense, the abstract structure of Fredholm's theory is given in terms of the spectral theory of Fredholm operators and Fredholm kernels on Hilbert space. The theory is named in honour of Erik Ivar Fredholm.
Overview
The following sections provide a casual sketch of the place of Fredholm theory in the broader context of operator theory and functional analysis. The outline presented here is broad, whereas the difficulty of formalizing this sketch is, of course, in the details.
Fredholm equation of the first kind
Much of Fredholm theory concerns itself with the following integral equation for f when g and K are given:
This equation arises naturally in many problems in physics and mathematics, as the inverse of a differential equation. That is, one is asked to solve the differential equation
where the function is given and is unknown. Here, stands for a linear differential operator.
For example, one might take to be an elliptic operator, such as
in which case the equation to be solved becomes the Poisson equation.
A general method of solving such equations is by means of Green's functions, namely, rather than a direct attack, one first finds the function such that for a given pair ,
where is the Dirac delta function.
The desired solution to the above differential equation
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/176%20%28number%29
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176 (one hundred [and] seventy-six) is the natural number following 175 and preceding 177.
In mathematics
176 is an even number and an abundant number. It is an odious number, a self number, a semiperfect number, and a practical number.
176 is a cake number, a happy number, a pentagonal number, and an octagonal number. 15 can be partitioned in 176 ways.
The Higman–Sims group can be constructed as a doubly transitive permutation group acting on a geometry containing 176 points, and it is also the symmetry group of the largest possible set of equiangular lines in 22 dimensions, which contains 176 lines.
In astronomy
176 Iduna is a large main belt asteroid with a composition similar to that of the largest main belt asteroid, 1 Ceres
Gliese 176 is a red dwarf star in the constellation of Taurus
Gliese 176 b is a super-Earth exoplanet in the constellation of Taurus. This planet orbits close to its parent star Gliese 176
In the Bible
Minuscule 176 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering), a Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament
176 is the highest verse number in the Bible. Found in Psalm 119.
In the military
Attack Squadron 176 United States Navy squadron during the Vietnam War
was a United States Navy troop transport during World War II, the Korean War and Vietnam War
was a United States Navy during World War II
was a United States Navy during World War II
was a United States Navy Porpoise-class submarine during World War II
was a United States Navy dur
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred%20Menezes
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Alfred Menezes is co-author of several books on cryptography, including the Handbook of Applied Cryptography, and is a professor of mathematics at the University of Waterloo in Canada.
Education
Alfred Menezes' family is from Goa, a state in western India, but he was born in Tanzania and grew up in Kuwait except for a few years at a boarding school in India. His undergraduate and post-graduate degrees are from the University of Waterloo.
Academic career
After five years teaching at Auburn University, in 1997 he returned to the University of Waterloo, where he is now a professor of mathematics in the Department of Combinatorics and Optimization. He co-founded and is a member of the Centre for Applied Cryptographic Research, and has served as its Managing Director. Menezes' main areas of research are Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC), provable security, and related areas. He is a Canadian citizen.
Menezes' book Elliptic Curve Public Key Cryptosystems, published in 1993, was the first book devoted entirely to ECC. He co-authored the widely-used reference book Handbook of Applied Cryptography. Menezes has been a conference organizer or program committee member for approximately fifty conferences on Cryptography. He was Program Chair for Crypto 2007, and in 2012 he was an invited speaker at Eurocrypt.
In 2001 Menezes won the Hall Medal of the Institute of Combinatorics and its Applications.
Books
Selected publications
"Computing discrete logarithms in cryptographicall
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metin%20Sitti
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Metin Sitti is the Director of the Physical Intelligence Department at the Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems in Stuttgart, which he founded in 2014. He is also a Professor in the Department of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering at ETH Zurich, a Professor at the School of Medicine and College of Engineering at Koç University and co-founder of Setex Technologies Inc. based in Pittsburgh, USA.
Research
Overview
Metin Sitti is a pioneer in wireless tiny medical robots, gecko-inspired adhesives, and bio-inspired miniature robots. His group, called the Physical Intelligence Department, strives to understand the principles of design, locomotion, control, perception, and learning of small-scale mobile robots. Sitti and his team aim to encode intelligence (e.g., sensing, actuation, control, memory, logic, computation, adaptation, learning and decision-making capabilities) into robots. They use smart stimuli-responsive materials, structures and mechanisms to encode intelligence into the physical body of a robot.
Research Focus
There is intelligence through brain power – neurons gathering and transmitting electrochemical signals that make a human, an animal or insect think. But there´s another form of intelligence, and that is through the way the body is built. A gecko has feet that helps it stick to practically any surface, making his structure intelligent as it helps it survive in nature. Physical Intelligence means the hardware is smart, not just the so
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/177%20%28number%29
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177 (one hundred [and] seventy-seven) is the natural number following 176 and preceding 178.
In mathematics
It is a Leyland number since .
It is a 60-gonal number, and an arithmetic number, since the mean of its divisors (1, 3, 59 and 177) is equal to 60, an integer.
177 is a Leonardo number, part of a sequence of numbers closely related to the Fibonacci numbers. In graph enumeration, there are 177 undirected graphs (not necessarily connected) that have seven edges and no isolated vertices, and 177 rooted trees with ten nodes and height at most three. There are 177 ways of re-connecting the (labeled) vertices of a regular octagon into a star polygon that does not use any of the octagon edges.
In other fields
177 is the second highest score for a flight of three darts, below the highest score of 180.
See also
The year AD 177 or 177 BC
List of highways numbered 177
References
Integers
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACM%20SIGACT
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ACM SIGACT or SIGACT is the Association for Computing Machinery Special Interest Group on Algorithms and Computation Theory, whose purpose is support of research in theoretical computer science. It was founded in 1968 by Patrick C. Fischer.
Publications
SIGACT publishes a quarterly print newsletter, SIGACT News. Its online version, SIGACT News Online, is available since 1996 for SIGACT members, with unrestricted access to some features.
Conferences
SIGACT sponsors or has sponsored several annual conferences.
COLT: Conference on Learning Theory, until 1999
PODC: ACM Symposium on Principles of Distributed Computing (jointly sponsored by SIGOPS)
PODS: ACM Symposium on Principles of Database Systems
POPL: ACM Symposium on Principles of Programming Languages
SOCG: ACM Symposium on Computational Geometry (jointly sponsored by SIGGRAPH), until 2014
SODA: ACM/SIAM Symposium on Discrete Algorithms (jointly sponsored by the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics). Two annual workshops held in conjunction with SODA also have the same joint sponsorship:
ALENEX: Workshop on Algorithms and Experiments
ANALCO: Workshop on Analytic Algorithms and Combinatorics
SPAA: ACM Symposium on Parallelism in Algorithms and Architectures
STOC: ACM Symposium on the Theory of Computing
COLT, PODC, PODS, POPL, SODA, and STOC are all listed as highly cited venues by both citeseerx and libra.
Awards and prizes
Gödel Prize, for outstanding papers in theoretical computer science (sponsored jointl
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marjorie%20Thompson
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Marjorie Ellen Thompson (January 31, 1954—September 15, 2014) was an American biologist and musician who served as Associate Dean of Biological Sciences at Brown University.
Thompson received a ScB in biochemistry and a PhD in biology from Brown, in 1974 and 1979 respectively, and was appointed Associate Dean of Biological Sciences in 1983, a position she continued to hold until her death in 2014. Her awards as Associate Dean included the Barrett Hazeltine Senior Class Citation in 1994 and 1996, the Onyx Award in 1998 and the Dean’s Award for Excellence in Undergraduate Teaching and Advising in 2009. Outside of her work as an academic, Thompson also worked as a guitarist and singer-songwriter, releasing four albums, playing with Jorma Kaukonen, and appearing on The Oprah Winfrey Show as part of an episode about "women who are changing the definition of middle age".
References
1954 births
2014 deaths
Brown University faculty
Brown University alumni
American biologists
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halpern%E2%80%93L%C3%A4uchli%20theorem
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In mathematics, the Halpern–Läuchli theorem is a partition result about finite products of infinite trees. Its original purpose was to give a model for set theory in which the Boolean prime ideal theorem is true but the axiom of choice is false. It is often called the Halpern–Läuchli theorem, but the proper attribution for the theorem as it is formulated below is to Halpern–Läuchli–Laver–Pincus or HLLP (named after James D. Halpern, Hans Läuchli, Richard Laver, and David Pincus), following .
Let d,r < ω, be a sequence of finitely splitting trees of height ω. Let
then there exists a sequence of subtrees strongly embedded in such that
Alternatively, let
and
.
The HLLP theorem says that not only is the collection partition regular for each d < ω, but that the homogeneous subtree guaranteed by the theorem is strongly embedded in
References
Ramsey theory
Theorems in the foundations of mathematics
Trees (set theory)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maksymilian%20Horwitz
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Maksymilian Horwitz (pseudonym: Henryk Walecki; 6 September 1877 – 20 September 1937) was a leader and theoretician of the Polish socialist and communist movement.
Biography
Maksymilian Horwitz was born to a Jewish family in Warsaw, the son of Gustaw Horwitz and Julia Kleinmann.
After leaving school, he studied mathematics at the Ghent University, graduating in 1898, and joined the Belgian Socialist movement, and a group of emigre Polish socialists, in 1895. He returned to Warsaw in 1898, and joined the Polish Socialist Party (PPS). Arrested in December 1899, he was exiled to Siberia in 1901, but escaped in 1902 and emigrated to Switzerland, returning to Warsaw during the 1905 Revolution, and was again arrested and exiled. He escaped from Siberia again in 1907. In exile in Kraków - then under Austrian rule - and Vienna, then he became one of the leaders of the Polish Socialist Party – Left (PPS-Lewica), who opposed the Polish nationalism of Józef Piłsudski, and during World War I drew closer to the SDPKiL, led by Rosa Luxemburg. Horwitz edited the faction's newspaper Mysl Socjalistyczna. It was during this period that he adopted the alias, Henryk Walecki, by which he became better known.
After the outbreak of war, in 1914, Walecki emigrated from Austria to Switzerland, where he came into contact with Lenin and Zinoviev, and represented the PPS-Lewica at the organising conference that the preceded the Zimmerwald Conference of left wing anti-war delegates from across Europe
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/65%2C535
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65535 is the integer after 65534 and before 65536.
It is the maximum value of an unsigned 16-bit integer.
In mathematics
65535 is the sum of 20 through 215 (20 + 21 + 22 + ... + 215) and is therefore a repdigit in base 2 (1111111111111111), in base 4 (33333333), and in base 16 (FFFF).
It is the ninth number whose Euler totient has an aliquot sum that is : , and the twenty-eighth perfect totient number equal to the sum of its iterated totients.
65535 is the fifteenth 626-gonal number, the fifth 6555-gonal number, and the third 21846-gonal number.
65535 is the product of the first four Fermat primes: 65535 = (2 + 1)(4 + 1)(16 + 1)(256 + 1). Because of this property, it is possible to construct with compass and straightedge a regular polygon with 65535 sides (see, constructible polygon).
In computing
65535 occurs frequently in the field of computing because it is (one less than 2 to the 16th power), which is the highest number that can be represented by an unsigned 16-bit binary number. Some computer programming environments may have predefined constant values representing 65535, with names like .
In older computers with processors having a 16-bit address bus such as the MOS Technology 6502 popular in the 1970s and the Zilog Z80, 65535 (FFFF16) is the highest addressable memory location, with 0 (000016) being the lowest. Such processors thus support at most 64 KiB of total byte-addressable memory.
In Internet protocols, 65535 is also the number of TCP and UDP ports a
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group%20%28computing%29
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In computing, the term group generally refers to a grouping of users. In principle, users may belong to none, one, or many groups (although in practice some systems place limits on this.) The primary purpose of user groups is to simplify access control to computer systems.
Suppose a computer science department has a network which is shared by students and academics. The department has made a list of directories which the students are permitted to access and another list of directories which the staff are permitted to access. Without groups, administrators would give each student permission to every student directory, and each staff member permission to every staff directory. In practice, that would be very unworkable – every time a student or staff member arrived, administrators would have to allocate permissions on every directory.
With groups, the task is much simpler: create a student group and a staff group, placing each user in the proper group. The entire group can be granted access to the appropriate directory. To add or remove an account, one must only need to do it in one place (in the definition of the group), rather than on every directory. This workflow provides clear separation of concerns: to change access policies, alter the directory permissions; to change the individuals which fall under the policy, alter the group definitions.
Uses of groups
The primary uses of groups are:
Access control
Accounting - allocating shared resources like disk space and netwo
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/178%20%28number%29
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178 (one hundred [and] seventy-eight) is the natural number following 177 and preceding 179.
In mathematics
There are 178 biconnected graphs with six vertices, among which one is designated as the root and the rest are unlabeled. There are also 178 median graphs on nine vertices.
178 is one of the indexes of the smallest triple of dodecahedral numbers where one is the sum of the other two: the sum of the 46th and the 178th dodecahedral numbers is the 179th.
See also
The year 178 AD or 178 BC
List of highways numbered 178
References
Integers
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dehn%27s%20lemma
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In mathematics, Dehn's lemma asserts that a piecewise-linear map of a disk into a 3-manifold, with the map's singularity set in the disk's interior, implies the existence of another piecewise-linear map of the disk which is an embedding and is identical to the original on the boundary of the disk.
This theorem was thought to be proven by , but found a gap in the proof. The status of Dehn's lemma remained in doubt until using work by Johansson (1938) proved it using his "tower construction". He also generalized the theorem to the loop theorem and sphere theorem.
Tower construction
Papakyriakopoulos proved Dehn's lemma using a tower of covering spaces. Soon afterwards gave a substantially simpler proof, proving a more powerful result. Their proof used Papakyriakopoulos' tower construction, but with double covers, as follows:
Step 1: Repeatedly take a connected double cover of a regular neighborhood of the image of the disk to produce a tower of spaces, each a connected double cover of the one below it. The map from the disk can be lifted to all stages of this tower. Each double cover simplifies the singularities of the embedding of the disk, so it is only possible to take a finite number of such double covers, and the top level of this tower has no connected double covers.
