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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uncle%20Petros%20and%20Goldbach%27s%20Conjecture
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Uncle Petros and Goldbach's Conjecture is a 1992 novel by Greek author Apostolos Doxiadis. It concerns a young man's interaction with his reclusive uncle, who sought to prove a famous unsolved mathematics problem, called Goldbach's Conjecture, that every even number greater than two is the sum of two primes. The novel discusses mathematical problems and some recent history of mathematics.
Plot
Petros Papachristos, a child prodigy, is brought by his father, a Greek businessman, to the University of Munich to verify his genius with Constantin Caratheodory, a Greek-German mathematician. The boy immediately shows an excellent aptitude for mathematics and graduates soon at the University of Berlin. Later he worked as a postdoctoral researcher at the University of Cambridge, where he collaborates with the mathematicians Godfrey Harold Hardy, John Edensor Littlewood and Srinivasa Ramanujan. He is then offered a professorship in Munich, which he accepts because it was far from the great mathematical centres of the time, and it was therefore the ideal place to live in isolation while tackling the Goldbach conjecture.
After years of fruitless work, Petros arrives at an important intermediate result, which he prefers not to disclose in order not to reveal the object of his research and involuntary helping someone else working on the same problem. Later he comes to an even more important result and decides finally to publish it. He sends it to Hardy, whose answer, however, is disappoi
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Projective%20unitary%20group
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In mathematics, the projective unitary group is the quotient of the unitary group by the right multiplication of its center, , embedded as scalars.
Abstractly, it is the holomorphic isometry group of complex projective space, just as the projective orthogonal group is the isometry group of real projective space.
In terms of matrices, elements of are complex unitary matrices, and elements of the center are diagonal matrices equal to , where is the identity matrix. Thus, elements of correspond to equivalence classes of unitary matrices under multiplication by a constant phase .
This space is not (which only requires the determinant to be one), because still contains elements where is an -th root of unity (since then ).
Abstractly, given a Hermitian space , the group is the image of the unitary group in the automorphism group of the projective space .
Projective special unitary group
The projective special unitary group PSU() is equal to the projective unitary group, in contrast to the orthogonal case.
The connections between the U(), SU(), their centers, and the projective unitary groups is shown in the Figure on the right (notice that in the figure the integers are denoted instead of ).
The center of the special unitary group is the scalar matrices of the th roots of unity:
The natural map
is an isomorphism, by the second isomorphism theorem, thus
and the special unitary group SU() is an -fold cover of the projective unitary group.
Examples
At n = 1, U
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20Harder%20%28ufologist%29
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James Albert Harder, Ph.D., (December 2, 1926 – December 30, 2006) was a professor of civil and hydraulic engineering at the University of California, Berkeley. He was a professor emeritus there. Harder also had interest in ufology.
Engineering
Harder taught in civil engineering at several levels, including practical aspects like lab experiments relating to the field and model testing. He produced few papers but was known for their quality.
Harder is notable for his contributions that advanced the field of flow simulations, including before the use of computers became ubiquitous. A paper he co-authored, Sea Water Intrusion in California, received an American Water Works Association award in 1957. His work was applied at Suisun Bay and the Mekong Delta. He also studied fish protection facilities.
He eventually studied fluid mechanics in the context of medicine. He worked on the development of electric artificial hearts and gastrointestinal endoscopes as well as equipment to prevent the need for external bags associated with colostomy.
Ufology
Harder believed Unidentified flying objects to be extraterrestrial beings and testified to the House of Representatives Committee on Science and Astronautics. He was part of the Aerial Phenomena Research Organization (APRO).
Education
B.S., 1948, California Institute of Technology
M.S., Civil Engineering, 1952, UC Berkeley
Ph.D., Fluid Mechanics, 1957, UC Berkeley
Career
U.S. Navy, 1944-45 (electronics technician)
Desig
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Profunctor
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In category theory, a branch of mathematics, profunctors are a generalization of relations and also of bimodules.
Definition
A profunctor (also named distributor by the French school and module by the Sydney school) from a category to a category , written
,
is defined to be a functor
where denotes the opposite category of and denotes the category of sets. Given morphisms respectively in and an element , we write to denote the actions.
Using the cartesian closure of , the category of small categories, the profunctor can be seen as a functor
where denotes the category of presheaves over .
A correspondence from to is a profunctor .
Profunctors as categories
An equivalent definition of a profunctor is a category whose objects are the disjoint union of the objects of and the objects of , and whose morphisms are the morphisms of and the morphisms of , plus zero or more additional morphisms from objects of to objects of . The sets in the formal definition above are the hom-sets between objects of and objects of . (These are also known as het-sets, since the corresponding morphisms can be called heteromorphisms.) The previous definition can be recovered by the restriction of the hom-functor to .
This also makes it clear that a profunctor can be thought of as a relation between the objects of and the objects of , where each member of the relation is associated with a set of morphisms. A functor is a special case of a profunctor in the same way that a f
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gu%20Chaohao
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Gu Chaohao (; May 15, 1926 – June 24, 2012) was a Chinese mathematician. He graduated from National Chekiang University (Zhejiang University) in 1948, and received a doctorate in physics and mathematical science from Moscow University in 1959. He was primarily engaged in research on partial differential equations, differential geometry, solitons, and mathematical physics. He served as vice president of Fudan University and from 1988 to 1993 as president of the University of Science and Technology of China. In 1980, he was elected an academician of the Chinese Academy of Sciences. He received the Highest Science and Technology Award in 2009.
Works
Gu Chaohao, Hu H, Zhou Xixiang:Darboux Transformations in Integrable Systems 2005 Springer,
Gu Chaohao Ed:Soliton Theory and Its Applications, Springer
Differential Geometry and Differential Equations:Proceedings of a Symposium, Shanghai, 1985, Editors: M. Berger, Gu Chaohao, R.L. Bryant, Springer
Gu Chaohao, Li Ta-Tsien, Hu Hesheng:Differential Geometry and Related Topics, World Scientific Pub Co, Singapore
Gu Chaohao, Li Yishen Ed, Nonlinear Physics: Proceedings of the International Conference, Shanghai, Peoples Rep of China, April 24–30, 1989 Springer,
References
1926 births
2012 deaths
Educators from Wenzhou
Academic staff of Fudan University
Mathematicians from Zhejiang
Members of the Chinese Academy of Sciences
Moscow State University alumni
Presidents of the University of Science and Technology of China
Scientist
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homoaromaticity
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Homoaromaticity, in organic chemistry, refers to a special case of aromaticity in which conjugation is interrupted by a single sp3 hybridized carbon atom. Although this sp3 center disrupts the continuous overlap of p-orbitals, traditionally thought to be a requirement for aromaticity, considerable thermodynamic stability and many of the spectroscopic, magnetic, and chemical properties associated with aromatic compounds are still observed for such compounds. This formal discontinuity is apparently bridged by p-orbital overlap, maintaining a contiguous cycle of π electrons that is responsible for this preserved chemical stability.
The concept of homoaromaticity was pioneered by Saul Winstein in 1959, prompted by his studies of the “tris-homocyclopropenyl” cation. Since the publication of Winstein's paper, much research has been devoted to understanding and classifying these molecules, which represent an additional class of aromatic molecules included under the continuously broadening definition of aromaticity. To date, homoaromatic compounds are known to exist as cationic and anionic species, and some studies support the existence of neutral homoaromatic molecules, though these are less common. The 'homotropylium' cation (C8H9+) is perhaps the best studied example of a homoaromatic compound.
Overview
Naming
The term "homoaromaticity" derives from the structural similarity between homoaromatic compounds and the analogous homo-conjugated alkenes previously observed in the lite
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lapara%20coniferarum
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Lapara coniferarum, the southern pine sphinx, is a species of sphinx moth. It was first described by James Edward Smith in 1797. The species is listed as threatened in Connecticut.
Distribution
It is known from mixed and pine forests from Nova Scotia and Maine south to Florida, and west to Indiana and Louisiana.
Biology
The larvae feed on Pinus species, including Pinus taeda and Pinus palustris.
References
External links
Species description Moths of America
Sphingini
Moths described in 1797
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerci
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Cerci may refer to:
Surname
Alessio Cerci (born 1987), Italian footballer
Ferhat Cerci (born 1981), German footballer of Turkish descent
Selina Cerci (born 2000), German footballer with 1. FFC Turbine Potsdam
Places
Çerçi, Bayburt, a village in Bayburt Province, Turkey
Çerçi, Şabanözü
Biology
Cercis, a genus of the pea family Fabaceae
Cercus (singular form of cerci), an arthropod appendage
See also
Circe (disambiguation)
Italian-language surnames
Turkish-language surnames
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramsey%20sentence
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Ramsey sentences are formal logical reconstructions of theoretical propositions attempting to draw a line between science and metaphysics. A Ramsey sentence aims at rendering propositions containing non-observable theoretical terms (terms employed by a theoretical language) clear by substituting them with observational terms (terms employed by an observation language, also called empirical language).
Ramsey sentences were introduced by the logical empiricist philosopher Rudolf Carnap. However, they should not be confused with Carnap sentences, which are neutral on whether there exists anything to which the term applies.
Distinction between scientific (real) questions and metaphysical (pseudo-)questions
For Carnap, questions such as “Are electrons real?” and “Can you prove electrons are real?” were not legitimate questions, nor did they contain any great philosophical or metaphysical truths. Rather, they were meaningless "pseudo-questions without cognitive content,” asked from outside a language framework of science. Inside this framework, entities such as electrons or sound waves, and relations such as mass and force not only exist and have meaning but are "useful" to the scientists who work with them. To accommodate such internal questions in a way that would justify their theoretical content empirically – and to do so while maintaining a distinction between analytic and synthetic propositions – Carnap set out to develop a systematized way to consolidate theory and empiric
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernd%20Heinrich
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Bernd Heinrich (born April 19, 1940 in Bad Polzin, Poland), is a professor emeritus in the biology department at the University of Vermont and is the author of a number of books about nature writing and biology. Heinrich has made major contributions to the study of insect physiology and behavior, as well as bird behavior. In addition to many scientific publications, Heinrich has written over a dozen highly praised books, mostly related to his research examining the physiological, ecological and behavioral adaptations of animals and plants to their physical environments. He has also written books that include more of his personal reflections on nature. He is the son of Ichneumon expert Gerd Heinrich.
Education
Heinrich attended Grundschule Trittau (1946–1950) and college at the University of Maine. He then earned his Ph.D in 1970 from the University of California, Los Angeles. In 1971, he accepted a position at the University of California, Berkeley where he became a professor of entomology. Between 1976 and 1977 he was a Guggenheim and Harvard Fellow. In 1980 Heinrich accepted a position as a professor of zoology/biology at the University of Vermont. From 1988 to 1989 he was a von Humboldt Fellow.
Scientific career
Heinrich is distinguished by his research work in the comparative physiology and behavior of insects. His work has elucidated new physiological mechanisms of temperature regulation of tropical versus temperate moths, bumblebees versus honeybees, beetles, drago
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submersion
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Submersion may refer to:
Being or going underwater, as via submarine, underwater diving, or scuba diving
Submersion (coastal management), the sustainable cyclic portion of foreshore erosion
Submersion (mathematics)
Submersion (Stargate Atlantis), an episode of the television series Stargate Atlantis
See also
Submerge (disambiguation)
Submergence (disambiguation)
Immersion (disambiguation)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smerinthus%20saliceti
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Smerinthus saliceti, the Salicet sphinx, is a moth of the family Sphingidae. The species was first described by Jean Baptiste Boisduval in 1875.
Distribution
It is found in valleys and along streamsides from Mexico City north to western Texas, southern Arizona and extreme southern California.
Gallery
The wingspan is 67–89 mm.
Biology
Adults are on wing from April to September, probably in two generations.
References
External links
Salicet Sphinx Moths of America
Smerinthus
Moths of North America
Moths of Central America
Fauna of the Colorado Desert
Fauna of the Sonoran Desert
Moths described in 1875
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SUMO%20protein
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In molecular biology, SUMO (Small Ubiquitin-like Modifier) proteins are a family of small proteins that are covalently attached to and detached from other proteins in cells to modify their function. This process is called SUMOylation (sometimes written sumoylation). SUMOylation is a post-translational modification involved in various cellular processes, such as nuclear-cytosolic transport, transcriptional regulation, apoptosis, protein stability, response to stress, and progression through the cell cycle.
SUMO proteins are similar to ubiquitin and are considered members of the ubiquitin-like protein family. SUMOylation is directed by an enzymatic cascade analogous to that involved in ubiquitination. In contrast to ubiquitin, SUMO is not used to tag proteins for degradation. Mature SUMO is produced when the last four amino acids of the C-terminus have been cleaved off to allow formation of an isopeptide bond between the C-terminal glycine residue of SUMO and an acceptor lysine on the target protein.
SUMO family members often have dissimilar names; the SUMO homologue in yeast, for example, is called SMT3 (suppressor of mif two 3). Several pseudogenes have been reported for SUMO genes in the human genome.
Function
SUMO modification of proteins has many functions. Among the most frequent and best studied are protein stability, nuclear-cytosolic transport, and transcriptional regulation. Typically, only a small fraction of a given protein is SUMOylated and this modification i
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boojum%20%28superfluidity%29
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In the physics of superfluidity, a boojum is a geometric pattern on the surface of one of the phases of superfluid helium-3, whose motion can result in the decay of a supercurrent. A boojum can result from a monopole singularity in the bulk of the liquid being drawn to, and then "pinned" on a surface. Although superfluid helium-3 only exists within a few thousandths of a degree of absolute zero, boojums have also been observed forming in various liquid crystals, which exist at a far broader range of temperatures.
The boojum was named by N. David Mermin of Cornell University in 1976. He was inspired by Lewis Carroll's poem The Hunting of the Snark. As in the poem, the appearance of a boojum can cause something (in this case, the supercurrent) to "softly and suddenly vanish away". Other, less whimsical names had already been suggested for the phenomenon, but Mermin was persistent. After an exchange of letters that Mermin describes as both "lengthy and hilarious", the editors of Physical Review Letters agreed to his terminology. Research using the term "boojum" in a superfluid context was first published in 1977, and the term has since gained widespread acceptance in broader areas of physics. Its Russian phonetic equivalent is "budzhum", which is also well accepted by physicists.
