source
stringlengths 31
207
| text
stringlengths 12
1.5k
|
|---|---|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Representation%20theory%20of%20the%20Lorentz%20group
|
The Lorentz group is a Lie group of symmetries of the spacetime of special relativity. This group can be realized as a collection of matrices, linear transformations, or unitary operators on some Hilbert space; it has a variety of representations. This group is significant because special relativity together with quantum mechanics are the two physical theories that are most thoroughly established, and the conjunction of these two theories is the study of the infinite-dimensional unitary representations of the Lorentz group. These have both historical importance in mainstream physics, as well as connections to more speculative present-day theories.
Development
The full theory of the finite-dimensional representations of the Lie algebra of the Lorentz group is deduced using the general framework of the representation theory of semisimple Lie algebras. The finite-dimensional representations of the connected component of the full Lorentz group are obtained by employing the Lie correspondence and the matrix exponential. The full finite-dimensional representation theory of the universal covering group (and also the spin group, a double cover) of is obtained, and explicitly given in terms of action on a function space in representations of and . The representatives of time reversal and space inversion are given in space inversion and time reversal, completing the finite-dimensional theory for the full Lorentz group. The general properties of the (m, n) representations are
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tara%20Slone
|
Tara Kamala Slone (born September 7, 1973) is a Canadian rock vocalist, actress and television personality.
Early life and education
Slone was born in Montreal, Quebec, and raised in Wolfville and Halifax, Nova Scotia. Her stepfather Dr. Tomacz Pietrzykowski was the Dean of the School of Computer Science at Acadia University. She began pursuing classical voice training at the age of 12 with the goal of becoming an opera singer. Her first job was at a Second Cup in Halifax when she was in high school as a barista for a few months before working at Sam the Record Man. She connected with music lovers and indie musicians, which she credits as influencing her taste in music. At the age of 18, she attended first Dalhousie University and then Concordia University to pursue a degree in music. While at Concordia, she switched her aspirations to acting and rock music, and subsequently moved to Toronto, Ontario.
Acting career
In the mid-1990s, Slone played Columbia in the theatre version of The Rocky Horror Picture Show in front of sold-out crowds when it stopped at the Grand Theatre in Kingston, Ontario. In 2016, Slone appeared on stage at the Stratford Festival in the play The Hypochondriac.
In 1998, Slone landed a recurring role in La Femme Nikita. She appeared in three episodes. In 2008, she appeared in an episode of the second season of The Border, titled "Prescriptive Measures", as an American pop star who dies early on in the episode, which sparks the main plot of the episode.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jayant%20Narlikar
|
Jayant Vishnu Narlikar (born 19 July 1938) is an Indian astrophysicist and emeritus professor at the Inter-University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics (IUCAA). He developed with Sir Fred Hoyle the conformal gravity theory, known as Hoyle–Narlikar theory. It synthesises Albert Einstein's theory of relativity and Mach's principle. It proposes that the inertial mass of a particle is a function of the masses of all other particles, multiplied by a coupling constant, which is a function of cosmic epoch.
Early life
Narlikar was born in Kolhapur, India on 19 July 1938 in a family of scholars. His father, Vishnu Vasudev Narlikar, was a mathematician and theoretical physicist who served as Professor and Head of Department of Mathematics at Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, and mother, Sumati Narlikar, was a scholar of Sanskrit. His wife is mathematician Mangala Narlikar and they have three daughters. His maternal uncle was the distinguished statistician V. S. Huzurbazar.
Career
Narlikar completed his school education from Central Hindu College [now Central Hindu Boys School]. He received his BSc degree from Banaras Hindu University in 1957. He then began his studies at Cambridge University at Fitzwilliam College like his father, where he received a BA (Tripos) degree in mathematics in 1959 and was Senior Wrangler. In 1960, he won the Tyson Medal for astronomy. During his doctoral studies at Cambridge, he won the Smith's Prize in 1962. After receiving his PhD degree in 1963
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris%20Phoenix%20%28nanotechnologist%29
|
Chris Phoenix (born December 25, 1970) is the co-founder (with Mike Treder) and Director of Research of the Center for Responsible Nanotechnology (CRN), and has worked in the field of advanced nanotechnology for over 15 years. He obtained his BS in Symbolic Systems and MS in Computer Science from Stanford University in 1991. Since 2000, he has studied and written about molecular manufacturing. Phoenix, who lives in northern California, is a published author in nanotechnology and nanomedical research best known for his peer-reviewed paper, "Design of a Primitive Nanofactory", as well as his comprehensive outline of Thirty Essential Nanotechnology Studies. Phoenix has authored or co-authored many papers and essays published by the Society in connection with his work for CRN.
Phoenix also serves on the Scientific Advisory Board for Nanorex, Inc.
References
External links
"Revolution in a Box: the Center for Responsible Nanotechnology" - interview transcript
Interview with Nanotech.biz
Journal of Evolution and Technology, "Design of a Primitive Nanofactory" by Chris Phoenix
1970 births
Living people
Nanotechnologists
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orphan%20receptor
|
In biochemistry, an orphan receptor is a protein that has a similar structure to other identified receptors but whose endogenous ligand has not yet been identified. If a ligand for an orphan receptor is later discovered, the receptor is referred to as an "adopted orphan". Conversely, the term orphan ligand refers to a biological ligand whose cognate receptor has not yet been identified.
Examples
Examples of orphan receptors are found in the G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) and nuclear receptor families.
If an endogenous ligand is found, the orphan receptor is "adopted" or "de-orphanized". An example is the nuclear receptor farnesoid X receptor (FXR) and the GPCR TGR5/GPCR19/G protein-coupled bile acid receptor, both of which are activated by bile acids. Adopted orphan receptors in the nuclear receptor group include FXR, liver X receptor (LXR), and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR). Another example of an orphan receptor site is the PCP binding site in the NMDA receptor, a type of ligand-gated ion channel. This site is where the recreational drug PCP works, but no endogenous ligand is known to bind to this site.
GPCR orphan receptors are usually given the name "GPR" followed by a number, for example GPR1. In the GPCR family, nearly 100 receptor-like genes remain orphans.
Discovery
Historically, receptors were discovered by using ligands to "fish" for their receptors. Hence, by definition, these receptors were not orphans. However, with modern molecular bi
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf%20Grimm
|
Rudolf Grimm (born 10 November 1961) is an experimental physicist from Austria. His work centres on ultracold atoms and quantum gases. He was the first scientist worldwide who, with his team, succeeded in realizing a Bose–Einstein condensation of molecules.
Career
Grimm graduated in physics from the University of Hannover in 1986. From 1986 to 1989 he was a post-graduate researcher at the ETH Zurich (Swiss Federal Institute of Technology), then went on to the Institute of Spectroscopy of the USSR Academy of Sciences in Troitsk near Moscow for half a year. He spent the next ten years in Heidelberg as a researcher at the Max Planck Institute for Nuclear Physics. In 1994, Grimm applied to the University of Heidelberg to qualify as a professor by receiving the "venia docendi" in experimental physics. In the year 2000, he was appointed to a chair in experimental physics at the University of Innsbruck, where he has been Dean of the Faculty for Mathematics, Computer Science and Physics since 2005 and Director of the Research Center for Quantum Physics from 2006. Since 2003, Grimm has also held the position of Scientific Director at the Institute for Quantum Optics and Quantum Information (IQOQI) of the Austrian Academy of Sciences (ÖAW). Grimm is married, with three children.
Research
The work of the experimental physicist concentrates on Bose–Einstein condensation of atoms and molecules and on fermionic quantum gases. In 2002 his working group succeeded for the first time ever to
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshall%20Moore
|
Marshall Moore (born June 29, 1970), in Havelock, North Carolina, is an American author and academic living in Cornwall, England. He attended the North Carolina School of Science and Mathematics (NCSSM) and went on to obtain a BA in psychology from East Carolina University, an MA in applied linguistics from the University of New England, and a PhD in creative writing from Aberystwyth University in Wales. He has also studied at Gallaudet University. He has lived in New Bern, Winston-Salem, Greensboro, Washington DC, Maryland, Oakland, Portland, Seattle, the suburbs of Seoul, and Hong Kong. Fluent in American Sign Language, he worked for many years as an interpreter before moving abroad.
Bibliography
Novels
The Concrete Sky, Binghamton, NY: Haworth Press, 2003
An Ideal for Living, Maple Shade, NJ: Lethe Press, 2010
Bitter Orange, Hong Kong: Signal 8 Press, 2013
Inhospitable, Manchester: Camphor Press, 2018
Nonfiction
I Wouldn't Normally Do This Kind of Thing: A Memoir, New Orleans: Rebel Satori Press, 2022
Blood and Black T-Shirts: Dispatches from Hong Kong's Descent into Hell 2019-2020, Manchester: Camphor Press, 2023
Sunset House: Essays, New Orleans: Rebel Satori Press, 2024
Short story collections
Black Shapes in a Darkened Room, San Francisco: Suspect Thoughts Press, 2004
The Infernal Republic, Hong Kong: Signal 8 Press, 2012
A Garden Fed by Lightning, Hong Kong: Signal 8 Press, 2016
Love Is a Poisonous Color, New Orleans: Rebel Satori Press, 2023
In trans
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammonia%20%28data%20page%29
|
This page provides supplementary chemical data on ammonia.
Structure and properties
Thermodynamic properties
Vapor–liquid equilibrium data
Table data (above) obtained from CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 44th ed. The (s) notation indicates equilibrium temperature of vapor over solid. Otherwise temperature is equilibrium of vapor over liquid.
Vapor-pressure formula for ammonia:
log10P = A – B / (T − C),
where P is pressure in kPa, and T is temperature in kelvins;
A = 6.67956, B = 1002.711, C = 25.215 for T = 190 K through 333 K.
Heat capacity of liquid and vapor
Spectral data
Regulatory data
Safety data sheet
The handling of this chemical may incur notable safety precautions... It is highly recommend that you seek the Safety Data Sheet (SDS) for this chemical from a reliable source and follow its directions.
SIRI
Science Stuff (Ammonia Solution)
References
External links
Phase diagram for ammonia
IR spectrum (from NIST)
Chemical data pages
Chemical data pages cleanup
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles%20Dupin
|
Baron Pierre Charles François Dupin (6 October 1784, Varzy, Nièvre – 18 January 1873, Paris, France) was a French Catholic mathematician, engineer, economist and politician, particularly known for work in the field of mathematics, where the Dupin cyclide and Dupin indicatrix are named after him; and for his work in the field of statistical and thematic mapping. In 1826 he created the earliest known choropleth map.
Life and work
He was born in Varzy in France, the son of Charles Andre Dupin, a lawyer, and Catherine Agnes Dupin. His elder brother is André Marie Jean Jacques Dupin.
Dupin studied geometry with Monge at the École Polytechnique and then became a naval engineer (ENSTA). His mathematical work was in descriptive and differential geometry. He was the discoverer of conjugate tangents to a point on a surface and of the Dupin indicatrix.
Dupin participated in the Greek science revival by teaching mathematics and mechanics lessons in Corfu in 1808. One of his students was Giovanni Carandino, who would go on to be the founder of the Greek Mathematics School in the 1820s.
From 1807 Dupin was responsible for the restoration of the damaged port and arsenal at Corfu. He founded the Toulon Maritime Museum in 1813.
In 1818, Dupin was elected to the body of the French Academy of Sciences, one of the Institut de France's five Academies.
He was appointed professor at the Conservatoire des Arts et Métiers in 1819; he kept this post until 1854. In 1822, Dupin was elected a forei
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gateaux%20derivative
|
In mathematics, the Gateaux differential or Gateaux derivative is a generalization of the concept of directional derivative in differential calculus. Named after René Gateaux, a French mathematician who died at age 25 in World War I, it is defined for functions between locally convex topological vector spaces such as Banach spaces. Like the Fréchet derivative on a Banach space, the Gateaux differential is often used to formalize the functional derivative commonly used in the calculus of variations and physics.
Unlike other forms of derivatives, the Gateaux differential of a function may be nonlinear. However, often the definition of the Gateaux differential also requires that it be a continuous linear transformation. Some authors, such as , draw a further distinction between the Gateaux differential (which may be nonlinear) and the Gateaux derivative (which they take to be linear). In most applications, continuous linearity follows from some more primitive condition which is natural to the particular setting, such as imposing complex differentiability in the context of infinite dimensional holomorphy or continuous differentiability in nonlinear analysis.
Definition
Suppose and are locally convex topological vector spaces (for example, Banach spaces), is open, and The Gateaux differential of at in the direction is defined as
If the limit exists for all then one says that is Gateaux differentiable at
The limit appearing in () is taken relative to the topolo
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrophysical%20plasma
|
Astrophysical plasma is plasma outside of the Solar System. It is studied as part of astrophysics and is commonly observed in space. The accepted view of scientists is that much of the baryonic matter in the universe exists in this state.
When matter becomes sufficiently hot and energetic, it becomes ionized and forms a plasma. This process breaks matter into its constituent particles which includes negatively charged electrons and positively charged ions. These electrically charged particles are susceptible to influences by local electromagnetic fields. This includes strong fields generated by stars, and weak fields which exist in star forming regions, in interstellar space, and in intergalactic space. Similarly, electric fields are observed in some stellar astrophysical phenomena, but they are inconsequential in very low-density gaseous media.
Astrophysical plasma is often differentiated from space plasma, which typically refers to the plasma of the Sun, the solar wind, and the ionospheres and magnetospheres of the Earth and other planets.
Observing and studying astrophysical plasma
Plasmas in stars can both generate and interact with magnetic fields, resulting in a variety of dynamic astrophysical phenomena. These phenomena are sometimes observed in spectra due to the Zeeman effect. Other forms of astrophysical plasmas can be influenced by preexisting weak magnetic fields, whose interactions may only be determined directly by polarimetry or other indirect methods. In pa
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich%20Caro
|
Heinrich Caro (February 13, 1834 in Posen, Prussia Germany now Poznań, Poland – September 11, 1910 in Dresden), was a German Jewish chemist.
He was a Sephardic Jew. He started his study of chemistry at the Friedrich Wilhelms University and later chemistry and dyeing in Berlin at the Royal Trades Institute. On the initiative of Nicolaus Druckenmüller, he trained as a calico printer in Germany, worked at Troost's calico printing works in Mülheim and then worked at the chemical firm Roberts, Dale in Manchester. During this time he improved the analysis of madder lake. After he returned to Germany he conducted his military service in 1857 and 1858. He worked in the laboratory of Jacques Meyer the father of Viktor Meyer in Berlin. In 1858 he was able to return to Mühlheim where he was not able to conduct his work. He joined the chemical firm Roberts, Dale in Manchester which he knew from his former visit.
During his time in England he improved the extraction of Mauveine from the residues of the synthesis and developed a synthesis for aniline red and other dyes.
In 1861 Caro returned to Germany and stayed at the laboratory of Robert Bunsen until he joined the Chemische Fabrik Dyckerhoff Clemm & Co. This chemical company later became BASF.