Step 2. If the 3-manifold has no connected double covers then all its boundary components are 2-spheres. In particular the top level of the tower has this property, and in this case it is easy to m
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TAA%20%28disambiguation%29
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TAA stands for Trans Australia Airlines, now part of Qantas.
TAA or Taa may also refer to:
Biology and medicine
Tumor associated antigen
Trimeric Autotransporter Adhesins, in biology, a gram-negative outer membrane virulence factor
Tachyarrhythmia absoluta, a form of cardiac arrhythmia
TAA, a stop codon in molecular biology
Thoracic aortic aneurysm
Organizations
Tanganyika African Association
Tanzania Airports Authority
Teaching Assistants Association, a graduate student union at University of Wisconsin–Madison
Tourette Association of America (formerly Tourette Syndrome Association)
Other uses
Taa, a Khoisan language of southern Africa
Ṭāʼ or Teth, a letter of the Arabic abjad
Tactical asset allocation, an investment strategy
The Amity Affliction, an Australian post-hardcore band
Trade Adjustment Assistance, a US program to help workers displaced by trade
Trade Agreements Act of 1979, a United States statute
Trent Alexander-Arnold (born 1998), English professional footballer
Tribes: Aerial Assault, an online video game for PlayStation 2
Taa, the fictional home world of the Marvel Comics character Galactus
Temporal anti-aliasing, a computer graphics algorithm
tert-Amyl alcohol, a colorless liquid
TSX (or Transactional) Asynchronous Abort, a type of transient execution CPU vulnerability
See also
TAAS (disambiguation)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiener%E2%80%93Hopf%20method
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The Wiener–Hopf method is a mathematical technique widely used in applied mathematics. It was initially developed by Norbert Wiener and Eberhard Hopf as a method to solve systems of integral equations, but has found wider use in solving two-dimensional partial differential equations with mixed boundary conditions on the same boundary. In general, the method works by exploiting the complex-analytical properties of transformed functions. Typically, the standard Fourier transform is used, but examples exist using other transforms, such as the Mellin transform.
In general, the governing equations and boundary conditions are transformed and these transforms are used to define a pair of complex functions (typically denoted with '+' and '−' subscripts) which are respectively analytic in the upper and lower halves of the complex plane, and have growth no faster than polynomials in these regions. These two functions will also coincide on some region of the complex plane, typically, a thin strip containing the real line. Analytic continuation guarantees that these two functions define a single function analytic in the entire complex plane, and Liouville's theorem implies that this function is an unknown polynomial, which is often zero or constant. Analysis of the conditions at the edges and corners of the boundary allows one to determine the degree of this polynomial.
Wiener–Hopf decomposition
The key step in many Wiener–Hopf problems is to decompose an arbitrary function into t
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relation%20algebra
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In mathematics and abstract algebra, a relation algebra is a residuated Boolean algebra expanded with an involution called converse, a unary operation. The motivating example of a relation algebra is the algebra 2 X 2 of all binary relations on a set X, that is, subsets of the cartesian square X2, with R•S interpreted as the usual composition of binary relations R and S, and with the converse of R as the converse relation.
Relation algebra emerged in the 19th-century work of Augustus De Morgan and Charles Peirce, which culminated in the algebraic logic of Ernst Schröder. The equational form of relation algebra treated here was developed by Alfred Tarski and his students, starting in the 1940s. Tarski and Givant (1987) applied relation algebra to a variable-free treatment of axiomatic set theory, with the implication that mathematics founded on set theory could itself be conducted without variables.
Definition
A relation algebra is an algebraic structure equipped with the Boolean operations of conjunction x∧y, disjunction x∨y, and negation x−, the Boolean constants 0 and 1, the relational operations of composition x•y and converse x˘, and the relational constant , such that these operations and constants satisfy certain equations constituting an axiomatization of a calculus of relations. Roughly, a relation algebra is to a system of binary relations on a set containing the empty (0), universal (1), and identity relations and closed under these five operations as a g
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xenon%20trioxide
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Xenon trioxide is an unstable compound of xenon in its +6 oxidation state. It is a very powerful oxidizing agent, and liberates oxygen from water slowly, accelerated by exposure to sunlight. It is dangerously explosive upon contact with organic materials. When it detonates, it releases xenon and oxygen gas.
Chemistry
Synthesis of xenon trioxide is by aqueous hydrolysis of :
+ 3 → + 6 HF
The resulting xenon trioxide crystals are a strong oxidising agent and can oxidise most substances that are at all oxidisable. However, it is slow-acting and this reduces its usefulness.
Above 25 °C, xenon trioxide is very prone to violent explosion:
2 XeO3 → 2 Xe + 3 O2 (ΔHf = −403 kJ/mol)
When it dissolves in water, an acidic solution of xenic acid is formed:
XeO3(aq) + H2O → H2XeO4 H+ +
This solution is stable at room temperature and lacks the explosive properties of xenon trioxide. It oxidises carboxylic acids quantitatively to carbon dioxide and water.
Alternatively, it dissolves in alkaline solutions to form xenates. The anion is the predominant species in xenate solutions. These are not stable and begin to disproportionate into perxenates (+8 oxidation state) and xenon and oxygen gas. Solid perxenates containing have been isolated by reacting with an aqueous solution of hydroxides. Xenon trioxide reacts with inorganic fluorides such as KF, RbF, or CsF to form stable solids of the form .
Physical properties
Hydrolysis of xenon hexafluoride or xenon tetrafluoride yields a
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National%20Spherical%20Torus%20Experiment
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The National Spherical Torus Experiment (NSTX) is a magnetic fusion device based on the spherical tokamak concept. It was constructed by the Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory (PPPL) in collaboration with the Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Columbia University, and the University of Washington at Seattle. It entered service in 1999. In 2012 it was shut down as part of an upgrade program and became NSTX-U, for Upgrade.
Like other magnetic confinement fusion experiments, NSTX studies the physics principles of thermonuclear plasmas—ionized gases with sufficiently high temperatures and densities for nuclear fusion to occur—which are confined in a magnetic field.
The spherical tokamak design implemented by NSTX is an offshoot of the conventional tokamak. Proponents claim that spherical tokamaks have dramatic practical advantages over conventional tokamaks. For this reason the spherical tokamak has seen considerable interest since it was proposed in the late 1980s. However, development remains effectively one generation behind mainline tokamak efforts such as JET. Other major spherical tokamak experiments include the START and MAST at Culham in the UK.
History
1999–2012
First plasma was obtained on NSTX on Friday, February 12, 1999 at 7:06 p.m.
Magnetic fusion experiments use plasmas composed of one or more hydrogen isotopes. For example, in 1994, PPPL's Tokamak Fusion Test Reactor (TFTR) produced a world-record 10.7 megawatts of fusion power from a plasma composed of equal pa
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel%20Devons
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Samuel Devons FRS (30 September 1914 – 6 December 2006) was a British physicist and science historian.
Biography
Devons, son of a Lithuanian immigrant, David Isaac Devons 1881-1926 and Edith Edelston from York 1891-1938
Sam was born in Bangor, Wales. When he turned 16, he was awarded a scholarship for physics at Trinity College, Cambridge. In 1935, Devons received his bachelor's degree at Trinity College, and his PhD in 1939.
Personal life
Devons married Ruth Toubkin in 1938 in England, United Kingdom, and moved to the United States in 1960, to work at Columbia University Physics Department. He had four daughters (Susan, Judith, Amanda and Cathryn), and had 12 grandchildren (Laura, Marc, Benjamin, Daniel, Jesse, David, Jonathan, Anna, Jacob, Rachel, Jessica and Matthew), and 3 great-grandchildren at the time of his death (Joel, Emily and Julia,) and later Elisheva, Nachman, Nathan, Noah, Stella, Isabella, Sophia, Gavriel, Constantino, Gabriel, Racheli, Cathryn, Hannah, Shana, Sebastian, Lucas, Benyamin, Jordan, Aryeh, Luke, Oscar, and Eliyahu, for a total of 25 great grandchildren as of 2023.
In World War II, Devons served as a senior scientific officer in the Air Ministry, Ministry of Aircraft Production and Ministry of Supply, working on antiaircraft barrages, microwaves, and radar. During the war, he became a liaison officer for the US and UK, posted at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology radiation laboratory. At the end of the war, he served as a British intelli
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National%20Compact%20Stellarator%20Experiment
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The National Compact Stellarator Experiment, NCSX in short, was a magnetic fusion energy experiment based on the stellarator design being constructed at the Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory (PPPL).
NCSX was one of a number of new stellarator designs from the 1990s that arose after studies illustrated new geometries that offered better performance than the simpler machines of the 1950s and 1960s. Compared to the more common tokamak, these were much more difficult to design and build, but produced far more stable plasma, the main problem with successful fusion.
The design proved to be too difficult to build, repeatedly running over its budget and timelines. The project was eventually cancelled on 22 May 2008, having spent over $70 M.
Wendelstein 7-X explores many of the same concepts that NCSX intended to.
History
Early stellarators
Stellarators are one of the first fusion power concepts, originally designed by Princeton astrophysicist Lyman Spitzer in 1952 while riding the chairlifts at Aspen. Spitzer, considering the motion of plasmas in the stars, realized that any simple arrangements of magnets would not confine a plasma inside a machine - the plasma would drift across the fields and eventually strike the vessel. His solution was simple; by bending the machine through a 180 degree twist, forming a figure-eight instead of a donut, the plasma would alternately find itself on the inside or outside of the vessel, drifting in opposite directions. The cancellation of ne
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavel%20Curtis
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Pavel Curtis is an American software architect at Microsoft who is best known for having founded and managed LambdaMOO, an online community.
In the mid- to late 1980s Curtis developed and taught parts of the computer science course at the Center for Talented Youth summer program.
Curtis was a member of the research staff at Xerox PARC from 1983 to 1996, where he worked in the areas of programming language design and implementation, programming environments, and online collaboration systems. He developed LambdaMOO from work initiated by Stephen White from 1990, during this period, enhancing the implementation of the MOO programming language.
Curtis left Xerox in 1997 to become a principal architect and co-founder of PlaceWare, a web-conferencing company that was acquired by Microsoft in 2003.
Outside work Curtis is now the sole proprietor of Pavel's Puzzles, a website selling mechanical puzzles, mostly designed by him. The website also features a column, "Adalogical Ænigmas", which features a large Nikoli-style logic puzzle every month.
References
External links
Pavel's Puzzles
Living people
MUD developers
Year of birth missing (living people)
People from Seattle
Scientists at PARC (company)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overconstrained%20mechanism
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In mechanical engineering, an overconstrained mechanism is a linkage that has more degrees of freedom than is predicted by the mobility formula. The mobility formula evaluates the degree of freedom of a system of rigid bodies that results when constraints are imposed in the form of joints between the links.
If the links of the system move in three-dimensional space, then the mobility formula is
where is the number of links in the system, is the number of joints, and is the degree of freedom of the th joint.
If the links in the system move planes parallel to a fixed plane, or in concentric spheres about a fixed point, then the mobility formula is
If a system of links and joints has mobility or less, yet still moves, then it is called an overconstrained mechanism.
Reason of over-constraint
The reason of over-constraint is the unique geometry of linkages in these mechanisms, which the mobility formula does not take into account. This unique geometry gives rise to "redundant constraints", i.e. when multiple joints are constraining the same degrees of freedom. These redundant constraints are the reason of the over-constraint.
For example, as shown in the figure to the right, consider a hinged door with 3 hinges. The mobility criterion for this door gives the mobility to be −1. Yet, the door moves and has a degree of freedom 1, as all its hinges have colinear axes.
Examples of over-constrained mechanisms
Multi-hinged doors and the like
The figure on the left shows
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SemBioSys%20Genetics
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SemBioSys Genetics Inc. was a development stage agricultural biotechnology company. It utilized its patented safflower pharming platform to develop and make proteins and oils for the nutraceutical, functional food and beverage, and pharmaceutical industries. A University of Calgary spin-off (1994), SemBioSys became a publicly traded firm. Investors had included Bay City Capital, the Business Development Bank of Canada, Dow AgroSciences (a Canadian subsidiary of The Dow Chemical Company), Royal Bank Ventures Inc. (now RBC Capital Partners), the University of Calgary, Ventures West Capital Ltd., and Dr. Maurice Moloney. In May 2012, SemBioSys terminated its operations.
The company's strategy was to partner with other companies to enable the commercialization of products. Its lead pharmaceutical products under development were biosimilar insulin and Apo AI(Milano). In a phase I/II clinical trial, SemBioSys demonstrated that its safflower produced insulin (SBS-1000) is bioequivalent to humulin, a commercially available insulin.
In 2007, SemBioSys formed a subsidiary, Botaneco Specialty Ingredients Inc., dedicated to the commercialization of SemBioSys’ products for cosmetic, personal care and prescription topical dermatology products. Botaneco produced, marketed, and sold its products under the brand name Hydresia. In October 2009, Botaneco merged with Quebec City-based Advitech, a health sciences and technology company.
In October 2011, SemBioSys signed a collaboration ag
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellow%20%28disambiguation%29
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Yellow is a color.