The plural of the term is "boojums", a word initially disliked by Mermin (who at first used "booja") but one which is defined unambiguously by Carroll in his poem.
References
A collection of art
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friability
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In materials science, friability ( ), the condition of being friable, describes the tendency of a solid substance to break into smaller pieces under duress or contact, especially by rubbing. The opposite of friable is indurate.
Substances that are designated hazardous, such as asbestos or crystalline silica, are often said to be friable if small particles are easily dislodged and become airborne, and hence respirable (able to enter human lungs), thereby posing a health hazard.
Tougher substances, such as concrete, may also be mechanically ground down and reduced to finely divided mineral dust. However, such substances are not generally considered friable because of the degree of difficulty involved in breaking the substance's chemical bonds through mechanical means. Some substances, such as polyurethane foams, show an increase in friability with exposure to ultraviolet radiation, as in sunlight.
Friable is sometimes used metaphorically to describe "brittle" personalities who can be "rubbed" by seemingly-minor stimuli to produce extreme emotional responses.
General
A friable substance is any substance that can be reduced to fibers or finer particles by the action of a small amount of pressure or friction, such as rubbing or inadvertently brushing up against the substance. The term could also apply to any material that exhibits these properties, such as:
Ionically bound substances that are less than 1 kg/L in density
Clay tablets
Crackers
Mineral fibers
Polyurethane (
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conformational%20change
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In biochemistry, a conformational change is a change in the shape of a macromolecule, often induced by environmental factors.
A macromolecule is usually flexible and dynamic. Its shape can change in response to changes in its environment or other factors; each possible shape is called a conformation, and a transition between them is called a conformational change. Factors that may induce such changes include temperature, pH, voltage, light in chromophores, concentration of ions, phosphorylation, or the binding of a ligand. Transitions between these states occur on a variety of length scales (tenths of Å to nm) and time scales (ns to s),
and have been linked to functionally relevant phenomena such as allosteric signaling and enzyme catalysis.
Laboratory analysis
Many biophysical techniques such as crystallography, NMR, electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) using spin label techniques, circular dichroism (CD), hydrogen exchange, and FRET can be used to study macromolecular conformational change. Dual-polarization interferometry is a benchtop technique capable of providing information about conformational changes in biomolecules.
A specific nonlinear optical technique called second-harmonic generation (SHG) has been recently applied to the study of conformational change in proteins. In this method, a second-harmonic-active probe is placed at a site that undergoes motion in the protein by mutagenesis or non-site-specific attachment, and the protein is adsorbed or specifical
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maney%20Publishing
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Maney Publishing was an independent academic publishing company that was taken over by Taylor & Francis in 2015. Maney Publishing specialised in peer-reviewed academic journals in materials science and engineering, the humanities, and health science. Maney published extensively for learned societies, universities, and professional bodies.
, Maney published over 150 journals. The company offered an open access option (MORE OpenChoice) to all authors. The company had offices in Leeds and London in the United Kingdom, and in Boston and Philadelphia in the United States.
History
Maney Publishing was formed in 1997, from a specialist typesetting and printing company, W.S. Maney & Son Ltd, which had been founded in Leeds in 1900. Maney's transition from printing to publishing was based on a series of long-standing relationships with learned societies and academic bodies. The oldest such partner was the English Goethe Society, with which Maney had worked since 1947. Organisations who started publishing agreements later included the Institute of Materials, Minerals and Mining, for whom Maney published journals and books from 2001. In 2007, Maney Publishing (USA) was incorporated to attract work from North American bodies.
Maney was acquired by Taylor & Francis (itself a part of Informa) in 2015 and its journals are now available on the Taylor & Francis Online website.
References
External links
Book publishing companies of the United Kingdom
Academic publishing companies
Ele
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamical%20genetics
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Dynamical genetics concerns the study and the interpretation of those phenomena in which physiological enzymatic protein complexes alter the DNA, in a more or less sophisticated way.
The study of such mechanisms is important firstly since they promote useful functions, as for example the immune system recombination (on individual scale) and the crossing-over (on evolutionary scale); secondly since they may sometimes become harmful because of some malfunctioning, causing for example neurodegenerative disorders.
Typical examples of dynamical genetics subjects are:
dynamic mutations, term introduced by Robert I. Richards and Grant R. Sutherland to indicate mutations caused by other mutations; this phenomenon often involves the variable number tandem repeats, closely related to many neurodegenerative diseases, as the trinucleotide repeat disorders (interpreted by Anita Harding).
dynamic genome, term introduced by Nina Fedoroff and David Botstein to indicate the transposition discovered by Barbara McClintock.
immune V(D)J recombination (discovered by Susumu Tonegawa) and isotype class switching, terms introduced to indicate two kinds of immune system recombinations, which are the main cause of the enormous variety of antibodies.
horizontal DNA transfer (discovered by Frederick Griffith) that indicates the DNA transfer between two organisms.
crossing-over (discovered by Thomas Hunt Morgan) mediated by formation and unwinding (by means of peculiar enzymatic complexes such as heli
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wold%27s%20decomposition
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In mathematics, particularly in operator theory, Wold decomposition or Wold–von Neumann decomposition, named after Herman Wold and John von Neumann, is a classification theorem for isometric linear operators on a given Hilbert space. It states that every isometry is a direct sum of copies of the unilateral shift and a unitary operator.
In time series analysis, the theorem implies that any stationary discrete-time stochastic process can be decomposed into a pair of uncorrelated processes, one deterministic, and the other being a moving average process.
Details
Let H be a Hilbert space, L(H) be the bounded operators on H, and V ∈ L(H) be an isometry. The Wold decomposition states that every isometry V takes the form
for some index set A, where S is the unilateral shift on a Hilbert space Hα, and U is a unitary operator (possible vacuous). The family {Hα} consists of isomorphic Hilbert spaces.
A proof can be sketched as follows. Successive applications of V give a descending sequences of copies of H isomorphically embedded in itself:
where V(H) denotes the range of V. The above defined Hi = Vi(H). If one defines
then
It is clear that K1 and K2 are invariant subspaces of V.
So V(K2) = K2. In other words, V restricted to K2 is a surjective isometry, i.e., a unitary operator U.
Furthermore, each Mi is isomorphic to another, with V being an isomorphism between Mi and Mi+1: V "shifts" Mi to Mi+1. Suppose the dimension of each Mi is some cardinal number α. We see that K1 c
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Approximations%20of%20%CF%80
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Approximations for the mathematical constant pi () in the history of mathematics reached an accuracy within 0.04% of the true value before the beginning of the Common Era. In Chinese mathematics, this was improved to approximations correct to what corresponds to about seven decimal digits by the 5th century.
Further progress was not made until the 15th century (through the efforts of Jamshīd al-Kāshī). Early modern mathematicians reached an accuracy of 35 digits by the beginning of the 17th century (Ludolph van Ceulen), and 126 digits by the 19th century (Jurij Vega), surpassing the accuracy required for any conceivable application outside of pure mathematics.
The record of manual approximation of is held by William Shanks, who calculated 527 digits correctly in 1853. Since the middle of the 20th century, the approximation of has been the task of electronic digital computers (for a comprehensive account, see Chronology of computation of ). On 8 June 2022, the current record was established by Emma Haruka Iwao with Alexander Yee's y-cruncher with 100 trillion () digits.
Early history
The best known approximations to dating to before the Common Era were accurate to two decimal places; this was improved upon in Chinese mathematics in particular by the mid-first millennium, to an accuracy of seven decimal places. After this, no further progress was made until the late medieval period.
Some Egyptologists
have claimed that the ancient Egyptians used an approximation of as
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pingree
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Pingree is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
Chellie Pingree (born 1955), Representative to the U.S. House of Representatives for Maine's 1st District
David Pingree (1933–2005), American historian of mathematics
Hannah Pingree (born 1976), former Speaker of the Maine House of Representatives.
Hazen S. Pingree (1840–1901), American politician
Sally E. Pingree, American philanthropist
Samuel E. Pingree (1832–1922), American politician and Civil War veteran
See also
Pingree Park, Colorado, mountain campus of Colorado State University
Pingree School, coeducational, independent secondary day school near Boston, MA.
Pingree, North Dakota, a place named after Hazen Pingree
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20Rarita
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William Rarità (March 21, 1907 – July 8, 1999) was an American theoretical physicist who mainly worked on nuclear physics, particle physics and relativistic quantum mechanics. He is particularly famous for the formulation of Rarita–Schwinger equation. His famous formula is applicable to spin 3/2 particles as opposed to spin 1/2 particles. Rarita taught physics at Brooklyn College for 32 years before he became a visiting scientist in the theory group at LBNL. At the time of his retirement in 1996, he was doing research at LBNL. In addition to his work with Julian Schwinger, Rarita also collaborated with Herman Feshbach.
Rarita spent a year at the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) in Geneva, Switzerland.
References
20th-century American physicists
1999 deaths
Particle physicists
1907 births
People associated with CERN
Brooklyn College faculty
French emigrants to the United States
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hopf%20invariant
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In mathematics, in particular in algebraic topology, the Hopf invariant is a homotopy invariant of certain maps between n-spheres.
Motivation
In 1931 Heinz Hopf used Clifford parallels to construct the Hopf map
,
and proved that is essential, i.e., not homotopic to the constant map, by using the fact that the linking number of the circles
is equal to 1, for any .
It was later shown that the homotopy group is the infinite cyclic group generated by . In 1951, Jean-Pierre Serre proved that the rational homotopy groups
for an odd-dimensional sphere ( odd) are zero unless is equal to 0 or n. However, for an even-dimensional sphere (n even), there is one more bit of infinite cyclic homotopy in degree .
Definition
Let be a continuous map (assume ). Then we can form the cell complex
where is a -dimensional disc attached to via .
The cellular chain groups are just freely generated on the -cells in degree , so they are in degree 0, and and zero everywhere else. Cellular (co-)homology is the (co-)homology of this chain complex, and since all boundary homomorphisms must be zero (recall that ), the cohomology is
Denote the generators of the cohomology groups by
and
For dimensional reasons, all cup-products between those classes must be trivial apart from . Thus, as a ring, the cohomology is
The integer is the Hopf invariant of the map .
Properties
Theorem: The map is a homomorphism.
If is odd, is trivial (since is torsion).
If is even,
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%ADctor%20Neumann-Lara
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Víctor Neumann-Lara (1933–2004) was a Mexican mathematician and a pioneer in the field of graph theory in Mexico. His work also covers general topology, game theory and combinatorics.
Biography
Born in the city of Huejutla de Reyes, Hidalgo, Mexico, he soon moved to Mexico City, where he received his bachelor's degree in mathematics from the School of Sciences, UNAM.
His life was greatly devoted to teaching, giving over 100 courses in Mexico and around the world, and introducing new teaching methods. He carried color chalks with him all the time, and was prompt to give graphic explanations.
Work
Full Professor at Institute of Mathematics, UNAM, he directed over 15 theses and taught both in the Institute and in the Faculty of Sciences. Below is a selection of his multiple publications, which earned him over 120 citations from renowned mathematicians in the area of graph theory.
In 1982 he introduced the notion of dichromatic number of a digraph, which will eventually be used in kernel theory and tournament theory.
Selected publications
Francisco Larrión, Víctor Neumann-Lara, Miguel A. Pizaña, Thomas Dale Porter "A hierarchy of self-clique graphs" Discrete Mathematics 282(1–3): 193–208 (2004)
M. E. Frías-Armenta, Víctor Neumann-Lara, Miguel A. Pizaña "Dismantlings and iterated clique graphs" Discrete Mathematics 282(1–3): 263–265 (2004)
Xueliang Li, Víctor Neumann-Lara, Eduardo Rivera-Campo "On a tree graph defined by a set of cycles" Discrete Mathematics 271(1–3): 303
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esther%20Rochon
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Esther Rochon (née Blackburn) (born 27 June 1948) is a Canadian science fiction writer.
Born in Quebec City, Quebec, the daughter of screenwriter Marthe Blackburn and composer Maurice Blackburn, at the age of 16 she won the Governor General First Prize for a short story in the Young Author's contest of Radio Canada. Rochon studied Mathematics at the Université de Montréal.
She has won the Quebec Science Fiction Fantasy Grand Prix four times.
Selected bibliography
En hommage aux araignées — 1974
L'épuisement du soleil — 1985
Coquillage — 1987 (translated as The Shell, 1990)
L'espace du diamant — 1991
References
W. H. New, ed. Encyclopedia of Literature in Canada. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2002: 983.
External links
Alire
1948 births
Living people
Canadian novelists in French
Canadian science fiction writers
Canadian women novelists
French Quebecers
Women science fiction and fantasy writers
Writers from Quebec City
20th-century Canadian novelists
20th-century Canadian women writers
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaco%20eagle
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The Chaco eagle (Buteogallus coronatus) or crowned solitary eagle, is an endangered bird of prey from eastern and central South America. Typically it is known simply as the crowned eagle which leads to potential confusion with the African Stephanoaetus coronatus. Due to its rarity, not much is known about its biology or population.
Description
The Chaco eagle is a large raptor with a mostly dull and silvery grey body plumage. Its short black tail has a broad white medial band as well as a white tip and both its cere and legs are yellow. As its name indicates, the Crowned Solitary Eagle has a crest of darker grey feathers. The juvenile also has a crest but its colour dark brown, except for it creamy head and underbody which are both have grey streaks. It is one of the largest raptors in the Neotropics and normally weighs around . Its total length can reach and it has a wingspan of .
Taxonomy
Buteogallus coronatus is monotypic, meaning that there are no subspecies. Vieillot first named it Harpyia coronata in 1817. It was subsequently reclassified by Lafresnaye in 1842 under the Harpyphaliatus genus and was renamed Harpyhaliatus coronatus. At the time, the Solitary Eagle (Buteogallus solitarius) was considered to be a subspecies of Harpyhaliatus coronatus until phylogenetic analyses of their DNA showed that they are, in fact, sister species. These analyses also indicated that another species, the Great Black Hawk (Buteogallus anthracinus), is also a sister species. They w
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filling
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Filling may refer to:
a food mixture used for stuffing
Frosting used between layers of a cake
Dental restoration
Symplectic filling, a kind of cobordism in mathematics
Part of the leather crusting process
See also
Fill (disambiguation)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common%20first-stage%20exam
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The was a standardized test administered in Japan and used for university admissions from 1979 to 1989.
