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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecules%20%28journal%29
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Molecules is a peer-reviewed open access scientific journal that focuses on all aspects of chemistry and materials science. It was established in March 1996 and is published monthly by MDPI. From 1997 to 2001, Molbank was published as a section of the journal, before splitting into its own journal. The editor-in-chief is Farid Chemat.
Molecules was initially published by Springer-Verlag. In December 1996, Shu-Kun Lin resigned as editor and relaunched the journal with Molecular Diversity Preservation International (MDPI). Springer initially sued over naming rights, but eventually dropped the suit.
Abstracting and indexing
The journal is abstracted and indexed in:
According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2021 impact factor of 4.927.
References
External links
Chemistry journals
Open access journals
Academic journals established in 1996
MDPI academic journals
Monthly journals
English-language journals
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ex%20Models
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Ex Models is an American no wave-influenced post-hardcore band based in Brooklyn, New York.
Career
The band, based around brothers Shahin and Shahryar Motia, was started while they were in high school. They reunited after college to make their first album, Other Mathematics, released in 2001 on Ace Fu Records. The subject of their lyrics ranges from sex to Jean Baudrillard and his philosophy about simulacra.
Their second album, Zoo Psychology, was released two years later. By this time, bass guitarist Mike Masiello left the band. Zach Lehrhoff replaced him, providing vocals as well.
By 2005, the band had been reduced to the duo of Shahin and Zach and a third album, Chrome Panthers, was released marking a new direction, even more repetitive and minimalist, which the band dubbed "Fundustrial Noise". Contributing on record, and occasionally live, was drummer Kid Millions of Oneida.
In 2007, the 'classic' line-up of both Motias, Zach and drummer Jake Fiedler performed in NYC's East River Park. However, the reunion with Fiedler was short-lived, with the remaining three commencing to play out as Knyfe Hyts, a more metal-oriented outfit.
Other activities
Ex Models are active in the Brooklyn music scene and are also in side bands. Shahin has played with The First Lady Of Cuntry and the Cunts and Zach in The Seconds, Pterodactyl, and with Marnie Stern. In 2010, Shahin was a member of Oneida.
Members
Shahin Motia - vocals/guitar
Zach Lehrhoff - vocals/bass guitar or guitar
Shahr
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%20Columb%27s%20College
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St Columb's College () is a Roman Catholic boys' grammar school in Derry, Northern Ireland. Since 2008, it has been a specialist school in mathematics. It is named after Saint Columba, the missionary monk from County Donegal who founded a monastery in the area. The college was originally built to educate young men into the priesthood, but now educates boys in a variety of disciplines.
St Columb's College was established in 1879 on Bishop Street (now the site of Lumen Christi College), but later moved to Buncrana Road in the suburbs of the city.
Early history
St Columb's College was preceded by several failed attempts to create such an institution in Derry. Repeated but sporadic efforts were made to maintain a seminary for almost a century; at Clady, near Strabane, in the late eighteenth century, at Ferguson's Lane in Derry in the early nineteenth century and at Pump Street (first reference to St Columb's College as such) in the city from 1841 to 1864.
St Columb's finally opened its doors on 3 November 1879 with two priest teachers, Edward O'Brien and John Hassan. The school was considered to be quite large at the time and was expected to accommodate 20–30 boarders. The school quickly gained a reputation for academic achievement. On 18 September 1931 the Derry Journal listed St Columb's College's academic results. They were as follows:
2 university scholarships
3 exhibitions and prizes
6 calls in King's Scholarship exam (calls to teacher training)
2 pupil teachership
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compagnie%20%C3%89lectro-M%C3%A9canique
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Compagnie Électro-Mécanique (CEM) was a French electrical engineering manufacturer based in Paris, Le Havre, Lyon, Le Bourget, Nancy, Dijon. It was a subsidiary company of Brown, Boveri & Cie.
Production
The company produced DC motors, AC motors, generators, turbines, transformers and railway locomotives. Examples of railway locomotives included SNCF Class C 61000 and SNCF Class CC 65500.
Acquisition by Alsthom
It was acquired by Alsthom in 1983.