Yellow may also refer to:
Biology
Clouded yellow, a common name for a butterfly in genus Colias
Grass yellow, a common name for a butterfly in genus Eurema
Yellow, a common name for a butterfly in subfamily Coliadinae
Yellow baboon, Papio cynocephalus, a species of baboon
Books and comics
Yellow (short story collection), a short-story collection by Don Lee
Yellow (manga), a 2002 yaoi manga by Makoto Tateno
Yellow: Race in America Beyond Black and White, a book by Frank H. Wu
Yellow (Pokémon Adventures), a character in Pokémon Adventures
Film and television
Yellow (1997 film), a film written and directed by Chris Chan Lee
Yellow (2006 feature film), a film starring Roselyn Sanchez
Yellow (2006 short film), a film by director Neill Blomkamp
"Yellow", an episode of Tales from the Crypt
Yellow (2012 film), starring Sienna Miller, Ben Foster, Riley Keough and Lucy Punch
Yellow (2014 film), an Indian Marathi film directed by Mahesh Limaye
"Yellow", an episode from the TV series Teletubbies
Games
Pokémon Yellow version, the fourth (and final) installment in the first generation of Pokémon games
Yellow Squadron, a rival ace squadron in Ace Combat 4
Music
Performers
Yello, a Swiss electronic duo
Yellow, a member of the South Korean group Pungdeng-E
Albums
Yellow (Brymo album), 2020
Yellow (Scandal album), 2016
The Yellow, an EP by Lemon Jelly, 1999
Zebrahead (album) or Yellow, by Zebrahead, 1998
Yellow, by Calema, 2020
Yellow (EP), b
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gap%20theorem%20%28disambiguation%29
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In mathematics, gap theorem may refer to:
The Weierstrass gap theorem in algebraic geometry
The Ostrowski–Hadamard gap theorem on lacunary functions
The Fabry gap theorem on lacunary functions
The gap theorem of Fourier analysis, a statement about the vanishing of discrete Fourier coefficients for functions that are identically zero on an interval shorter than 2π
The gap theorem in computational complexity theory
Saharon Shelah's Main Gap Theorem which solved Morley's problem in model theory
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generation%20%28disambiguation%29
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A generation is "all of the people born and living at about the same time, regarded collectively."
Generation or generations may also refer to:
Science and technology
Generation (particle physics), a division of the elementary particles
Generation in carrier generation and recombination, a process with mobile charge carriers (semiconductors)
Generation in biology, a (usually multicellular) life stage, see biological life cycle
Electricity generation
Programming language generations, classes of a programming style's power
Books
Generations (Marvel Comics), a Marvel Comics series
Superman & Batman: Generations, a DC Comics series
Generations (book), a 1991 analysis of Anglo-American history by William Strauss and Neil Howe
GENERATION: 25 Years of Contemporary Art in Scotland, a series of visual arts projects, exhibitions and events
Generations (DC Comics), a limited series from DC Comics
The Generation: The Rise and Fall of the Jewish Communists of Poland, a 1991 book about Polish-Jewish history
Film and television
A Generation, a 1955 Polish film directed by Andrzej Wajda
Generation, a section of the Berlin International Film Festival comprising Generation Kplus and Generation 14plus
Generation (2021 TV series), an American dramedy television series on HBO Max
Generation (Canadian TV program), a Canadian current affairs television program which aired on CBC Television in 1965
Generation (film), a 1969 film
Generations, the second season of the American TV se
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fierz%20identity
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In theoretical physics, a Fierz identity is an identity that allows one to rewrite bilinears of the product of two spinors as a linear combination of products of the bilinears of the individual spinors. It is named after Swiss physicist Markus Fierz. The Fierz identities are also sometimes called the Fierz–Pauli–Kofink identities, as Pauli and Kofink described a general mechanism for producing such identities.
There is a version of the Fierz identities for Dirac spinors and there is another version for Weyl spinors. And there are versions for other dimensions besides 3+1 dimensions. Spinor bilinears in arbitrary dimensions are elements of a Clifford algebra; the Fierz identities can be obtained by expressing the Clifford algebra as a quotient of the exterior algebra.
When working in 4 spacetime dimensions the bivector may be decomposed in terms of the Dirac matrices that span the space:
.
The coefficients are
and are usually determined by using the orthogonality of the basis under the trace operation. By sandwiching the above decomposition between the desired gamma structures, the identities for the contraction of two Dirac bilinears of the same type can be written with coefficients according to the following table.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"
|-
! Product
! S
! V
! T
! A
! P
|-
| S × S =
| 1/4
| 1/4
| −1/4
| −1/4
| 1/4
|-
| V × V =
| 1
| −1/2
| 0
| −1/2
| −1
|-
| T × T =
| −3/2
| 0
| −1/2
| 0
| −3/2
|-
| A × A =
| −1
| −
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scalar%20electrodynamics
|
In theoretical physics, scalar electrodynamics is a theory of a U(1) gauge field coupled to a charged spin 0 scalar field that takes the place of the Dirac fermions in "ordinary" quantum electrodynamics. The scalar field is charged, and with an appropriate potential, it has the capacity to break the gauge symmetry via the Abelian Higgs mechanism.
Matter content and Lagrangian
Matter content
The model consists of a complex scalar field minimally coupled to a gauge field .
This article discusses the theory on flat spacetime (Minkowski space) so these fields can be treated (naïvely) as functions , and . The theory can also be defined for curved spacetime but these definitions must be replaced with a more subtle one. The gauge field is also known as a principal connection, specifically a principal connection.
Lagrangian
The dynamics is given by the Lagrangian density
where
is the electromagnetic field strength, or curvature of the connection.
is the covariant derivative of the field
is the electric charge
is the potential for the complex scalar field.
Gauge-invariance
This model is invariant under gauge transformations parameterized by . This is a real-valued function
Differential-geometric view
From the geometric viewpoint, is an infinitesimal change of trivialization, which generates the finite change of trivialization In physics, it is customary to work under an implicit choice of trivialization, hence a gauge transformation really can be viewed
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapoor
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Kapoor or Kapur is a Punjabi surname of Khatri clan found in the Punjabi Hindu and Sikh communities.
Notable people
Notable people bearing the name Kapoor include:
Academia
Anuradha Kapur, professor at National School of Drama
Deepak Kapur, Distinguished Professor in the Department of Computer Science at the University of New Mexico.
Ilan Kapoor, professor of Critical Development Studies at York University.
Jagdish Chandra Kapur, Indian social scientist, entrepreneur and the founder of Kapur Surya Foundation
Kapil Kapoor, Indian scholar of linguistics and literature and an authority on Indian intellectual traditions in JNU.
Mahendra Nath Kapur, served as Principal of Modern School, New Delhi, for thirty years.
Ratna Kapur, law professor and former director of the Centre for Feminist Legal Research in New Delhi, India
Shiv G. Kapoor, professor at the University of Illinois
Sudarshan Kapoor, professor emeritus, California State University
Sukhbir Singh Kapoor, Indian writer and educator.
V.K. Kapoor, Vice Chancellor of Raffles University, Neemrana, Rajasthan.
Activists
Jaidev Kapoor, Indian freedom fighter who worked for the Hindustan Republican Association along with Chandra Shekhar Azad
Nita Kapoor, Indian-Norwegian activist. She has worked extensively with immigrants' issues in Norway and women's issues globally.
Shruti Kapoor, Indian economist, women's rights activist, and social entrepreneur.
Army
General Deepak Kapoor, chief of Army staff, Ind
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACS%20style
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The ACS Style is a set of standards for writing documents relating to chemistry, including a standard method of citation in academic publications, developed by the American Chemical Society (ACS).
Previous editions of the ACS style manual are entitled ACS Style Guide: Effective Communication of Scientific Information, 3rd ed. (2006), edited by Anne M. Coghill and Lorrin R. Garson, and ACS Style Guide: A Manual for Authors and Editors (1997).
As of 2020, ACS style guidance and best practices for scholarly communication in the sciences are incorporated into the ACS Guide to Scholarly Communication, edited by Gregory M. Banik, Grace Baysinger, Prashant V. Kamat, and Norbert Pienta. The Guide is published online by ACS Publications.
Citation format
Abbreviations
Titles of journals are abbreviated; e.g.:
J. Am. Chem. Soc. – Journal of the American Chemical Society
J. Phys. Chem. – Journal of Physical Chemistry
J. Phys. Chem. A – Journal of Physical Chemistry (A, B, or C)
J. Org. Chem. – Journal of Organic Chemistry
Org. Lett. – Organic Letters
Phys. Rev. Lett. – Physical Review Letters
Tetrahedron – Tetrahedron
Tetrahedron Lett. – Tetrahedron Letters
Acc. Chem. Res. – Accounts of Chemical Research
Article published in a journal
Last Name, First Initial.; Last Name, First Initial. Journal Year, Volume, Pages.
Example of a journal citation
The are optional.
Further reading
Anne M. Coghill (Editor), Lorrin R. Garson (Editor). The ACS Style Guide: Effective Communication
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nemiscau
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Nemiscau (or Old Nemaska) is a semi-permanent Cree settlement in northern Quebec, Canada, on Lake Nemiscau.
During the mid-twentieth century, Thomas Nelson Dodd Jr., PhD, an American professor of chemistry from St. Peter's College in New Jersey, encountered the Cree people living at Nemiscau as he was canoeing in the nearby waterways. He developed a friendship with the people, and returned every summer as a kind of one-man peace corps. During his years with the Cree, he documented their spoken dialect which had never been written, as well as their customs and habits. He persuaded the Canadian government to build modern housing for the Crees, and Dr. Dodd's work was substantial enough to merit a federal grant of $15,000 from the American Philosophic Society in 1961. Dr. Dodd returned to Nemiscau every summer until July 1965, when he perished in a plane crash en route to Nemiscau.
Nemiscau is the former site of a Hudson's Bay Company post until 1970. The settlement was abandoned in the mid 1970s when Hydro-Québec proposed hydro-electric development on the Rupert River, which would have resulted in the flooding of the area. Its residents were dispersed to Waskaganish and Mistissini until the new community of Nemaska was built. Since the development plans have been canceled, the Cree originally living here have started to return to Nemiscau, using it as a summer encampment. There are only a handful of year-round residents in Nemiscau.
Climate
Nemiscau has a warm-summer humid
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles%20Zeleny
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Charles H. Zeleny (17 September 1878 - 21 December 1939) was an American zoologist of Czech descent. He was a professor at the University of Illinois. He made important contributions to experimental zoology, especially embryology, regeneration, and genetics.
Zeleny was born in Hutchinson, Minnesota, the son of Czech immigrants from Křídla. He was the younger brother of John Zeleny. He died in Urbana, Illinois. He co-supervised Effa Muhse the first female to graduate with a PhD from Indiana University. Marion Durbin Ellis was also one of his students at Indiana.
References
American zoologists
American people of Czech descent
1878 births
1939 deaths
University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign faculty
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ross%20Quinlan
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John Ross Quinlan is a computer science researcher in data mining and decision theory. He has contributed extensively to the development of decision tree algorithms, including inventing the canonical C4.5 and ID3 algorithms. He also contributed to early ILP literature with First Order Inductive Learner (FOIL). He is currently running the company RuleQuest Research which he founded in 1997.
Education
He received his BSc degree in Physics and Computing from the University of Sydney in 1965 and his computer science doctorate at the University of Washington in 1968. He has held positions at the University of New South Wales, University of Sydney, University of Technology Sydney, and RAND Corporation.
Artificial intelligence
Quinlan is a specialist in artificial intelligence, particularly in the aspect involving machine learning and its application to data mining.
ID3
Ross Quinlan invented the Iterative Dichotomiser 3 (ID3) algorithm which is used to generate decision trees. ID3 follows the principle of Occam's razor in attempting to create the smallest decision tree possible.
C4.5
He then expanded upon the principles used in ID3 to create C4.5.
C4.5 improved: discrete and continuous attributes, missing attribute values, attributes with differing costs, pruning trees (replacing irrelevant branches with leaf nodes).
C5.0
C5.0, which Quinlan is commercially selling (single-threaded version is distributed under the terms of the GNU General Public License), is an improvement
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inn%20%28disambiguation%29
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An inn is an establishment where travelers can procure food, drink and lodging.
Inn can also refer to:
Inn (river), which flows through Switzerland, Austria and Germany
Inn (district of Switzerland), a district in Switzerland named for the river Inn
Inner automorphism, in mathematics, a set of functions on groups
Inns of Court, London, England, institutions
InterNetNews, Usenet News server
Frank Inn, American animal trainer (1916–2002)
See also
INN (disambiguation), as a three-letter acronym
In, another word with the same pronunciation
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sphere%20theorem%20%283-manifolds%29
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In mathematics, in the topology of 3-manifolds, the sphere theorem of gives conditions for elements of the second homotopy group of a 3-manifold to be represented by embedded spheres.
One example is the following:
Let be an orientable 3-manifold such that is not the trivial group. Then there exists a non-zero element of having a representative that is an embedding .
The proof of this version of the theorem can be based on transversality methods, see .
Another more general version (also called the projective plane theorem, and due to David B. A. Epstein) is:
Let be any 3-manifold and a -invariant subgroup of . If is a general position map such that and is any neighborhood of the singular set , then there is a map satisfying
,
,
is a covering map, and
is a 2-sided submanifold (2-sphere or projective plane) of .
quoted in .
References
Geometric topology
3-manifolds
Theorems in topology
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opomyzoidea
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The Opomyzoidea are a superfamily of flies.
Biology
Opomyzoids show a range of lifestyles including mining plant leaves (many Agromyzidae), feeding in grass stems (Anthomyzidae and Opomyzidae), forming plant galls (Fergusonina), feeding on fungi (some Anthomyzidae and Asteiidae), feeding on sap flows of trees (some Aulacigastridae, Odiniidae and Periscelididae), living in galleries of wood-boring insects (Odiniidae) or in water-filled cavities of plants (phytotelmata; Aulacigastridae, Neurochaetidae and Periscelididae). However, the biology of most opomyzoid families is poorly known.
Phylogeny
The phylogeny of Opomyzoidea is controversial, with different authors assigning different families and different relationships among families. One study using molecular analysis concluded that the superfamily is not monophyletic.
References
External links
Tree of Life page on Opomyzoidea
Diptera superfamilies
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammar%20induction
|
Grammar induction (or grammatical inference) is the process in machine learning of learning a formal grammar (usually as a collection of re-write rules or productions or alternatively as a finite state machine or automaton of some kind) from a set of observations, thus constructing a model which accounts for the characteristics of the observed objects. More generally, grammatical inference is that branch of machine learning where the instance space consists of discrete combinatorial objects such as strings, trees and graphs.