The subjects tested basic skills and covered the following subjects: Japanese literature, mathematics, English, social studies and science. The exam was administered by the National Center for University Entrance Examinations, an Independent Administrative Institution. The test was superseded by the National Center Test for University Admissions.
Origins
The idea of a standardized test was discussed in the 1960s by the Ministry of Education. In the 1970s, the exam became a reality following approval by the government and ruling party. It was intended to reduce the exam stress encountered by high school seniors battling for a place in their choice of college.
A decision was made in 1988 to change the name of the exam, and this was implemented in 1990.
Testing and exams in Japan
1979 establishments in Japan
1989 disestablishments in Japan
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CLaMS
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CLaMS (Chemical Lagrangian Model of the Stratosphere) is a modular chemistry transport model (CTM) system developed at Forschungszentrum Jülich, Germany. CLaMS was first described by McKenna et al. (2000a,b) and was expanded into three dimensions by Konopka et al. (2004). CLaMS has been employed in recent European field campaigns THESEO, EUPLEX, TROCCINOX SCOUT-O3, and RECONCILE with a focus on simulating ozone depletion and water vapour transport.
Major strengths of CLaMS in comparison to other CTMs are
its applicability for reverse domain filling studies
its anisotropic mixing scheme
its integrability with arbitrary observational data
its comprehensive chemistry scheme
CLaMS gridding
Unlike other CTMs (e.g. SLIMCAT, REPROBUS), CLaMS operates on a Lagrangian model grid (see section about model grids in general circulation model): an air parcel is described by three space coordinates and a time coordinate. The time evolution path that an air parcels traces in space is called a trajectory. A specialised mixing scheme ensures that physically realistic diffusion is imposed on an ensemble of
trajectories in regions of high wind shear.
CLaMS operates on arbitrarily resolved horizontal grids. The space coordinates are latitude, longitude and potential temperature.
CLaMS hierarchy
CLaMS is composed of four modules and several preprocessors. The four modules are
a trajectory module
a box chemistry module
a Lagrangian mixing module
a Lagrangian sedimentation
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus%20Hutter
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Marcus Hutter (born April 14, 1967 in Munich) is a professor and artificial intelligence researcher. A Senior Scientist at DeepMind, he is researching the mathematical foundations of artificial general intelligence. He is on leave from his professorship at the ANU College of Engineering and Computer Science of the Australian National University in Canberra, Australia. Hutter studied physics and computer science at the Technical University of Munich. In 2000 he joined Jürgen Schmidhuber's group at the Istituto Dalle Molle di Studi sull'Intelligenza Artificiale (Dalle Molle Institute for Artificial Intelligence Research) in Manno, Switzerland. He developed a mathematical theory of artificial general intelligence. His book Universal Artificial Intelligence: Sequential Decisions Based on Algorithmic Probability was published by Springer in 2005.
Research
Starting in 2000, Hutter developed and published a mathematical theory of artificial general intelligence, AIXI, based on idealised intelligent agents and reward-motivated reinforcement learning.
In 2005, Hutter and Legg published an intelligence test for artificial intelligence devices.
In 2009, Hutter developed and published the theory of feature reinforcement learning.
In 2014, Lattimore and Hutter published an asymptotically optimal extension of the AIXI agent.
Hutter Prize
In 2006, Hutter announced the Hutter Prize for Lossless Compression of Human Knowledge, with a total of €50,000 in prize money. In 2020, Hutter
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sphinx%20leucophaeata
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Sphinx leucophaeata is a moth of the family Sphingidae.
Distribution
It is known from north-western Mexico with an occasional stray into Texas.
Description
The length of the forewings is 62–75 mm.
Biology
There is probably one generation per year with adults on wing from late June to early August.
References
Sphinx (genus)
Moths described in 1859
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans%20Freeman
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Hans Charles Freeman AM, FAA (26 May 1929 – 9 November 2008) was a German-born Australian bioinorganic chemist, protein crystallographer, and professor of inorganic chemistry who spent most of his academic career at the University of Sydney. His best known contributions to chemistry were his work explaining the unusual structural, electrochemical, and spectroscopic properties of blue copper proteins, particularly plastocyanin. He also introduced protein crystallography to Australia and was a strong advocate for courses to ensure Australian scientists have good access to "big science" facilities. Freeman has received numerous honours, including being elected a Fellow of the Australian Academy of Science (FAA) and appointed a Member of the Order of Australia (AM) by the Australian Government. He was a charismatic lecturer who voluntarily continued teaching well into his formal retirement and imbued his students with a love of science.
Biography
Early years and education
Hans Charles Freeman was the first and only son of Karl and Lotte Freeman and was born in Breslau in Germany in 1929 (now Wrocław, Poland). In 1938, following a tip-off from a Nazi party member, Karl decided to relocate his Jewish family to Australia. Karl brought his knowledge of detergents (a novelty in Australia at the time) to his new homeland, applying it to the problem of cleaning blood-stained blankets that would otherwise be wasted. After the war, he founded K. H. Freeman Pty Ltd, a detergent and soa
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caloron
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In mathematical physics, a caloron is the finite temperature generalization of an instanton.
Finite temperature and instantons
At zero temperature, instantons are the name given to solutions of the classical equations of motion of the Euclidean version of the theory under consideration, and which are furthermore localized in Euclidean spacetime. They describe tunneling between different topological vacuum states of the Minkowski theory. One important example of an instanton is the BPST instanton, discovered in 1975 by Belavin, Polyakov, Schwartz and Tyupkin. This is a topologically stable solution to the four-dimensional SU(2) Yang–Mills field equations in Euclidean spacetime (i.e. after Wick rotation).
Finite temperatures in quantum field theories are modeled by compactifying the imaginary (Euclidean) time (see thermal quantum field theory). This changes the overall structure of spacetime, and thus also changes the form of the instanton solutions. According to the Matsubara formalism, at finite temperature, the Euclidean time dimension is periodic, which means that instanton solutions have to be periodic as well.
In SU(2) Yang–Mills theory
In SU(2) Yang–Mills theory at zero temperature, the instantons have the form of the BPST instanton. The generalization thereof to finite temperature has been found by Harrington and Shepard:
where is the anti-'t Hooft symbol, r is the distance from the point x to the center of the caloron, ρ is the size of the caloron, is the Euclide
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael%20Levitt
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Michael Levitt, (; born 9 May 1947) is a South African-born biophysicist and a professor of structural biology at Stanford University, a position he has held since 1987. Levitt received the 2013 Nobel Prize in Chemistry, together with Martin Karplus and Arieh Warshel, for "the development of multiscale models for complex chemical systems". In 2018, Levitt was a founding co-editor of the Annual Review of Biomedical Data Science.
Early life and education
Michael Levitt was born in Pretoria, South Africa, to a Jewish family from Plungė, Lithuania; his father was from Lithuania and his mother from the Czech Republic. He attended Sunnyside Primary School and then Pretoria Boys High School between 1960 and 1962. The family moved to England when he was 15. Levitt spent 1963 studying applied mathematics at the University of Pretoria. He attended King's College London, graduating with a first-class honours degree in Physics in 1967.
In 1967, he visited Israel for the first time. Together with his Israeli wife, Rina, a multimedia artist, he left to study at Cambridge, where their three children were born. Levitt was a PhD student in Computational biology at Peterhouse, Cambridge, and was based at the Laboratory of Molecular Biology from 1968 to 1972, where he developed a computer program for studying the conformations of molecules that underpinned much of his later work.
Career and research
In 1979, he returned to Israel and conducted research at the Weizmann Institute of Science i
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry%20Lipson
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Henry (Solomon) Lipson CBE FRS (11 March 1910 – 26 April 1991) was a British physicist. He was Professor of Physics, Manchester Institute of Science and Technology, 1954–77, then professor emeritus.
Background
Lipson was born in Liverpool, England, into a family of Polish Jewish immigrants. His father was a steelworker at the Shotton works in Flintshire. His mother was very insistent about the importance of education and ensured that he attended Hawarden Grammar School where he won a scholarship and exhibition to study physics at Liverpool University. He graduated with First Class Honours in 1930 and stayed on to do research at Liverpool into crystal structures using x-ray diffraction.
Career
University of Liverpool
His research into crystal structures using x-ray diffraction became his primary research interest, and in this research he teamed up with Arnold Beevers and sought advice from Professor Lawrence Bragg (who had established a major crystallographic centre in Manchester). Whilst at Liverpool, and without significant funding Beevers and Lipson made most of their own equipment and invented an aid to calculation, Beevers-Lipson Strips, which were widely used in the days before computers and which made their names well known within the field.
University of Cambridge
In 1936, Bragg invited Lipson to move to Manchester, and he later followed Bragg in moves to Teddington and then, when Bragg became Cavendish Professor in 1937, to Cambridge. In Teddington in 1937 he mar
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley%20Mandelstam
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Stanley Mandelstam (; 12 December 1928 – 23 June 2016) was a South African theoretical physicist. He introduced the relativistically invariant Mandelstam variables into particle physics in 1958 as a convenient coordinate system for formulating his double dispersion relations. The double dispersion relations were a central tool in the bootstrap program which sought to formulate a consistent theory of infinitely many particle types of increasing spin.
Early life
Mandelstam was born in Johannesburg, South Africa to a Jewish family.
Work
Mandelstam, along with Tullio Regge, did the initial development of the Regge theory of strong interaction phenomenology. He reinterpreted the analytic growth rate of the scattering amplitude as a function of the cosine of the scattering angle as the power law for the falloff of scattering amplitudes at high energy. Along with the double dispersion relations, Regge theory allowed theorists to find sufficient analytic constraints on scattering amplitudes of bound states to formulate a theory in which there are infinitely many particle types, none of which are fundamental.
After Veneziano constructed the first tree-level scattering amplitude describing infinitely many particle types, what was recognized almost immediately as a string scattering amplitude, Mandelstam continued to make crucial contributions. He interpreted the Virasoro algebra discovered in consistency conditions as a geometrical symmetry of a world-sheet conformal field theory, f
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raphael%20Meldola
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Raphael Meldola FRS (19 July 1849 – 16 November 1915) was a British chemist and entomologist. He was Professor of Organic Chemistry in the University of London, 1912–15.
Life
Born in Islington, London, he was descended from Raphael Meldola (1754–1828), a theologian who was acting minister of the Spanish and Portuguese Jews in London, 1804. Meldola was the only son of Samuel Meldola; married (1886) Ella Frederica, daughter of Maurice Davis of London. He was educated in chemistry at the Royal College of Chemistry, London. There is a portrait of Meldola (oil on canvas) by Solomon J. Solomon in the Royal Society collection; also a photograph by Maull & Fox, visiting card size.
Career
Meldola worked in the private laboratory of John Stenhouse (FRS 1848). He was appointed Lecturer, Royal College of Science (1872) and assisted Norman Lockyer with spectroscopy. Meldola was in charge of the British Eclipse Expedition to the Nicobar Islands (1875) and was Professor of Chemistry, Technical College, Finsbury (1885). He was also an entomologist and natural historian.
Meldola was a member of many scientific societies: Fellow of the Royal Astronomical Society; Fellow of the Institute of Chemistry; Fellow of the Chemical Society (London and Berlin); Member of the Pharmaceutical Society; The Geologists Association; The Royal Anthropological Institute; Entomological Society of London.
He was elected Fellow of the Royal Society in 1886 (Charles Darwin was one of his proposers), awarded the
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel%20Milner
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Samuel Roslington Milner FRS (22 August 1875 – 12 August 1958) (known as 'Ross') was a British physicist, who worked in plasma physics, studying the electrical conductivity of electrolytes. He is best known for the Debye-Milner Plasma Theory.
Personal life and education
Milner was born in Dodsworth, a village near Barnsley, Yorkshire. His father, Samuel Wilkinson Milner, was an agent, or ‘factor’ for the collieries in the district and his mother was Ann Roslington. The Milners had four daughters followed by their only son. When Milner was still young the family moved to Retford, Nottinghamshire. Milner was educated at King Edward VI School. He won the Headmaster's Prize of a microscope, but he quickly moved to studying physics.
Milner later attended University College, Bristol where he met his wife Winifred Esther Walker in 1894 as Physics students. They were both active student leaders and helped open the College's Social and Debating Society to both sexes. In 1894–95 Winifred served as Vice-President and Ross as a committee member. By the next year, he was President and she his Vice-President. Milner and Walker both held 1851 Exhibition Scholarships (established by Queen Victoria to support science). Walker graduated in 1898.
Milner went on to study for his DSc at the University of Göttingen with Walther Nernst who went on to win a Nobel Prize for Chemistry.
In 1952, Milner emigrated with his wife to Sydney, Australia to join their son, Christopher J Milner (1912–1998),
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich%20Paneth
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Friedrich Adolf Paneth (31 August 1887 – 17 September 1958) was an Austrian-born British chemist. Fleeing the Nazis, he escaped to Britain. He became a naturalized British citizen in 1939. After the war, Paneth returned to Germany to become director of the Max Planck Institute for Chemistry in 1953. He was considered the greatest authority of his time on volatile hydrides and also made important contributions to the study of the stratosphere.
Paneth's conception of ″chemical element″ functions as the official definition adopted by the IUPAC.
Biography
Friedrich (Fritz) Paneth was born as son of the physiologist Joseph Paneth. He and his three brothers were brought up in Protestant faith although both parents were of Jewish descent. He was educated at the Schottengymnasium a renowned school in Vienna. He studied chemistry at the University of Vienna and after working with Adolf von Baeyer at the University of Munich he received his PhD with Zdenko Hans Skraup at the organic chemistry department of the University of Vienna in 1910.
He abandoned organic chemistry and in 1912 joined the Institute for Radium Research, Vienna radiochemistry group of Stefan Meyer. In 1913 he visited Frederick Soddy at the University of Glasgow and Ernest Rutherford at the University of Manchester. In this year he married Else Hartmann; they had a son and daughter. After his habilitation in 1913 he became assistant of Otto Hönigschmid at the University of Prague. From 1919 till 1933 he was profe
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael%20Pepper
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Sir Michael Pepper (born 10 August 1942) is a British physicist notable for his work in semiconductor nanostructures.