References
Alstom
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard%20Cary
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Henry Cary (3 May 1908 – 20 December 1991) was an American engineer and the co-founder of the Applied Physics Corporation (later known as Cary Instruments), along with George W. Downs and William Miller. The Cary 14 UV-Vis-NIR and the Cary Model 81 Raman Spectrophotometer were particularly important contributions in scientific instrumentation and spectroscopy. Before starting Applied Physics, Cary was employed by Beckman Instruments, where he worked on the design of several instruments including the ubiquitous DU spectrophotometer. Howard Cary was a founder and the first president of the Optical Society of Southern California.
Personal life
Henry Howard Cary was born on 3 May 1908 in Los Angeles, California to Henry Gardner Cary and Bessie (Brown) Cary.
The 1940 US Census listed Cary as married to Barbara (Ward) Cary from Washington state. His occupation was recorded as research engineer and industry as laboratory.
In 1991, Cary died of pneumonia after a long illness at Orange, California.
Education
In 1925, after graduating from Los Angeles High School, Cary entered the California Institute of Technology. He missed one year due to illness, and graduated in 1930 with a B.S. degree in civil engineering. In sports, he was captain of the varsity tennis squad. During his first year he won the junior travel prize. Cary was a member of Sigma Xi.
After receiving his degree, Cary went to work in his father's plumbing construction business, H. G. Cary Co. He held a variety of en
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cary%20Instruments
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Cary Instruments was founded in 1946 by Howard Cary, George W. Downs and William C. Miller under the name Applied Physics Corporation. Howard Cary previously had been vice president in charge of development for National Technologies Laboratories (later to become Beckman instruments and eventually Beckman Coulter), where he had worked on the development of the DU line of UV/Vis Spectrophotometers.
The Applied Physics Corporation, subsequently renamed to Cary Instruments company, became well known as a supplier of high-quality optical instrumentation for scientific laboratories. The company was purchased in 1966 by Varian Associates, at which time it became known as the Cary Instruments division. In 1982 the Cary division was merged with the Techtron division of Varian and moved to Melbourne Australia. The Cary brand is still retained to the present day for UV/Vis Spectrophotometers, Fluorometers and FTIR spectrometers, even after the acquisition of Varian, Inc. by Agilent Technologies in 2010.
Scientific instruments
The following are some of the scientific instruments developed by Cary Instruments.
References
NIST PDF file about the founding.
Varian brochure.
Instrument-making corporations
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applied%20physics%20%28disambiguation%29
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Applied physics is physics which is intended for a particular technological or practical use.
Applied physics may also refer to:
Scientific journals
Applied Physics, issued as two separate publications:
Applied Physics A: Materials Science & Processing
Applied Physics B: Lasers and Optics
American Institute of Physics journals:
Applied Physics Letters, published weekly
Applied Physics Reviews, published annually
Applied Physics Express, a scientific journal publishing letters
Institutions
Applied Physics, Inc.
Applied Physics Corporation, now the Cary Instruments division of Varian
Applied Physics Laboratory Ice Station, U.S.A. and Japanese laboratory
Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory
TV
"Applied Physics" (Sliders), a television episode
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chew%20Choon%20Seng
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Chew Choon Seng () is the former chief executive officer of Singapore Airlines (SIA), the former Chairman of the Singapore Exchange and Singapore Tourism Board.
Education
After completing his degree in mechanical engineering from the University of Singapore, Chew graduated with a Master of Science in operations research and management studies from Imperial College London.
Career
Chew joined SIA in 1972 and held senior assignments for Administration, covering finance, treasury, corporate planning, human resources, legal and corporate affairs in Tokyo, Rome, Sydney, Los Angeles and London. After heading the Planning and Marketing divisions at the airline's corporate headquarters, he was appointed CEO in June 2003.
Chew also served as the chairman of the Singapore Aircraft Leasing Enterprise and was the directors of various SIA subsidiaries including Singapore Airport Terminal Services, SIA Engineering Company, and Virgin Atlantic, in which SIA previously held a 49 per cent equity stake. He was the chairman of SilkAir, a fully owned subsidiary of SIA when SilkAir Flight 185 crashed on 19 December 1997 en route from Jakarta's Soekarno–Hatta International Airport to Singapore Changi Airport.
Chew relinquished his position as chief executive officer (CEO) of Singapore Airlines (SIA) at the end of 2010 and assuming the post of Chairman at Singapore Exchange (SGX) and Singapore Tourism Board (STB) and board member of Government of Singapore Investment Corporation.