Grammar classes
Grammatical inference has often been very focused on the problem of learning finite state machines of various types (see the article Induction of regular languages for details on these approaches), since there have been efficient algorithms for this problem since the 1980s.
Since the beginning of the century, these approaches have been extended to the problem of inference of context-free grammars and richer formalisms, such as multiple context-free grammars and parallel multiple context-free grammars.
Other classes of grammars for which grammatical inference has been studied are combinatory categorial grammars, stochastic context-free grammars, contextual grammars and pattern languages.
Learning models
The simplest form of learning is where the learning algorithm merely receives a set of examples drawn from the language in question: the aim is to learn the language from examples of it (and, rarely, from counter-examples, that is, exam
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20R.%20Taylor
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John Robert Taylor is British-born emeritus professor of physics at the University of Colorado, Boulder.
He received his B.A. in mathematics at Cambridge University, and his Ph.D. from the University of California, Berkeley in 1963 with thesis advisor Geoffrey Chew. Taylor has written several college-level physics textbooks. His bestselling book is An Introduction to Error Analysis, which has been translated into nine languages. His intermediate-level undergraduate textbook, Classical Mechanics, was well-reviewed.
Awards
Taylor was designated a Presidential Teaching Scholar in 1991. He has also received an Emmy Award for his television series Physics 4 Fun (1988–1990).
References
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
21st-century American physicists
American textbook writers
American male non-fiction writers
Science teachers
University of Colorado faculty
University of Colorado Boulder faculty
Alumni of the University of Cambridge
University of California, Berkeley alumni
American science writers
Emmy Award winners
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferenc%20Krausz
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Ferenc Krausz (born 17 May 1962) is a Hungarian–Austrian physicist working in attosecond science. He is a director at the Max Planck Institute of Quantum Optics and a professor of experimental physics at the Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich in Germany. His research team has generated and measured the first attosecond light pulse and used it for capturing electrons' motion inside atoms, marking the birth of attophysics. In 2023, jointly with Pierre Agostini and Anne L'Huillier, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics.
Academic career
From 1981 until 1985 Krausz studied theoretical physics at Eötvös Loránd University and electrical engineering at the Technical University of Budapest in Hungary. He began his research work at BME Institute of Physics, and spent three years researching in the university's laser laboratory. From 1987 to 1991 he graduated with a PhD at the Technical University of Vienna, in Austria, and from 1991 to 1993 he did his habilitation also there. 1996–1998 he became associate professor, from 1999 until 2004 professor of electrical engineering at the same institute. In 2003 he was appointed director at the Max Planck Institute for Quantum Optics in Garching and in 2004 became chair of experimental physics at the Ludwig Maximilians University in Munich. In 2006 he co-founded the Munich-Centre for Advanced Photonics (MAP) and became one of its directors.
Honors and awards
2006 – Royal Photographic Society Progress medal and Honorary Fellowship
2
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exercise%20%28disambiguation%29
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Exercise is a disciplined activity that is meant to improve and maintain fitness, health and wellness.
Exercise may also refer to:
Mental exercise, activity for mental fitness
Military exercise, a military training activity
Exercise (mathematics), training unit in mathematics
Exercise (options), a financial or contracting term
The Exercise, a 1968 play by Lewis John Carlino
Exercises (album), 1972 by Nazareth
Exercises (EP), a 2012 EP by CFCF
See also
Workout (disambiguation)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German%20Commission%20for%20Electrotechnical%2C%20Electronic%2C%20and%20Information%20Technologies%20of%20DIN%20and%20VDE
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The German Commission for Electrotechnical, Electronic & Information Technologies of DIN and VDE (), abbreviated DKE, is the German organisation responsible for the development and adoption of standards and safety specifications in the areas of electrical engineering, electronics and information technologies.
DKE constitutes a joint organisation of DIN (the organisation for general standards in Germany) and VDE (a technical-scientific association), the juridical responsibility for running the DKE being in the hands of the VDE.
The DKE is the German member within European standardisation organisations such as CENELEC and ETSI, and international organisations such as IEC.
A standard may be first proposed by individual members of the VDE. Then when it has achieved national status the standard then becomes sanctioned by DKE. If further the standard is adopted at an international level, it can become an IEC standard.
References
External links
DKE website
VDE website
Electrical safety standards organizations
Standards organisations in Germany
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blasius%20boundary%20layer
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In physics and fluid mechanics, a Blasius boundary layer (named after Paul Richard Heinrich Blasius) describes the steady two-dimensional laminar boundary layer that forms on a semi-infinite plate which is held parallel to a constant unidirectional flow. Falkner and Skan later generalized Blasius' solution to wedge flow (Falkner–Skan boundary layer), i.e. flows in which the plate is not parallel to the flow.
Prandtl's boundary layer equations
Using scaling arguments, Ludwig Prandtl argued that about half of the terms in the Navier-Stokes equations are negligible in boundary layer flows (except in a small region near the leading edge of the plate). This leads to a reduced set of equations known as the boundary layer equations. For steady incompressible flow with constant viscosity and density, these read:
Mass Continuity:
-Momentum:
-Momentum:
Here the coordinate system is chosen with pointing parallel to the plate in the direction of the flow and the coordinate pointing normal to the plate, and are the and velocity components, is the pressure, is the density and is the kinematic viscosity.
A number of similarity solutions to this set of equations have been found for various types of flow, including flow on a thin flat-plate. The term similarity refers to the property that the velocity profiles at different positions in the flow are the same apart from scaling factors. Similarity scaling factors reduce the set of partial differential equations to a relative
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malcolm%20Green
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Malcolm Green may refer to:
Malcolm Green (chemist) (1936–2020), British professor of inorganic chemistry
Malcolm Green (musician) (born 1953), English drummer for New Zealand band Split Enz
Malcolm Green (physician), Vice-Principal, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri%20Theil
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Henri (Hans) Theil (October 13, 1924 – August 20, 2000) was a Dutch econometrician and professor at the Netherlands School of Economics in Rotterdam, known for his contributions to the field of econometrics.
Biography
Born in Amsterdam, Theil started to study mathematics and physics at Utrecht University in 1942. Later in World War II he was arrested and was imprisoned in Vught. After the war he started to study economics at the Gemeente-Universiteit Amsterdam, where in 1951 he received his PhD under Pieter Hennipman.
After graduation Theil started working as researcher for the Bureau for Economic Policy Analysis under Jan Tinbergen. In 1953 he was appointed Professor of Econometrics at the Netherlands School of Economics as successor of Jan Tinbergen. Here he founded the Econometric Institute in 1956, which he directed for ten years and was then succeeded by Jan Sandee. He also wrote Principles of Econometrics. In 1966 he moved to the United States, where he was appointed Professor of Econometrics and director of the Center for Mathematical Studies in Business and Economics at the University of Chicago. He also taught at the University of Florida.
Theil was awarded honorary degrees by the University of Chicago in 1964, by the Vrije Universiteit Brussel in 1973 and by the Erasmus University Rotterdam in 1983. In 1968 he was elected as a Fellow of the American Statistical Association. In 1980 he became correspondent of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences.
W
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89cole%20nationale%20sup%C3%A9rieure%20de%20l%27%C3%A9lectronique%20et%20de%20ses%20applications
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École Nationale Supérieure de l'Électronique et de ses Applications (also known as ENSEA) is a graduate school (grande école) of electrical engineering and computer science, located in Cergy (in Val d'Oise department) close to Paris in France.
It was founded in 1952 under the name of ENREA and became ENSEA in 1976.
Admissions
Future engineers are recruited after a centralized and selective country-wide specific entrance examination ("Classes Préparatoires") or laterally into final or pre-final year after a bachelor's degree in electronics or relevant scientific fields (physics, chemistry, electronics, computer science, etc.).
Programs
Grande École Degree
The Engineering degree (or Diplôme d'Ingénieur de l'École Nationale Supérieure de l'Electronique et de ses Applications) delivered by L'Académie de Versailles; is equivalent to the master's degree in engineering in the United States. Courses spread over three years cover all aspects of electrical, electronics and computer science and engineering, e.g.: signal processing, microelectronics, embedded systems, software engineering, networking, control and power electronics besides some important non-engineering courses such as economics, management, business communications and foreign languages.
M.S. Specialized Masters Programs
ENSEA and ITIN offer also an MS Specialized Master labelled by the Conférence des grandes écoles and named TIM (Mobile IT and Telecommunication)
Specialisations
The school presently offers 8 specia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Event%20loop
|
In computer science, the event loop is a programming construct or design pattern that waits for and dispatches events or messages in a program. The event loop works by making a request to some internal or external "event provider" (that generally blocks the request until an event has arrived), then calls the relevant event handler ("dispatches the event"). The event loop is also sometimes referred to as the message dispatcher, message loop, message pump, or run loop.
The event-loop may be used in conjunction with a reactor, if the event provider follows the file interface, which can be selected or 'polled' (the Unix system call, not actual polling). The event loop almost always operates asynchronously with the message originator.
When the event loop forms the central control flow construct of a program, as it often does, it may be termed the main loop or main event loop. This title is appropriate, because such an event loop is at the highest level of control within the program.
Message passing
Message pumps are said to 'pump' messages from the program's message queue (assigned and usually owned by the underlying operating system) into the program for processing. In the strictest sense, an event loop is one of the methods for implementing inter-process communication. In fact, message processing exists in many systems, including a kernel-level component of the Mach operating system. The event loop is a specific implementation technique of systems that use message passing.
A
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian%20Coolidge
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Julian Lowell Coolidge (September 28, 1873 – March 5, 1954) was an American mathematician, historian, a professor and chairman of the Harvard University Mathematics Department.
Biography
Born in Brookline, Massachusetts, he graduated from Harvard University and Oxford University.
Between 1897 and 1899, Julian Coolidge taught at the Groton School, where one of his students was Franklin D. Roosevelt. He left the private school to accept a teaching position at Harvard and in 1902 was given an assistant professorship, but took two years off to further his education with studies in Turin, Italy before receiving his doctorate from the University of Bonn. Julian Coolidge then returned to teach at Harvard where he remained for his entire academic career, interrupted only by a year at the Sorbonne in Paris as an exchange professor.
During World War I, he served with the U.S. Army's Overseas Expeditionary Force in France, rising to the rank of major. In 1919, he was awarded a Knight of France's Legion of Honor.
Coolidge returned to teach at Harvard where he was awarded a full professorship. In 1927 he was appointed chairman of the Mathematics Department at Harvard, a position he held until his retirement in 1940. A Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, Coolidge served as president of the Mathematical Association of America and vice-president of the American Mathematical Society. He authored several books on mathematics and on the history of mathematics.
He was Master
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capacity
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Capacity or capacities may
refer to:
Mathematics, science, and engineering
Capacity of a container, closely related to the volume of the container
Capacity of a set, in Euclidean space, the total charge a set can hold while maintaining a given potential energy
Capacity factor, the ratio of the actual output of a power plant to its theoretical potential output
Storage capacity (energy), the amount of energy that the storage system of a power plant can hold
Nameplate capacity, the intended full-load sustained output of a facility such as a power plant
Heat capacity, a measurement of changes in a system's internal energy
Combining capacity, another term for valence in chemistry
Battery capacity, the amount of electric charge a battery can deliver at the rated voltage
Computer
Data storage capacity, amount of stored information that a storage device or medium can hold
Channel capacity, the highest rate at which information can be reliably transmitted
Social
Carrying capacity, the population size of a species that its environment can sustain
Capacity planning, the process of determining the production resources needed to meet product demand
Capacity building, strengthening the skills, competencies and abilities of developing societies
Productive capacity, the maximum possible output of an economy
Capacity management, a process used to manage information technology in business
Capacity utilization, the extent to which an enterprise or a nation uses its theoretic
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard%20Normand%20Langlois
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Richard Normand Langlois (born January 20, 1952 in Putnam, Connecticut) is an American economist and currently professor at the University of Connecticut. He studied physics and English literature at Williams College, he received a Master's in astronomy from Yale University, and he received his PhD in Engineering-Economic Systems from Stanford.
Since May 2008, Langlois is also a contributor to the blog Organizations and Markets.
He is attributed with first presenting the Vanishing Hand theory.
Literature
1982, Subjective Probability and Subjective Economics. New York : NY, C.V. Starr Center for Applied Economics, NYU, FAS, Department of Economics, Working Paper
1984, Kaleidic and Structural Interpretations of Genuine Uncertainty. New York : NY, C.V. Starr Center for Applied Economics, NYU, FAS, Department of Economics, Working Paper
1986, Economics as a Process: Essays in the New Institutional Economics. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1986. xi, 262 p. : ill. ; 24 cm.
1988, “Economic change and the boundaries of the firm,” Journal of Institutional and Theoretical Economics, vol. 144, pp. 635–57
1994, “Risk and Uncertainty” in Peter Boettke (ed.), The Elgar Companion to Austrian Economics. Brookfield, Vermont : Edward Elgar Publishing, pp. 118–22.
1995, Firms, markets, and economic change : a dynamic theory of business institutions / Richard N. Langlois and Paul L. Robertson. London ; New York : Routledge, 1995. xii, 185 p. : ill. ; 24 cm. (hbk.), (pbk.)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RBW
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rbw or RBW may refer to:
"Red Blooded Woman", a 2004 single by Australian pop/dance singer Kylie Minogue
a widely used acronym for US District Court Judge Reggie B. Walton
Relativistic Breit–Wigner distribution, a probability distribution that models resonances in high-energy physics
Resolution Bandwidth, electronic signal term used in spectrum analyzers and EMI / EMC testing
Rainbow Group (1984–1989), a political group of the European Parliament
Rainbow Group (1989–1994), a political group of the European Parliament
RBW (company), a South Korean entertainment company
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ortho%20ester
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In organic chemistry, an ortho ester is a functional group containing three alkoxy groups attached to one carbon atom, i.e. with the general formula . Orthoesters may be considered as products of exhaustive alkylation of unstable orthocarboxylic acids and it is from these that the name 'ortho ester' is derived. An example is ethyl orthoacetate, , more correctly known as 1,1,1-triethoxyethane.