Caro was responsible for indigo research at BASF and he and Adolf von Baeyer synthesised the first indigo dye in 1878. Caro also patented the dye alizarin on behalf of BASF. He was the first to isolate acridine and "Caro's acid" (peroxymonos
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monomorphic
|
Monomorphic or Monomorphism may refer to:
Monomorphism, an injective homomorphism in mathematics
Monomorphic QRS complex, a wave pattern seen on an electrocardiogram
Monomorphic, a linguistic term meaning "consisting of only one morpheme"
Monomorphic phenotype, when only one phenotype exists in a population of a species
Sexual monomorphism, when both biological sexes are phenotypically indistinguishable from each other.
Monomorphism (computer science), a programming concept
See also
Dimorphism (disambiguation)
Polymorphism (disambiguation)
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irving%20Segal
|
Irving Ezra Segal (1918–1998) was an American mathematician known for work on theoretical quantum mechanics. He shares credit for what is often referred to as the Segal–Shale–Weil representation. Early in his career Segal became known for his developments in quantum field theory and in functional and harmonic analysis, in particular his innovation of the algebraic axioms known as C*-algebra.
Biography
Irving Ezra Segal was born in the Bronx on September 13, 1918, to Jewish parents. He attended school in Trenton. In 1934 he was admitted to Princeton University, at the age of 16. He was elected to Phi Beta Kappa, completed his undergraduate studies in just three years time, graduated with highest honors with a bachelor's degree in 1937, and was awarded the George B. Covington Prize in Mathematics. He was then admitted to Yale, and in another three years time had completed his doctorate, receiving his Doctor of Philosophy degree in 1940. Segal taught at Harvard University, then he joined the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton on a Guggenheim Memorial Fellowship, working from 1941 to 1943 with Albert Einstein and John von Neumann. During World War II Segal served in the US Army conducting research in ballistics at the Aberdeen Proving Ground in Maryland. He joined the mathematics department at the University of Chicago in 1948 where he served until 1960. In 1960 he joined the mathematics department at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology where he remained as a profes
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selenate
|
The selenate ion is .
Selenates are analogous to sulfates and have similar chemistry. They are highly soluble in aqueous solutions at ambient temperatures.
Unlike sulfate, selenate is a somewhat good oxidizer; it can be reduced to selenite or selenium.
In strongly acidic conditions, the hydrogen selenate ion, , is formed. It corresponds to the selenic acid, H2SeO4, which is a strong acid and can in its concentrated form dissolve gold.
The element selenium exhibits several valence states. Selenate is the least reduced, followed by selenite, and elemental selenium; selenide is even more reduced than elemental selenium. The valence state is an important factor to the toxicity of selenium. Selenate is the form required by organisms that need selenium as a micronutrient. These organisms have the ability to acquire, metabolize and excrete selenium. The level at which selenium becomes toxic varies from species to species and is related to other environmental factors like pH and alkalinity that influence the concentration of selenite over selenate.
Selenate and other forms of selenium are highest in areas where ancient seas have evaporated. These areas are enriched in selenium and over millennia, biologic adaptation has occurred.
References
Selenium(VI) compounds
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carath%C3%A9odory%27s%20theorem%20%28conformal%20mapping%29
|
In mathematics, Carathéodory's theorem is a theorem in complex analysis, named after Constantin Carathéodory, which extends the Riemann mapping theorem. The theorem, first proved in 1913, states that any conformal mapping sending the unit disk to some region in the complex plane bounded by a Jordan curve extends continuously to a homeomorphism from the unit circle onto the Jordan curve. The result is one of Carathéodory's results on prime ends and the boundary behaviour of univalent holomorphic functions.
Proofs of Carathéodory's theorem
The first proof of Carathéodory's theorem presented here is a summary of the short self-contained account in ; there are related proofs in and .
Clearly if f admits an extension to a homeomorphism, then ∂U must be a Jordan curve.
Conversely if ∂U is a Jordan curve, the first step is to prove f extends continuously to the closure of D. In fact this will hold if and only if f is uniformly continuous on D: for this is true if it has a continuous extension to the closure of D; and, if f is uniformly continuous, it is easy to check f has limits on the unit circle and the same inequalities for uniform continuity hold on the closure of D.
Suppose that f is not uniformly continuous. In this case there must be an ε > 0 and a point ζ on the unit circle and sequences zn, wn tending to ζ with |f(zn) − f(wn)| ≥ 2ε. This is shown below to lead to a contradiction, so that f must be uniformly continuous and hence has a continuous extension to the clos
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International%20Academy%20of%20Quantum%20Molecular%20Science
|
The International Academy of Quantum Molecular Science (IAQMS) is an international scientific learned society covering all applications of quantum theory to chemistry and chemical physics. It was created in Menton in 1967. The founding members were Raymond Daudel, Per-Olov Löwdin, Robert G. Parr, John Pople and Bernard Pullman. Its foundation was supported by Louis de Broglie.
Originally, the academy had 25 regular members under 65 years of age. This was later raised to 30, and then to 35. There is no limit on the number of members over 65 years of age. The members are "chosen among the scientists of all countries who have distinguished themselves by the value of their scientific work, their role of pioneer or leader of a school in the broad field of quantum chemistry, i.e. the application of quantum mechanics to the study of molecules and macromolecules". As of 2006, the academy consisted of 90 members. The academy organizes the International Congress of Quantum Chemistry every three years.
The academy awards a medal to a young member of the scientific community who has distinguished themselves by a pioneering and important contribution. The award has been made every year since 1967.
Presidents
Presidents and vice-presidents of the academy since its inception:
Members
Ali Alavi
Millard H. Alexander
Jean-Marie André
Evert-Jan Baerends
Vincenzo Barone
Rodney J. Bartlett
Mikhail V. Basilevsky
Axel D. Becke
Joel M. Bowman
Jean-Luc Brédas
Ria Broer-Braam
A. David Bucking
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigrid%20D.%20Peyerimhoff
|
Sigrid Doris Peyerimhoff (born 12 January 1937, in Rottweil) is a theoretical chemist and Emeritus Professor at the Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Bonn, Germany.
Education
After completing her abitur, Peyerimhoff studied physics at the University of Gießen, completing her degree in 1961 and receiving her doctorate under supervision of Bernhard Kockel in 1963. After researching at the University of Chicago, the University of Washington, and Princeton University, she returned to Germany and gained her habilitation at the University of Gießen in 1967. She became professor for theoretical chemistry at the University of Mainz in 1970, and at the University of Bonn in 1972.
Quantum chemistry
Her contributions have been to the development of ab initio quantum chemical methods, in particular, multireference configuration interaction, and to their application in many fields of physics and chemistry. Particular emphasis has been given to electronically excited states, molecular spectra and photochemistry. Many studies are on atmospheric molecules and ions, their lifetimes in excited states and decomposition due to radiative and non-radiative processes, and on stability and spectra of clusters.
Some of her students became well known for their contribution to quantum chemistry, including Bernd Engels, Stefan Grimme, Bernd A. Hess, Christel Marian, Matthias Ernzerhoff and Bernd M. Nestmann.
Awards and honors
During her career, she received several awar
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multireference%20configuration%20interaction
|
In quantum chemistry, the multireference configuration interaction (MRCI) method consists of a configuration interaction expansion of the eigenstates of the electronic molecular Hamiltonian in a set of Slater determinants which correspond to excitations of the ground state electronic configuration but also of some excited states. The Slater determinants from which the excitations are performed are called reference determinants. The higher excited determinants (also called configuration state functions (CSFs) or shortly configurations) are then chosen either by the program according to some perturbation theoretical ansatz according to a threshold provided by the user or simply by truncating excitations from these references to singly, doubly, ... excitations resulting in MRCIS, MRCISD, etc.
For the ground state using more than one reference configuration means a better correlation and so a lower energy. The problem of size inconsistency of truncated CI-methods is not solved by taking more references.
As a result of a MRCI calculation one gets a more balanced correlation of the ground and excited states. For quantitative good energy differences (excitation energies) one has to be careful in selecting the references. Taking only the dominant configuration of an excited state into the reference space leads to a correlated (lower) energy of the excited state. The generally too-high excitation energies of CIS or CISD are lowered. But usually excited states have more than one dom
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child%20class
|
Child class may refer to:
Subclass (computer science)
Child-Pugh score
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorenz%20S.%20Cederbaum
|
Lorenz Cederbaum (born 26 October 1946 in Braunschweig, Germany) is a German physical chemist.
He studied physics at the University of Munich and obtained his diplome in 1970, his Ph.D. in 1972 under Georg Hohlneicher, and habilitation in 1976. He was professor at the University of Freiburg before becoming professor for theoretical chemistry at the University of Heidelberg in 1979.
L. S. Cederbaum is member of the International Academy of Quantum Molecular Science and the Academy of Sciences Leopoldina.
Research areas
Calculation of electronic states and transitions using many-particle methods (computational chemistry)
Spectroscopy and radiationless relaxation of polyatomic molecules
Electron-molecule scattering, photoionization and Auger decay
Wave packet dynamics (the multi-configuration time-dependent Hartree method).
Chaos and statistics
Structure and dynamics of quasi-one-dimensional systems
Stable multiply charged anions of isolated small molecules and clusters
Fundamental aspects, electronic structure and dynamics of atoms and molecules in strong magnetic fields
Bose-Einstein Condensation
Interatomic/Intermolecular Coulombic Decay (ICD)
External links
University of Heidelberg Biography (German)
IAQMS: Lorenz S. Cederbaum
1946 births
Scientists from Braunschweig
German physical chemists
Science teachers
Members of the International Academy of Quantum Molecular Science
Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich alumni
Academic staff of Heidelberg Univers
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petr%20C%C3%A1rsky
|
Petr Čársky (born on May 29, 1942) is a Slovakian quantum chemist.
He obtained in 1968 his Ph.D. at Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences, Prague.
He worked as senior researcher at the Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences, Prague (1989-1990). He became in 1990 Theoretical group leader, Jaroslav Heyrovsky Institute of Physical Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague.
Research
Development of quantum-chemical methods in general. And in particular:
Multireference coupled cluster
Electron-molecule scattering theory and its applications to high resolution electron energy loss spectroscopy
Ab initio calculations on molecules with unusual bonding.
Awards and honors
Fellow of the Czech Learned Society (1994).
International Academy of Quantum Molecular Science (1994)
References
Members of the International Academy of Quantum Molecular Science
Czech chemists
1942 births
Living people
Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the CAS
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Claude%20Lorquet
|
Jean-Claude Lorquet (born 19 September 1935) is a professor of Theoretical Chemistry at the University of Liège. He is member of the International Academy of Quantum Molecular Science and author of over 100 scientific papers.
Some of his students are also well known for their contribution to quantum chemistry and reactivity: Michèle Desouter-Lecomte, Bernard Ley, Françoise Remacle.
Lorquet was born in Liège, Belgium.
Important contributions
Theory of mass spectra.
Study of reaction paths and of dissociation mechanisms of electronically excited molecular ions.
Nonadiabatic interactions.
Avoided crossings and conical intersections.
Transition probabilities between two coupled potential energy surfaces.
Statistical calculation of rate constants of nonadiabatic reactions.
Validity of statistical theories of unimolecular reactions under collision-free conditions.
Study of intramolecular vibrational energy relaxation, of phase space sampling and of unimolecular laws of decay via autocorrelation functions.
Occurrence of quantum effects in competitive unimolecular reactions.
See also
Nonadiabatic transition state theory
References
1935 births
Living people
Scientists from Liège
Belgian chemists
Members of the International Academy of Quantum Molecular Science
Academic staff of the University of Liège
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TBE%20buffer
|
TBE or Tris/Borate/EDTA, is a buffer solution containing a mixture of Tris base, boric acid and EDTA.
In molecular biology, TBE and TAE buffers are often used in procedures involving nucleic acids, the most common being electrophoresis. Tris-acid solutions are effective buffers for slightly basic conditions, which keep DNA deprotonated and soluble in water. EDTA is a chelator of divalent cations, particularly of magnesium (Mg2+). As these ions are necessary co-factors for many enzymes, including contaminant nucleases, the role of the EDTA is to protect the nucleic acids against enzymatic degradation. But since Mg2+ is also a co-factor for many useful DNA-modifying enzymes such as restriction enzymes and DNA polymerases, its concentration in TBE or TAE buffers is generally kept low (typically at around 1 mM).
More recently discovered substitutes for TBE and TAE buffers for electrophoresis are available.
Recipe (1 liter of 5X stock solution)
54 g of Tris base (CAS# 77-86-1, free base)
27.5 g of boric acid (CAS# 10043-35-3)
20 ml of 0.5 M EDTA (CAS# 60-00-4) (pH 8.0)
Adjust pH to 8.3 by HCl.
TBE can be diluted to 1X prior to use in electrophoresis, 0.5x is acceptable as well. Higher concentrations will result in poor results due to excessive heat generation.
See also
LB buffer, lithium borate buffer, a similar buffer containing lithium ions in place of Tris
TAE buffer, a similar buffer containing acetic acid in place of boric acid
References
Buffer solutions
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dirac%20fermion
|
In physics, a Dirac fermion is a spin-½ particle (a fermion) which is different from its antiparticle. A vast majority of fermions fall under this category.
Description
In particle physics, all fermions in the standard model have distinct antiparticles (perhaps excepting neutrinos) and hence are Dirac fermions. They are named after Paul Dirac, and can be modeled with the Dirac equation.
A Dirac fermion is equivalent to two Weyl fermions. The counterpart to a Dirac fermion is a Majorana fermion, a particle that must be its own antiparticle.
Dirac quasi-particles
In condensed matter physics, low-energy excitations in graphene and topological insulators, among others, are fermionic quasiparticles described by a pseudo-relativistic Dirac equation.
See also
Dirac spinor, a wavefunction-like description of a Dirac fermion
Dirac–Kähler fermion, a geometric formulation of Dirac fermions
Majorana fermion, an alternate category of fermion, possibly describing neutrinos
Spinor, mathematical details
References
Fermions
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrapyrrole
|
Tetrapyrroles are a class of chemical compounds that contain four pyrrole or pyrrole-like rings. The pyrrole/pyrrole derivatives are linked by (=- or -- units), in either a linear or a cyclic fashion. Pyrroles are a five-atom ring with four carbon atoms and one nitrogen atom. Tetrapyrroles are common cofactors in biochemistry and their biosynthesis and degradation feature prominently in the chemistry of life.
Some tetrapyrroles form the active core of compounds with crucial biochemical roles in living systems, such as hemoglobin and chlorophyll. In these two molecules, in particular, the pyrrole macrocycle ring frames a metal atom, that forms a coordination compound with the pyrroles and plays a central role in the biochemical function of those molecules.