Early life
Pepper was born on 10 August 1942 to Morris and Ruby Pepper. He was educated at St Marylebone Grammar School, a grammar school in the City of Westminster, London that has since closed. He then went on to study physics at the University of Reading and graduated Bachelor of Science (BSc) in 1963. He remained at Reading to undertake postgraduate studies and completed his Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) degree in 1967.
In 1987, while an academic of the University of Cambridge, he was granted the status of Master of Arts (MA Cantab). He was awarded a higher doctorate, Doctor of Science (ScD), by Cambridge.
Career
Sir Michael was a physicist at the Plessey Research Laboratories when he formed a collaboration with Sir Nevill Mott, (Nobel Laureate, 1977) which resulted in his commencing research in the Cavendish Laboratory in 1973 on localisation in semiconductor structures. He subsequently joined the GEC Hirst Research Centre where he set up joint Cambridge-GEC projects. He was one of three authors on the paper that eventually brought a Nobel prize for the quantum Hall effect to Klaus von Klitzing. Sir Michael formed the Semiconductor Physics research group at the Cavendish Laboratory in 1984, and following a period as Royal Society Warren Research Fellow was appointed to his current role, Professorship of Physics, at the Cavendish Laboratory in 1987. In 19
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isolate
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Isolate may refer to:
Arts, entertainment, and media
Isolate (film), a 2013 Australian film
Isolate (Circus Maximus album), 2007
Isolate (Gary Numan album), 1992
Language
Isolating language, with near-unity morpheme/word ratio
Language isolate, unrelated to any other
Science and technology
The product of isolation (microbiology), may be called:
an isolate;
specifically a fungal isolate;
a variant (biology);
or a strain (biology).
Chemical isolate, from chemical purification
Protein isolate
Genetic isolate, a population that does not mix with organisms of the same species
Isolate (computation), in the Java Application Isolation API
Primary isolate, a microbial sample from an infected individual
See also
Isolation (disambiguation)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert%20Ritter
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Robert Ritter (14 May 1901 – 15 April 1951) was a German racial scientist doctor of psychology and medicine, with a background in child psychiatry and the biology of criminality. In 1936, Ritter was appointed head of the Racial Hygiene and Demographic Biology Research Unit of Nazi Germany's Criminal Police, to establish the genealogical histories of the German "Gypsies", both Roma and Sinti, and became the "architect of the experiments Roma and Sinti were subjected to." His pseudo-scientific "research" in classifying these populations of Germany aided the Nazi government in their systematic persecution toward a goal of "racial purity".
Early life
Ritter was born in 1901 in Aachen, Germany. He attended an exclusive secondary school, as well as a Prussian military academy. After a stint in the German Freikorps, Ritter began his formal education studying at various universities.
In 1927, Ritter received his doctorate in educational psychology at the University of Munich. Post-doctorate, Ritter continued his education and received a medical degree from Heidelberg University in 1930, and was medically licensed the same year. In 1934, two years before being appointed as head of the German police's racial hygiene research unit, Ritter received his specialist certification in child psychology, studying the inheritability of criminality. He completed part of his residence in the University of Tübingen.
Career
Ritter and the Sterilization Law of 1933
Nazi seizure of power in 1933
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FooBillard
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FooBillard is a free and open-source, OpenGL-based sports simulation video game.
Gameplay and features
FooBillard supports several kinds of billiard games: carom billiards (three-cushion billiards), snooker, and pool billiard (pocket billiards) in the eight-ball and nine-ball variant.
FooBillard has a realistic physics engine and a computer opponent AI. It features an optional red/green 3D stereo view (requires anaglyph 3D glasses), a free view mode and an animated cue.
History
FooBillard was started around 2002 by Florian Berger. The cue sports simulator is free software, licensed under the terms of the GNU General Public License. Originally implemented for Linux it was and ported to AROS, Mac OS X, MorphOS and Windows. The most recently released version is 3.0a.
As the original FooBillard has not been under development for many years, the Foobillard++ project was created around 2011 as continuation of the game's development. Latest version of FooBillard++ 3.42 was from 2012. An Android port was created around 2014.
Reception
Foobillard was reviewed in 2005 by Chip.de and noted for the "beautiful graphic" and "realistic physic".
Between 2002 and 2016 the game was downloaded 1,470,000 times from SourceForge.
The game is also included in many Linux distributions, e.g. Ubuntu and OpenSUSE.
References
External links
– original project by Florian Berger
– continuation
AROS software
Cue sports video games
Snooker video games
Linux games
MorphOS games
MacOS games
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20Hirstein
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William Hirstein is an American philosopher primarily interested in philosophy of mind, philosophy of language, metaphysics, cognitive science, and analytic philosophy. He is a professor of philosophy at Elmhurst University.
Training
William Hirstein received his Ph.D. in philosophy at the University of California, Davis under the direction of Richard Wollheim. He then did post-doctoral work under the supervision of Patricia Churchland and Vilayanur S. Ramachandran at the University of California, San Diego, exploring neurological syndromes that lead to confabulation, such as in split-brain patients, and patients with anosognosia or Capgras delusion.
Theory of confabulation
Hirstein draws heavily on the interaction between his philosophical training and his clinical experience in his 2005 book Brain Fiction to develop a comprehensive epistemic theory of the neural basis of confabulation, and argues that prefrontal executive processes fail to correct false memories or perceptions, resulting in a confabulation. Thus confabulation is a result of two errors, which may be caused by two separate brain lesions. First there is an error in memory or perception, and second, prefrontal executive processes fail to correct the error.
Mindmelding hypothesis
In his 2012 book, Mindmelding: Consciousness, Neuroscience, and the Mind's Privacy, Hirstein argues that a significant block to solving the mind–body problem can be removed if we allow that it is possible for one person to directly
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academies%20at%20Englewood
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The Academies at Englewood is a tuition-free college-preparatory public magnet high school in Englewood, New Jersey. The school is organized into five specialized academies in the areas of Medical Science, Business & Finance, Legal Studies, Computer Science, and Engineering & Technology. Founded in 2002, the state-funded college-preparatory school serves students in the ninth to twelfth grades in Bergen County, New Jersey, and was established to attract elite students across the county to an "academically-challenging, high-performing school", as well as raise the standard of public education in Bergen County. The school is commonly referred to as AE, or the Academies, and is part of the Englewood Public School District (formerly part of the Bergen County Technical Schools).
The school requires students in their final year of study to participate in a year-long internship each Wednesday in a field of interest, called Senior Experience. The academy also offers students access to technologies and labs rarely found in a high school setting. There are 18 academic departments at AE: Biology, Medicine, Chemistry, Physics, Business, Economics, Mathematics, Law, Engineering, Technology, English, History, World Language, Music/Performing Arts, Visual Arts, Heath/Physical Education, College Counseling, and Senior Experience. The school is structured similar to a university, with various academic departments, specialized majors, and career and technical education.
Establishment
As a r
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silylenoid
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A silylenoid in organosilicon chemistry is a type of chemical compound with the general structure where R is any organic residue, X a halogen and M a metal. Silylenoids are the silicon pendants of carbenoid and both compounds have carbene or silylene like properties.
Silylenoids are encountered as reactive intermediates in chemical reactions. A stable silylenoid can be prepared by reaction of a fluorobromosilane with a silyllithium compound in THF :
(t-Bu2MeSi)2SiFBr + t-Bu2MeSiLi/THF → (t-Bu2MeSi)2SiFLi.3THF + t-Bu2MeSiBr
In this silylenoid the silicon atom is bonded with three substituents and not the usual four. X-ray diffraction shows that the Si-F bond with 170 pm is longer than usual for fluorosilanes. The F-Li bond is ionic with an estimated (in silico) positive charge of 0.88 residing on lithium and a negative charge of 0.74 on fluorine making it a (t-Bu2MeSi)2SiF−, Li+.3THF salt. The Si-F bond is likewise polarized with only 10% of the charge on silicon.
When the silylenoid is irradiated or heated a disilene forms probably via a silylene intermediate. With electrophiles it reacts as an anion and with organolithium compounds it reacts as a silylene.
References
Synthesis, Molecular Structure, and Reactivity of the Isolable Silylenoid with a Tricoordinate Silicon Gregory Molev, Dmitry Bravo-Zhivotovskii, Miriam Karni, Boris Tumanskii, Mark Botoshansky, and Yitzhak Apeloig J. Am. Chem. Soc.; 2006; 128(9) pp 2784 – 2785; Abstract
Organosilicon compounds
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1728%20%28number%29
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1728 is the natural number following 1727 and preceding 1729. It is a dozen gross, or one great gross (or grand gross). It is also the number of cubic inches in a cubic foot.
In mathematics
1728 is the cube of 12, and therefore equal to the product of the six divisors of 12 (1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 12). It is also the product of the first four composite numbers (4, 6, 8, and 9), which makes it a compositorial. As a cubic perfect power, it is also a highly powerful number that has a record value (18) between the product of the exponents (3 and 6) in its prime factorization.
It is also a Jordan–Pólya number such that it is a product of factorials:
1728 has twenty-eight divisors, which is a perfect count (as with 12, with six divisors). It also has a Euler totient of 576 or 242, which divides 1728 thrice over.
1728 is an abundant and semiperfect number, as it is smaller than the sum of its proper divisors yet equal to the sum of a subset of its proper divisors.
It is a practical number as each smaller number is the sum of distinct divisors of 1728, and an integer-perfect number where its divisors can be partitioned into two disjoint sets with equal sum.
1728 is 3-smooth, since its only distinct prime factors are 2 and 3. This also makes 1728 a regular number which are most useful in the context of powers of 60, the smallest number with twelve divisors:
1728 is also an untouchable number since there is no number whose sum of proper divisors is 1728.
Many relevant calculations i
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensuality
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Sensuality, sensual, sensualist or sensuous may refer to:
Biology and behaviour
Sense, a biological system used by an organism for sensation
Sensualism, a doctrine in epistemology
Sensation play, a group of sensual acts where senses are engaged to heighten erotic pleasure
Film
Sensual Jungle, a 1969 Argentine film directed by Leo Fleider
The Sensualist, a 1991 Japanese animated historical drama film
The Sensual Man, a 1974 Italian film written and directed by Marco Vicario
Literature
Sensual Phrase, a Japanese manga series
The Sensualist, a novella by the Anglo-Indian author Ruskin Bond
The Sensual Santa, a 1994 comic strip by Daniel Clowes
The Sensuous Woman, a 1969 sex manual by Terry Garrity
The Sensuous Man, a 1971 sex manual by Terry Garrity
Music
Sensuality, a 2007 album by German eurodance/trance project S.E.X. Appeal
Sensuality – The Remix Album, a 2008 remix album by the above artist
"Sensualité", a 1993 single by Belgian singer-songwriter Axelle Red
"Sensual Seduction", a 2007 rap song by Snoop Dogg
Sensual Being, a 2002 folk album by Archie Roach
Sensuous, a 2006 experimental pop album by Cornelius
Sensual Sensual, a 1998 dance album by B-Tribe
"Sensuality", a 1998 R&B song by British group Lovestation
The Sensual World, a 1989 studio album by Kate Bush
"The Sensual World", a 1989 song in the above album
The Sensual Sound of Sonny Stitt, a 1961 jazz album by Sonny Stitt
The Sensual Donovan, a 1971 jazz rock album by Donovan Phillips Lei
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melvin%20Mooney
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Melvin Mooney (1893–1968) was an American physicist and rheologist.
Life
Mooney was born in Kansas City, Missouri. He achieved an A.B. degree from the University of Missouri in 1917 and a PhD in physics from the University of Chicago in 1923. He worked for the United States Rubber Company.
He developed the Mooney viscometer (used to measure viscosity of rubber compounds during curing) and other testing equipment used in the rubber industry. He also proposed the Mooney-Rivlin solid constitutive law describing the hyperelastic stress–strain behavior of rubber. He was the first recipient of the Bingham Medal from the Society of Rheology in 1948. He received the Charles Goodyear Medal in 1962. He is the namesake of the Melvin Mooney Distinguished Technology Award of the American Chemical Society Rubber Division.
References
External links
A photograph of Melvin Mooney from
Audio interview with Melvin Mooney.
Polymer scientists and engineers
1893 births
1968 deaths
Rheologists
20th-century American physicists
Solid mechanics
Scientists from Kansas City, Missouri
University of Missouri alumni
University of Chicago alumni
Physicists from Missouri
University of Missouri physicists
Fellows of the American Physical Society
Presidents of the Society of Rheology
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polynormal%20subgroup
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In mathematics, in the field of group theory, a subgroup of a group is said to be polynormal if its closure under conjugation by any element of the group can also be achieved via closure by conjugation by some element in the subgroup generated.
In symbols, a subgroup of a group is called polynormal if for any the subgroup is the same as .
Here are the relationships with other subgroup properties:
Every weakly pronormal subgroup is polynormal.
Every paranormal subgroup is polynormal.
References
Subgroup properties
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard%20Malmstadt
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Howard Vincent Malmstadt, Ph.D, (February 17, 1922 in Marinette, Wisconsin – July 7, 2003 in Hawaii), emeritus professor of Chemistry at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign and co-founder of the University of the Nations, widely considered the father of modern electronic and computerized instrumentation in chemistry.
Early life
Malmstadt was born on the 17th of February 1922 in Marinette, Wisconsin. He graduated from the University of Wisconsin–Madison in 1943 with a B.S. degree doing undergraduate research in organic chemistry. After graduation, he became an ensign in the US Navy, attending naval electronics and radar schools at Princeton University, MIT, Bell Labs, San Diego Fleet School, and Pearl Harbor. He became supervisor for the Department of Electronics Fundamentals at the Naval Radar School on Treasure Island, California before being released from the US Navy in 1946 with the rank of senior lieutenant.
In 1948 he received an M.S. degree and a Ph.D. in chemistry in 1950 (both from the University of Wisconsin–Madison). His thesis was titled "High Frequency Titrations."
He joined the University of Illinois as faculty in 1951 becoming a professor in 1962. Malmstadt's major areas of research were in precision null-point potentiometry, emission and absorption spectrochemical methods, automatic titrations, and automation of analytical methods. His book, Electronics for Scientists (co-written with Christie G. Enke), was seminal in introducing thousands of sc
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ennio%20Candotti
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Ennio Candotti (born 1942 in Rome, Italy) is a Brazilian physicist and scientific leader.