Synthesis
Ortho esters can be prepared by the Pinner reaction, in which nitriles react with alcohols in the presence of one equivalent of hydrogen chloride. The reaction proceeds by formation of imido ester hydrochloride:
RCN + R′OH + HCl → [RC(OR′)=NH2]+Cl−
Upon standing in the presence of excess alcohol, this intermediate converts to the ortho ester:
[RC(OR′)=NH2]+Cl− + 2R′OH → RC(OR′)3 + NH4Cl
The reaction requires anhydrous conditions.
Although a less common method, ortho esters were first produced by reaction of 1,1,1-trichloroalkanes with sodium alkoxide:
RCCl3 + 3NaOR′ → RC(OR′)3 + 3NaCl
Reactions
Hydrolysis
Ortho esters are readily hydrolyzed in mild aqueous acid to form esters:
RC(OR′)3 + H2O → RCO2R′ + 2 R′OH
For example, trimethyl orthoformate CH(OCH3)3 may be hydrolyzed (under acidic conditions) to methyl formate and methanol; and may be further hydrolyzed (under alkaline conditions) to salts of formic acid and methanol.
Johnson–Claisen rearrangement
The Johnson–Claisen rearrangement is the reaction of an allylic alcohol with an ortho ester containing a deprotona
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Degree%20of%20a%20field%20extension
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In mathematics, more specifically field theory, the degree of a field extension is a rough measure of the "size" of the field extension. The concept plays an important role in many parts of mathematics, including algebra and number theory — indeed in any area where fields appear prominently.
Definition and notation
Suppose that E/F is a field extension. Then E may be considered as a vector space over F (the field of scalars). The dimension of this vector space is called the degree of the field extension, and it is denoted by [E:F].
The degree may be finite or infinite, the field being called a finite extension or infinite extension accordingly. An extension E/F is also sometimes said to be simply finite if it is a finite extension; this should not be confused with the fields themselves being finite fields (fields with finitely many elements).
The degree should not be confused with the transcendence degree of a field; for example, the field Q(X) of rational functions has infinite degree over Q, but transcendence degree only equal to 1.
The multiplicativity formula for degrees
Given three fields arranged in a tower, say K a subfield of L which is in turn a subfield of M, there is a simple relation between the degrees of the three extensions L/K, M/L and M/K:
In other words, the degree going from the "bottom" to the "top" field is just the product of the degrees going from the "bottom" to the "middle" and then from the "middle" to the "top". It is quite analogous to La
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aminolysis
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In chemistry, aminolysis (/am·i·nol·y·sis/) is any chemical reaction in which a molecule is lysed (split into two parts) by reacting with ammonia () or an amine. The case where the reaction involves ammonia may be more specifically referred to as ammonolysis.
Reactions
Alkyl group
An example of an aminolysis reaction is the replacement of a halogen in an alkyl group () by an amine () and the elimination of hydrogen halide (HX).
R-X + R'-NH2 -> R-NH-R' + HX
Synthesis of peptides
Another common example is the reaction of a primary amine or secondary amine with a carboxylic acid or with a carboxylic acid derivative to form an amide. This reaction is widely used, especially in the synthesis of peptides. On the simple addition of an amine to a carboxylic acid, a salt of the organic acid and base is obtained. To overcome this, the carboxylic acid first needs to be "activated". This is usually done by converting the acid into a more reactive derivative (i.e. anhydride, acid halide) or by using a coupling agent. In some cases, high temperatures (>200 °C) can overcome salt formation by driving off water, without the need for "activation" of the carboxyl group. The downside to this simple reaction is that the compounds may decompose at these elevated temperatures.
The carboxylic acid derivatives can be esters, anhydrides, acid halides or any other activated species.
The choice of activated carboxyl group or coupling agent can be very important in peptide synthesis, as using the w
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiraku%20Nakajima
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Hiraku Nakajima (Japanese: 中島 啓 Nakajima Hiraku; born November 30, 1962) is a Japanese mathematician, and a professor of the Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe at the University of Tokyo. He is International Mathematical Union president for the 2023–2026 term.
He obtained his Ph.D. from the University of Tokyo in 1991. In 2002 he was plenary speaker at the International Congress of Mathematicians in Beijing. He won the 2003 Cole Prize in algebra for his work on representation theory and geometry. He proved Nekrasov's conjecture.
Biography
1985 - BA from the University of Tokyo
1987 - MA from the University of Tokyo, and became a research associate at the University of Tokyo
1991 - PhD from the University of Tokyo
1992 - Associate professor at Tohoku University
1995 - Associate professor at the University of Tokyo
1997 - Associate professor at Kyoto University
2000 - Full professor at Kyoto University
2018 - Full professor at Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe
Awards and prizes
1997 - Geometry Prize of the Mathematical Society of Japan
2000 - Spring Prize of the Mathematical Society of Japan
2003 - Cole Prize in algebra of the American Mathematical Society
2005 - JSPS prize of the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science
2014 - Japan Academy Prize
Notable publications
Shigetoshi Bando, Atsushi Kasue, and Hiraku Nakajima. On a construction of coordinates at infinity on manifolds with fast curvature de
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20W.%20Oxtoby
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David William Oxtoby (born 1951) is an American academic who served as the ninth president of Pomona College. He held the position from July 1, 2003, to July 1, 2017.
Education
A theoretical chemist, he received his bachelor's degree in chemistry and physics at Harvard University (summa cum laude) and his PhD in chemistry in 1975 from the University of California, Berkeley.
Career
Prior to his appointment as President at Pomona College in 2003, he was the dean of the physical sciences division at the University of Chicago. In February 2016, he announced his intention to step down as president of Pomona College in June 2017. G. Gabrielle Starr officially succeeded him on July 1, 2017.
In December 2018, the American Academy of Arts and Sciences announced that Oxtoby would serve as its 47th president, succeeding Jonathan Fanton. Oxtoby began his term in January 2019.
As a research chemist, Oxtoby is author or co-author of more than 158 scientific articles on subjects such as light scattering, chemical reaction dynamics and phase transitions. He has been invited as a guest lecturer at conferences and institutions around the globe and served as visiting professor at the University of Paris, the University of Bristol, and the University of Sydney. He also co-authored two popular textbooks in chemistry: Principles of Modern Chemistry and Chemistry: Science of Change. He has received fellowships from the Guggenheim, Alexander von Humboldt, Camille and Henry Dreyfus, Alfred P. Slo
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert%20S.%20Boyer
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Robert Stephen Boyer is an American retired professor of computer science, mathematics, and philosophy at The University of Texas at Austin. He and J Strother Moore invented the Boyer–Moore string-search algorithm, a particularly efficient string searching algorithm, in 1977. He and Moore also collaborated on the Boyer–Moore automated theorem prover, Nqthm, in 1992. Following this, he worked with Moore and Matt Kaufmann on another theorem prover called ACL2.
Publications
Boyer has published extensively, including the following books:
A Computational Logic Handbook, with J S. Moore. Second Edition. Academic Press, London, 1998.
Automated Reasoning: Essays in Honor of Woody Bledsoe, editor. Kluwer Academic, Dordrecht, The Netherlands, 1991.
A Computational Logic Handbook, with J S. Moore. Academic Press, New York, 1988.
The Correctness Problem in Computer Science, editor, with J S. Moore. Academic Press, London, 1981.
A Computational Logic, with J S. Moore. Academic Press, New York, 1979.
See also
Boyer–Moore majority vote algorithm
QED manifesto
References
External links
Home page of Robert S. Boyer. Accessed February 18, 2016.
University of Texas, College of Liberal Arts Honors Retired Faculty - 2008. Accessed March 21, 2009.
Robert Stephen Boyer at the Mathematics Genealogy Project
Living people
Alumni of the University of Edinburgh
University of Texas at Austin faculty
Fellows of the Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence
Year of birt
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karen%20Uhlenbeck
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Karen Keskulla Uhlenbeck ForMemRS (born August 24, 1942) is an American mathematician and one of the founders of modern geometric analysis. She is a professor emeritus of mathematics at the University of Texas at Austin, where she held the Sid W. Richardson Foundation Regents Chair. She is currently a distinguished visiting professor at the Institute for Advanced Study and a visiting senior research scholar at Princeton University.
Uhlenbeck was elected to the American Philosophical Society in 2007. She won the 2019 Abel Prize for "her pioneering achievements in geometric partial differential equations, gauge theory, and integrable systems, and for the fundamental impact of her work on analysis, geometry and mathematical physics." She is the first, and so far only, woman to win the prize since its inception in 2003. She donated half of the prize money to organizations which promote more engagement of women in research mathematics.
Life and career
Uhlenbeck was born in Cleveland, Ohio, to engineer Arnold Keskulla and schoolteacher and artist Carolyn Windeler Keskulla. While she was a child, the family moved to New Jersey. Uhlenbeck's maiden name, Keskulla, comes from Keskküla and from her grandfather who was Estonian. Uhlenbeck received her B.A. (1964) from the University of Michigan. She began her graduate studies at the Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences at New York University, and married biophysicist Olke C. Uhlenbeck (the son of physicist George Uhlenbeck) in
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan%20Sessler
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Jonathan Sessler (born 20 May 1956 in Urbana, Illinois) is a professor of chemistry at The University of Texas at Austin. He is notable for his pioneering work on expanded porphyrins and their applications to biology and medicine. He is a co-founder of Pharmacyclics, Inc., a company that works with expanded porphyrins, and Anionics, Inc., which develops anion recognition chemistry. Pharmacyclics was sold to AbbVie for $21 billion in 2015.
History and career
Sessler received his Bachelor of Science in Chemistry in 1977 from the University of California, Berkeley and his Ph.D. in chemistry in 1982 from Stanford University. He continued as a post-doctoral fellow at L'Université Louis Pasteur, and worked in Kyoto, Japan before becoming an assistant professor of chemistry at The University of Texas at Austin in 1984.
He is a three-time Hodgkin's Lymphoma cancer survivor. He was treated for cancer at Stanford University Medical Center during work on his Ph.D. Discussions with his colleagues regarding possible treatments eventually led to the discovery of so-called "texaphyrin" molecules, named as such due a semblance to the shape of the five-pointed star in the State flag of Texas.,10-Gallon Molecule Stomps Tumors In 1996, Sessler described possible uses of these compounds in medicine in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences journal. He formed a company, Pharamcyclics, Inc., with Dr. Richard A. Miller whom treated him for his cancer. His company,which went pu
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mullard%20Space%20Science%20Laboratory
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The UCL Mullard Space Science Laboratory (MSSL) is the United Kingdom's largest university space research group. MSSL is part of the Department of Space and Climate Physics at University College London (UCL), one of the first universities in the world to conduct space research. Since its establishment, MSSL has participated in 35 satellite missions, 10 of which are currently in operation, and in over 200 sounding rocket experiments.
It takes its name from Mullard Limited, and is located in Holmbury St Mary in the Surrey Hills AONB, near the town of Dorking in the county of Surrey, England.
History
In 1957 Sir Harrie Massey of UCL directed the first Skylark rocket experiments. In 1962 Massey led a team from UCL, Imperial College London, the University of Birmingham and the University of Leicester that developed many of the instruments on Ariel 1, the world's first multinational spacecraft. By 1966 the demands had outgrown the laboratory space available in London and Massey asked his colleague Robert Boyd to set up a laboratory, with generous funding from the British electronics company Mullard which had helped to set up the Mullard Radio Astronomy Observatory (MRAO) at the University of Cambridge.
At that time, Boyd was the leading British researcher in space science. Joint funding from Mullard and UCL led to the expansion of his research programme and resulted in the creation of the Mullard Space Science Laboratory (MSSL) in 1966. Dedicated premises were selected near Dor
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CERN%20Program%20Library
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The CERN Program Library (CERNLIB) is a collection of general purpose software libraries and program modules for scientific computing, developed at the European Organization for Nuclear Research CERN. The application area of the library focuses on physics research, in particular high energy physics, involving general mathematics, data analysis, detectors simulation, data-handling, numerical analysis, and others, applicable to a wide range of scientific problems. Many modules are written in the FORTRAN 77 language.
The major fields covered by the libraries contained therein were:
Elementary particle data
Graphics and plotting
Histograming
I/O and structured data storage
Numerical analysis
Statistics and data analysis
Detector simulation and Hadronic event generation
Lower-level parts of the CERN Program Library were most prominently used by the data analysis software Physics Analysis Workstation (PAW) and the detector simulation framework GEANT, both of which are also part of the CERN Program Library.
CERN Program Library used the year as its version, with not explicitly denoted minor revisions within a year. Besides legacy software dependency, for newer applications written in C++, CERNLIB is superseded by ROOT.
Status
Development and support for CERNLIB was discontinued in 2003. Libraries are still available "as is" "for ever" from the CERNLIB web site but with no new code, no user support and no port to IA-64.
References
External links
, CERN Program Library
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2C
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2C or II-C may refer to:
2C (psychedelics), a family of psychedelic phenethylamines
Alpha-2C adrenergic receptor in biochemistry
Apple IIc, a personal computer introduced by Apple Computer in April 1984
Char 2C, a French heavy tank developed during World War I
Long March 2C, a Chinese rocket
Oflag II-C, a World War II German Army Prisoner-of-war camp located near Woldenburg
2 cents (disambiguation), a coin in certain realms
Second Cambridge Catalogue of Radio Sources
Two's complement, a system for representing signed integers on computers
2C Media, a television production company based in Miami, Florida
In the law of New Jersey, the New Jersey Code of Criminal Justice (Title 2C of the New Jersey Statutes)
2C (musician), a Liberian musician and songwriter
See also
C2 (disambiguation)
IIC (disambiguation)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20gravitational%20theory
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In physics, theories of gravitation postulate mechanisms of interaction governing the movements of bodies with mass. There have been numerous theories of gravitation since ancient times. The first extant sources discussing such theories are found in ancient Greek philosophy. This work was furthered through the Middle Ages by Indian, Islamic, and European scientists, before gaining great strides during the Renaissance and Scientific Revolution—culminating in the formulation of Newton's law of gravity. This was superseded by Albert Einstein's theory of relativity in the early 20th century.