Structure
Linear tetrapyrroles (called bilanes) include:
Heme breakdown products (e.g., bilirubin, biliverdin)
Phycobilins (found in cyanobacteria)
Luciferins as found in dinoflagellates and euphausiid shrimps (krill)
Cyclic tetrapyrroles having four one-carbon bridges include:
Porphin, the simplest tetrapyrrole
Porphyrins, including heme, the core of hemoglobin
Chlorins, including those at the core of chlorophyll.
Cyclic tetrapyrroles having three one-carbon bridges and one direct bond between the pyrroles include:
Corrins, including the cores of cobalamins, when complexed with a cobalt ion.
The tetrapyrrole portions of the molecules typically act as chromophores because of a high degree of conjugation in them. The
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward%20Stanley%2C%204th%20Baron%20Stanley%20of%20Alderley
|
Edward Lyulph Stanley, 4th Baron Sheffield, 4th Baron Stanley of Alderley and 3rd Baron Eddisbury PC (16 May 1839 – 18 March 1925) was an English peer.
Life
He was the son of Edward Stanley, 2nd Baron Stanley of Alderley, and the former Henrietta Dillon-Lee. He attended Eton College between 1851 and 1857, gaining the Tomline Prize for mathematics in 1857. He read Greats at Balliol College, Oxford, gaining a first-class degree and fellowship to the college in 1861. He was called to the bar in 1865.
Stanley (then known as the Honourable Edward Lyulph Stanley) contested Oldham, in the Liberal interest, at elections in 1872, 1874, 1880 and 1885. He only won the 1880 contest and served in the House of Commons during the 1880–1885 Parliament. He was appointed a Privy Counsellor in 1910.
Stanley was a member of the London School Board from 1876 to 1885 and also from 1888 to 1896. He wrote a book Our National Education (1899).
Family
Stanley married Mary Katherine Bell, daughter of Lowthian Bell, on 6 February 1873. They had eight children:
Katharine Florence Clementine Stanley (died 1884)
Henrietta Margaret Stanley (1874–1956), married William Edmund Goodenough.
Arthur Stanley, 5th Baron Stanley of Alderley (1875–1931)
Edward John Stanley (1878–1908)
Lt.-Col. Oliver Hugh Stanley (1879–1952)
Sylvia Laura Stanley (1882–1980), married Anthony Morton Henley, and was mother of Rosalind Pitt-Rivers.
Blanche Florence Daphne Stanley (1885–1968), married Eric Pearce-Serocold.
Beatrice
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotopologue
|
In chemistry, isotopologues are molecules that differ only in their isotopic composition. They have the same chemical formula and bonding arrangement of atoms, but at least one atom has a different number of neutrons than the parent.
An example is water, whose hydrogen-related isotopologues are: "light water" (HOH or ), "semi-heavy water" with the deuterium isotope in equal proportion to protium (HDO or ), "heavy water" with two deuterium isotopes of hydrogen per molecule ( or ), and "super-heavy water" or tritiated water ( or , as well as and , where some or all of the hydrogen atoms are replaced with the radioactive tritium isotope). Oxygen-related isotopologues of water include the commonly available form of heavy-oxygen water () and the more difficult to separate version with the isotope. Both elements may be replaced by isotopes, for example in the doubly labeled water isotopologue . All taken together, there are 9 different stable water isotopologues, and 9 radioactive isotopologues involving tritium, for a total of 18. However only certain ratios are possible in mixture, due to prevalent hydrogen swapping.
The atom(s) of the different isotope may be anywhere in a molecule, so the difference is in the net chemical formula. If a compound has several atoms of the same element, any one of them could be the altered one, and it would still be the same isotopologue. When considering the different locations of the same isotopically modified element, the term isotopomer, fi
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keel%20%28disambiguation%29
|
A keel is the central beam of the hull of a boat.
Keel may also refer to:
Keel (anatomy), several meanings
Boats
Humber Keel, a type of boat used on the Humber Estuary in England
Keelboat or "keel", a flat-bottomed boat designed for use on rivers
Biology
Keel (bird anatomy), modified sternums of birds
Art, entertainment and media
Keel (band), heavy metal group in the 1980s
Keel (album)
KEEL, AM radio station in Shreveport, Louisiana
Keel Lorenz, a character in Neon Genesis Evangelion
Places
Keel, County Mayo, town on Achill Island, Ireland
Keel, a parish of Castlemaine, County Kerry, Ireland
Keel Creek Bridge, a road bridge near Coalgate, Oklahoma, USA
Keel Island, an island off the Antarctica coast
Keel Mountain (disambiguation)
Other uses
Keel (surname), including a list of people with the name
Keel (unit), a measure of coal in North East England
Studio Keel, Serbian swimwear company specializing in water polo
See also
Keels (disambiguation)
Keal (disambiguation)
Keeill
Keele (disambiguation)
Kiel (disambiguation)
Kil (disambiguation)
Kile (disambiguation)
Kill (disambiguation)
Kyl (disambiguation)
Kyle (disambiguation)
Kyll
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Griess%20test
|
The Griess test is an analytical chemistry test which detects the presence of nitrite ion in solution. One of its most important uses is the determination of nitrite in drinking water. The Griess diazotization reaction, on which the Griess reagent relies, was first described in 1858 by Peter Griess. The test has also been widely used for the detection of nitrates (N-oxidation state = 5+), which are a common component of explosives, as they can be reduced to nitrites (N-oxidation state = 3+) and detected with the Griess test.
Method
Nitrite is detected and analyzed by the formation of a red pink colour upon treatment of a nitrite-containing sample with the Griess reagent, which consists of two components in an acidic solution: an aniline derivative and a coupling agent. The most common arrangements use sulfanilamide and N-(1-naphthyl)ethylenediamine: a typical commercial Griess reagent contains 0.2% N-(1-naphthyl)ethylenediamine dihydrochloride, and 2% sulfanilamide in 5% phosphoric acid. This diamine is used in place of the simpler and cheaper 1-naphthylamine because the latter is a potent carcinogen and moreover the diamine forms a more polar and hence a much more soluble dye in acidic aqueous medium. Other aniline derivatives that have been used include sulfanilic acid, nitroaniline, and p-aminoacetophenone.
The Griess test involves two subsequent reactions. When sulfanilamide is added, the nitrite ion reacts with it in the Griess diazotization reaction to form a diazoniu
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann%20B%C3%B6hm
|
Johann Böhm (20 January 1895 – 27 November 1952) was a German Bohemian chemist who focused on photochemistry and radiography. The aluminum-containing mineral boehmite (or böhmite) was named after him.
Biography
Böhm studied at the German Polytechnic University in Prague and then worked with Fritz Haber in Berlin where he re-designed and considerably improved the Weissenberg x-ray goniometer. In 1926 George de Hevesy, then a professor at the University of Freiburg, invited Böhm to co-operate with him on a series of experiments in spectrographic analysis. Afterwards Böhm worked at Freiburg University as an assistant and later as an associate professor. From October 1935 he was a professor of physical chemistry at the German University in Prague. After World War II Böhm was allowed to remain in the country and become again a citizen of Czechoslovakia because he had been active in the anti-Nazi movement supporting Czech scientists such as Jaroslav Heyrovský, but was not permitted to continue his academic career. He worked in an industrial research institute in Rybitví (Výzkumný ústav organických syntéz). A few days before his death he was appointed Corresponding Member of the Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences.
He died in Prague on 27 November 1952.
References
External links
Contains short biography of Böhm (in Czech)
1895 births
1952 deaths
Scientists from České Budějovice
German Bohemian people
Czechoslovak chemists
20th-century German chemists
Czech Technical Universi
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max%20Planck%20Institute%20for%20Physics
|
The Max Planck Institute for Physics (MPP) is a physics institute in Munich, Germany that specializes in high energy physics and astroparticle physics. It is part of the Max-Planck-Gesellschaft and is also known as the Werner Heisenberg Institute, after its first director in its current location.
The founding of the institute traces back to 1914, as an idea from Fritz Haber, Walther Nernst, Max Planck, Emil Warburg, Heinrich Rubens. On October 1, 1917, the institute was officially founded in Berlin as Kaiser-Wilhelm-Institut für Physik (KWIP, Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Physics) with Albert Einstein as the first head director. In October 1922, Max von Laue succeeded Einstein as managing director. Einstein gave up his position as a director of the institute in April 1933. The Institute took part in the German nuclear weapon project from 1939 to 1942.
In June 1942, Werner Heisenberg took over as managing director. A year after the end of fighting in Europe in World War II, the institute was moved to Göttingen and renamed the Max Planck Institute for Physics, with Heisenberg continuing as managing director. In 1946, Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker and Karl Wirtz joined the faculty as the directors for theoretical and experimental physics, respectively.
In 1955 the institute made the decision to move to Munich, and soon after began construction of its current building, designed by Sep Ruf. The institute moved into its current location on September 1, 1958, and took on the new n
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University%20of%20Chemistry%20and%20Technology%2C%20Prague
|
The University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague (UCT Prague; , VŠCHT Praha) is the largest university specializing in chemistry in the Czech Republic. Though founded in 1952, UCT Prague has origins dating back to the early nineteenth century and Prague Polytechnic, a precursor to the present-day Czech Technical University in Prague, and, since that time, it has been one of the leading chemistry research universities in Central Europe. More than 3,600 students are accepted every year. In 2014, UCT Prague had 510 academic staff and 361 research staff.
Faculties
The university has four faculties.
Faculty of Chemical Technology
The Faculty of Chemical Technology was established in 1969 as a result of the merger between the Faculty of Inorganic Technology and the Faculty of Organic Technology. In 1952, these faculties, together with the Faculty of Food Technology, founded the independent Institute of Chemical Technology (now: UCT Prague).
Faculty of Environmental Technology
The Faculty of Environmental Technology was established in 1953, but activities in this area date back to the mid-1880s. In the 1980s, environmental technology became predominant in the faculty's activities, and in 1991, it acquired its current name.
Faculty of Food and Biochemical Technology
The teaching of food chemistry and technology has a long-standing tradition in the Czech lands, and is closely connected with the teaching of chemistry and chemical technology. The Faculty of Food and Biochemical Te
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doppler%20broadening
|
In atomic physics, Doppler broadening is broadening of spectral lines due to the Doppler effect caused by a distribution of velocities of atoms or molecules. Different velocities of the emitting (or absorbing) particles result in different Doppler shifts, the cumulative effect of which is the emission (absorption) line broadening.
This resulting line profile is known as a Doppler profile. A particular case is the thermal Doppler broadening due to the thermal motion of the particles. Then, the broadening depends only on the frequency of the spectral line, the mass of the emitting particles, and their temperature, and therefore can be used for inferring the temperature of an emitting (or absorbing) body being spectroscopically investigated.
Derivation
When a particle moves (e.g., due to the thermal motion) towards the observer, the emitted radiation is shifted to a higher frequency. Likewise, when the emitter moves away, the frequency is lowered. For non-relativistic thermal velocities, the Doppler shift in frequency is
where is the observed frequency, is the rest frequency, is the velocity of the emitter towards the observer, and is the speed of light.
Since there is a distribution of speeds both toward and away from the observer in any volume element of the radiating body, the net effect will be to broaden the observed line. If is the fraction of particles with velocity component to along a line of sight, then the corresponding distribution of the frequencies i
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tellurate
|
In chemistry tellurate is a compound containing an oxyanion of tellurium where tellurium has an oxidation number of +6. In the naming of inorganic compounds it is a suffix that indicates a polyatomic anion with a central tellurium atom.
Tellurium oxyanions
Historically the name tellurate was only applied to oxyanions of tellurium with oxidation number +6, formally derived from telluric acid , and the name tellurite referred to oxyanions of tellurium with oxidation number +4, formally derived from tellurous acid and these names are in common use. However tellurate and tellurite are often referred to as tellurate(VI) and tellurate(IV) respectively in line with IUPAC renaming recommendations.
The metatellurate ion is and the orthotellurate ion is . Other oxyanions include pentaoxotellurate, , ditellurate, and polymeric anions with 6-coordinate tellurium such as ()n.
Metatellurates
The metatellurate ion is analogous to the sulfate ion, and the selenate ion, . Whereas many sulfates and selenates form isomorphous salts the tetrahedral metatellurate ion is only found in a few compounds such as the tetraethylammonium salt . Many compounds with a stoichiometry that suggests the presence of a metatellurate ion actually contain polymeric anions containing 6-coordinate tellurium(VI), for example sodium tellurate, which contains octahedral tellurium centers sharing edges.
→ + O2 (E0 = −1.042 V)
The E0 or standard reduction potential value is significant as it gives an indi
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%83gurele
|
Măgurele is a town situated in the southwestern part of Ilfov County, Muntenia, Romania. It has a population of 14,414 and hosts several research institutes.
Research institutes
Although a small town, Măgurele hosts 9 different research institutes, on the naukograd model:
(NIPNE/IFIN-HH) nipne.ro
Extreme Light Infrastructure - Nuclear Physics (ELI-NP) www.eli-np.ro
(INFLPR) inflpr.ro
National Institute of Materials Physics (NIMP) infim.ro
(IFA) ifa-mg.ro
National Institute of R&D for Optoelectronics (INOE 2000) inoe.ro
(NIEP/INCDFP) infp.ro
National Institute of Research and Development in Mechatronics and Measurement Technique (INCDMTM) incdmtm.ro
(IMNR) imnr.ro
Research and Development National Institute for Metals and Radioactive Resources (INCDMRR-ICPMRR) incdmrr.ro
The town hosts Măgurele Science Park, the largest science park in Romania, consisting of a series o research institutes. among which a nuclear research lab, the (IFA) and its National Institute for Physics and Nuclear Engineering (IFIN-HH). Between 1957 and 1998, it had a Soviet VVRS research reactor, now closed down. The Faculty of Physics of the University of Bucharest is also located in Măgurele.
According to a Romanian government press release, the high power laser system (HPLS) project of the Extreme Light Infrastructure — Nuclear Physics Center achieved the power of 10 petawatts on 7 March 2019, becoming the most powerful laser in the world.
Administration
Măgurele was declared a town in 2004.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retardation
|
Retardation is the act or result of delaying; the extent to which anything is retarded or delayed; that which retards or delays.