Chew was named
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramanujan%20theta%20function
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In mathematics, particularly -analog theory, the Ramanujan theta function generalizes the form of the Jacobi theta functions, while capturing their general properties. In particular, the Jacobi triple product takes on a particularly elegant form when written in terms of the Ramanujan theta. The function is named after mathematician Srinivasa Ramanujan.
Definition
The Ramanujan theta function is defined as
for . The Jacobi triple product identity then takes the form
Here, the expression denotes the -Pochhammer symbol. Identities that follow from this include
and
and
This last being the Euler function, which is closely related to the Dedekind eta function. The Jacobi theta function may be written in terms of the Ramanujan theta function as:
Integral representations
We have the following integral representation for the full two-parameter form of Ramanujan's theta function:
The special cases of Ramanujan's theta functions given by and also have the following integral representations:
This leads to several special case integrals for constants defined by these functions when (cf. theta function explicit values). In particular, we have that
and that
Application in string theory
The Ramanujan theta function is used to determine the critical dimensions in Bosonic string theory, superstring theory and M-theory.
References
Q-analogs
Elliptic functions
Theta functions
Srinivasa Ramanujan
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houman%20Younessi
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Houman Younessi (28 May 1963 – 23 March 2016) was an Kurdish-American educator, practitioner, consultant and investigator in informatics, large scale software development processes, computer science, decision science, molecular biology and functional genomics. He was a research professor at University of Connecticut, and was previously the head of faculty and professor at Hartford Graduate Campus of Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute in Hartford, Connecticut and prior to that, a member of the faculty at Swinburne University of Technology in Hawthorn, Victoria, Australia where he attained tenure in 1997.
Younessi was recognized for his work in the fields of defect management, software and system development processes and was an authority in object-oriented computing. Examples of his work include the OPEN and the SBM methodologies and, more recently, recombinant programming.
A multi-disciplinarian, Younessi was also trained in molecular biology, genomics and bioinformatics. His primary interest was in systems and functional biology, particularly work that pertains to disease and development. He also holds a master's degree in management, specializing in realistic alternative frameworks in economics and finance.
Younessi died on 23 March 2016, due to complications arising from small cell lung cancer. Younessi had survived four bouts of cancer since an initial diagnosis of malignant chordoma in 2009.
References
1963 births
Alborz High School alumni
People from South Windso
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%20Symbolic%20Analysis%20of%20Relay%20and%20Switching%20Circuits
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"A Symbolic Analysis of Relay and Switching Circuits" is the title of a master's thesis written by computer science pioneer Claude E. Shannon while attending the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in 1937. In his thesis, Shannon, a dual degree graduate of the University of Michigan, proved that Boolean algebra could be used to simplify the arrangement of the relays that were the building blocks of the electromechanical automatic telephone exchanges of the day. Shannon went on to prove that it should also be possible to use arrangements of relays to solve Boolean algebra problems.
The utilization of the binary properties of electrical switches to perform logic functions is the basic concept that underlies all electronic digital computer designs. Shannon's thesis became the foundation of practical digital circuit design when it became widely known among the electrical engineering community during and after World War II. At the time, the methods employed to design logic circuits (for example, contemporary Konrad Zuse's Z1) were ad hoc in nature and lacked the theoretical discipline that Shannon's paper supplied to later projects.
Psychologist Howard Gardner described Shannon's thesis as "possibly the most important, and also the most famous, master's thesis of the century". A version of the paper was published in the 1938 issue of the Transactions of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers, and in 1940, it earned Shannon the Alfred Noble American Institute
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal%20foam
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In materials science, a metal foam is a material or structure consisting of a solid metal (frequently aluminium) with gas-filled pores comprising a large portion of the volume. The pores can be sealed (closed-cell foam) or interconnected (open-cell foam). The defining characteristic of metal foams is a high porosity: typically only 5–25% of the volume is the base metal. The strength of the material is due to the square–cube law.
Metal foams typically retain some physical properties of their base material. Foam made from non-flammable metal remains non-flammable and can generally be recycled as the base material. Its coefficient of thermal expansion is similar while thermal conductivity is likely reduced.
Definitions
Open-cell
Open-celled metal foam, also called metal sponge, can be used in heat exchangers (compact electronics cooling, cryogen tanks, PCM heat exchangers), energy absorption, flow diffusion, scrubbers, flame arrestors, and lightweight optics. The high cost of the material generally limits its use to advanced technology, aerospace, and manufacturing.