Greek philosopher Aristotle () found that objects immersed in a medium tend to fall at speeds proportional to their weight. Vitruvius () understood that objects fall based on their specific gravity. In the 6th century CE, Byzantine Alexandrian scholar John Philoponus modified the Aristotelian concept of gravity with the theory of impetus. In the 7th century, Indian astronomer Brahmagupta spoke of gravity as an attractive force. In the 14th century, European philosophers Jean Buridan and Albert of Saxony—who were influenced by certain Islamic scholars—developed the theory of impetus and linked it to the acceleration and mass of objects. Albert also developed a law of proportion regarding the relationship between the speed of an object in free fall and the time elapsed.
Italians of the 16th century found that objects in free fall tend to accelerate equally. In 1632, Galileo Galilei put forth
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SWI/SNF
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In molecular biology, SWI/SNF (SWItch/Sucrose Non-Fermentable), is a subfamily of ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling complexes, which is found in eukaryotes. In other words, it is a group of proteins that associate to remodel the way DNA is packaged. This complex is composed of several proteins – products of the SWI and SNF genes (, /, , , ), as well as other polypeptides. It possesses a DNA-stimulated ATPase activity that can destabilize histone-DNA interactions in reconstituted nucleosomes in an ATP-dependent manner, though the exact nature of this structural change is unknown. The SWI/SNF subfamily provides crucial nucleosome rearrangement, which is seen as ejection and/or sliding. The movement of nucleosomes provides easier access to the chromatin, allowing genes to be activated or repressed.
The human analogs of SWI/SNF are "BRG1- or BRM-associated factors", or BAF (SWI/SNF-A) and "Polybromo-associated BAF", which is also known as PBAF (SWI/SNF-B). There are also Drosophila analogs of SWI/SNF, known as "Brahma Associated Protein", or BAP and "Polybromo-associated BAP", also known as PBAP.
Mechanism of action
It has been found that the SWI/SNF complex (in yeast) is capable of altering the position of nucleosomes along DNA. These alterations are classified in three different ways, and they are seen as the processes of sliding nucleosomes, ejecting nucleosomes, and ejecting only certain components of the nucleosome. Due to the actions performed by the SWI/SNF subfamily
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ye%20Duzheng
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Ye Duzheng (; 21 February 1916 – 16 October 2013) was a Chinese meteorologist and academician at the Chinese Academy of Sciences.
Born in Anqing, Anhui province in 1916, Ye is considered the founder of Chinese atmospheric physics, and was awarded the State Preeminent Science and Technology Award in 2005 by Chinese President Hu Jintao, which is the nation's highest scientific prize.
Career
From 1935–1941, Ye studied at Tsinghua University, Beijing. From 1941–1943, he did his graduate study (M.Sc) at Zhejiang University, Hangzhou. From 1943–1944, he was a research assistant at the Meteorological Institute, Academia Sinica, Chongqing (war-period capital of China).
In 1945–1948, Ye studied at University of Chicago, and obtained his PhD there (under Carl-Gustaf Rossby). From 1947–1950, he was a researcher at University of Chicago. From 1950–1966, he served as a division director and professor at the Institute of Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences.
From 1966 until his death, he was the chief director and later the honorary director of the Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Science (IAP/CAS). In 1981–1984, he was the vice-president of Chinese Academy of Science. From 1984 till his death, he was also an advisor of Chinese Academy of Science.
In 1978–1986, Ye was the president of Chinese Meteorological Society. In 1982–1988, he was the chairman of the Chinese National Committee for the World Climate Research Programme (WCRP). In 1987–1991, he was the chairm
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College%20of%20Applied%20Science%2C%20Kattappana
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The College of Applied Science was established at Kattappana, Kerala, India in 2001.
It is working under (Institute of Human Resource Development) IHRD.
Courses offered
BSc computer science
BSc electronics
MSc computer science
Nearest Railway station : Kottayam - 125 km
Nearest Bus Station : Kattappana - 500 M
Nearest Airport : Kochi Airport - 93 km
References
Colleges affiliated to Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala
Universities and colleges in Idukki district
Educational institutions established in 2001
2001 establishments in Kerala
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael%20Fisher
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Michael Ellis Fisher (3 September 1931 – 26 November 2021) was an English physicist, as well as chemist and mathematician, known for his many seminal contributions
to statistical physics, including but not restricted to the theory of phase transitions and critical phenomena. He was the Horace White Professor of Chemistry, Physics, and Mathematics at Cornell University. Later he moved to the University of Maryland College of Computer, Mathematical, and Natural Sciences, where he was University System of Maryland Regents Professor, a Distinguished University Professor and Distinguished Scholar-Teacher.
Academic background
Michael E. Fisher received his BSc from King's College London in 1951, where he also earned a PhD in physics in 1957, studying analogue computing under Donald MacCrimmon MacKay. He was appointed to the faculty as a lecturer the following year, becoming a full professor in 1965.
In 1966 he moved to Cornell University where he became professor of chemistry, physics, and mathematics, chairing the chemistry department from 1975 to 1978. In 1971, he became a Fellow of the Royal Society. In 1973, he and Jack Kiefer were the first two Cornell faculty elected as Horace White Professors. Fisher was elected Secretary of the Cornell University Senate. In 1983, he was elected a foreign associate of the United States National Academy of Sciences, chemistry section, as he had remained a citizen of the United Kingdom.
Since 1987 he was at the Institute for Physical S
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert%20Fr%C3%B6hlich
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Herbert Fröhlich (9 December 1905 – 23 January 1991) FRS was a German-born British physicist.
Career
In 1927, Fröhlich entered Ludwig-Maximilians University in Munich to study physics, and received his doctorate under Arnold Sommerfeld in 1930. His first position was as Privatdozent at the University of Freiburg. Due to rising anti-Semitism and the Deutsche Physik movement under Adolf Hitler, and at the invitation of Yakov Frenkel, Fröhlich went to the Soviet Union, in 1933, to work at the Ioffe Physico-Technical Institute in Leningrad. During the Great Purge following the murder of Sergei Kirov, he fled to England in 1935. Except for a short visit to the Netherlands and a brief internment during World War II, he worked in Nevill Francis Mott's department, at the University of Bristol, until 1948, rising to the position of Reader. At the invitation of James Chadwick, he took the Chair for Theoretical Physics at the University of Liverpool.
In 1950, Bell Telephone Laboratories offered Fröhlich their endowed professorial position at Princeton University. However, at Liverpool he had a purely research post which was attractive to him. He was then newly married to an American, Fanchon Angst, who was studying linguistic philosophy at Somerville College, Oxford under P. F. Strawson, and who did not want to return to the United States at that time.
From 1973, he was Professor of Solid State Physics at the University of Salford, however, all the while maintaining an office at the
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian%20Grant%20%28physicist%29
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Ian Philip Grant, DPhil; FRS; CMath; FIMA, FRAS, FInstP (born 15 December 1930) is a British mathematical physicist. He is Emeritus Professor of Mathematical Physics at the University of Oxford and was elected a fellow of the Royal Society in 1992. He is a pioneer in the field of computational physics and is internationally recognised as the principal author of GRASP, the General Relativistic Atomic Structure Program.
Education
St Albans School, Hertfordshire (1939-1948). Open Scholar in Natural Science , Wadham College Oxford, MA (Mathematics) (1951). Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, D.Phil (1954).
Career
UKAEA. Mathematical Physics Division, Aldermaston. Senior Scientific officer (1957-1962); Principal Scientific Officer (1962-1964).
Joint Research Fellowship, Atlas Computer Laboratory (Science Research Council) and Pembroke College , Oxford. (1964-1969)
Tutorial Fellow in Mathematics, Pembroke College, Oxford, now Emeritus Fellow. (1969-1998)
Professor of Mathematical Physics, University of Oxford, now Emeritus Professor.(1992-1998)
Visiting Professor, Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics, University of Cambridge. (2013-)
Academic Research
Professor Ian Grant has made fundamental contributions to the development of the mathematical theory on relativistic effects in atomic physics, of importance for detailed studies of all atomic systems and particularly for heavy atoms and for highly ionised atoms in laboratory and astronomical
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack%20Halpern%20%28chemist%29
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Jack Halpern (19 January 1925 – 31 January 2018) was an inorganic chemist, the Louis Block Distinguished Service Professor of Chemistry at the University of Chicago. Born in Poland, he moved to Canada in 1929 and the United States in 1962.
His research focused on mechanistic organometallic chemistry, especially homogeneous catalysis, beginning with early work on the activation of hydrogen by soluble complexes. He contributed to elucidation of the mechanism of the hydrogenation of alkenes by Wilkinson's catalyst and the stereodetermining step in certain asymmetric hydrogenation processes. Related areas of interest include the reactivity of metal-carbon bonds, e.g., in cobalamins and pentacyanocobaltate derivatives.
He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1974. From the American Chemical Society he won the Willard Gibbs Award (1986), and awards for Inorganic Chemistry, Organometallic Chemistry, and the Distinguished Service in Inorganic Chemistry, the latter in partial recognition of his editorship of the Journal of the American Chemical Society.
References
1925 births
2018 deaths
American chemists
American people of Polish-Jewish descent
Canadian chemists
Canadian emigrants to the United States
Jewish Canadian scientists
Canadian people of Polish-Jewish descent
Fellows of the Royal Society
Jewish American scientists
Jewish chemists
Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
Polish emigrants to Canada
University of Chicago faculty
20th-century Canad
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian%20Heilbron
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Sir Ian Heilbron DSO FRS (6 November 1886 – 14 September 1959) was a Scottish chemist, who pioneered organic chemistry developed for therapeutic and industrial use.
Early life and education
Isidor Morris Heilbron was born in Glasgow on 6 November 1886 to a wine merchant (David Heilbron) and his wife (Fanny Jessel). He was Jewish.
He was educated at Glasgow High School and then the Royal Technical College with G. G. Henderson. Following an award of a Carnegie Fellowship he went to the University of Leipzig to study under Arthur Rudolf Hantzsch for his doctoral thesis (1907–1910).
He was awarded a Ph.D. He received a D.Sc. at the University of Glasgow in 1918 for his 'Contribution to the Study of Semi-carbazones' and other papers.
Military service
He served in the Royal Army Service Corps (1910–1920). He was awarded a Distinguished Service Order in 1918 for distinguished service related to operations in Salonika. He was also appointed an Officer of the Order of the Redeemer by the Greek government. He achieved the rank of lieutenant colonel, Assistant Director of Supplies.
During the Second World War from 1939 to 1942 he worked as a scientific advisor to the Department of Scientific Research in the Ministry of Supply. After 1942 he became a scientific advisor to the Ministry of Production.
Career
His independent research career focused on the chemistry of natural products, including work on sterols, vitamin D, vitamin A, polyene synthesis, Squalene, terpenes, pyryl
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert%20Huppert
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Herbert Eric Huppert (born 26 November 1943) is a British geophysicist. He has been Professor of Theoretical Geophysics and Foundation Director, Institute of Theoretical Geophysics, at the University of Cambridge, since 1989 and Fellow of King's College, Cambridge, since 1970.
Education and early life
Huppert was born in Sydney and he received his early education at Sydney Boys High School (1956–59). He graduated in applied mathematics from Sydney University with first class Honours, a University medal and the Barker Travelling Fellowship in 1964. He then completed a PhD supervised by John W. Miles at the University of California, San Diego, and came as an ICI Post-doctoral Fellow to DAMTP in Cambridge in 1968.
Career and research
He has published using fluid-mechanical principles in applications to the Earth sciences: in meteorology, oceanography and geology. He was a member of the Editorial Board of the Journal of Fluid Mechanics (1970–1992), the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society (series A) (1994–99), The Proceedings of the Royal Society (series A) (2015-2020) and Geomechanics and Geophysics for Geo-energy and Georesources (2014 — ) and has been on the Council of the Royal Society (2001–03). He was Chairman of a Royal Society Working Group on bioterrorism, which produced a Report entitled 'Making the UK Safer', on 21 April 2004. He was also chair of the European Academies Science Advisory Committee (EASAC) Working Group which produced a report of the Europ
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20Ish-Horowicz
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David Ish-Horowicz FRS (born 1948) is a British scientist. He is currently a Professor of Cell and Developmental Biology at University College London (since 2013). Between 1987 and 2013, he was a Principal Scientist and Head of the Developmental Genetics Laboratory at Cancer Research UK (formerly Imperial Cancer Research Fund). He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 2002 and won the Waddington Medal from the British Society for Developmental Biology in 2007. He is a former member of the Scientific Advisory Committee of the Lister Institute of Preventive Medicine. He has been a member of the European Molecular Biology Organization since 1985.
Family
His father was Moshe Ish-Horowicz (b. August 22, 1922; d. February 27, 2008), a prominent leader in the development of Reform Judaism in Manchester.
Education
He was educated at Manchester Grammar School and Pembroke College, Cambridge (BA, 1969), and researched at the MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology while at Darwin College, Cambridge (PhD, 1973), and was a postdoctoral fellow in Basle.
References
1948 births
Alumni of Darwin College, Cambridge
Fellows of the Royal Society
British Jews
Jewish British scientists
Living people
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew%20Keller
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Andras (Andrew) Keller FRS (22 August 1925 – 7 February 1999) was a naturalized British polymer scientist. He was Research Professor in Polymer Science, Department of Physics, University of Bristol, 1969–91, then professor emeritus.