Retardation or retarded or similar may refer to:
Medicine and biology
Mental retardation, also known as intellectual disability, a disorder characterized by significantly impaired cognitive functioning and deficits in adaptive behaviors
Psychomotor retardation, a slowing-down of thought and a reduction of physical movements in an individual
A form of heterochrony, able to cause effects such as neoteny, retention by adults of traits previously seen only in the young
Physics and engineering
Retardation factor, in chromatography, the fraction of an analyte in the mobile phase of a chromatographic system
Retarded potential, in electrodynamics, electromagnetic potentials generated by time-varying electric current or charge distributions in the past
Retarded time, time when an electromagnetic field began to propagate from a point in a charge distribution to an observer
Retardation time
Retardation, in telegraphy, a kind of distortion of signal pulses; see law of squares
Music
Retardation (music), a suspension that resolves upward instead of downward
"Retarded" (song), a 1990 single by the band The Afghan Whigs
Other uses
A process used in proofing (baking technique)
Retard (pejorative), a pejorative term for someone with a mental disability
See also
Retarder (disambiguation)
Get Retarded (disambiguation)
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syneresis%20%28chemistry%29
|
Syneresis (also spelled 'synæresis' or 'synaeresis'), in chemistry, is the extraction or expulsion of a liquid from a gel, such as when serum drains from a contracting clot of blood. Another example of syneresis is the collection of whey on the surface of yogurt. Syneresis can also be observed when the amount of diluent in a swollen polymer exceeds the solubility limit as the temperature changes. A household example of this is the counterintuitive expulsion of water from dry gelatin when the temperature increases. Syneresis has also been proposed as the mechanism of formation for the amorphous silica composing the frustule of diatoms.
Examples
In the processing of dairy milk, for example during cheese making, syneresis is the formation of the curd due to the sudden removal of the hydrophilic macropeptides, which causes an imbalance in intermolecular forces. Bonds between hydrophobic sites start to develop and are enforced by calcium bonds, which form as the water molecules in the micelles start to leave the structure. This process is usually referred to as the phase of coagulation and syneresis. The splitting of the bond between residues 105 and 106 in the κ-casein molecule is often called the primary phase of the rennet action, while the phase of coagulation and syneresis is referred to as the secondary phase.
In cooking, syneresis is the sudden release of moisture contained within protein molecules, usually caused by excessive heat, which over-hardens the protective shell
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De%20Arte%20Combinatoria
|
The Dissertatio de arte combinatoria ("Dissertation on the Art of Combinations" or "On the Combinatorial Art") is an early work by Gottfried Leibniz published in 1666 in Leipzig. It is an extended version of his first doctoral dissertation, written before the author had seriously undertaken the study of mathematics. The booklet was reissued without Leibniz' consent in 1690, which prompted him to publish a brief explanatory notice in the Acta Eruditorum. During the following years he repeatedly expressed regrets about its being circulated as he considered it immature. Nevertheless it was a very original work and it provided the author the first glimpse of fame among the scholars of his time.
Summary
The main idea behind the text is that of an alphabet of human thought, which is attributed to Descartes. All concepts are nothing but combinations of a relatively small number of simple concepts, just as words are combinations of letters. All truths may be expressed as appropriate combinations of concepts, which can in turn be decomposed into simple ideas, rendering
the analysis much easier. Therefore, this alphabet would provide a logic of invention, opposed to that of demonstration which was known so far. Since all sentences are composed of a subject and a predicate, one might
Find all the predicates which are appropriate to a given subject, or
Find all the subjects which are convenient to a given predicate.
For this, Leibniz was inspired in the Ars Magna of Ramon Llull, alt
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal%20ammine%20complex
|
In coordination chemistry, metal ammine complexes are metal complexes containing at least one ammonia () ligand. "Ammine" is spelled this way for historical reasons; in contrast, alkyl or aryl bearing ligands are spelt with a single "m". Almost all metal ions bind ammonia as a ligand, but the most prevalent examples of ammine complexes are for Cr(III), Co(III), Ni(II), Cu(II) as well as several platinum group metals.
History
Ammine complexes played a major role in the development of coordination chemistry, specifically determination of the stereochemistry and structure. They are easily prepared, and the metal-nitrogen ratio can be determined by elemental analysis. Through studies mainly on the ammine complexes, Alfred Werner developed his Nobel Prize-winning concept of the structure of coordination compounds (see Figure).
One of the first ammine complexes to be described was Magnus' green salt, which consists of the platinum tetrammine complex .
Structure and bonding
Ammonia is a Lewis base and a "pure" sigma donor. It is also compact such that steric effects are negligible. These factors simplify interpretation of structural and spectroscopic results.The Co–N distances in complexes have been examined closely by X-ray crystallography.
Examples
Homoleptic poly(ammine) complexes are known for many of the transition metals. Most often, they have the formula where n = 2, 3, and even 4 (M = Pt).
Platinum group metals
Platinum group metals form diverse ammine complexes. Pen
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred%20Joseph%20Naquet
|
Alfred Joseph Naquet (6 October 183410 November 1916), was a French chemist and politician.
Biography
Naquet was born at Carpentras (Vaucluse), on 6 October 1834. He became professor in the faculty of medicine in Paris in 1863, and in the same year professor of chemistry at Palermo, where he delivered his lectures in Italian. He lost his professorship in 1867 along with his civic rights when he was condemned to fifteen months' imprisonment for his share in a secret society. On a new prosecution in 1869 for his book Religion, propriété, famille he took refuge in Spain. Returning to France under the government of Émile Ollivier he took an active share in the revolution of 4 September 1870 and became secretary of the commission of national defence.
In the French National Assembly he sat on the extreme Left, consistently opposing the opportunist policy of successive governments. Re-elected to the Chamber of Deputies of France he began the agitation against the marriage laws with which his name is especially connected. His proposal for the re-establishment of divorce was discussed in May 1879 and again in 1881 and 1882, becoming law two years later. Naquet, although he disapproved in principle of a second chamber, secured his election to the Senate of France in 1883 to pilot his measure through that body. In 1884 by his efforts divorce became legal after three years of definite separation on the demand of one of the parties concerned. In 1890 he resigned from the senate to re-e
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franti%C5%A1ek%20Pato%C4%8Dka
|
František Patočka (22 October 1904, Turnov – 14 March 1985, Prague) was a Czechoslovak microbiologist and serologist. He established the study of virology in Czechoslovakia.
Patočka studied medicine (specialised in microbiology) at the Charles University in Prague (graduated in 1928). In 1936 he became head of the Czech Bacteriological Institute (after Ivan Honl). At the end of World War II, together with epidemiologist Karel Raška, he was personally leading measures to stop the spread of epidemic typhus in the Terezín concentration camp. Together they wrote a report describing the appalling conditions and mistreatment of German civilians incarcerated in the Small Fortress after the war ended. During the 1960s he worked as an expert for the WHO in India and Zaire.
His brother Jan Patočka was a well-known Czechoslovak philosopher.
References
External links
Biography (in Czech)
List of scientific works (in Czech)
1904 births
1985 deaths
People from Turnov
People from the Kingdom of Bohemia
Serologists
Czechoslovak microbiologists
Czechoslovak epidemiologists
Charles University alumni
Academic staff of Charles University
Czechoslovak physicians
World Health Organization officials
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroscience%20Group%20Field%20at%20Fox%20Cities%20Stadium
|
Neuroscience Group Field at Fox Cities Stadium is a baseball park in Grand Chute, Wisconsin (although it has an Appleton mailing address). It is primarily used for baseball, and is the home field of the Wisconsin Timber Rattlers, the Midwest League Minor League Baseball affiliate of the Milwaukee Brewers. The stadium also hosts a few music concerts each year. From 2000 until 2018, it hosted the NCAA Division III College World Series; the contract to host the event ran out in 2018 and the stadium chose to not renew the contract due to the expanded D-III playoffs schedule conflicting with the Timber Rattlers' schedule. The stadium was built in 1995, and holds 5,900 people. It is also the site of the Wisconsin Interscholastic Athletic Association High School Spring Baseball Championship.
History
On March 9, 2007, Time Warner Cable, the area's cable provider before its 2017 merger with Charter Communications (and then-broadcast partner of the team through its local cable sports channel), signed a 10-year naming rights deal. In December 2013 Time Warner opted out of the final three years of the deal. In January 2014, Neuroscience Group, a local neurology practice, reached a 10-year deal for naming rights.
Following the cancelled 2020 minor league season, Appleton Baseball Club, Inc, sold the Timber Rattlers to Third Base Ventures, LLC, a group consisting of principal owner Craig Dickman and minority owners team president Rob Zerjav and Brad Raaths. The group also purchased the
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theophysics
|
In philosophy, theophysics is an approach to cosmology that attempts to reconcile physical cosmology and religious cosmology. It is related to physicotheology, the difference between them being that the aim of physicotheology is to derive theology from physics, whereas that of theophysics is to unify physics and theology.
Usage
(2002) uses the term in a critique of physicotheology, i.e. the view that arguments for the existence of God can be derived from the existence of the physical world (e.g. the "argument from design"). Theophysics would be the opposite approach, i.e. an approach to the material world informed by the knowledge that it is created by God.
Richard H. Popkin (1990) applies the term to the "spiritual physics" of Cambridge Platonist Henry More and his pupil and collaborator Lady Anne Conway, who enthusiastically accepted the new science, but rejected the various forms of materialist mechanism proposed by Descartes, Hobbes and Spinoza to buttress it, as these, More and Conway argued, were incapable of explaining productive causality. Instead, More and Conway offered what Popkin calls "a genuine important alternative to modern mechanistic thought", "a thoroughly scientific view with a metaphysics of spirits to make everything operate". Materialist mechanism triumphed, however, and today their spiritual cosmology, as Popkin notes, "looks very odd indeed".
The term has been applied by some philosophers to the system of Emanuel Swedenborg. William Denovan (1889
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ether%20lipid
|
In an organic chemistry general sense, an ether lipid implies an ether bridge between an alkyl group (a lipid) and an unspecified alkyl or aryl group, not necessarily glycerol. If glycerol is involved, the compound is called a glyceryl ether, which may take the form of an alkylglycerol, an alkyl acyl glycerol, or in combination with a phosphatide group, a phospholipid.
In a biochemical sense, an ether lipid usually implies glycerophospholipids of various type, also called phospholipids, in which the sn-1 position of the glycerol backbone has a lipid attached by an ether bond and a lipid attached to the sn-2 position via an acyl group. This is in contrast to the more common glycerophospholipids, 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerol (DAG), in which the glycerol backbone sn-1 and sn-2 positions have acyl chains attached by ester bonds. Ether lipid may also refer to alkylglycerols, such as chimyl (16:0), batyl (18:0), and selachyl (18:1 n-9) alcohols, with an ether-bound lipid on position sn-1, and the other two positions on the glycerol backbone unoccupied.
Types
There are two types of ether lipids, plasmanyl- and plasmenyl-phospholipids. Plasmanyl-phospholipids have an ether bond in position sn-1 to an alkyl group. Plasmenyl-phospholipids have an ether bond in position sn-1 to an alkenyl group, 1-0-alk-1’-enyl-2-acyl-sn-glycerol (AAG). The latter type is called plasmalogens.
Platelet-activating factor (PAF) is an ether lipid which has an acetyl group instead of an acyl chain at the second
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resource%20holding%20potential
|
In biology, resource holding potential (RHP) is the ability of an animal to win an all-out fight if one were to take place. The term was coined by Geoff Parker to disambiguate physical fighting ability from the motivation to persevere in a fight (Parker, 1974). Originally the term used was 'resource holding power', but 'resource holding potential' has come to be preferred. The latter emphasis on 'potential' serves as a reminder that the individual with greater RHP does not always prevail.
An individual with more RHP may lose a fight if, for example, it is less motivated (has less to gain by winning) than its opponent. Mathematical models of RHP and motivation ( resource value or V) have traditionally been based on the hawk-dove game (e.g. Hammerstein, 1981) in which subjective resource value is represented by the variable 'V'. In addition to RHP and V, George Barlow (Barlow et al., 1986) proposed that a third variable, which he termed 'daring', played a role in determining fight outcome. Daring (a.k.a. aggressiveness) represents an individual's tendency to initiate or escalate a contest independent of the effects of RHP and V.
It is instinctive for all animals to live a life according to fitness (Parker 1974). Animals will do what they can to improve their fitness and therefore survive long enough to produce offspring. However when resources are not in abundance, this can be challenging; eventually, animals will begin to compete for resources. The competition for reso
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MBL
|
MBL may refer to:
Education
Marine Biological Laboratory, an international center for research and education in biology, biomedicine, and ecology
Master of Business and Law, a two-year master's degree credential
National Security College (Israel)
Politics
Free Bolivia Movement (Spanish: Movimiento Bolivia Libre), a political party in Bolivia
Free Brazil Movement (Portuguese: Movimento Brasil Livre), a libertarian Austrian-school inspired political movement in Brazil
Science
Mannan-binding lectin (or mannose-binding lectin), a protein capable of binding certain sugars and polysaccharides
Many-body localization, a state of matter in which a local set of particles cannot reach thermal equilibrium
Monoclonal B-cell lymphocytosis, a condition that resembles chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL)
Sport
Malaysian Basketball League, former name of the Malaysia National Basketball League, the pre-eminent men's basketball league in Malaysia
Midwest Basketball League, a semi-professional men's basketball league which operates in the Midwestern United States
Transportation
Manistee County-Blacker Airport (IATA/FAA code MBL), an airport in the US state of Michigan
Montclair-Boonton Line, a commuter rail line in North Jersey in the US state of New Jersey
Montebello Bus Lines, a local transit agency serving the San Gabriel Valley in Southern California
Other uses
Marie Byrd Land, region of West Antarctica
Macquarie Bank Limited, name of the Macquarie Group (a publicly tr
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NSB
|
NSB may refer to:
Art, entertainment, and media
Natural Snow Buildings, a French experimental music duo
Nihilist Spasm Band, Canadian free improvisation musical collective
Nu skool breaks, a subgenre of breakbeat music originating during the period between 1998 and 2002
Nature Structural & Molecular Biology, an academic journal
Nippon Shortwave Broadcasting (now Radio Nikkei), a domestic commercial shortwave radio station in Japan
Politics and government
FBI National Security Branch, the United States Federal Bureau of Investigation's branch responsible for investigating threats to national security
National Seamen Board of the Philippines
National Science Board, the governing body of the National Science Foundation
National Security Bureau (Republic of China), the intelligence agency of the Republic of China (Taiwan)
National Socialist Bloc, an historical political movement in Sweden
National Socialist Movement in the Netherlands (Nationaal-Socialistische Beweging), a fascist political movement in the Netherlands (1931–1945)
Naval Submarine Base (United States):
Naval Submarine Base Kings Bay
Naval Submarine Base New London
Norwegian State Railways (1883–1996), a former state-owned railway company that operated most of the railway network in Norway
Vy, formerly Norwegian State Railways (Norges Statsbaner), a government-owned railway company which operates most passenger train services in Norway
Education
Competitions
National Science Bowl, a middle and high school acade
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lambda%20expression
|
Lambda expression may refer to:
Lambda expression in computer programming, also called an anonymous function, is a defined function not bound to an identifier.
Lambda expression in lambda calculus, a formal system in mathematical logic and computer science for expressing computation by way of variable binding and substitution.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index%20of%20aesthetics%20articles
|
This is an alphabetical index of articles about aesthetics.