Fine-scale open-cell foams, with cells smaller than can be seen unaided, are used as high-temperature filters in the chemical industry.
Metal foams are used in compact heat exchangers to increase heat transfer at the cost of reduced pressure. However, their use permits substantial reduction in physical size and fabrication costs. Most models of these materials use idealized and periodic structures or averaged
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rogers%E2%80%93Ramanujan%20identities
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In mathematics, the Rogers–Ramanujan identities are two identities related to basic hypergeometric series and integer partitions. The identities were first discovered and proved by , and were subsequently rediscovered (without a proof) by Srinivasa Ramanujan some time before 1913. Ramanujan had no proof, but rediscovered Rogers's paper in 1917, and they then published a joint new proof . independently rediscovered and proved the identities.
Definition
The Rogers–Ramanujan identities are
and
.
Here, denotes the q-Pochhammer symbol.
Combinatorial interpretation
Consider the following:
is the generating function for partitions with exactly parts such that adjacent parts have difference at least 2.
is the generating function for partitions such that each part is congruent to either 1 or 4 modulo 5.
is the generating function for partitions with exactly parts such that adjacent parts have difference at least 2 and such that the smallest part is at least 2.
is the generating function for partitions such that each part is congruent to either 2 or 3 modulo 5.
The Rogers–Ramanujan identities could be now interpreted in the following way. Let be a non-negative integer.
The number of partitions of such that the adjacent parts differ by at least 2 is the same as the number of partitions of such that each part is congruent to either 1 or 4 modulo 5.
The number of partitions of such that the adjacent parts differ by at least 2 and such that the smallest part is
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon%20Agnew
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Gordon B. Agnew is a Canadian engineering professor at the University of Waterloo. Agnew's primary research interests are in the fields of encryption and data security.
Education
Agnew earned his degree in electrical engineering from the University of Waterloo in 1978 and a Ph.D. in 1982.
Career
After earning his PhD, Agnew joined the electrical and computer engineering department of University of Waterloo. Agnew also co-founded Certicom, which was later acquired by BlackBerry Limited. Agnew joined Peer Ledger as Co-CEO in 2019.
Agnew is a Foundation Fellow of the Institute of Combinatorics and its Applications and is a Fellow of the Canadian Academy of Engineering.
See also
List of University of Waterloo people
References
External links
Faculty information
Canadian computer scientists
University of Waterloo alumni
Academic staff of the University of Waterloo
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Fellows of the Canadian Academy of Engineering
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadro
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Quadro was Nvidia's brand for graphics cards intended for use in workstations running professional computer-aided design (CAD), computer-generated imagery (CGI), digital content creation (DCC) applications, scientific calculations and machine learning from 2000 to 2020.
Quadro-branded graphics cards differed from the mainstream GeForce lines in that the Quadro cards included the use of ECC memory and enhanced floating point precision. These are desirable properties when the cards are used for calculations which require greater reliability and precision compared to graphics rendering for video games.
Nvidia has moved away from the Quadro branding for new products, starting with the launch of the Ampere architecture-based RTX A6000 on October 5, 2020. To indicate the upgrade to the Nvidia Ampere architecture for their graphics cards technology, Nvidia RTX is the product line being produced and developed moving forward for use in professional workstations.
The Nvidia Quadro product line directly competed with AMD's Radeon Pro (formerly FirePro/FireGL) line of professional workstation cards.
History
The Quadro line of GPU cards emerged in an effort towards market segmentation by Nvidia. In introducing Quadro, Nvidia was able to charge a premium for essentially the same graphics hardware in professional markets, and direct resources to properly serve the needs of those markets. To differentiate their offerings, Nvidia used driver software and firmware to selectively enable fe
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale%20Child%20Study%20Center
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The Yale Child Study Center is a department at the Yale University School of Medicine. The center conducts research and provides clinical services and medical training related to children and families. Topics of investigation include autism and related disorders, Tourette syndrome, other pediatric mental health concerns, parenting, and neurobiology.
Mission
The center conducts research and provides clinical services and medical training related to children and families. Topics of investigation include autism spectrum disorders, Tourette syndrome, other pediatric mental health concerns, parenting, and neurobiology.