He studied physics at the University of São Paulo, in São Paulo, from 1960 to 1964, and also at the University of Naples, in Naples, Italy (1970–71). From 1966 to 1968 he specialized in theoretical physics at the University of Pisa (relativity theory), in mathematical physics at the University of Munich, in Munich, Germany (1968–1969) and in dynamic systems at the University of Naples again.
From 1974 to 1995, Candotti was a professor with the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro. Currently he is a professor at the Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, in Vitória, state of Espírito Santo. He was naturalized a Brazilian in 1983.
Dr. Candotti is in his fourth mandate as the president of the Brazilian Society for the Progress of Science (Sociedade Brasileira para o Progresso da Ciência), the major scientific association in the country, and editor of Ciência Hoje, its scientific popularization magazine. For his activities in this area he has received the 1999 Kalinga Prize conceded by UNESCO. He was also the president of the International Union for Science Communicators, created in 2002 in Mumbai, India.
Bibliography
CANDOTTI, E. ; COCHO, G. ; MONTEMAYOR, R. . Thermal Gohost fields and unstable systems. Nuovo Cimento Della Societa Italiana di Fisica B - General Physics, Bologna, v. 106B, p. 13-22, 1990.
CANDOTTI, E. ; PALMIERI, C. ; VITALE, B. . Universal Noether's nature of infinitesi
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theta%20representation
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In mathematics, the theta representation is a particular representation of the Heisenberg group of quantum mechanics. It gains its name from the fact that the Jacobi theta function is invariant under the action of a discrete subgroup of the Heisenberg group. The representation was popularized by David Mumford.
Construction
The theta representation is a representation of the continuous Heisenberg group over the field of the real numbers. In this representation, the group elements act on a particular Hilbert space. The construction below proceeds first by defining operators that correspond to the Heisenberg group generators. Next, the Hilbert space on which these act is defined, followed by a demonstration of the isomorphism to the usual representations.
Group generators
Let f(z) be a holomorphic function, let a and b be real numbers, and let be fixed, but arbitrary complex number in the upper half-plane; that is, so that the imaginary part of is positive. Define the operators Sa and Tb such that they act on holomorphic functions as
and
It can be seen that each operator generates a one-parameter subgroup:
and
However, S and T do not commute:
Thus we see that S and T together with a unitary phase form a nilpotent Lie group, the (continuous real) Heisenberg group, parametrizable as where U(1) is the unitary group.
A general group element then acts on a holomorphic function f(z) as
where is the center of H, the commutator subgroup . The parameter on serves only t
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuart%20Schreiber
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Stuart L. Schreiber (born 6 February 1956) is a scientist at Harvard University and co-founder of the Broad Institute. He has been active in chemical biology, especially the use of small molecules as probes of biology and medicine. Small molecules are the molecules of life most associated with dynamic information flow; these work in concert with the macromolecules (DNA, RNA, proteins) that are the basis for inherited information flow.
Education and training
Schreiber obtained a Bachelor of Science degree in chemistry from the University of Virginia in 1977, after which he entered Harvard University as a graduate student in chemistry. He joined the research group of Robert B. Woodward and after Woodward's death continued his studies under the supervision of Yoshito Kishi. In 1980, he joined the faculty of Yale University as an assistant professor in chemistry, and in 1988 he moved to Harvard University as the Morris Loeb Professor.
Work in 1980s and 1990s
Schreiber started his research work in organic synthesis, focusing on concepts such as the use of [2 + 2] photocycloadditions to establish stereochemistry in complex molecules, the fragmentation of hydroperoxides to produce macrolides, ancillary stereocontrol, group selectivity and two-directional synthesis. Notable accomplishments include the total syntheses of complex natural products such as talaromycin B, asteltoxin, avenaciolide, gloeosporone, hikizimicin, mycoticin A, epoxydictymene and the immunosuppressant FK-506.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas%20Biomedical%20Research%20Institute
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Texas Biomedical Research Institute (Texas Biomed), located in San Antonio, Texas, is an independent, non-profit biomedical research institution, specializing in genetics and in virology and immunology. Texas Biomed is funded by government and corporate grants and contracts, and donations from the public.
History
Texas Biomed was founded in 1941 by Tom Slick as the Foundation of Applied Research. Its initial mission was to provide research and advanced education in agriculture, natural sciences and medicine. It became the Southwest Foundation for Research and Education in 1952. In the late 1950s, the Institute moved to its current location on Military Drive. In 1982, The Foundation was renamed Southwest Foundation for Biomedical Research (SFBR) and Texas Biomedical Research Institute on February 1, 2011.
Tom Slick’s sister, Betty Moorman, helped establish a club whose members could make an annual contribution to support the Foundation’s research. In the 1950s, the Foundation purchased an historic 1854 mansion in San Antonio called The Argyle to serve as the headquarters. Members of the club continue to meet and support scientific research at Texas Biomed today with their time and resources. A group of women called the Texas Biomedical Forum raises money to support pilot grants for Texas Biomed scientists, science awards for outstanding teachers, and tours of the Institute for high school students.
In 1988, the Founders Council formed. It includes supporters ages 25 to 46
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viktor%20Trkal
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Viktor Trkal (14 August 1888, Ostřetín – 3 September 1956, Prague) was a Czech physicist and mathematician who specialized in theoretical quantum physics.
Life and work
Trkal went to the Gymnasium in Vysoké Mýto where his teacher was Adolf Pařízek (1867-1920). From 1906 to 1910 he studied mathematics and physics in Prague. His mathematics professors were Karel Petr (1868–1950), Jan Sobotka (1862–1931) and then beginning Bohumil Bydžovský (1880–1969). He attended physics lectures by Čeněk Strouhal (1850–1922), Bohumil Kučera (1874–1921), František Koláček (1851–1913) and František Záviška (1879–1945). He obtained his doctorate in 1911 with a thesis on the Problem of Dirichlet and Neumann with integral equations. Then he did his one-year military service and afterwards taught at a business school in Prague in 1912-1914. During World War I Trkal was twice wounded and in March 1915 he was made prisoner of war by the Russians, after he first was considered dead but shouted "Don't shoot!" to a Russian soldier. He then stayed in several prison camps where he also contracted malaria. He wrote to Professor Orest Khvolson of St. Petersburg. Thanks to his advocacy, Trkal was assigned to the new University of Perm in the Urals, where he obtained his habilitation qualification and became associate professor of mechanics and physics in 1918. After the war he returned to Czechoslovakia where he taught in high school and became a physics assistant to Professor Záviška. In the academic year
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincenc%20Strouhal
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Vincenc Strouhal (Čeněk Strouhal) (10 April 1850 in Seč – 26 January 1922 in Prague) was a Czech physicist specializing in experimental physics. He was one of the founders of the Institute of Physics of the Czech part of Charles University. He was engaged in hydrodynamic phenomena, acoustics and electric and magnetic properties of steel.
Strouhal number
Strouhal's major contribution to the fundamentals of fluid mechanics was his discovery in 1878 of the Strouhal number (St). This dimensionless number describing oscillating flow mechanisms was discovered by Strouhal while experimenting in 1878 with wires experiencing vortex shedding and singing in the wind.
Named after Strouhal
7391 Strouhal, a minor planet named after Strouhal in 1983 by the Czech astronomer Antonín Mrkos.
Since 1998, ceremonial Strouhal's lecture is held every year at the Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Charles University, in a lecture hall named after him.
References
Further reading
Experiments of Dr. Strouhal
1850 births
1922 deaths
Czech physicists
Physicists from Austria-Hungary
Charles University alumni
Academic staff of Charles University
Fluid dynamicists
People from Chrudim District
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karel%20Rychl%C3%ADk
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Karel Rychlík (; 1885–1968) was a Czechoslovak mathematician who contributed significantly to the fields of algebra, number theory, mathematical analysis, and the history of mathematics.
External links
Extensive Biography
Works
Czechoslovak mathematicians
1885 births
1968 deaths
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vojt%C4%9Bch%20%C5%A0afa%C5%99%C3%ADk
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Vojtěch Šafařík (26 October 1829 in Újvidék, Bács-Bodrog County, Vojvodina, Hungary (today Serbia) – 2 July 1902 in Prague, Bohemia) was a Czech chemist, specialising in inorganic chemistry. Šafařík was the son of Pavel Jozef Šafárik, a Slovak philologist and historian.
The crater Šafařík on the Moon is named after him, and so is the minor planet 8336 Šafařík (in conjunction with his wife).
Work
In Göttingen, he was involved in the investigation of the reaction of metals with alkyl iodides and produced diethylmagnesium. He also worked on the chemical composition of platinum and vanadium catalysts, and on organometallic compounds (Grignard compounds). At the Vienna Academy he published a work on physical chemistry. He also studied mineralogy.
In 1859, together with fellow chemist Antonín Bělohoubek, he participated in a detailed chemical and microscopic analysis of the authenticity of the notorious Queen's Court (Dvůr Králové) and Green Mountain (Zelená Hora) manuscripts. Finding Prussian Blue (unknown until the 18th century) in the initialling of the manuscripts, which were purported to date from the 1200s, they came to the conclusion that the manuscripts were forgeries and literary hoaxes.
In 1860, Šafařík published the first introductory university textbook of chemistry in Czech (Základové chemie čili lučby). He worked to improve Czech chemical terminology, building on and improving over the nomenclature of Czech chemist Jan Svatopluk Presl and the linguist Josef Jungm
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%28a%2Cb%29-tree
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In computer science, an (a,b) tree is a kind of balanced search tree.
An (a,b)-tree has all of its leaves at the same depth, and all internal nodes except for the root have between and children, where and are integers such that . The root has, if it is not a leaf, between 2 and children.
Definition
Let , be positive integers such that . Then a rooted tree is an (a,b)-tree when:
Every inner node except the root has at least and at most children.
The root has at most children.
All paths from the root to the leaves are of the same length.
Internal node representation
Every internal node of a (a,b)-tree has the following representation:
Let be the number of child nodes of node .
Let be pointers to child nodes.
Let be an array of keys such that equals the largest key in the subtree pointed to by .
See also
B-tree
2–3 tree
2–3–4 tree
References
Search trees
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank%20Malina
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Frank Joseph Malina (October 2, 1912 — November 9, 1981) was an American aeronautical engineer and painter, known for his pioneering work in early rocketry.
Early life
Malina was born in Brenham, Texas. His father came from Moravia. Frank's formal education began with a degree in mechanical engineering from Texas A&M University in 1934. The same year he received a scholarship to study mechanical engineering at the California Institute of Technology (Caltech), where he obtained his doctoral degree in 1940.
In 1935, while a graduate student at Caltech, Malina persuaded Professor of Aeronautics Theodore von Kármán to allow him to pursue studies into rocketry and rocket propulsion. The formal goal was development of a sounding rocket.
Malina and five associates (including Jack Parsons and Hsue-Shen Tsien) became known at Caltech as the "Suicide Squad" because of their dangerous experiments (and failures) when testing rocket motor designs.
Malina's group was forced to move their operations away from the main Caltech campus into the more remote Arroyo Seco. This site and the research Malina was conducting would later become the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL). Malina served as the second Director of JPL.
In 1939, the Société astronomique de France (French Astronomical Society) awarded Malina the Prix d'Astronautique for his contribution to the study of interplanetary travel and astronautics.
Career
In 1942, von Kármán, Malina and three other students started the Aerojet Cor
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stetter%20reaction
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The Stetter reaction is a reaction used in organic chemistry to form carbon-carbon bonds through a 1,4-addition reaction utilizing a nucleophilic catalyst. While the related 1,2-addition reaction, the benzoin condensation, was known since the 1830s, the Stetter reaction was not reported until 1973 by Dr. Hermann Stetter. The reaction provides synthetically useful 1,4-dicarbonyl compounds and related derivatives from aldehydes and Michael acceptors. Unlike 1,3-dicarbonyls, which are easily accessed through the Claisen condensation, or 1,5-dicarbonyls, which are commonly made using a Michael reaction, 1,4-dicarbonyls are challenging substrates to synthesize, yet are valuable starting materials for several organic transformations, including the Paal–Knorr synthesis of furans and pyrroles. Traditionally utilized catalysts for the Stetter reaction are thiazolium salts and cyanide anion, but more recent work toward the asymmetric Stetter reaction has found triazolium salts to be effective. The Stetter reaction is an example of umpolung chemistry, as the inherent polarity of the aldehyde is reversed by the addition of the catalyst to the aldehyde, rendering the carbon center nucleophilic rather than electrophilic.
Mechanism
As the Stetter reaction is an example of umpolung chemistry, the aldehyde is converted from an electrophile to a nucleophile under the reaction conditions. This is accomplished by activation from some catalyst - either cyanide (CN−) or thiazolium salt. For the u
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lydia%20Becker
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Lydia Ernestine Becker (24 February 1827 – 18 July 1890) was a leader in the early British suffrage movement, as well as an amateur scientist with interests in biology and astronomy. She established Manchester as a centre for the suffrage movement and with Richard Pankhurst she arranged for the first woman to vote in a British election and a court case was unsuccessfully brought to exploit the precedent. Becker is also remembered for founding and publishing the Women's Suffrage Journal between 1870 and 1890.
Biography
Born in Cooper Street in the Deansgate area of Manchester, the oldest daughter of Hannibal Becker, whose father, Ernst Becker had emigrated from Ohrdruf in Thuringia. Becker was educated at home, like many girls at the time. Intellectually curious, she studied botany and astronomy from the 1850s onwards, winning a gold medal for an 1862 scholarly paper on horticulture. An uncle, rather than her parents, encouraged this interest. Five years later, she founded the Ladies' Literary Society in Manchester.
She began a correspondence with Charles Darwin and soon afterwards convinced him to send a paper to the society. In the course of their correspondence, Becker sent a number of plant samples to Darwin from the fields surrounding Manchester. She also forwarded Darwin a copy of her "little book", Botany for Novices (1864). Becker is one of a number of 19th-century women who contributed, often routinely, to Darwin's scientific work. Her correspondence and work alike
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A1clav%20L%C3%A1ska%20%28mathematician%29
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Václav Láska (1862–1943) was a Czech astronomer, geophysicist, and mathematician. He was based mainly at Charles University, and was the founding director (1920-1933) of the State Institute of Geophysics, which later became the Institute of Geophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences.
Láska's empirical rule
This empirical rule is one way how to approximate the distance from an earthquake's epicenter. The rule is most fitting for distance in the range of 2 − 10 Mm (thousand km). The epicentral distance in thousands of km is roughly equal to the difference between arrival times of S and P waves in minutes minus 1.