A - D
- A Mathematician's Apology
- A Philosophical Enquiry into the Origin of Our Ideas of the Sublime and Beautiful
- Abhinavagupta
- Aesthetic atrophy
- Aesthetic emotions
- Aesthetic interpretation
- Aesthetic Realism
- Aesthetic realism (metaphysics)
- Aesthetic relativism
- Aestheticism
- Aestheticization of politics
- Aesthetics
- Aesthetics of music
- Affect (philosophy)
- Albert Hofstadter
- Aleksei Losev
- Alexander Gerard
- Alexander Gottlieb Baumgarten
- Alexander Nehamas
- American Society for Aesthetics
- Anandavardhana
- André Malraux
- Anti-art
- Applied aesthetics
- Architectural design values
- Aristotle
- Art
- Art and morality
- Art as Experience
- Art criticism
- Art for art's sake
- Arthur Danto
- Arthur Schopenhauer
- Arthur Schopenhauer's aesthetics
- Artistic inspiration
- August Wilhelm Schlegel
- Authenticity (philosophy)
- Authorial intent
- Avant-garde
- Avant-Garde and Kitsch
- Axiology
- Beauty
- Béla Balázs
- Benedetto Croce
- Bernhard Alexander
- British Society of Aesthetics
- Calvin Seerveld
- Camp (style)
- Carl Dahlhaus
- Catharsis
- Christopher Janaway
- Classicism
- Classificatory disputes about art
- Clive Bell
- Comedy
- Communication aesthetics
- Conceptual art
- Creativity
- Critique of Judgment
- Cultural sensibility
- David Hume
- David Prall
- The Death of the Author
- Decadence
- Depiction
- Dewitt H. Parker
- Didacticism
- Disgust
- Distancing effect
- Ecstasy (emotio
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald%20A.%20Martin
|
Donald Anthony Martin (born December 24, 1940), also known as Tony Martin, is an American set theorist and philosopher of mathematics at UCLA, where he is an emeritus professor of mathematics and philosophy.
Education and career
Martin received his B.S. from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1962 and was a Junior Fellow of the Harvard Society of Fellows in 1965–67. In 2014, he became a Fellow of the American Mathematical Society.
Philosophical and mathematical work
Among Martin's most notable works are the proofs of analytic determinacy (from the existence of a measurable cardinal), Borel determinacy (from ZFC alone), the proof (with John R. Steel) of projective determinacy (from suitable large cardinal axioms), and his work on Martin's axiom. The Martin measure on Turing degrees is also named after Martin.
See also
American philosophy
List of American philosophers
References
External links
List of publications
UCLA Logic center
Personal Website at UCLA
1940 births
Living people
20th-century American mathematicians
21st-century American mathematicians
American logicians
UCLA Philosophy
Philosophers of mathematics
Set theorists
Fellows of the American Mathematical Society
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giuseppe%20Melfi
|
Giuseppe Melfi (June 11, 1967) is an Italo-Swiss mathematician who works on practical numbers and modular forms.
Career
He gained his PhD in mathematics in 1997 at the University of Pisa. After some time spent at the University of Lausanne during 1997-2000, Melfi was appointed at the University of Neuchâtel, as well as at the University of Applied Sciences Western Switzerland and at the local University of Teacher Education.
Work
His major contributions are in the field of practical numbers. This prime-like sequence of numbers is known for having an asymptotic behavior and other distribution properties similar to the sequence of primes. Melfi proved two conjectures both raised in 1984 one of which is the corresponding of the Goldbach conjecture for practical numbers: every even number is a sum of two practical numbers. He also proved that there exist infinitely many triples of practical numbers of the form .
Another notable contribution has been in an application of the theory of modular forms, where he found new Ramanujan-type identities for the sum-of-divisor functions. His seven new identities extended the ten other identities found by Ramanujan in 1913. In particular he found the remarkable identity
where is the sum of the divisors of and is the sum of the third powers of the divisors of .
Among other problems in elementary number theory, he is the author of a theorem that allowed him to get a 5328-digit number that has been for a while the largest known primitive
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor%20Scheinman
|
Victor David Scheinman (December 28, 1942 – September 20, 2016) was an American pioneer in the field of robotics.
He was born in Augusta, Georgia, where his father Léonard was stationed with the US Army. At the end of the war the family moved to Brooklyn and his father returned to work as a professor of psychiatry. His mother taught at a Hebrew school.
Scheinman first experience with robots was watching The Day the Earth Stood Still around age 8 or 9. The movie frightened him and his father suggested building a wooden model as therapy. Scheinman sttended the now-defunct New Lincoln School in New York where, in the late 1950s, he designed and constructed a voice-controlled typewriter as a science fair project. This endeavor gave him entry into MIT as an undergraduate in engineering, as well as providing a foundation for his later inventions.
Education
Scheinman attended MIT as an undergraduate, starting at age 16 and completed a degree in Aeronautics and Astronautics in 1963. He was president of the Model Airplane Club and had a summer job at Sikorsky Aircraft. His Bachelor's thesis was on controlling the depth of a model hydrofoil wing in the MIT towing tank.
After graduation, on the advice and recommendation of his advisor, he got a job at Boeing, where he worked on a lunar gravity simulator. He left to travel the world for a while, and then enrolled at Stanford University's graduate program, initially in Aeronautics and Astronautics, switching later to Mechanical Engine
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millman%27s%20theorem
|
In electrical engineering, Millman's theorem (or the parallel generator theorem) is a method to simplify the solution of a circuit. Specifically, Millman's theorem is used to compute the voltage at the ends of a circuit made up of only branches in parallel.
It is named after Jacob Millman, who proved the theorem.
Explanation
Let be the generators' voltages. Let be the resistances on the branches with voltage generators . Then Millman states that the voltage at the ends of the circuit is given by:
That is, the sum of the short circuit currents in branch divided by the sum of the conductances in each branch.
It can be proved by considering the circuit as a single supernode. Then, according to Ohm and Kirchhoff, the voltage between the ends of the circuit is equal to the total current entering the supernode divided by the total equivalent conductance of the supernode. The total current is the sum of the currents in each branch. The total equivalent conductance of the supernode is the sum of the conductance of each branch, since all the branches are in parallel.
Branch variations
Current sources
One method of deriving Millman's theorem starts by converting all the branches to current sources (which can be done using Norton's theorem). A branch that is already a current source is simply not converted. In the expression above, this is equivalent to replacing the term in the numerator of the expression above with the current of the current generator, where the kth branc
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unimation
|
Unimation was the world's first robotics company. It was founded in 1962 by Joseph F. Engelberger and George Devol and was located in Danbury, Connecticut. Devol had already applied for a patent an industrial robotic arm in 1954; was issued in 1961.
Devol collaborated with Engelberger, who served as president of the company, to engineer and produce an industrial robot under the brand name Unimate. They introduced their new robot in 1961 at a trade show in Chicago.
The first Unimate prototypes were controlled by vacuum tubes used as digital switches though later versions used transistors. Further, parts available off-the-shelf in the late 1950s, such as digital encoders, were not adequate for the Unimate, so with Devol's guidance and a team of skilled engineers, Unimation designed and machined practically every part in the first Unimates. They also invented a variety of new technologies, including a unique rotating drum memory system with data parity controls.
In 1960, Devol personally sold the first Unimate robot, which was shipped in 1961 to General Motors. GM first used the machine for die casting handling and spot welding of car bodies. The first Unimate robot was installed at GM's Inland Fisher Guide Plant in Ewing Township, New Jersey in 1961 to lift hot pieces of metal from a die-casting machine and stack them. Soon companies such as Chrysler, Ford, and Fiat saw the necessity for large Unimate purchases.
The introduction of robotics to the manufacturing process ef
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Bockris
|
Bernhardt Patrick John O’Mara Bockris (5 January 1923 – 7 July 2013) was a South African professor of chemistry, latterly at Texas A&M University. During his long and prolific career he published some 700 papers and two dozen books. His best known work is in electrochemistry but his output also extended to environmental chemistry, photoelectrochemistry and bioelectrochemistry. In the 1990s he experimented with cold fusion and transmutation, topics on which his unorthodox views provoked controversy.
Early life
John Bockris was born on 5 January 1923, in Johannesburg, South Africa. His mother was Emmeline Mary MacNally and his father Alfred Bockris. He attended a sequence of schools in Brighton, including the preparatory school Withdean Hall from 1934 to 1937, and Xaverian College, a Catholic secondary school, from 1937 to 1940. His father was not present during his childhood: His mother and aunt earned their income from tailoring.
University education
In 1940 Bockris began his scholarly education at Brighton Technical College, which after World War II became Brighton University. Bockris wanted to study for a degree in Physics but this was not possible due to wartime staff shortages. Instead he took a two-year general degree in the natural sciences. In 1943, after a year of further study, he was accepted by Imperial College, London as a graduate student. He avoided conscription into the British armed forces due to his South African nationality.
Bockris relates that his s
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daina%20Taimi%C5%86a
|
Daina Taimiņa (born August 19, 1954) is a Latvian mathematician, retired adjunct associate professor of mathematics at Cornell University, known for developing a way of modeling hyperbolic geometry with crocheted objects.
Education and career
Taimiņa received all of her formal education in Riga, Latvia, where in 1977 she graduated summa cum laude from the University of Latvia and completed her graduate work in Theoretical Computer Science (with thesis advisor Prof. Rūsiņš Mārtiņš Freivalds) in 1990. As one of the restrictions of the Soviet system at that time, a doctoral thesis was not allowed to be defended in Latvia, so she defended hers in Minsk, receiving the title of Candidate of Sciences. This explains the fact that Taimiņa's doctorate was formally issued by the Institute of Mathematics of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus. After Latvia regained independence in 1991, Taimiņa received her higher doctoral degree (doktor nauk) in mathematics from the University of Latvia, where she taught for 20 years.
Daina Taimiņa joined the Cornell Math Department in December 1996.
Combining her interests in mathematics and crocheting, she is one of 24 mathematicians and artists who make up the Mathemalchemy Team.
Hyperbolic crochet
While attending a geometry workshop at Cornell University about teaching geometry for university professors in 1997, Taimiņa was presented with a fragile paper model of a hyperbolic plane, made by the professor in charge of the workshop, David
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles%20J.%20Joachain
|
Charles J. Joachain is a Belgian physicist.
Biography
Born in Brussels on 9 May 1937, Charles J. Joachain obtained his Ph.D. in Physics in 1963 at the Université Libre de Bruxelles (Free University of Brussels). From 1964 to 1965 he was a Postdoctoral Fellow of the Belgian American Educational Foundation at the University of California, Berkeley and the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, and from 1965 to 1966 a Research Physicist at these institutions. At the Université Libre de Bruxelles he was appointed chargé de cours associé in 1965, chargé de cours in 1968, professeur extraordinaire in 1971 and professeur ordinaire in 1978. He was chairman of the Department of Physics in 1980 and 1981. He was also appointed professor at the Université Catholique de Louvain in 1984. In 2002, he became professeur ordinaire émérite (Emeritus Professor) at the Université Libre de Bruxelles and professeur honoraire at the Université Catholique de Louvain.
Professor Joachain has been a visiting professor in several universities and laboratories in Europe and the United States, in particular at the University of California, Berkeley and the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, the Université Pierre et Marie Curie (Paris VI), the University of Rome “La Sapienza” and the Max Planck Institute for Quantum Optics in Garching.
Research activities
The research activities of Professor Joachain concern two areas of theoretical physics:
1) Quantum collision theory: electron and positron collisions with atomic
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arene%20substitution%20pattern
|
Arene substitution patterns are part of organic chemistry IUPAC nomenclature and pinpoint the position of substituents other than hydrogen in relation to each other on an aromatic hydrocarbon.
Ortho, meta, and para substitution
In ortho-substitution, two substituents occupy positions next to each other, which may be numbered 1 and 2. In the diagram, these positions are marked R and ortho.
In meta-substitution the substituents occupy positions 1 and 3 (corresponding to R and meta in the diagram).
In para-substitution, the substituents occupy the opposite ends (positions 1 and 4, corresponding to R and para in the diagram).
The toluidines serve as an example for these three types of substitution.
Synthesis
Electron donating groups, for example amino, hydroxyl, alkyl, and phenyl groups tend to be ortho/para-directors, and electron withdrawing groups such as nitro, nitrile, and ketone groups, tend to be meta-directors.
Properties
Although the specifics vary depending on the compound, in simple disubstituted arenes, the three isomers tend to have rather similar boiling points. However, the para isomer usually has the highest melting point, and the lowest solubility in a given solvent, of the three isomers.
Separation of ortho and para isomers
Because electron donating groups are both ortho and para directors, separation of these isomers is a common problem in synthetic chemistry. Several methods exist in order to separate these isomers:
Column chromatography will often s
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coordination%20geometry
|
The coordination geometry of an atom is the geometrical pattern defined by the atoms around the central atom. The term is commonly applied in the field of inorganic chemistry, where diverse structures are observed. The coodination geometry depends on the number, not the type, of ligands bonded to the metal centre as well as their locations. The number of atoms bonded is the coordination number.
The geometrical pattern can be described as a polyhedron where the vertices of the polyhedron are the centres of the coordinating atoms in the ligands.
The coordination preference of a metal often varies with its oxidation state. The number of coordination bonds (coordination number) can vary from two in as high as 20 in .
One of the most common coordination geometries is octahedral, where six ligands are coordinated to the metal in a symmetrical distribution, leading to the formation of an octahedron if lines were drawn between the ligands. Other common coordination geometries are tetrahedral and square planar.
Crystal field theory may be used to explain the relative stabilities of transition metal compounds of different coordination geometry, as well as the presence or absence of paramagnetism, whereas VSEPR may be used for complexes of main group element to predict geometry.
Crystallography usage
In a crystal structure the coordination geometry of an atom is the geometrical pattern of coordinating atoms where the definition of coordinating atoms depends on the bonding model us
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CS-Cipher
|
In cryptography, CS-Cipher (for Chiffrement Symétrique) is a block cipher invented by Jacques Stern and Serge Vaudenay in 1998. It was submitted to the NESSIE project, but was not selected.
The algorithm uses a key length between 0 and 128 bits (length must be a multiple of 8 bits). By default, the cipher uses 128 bits. It operates on blocks of 64 bits using an 8-round Feistel network and is optimized for 8-bit processors. The round function is based on the fast Fourier transform and uses the binary expansion of e as a source of "nothing up my sleeve numbers".
References
Feistel ciphers
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forensic%20chemistry
|
Forensic chemistry is the application of chemistry and its subfield, forensic toxicology, in a legal setting. A forensic chemist can assist in the identification of unknown materials found at a crime scene. Specialists in this field have a wide array of methods and instruments to help identify unknown substances. These include high-performance liquid chromatography, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, atomic absorption spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and thin layer chromatography. The range of different methods is important due to the destructive nature of some instruments and the number of possible unknown substances that can be found at a scene. Forensic chemists prefer using nondestructive methods first, to preserve evidence and to determine which destructive methods will produce the best results.