Biography
Andras Keller was born in Budapest, the only child of Jewish parents. He entered the University of Budapest in 1943, and gained his BSc in chemistry cum laude in 1947. He began his PhD studies at the same university but his work was interrupted by the rapidly deteriorating political situation in Hungary in 1948. He fled to England, leaving behind a submitted but unexamined PhD thesis.
He took a position with Imperial Chemical Industries in Manchester, as technical officer in the Polymers Division, where he was given the task of working out how the physical structure of
polymers affects crystallization. In 1955, he moved to the University of Bristol Physics Department as Research Assistant, under Charles Frank, heading a team financed by the Ministry of Supply (later Ministry of Aviation). Here, he began to further develop his ideas on crystallisation, and obtained his PhD in 1958. Meanwhile, Keller had become a naturalized citizen of the UK in 1954 or 1955.
A key part of his work at Bristol was his discovery in 1957 of chain folding in polymer crystals. The findings were not universally accepted however, and there was much debate between opposing camps for many years to come. It came to a head at a Faraday Discussion in Cambridge i
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans%20Kornberg
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Sir Hans Leo Kornberg, FRS (14 January 1928 – 16 December 2019) was a British-American biochemist. He was Sir William Dunn Professor of Biochemistry in the University of Cambridge from 1975 to 1995, and Master of Christ's College, Cambridge from 1982 to 1995.
Early life and education
Kornberg was born in 1928 in Germany to Jewish parents, Max Kornberg (1889–1943) and Selma (née Nathan; 1886–1943) who were murdered in the Holocaust. In 1939, he left Nazi Germany (although his parents could not), and moved to the care of an uncle in Yorkshire. Initially he went to a school for German refugees, but later to Queen Elizabeth Grammar School in Wakefield.
On leaving school he became a junior laboratory technician for Hans Adolf Krebs at the University of Sheffield who encouraged him to study further and apply for a scholarship at the same university. He graduated with a BSc Honours in Chemistry in 1949. His interest moved to biochemistry and he studied in the Faculty of Medicine, receiving a PhD degree in 1953 on the studies on urease in mammalian gastric mucosa.
Career
After receiving Commonwealth Fund Fellowship and working for two years in Yale University and Public Health Research Institute in USA, he then returned to the UK where his mentor, Sir Hans Krebs, had moved to Oxford University and offered him a post there. This partnership produced a paper in Nature, concerning their discovery of the glyoxylate cycle, and also a joint book entitled Energy Transformations in Livi
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf%20of%20evaluation
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In computer science, the gulf of evaluation is the degree to which the system or artifact provides representations that can be directly perceived and interpreted in terms of the expectations and intentions of the user. Or put differently, the gulf of evaluation is the difficulty of assessing the state of the system and how well the artifact supports the discovery and interpretation of that state. According to Donald Norman's The Design of Everyday Things "The gulf is small when the system provides information about its state in a form that is easy to get, is easy to interpret, and matches the way the person thinks of the system".
In human–computer interaction, the term of gulf of evaluation stands for the psychological gap that must be crossed to interpret a user interface display, following the steps: interface → perception → interpretation → evaluation.
See also
Gulf of execution
Seven stages of action
References
Human–computer interaction
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sjur%20Refsdal
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Sjur Refsdal (30 December 1935 – 29 January 2009) was a Norwegian astrophysicist, born in Oslo. He is best known for his pioneer work on gravitational lensing, including the Chang-Refsdal lens.
Biography
In 1970 he earned a doctorate at the Institute of Theoretical Astrophysics, University of Oslo.
Later that year he became professor in astrophysics at the Hamburg Observatory in Germany, and remained in that position until he retired in 2001.
In 1964 and 1966 he published a series of articles on the effects and possible applications of gravitational lenses. He is particularly known for the "Refsdal Method", which describes how one may estimate the expansion rate of the Universe (Hubble constant) using the measured time-delay and lens properties of a gravitationally lensed Supernova (SN).
This method was applied for the first time in 2018, with the homonymous SN Refsdal.
He later started work on stellar evolution, but returned to gravitational lensing shortly before the first detection of a gravitational lens, dubbed the Twin Quasar.
He was a member of the Norwegian Academy of Science and Emeritus at the Institute for theoretical Astrophysics at the University of Oslo. On 1 February 2005 he was awarded the King's Medal of Merit in gold.
The first detected multiply-lensed supernova was nicknamed "SN Refsdal" in his honor.
References
1935 births
2009 deaths
Scientists from Oslo
Norwegian astronomers
20th-century astronomers
21st-century astronomers
University of Oslo al
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20Rapaport
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David A. Rapaport (September 30, 1911, Budapest, Austria-Hungary – December 14, 1960, Stockbridge, Mass.) was a Hungarian clinical psychologist and psychoanalytic ego psychologist.
Biography
Rapaport was born in Budapest, Hungary on September 30, 1911. A precocious student, he received Bachelor of Science degrees in mathematics and experimental physics in 1935, and a Ph.D. in psychology and philosophy in 1938, all attained at the Royal Hungarian Petrus Pazmany University in Budapest. During this period he also obtained a Montessori teaching degree. Beginning when Rapaport was a teenager, he participated in a Zionist organization and helped Hungarian Jews escape to Palestine. From 1932-1934, Rapaport lived on a kibbutz in Palestine, where he met and married Elvira Strasser and where his first child, Hanna, was born (Gill, 1961; Knight, 1961).
In December 1938, Rapaport and his family emigrated to the United States, sponsored by the American Psychoanalytic Association’s Emergency Committee on Relief and Immigration. Initially, he worked as psychologist at Mount Sinai Hospital, and then took a similar position at the Osawatomie State Hospital in Kansas (Gill, 1961; Knight, 1961).
From 1940-1948, Rapaport was on the staff of the Menninger Clinic in Topeka, KS, eventually becoming the chief psychologist and research director. From 1948 until his death, Rapaport was a senior staff member of the Austen Riggs Center, in Stockbridge, Massachusetts. Rapaport died from a hear
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vavilovian%20mimicry
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In plant biology, Vavilovian mimicry (also crop mimicry or weed mimicry) is a form of mimicry in plants where a weed evolves to share one or more characteristics with a domesticated plant through generations of artificial selection. It is named after Nikolai Vavilov, a prominent Russian plant geneticist. Selection against the weed may occur by killing a young or adult weed, separating its seeds from those of the crop (winnowing), or both. This has been done manually since Neolithic times, and in more recent years by agricultural machinery.
Vavilovian mimicry is a good illustration of unintentional selection by humans. Although the human selective agents might be conscious of their impact on the local weed gene pool, such effects go against the goals of those growing crops. Weeders do not want to select for weeds that are increasingly similar to the cultivated plant, yet the only other option is to let the weeds grow and compete with crops for sunlight and nutrients. Similar situations include antibiotic resistance and, also in agricultural crops, herbicide resistance. Having acquired many desirable qualities by being subjected to similar selective pressures, Vavilovian mimics may eventually be domesticated themselves. Vavilov called these weeds-become-crops secondary crops.
Classification and comparisons
Vavilovian mimicry can be classified as reproductive, aggressive (parasitic) and, in the case of secondary crops, mutualistic. It is a form of disjunct mimicry with the mo
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo%20Fioravanti%20%28engineer%29
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Leonardo Fioravanti (born 31 January 1938) is an Italian automobile designer and CEO of Fioravanti Srl.
Career
Born on 31 January 1938 in Milan, Fioravanti studied mechanical engineering at the Politecnico di Milano, specializing in aerodynamics and car body design. He worked twenty-four years with Pininfarina, joining as a stylist in 1964, aged 26, and eventually becoming Managing Director and General Manager of Pininfarina's research arm, Pininfarina Studi & Ricerche for 18 years.
He then joined Ferrari as a Deputy General Manager, and in 1989 moved to Fiat's Centro Stile as Director of Design.
In 1991 he left Fiat and joined Fioravanti Srl which evolved from an architecture studio to a design studio. His two sons, Matteo, an architect, and Luca, an attorney, have also worked with him at Fioravanti Srl. Fioravanti developed a number of prototype and concept cars, often displayed under his own name. In 2012 he was appointed by the Chinese automobile company BAIC Group as a design consultant.
In 2009 Leonardo Fioravanti was elected Chairman of ANFIA Car Coachbuilders Group for a 3-year mandate from 2009 to 2011.
Octane magazine awarded Fioravanti the International Historic Motor Award Lifetime Achievement Award in 2017.
Cars designed by Fioravanti
During his time with Pininfarina, Fioravanti designed several Ferraris:
Dino 206 GT and 246 GT (with Aldo Brovarone)
Ferrari 365 GTB/4 Daytona
Ferrari P6 Berlinetta Speciale (concept car presaging the Berlinetta Boxer)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analytical%20Chemistry%20%28journal%29
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Analytical Chemistry is a biweekly peer-reviewed scientific journal published since 1929 by the American Chemical Society. Articles address general principles of chemical measurement science and novel analytical methodologies. Topics commonly include chemical reactions and selectivity, chemometrics and data processing, electrochemistry, elemental and molecular characterization, imaging, instrumentation, mass spectrometry, microscale and nanoscale systems, -omics, sensing, separations, spectroscopy, and surface analysis. It is abstracted and indexed in Chemical Abstracts Service, CAB International, EBSCOhost, ProQuest, PubMed, Scopus, and the Science Citation Index Expanded. According to the Journal Citation Reports, it has a 2020 impact factor of 6.986. The editor-in-chief is Jonathan V. Sweedler (University of Illinois).
See also
List of chemistry journals
References
External links
Analytical Chemistry
Biweekly journals
English-language journals
Academic journals established in 1929
Analytical chemistry
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proportional%20reasoning
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Reasoning based on relations of proportionality is one form of what in Piaget's theory of cognitive development is called "formal operational reasoning", which is acquired in the later stages of intellectual development. There are methods by which teachers can guide students in the correct application of proportional reasoning.
In mathematics and physics
In mathematics and in physics, proportionality is a mathematical relation between two quantities; it can be expressed as an equality of two ratios:
Functionally, proportionality can be a relationship between variables in a mathematical equation. For example, given the following equation for the force of gravity (according to Newton):
the force of gravity between two masses is directly proportional to the product of the two masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between the two masses.
Intellectual development
In Piaget's model of intellectual development, the fourth and final stage is the formal operational stage. In the classic book “The Growth of Logical Thinking from Childhood to Adolescence” by Jean Piaget and Bärbel Inhelder formal operational reasoning takes many forms, including propositional reasoning, deductive logic, separation and control of variables, combinatorial reasoning, and proportional reasoning. Robert Karplus, a science educator in the 1960s and 1970s, investigated all these forms of reasoning in adolescents & adults. Mr. Tall-Mr.Short was one of his studies.
Examples
Inv
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranium%20tetrachloride
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Uranium tetrachloride is an inorganic compound, a salt of uranium and chlorine, with the formula UCl4. It is a hygroscopic olive-green solid. It was used in the electromagnetic isotope separation (EMIS) process of uranium enrichment. It is one of the main starting materials for organouranium chemistry.
Synthesis and structure
Uranium tetrachloride is synthesised generally by the reaction of uranium trioxide (UO3) and hexachloropropene. Solvent UCl4 adducts can be formed by a simpler reaction of UI4 with hydrogen chloride in organic solvents.
According to X-ray crystallography the uranium centers are eight-coordinate, being surrounded by eight chlorine atoms, four at 264 pm and the other four at 287pm.
Chemical properties
Dissolution in protic solvents is more complicated. When UCl4 is added to water the uranium aqua ion is formed.
UCl4 + H2O → [U(H2O)]4+ + 4Cl−
The aqua ion [U(H2O)]4+, (x is 8 or 9) is strongly hydrolyzed.
[U(H2O)]4+ [U(H2O)(OH)]3+ + H+
The pKa for this reaction is ca. 1.6, so hydrolysis is absent only in solutions of acid strength 1 mol dm−3 or stronger (pH < 0). Further hydrolysis occurs at pH > 3. Weak chloro complexes of the aqua ion may be formed. Published estimates of the log K value for the formation of [UCl]3+(aq) vary from −0.5 to +3 because of difficulty in dealing with simultaneous hydrolysis.
With alcohols, partial solvolysis may occur.
UCl4 + ROH UCl(OR) + HCl
Uranium tetrachloride dissolves in non-protic solvents such as tetrahydro
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reactivity%E2%80%93selectivity%20principle
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In chemistry the reactivity–selectivity principle or RSP states that a more reactive chemical compound or reactive intermediate is less selective in chemical reactions. In this context selectivity represents the ratio of reaction rates.
This principle was generally accepted until the 1970s when too many exceptions started to appear. The principle is now considered obsolete.
A classic example of perceived RSP found in older organic chemistry textbooks concerns the free radical halogenation of simple alkanes. Whereas the relatively unreactive bromine reacts with 2-methylbutane predominantly to 2-bromo-2-methylbutane, the reaction with much more reactive chlorine results in a mixture of all four regioisomers.
Another example of RSP can be found in the selectivity of the reaction of certain carbocations with azides and water. The very stable triphenylmethyl carbocation derived from solvolysis of the corresponding triphenylmethyl chloride reacts 100 times faster with the azide anion than with water. When the carbocation is the very reactive tertiary adamantane carbocation (as judged from diminished rate of solvolysis) this difference is only a factor of 10.
Constant or inverse relationships are just as frequent. For example, a group of 3- and 4-substituted pyridines in their reactivity quantified by their pKa show the same selectivity in their reactions with a group of alkylating reagents.
The reason for the early success of RSP was that the experiments involved very reactive
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GAMESS%20%28US%29
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General Atomic and Molecular Electronic Structure System (GAMESS (US)) is computer software for computational chemistry. The original code started on October 1, 1977 as a National Resources for Computations in Chemistry project. In 1981, the code base split into GAMESS (US) and GAMESS (UK) variants, which now differ significantly. GAMESS (US) is maintained by the members of the Gordon Research Group at Iowa State University. GAMESS (US) source code is available as source-available freeware, but is not open-source software, due to license restrictions.