External links
Charles University, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Department of Geophysics (in Czech)
MacTutor Entry
1862 births
1943 deaths
Czech mathematicians
Mathematicians from Austria-Hungary
Astronomers from Austria-Hungary
Czechoslovak mathematicians
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20Philip%20Miller
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David Philip Miller is a social historian of science. He is Emeritus Professor of History and Philosophy of Science in the School of Humanities and Languages at the University of New South Wales, Australia.
Career
Miller studied chemistry and nuclear physics as well as science and technology policy for a BSc (Hons) at Manchester University and received his MA and PhD in history and sociology of science from the University of Pennsylvania. He has taught at the University of New South Wales since 1981.
He is a fellow of the Royal Historical Society, the Australian Academy of the Humanities and a corresponding member of the International Academy of the History of Science. He serves on editorial boards of the journals Isis, Annals of Science, History of Science and The British Journal for the History of Science.
Major publications
The Life and Legend of James Watt: Collaboration, Natural Philosophy, and the Improvement of the Steam Engine (University of Pittsburgh Press, 2019, ).
James Watt, Chemist: Understanding the Origins of the Steam Age (Pickering & Chatto, 2009, )
Discovering Water: James Watt, Henry Cavendish and the Nineteenth-Century 'Water Controversy' (Ashgate, 2004, ).
Visions of Empire: Voyages, Botany, and Representations of Nature (edited with Peter Hanns Reill), (Cambridge University Press, 1996, ).
References
External links
David Miller's university home page
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Historians of science
Academic staff of the
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolay%20Krylov%20%28physicist%29
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Nikolay Sergeevich Krylov (; 10 August 1917 – 21 June 1947) was a Soviet theoretical physicist known for his work on the problems of classical mechanics, statistical physics, and quantum mechanics. He showed that a sufficient condition for a dynamical system to relax to equilibrium is for it to be mixing.
Biography
Krylov was born in Ustyuzhna, Vologda Governorate, of the Russian Empire. He graduated in physics from the Leningrad University. He then was a doctoral student in the Leningrad University's theoretical physics group supervised by Vladimir Fock, and wrote thesis on the foundations of statistical mechanics entitled Mixing processes in phase space awarded by for the degree of Candidate of Science in 1941. During the German invasion of the Soviet Union and the Siege of Leningrad, Krylov was assigned to the air defense of the city. He continued research work at Kazan for the Physical-Technical Institute of the Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union, when the Institute was relocated due to the siege, while on active duty and defended dissertation The processes of relaxation of statistical systems and the criterion of mechanical instability awarded by the degree of Doctor of Science the following year. He then worked at the various Soviet Union's academic institutes, in 1947 together with his supervisor coauthored the Fock-Krylov theorem on quasi-stationary state decay in quantum mechanics, returned to Leningrad, but fell ill in 1946 and died due to sepsis caused by a
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar%20Frisby
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Edgar Frisby (May 22, 1837– 1927) was an American astronomer, born at Great Easton, Leicestershire, England. He graduated from the University of Toronto in 1863 (M.A., 1864), then taught in Canada in 1863–67.
He taught for a short time as professor of mathematics at Northwestern University before accepting a position at the United States Naval Observatory, Washington, D.C. He served as assistant astronomer from 1868 to 1878. Following that, he taught as professor of mathematics in the United States Navy from 1878 until he retired in 1899. Professor Frisby observed several eclipses for the government, computed the orbit of the comet of 1882, and had charge of the 12-inch equatorial telescope until his retirement.
References
British emigrants to the United States
American astronomers
19th-century American mathematicians
20th-century American mathematicians
1837 births
1927 deaths
People from Great Easton, Leicestershire
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ji%C5%99%C3%AD%20Buquoy
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Georg Franz August Graf von Buquoy (; 7 September 1781 in Brussels – 9 or 19 April 1851 in Prague) was a Bohemian aristocrat, mathematician, and inventor. He studied mathematics, natural science, philosophy, and economics at the Prague and Vienna universities. In 1810 he constructed an early steam engine. Most of all, he was engaged in the glass works in Nové Hrady region. On the basis of many experiments he succeeded in inventing an original process technology of a black opaque glass called hyalite (1817), as well as completing the production process for red hyalite (1819).
See also
Lords of Bucquoy
External links
Short biography
1781 births
1851 deaths
19th-century Czech scientists
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horace%20Freeland%20Judson
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Horace Freeland Judson (April 21, 1931 – May 6, 2011) was a journalist and later with more prominence a historian of molecular biology including authoring several books, including The Eighth Day of Creation, a history of molecular biology, and The Great Betrayal: Fraud in Science, an examination of the deliberate manipulation of scientific data.
Life and career
Horace Freeland Judson was born on 21 April 1931, in Manhattan, New York. He contracted polio at the age of 13, and the disease left him with a withered right arm. Judson matriculated at the University of Chicago at age 15 and graduated with a bachelor's degree in 1948, and worked for seven years for Time magazine as a European correspondent in London and Paris. He subsequently wrote for The New Yorker, Harper's, and Nature among others. Judson spent nine years on the faculty of Johns Hopkins University and then four years as a research scholar at Stanford University. He was the director of the now defunct Center for History of Recent Science and a Research Professor of History at George Washington University. In 1987 Judson was awarded a MacArthur Fellowship.
The Eighth Day of Creation arose out of Judson's acquaintance with Max Perutz; In 1968 came the idea of a book about the discovery of the structures of cellular macromolecules. Following a discussion with Jacques Monod in 1969, Judson expanded his planned book to a general history of molecular biology. The result is based on interviews of over 100 scientists, c
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lintneria%20merops
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Lintneria merops is a moth of the family Sphingidae.
Distribution
It is found from western South America, including Venezuela, to Mexico, Belize, Guatemala, Nicaragua, Honduras and Costa Rica.
Description
The wingspan is 103–122 mm.
Biology
Adults have been recorded from April to January in Costa Rica.
The larvae feed on Lantana camara and probably other Verbenaceae species. The third instar has a dermal crest and yellow eye-spots on the sides. There are two black eye-spots on the last two instars.
References
Lintneria
Moths described in 1870
Sphingidae of South America
Moths of South America
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sphinx%20perelegans
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Sphinx perelegans, the elegant sphinx, is a species of hawkmoth.
Distribution
It is native to western North America from British Columbia to Baja California and to New Mexico.
Description
The wingspan is 98–110 mm.
Biology
There is one generation per year in the north with adults on wing in June and July. In California, there is one generation (although there might be a partial second) with adults on wing from April to June and again from August to September.
The adult of this species is a key pollinator of the rare lemon lily (Lilium parryi) in California.
The larvae feed on Arctostaphylos manzanita, Arbutus menziesii, Cercocarpus betuloides and Prunus ilicifolia. In captivity, they will feed on Gaultheria shallon.
References
External links
Elegant Sphinx Moths of America
Life cycle
Sphinx (genus)
Moths of North America
Moths of Central America
Fauna of the California chaparral and woodlands
Moths described in 1874
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lintneria%20praelongus
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Lintneria praelongus is a moth of the family Sphingidae.
Distribution
It is known from Honduras and Guatemala.
Description
It is similar to Lintneria istar but more greyish white and the forewings are more elongate.
Biology
The larvae probably feed on Lamiaceae (such as Salvia, Mentha, Monarda and Hyptis), Hydrophylloideae (such as Wigandia) and Verbenaceae species (such as Verbena and Lantana).
References
Lintneria
Moths described in 1903
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans%20Gr%C3%BCneberg
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Hans Grüneberg (26 May 1907 – 23 October 1982), whose name was also written as Hans Grueneberg and Hans Gruneberg, was a British geneticist. Grüneberg was born in Wuppertal–Elberfeld in Germany. He obtained an MD from the University of Bonn, a PhD in biology from the University of Berlin and a DSc from the University of London. He arrived in London in 1933, at the invitation of J.B.S. Haldane and Sir Henry Dale.
He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1956. Most of his work focused on mouse genetics, in which his speciality was the study of pleiotropic effects of mutations on the development of the mouse skeleton.
He was the first person to describe siderocytes and sideroblasts, atypical nucleated erythrocytes with granules of iron accumulated in perinuclear mitochondria. This he reported in the journal Nature. The Grüneberg ganglion, an olfactory ganglion in rodents, was first described by Hans Grueneberg in 1973.
Career
Honorary Research Assistant, University College London, 1933–38
Moseley Research Student of Royal Society, 1938–42
Captain, Royal Army Medical Corps, 1942–46
Reader in Genetics, University College London, 1946–55
Honorary Director of the Medical Research Council Experimental Genetics Unit at University College London, 1955–1972
Professor of Genetics University College London, 1956–1974
Affiliated with the Department of Pathology, Mount Vernon Hospital, Northwood, Middlesex
Emeritus Professor University College London, from retirement, 19
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter%20Sarnak
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Peter Clive Sarnak (born 18 December 1953) is a South African-born mathematician with dual South-African and American nationalities. Sarnak has been a member of the permanent faculty of the School of Mathematics at the Institute for Advanced Study since 2007. He is also Eugene Higgins Professor of Mathematics at Princeton University since 2002, succeeding Sir Andrew Wiles, and is an editor of the Annals of Mathematics. He is known for his work in analytic number theory. He also sits on the Board of Adjudicators and the selection committee for the Mathematics award, given under the auspices of the Shaw Prize.
Education
Sarnak is the grandson of one of Johannesburg's leading rabbis and lived in Israel for three years as a child. He graduated from the University of the Witwatersrand (BSc 1975, BSc(Hons) 1976) and Stanford University (PhD 1980), under the direction of Paul Cohen. Sarnak's highly cited work (with A. Lubotzky and R. Phillips) applied deep results in number theory to Ramanujan graphs, with connections to combinatorics and computer science.
Career and research
Sarnak has made major contributions to analysis and number theory. He is widely recognised internationally as one of the leading analytic number theorists of his generation. His early work on the existence of cusp forms led to the disproof of a conjecture of Atle Selberg. He has obtained the strongest known bounds towards the Ramanujan–Petersson conjectures for sparse graphs, and he was one of the first to e
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20Shoenberg
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David Shoenberg, MBE FRS, (4 January 1911 – 10 March 2004) was a British physicist who worked in condensed matter physics. Shoenberg is known for having developed experimental and theoretical principles to study the De Haas–Van Alphen effect to characterize the electrical conduction of metals.
Biography
David Shoenberg was the fourth of five children of Isaac (later Sir Isaac) Shoenberg, engineer and pioneer of radio and television, and Esther (née Aisenstein). He was born in St. Petersburg, but came to England with the family when he was three. He attended Latymer Upper School, from where he won a scholarship to Trinity College, Cambridge and went up in October 1929. He had intended to study mathematics, but after one year he switched to physics, gaining a First in Part II in 1932. This ensured that he could continue as a research student, working on low-temperature physics in the newly-built Mond Laboratory, and supervised by Peter Kapitza, FRS.
In August 1934 Kapitza went to a conference in Moscow, and to visit his parents, but was not permitted to leave. He left Shoenberg more or less on his own. When the half-built helium liquefier was finished, Shoenberg chose the two topics which lasted him to the end of his active life, superconductivity and the De Haas-Van Alphen effect (dHvA).
Back in Moscow a new Laboratory had been built for Kapitza, to which Shoenberg was invited in 1937. He spent a year there, continuing work on, and making considerable advances in the unde
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karlheinz%20Kaske
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Karlheinz Kaske (April 19, 1928 in Essen – September 27, 1998) was a German manager and CEO of the Siemens AG from 1981 to 1992.
Kaske studied Physics at RWTH Aachen and joined Siemens in 1950, when he became an engineer in the Siemens factory at Karlsruhe. Later he was a lecturer for electrical engineering at RWTH Aachen and he continued academic teaching during his following years in Siemens’ development department. In 1975, Kaske became a member of the board of directors and since 1977 he was director of the power engineering department. He succeeded Bernhard Plettner as CEO in 1981. He passed the office to Heinrich von Pierer in October 1992.
References
Shaping the Future. The Siemens Entrepreneurs 1847–2018. Ed. Siemens Historical Institute, Hamburg 2018, .
External links
Presidents and Chief Executive Officers of Siemens AG
1998 deaths
1928 births
Engineers from Essen
German electrical engineers
People from the Rhine Province
Siemens people
RWTH Aachen University alumni
Academic staff of the Technical University of Munich
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald%20Breslow
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Ronald Charles David Breslow (March 14, 1931 – October 25, 2017) was an American chemist from Rahway, New Jersey. He was University Professor at Columbia University, where he was based in the Department of Chemistry and affiliated with the Departments of Biological Sciences and Pharmacology; he had also been on the faculty of its Department of Chemical Engineering. He had taught at Columbia since 1956 and was a former chair of the university's chemistry department.
Life and career
Breslow was born in Rahway, New Jersey, the son of Gladys (Fellows) and Alexander E. Breslow. He was interested in the design and synthesis of new molecules with interesting properties, and the study of these properties. Examples include the cyclopropenyl cation, the simplest aromatic system and the first aromatic compound prepared with other than six electrons in a ring. His seminal contributions include the correct site of reactivity of thiamin diphosphate in enzymes that promote the decarboxylation of pyruvate – based on his pioneering use of proton NMR with small molecule analogues – and the rate enhancement provided by binding to cyclodextrins produced major themes for study in modern organic and biological chemistry. He also co-discovered the histone deacetylase inhibitor SAHA (Vorinostat) which is FDA-approved for the treatment of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma.
Breslow earned his B.A., M.A. and Ph.D. from Harvard University, where his doctoral advisor was R. B. Woodward. Among Breslow's fo
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz%20Sondheimer
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Franz Sondheimer FRS (17 May 1926 – 11 February 1981) was a German-born British professor of chemistry. In 1960, he was awarded the Israel Prize for his contributions to science.
Biography
Franz Sondheimer was born in Stuttgart on 17 May 1926, the second son of Max and Ida Sondheimer. His father ran the family glue manufacturing business. His elder brother, Ernst, was Professor of Mathematics at Westfield College.