History
The center was started in 1911 as the Yale Clinic of Child Development by Arnold Gesell. Dr. Gesell, who is considered the father of child development in the United States, led the center until 1948. Subsequent directors were:
Milton J.E. Senn, 1948–1966
Albert J. Solnit, 1966–1983
Donald J. Cohen, 1983–2001
John E. Schowalter, (interim) 2001–2002
Alan E. Kazdin, 2002–2006
Fred R. Volkmar, 2006–2014
Linda C. Mayes, (interim) 2014–2016; 2016-present
References
Further reading
Mayes LC (2015). Vision(s) for the Yale Child Study Center
External links
Yale School of Medicine
Child-related organizations in the United States
Autism-related organizations in the United States
Organizations established in 1911
1911 establishments in Connecticut
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danny%20Lui
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Danny Lui (; 7 January 1957 – 1 July 2012) was a Hong Kong entrepreneur and venture capitalist. He graduated from Imperial College, London with a degree in Computer Science before returning to Hong Kong and winning the Hong Kong Young Industrialist Award in 1992. He is best-known for co-founding Lenovo. He maintained working relationships with governments in China and Hong Kong. He also had a network of venture capital connections on both sides of the Pacific.
Life
Lui was born in January 1957 in Hong Kong to a relatively poor working-class family and for the duration of his early life, he began to develop an interest and passion for computers.
In the late 1970s he graduated from Imperial College, London with a Bachelor's Degree in Computer Science. Following his graduation, he worked for a London-based firm building software applications for other companies. In 1982, Denny returned to Hong Kong and started his first business, Daw Computer Systems, Ltd. Seven years later, he teamed up with China Academy of Sciences’ Institute of Computing and co-founded the legend group, known as Lenovo in Hong Kong, which in December 2004 acquired the PC Division of IBM for $1.7 billion.
In 1994, he led Legend through a successful IPO on the Hong Kong Stock Exchange and the company today is currently the largest PC manufacturer in China.
Three years later, Lui founded APTG Ventures, his first venture fund focusing on high-tech investments in Silicon Valley and China. The fund has since
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prafulla%20Chandra%20Ray
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Sir Acharya Prafulla Chandra Ray, CIE, FNI, FRASB, FIAS, FCS (also spelled Prafulla Chandra Rây and Prafulla Chandra Roy; Praphulla Chandra Rāy; 2 August 1861 – 16 June 1944) was an Indian chemist, educationist, historian, industrialist and philanthropist. He established the first modern Indian research school in chemistry (post classical age) and is regarded as the Father of Indian Chemistry.
The Royal Society of Chemistry honoured his life and work with the first ever Chemical Landmark Plaque outside Europe. He was the founder of Bengal Chemicals & Pharmaceuticals, India's first pharmaceutical company. He is the author of A History of Hindu Chemistry from the Earliest Times to the Middle of the Sixteenth Century (1902).
Biography
Family background
Prafulla Chandra Ray was born in the village of Raruli-Katipara, then in Jessore District (subsequently in Khulna District), in the eastern region of the Bengal Presidency of British India (now in present-day Bangladesh). He was the third child and son of Harish Chandra Raychowdhury (d. 1893), a Kayastha zamindar and his wife Bhubanmohini Devi (d. 1904), the daughter of a local taluqdar. Ray was one of seven siblings, having four brothers – Jnanendra Chandra, Nalini Kanta, Purna Chandra and Buddha Dev – and two sisters, Indumati and Belamati, both born after their brothers. All except Buddha Dev and Belamati survived to adulthood.
Ray's great-grandfather Maniklal had been a dewan under the British East India Company's distri
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National%20Computer%20Science%20School
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The National Computer Science School (NCSS) is an annual computer science summer school open to high school students in Australia and New Zealand. It has taken place annually since 1996 over an eleven-day period in the January school holidays. Attending students participate in an intensive course in computer programming with Python, culminating in the development of a final project. The School also incorporates a number of social activities, competitions and outings.
Participants usually reside in The Women's College at the University of Sydney during the school. In 2020, the University of Melbourne hosted an additional node on their campus.
In 2023, NCSS will no longer operate at the University of Sydney, instead running concurrently at the University of Melbourne and at UNSW Sydney.
Eligibility
Each year, NCSS is open to all students in Australia and New Zealand entering their penultimate or final year of high school, but also considers applications from particularly gifted students from previous years. NCSS does not assume that participants have previous programming or web design experience, and is designed to suit a wide range of abilities and experience. Some students who have participated in the program are invited back the following year and are known internally as "returners".