Abilities
GAMESS (US) can perform several general computational chemistry calculations, including Hartree–Fock method, density functional theory (DFT), generalized valence bond (GVB), and multi-configurational self-consistent field (MCSCF). Correlation corrections after these SCF calculations can be estimated by configuration interaction (CI), second order Møller–Plesset perturbation theory (MP2), and coupled cluster (CC) theory. Solvent effect can be considered using quantum mechanics and molecular mechanics through discrete effective fragment potentials or continuum models (such as PCM). Relativistic corrections can be calculated, including third order Douglas-Kroll scalar terms.
The GAMESS (US) program possesses Resolution-of-the-Identity (RI) approximated methods, which decrease the overall cost of a method by projecting the ERI tensor into three center matrices. The RI approximation has been applied to the MP2 and CCS
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GAMESS%20%28UK%29
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General Atomic and Molecular Electronic Structure System (GAMESS-UK) is a computer software program for computational chemistry. The original code split in 1981 into GAMESS-UK and GAMESS (US) variants, which now differ significantly. Many of the early developments in the UK version arose from the earlier UK based ATMOL program, which, unlike GAMESS, lacked analytical gradients for geometry optimisation.
GAMESS-UK can perform many general computational chemistry calculations, including Hartree–Fock method, Møller–Plesset perturbation theory (MP2 & MP3), coupled cluster (CCSD & CCSD(T)), density functional theory (DFT), configuration interaction (CI), and other advanced electronic structure methods. Calculation of valence bond wave functions are possible by the TURTLE code, due to J. H. van Lenthe.
See also
CP2K
GAMESS (US)
Gaussian (software)
MOLCAS
MOLPRO
MPQC
NWChem
PSI (computational chemistry) (Psi3)
Firefly (computer program)
Q-Chem
Quantum chemistry computer programs
References
This is one of the most cited chemistry papers
External links
Computational chemistry software
Science and Technology Facilities Council
Science and technology in Cheshire
pl:GAMESS
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Playing%20God%20%28ethics%29
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Playing God refers to assuming powers of decision, intervention, or control metaphorically reserved to God. Acts described as playing God may include, for example, deciding who should live or die in a situation where not everyone can be saved, the use and development of biotechnologies such as synthetic biology, and in vitro fertilisation. Usually the expression is used pejoratively and to criticize or argue against the supposedly God-like actions.
Description
Playing God is a broad concept, which is encompassed by both theological and scientific topics.
When the term is used, it can be used to refer to people who try to exercise great authority and power. It is usually pejorative and suggests arrogance, misappropriation of power, or tampering with matters in which humans should not meddle.
Etymology
"Playing God" generally refers to someone using their power to make decisions regarding the fate of another's life or many lives. Theologian Paul Ramsey is noted for saying, "Men ought not to play God before they learn to be men, and after they have learned to be men they will not play God." The religious framework of approach to this phrase refers to said religion's deity having a set plan for mankind, therefore man's hubris may lead to the misuse of technology related to sacred life or nature. Other famous literary texts that allude to a man and God complex include Men Like Gods by H. G. Wells and You Shall Be Gods by Erich Fromm. The notion of god-like knowledge or powe
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harrie%20Massey
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Sir Harrie Stewart Wilson Massey (16 May 1908 – 27 November 1983) was an Australian mathematical physicist who worked primarily in the fields of atomic and atmospheric physics.
A graduate of the University of Melbourne and Cambridge University, where he earned his doctorate at the Cavendish Laboratory, Massey became an independent lecturer in Mathematical Physics at the Queen's University of Belfast in 1933. He was appointed Goldsmid Professor of Applied Mathematics at University College London, in 1938. During the Second World War, Massey worked at the Admiralty Research Laboratory , where he helped devise countermeasures for German magnetic naval mines, and at the Admiralty Mining Establishment in Havant, where he helped develop British naval mines. In 1943, Mark Oliphant persuaded the Admiralty to release Massey to work on the Manhattan Project. He joined Oliphant's British Mission at the Radiation Laboratory at the University of California, where they worked on the electromagnetic isotope separation process. When Oliphant returned to Britain in 1945, Massey took over the Berkeley Mission.
Massey returned to University College London, in October 1945 to find it badly damaged by bombing, and the Mathematics Department in dingy temporary accommodation. In 1950 he was appointed Quain Professor of Physics and head of the University College London, Physics Department. The department was merged with Astronomy in 1973, but he remained its head until he retired in 1975. Under
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British%20Atomic%20Scientists%20Association
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The British Atomic Scientists Association (ASA or BASA), was founded by Joseph Rotblat in 1946.
It was a politically neutral group, composed of eminent physicists and other scientists and was concerned with matters of British public policy regarding applications and dangers of nuclear physics (including nuclear weapons and nuclear power).
In so doing it also sought to inform fellow scientists and the public of the essential facts, usually via published papers and other documents.
Members
The vice-president (VP) was the executive head while the president (P) was the
honorary position.
Kathleen Lonsdale (VP, P 1967)
Harrie Massey
Nevill Mott
Joseph Rotblat (VP 1946)
Basil Schonland
See also
Atomic Energy Research Establishment
Nuclear physics
Pugwash group
Science policy
Franco-British Nuclear Forum
External links
Founding, activities and fall of BASA
1946 establishments in the United Kingdom
1959 establishments in the United Kingdom
Defunct organisations based in the United Kingdom
Scientific organisations based in the United Kingdom
Nuclear technology in the United Kingdom
Nuclear organizations
Organizations disestablished in 1959
Scientific organizations established in 1946
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bigloo
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Bigloo is a programming language, a dialect of the language Lisp, an implementation of the language Scheme. It is developed at the French IT research institute French Institute for Research in Computer Science and Automation (INRIA). It is oriented toward providing tools for effective and diverse code generation that can match the performance of hand-written C or C++. The Bigloo system contains a Scheme compiler that can generate C code and Java virtual machine (JVM) or .NET Framework (.NET) bytecode. As with other Lisp dialects, it contains an interpreter, also termed a read-eval-print loop (REPL). It is free and open-source software. The run-time system and libraries are released under a GNU Lesser General Public License (LGPL). The compiler and programming tools are released under a GNU General Public License (GPL).
"Bigloo is a Scheme implementation devoted to one goal: enabling Scheme based programming style where C(++) is usually required."
The Hop web application engine and Roadsend PHP are written in Bigloo.
Libraries
Biglook – a cross-platform graphical user interface (GUI) module that interfaces with GTK+ and Java Swing
Bigloo-lib
The Bigloo-lib project contains modules for:
Regular Expressions
MzScheme Compatibility
iconv Character Set Conversion
Extended Console Application support – This includes support for GNU Readline, and termios
SQL – tested with MySQL, Oracle, PostgreSQL, and SQLite
XML – an interface to the Expat XML parser
GTK
See also
Lis
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CA1
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CA1, CA-1, CA 1, or Ca.1 may refer to:
Aircraft and other vehicles
Buhl CA-1 Airster, an American sports airplane
Caproni Ca.1 (1910), an experimental biplane of 1910
Caproni Ca.1 (1914), a World War I bomber
Schneider CA1, the first French tank
Biology
CA1 (gene), a human gene
CA1, a subfield or region of the hippocampus proper
Law
United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit
Places and roads
the road designation for the Central American Highway 1 (CA-1), the portion of the Pan-American Highway passing through the Central American countries
California State Route 1
Politics
California's 1st congressional district
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FCT
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FCT may refer to:
Mathematics
Flux-corrected transport
Fast cosine transform
International Symposium on Fundamentals of Computation Theory
Places
Australian Capital Territory, formerly the Federal Capital Territory
Claremont railway station, Perth, in Western Australia
Federal Capital Territory (Nigeria)
Federal Capital Territory (Pakistan), around Karachi, now defunct
Fort Canning Tunnel, in Singapore
Sport
FC Trollhättan, a Swedish football club
FC Twente, a Dutch football club
Feminine Cycling Team, a German cycling team
Other uses
2001 Sino-Russian Treaty of Friendship
Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia (disambiguation)
Fellow of the Association of Corporate Treasurers, a professional organisation
Florida Communities Trust
Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia, the main funding agency for scientific research in Portugal
Functional testing
Fukushima Central Television, a Japanese television company
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cebeci
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Cebeci is a Turkish word. It may refer to:
Cebeci (corps), a part of Ottoman artillery corps
Cebeci Asri Cemetery, a cemetery located in the Cebeci quarter of Ankara, Turkey
Cebeci İnönü Stadium, a multi-purpose stadium in Ankara, Turkey .
Cebeci–Smith model, a viscosity model used in computational fluid dynamics analysis
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holonephros
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The holonephros is the kidney of the larvae of cyclostomes and the Gymnophiona. The entire mass of nephrogenic tissue gives rise to this kidney, which is usually of simple form with a single tubule in each segment.
External links
Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy, BIOLOGY 308, Urogenital System, Richard Fox, Lander University
Urinary system
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lochlainn%20O%27Raifeartaigh
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Lochlainn O'Raifeartaigh (; 11 March 1933 – 18 November 2000) was an Irish physicist in the field of theoretical particle physics. He is best known for the O'Raifeartaigh Theorem, a result in unification theory, and the O'Raifeartaigh Model of supersymmetry breaking.
O'Raifeartaigh was born in Clontarf, Dublin in 1933, and attended St. Joseph's C.B.S. in Fairview and Castleknock College.
Most of his scientific career was centred on that city, where he obtained his first degrees at University College Dublin (BA in 1953 and MSc in Mathematical Physics in 1956), and spent from 1968 until his death as Senior Professor at the Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies. He obtained his doctorate from the University of Zurich in 1960, under Walter Heitler. He also visited many institutions, notably Madras, IHES Bures, and the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey, but it was during an extended stay at Syracuse University (1964-8) that he made the discovery that established his reputation. This result, which became known as O'Raifeartaigh's no-go theorem, showed that it was impossible to combine internal and relativistic symmetries other than in a trivial fashion, thus ending a widespread quest by the particle physics community to achieve this fusion. The O'Raifeartaigh theorem was later generalized to a result known as the Coleman–Mandula theorem.
O'Raifeartaigh's prolific career in theoretical physics was manifested by many fundamental contributions to the application
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave%20Green%20%28astrophysicist%29
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Dave Green (born 1959) is an astrophysicist at the Cavendish Laboratory in Cambridge, UK and University Senior Lecturer at the University of Cambridge. He is also a Fellow of Churchill College, where he a Director of Studies for Physics. His research focuses on supernova remnants (SNRs), including studies of G1.9+0.3 the youngest Galactic SNR yet identified, and he has written a book on the historical supernovae along with F. Richard Stephenson. He designed the cubehelix colour scheme for intensity images.
His sporting interests include coxing, cricket and croquet.
External links
Dave Green's homepage
Dave Green's "Other Homepage"
Historical Supernovae and Their Remnants by D.A. Green and F.R. Stephenson
Dave Green Facts
Dave Green's cubehelix colour scheme
1959 births
Living people
British astrophysicists
21st-century British astronomers
Fellows of Churchill College, Cambridge
Alumni of Churchill College, Cambridge
Alumni of Robinson College, Cambridge
Place of birth missing (living people)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SO%285%29
|
In mathematics, SO(5), also denoted SO5(R) or SO(5,R), is the special orthogonal group of degree 5 over the field R of real numbers, i.e. (isomorphic to) the group of orthogonal 5×5 matrices of determinant 1.
Geometric interpretation
SO(5) is a subgroup of the direct Euclidean group E+(5), the group of direct isometries, i.e., isometries preserving orientation, of R5, consisting of elements which leave the origin fixed.
More precisely, we have:
SO(5) E+(5) / T
where T is the translational group of R5.
Lie group
SO(5) is a simple Lie group of dimension 10.
See also
Orthogonal matrix
Orthogonal group
Rotation group SO(3)
List of simple Lie groups
Lie groups
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LPT%20%28disambiguation%29
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LPT is the designation of a parallel port interface on some computer systems.
LPT may refer to:
Finance
Listed property trust, an Australian real estate investment trust
Local property tax (Ireland)
Science and technology
Lagrangian particle tracking, in computational fluid dynamics
Leptotes (plant), an orchid genus
Line printer, a type of computer printer
Longest-processing-time-first scheduling, a multi-processor job scheduling method
Low Power Transceiver experiment, on the Space Shuttle
Other uses
East Coast Expressway (Lebuhraya Pantai Timur), Malaysia
Little Princess Trust, a UK charity
See also
LPT1-LPT4, DOS device driver names for parallel printers
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haag%E2%80%93%C5%81opusza%C5%84ski%E2%80%93Sohnius%20theorem
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In theoretical physics, the Haag–Łopuszański–Sohnius theorem states that if both commutating and anticommutating generators are considered, then the only way to nontrivially mix spacetime and internal symmetries is through supersymmetry. The anticommutating generators must be spin-1/2 spinors which can additionally admit their own internal symmetry known as R-symmetry. The theorem is a generalization of the Coleman–Mandula theorem to Lie superalgebras. It was proved in 1975 by Rudolf Haag, Jan Łopuszański, and Martin Sohnius as a response to the development of the first supersymmetric field theories by Julius Wess and Bruno Zumino in 1974.
History
During the 1960s, a set of theorems investigating how internal symmetries can be combined with spacetime symmetries were proved, with the most general being the Coleman–Mandula theorem. It showed that the Lie group symmetry of an interacting theory must necessarily be a direct product of the Poincaré group with some compact internal group. Unaware of this theorem, during the early 1970s a number of authors independently came up with supersymmetry, seemingly in contradiction to the theorem since there some generators do transform non-trivially under spacetime transformations.
In 1974 Jan Łopuszański visited Karlsruhe from Wrocław shortly after Julius Wess and Bruno Zumino constructed the first supersymmetric quantum field theory, the Wess–Zumino model. Speaking to Wess, Łopuszański was interested in figuring out how these new theo
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