Having business connections in England, Max Sondheimer managed to get his family to London in September 1937. Sondheimer, knowing no English, began his schooling in England first at Southend and then at Hailey School in Bournemouth. In 1940, having passed Common Entrance, he attended the part of Highgate School remaining in London, where he obtained School Certificate in nine subjects in 1942. A little over a year later he gained entrance to Imperial College, where he studied until the end of the war, coming top of his year in the final examination. He was awarded a PhD in 1948, having studied acetylenic compounds under the guidance of Ian Heilbron and E R H Jones.
Sondheimer moved to Harvard in 1948, to join Woodward’s group in their project on steroid synthesis. He next moved, early in 1952, to Syntex in Mexico City to succeed Carl Djerassi as head of research. During his four year stay he helped create short direct routes to cortisone, and to all of the major sex hormones. He thoroughly enjoyed his time there and was much loved and respected. He explored much o
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael%20Szwarc
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Michael Szwarc (9 June 1909, Będzin, Poland – 4 August 2000, San Diego, California) was a British and American polymer chemist who discovered and studied ionic living polymerization.
Biography
Michael Mojżesz Szwarc was born into a Polish-Jewish family in Będzin, Poland. In 1932 he received the title of engineer in chemistry at the Warsaw University of Technology. In 1935 he emigrated to Palestine, where he joined his sister and cousin. In 1942 he defended his first Ph.D. dissertation in organic chemistry at Hebrew University in Jerusalem.
In 1945 he joined Michael Polanyi's research group at the University of Manchester in the UK. In 1947 he defended his second Ph.D. thesis, this time in physical chemistry. Two years later, he was awarded D.Sc. for work on measurements of energy distribution of chemical bonds, and was promoted to senior lecturer at the University of Manchester.
In 1952 Michael Szwarc moved to the United States and was a professor of physical chemistry and polymers at the State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry in Syracuse. He created his own research team at SUNY, developing living polymerization techniques in accordance with his long-term program published in Nature in 1956, in which he introduced the living polymerization term for the first time. In 1964 he received a Distinguished Professor at SUNY, and in 1967 he founded the Center for Research Polymers, which he led until his retirement in 1979.
At SUNY he was a c
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felix%20Weinberg
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Felix Jiri Weinberg FRS (2 April 1928 – 5 December 2012) was a Czech-British physicist. He was Emeritus Professor of Combustion Physics and Distinguished Research Fellow at Imperial College London.
Life
Felix Weinberg was born on 2 April 1928 in Ústí nad Labem in Czechoslovakia. As a teenager, he spent much of the war in Auschwitz, Buchenwald and other Nazi concentration camps. He arrived in England on V. J. day. Having had no formal schooling since the age of 12, he had to take his first degrees as an external student of the University of London. In 1951 he joined Imperial College as a research assistant, obtaining his PhD in 1954 for developing novel optical methods to analyse the structure of flames. He was appointed to a Personal Chair as Professor of Combustion Physics in 1967.
Professor Weinberg is distinguished for his optical and electrical studies of flames and his pioneering development of innovative combustion methods. He originated a family of powerful optical tools in combustion, using both thermal and laser light sources. His work on electrical diagnostics led to applications of electric fields to control combustion and improve understanding of ionisation and soot formation. He developed novel combustion devices[4] incorporating distinctive heat exchangers, permitting the ignition and burning of very low calorific fuel-air mixtures. These have had a seminal influence on the global evolution of environmentally benign combustion furnaces. His researches into t
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael%20Woolfson
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Michael Mark Woolfson (9 January 1927 – 23 December 2019) was a British physicist and planetary scientist. His research interests were in the fields of x-ray crystallography, biophysics, colour vision and the formation of stars and planets.
Academia
He was educated at Jesus College, Oxford and received his PhD from UMIST, where he was supervised by Henry Lipson.
He was a research assistant at UMIST 1950-52 and at Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, 1952–54.
He was an ICI Fellow, University of Cambridge, 1954–55.
At UMIST he was a lecturer, 1955–61, and a Reader, 1961–65.
Between 1959–60, he went on sabbatical working as a consultant at IBM, White Plains.
He was Professor of Theoretical Physics, 1965-94 University of York and head of the Department of Physics, 1982–87. He served as the first provost of Goodricke College between 1968 and 1972. He was professor emeritus.
DIAMOND Light Source
In November 1991, the Science and Engineering Research Council (SERC) set up a panel, which was chaired by Woolfson, to review synchrotron facilities in the UK. In April 1993, the “Woolfson Report” was published. Amongst the recommendations made in the report was the setting up of a new medium energy X-ray source to replace the existing Synchrotron Radiation Source, which was then located at Daresbury in Cheshire, UK. This new source was called the Diamond Light Source and, after some debate, it was decided to locate this source at the Rutherford Appleton Laboratory (RAL) i
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siemens%20%26%20Halske
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Siemens & Halske AG (or Siemens-Halske) was a German electrical engineering company that later became part of Siemens.
It was founded on 12 October 1847 as Telegraphen-Bauanstalt von Siemens & Halske by Werner von Siemens and Johann Georg Halske. The company, located in Berlin-Kreuzberg, specialised in manufacturing electrical telegraphs according to Charles Wheatstone's patent of 1837. In 1848, the company constructed one of the first European telegraph lines from Berlin to Frankfurt am Main. Siemens & Halske was not alone in the realm of electrical engineering. In 1887, Emil Rathenau had established Allgemeine Elektrizitäts-Gesellschaft (AEG), which became a long-time rival.
In 1881, Siemens & Halske built the Gross-Lichterfelde Tramway, the world's first electric streetcar line, in the southwestern Lichterfelde suburb of Berlin, followed by the Mödling and Hinterbrühl Tram near Vienna, the first electrical interurban tram in Austria-Hungary. 1882 saw the opening of the experimental "Elektromote" track, an early trolleybus concept in the Berlin suburb of Halensee. The rising popularity of telegraphs and electrical tramways, as well as in generators and electric motors, ensured steady growth for Siemens & Halske.
Werner von Siemens retired in 1890, while Johann Georg Halske had already left the company in 1867. Werner von Siemens' brother Karl Heinrich, together with Werner's sons Arnold and Georg Wilhelm, grew the firm and erected new Siemens & Halske premises along the
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian%20Association%20of%20Physicists
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Canadian Association of Physicists (CAP), or in French Association canadienne des physiciens et physiciennes (ACP) is a Canadian professional society that focuses on creating awareness among Canadians and Canadian legislators of physics issues, sponsoring physics related events, physics outreach, and publishes Physics in Canada. It was founded in July 1945. The organization has over 1,600 members and is bilingual, functioning in English and French.
P. Phys. professional certification
The CAP can appoint an official designation called the P. Phys. which stands for Professional Physicist, similar to the designation of P. Eng. which stands for Professional Engineer. This designation was unveiled at the CAP congress in 1999 and more than 200 people carry this distinction.
Physics contests
The Canadian Association of Physics hosts several CAP physics contests across Canada each year, aimed at different levels of physics students. The CAP High School Prize exam is offered across Canada once a year, usually in early April, and aims to challenge physics students on their physics knowledge. It is a national exam and the top participants are invited to try out for the Canadian Physics Olympiad international team trained by volunteers from the University of British Columbia.
The CAP Lloyd G. Elliott Prize exam, also known as the "University Prize Exam", is offered once a year, usually in early February, to Canadian university undergraduate physics students. The CAP Best Student Prese
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernhard%20Plettner
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Dr. Ing. e.h. Bernhard Plettner (December 2, 1914 in Oberlahnstein – November 2, 1997 in Erlangen) was a German engineer and manager. From 1971 to 1981 he was CEO of Siemens AG.
Plettner studied electrical engineering in Darmstadt. After an internship in 1937 he returned to Siemens-Schuckertwerke in Berlin in 1940. After World War II Plettner was especially engaged in restoring the export relations of the firm. Plettner became a member of the board of directors of Siemens-Schuckertwerke in 1959 and CEO of this company in 1962. After the merging of Siemens-Schuckertwerke with Siemens & Halske AG he was a member of the board of directors of Siemens AG. In 1971 he was appointed CEO. When he was succeeded by Karlheinz Kaske in 1981, Plettner became the first chairman of the supervisory board not to be a member of the Siemens family. He resigned in 1988.
References
Shaping the Future. The Siemens Entrepreneurs 1847–2018. Ed. Siemens Historical Institute, Hamburg 2018, ..
External links
Presidents and Chief Executive Officers of Siemens AG
Siemens
1914 births
1997 deaths
People from Erlangen
Knights Commander of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BPP
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BPP may refer to:
Education
BPP Holdings, a holding company based in the United Kingdom
BPP Law School, a law school based in the United Kingdom and a constituent school of BPP University
BPP University, a private university based in the United Kingdom
Mathematics
Bounded-error probabilistic polynomial time, a class of decision problems in computational complexity theory
Bin packing problem a problem in computational complexity theory
Medicine
Biophysical profile, a prenatal ultrasound evaluation of fetal well-being
BPP (also Brom PP), a medicine used for treatment of upper respiratory tract infection et al., in tablet or other form, with Brompheniramine, Phenylephrine and Phenylpropanolamine as active ingredients.
Places
Bang Pa-in Palace, the former Summer Palace of Thai kings.
Bandar Puteri Puchong, a township in Puchong, Selangor, Malaysia
Beckenham Place Park, a local nature reserve in southeastern London
Belmont Provincial Park, a provincial park, Prince Edward Island, Canada
Bình Phước Province, a province of Vietnam
Black Patch Park, a park in Smethwick, England
Black Pudding Peak, an isolated mountain Prince Albert Mountains, Victoria Land, Antarctica
Blomidon Provincial Park, a provincial park in Nova Scotia, Canada.
Bloomfield Provincial Park a provincial park, Prince Edward Island, Canada
Bogwang Phoenix Park, a ski resort in South Korea
Bonnechere Provincial Park, a provincial park on Round Lake, Ontario, Canada
Bonshaw Provinci
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M.%20J.%20Seaton
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Michael John Seaton (16 January 1923 – 29 May 2007) was an influential British mathematician, atomic physicist, and astronomer.
He was born in Bristol, and educated at Wallington County Grammar School (WCGS), a grammar school in Surrey, where he won prizes for his achievements in chemistry.
From 1941 to 1946 he served in the wartime Royal Air Force as a Flight Lieutenant. In this capacity he served first in RAF Bomber Command, navigating Avro Lancasters, and later in one of the elite Pathfinder squadrons, such was his capacity to apply his understanding of mathematics to the task before him.
After demobilisation, he returned to his studies, and the start of a long career at University College London. Gaining a First Class BSc in physics just two years later, he continued, obtaining his PhD on Quantal Calculations of certain reaction rates with applications to Astrophysical and Geophysical problems in 1951. He later did important work on the Quantum Defect Theory.
With a break as Chargé de Recherché at the Institut d'astrophysique de Paris from 1954 to 1955, he rose through the ranks at the Department of Physics at UCL, becoming a Reader in 1959, and Professor of Physics in 1963. He was made a Fellow of the College in 1972, the year in which the Departments of Physics and Astronomy merged. He held the status of Professor Emeritus and Honorary Research Fellow from 1988 until his death.
In 1964 he became Fellow-Adjoint at the Joint Institute for Laboratory Astrophysics (JI
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nora%20Barlow
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Emma Nora Barlow, Lady Barlow (née Darwin; 22 December 1885 – 29 May 1989), was a British botanist and geneticist. The granddaughter of the British naturalist Charles Darwin, Barlow began her academic career studying botany at Cambridge under Frederick Blackman, and continued her studies in the new field of genetics under William Bateson from 1904 to 1906. Her primary research focus when working with Bateson was the phenomenon of herostylism within the primrose family. In later life she was one of the first Darwinian scholars, and founder of the Darwin Industry of scholarly research into her grandfather's life and discoveries. She lived to 103.
Biography
Personal life
Nora, as she was known, was the daughter of the civil engineer Sir Horace Darwin and his wife The Hon. Ida, Lady Darwin (née Farrer), daughter of Thomas Farrer, 1st Baron Farrer. Her elder brother Erasmus was killed during the Second Battle of Ypres in 1915; She also had a sister, Ruth Darwin.
In 1911 she married Alan Barlow, son of the Royal Physician Sir Thomas Barlow. They had six children:
Joan Helen Barlow (26 May 1912 – 21 February 1954)
Sir Thomas Erasmus Barlow, 3rd Baronet. (23 January 1914 – 12 October 2003), naval officer.
Erasmus Darwin Barlow (15 April 1915 – 2 August 2005)
Andrew Dalmahoy Barlow (16 September 1916 – 2006)
Hilda Horatia Barlow (14 September 1919 – 1 February 2017) married psychoanalyst John Hunter Padel; their daughter is the poet Ruth Padel.
Horace Basil Barlow (b. 8 D
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whole%20Lotta%20History
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"Whole Lotta History" is a song by British all-female pop group Girls Aloud, taken from their third studio album Chemistry (2005). The song was written by Miranda Cooper, Brian Higgins and his production team Xenomania, and produced by Higgins and Xenomania. Described as "a lush ballad", "Whole Lotta History" was slightly remixed and released as a single in March 2006. It continued Girls Aloud's string of hits by becoming their twelfth consecutive single to chart within the top ten on the UK Singles Chart.
The music video was filmed in Paris, France and features Girls Aloud reminiscing about a former love. "Whole Lotta History" was promoted through numerous live appearances and has since been performed on three of the group's concert tours. Receiving comparisons to 1990s girl groups Spice Girls and All Saints, "Whole Lotta History" received generally favourable reviews from music critics.
Background and composition
"Whole Lotta History" is written in the key of F# major. Despite sounding more traditional than most Girls Aloud songs, "Whole Lotta History" is made up of seven different parts rather than following a verse-chorus formula. The song begins with a two-part introduction (part one sung by Kimberley Walsh, part two sung by Cheryl Cole), a verse (sung by Cole), and a pre-chorus (sung by Nadine Coyle) before reaching its chorus. The song then continues with a different verse (sung by Nicola Roberts) and a middle-eight (sung by Coyle). Following a repetition of the chor
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc%20Davis%20%28astronomer%29
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Marc Davis (born 1947) is an American professor of astronomy and physics at the University of California, Berkeley. Davis received his bachelor's degree from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1969, his Ph.D from Princeton University in 1973 and has been elected to both the National Academy of Sciences (1991) and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (1992). He taught for a year at Princeton, 1973–74, then was on the astronomy faculty at Harvard from 1975 to 1981. Since 1981, he has been on the faculty of the Department of Astronomy and Physics at the University of California at Berkeley.