2012 saw the first student from the Northern Territory.
2015 saw the first student siblings.
Project
Students attending NCSS are split into two streams: the 'web' stream and the 'embedded
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garbage%20%28disambiguation%29
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Garbage is an unwanted or undesired material or substance discarded by residents. The term is often used interchangeably with municipal solid waste.
Garbage may also refer to:
Litter, improperly disposed waste products
Garbage (computer science), unreferenced data in a computer's memory
Garbage (band), a rock band
Garbage (album), the band's debut
Garbage (EP), a 1995 album by the band Autechre
"Garbage", a song by Bill Steele and Pete Seeger
"Garbage", a song by Dir En Grey from Withering to Death
"Garbage", a song by TISM from Machiavelli and the Four Seasons
"Garbage", a song by Tyler, the Creator from The Music of Grand Theft Auto V
Garbage (film), a 2018 Indian erotic drama film
See also
Garbage can, or waste container
Garbage time, sports terminology
Garbology (study of modern refuse and trash)
Waste (disambiguation)
Garbage collection (disambiguation)
Chemical waste
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PAMELA%20detector
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PAMELA (Payload for Antimatter Matter Exploration and Light-nuclei Astrophysics) was a cosmic ray research module attached to an Earth orbiting satellite. PAMELA was launched on 15 June 2006 and was the first satellite-based experiment dedicated to the detection of cosmic rays, with a particular focus on their antimatter component, in the form of positrons and antiprotons. Other objectives included long-term monitoring of the solar modulation of cosmic rays, measurements of energetic particles from the Sun, high-energy particles in Earth's magnetosphere and Jovian electrons. It was also hoped that it may detect evidence of dark matter annihilation. PAMELA operations were terminated in 2016, as were the operations of the host-satellite Resurs-DK1. The experiment was a recognized CERN experiment (RE2B).
Development and launch
PAMELA was the largest device up to the time built by the Wizard collaboration, which includes Russia, Italy, Germany and Sweden and has been involved in many satellite and balloon-based cosmic ray experiments such as Fermi-GLAST. The 470 kg, US$32 million (EU€24.8 million, UK£16.8 million) instrument was originally projected to have a three-year mission. However, this durable module remained operational and made significant scientific contributions until 2016.
PAMELA is mounted on the upward-facing side of the Resurs-DK1 Russian satellite. It was launched by a Soyuz rocket from Baikonur Cosmodrome on 15 June 2006. PAMELA has been put in a polar elliptic
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudo-Anosov%20map
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In mathematics, specifically in topology, a pseudo-Anosov map is a type of a diffeomorphism or homeomorphism of a surface. It is a generalization of a linear Anosov diffeomorphism of the torus. Its definition relies on the notion of a measured foliation introduced by William Thurston, who also coined the term "pseudo-Anosov diffeomorphism" when he proved his classification of diffeomorphisms of a surface.
Definition of a measured foliation
A measured foliation F on a closed surface S is a geometric structure on S which consists of a singular foliation and a measure in the transverse direction. In some neighborhood of a regular point of F, there is a "flow box" φ: U → R2 which sends the leaves of F to the horizontal lines in R2. If two such neighborhoods Ui and Uj overlap then there is a transition function φij defined on φj(Uj), with the standard property
which must have the form
for some constant c. This assures that along a simple curve, the variation in y-coordinate, measured locally in every chart, is a geometric quantity (i.e. independent of the chart) and permits the definition of a total variation along a simple closed curve on S. A finite number of singularities of F of the type of "p-pronged saddle", p≥3, are allowed. At such a singular point, the differentiable structure of the surface is modified to make the point into a conical point with the total angle πp. The notion of a diffeomorphism of S is redefined with respect to this modified differentiable str
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mulliken%20population%20analysis
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Mulliken charges arise from the Mulliken population analysis and provide a means of estimating partial atomic charges from calculations carried out by the methods of computational chemistry, particularly those based on the linear combination of atomic orbitals molecular orbital method, and are routinely used as variables in linear regression (QSAR) procedures. The method was developed by Robert S. Mulliken, after whom the method is named. If the coefficients of the basis functions in the molecular orbital are Cμi for the μ'th basis function in the i'th molecular orbital, the density matrix terms are:
for a closed shell system where each molecular orbital is doubly occupied. The population matrix then has terms
is the overlap matrix of the basis functions. The sum of all terms of summed over is the gross orbital product for orbital - . The sum of the gross orbital products is N - the total number of electrons. The Mulliken population assigns an electronic charge to a given atom A, known as the gross atom population: as the sum of over all orbitals belonging to atom A. The charge, , is then defined as the difference between the number of electrons on the isolated free atom, which is the atomic number , and the gross atom population:
Mathematical problems
Off-diagonal terms
One problem with this approach is the equal division of the off-diagonal terms between the two basis functions. This leads to charge separations in molecules that are exaggerated. In a modifie
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard%20Clark%20%28dermatologist%29
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Richard A.F. Clark is a dermatologist and biomedical engineer currently at the State University of New York at Stony Brook in Stony Brook, New York. Clark co-edited, with Peter M. Henson, of The Molecular and Cellular Biology of Wound Repair (Plenum Press, 1988) and is a contributor to wound repair, dermatology, and angiogenesis research. In addition, he is also a member of the board of directors of the Society for Investigative Dermatology.