Along with other forensic specialists, forensic chemists commonly testify in court as expert witnesses regarding their findings. Forensic chemists follow a set of standards that have been proposed by various agencies and governing bodies, including the Scientific Working Group on the Analysis of Seized Drugs. In addition to the standard operating procedures proposed by the group, specific agencies have their own standards regarding the quality assurance and quality control of their results and their instruments. To ensure the accuracy of what they are reporting, forensic chemists routinely check and verify that their instruments are working correct
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szeged%20Faculty%20of%20Sciences
|
The Faculty of Sciences of the University of Szeged.
Notable persons
István Apáthy, zoology
Zoltán Bay, physicist
Jenő Cholnoky, geography
Lipót Fejér, mathematics
István Györffy, botany
Alfréd Haar, mathematics
László Kalmár, computer science
Béla Kerékjártó, geometry
László Lovász, mathematics; Wolf Prize 1999, Knuth Prize 199, Kyoto prize 2010
Tibor Radó, mathematics
László Rédei, mathematics
Frigyes Riesz, mathematics
Brúnó F. Straub, biology
Béla Szőkefalvi-Nagy, mathematics
Faculties of the University of Szeged
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20Sheridan%20Muspratt
|
Dr James Sheridan Muspratt FRSE FRSD (8 March 1821 – 3 February 1871) was an Irish-born research chemist and teacher. His most influential publication was his two-volume book Chemistry, Theoretical, Practical and Analytical as applied and relating to the Arts and Manufactures (1857–1860).
Life
James Sheridan Muspratt was born in Dublin and moved to Liverpool with his parents when he was one year old. His father, James Muspratt, was one of the biggest industrial chemicals manufacturers in the UK between 1825 and 1850. James Sheridan Muspratt attended private schools in Bootle, Merseyside, and then went with tutors to travel on the European continent. Beginning in 1836, he studied chemistry under Thomas Graham at Anderson's University in Glasgow and then moved with Graham to University College London.
In 1841, his father sent him to Philadelphia to manage the Muspratt business interests there but these were unsuccessful.
Muspratt's father had met and become friends with Justus von Liebig at a meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science and James Sheridan was sent to work with von Liebig at the University of Giessen in Germany where he gained a PhD in 1845.
James Sheridan Muspratt's own cited original research work includes a report on the sulphites (1845) and, with August Wilhelm von Hofmann, on the preparation of toluidine and nitraniline (1845–1846).
In 1848, Muspratt founded the Liverpool College of Chemistry in a disused stable at the back of hi
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhang%20Wentian
|
Zhang Wentian (30 August 1900 – 1 July 1976) was a Chinese politician who was a high-ranking leader of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP).
Born in Nanhui, he attended the Hohai Civil Engineering School in Nanjing and spent a year at the University of California. He later joined the CCP in 1925 and was sent to study at Sun Yat-sen University in Moscow, from 1926 to 1930. He was a member of the group known as the 28 Bolsheviks, but switched to supporting Mao Zedong during the Long March. He was General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party from 1935 to 1943, when the post was abolished. He remained a member of the Politburo, but ranked 12th of 13 in the 7th Politburo and reduced to Alternate Member in the 8th Politburo.
He was First Vice Minister of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China from December 1954 to November 1960. He was a participant of the Long March, and later served as an ambassador to the Soviet Union from April 1951 to January 1955. At the Mountain Lu Conference in 1959 he supported Peng Dehuai and lost power along with Peng. During the Cultural Revolution he was attacked as an ally of Peng and Liu Shaoqi; he was rehabilitated by Deng Xiaoping after Mao's death.
Life
Early life
On 30 August 1900, Zhang Wentian was born in Deng San Village, Nanhui, Jiangsu Province. Zhang's ancestors migrated to Pudong from Qinghe County to avoid the war. His grandfather Zhang Xiangfu and father Zhang Qimei were farmers, and his mother Jin Tianhua had attended
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedell
|
Bedell may refer to:
People
Arthur Bedell (fl.1572), English MP for Lichfield
Berkley Bedell (1921–2019), American politician
(1868–1958), cofounder of Physical Review, the first American journal of physics
Geraldine Bedell, journalist and author
Grace Bedell (1848–1936), author of a letter to President Lincoln that inspired his beard
Gregory T. Bedell (1817–1892), Episcopal Bishop of Ohio
Howie Bedell (born 1935), former Major League Baseball player
Lew Bedell (1919–2000), comedian and founder of the Era and Doré record labels
John Patrick Bedell, gunman involved in the 2010 Pentagon shooting
Ralph Clairon Bedell, Chief Executive of the Secretariat of the Pacific Community 1955–1958
Richard Bedell (died 1572), English MP
William Bedell (1571–1642), Anglican churchman
Other uses
Bedel or Bedell, an administrative official at universities in several European countries
Bedell (company), a legal and fiduciary firm
Bedell Crossing, Maine, a village, United States
Bedell, New Brunswick, a settlement, Canada
Bedell, New York, a hamlet, United States
Bedell Building, former name of Cascade Building, Portland, Oregon, United States
Bedell Covered Bridge, New Hampshire, United States
Esquire Bedell, a junior ceremonial officer of a university
See also
Beadle (disambiguation)
Bedel (disambiguation)
David Bedell-Sivright (1880–1915), Scottish international rugby union captain
Walter Bedell Smith (1895–1961), Dwight D. Eisenhower's Chief of Staff, often referred
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idealised%20population
|
In population genetics an idealised population is one that can be described using a number of simplifying assumptions. Models of idealised populations are either used to make a general point, or they are fit to data on real populations for which the assumptions may not hold true. For example, coalescent theory is used to fit data to models of idealised populations. The most common idealized population in population genetics is described in the Wright-Fisher model after Sewall Wright and Ronald Fisher (1922, 1930) and (1931). Wright-Fisher populations have constant size, and their members can mate and reproduce with any other member. Another example is a Moran model, which has overlapping generations, rather than the non-overlapping generations of the Fisher-Wright model. The complexities of real populations can cause their behavior to match an idealised population with an effective population size that is very different from the census population size of the real population. For sexual diploids, idealized populations will have genotype frequencies related to the allele frequencies according to Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium.
Hardy-Weinberg
In 1908, G. H. Hardy and Wilhelm Weinberg modeled an idealised population to demonstrate that in the absence of selection, migration, random genetic drift, allele frequencies stay constant over time, and that in the presence of random mating, genotype frequencies are related to allele frequencies according to a binomial square principle calle
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20Parer
|
David Parer ACS is an Australian natural history film maker, working in partnership with his wife and sound recordist, Elizabeth Parer-Cook.
Parer was conscripted into the Australian Army to go to the Vietnam War in 1970, but he entered a Masters program to study physics in the Antarctic. Parer spent the summers of 1970 and 1972 in Antarctica studying cosmic rays at Mawson Station. While there he filmed his first documentary. David subsequently joined the Australian Broadcasting Corporation ABC Natural History Unit making wildlife films, where he met his wife and fellow film maker, Elizabeth Parer-Cook, in 1977. After the Natural History Unit closed in 2007, the Parers have continued working as a freelance team.
Awards
The Parers' films have won over 130 Australian and international awards including the Golden Panda at Windscreen twice and three Emmy's.
He was awarded the Golden Panda from Wildscreen (known as the green Oscars) for:
Wolves of the Sea, Gold Panda for Best Film at Windscreen 1994
Mysteries of the Ocean Wanderers, Gold Panda Best Cinematography Windscreen 1994
Dragons of Galapagos, Gold Panda Wildscreen 1998
He has been awarded the AFI award for the best cinematography for a non-feature film four times, for :
Edge of the Cold, 1978
Bird of the Thunder Woman, 1980
Dragons of Galapagos, 1998
Island of the Vampire Birds, 1999
His other work as a cinematographer and producer includes:
Douglas Mawson: The Survivor, 1983
The Frozen World, 1984
Nature of Austral
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andreas%20Floer
|
Andreas Floer (; 23 August 1956 – 15 May 1991) was a German mathematician who made seminal contributions to symplectic topology, and mathematical physics, in particular the invention of Floer homology. Floer's first pivotal contribution was a solution of a special case of Arnold's conjecture on fixed points of a symplectomorphism. Because of his work on Arnold's conjecture and his development of instanton homology, he achieved wide recognition and was invited as a plenary speaker for the International Congress of Mathematicians held in Kyoto in August 1990. He received a Sloan Fellowship in 1989.
Life
He was an undergraduate student at the Ruhr-Universität Bochum and received a Diplom in mathematics in 1982. He then went to the University of California, Berkeley, living at Barrington Hall of the Berkeley Student Cooperative, and undertook Ph.D. work on monopoles on 3-manifolds, under the supervision of Clifford Taubes; but he did not complete it when interrupted by his obligatory alternative service in Germany. He received his Dr. rer. nat. at Bochum in 1984, under the supervision of Eduard Zehnder.
In 1988 he became an Assistant Professor at the University of California, Berkeley and was promoted to Full Professor of Mathematics in 1990. From 1990 he was Professor of Mathematics at the Ruhr-Universität Bochum, until his suicide in 1991 as a result of depression.
Quotes
"Andreas Floer's life was tragically interrupted, but his mathematical visions and striking contributi
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl%20Ludwig%20Christian%20R%C3%BCmker
|
Carl Ludwig Christian Rümker (28 May 1788 – 21 December 1862) was a German astronomer.
Early life (1788-1821)
Rümker was born in Burg Stargard, in Mecklenburg, Germany, the son of J. F. Rümker, a court-councillor. He showed an aptitude for mathematics and studied at the Builders' Academy, Berlin, graduating in 1807 as a master builder. Instead of a career in building, he taught mathematics in Hamburg until 1809 when he went to England.
Rümker served as a midshipman in the British East India Company and then in the British merchant navy from 1811 until 1813. In July 1813 he was seized by a pressgang and joined the Royal Navy. He served in the Royal Navy as a schoolmaster until 1817 on HMS Benbow, Montague and Albion taking part in the expedition to Algiers in 1816 whilst on the Albion. In 1817 he met Austrian astronomer Baron Franz Xaver von Zach, who influenced Rümker to study astronomy. Rümker was director of the school of navigation at Hamburg from 1819 until 1820.
Life in New South Wales (Australia) (1821-1830)
Rümker was one of a number of influential German-speaking residents such as Ludwig Becker, Hermann Beckler, William Blandowski, Amalie Dietrich, Wilhelm Haacke, Diedrich Henne, Gerard Krefft, Johann Luehmann, Johann Menge, Carl Mücke (a.k.a. Muecke), Ludwig Preiss, Moritz Richard Schomburgk, Richard Wolfgang Semon, Karl Theodor Staiger, George Ulrich, Eugene von Guérard, Robert von Lendenfeld, Ferdinand von Mueller, Georg von Neumayer, and Carl Wilhelmi who b
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturalisation%20%28biology%29
|
Naturalisation (or naturalization) is the ecological phenomenon through which a species, taxon, or population of exotic (as opposed to native) origin integrates into a given ecosystem, becoming capable of reproducing and growing in it, and proceeds to disseminate spontaneously. In some instances, the presence of a species in a given ecosystem is so ancient that it cannot be presupposed whether it is native or introduced.
Generally, any introduced species may (in the wild) either go extinct or naturalise in its new environment.
Some populations do not sustain themselves reproductively, but exist because of continued influx from elsewhere. Such a non-sustaining population, or the individuals within it, are said to be adventive. Cultivated plants are a major source of adventive populations.
The above refers to naturalize as an intransitive verb, as in, "The species naturalized". In North America it is common to use naturalize as a transitive verb, as in, "City staff naturalized the park". This means to allow an environment to revert to its natural state.
Botany
In botany, naturalisation is the situation in which an exogenous plant reproduces and disperses on its own in a new environment. For example, northern white cedar is naturalised in the United Kingdom, where it reproduces on its own, while it is not in France, where human intervention via cuttings or seeds are essential for its dissemination.
Two categories of naturalisation are defined from two distinct parameter
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homogamy
|
Homogamy may refer to:
Homogamy (biology), a term used in biology in 4 separate senses
Homogamy (sociology), marriage between individuals who are, in some culturally important way, similar to each other
See also
Cleistogamy
Endogamy
Heterogamy
Isogamy
Self-fertilization
Self-pollination
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20thermodynamics
|
The history of thermodynamics is a fundamental strand in, the history of physics, the history of chemistry, and the history of science in general. Owing in the relevance of thermodynamics in much of science and technology, its history is finely woven with the developments of classical mechanics, quantum mechanics, magnetism, and chemical kinetics, to more distant applied fields such as meteorology, information theory, and biology (physiology), and to technological developments such as the steam engine, internal combustion engine, cryogenics and electricity generation. The development of thermodynamics both drove and was driven by atomic theory. It also, albeit in a subtle manner, motivated new directions in probability and statistics; see, for example, the timeline of thermodynamics.
Antiquity
The ancients viewed heat as that related to fire. In 3000 BC, the ancient Egyptians viewed heat as related to origin mythologies. The ancient Indian philosophy including Vedic philosophy believed that five classical elements (or pancha mahā bhūta) are the basis of all cosmic creations. In the Western philosophical tradition, after much debate about the primal element among earlier pre-Socratic philosophers, Empedocles proposed a four-element theory, in which all substances derive from earth, water, air, and fire. The Empedoclean element of fire is perhaps the principal ancestor of later concepts such as phlogiston and caloric. Around 500 BC, the Greek philosopher Heraclitus became famo
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriele%20Tredozi
|
Gabriele Tredozi (born September 9, 1957, in Brisighella, Italy) is a former engineer with the Minardi and Scuderia Toro Rosso Formula One teams.
Career
While studying mechanical engineering at Bologna University, Tredozi began working for Minardi as an assistant race engineer. Between 1988 and 1996, he race engineered for Pierluigi Martini, Adrián Campos, Christian Fittipaldi, Fabrizio Barbazza and Pedro Lamy. In 1997, following the departure of Aldo Costa to Ferrari, he was appointed as the team's technical coordinator. Responsible for both the design and production areas as well as for on-track technical management, he stayed in that role under technical director Gustav Brunner. When Brunner moved to Toyota in 2001, Tredozi became technical director, where he controlled the day-to-day operation of the drawing office as well as the technical staff. When Minardi was bought and turned into Scuderia Toro Rosso, he stayed on until he was replaced by Alex Hitzinger in mid-2006.
Personal life
Tredozi is married to Claudia, he has one son, Tommaso. His main hobby is cycling.
References
Profile at grandprix.com
1957 births
Living people
Formula One designers
Italian motorsport people
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM%20Israel
|
IBM is a globally integrated enterprise operating in 170 countries. IBM's R&D history in Israel began in 1972 when Professor Josef Raviv established the IBM Israel Scientific Center in the Technion's Computer Science Building in Haifa. Today, over 1000 individuals work at IBM R&D locations across Israel, including Haifa, Tel Aviv, Herzliya, Rehovot, and the Jerusalem Technology Park. IBM research and development activities in Israel include a number of labs.