Davis' work has been in physical cosmology and he has done a number of significant projects. While at Harvard, he led the CfA (Center for Astrophysics, Harvard & Smithsonian) galaxy survey, the first redshift survey of galaxies, which motivated his interest in N-body simulations of the Universe. In the 1980s, at Berkeley, he was part of a collaboration with George Efstathiou, Carlos Frenk and Simon White that established the validity of the "cold dark matter" theory for the formation of galaxies and other cosmic structures, now the accepted interpretation in cosmology. In a classic series of papers, that collaboration — often called DEFW by their peers — used computer code to simulate the growth of the universe and resolve disputes among theoretical models.
Through the 1990s, Davis worked on the theoretically expected large scale flow of galaxies and led the redshift survey o
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperbolic%20Dehn%20surgery
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In mathematics, hyperbolic Dehn surgery is an operation by which one can obtain further hyperbolic 3-manifolds from a given cusped hyperbolic 3-manifold. Hyperbolic Dehn surgery exists only in dimension three and is one which distinguishes hyperbolic geometry in three dimensions from other dimensions.
Such an operation is often also called hyperbolic Dehn filling, as Dehn surgery proper refers to a "drill and fill" operation on a link which consists of drilling out a neighborhood of the link and then filling back in with solid tori. Hyperbolic Dehn surgery actually only involves "filling".
We will generally assume that a hyperbolic 3-manifold is complete.
Suppose M is a cusped hyperbolic 3-manifold with n cusps. M can be thought of, topologically, as the interior of a compact manifold with toral boundary. Suppose we have chosen a meridian and longitude for each boundary torus, i.e. simple closed curves that are generators for the fundamental group of the torus. Let denote the manifold obtained from M by filling in the i-th boundary torus with a solid torus using the slope where each pair and are coprime integers. We allow a to be which means we do not fill in that cusp, i.e. do the "empty" Dehn filling. So M = .
We equip the space H of finite volume hyperbolic 3-manifolds with the geometric topology.
Thurston's hyperbolic Dehn surgery theorem states: is hyperbolic as long as a finite set of exceptional slopes is avoided for the i-th cusp for each i. I
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanislav%20Vydra
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Stanislav Vydra (13 November 1741 in Hradec Králové – 2 December 1804 in Prague) was a Bohemian Jesuit priest, writer, mathematician.
Life
Vydra entered the Jesuit novitiate of Hradec Králové in 1757. After two years in Brno, he studied philosophy and mathematics from 1762 to 1764 at Charles University. His teachers included Joseph Stepling and Jan Tesánek.
In 1765, he went as a teacher to Jičín and became Stepling's assistant a year later. He ministered as parish priest in Vilémov from 1771 to 1772. In 1772, Vydra was appointed professor of mathematics in Charles University in Prague. Here he taught until 1773. From 1789 to 1799, he was appointed to the mathematics faculty and served as dean of the Faculty of Arts. He became the rector of the university in 1800. He went blind in 1803 and died one year later. He is buried in Prague at the Olšany Cemetery in Prague.
Teachings
Stanislav Vydra taught elementary mathematics, a compulsory subject for the students at the philosophical faculty since 1752. He published “Elementa calcvli differentialis et integralis” in 1783, which became a well-known calculus textbook in Prague. After his death, his pupil and successor Josef Ladislav Jandera published his book Pocátkowé Arytmetyky, which was the first text book of elementary mathematics in Bohemia.
Selected works
Historia Matheseos in Bohemia et Moravia cultae, 1778
Elementa Calcvli Differentialis, et Integralis, 1783
Počátkowé Arytmetyky, 1806
References
Between elementary mat
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas%20Oldham
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Thomas Oldham (4 May 1816, Dublin – 17 July 1878, Rugby) was an Anglo-Irish geologist.
He was educated at Trinity College, Dublin and studied civil engineering at the University of Edinburgh as well as geology under Robert Jameson.
In 1838 he joined the ordnance survey in Ireland as a chief assistant under Joseph Ellison Portlock who was studying the geology of Londonderry and neighbourhood. Portlock wrote of him
He discovered radiating fans shaped impressions in the town of Bray in 1840. He showed this to the English palaeontologist Edward Forbes, who named it Oldhamia after him. Forbes declared them to be bryozoans, however later workers ascribed it to other plants and animals. For a while these were considered the oldest fossils in the world.
He became Curator to the Geological Society of Dublin, and in 1845 succeeded John Phillips, nephew of William Smith, in the Chair of Geology at Trinity College, Dublin. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in June 1848.
He married Louisa Matilda Dixon of Liverpool in 1850. He resigned in November that year and took a position as the first Superintendent of the Geological Survey of India. He was to be the first of the Irish geologists to migrate to the Subcontinent. He was followed by his brother Charles, William King Jr., son of William King the Professor of Geology at Queen's College, Galway; Valentine Ball and more than 12 other Irish geologists.
In India he oversaw a mapping program that focussed on coal bearing stra
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Abelson
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John Norman Abelson (born 1938 in Grand Coulee, Washington) is an American molecular biologist with expertise in biophysics, biochemistry, and genetics. He was a professor at the California Institute of Technology (Caltech).
Biography
Abelson graduated in 1960 with a bachelor's degree in physics from Washington State University. He obtained his Ph.D. in biophysics from Johns Hopkins University in 1965. He then did a postdoctoral fellowship in biochemistry at the MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Molecular Genetics Division, Cambridge, England, where he worked with Sydney Brenner and Francis Crick on the mechanism of nonsense suppressors in E.coli. This work involved both genetics and RNA sequencing (developed at that time by Fred Sanger).
His first faculty position was in the department of chemistry at the University of California, San Diego, in 1968.
In 1978, Abelson and his colleague Mel Simon founded Agouron Institute, a non-profit research organization that sponsors innovative research in biology. He is the president and executive director of the institute.
The institute has a substantial endowment because it founded a for-profit-company, Agouron Pharmaceuticals, six years later. This company, a pioneer in rational drug design, discovered and brought to market Viracept, a leading drug used for controlling HIV infections. In 1999, the company was bought by Warner Lambert for $2.1 Billion, and in 2000 Warner Lambert was acquired by Pfizer Incorporated. The institute
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius%20Adler%20%28biochemist%29
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Julius Adler (born 1930) is an American biochemist. He has been an Emeritus Professor of biochemistry and genetics at the University of Wisconsin–Madison since 1997.
Early life
Adler was born in Edelfingen, Germany in 1930. He came to the United States in 1938 at the age of 8 and became a naturalized citizen in 1943. His family settled in Grand Forks, North Dakota where their relatives were among the first Europeans to arrive in 1880. Since he was child, Adler had been fascinated by how organisms sense and respond to the environment.
Education
Adler attended Harvard University and received his A.B. in Biochemical Sciences in 1952. He then studied with Henry A. Lardy at the University of Wisconsin–Madison and earned an M.S. in Biochemistry in 1954 and a Ph.D. in Biochemistry in 1957.
After graduating, Adler did postdoctoral fellowships with Arthur Kornberg in the Department of Microbiology at Washington University School of Medicine (1957–59) and A. Dale Kaiser in the Department of Biochemistry at Stanford University School of Medicine (1959–60).
Adler returned to the University of Wisconsin–Madison to join the faculty of the Departments of Biochemistry and Genetics as an assistant professor in 1960. He was promoted to associate professor in 1963 and became professor in 1966. He became an emeritus professor in 1997.
He became Edwin Bret Hart Professor in 1972 and was Steenbock Professor of Microbiological Sciences from 1982 to 1992.
Contribution to understanding bacteria
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth%20Davidson%20%28mathematician%29
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Kenneth Ralph Davidson (born 1951 in Edmonton, Alberta) is Professor of Pure Mathematics at the University of Waterloo. He did his undergraduate work at Waterloo and received his Ph.D. under the supervision of William Arveson at the University of California, Berkeley in 1976. Davidson was Director of the Fields Institute from 2001 to 2004. His areas of research include operator theory and C*-algebras. Since 2007 he has been appointed University Professor at the University of Waterloo.
He is a Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada. He was appointed Fellow of the Fields Institute in 2006. In 2018 the Canadian Mathematical Society listed him in their inaugural class of fellows.
Publications
Real Analysis and Applications, with Allan Donsig, Undergraduate Texts in Mathematics, Springer, 2009.
-Algebras by Example, Fields Institute Monograph 6, AMS, 1996.
Nest Algebras, Pitman Research Notes in Math. 191, Longman, 1988.
See also
List of University of Waterloo people
Notes
External links
Kenneth R. Davidson's Homepage
1951 births
Living people
Fellows of the Canadian Mathematical Society
Fellows of the Royal Society of Canada
University of Waterloo alumni
UC Berkeley College of Letters and Science alumni
Academic staff of the University of Waterloo
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EinStein%20w%C3%BCrfelt%20nicht%21
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EinStein würfelt nicht! (... does not play dice) is a board game, designed by Ingo Althöfer, a professor of applied mathematics in Jena, Germany. It was the official game of an exhibition about Einstein in Germany during the Einstein Year (2005).
The name of the game in German has a double meaning. It is a play on Einstein's famous quote "I am convinced that He (God) does not play dice" and also refers to the fact that when a player has only one cube (ein Stein) remaining, they no longer need to "play dice", and may simply move the cube.
Rules
The game is played on a square board with a 5×5 grid. Each player has six cubes, numbered one to six. During setup, players arrange the cubes within the triangular area of their own color.
The players take turns rolling a six-sided die and then moving the matching cube. If the matching cube is no longer on the board, the player moves a remaining cube whose number is next-higher or next-lower to the rolled number. The player starting in the top-left may move that cube one square to the right, down, or on the diagonal down and to the right; the player starting in the bottom-right may move that cube one square to the left, up, or on the diagonal up and to the left. Any cube which already lies in the target square is removed from the board.
The objective of the game is for a player to either get one of their cubes to the far corner square in the grid (where their opponent started) or to remove all of their opponent's cubes from t
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geometric%20topology%20%28disambiguation%29
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In mathematics, the phrase geometric topology may refer to:
Geometric topology, the study of manifolds and maps between them, particularly embeddings of one manifold into another
Geometric topology (object), a topology one can put on the set H of hyperbolic 3-manifolds of finite volume
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst%20Cohen
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Ernst Julius Cohen ForMemRS (7 March 1869 – 6 March 1944) was a Dutch Jewish chemist known for his work on the allotropy of metals. Cohen studied chemistry under Svante Arrhenius in Stockholm, Henri Moissan at Paris, and Jacobus van't Hoff at Amsterdam. In 1893 he became Van't Hoff's assistant and in 1902 he became professor of Physical Chemistry at the University of Utrecht, a position which he held until his retirement in 1939. Throughout his life, Cohen studied the allotropy of tin.
Cohen's areas of research included polymorphism of both elements and compounds, photographic chemistry, electrochemistry, pizeochemistry, and the history of science. He published more than 400 papers and numerous books.
In 1913 he became member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences. He was elected a Foreign Member of the Royal Society in 1926. Following the 29 April 1942 decree that Dutch Jews wear the yellow badge, he was arrested by Nazi police for non-compliance and forced to resign.
According to Margit Szöllösi-Janze, in her book, Science in the Third Reich, Cohen "put great efforts into restoring the relationships of Western European scientists with their German colleagues after the First World War."
He was killed on 6 March 1944 in a gas chamber at Auschwitz concentration camp.
Literary works
"J. H. van 't Hoff, his life and work", 1912
"Impressions of the Land of Benjamin Franklin", 1928
References
External links
Weintraub, B. (2003). Tin Disease and Ernst
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salome%20Gluecksohn-Waelsch
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Salome Gluecksohn-Waelsch (October 6, 1907 – November 7, 2007) was a German-born U.S. geneticist and co-founder of the field of developmental genetics, which investigates the genetic mechanisms of development.
Biography
Gluecksohn-Waelsch was born in Danzig, Germany to Nadia and Ilya Gluecksohn. She grew up in Germany between World War I and II, where her family faced hardships including her father's death in the 1918 influenza epidemic, severe post-war inflation, and intense anti-Semitic sentiment.
She studied chemistry and zoology in Königsberg and Berlin before she joined Spemann's laboratory at the University of Freiburg in 1928. She commented on both Spemann's nationalist tendencies and prejudice against women scientists; prejudices she faced as a Jewish woman limited her career options in Germany. Salome started to quietly disagree with Spemann as him and his peers believed adamantly that there was no overlap in genetics and embryonic development. However, it would have not been wise to go against her professor at that time so she kept quiet until later on in her professional career. In 1932 she received her doctorate from the University of Freiburg for her work on the embryological limb development of aquatic salamanders. In the same year she married the biochemist Rudolph Schönheimer, with whom she escaped from Nazi Germany in 1933.
She went on to become a lecturer at Columbia University in 1936, bringing embryological acumen to Leslie C. Dunn's genetics laborator
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter%20Goldreich
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Peter Goldreich (born July 14, 1939) is an American astrophysicist whose research focuses on celestial mechanics, planetary rings, helioseismology and neutron stars. He is the Lee DuBridge Professor of Astrophysics and Planetary Physics at California Institute of Technology. Since 2005 he has also been a professor at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey. Asteroid 3805 Goldreich is named after him.
Career
Goldreich received a bachelor of science in engineering physics from Cornell University in 1960, and obtained a Ph.D. from Cornell in 1963 under the supervision of Thomas Gold. In 1963 and 1964 Goldreich was a postdoctoral fellow at Cambridge University. From 1964 to 1966 he was an assistant professor of astronomy and geophysics at UCLA. Goldreich joined the faculty at Caltech in 1966 as an associate professor. He later became a full professor in 1969 while remaining at Caltech, and in 1981 he became the Lee A. DuBridge Professor of Astrophysics & Planetary Physics also at Caltech. He also sits on the Board of Adjudicators for the Shaw Prize, and the selection committee for Astronomy Prizes.
Scientific accomplishments
In 1966 Goldreich published a classic paper on the evolution of the Moon's orbit and on the orbits of other moons in the Solar System. He showed that for each planet there is a certain distance such that moons closer to the planet than that distance maintain an almost constant orbital inclination with respect to the planet's equat
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