Education
Clark graduated from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and has worked at the Massachusetts General Hospital.
Career
He was previously professor at Harvard University. He is now a professor at State University of New York at Stony Brook.
He has published over 300 research papers and has over 26,000 citations per ResearchGate.net.
References
American dermatologists
Massachusetts Institute of Technology alumni
Harvard Medical School faculty
State University of New York faculty
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dill%20Faulkes
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Martin C. "Dill" Faulkes (born 1944) is a British businessman.
Faulkes has a Special Mathematics degree from Hull University, a PhD in mathematics from Queen Elizabeth College, London and did postdoctoral work in general relativity.
He then left academia and went into software. He worked for the company Logica, then SPL, which was bought by Systems Designers. He then invested money in a variety of software companies and made a lot of money on the flotation of Triad and the private sale of SmartGroups.com.
Philantropy
He is chair the Dill Faulkes Educational Trust which has made donations to a number of scientific causes including the Faulkes Telescope Project.
Faulkes contributed towards the building of Cambridge University's Centre for Mathematical Sciences and has the Faulkes Gatehouse and Faulkes Institute for Geometry named after him.
Faulkes is a gliding enthusiast having been part of Hull University's Flying Squadron as a student and for a time subsidised "mini-lessons" for children in gliding via the Faulkes Flying Foundation.
His trust has also funded "Bell projects" including replacing the bells at Trinity Church (Manhattan).
Honours and awards
Faulkes has been made an honorary fellow by some UK academic institutions such as the E.A. Milne Centre for Astrophysics at Hull University. and in 2017 at Cardiff University. He subsequently returned a honorary doctorate awarded by the University of South Wales in protest at the university's decision to close its obse
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cagliari%20Observatory
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The Cagliari Observatory (, or OAC) is an astronomical observatory owned and operated by Italy's Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (National Institute for Astrophysics, INAF). It is located 20 km away from Cagliari in Sardinia. It was founded in 1899 to study the Earth's rotation.
See also
List of astronomical observatories
References
External links
Observatory home page
Outreach home page
Cagliari
1899 establishments in Italy
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-tree
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In computer science tree data structures, an X-tree (for eXtended node tree) is an index tree structure based on the R-tree used for storing data in many dimensions. It appeared in 1996, and differs from R-trees (1984), R+-trees (1987) and R*-trees (1990) because it emphasizes prevention of overlap in the bounding boxes, which increasingly becomes a problem in high dimensions. In cases where nodes cannot be split without preventing overlap, the node split will be deferred, resulting in super-nodes. In extreme cases, the tree will linearize, which defends against worst-case behaviors observed in some other data structures.
Structure
The X-tree consists of three different types of nodes—data nodes, normal directory nodes and supernodes. The data nodes of the X-tree contain rectilinear minimum bounding rectangles (MBRs) together with pointers to the actual data objects, and the directory nodes contain MBRs together with pointers to sub-MBRs. Supernodes are large directory nodes of variable size(a multiple of the usual block size). The basic goal of supernodes is to avoid splits in the directory that would result in an inefficient directory structure.
References
R-tree
Database index techniques
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert%20Herman
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Robert Herman (August 29, 1914 – February 13, 1997) was an American scientist, best known for his work with Ralph Alpher in 1948–50, on estimating the temperature of cosmic microwave background radiation from the Big Bang explosion.