Haifa Research Lab
IBM Haifa Research Laboratory (HRL) is located in Haifa, Israel. It is an IBM R&D Lab in Israel. It handles projects in the spheres of cloud computing, healthcare and life sciences, verification technologies, multimedia, event processing, information retrieval, programming environments, business transformation, and optimization technologies. HRL is the biggest IBM research center outside the US.
Established back in 1972 as the IBM Israel Scientific Center, the IBM Haifa Research Lab has grown from three researchers to over five hundred employees, including regular staff members and many students. The IBM Haifa Research Lab is located in a custom-built complex adjacent to the Haifa University campus, with branches in Haifa and Tel Aviv. Current projects include healthcare, cloud computing, formal and simulation-based verification technologies, programming environments, chip design, storage systems, information retrieval, collaboration, and much more.
At the IBM Haifa Research Lab, twenty-five percen
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C.%20C.%20Little
|
Clarence Cook Little (October 6, 1888 – December 22, 1971) was an American genetics, cancer, and tobacco researcher and academic administrator, as well as a proponent of eugenics.
Early life
C. C. Little was born in Brookline, Massachusetts and attended Harvard University after his secondary education at the Noble and Greenough School. Little received an A.B. from Harvard University in 1910, an M.S. in 1912, and D.Sc. in 1914 in zoology, with special focus in the new science of genetics. During World War I, Little served in the U.S. Army Signal Corps, attaining the rank of Major. Following the war he spent three years at the Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory. In 1921, he helped found the American Birth Control League with Margaret Sanger and Lothrop Stoddard.
Career
While studying under W. E. Castle, Little began his work with mice, focusing on inheritance, transplants, and grafts. He also was an assistant dean and secretary to the president. In 1921, he inbred the mouse strain C57BL/6 or "black 6", which is the most popular laboratory mouse to date. His most important research occurred at Harvard, including what some call his most brilliant work, "A Mendelian explanation for the inheritance of a trait that has apparently non-Mendelian characteristics". His observations on transplant rejection became codified into the "five laws of transplant immunology" by George Snell. Little developed the "DBA (Dilute, Brown and non-Agouti)" strain of mice while at Harvard. For his research,
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kre%C5%A1imir%20%C4%86osi%C4%87%20%28politician%29
|
Krešimir Ćosić (born 23 October 1949 in Zagreb, FPR Yugoslavia) is a Croatian soldier and politician.
Background
He graduated from the Faculty of Electrical Engineering at the University of Zagreb in 1973, and later obtained a doctorate in 1984. Ćosić holds the rank of Lieutenant General of the Croatian Army. He was in active service between 1991 and 2000, when he was retired after signing the Twelve Generals' Letter. Since 2005, he has been leader of the Croatian delegation to the NATO Parliamentary Assembly.
Politics
Ćosić attained a seat in the Parliament on the party list of Croatian Democratic Union at the 2003 and 2007 parliamentary elections.
References
1949 births
Living people
Croatian Democratic Union politicians
Representatives in the modern Croatian Parliament
Politicians from Zagreb
Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computing, University of Zagreb alumni
Military personnel of the Croatian War of Independence
Croatian army officers
Military personnel from Zagreb
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter%20Ho%20Davies
|
Peter Ho Davies (born 30 August 1966), is a contemporary British writer of Welsh and Chinese descent.
Biography
Born and raised in Coventry, Davies was a pupil at King Henry VIII School. He studied physics at Manchester University and then English at Cambridge University.
In 1992, he moved to the United States to study in the graduate creative writing program at Boston University. He has taught at the University of Oregon and at Emory University and is currently a professor in the Helen Zell MFA Program in Creative Writing at the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor.
Awards and honors
Davies has received grants from the Guggenheim Foundation and the National Endowment for the Arts. In 2003, he was named by Granta magazine as one of twenty 'Best of Young British Novelists'.
His short fiction has appeared in The Atlantic, Harper's and The Paris Review and been widely anthologized, appearing in Prize Stories: The O. Henry Awards 1998, and Best American Short Stories 1995, 1996, and 2001. The Boston Globe named The Welsh Girl one of the best fiction books of 2007, and People named A Lie Someone Told You About Yourself one of the ten best books of the year.
Publications
Short story collections
The Ugliest House in the World (1997)
Equal Love (2000)
Novels
The Welsh Girl (2007)
The Fortunes (2016)
A Lie Someone Told You About Yourself (2021)
Non fiction
The Art of Revision: The Last Word (2021)
References and notes
External links
Author website
British writers
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammad%20Ali%20Jinnah%20University
|
The Mohammad Ali Jinnah University (), abbreviated as MAJU) is a private university located in Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan.
Established in 1998, the university offers undergraduate and post-graduate programs with a strong emphasis on business management, applied sciences, engineering and computer science.
Recognized university
Recognized by the Higher Education Commission (Pakistan).
In addition, the university is a member of the Association of Commonwealth Universities of the United Kingdom.
Additional campuses
The university operated an additional campus in Islamabad, but it changed into Capital University of Science & Technology (CUST) in 2015. Now CUST is separate from MAJU, Karachi and under the MAJU Trust.
History
The Punjab Group of Colleges has been serving the community with education since 1985.
As a tribute to the father of the Nation, the group named an ambitious project Mohammad Ali Jinnah University. Mohammad Ali Jinnah University was granted its charter by the government of Sindh in 1998. The Islamabad campus was established after obtaining an NOC from UGC, dated 17 August 1998 and dated 29 November 2001 and NOC from HEC dated 27 September 2003. (now become a separate university CUST Islamabad)
Academics
MAJU has departments of Computer Science, Bioinformatics and Biosciences, Mathematics in the Faculty of Computing; in the Faculty of Business Administration and Social Sciences, there are departments of Business Administration, Economics and Social Scien
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encryption%20software
|
Encryption software is software that uses cryptography to prevent unauthorized access to digital information. Cryptography is used to protect digital information on computers as well as the digital information that is sent to other computers over the Internet.
Classification
There are many software products which provide encryption. Software encryption uses a cipher to obscure the content into ciphertext. One way to classify this type of software is the type of cipher used. Ciphers can be divided into two categories: public key ciphers (also known as asymmetric ciphers), and symmetric key ciphers. Encryption software can be based on either public key or symmetric key encryption.
Another way to classify software encryption is to categorize its purpose. Using this approach, software encryption may be classified into software which encrypts "data in transit" and software which encrypts "data at rest". Data in transit generally uses public key ciphers, and data at rest generally uses symmetric key ciphers.
Symmetric key ciphers can be further divided into stream ciphers and block ciphers. Stream ciphers typically encrypt plaintext a bit or byte at a time, and are most commonly used to encrypt real-time communications, such as audio and video information. The key is used to establish the initial state of a keystream generator, and the output of that generator is used to encrypt the plaintext. Block cipher algorithms split the plaintext into fixed-size blocks and encrypt one bl
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Colson
|
John Colson (1680 – 20 January 1760) was an English clergyman, mathematician, and the Lucasian Professor of Mathematics at Cambridge University.
Life
John Colson was educated at Lichfield School before becoming an undergraduate at Christ Church, Oxford, though he did not take a degree there.
He became a schoolmaster at Sir Joseph Williamson's Mathematical School in Rochester, and was elected Fellow of the Royal Society in 1713.
He was Vicar of Chalk, Kent from 1724 to 1740.
He relocated to Cambridge and lectured at Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge.
From 1739 to 1760, he was Lucasian Professor of Mathematics. He was also Rector of Lockington, Yorkshire.
Works
In 1726 he published his Negativo-Affirmativo Arithmetik advocating a modified decimal system of numeration. It involved "reduction [to] small figures" by "throwing all the large figures out of a given number, and introducing in their room the equivalent small figures respectively".
John Colson translated several of Isaac Newton's works into English, including De Methodis Serierum et Fluxionum in 1736.
See also
Method of Fluxions
Witch of Agnesi
Notes
References
"A Brief History of The Lucasian Professorship of Mathematics at Cambridge University" – Robert Bruen, Boston College, May 1995
External links
1680 births
1760 deaths
18th-century English mathematicians
Academics of the University of Cambridge
English Anglicans
Lucasian Professors of Mathematics
Fellows of the Royal Society
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National%20High%20Magnetic%20Field%20Laboratory
|
The National High Magnetic Field Laboratory (MagLab) is a facility at Florida State University, the University of Florida, and Los Alamos National Laboratory in New Mexico, that performs magnetic field research in physics, biology, bioengineering, chemistry, geochemistry, biochemistry. It is the only such facility in the US, and is among twelve high magnetic facilities worldwide. The lab is supported by the National Science Foundation and the state of Florida, and works in collaboration with private industry.
The lab holds several world records for the world's strongest magnets, including highest magnetic field of 45.5 Tesla. For nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy experiments, its series connected hybrid (SCH) magnet broke the record during a series of tests conducted by MagLab engineers and scientists on 15 November 2016, reaching its full field of 36 Tesla.
History
Proposal and award
In 1989 Florida State University (FSU), Los Alamos National Laboratory, and the University of Florida submitted a proposal to the National Science Foundation (NSF) for a new national laboratory supporting interdisciplinary research in high magnetic fields. The plan proposed a federal-state partnership serving magnet-related research, science and technology education, and partnering industry. The goal was to maintain the competitive position of the US in magnet-related research and development. Following a peer-review competition, the NSF approved the FSU-led consortium's proposal.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florey%20Institute%20of%20Neuroscience%20and%20Mental%20Health
|
The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, more commonly known as the The Florey, is an Australian medical research institute that undertakes research into treatments for brain and mind disorders. The institute's areas of interest include Parkinson's disease, stroke, motor neurone disease, addiction, epilepsy, multiple sclerosis, Autism, Huntington's disease, depression, schizophrenia, brain function in health and disease, heart failure, and dementia.
Affiliated with the University of Melbourne, the Austin Hospital and the Royal Melbourne Hospital, the institute is located in the Melbourne suburbs of and in Victoria. It is the largest brain research group in the southern hemisphere and employs approximately 600 staff and students. The institute is led by its director, Professor Trevor Kilpatrick.
History
The origins of the institute are based on the 1947 work of the founder, Dr. Derek Denton, and the investigation of the team of scientists, Prof R D Wright, Prof J P Coghlan and Prof Marelyn Wintour-Coghlan into the control of salt and water balance in health and disease.
The institute was formally established in 1971 by the Victorian Government and named in honour of Howard Florey, an Australian Laureate of the 1945 Nobel Prize in Medicine who helped to isolate the active principle of penicillin and developed the first manufacturing process for the antibiotic. The institute conducted research into physiological control of body fluid and electrolyte balance,
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixed%20oxide
|
In chemistry, a mixed oxide is a somewhat informal name for an oxide that contains cations of more than one chemical element or cations of a single element in several states of oxidation.
The term is usually applied to solid ionic compounds that contain the oxide anion and two or more element cations. Typical examples are ilmenite (), a mixed oxide of iron () and titanium () cations, perovskite and garnet.The cations may be the same element in different ionization states: a notable example is magnetite , which is also known as ferrosoferric oxide , contains the cations Fe(2+) ("ferrous" iron) and ("ferric" iron) in 1:2 ratio. Other notable examples include red lead , the ferrites, and the yttrium aluminum garnet , used in lasers.
The term is sometimes also applied to compounds of oxygen and two or more other elements, where some or all of the oxygen atoms are covalently bound into oxyanions. In sodium zincate , for example, the oxygens are bound to the zinc atoms forming zincate anions. (On the other hand, strontium titanate , despite its name, contains cations and not the anion.)
Sometimes the term is applied loosely to solid solutions of metal oxides rather than chemical compounds, or to fine mixtures of two or more oxides.
Mixed oxide minerals are plentiful in nature. Synthetic mixed oxides are components of many ceramics with remarkable properties and important advanced technological applications, such as strong magnets, fine optics, lasers, semiconductors, pie
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert%20C.%20Dynes
|
Robert Carr Dynes (born November 8, 1942) is a Canadian-American physicist, researcher, and academic administrator, and professor of physics at the University of California, Berkeley, and the former president of the University of California system, and former chancellor of the University of California San Diego.
Biography
Early years
Dynes was born in Ontario, Canada, where he earned a bachelor's degree in mathematics and physics from the University of Western Ontario in 1964. He then earned master's (1965) and doctorate (1968) degrees in physics from McMaster University. He became a naturalized United States citizen in 1984.
Career
Dynes worked at Bell Laboratories from 1964 to 1990, studying semiconductors and superconductors. He then became professor of physics at the University of California San Diego (UCSD), in 1991. In 1996 he became Chancellor of the UCSD campus, then in 2003 was chosen to be the 18th President of the University of California system.
Dynes' scientific honors include the 1990 Fritz London Memorial Prize in Low Temperature Physics and his 2001 election to the Council of the National Academy of Sciences, a society to which he was elected in 1989.
Dynes is a fellow of the American Physical Society (1981), the Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.
Dynes remains active in his research and heads a modest sized low temperature physics laboratory at Berkeley.
After five tumultuous years as President
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llewellyn%20Thomas
|
Llewellyn Hilleth Thomas (21 October 1903 – 20 April 1992) was a British physicist and applied mathematician. He is best known for his contributions to atomic and molecular physics and solid-state physics. His key achievements include calculating relativistic effects on the spin-orbit interaction in a hydrogen atom (Thomas precession), creating an approximate theory of -body quantum systems (Thomas-Fermi theory), and devising an efficient method for solving tridiagonal system of linear equations (Thomas algorithm).
Life and education
Born in London, he studied at Cambridge University, receiving his BA, PhD, and MA degrees in 1924, 1927 and 1928 respectively. While on a Traveling Fellowship for the academic year 1925–1926 at Bohr's Institute in Copenhagen, he proposed Thomas precession in 1926, to explain the difference between predictions made by spin-orbit coupling theory and experimental observations.
In 1929 he obtained a job as a professor of physics at the Ohio State University, where he stayed until 1943. He married Naomi Estelle Frech in 1933. In 1935 he was the master's thesis advisor for Leonard Schiff, whose thesis was published with Thomas as coauthor. From 1943 until 1945 Thomas worked on ballistics at the Aberdeen Proving Ground in Maryland. In 1946 he became a member of the staff of the Watson Scientific Computing Laboratory at Columbia University, remaining there until 1968. In 1958 he was elected as a member of the National Academy of Sciences. In 1963,
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter%20Heitler
|
Walter Heinrich Heitler (; 2 January 1904 – 15 November 1981) was a German physicist who made contributions to quantum electrodynamics and quantum field theory. He brought chemistry under quantum mechanics through his theory of valence bonding.
Education
In 1922, Heitler began his study of physics at the Karlsruhe Technische Hochschule, in 1923 at the Humboldt University of Berlin, and in 1924 at the Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich (LMU), where he studied under both Arnold Sommerfeld and Karl Herzfeld. The latter was his thesis advisor when he obtained his doctorate in 1926; Herzfeld taught courses in theoretical physics and one in physical chemistry, and in Sommerfeld's absence often took over his classes. From 1926 to 1927, he was a Rockefeller Foundation Fellow for postgraduate research with Niels Bohr at the Institute for Theoretical Physics at the University of Copenhagen and with Erwin Schrödinger at the University of Zurich. He then became an assistant to Max Born at the Institute for Theoretical Physics at the University of Göttingen. Heitler completed his Habilitation, under Born, in 1929, and then remained as a Privatdozent until 1933. In that year, he was let go by the university because he was Jewish.
At the time Heitler received his doctorate, three Institutes for Theoretical Physics formed a consortium which worked on the key problems of the day, such as atomic and molecular structure, and exchanged both scientific information and personnel in thei
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt%20bridge
|
In electrochemistry, a salt bridge or ion bridge is a laboratory device used to connect the oxidation and reduction half-cells of a galvanic cell (voltaic cell), a type of electrochemical cell. It maintains electrical neutrality within the internal circuit. If no salt bridge were present, the solution in one-half cell would accumulate a negative charge and the solution in the other half cell would accumulate a positive charge as the reaction proceeded, quickly preventing further reaction, and hence the production of electricity. Salt bridges usually come in two types: glass tubes and filter paper.
Glass tube bridges
One type of salt bridge consists of a U-shaped glass tube filled with a relatively inert electrolyte. It is usually a combination of potassium or ammonium cations and chloride or nitrate anions, which have similar mobility in solution. The combination is chosen which does not react with any of the chemicals used in the cell. The electrolyte is often gelified with agar-agar to help prevent the intermixing of fluids that might otherwise occur.
The conductivity of a glass tube bridge depends mostly on the concentration of the electrolyte solution. At concentrations below saturation, an increase in concentration increases conductivity. Beyond-saturation electrolyte content and narrow tube diameter may both lower conductivity.
Filter paper bridges
Porous paper such as filter paper may be used as a salt bridge if soaked in an appropriate electrolyte such as the el
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaonium
|
Kaonium is an exotic atom consisting of a bound state of a positively charged and a negatively charged kaon. Kaonium has not been observed experimentally and is expected to have a short lifetime on the order of 10−18 seconds.
References
Onia
Mesons
Nuclear physics
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry%20Roberts%20%28inventor%29
|
Harry Roberts was the co-inventor of julmust and co-founder of Roberts in Örebro in 1910, Sweden. After studying chemistry in Germany during the late 19th century he invented the soft drink together with his father Robert Roberts.
References
20th-century Swedish inventors
Year of birth missing (living people)
Place of birth missing (living people)
Living people
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lloyd%20Douglas%20Jackson
|
Lloyd Douglas Jackson (April 22, 1888 – September 11, 1973) was mayor of Hamilton, Ontario, Canada from 1950 to 1962.
Born near Sarnia, Ontario, Jackson attended McMaster University while it was still in Toronto, earning a bachelor's degree in Chemistry. He began his political career in Hamilton's Board of Education, whereupon he served as Mayor for 13 years. As mayor, he focused on the development of Hamilton's downtown area, including the construction of the new City Hall.
In 1970, a shopping and commercial centre, Lloyd D. Jackson Square (known as Jackson Square), was named in his honour.
References
1888 births
1973 deaths
Mayors of Hamilton, Ontario
Politicians from Sarnia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vahakn%20Dadrian
|
Vahakn Norair Dadrian (; 26 May 1926 – 2 August 2019) was an Armenian-American sociologist and historian, born in Turkey, professor of sociology, historian, and an expert on the Armenian genocide.
Life
Dadrian was born in 1926 in Turkey to a family that lost many members during the Armenian genocide. Dadrian first studied mathematics at the University of Berlin, after which he decided to switch to a completely different field, and studied philosophy at the University of Vienna, and later, international law at the University of Zürich. He completed his Ph.D. in sociology at the University of Chicago. Dadrian understood many languages, including German, English, French, Turkish, Ottoman Turkish, and Armenian, and worked in the archives of different countries. Thomas de Waal suggests that Dadrian's research was motivated by a political agenda, noting that Dadrian wrote a 1964 letter to The New York Times asking: "on what conceivable grounds can the Armenians be denied the right to reclaim their ancestral territories which Turkey absorbed after massacring their inhabitants?"
He was awarded an honorary doctorate degree for his research in the field of Armenian Genocide Studies by the Armenian National Academy of Sciences, and later, in 1998, he was made a member of the academy and honored by the President of Armenia, the republic's highest cultural award, the Khorenatzi medal. In 1999, Dadrian was awarded on behalf of the Holy See of Cilicia the Mesrob Mashdots Medal. The Har
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical%20joke
|
A mathematical joke is a form of humor which relies on aspects of mathematics or a stereotype of mathematicians. The humor may come from a pun, or from a double meaning of a mathematical term, or from a lay person's misunderstanding of a mathematical concept. Mathematician and author John Allen Paulos in his book Mathematics and Humor described several ways that mathematics, generally considered a dry, formal activity, overlaps with humor, a loose, irreverent activity: both are forms of "intellectual play"; both have "logic, pattern, rules, structure"; and both are "economical and explicit".
Some performers combine mathematics and jokes to entertain and/or teach math.
Humor of mathematicians may be classified into the esoteric and exoteric categories. Esoteric jokes rely on the intrinsic knowledge of mathematics and its terminology. Exoteric jokes are intelligible to the outsiders, and most of them compare mathematicians with representatives of other disciplines or with common folk.
Pun-based jokes
Some jokes use a mathematical term with a second non-technical meaning as the punchline of a joke.
Occasionally, multiple mathematical puns appear in the same jest:
This invokes four double meanings: adder (snake) vs. addition (algebraic operation); multiplication (biological reproduction) vs. multiplication (algebraic operation); log (a cut tree trunk) vs. log (logarithm); and table (set of facts) vs. table (piece of furniture).
Other jokes create a double meaning from a d
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Momentum%20operator
|
In quantum mechanics, the momentum operator is the operator associated with the linear momentum. The momentum operator is, in the position representation, an example of a differential operator. For the case of one particle in one spatial dimension, the definition is:
where is Planck's reduced constant, the imaginary unit, is the spatial coordinate, and a partial derivative (denoted by ) is used instead of a total derivative () since the wave function is also a function of time. The "hat" indicates an operator. The "application" of the operator on a differentiable wave function is as follows:
In a basis of Hilbert space consisting of momentum eigenstates expressed in the momentum representation, the action of the operator is simply multiplication by , i.e. it is a multiplication operator, just as the position operator is a multiplication operator in the position representation. Note that the definition above is the canonical momentum, which is not gauge invariant and not a measurable physical quantity for charged particles in an electromagnetic field. In that case, the canonical momentum is not equal to the kinetic momentum.
At the time quantum mechanics was developed in the 1920s, the momentum operator was found by many theoretical physicists, including Niels Bohr, Arnold Sommerfeld, Erwin Schrödinger, and Eugene Wigner. Its existence and form is sometimes taken as one of the foundational postulates of quantum mechanics.
Origin from De Broglie plane waves
The momentum
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concrete%20security
|
In cryptography, concrete security or exact security is a practice-oriented approach that aims to give more precise estimates of the computational complexities of adversarial tasks than polynomial equivalence would allow. It quantifies the security of a cryptosystem by bounding the probability of success for an adversary running for a fixed amount of time. Security proofs with precise analyses are referred to as concrete.
Traditionally, provable security is asymptotic: it classifies the hardness of computational problems using polynomial-time reducibility. Secure schemes are defined to be those in which the advantage of any computationally bounded adversary is negligible. While such a theoretical guarantee is important, in practice one needs to know exactly how efficient a reduction is because of the need to instantiate the security parameter - it is not enough to know that "sufficiently large" security parameters will do. An inefficient reduction results either in the success probability for the adversary or the resource requirement of the scheme being greater than desired.
Concrete security parametrizes all the resources available to the adversary, such as running time and memory, and other resources specific to the system in question, such as the number of plaintexts it can obtain or the number of queries it can make to any oracles available. Then the advantage of the adversary is upper bounded as a function of these resources and of the problem size. It is often possib
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takeo%20Fukui
|
is the former president and CEO of Honda Motor Co., Ltd. He is from Tokyo, Japan, though his mother gave birth to him in Hiroshima to escape intensifying air raids during World War II. He graduated from Waseda University with a bachelor's degree in Applied Chemistry. He began working at Honda in April 1969.
Career
Fukui worked on the CVCC (Compound Vortex Controlled Combustion) engine as his first project at Honda to reduce toxic exhaust emissions. The CVCC, which became the base for the Honda Civic car, became the first vehicle to comply with the 1975 U.S. Clean Air Act without a catalytic converter. A motorsports fan, he joined Honda for its participation in the Formula One races, and many years later served as the representative for the Honda works team upon their first, and only, victory at the 2006 Hungarian Grand Prix.
Positions
Honda Motor Company, 1969–1979, engineer;
Honda R&D Company, 1979–1982, chief engineer;
Honda Racing Corporation, 1982–1983, chief engineer; 1983–1985, director; 1985–1987, executive vice president;
Honda R&D Company, 1987–1988, managing director;
Honda Racing Corporation, 1987–1988, president;
Honda Motor Company, 1988–1990, director;
Honda R&D Company, 1990–1991, senior managing director;
Honda Motor Company, 1991–1992, general manager of Motorcycle Development; 1992–1994, general manager of Hamamatsu Factory, Motorcycle Operations;
Honda of America Manufacturing, 1994–1996, executive vice president and director;
Honda M
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakey%20the%20robot
|
Shakey the Robot was the first general-purpose mobile robot able to reason about its own actions. While other robots would have to be instructed on each individual step of completing a larger task, Shakey could analyze commands and break them down into basic chunks by itself.
Due to its nature, the project combined research in robotics, computer vision, and natural language processing. Because of this, it was the first project that melded logical reasoning and physical action. Shakey was developed at the Artificial Intelligence Center of Stanford Research Institute (now called SRI International).
Some of the most notable results of the project include the A* search algorithm, the Hough transform, and the visibility graph method.
History
Shakey was developed from approximately 1966 through 1972 with Charles Rosen, Nils Nilsson and Peter Hart as project managers. Other major contributors included Alfred Brain, Sven Wahlstrom, Bertram Raphael, Richard Duda, Richard Fikes, Thomas Garvey, Helen Chan Wolf and Michael Wilber. The project was funded by the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA).
Now retired from active duty, Shakey is currently on view in a glass display case at the Computer History Museum in Mountain View, California. The project inspired numerous other robotics projects, most notably the Centibots.
Software
The robot's programming was primarily done in LISP. The Stanford Research Institute Problem Solver (STRIPS) planner it used was conceived a
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph%20H.%20Silverman
|
Joseph Hillel Silverman (born March 27, 1955, New York City) is a professor of mathematics at Brown University working in arithmetic geometry, arithmetic dynamics, and cryptography.
Biography
Joseph Silverman received an Sc.B. from Brown University in 1977 and a Ph.D. from Harvard University in 1982 under the direction of John Tate. He taught at M.I.T. (1982–1986) and at Boston University (1986–1988) before taking a position at Brown in 1988.
Silverman has published more than 100 research articles, written or coauthored six books, and edited three conference proceedings; his work has been cited more than 5000 times, by over 2000 distinct authors. He currently serves on the editorial boards of Algebra and Number Theory and New York Journal of Mathematics.
Industry
In 1996, Silverman, along with Jeffrey Hoffstein, Jill Pipher and Daniel Lieman, founded NTRU Cryptosystems, Inc. to market their cryptographic algorithms, NTRUEncrypt and NTRUSign.
Awards
In 2012 he became a fellow of the American Mathematical Society.
Books
Silverman has written two graduate texts on elliptic curves, The Arithmetic of Elliptic Curves (1986) and Advanced Topics in the Arithmetic of Elliptic Curves (1994). For these two books he received a Steele Prize for Mathematical Exposition from the American Mathematical Society, which cited them by saying that “Silverman's volumes have become standard references on one of the most exciting areas of algebraic geometry and number theory.” Silverman has a
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saul%20Shapiro
|
Saul Taylor Shapiro is the New York City franchisee of Fibrenew doing business as Fibrenew Manhattan Central.
Early life and education
Shapiro was born to Florence and Seymour Shapiro in Hastings-on-Hudson, New York.
A materials science engineering graduate of Brown University, Shapiro has also received an SM in engineering from MIT and an SM in management from the MIT Sloan School of Management as a Leaders for Manufacturing Fellow (now Leaders for Global Operations program). Both of these degrees from MIT were earned in 1991.
He studied furniture design under Tage Frid and Hank Gilpin at the Rhode Island School of Design for two semesters and attended Harvard University's Graduate School of Design for the first year of a three year Master's program. In 2009 he self-published "Two Chairs," a brief memoir of his woodworking journey.
Career
From 2008 to 2012, Shapiro served as President of the Metropolitan Television Alliance, LLC (MTVA). The MTVA was formed by the New York area television broadcast stations shortly after the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001. Those attacks completely destroyed New York’s analog and digital over-the-air television broadcast infrastructure.
The MTVA’s mission was to coordinate the recovery and the initial rebuilding of that infrastructure at the Empire State Building, and to locate and develop permanent facilities to replace those lost in 2001. This effort included the relocation of stations to temporary facilities in the immedia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hexol
|
In chemistry, hexol is a cation with formula {[Co(NH3)4(OH)2]3Co}6+ — a coordination complex consisting of four cobalt cations in oxidation state +3, twelve ammonia molecules , and six hydroxy anions , with a net charge of +6. The hydroxy groups act as bridges between the central cobalt atom and the other three, which carry the ammonia ligands.
Salts of hexol, such as the sulfate {[Co(NH3)4(OH)2]3Co}(SO4)3(H2O)x, are of historical significance as the first synthetic non-carbon-containing chiral compounds.
Preparation
Salts of hexol were first described by Jørgensen, although it was Werner who recognized its structure. The cation is prepared by heating a solution containing the cis-diaquotetramminecobalt(III) cation [Co(NH3)4(H2O)2]3+ with a dilute base:
4 [Co(NH3)4(H2O)2]3+ + 2 HO− → {[Co(NH3)4(OH)2]3Co}6+ + 4 NH4+ + 4 H2O
Hexol sulfate
Starting with the sulfate and using ammonium hydroxide as the base, depending on the conditions, one obtains the 9-hydrate, the 6-hydrate, or the 4-hydrate of hexol sulfate. These salts form dark brownish-violet or black tabular crystals, with low solubility in water. When treated with concentrated hydrochloric acid, hexol sulfate converts to cis-diaquotetramminecobalt(III) sulfate. In boiling dilute sulfuric acid, hexol sulfate further degrades with evolution of oxygen and nitrogen.
Optical properties
The hexol cation exists as two optical isomers that are mirror images of each other, depending on the arrangement of the bonds bet
|
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.