Biography and career
Born in the Bronx, New York City, Herman graduated cum laude with special honors in physics from the City College of New York in 1935, and in 1940 was awarded master's and doctoral degrees in physics from Princeton University in the area of molecular spectroscopy. As a graduate student, Herman already exhibited eclectic tendencies in diverse fields by also working in solid state physics, as well as straddling theory and experiment. He spent the academic year 1940-41 working on the Bush differential analyzer at the Moore School of Electrical Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, and another year teaching physics at the City College of New York.
In 1942, he left teaching to work at the Department of Terrestrial Magnetism, the Carnegie Institution of Washington, D.C., and the Applied Physics Laboratory of Johns Hopkins University, all research centers for the war effort. He worked on such problems as the proximity fuse for naval antiaircraft gunfire, which was used effectively during the war. It was then that Herman became intrigued with defining and solving complex problems. He shifted his attention from theory and laboratory work and became deeply involved with field testing of the proximity device and the operational prob
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madelung%20synthesis
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In organic chemistry, Madelung synthesis is a chemical reaction that produces (substituted or unsubstituted) indoles by the intramolecular cyclization of N-phenylamides using strong base at high temperature. The Madelung synthesis was reported in 1912 by Walter Madelung, when he observed that 2-phenylindole was synthesized using N-benzoyl-o-toluidine and two equivalents of sodium ethoxide in a heated, airless reaction. Common reaction conditions include use of sodium or potassium alkoxide as base in hexane or tetrahydrofuran solvents, at temperatures ranging between 200–400 °C. A hydrolysis step is also required in the synthesis. The Madelung synthesis is important because it is one of few known reactions that produce indoles from a base-catalyzed thermal cyclization of N-acyl-o-toluidines.
Overall reaction
Variants with other bases or additional substituents are possible, but the method is essentially confined to the preparation of 2-alkinylindoles (not easily accessible through electrophilic aromatic substitution) because of vigorous reaction conditions. A detailed reaction mechanism for the Madelung synthesis follows.
Reaction mechanism
The reaction begins with the extraction of a hydrogen from the nitrogen of the amide substituent and the extraction of a benzylic hydrogen from the substituent ortho to the amide substituent by a strong base. Next, the carbanion resulting from the benzylic hydrogen extraction performs a nucleophilic attack on the electrophilic carbony
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chen%20prime
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In mathematics, a prime number p is called a Chen prime if p + 2 is either a prime or a product of two primes (also called a semiprime). The even number 2p + 2 therefore satisfies Chen's theorem.
The Chen primes are named after Chen Jingrun, who proved in 1966 that there are infinitely many such primes. This result would also follow from the truth of the twin prime conjecture as the lower member of a pair of twin primes is by definition a Chen prime.
The first few Chen primes are
2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29, 31, 37, 41, 47, 53, 59, 67, 71, 83, 89, 101, … .
The first few Chen primes that are not the lower member of a pair of twin primes are
2, 7, 13, 19, 23, 31, 37, 47, 53, 67, 83, 89, 109, 113, 127, ... .
The first few non-Chen primes are
43, 61, 73, 79, 97, 103, 151, 163, 173, 193, 223, 229, 241, … .
All of the supersingular primes are Chen primes.
Rudolf Ondrejka discovered the following 3 × 3 magic square of nine Chen primes:
, the largest known Chen prime is 2996863034895 × 21290000 − 1, with 388342 decimal digits.
The sum of the reciprocals of Chen primes converges.
Further results
Chen also proved the following generalization: For any even integer h, there exist infinitely many primes p such that p + h is either a prime or a semiprime.
Green and Tao showed that the Chen primes contain infinitely many arithmetic progressions of length 3. Binbin Zhou generalized this result by showing that the Chen primes contain arbitrarily long arithmetic progressi
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph%20Nisbet%20LeConte
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Joseph Nisbet LeConte (February 7, 1870 – February 1, 1950) was an American explorer of the Sierra Nevada. He was also a cartographer, a photographer and a professor of mechanical engineering.
Early life
Joseph Nisbet LeConte was born in Oakland, California to Joseph and Caroline (Nisbet) LeConte. He went by "Little Joe" among friends, because he was of short stature and was the son of geology professor Joseph LeConte.
He often went by J. N. LeConte in photographs and articles. He entered the University of California, Berkeley in 1887, earning a B.S. degree in 1891. He received a Master of Mechanical Engineering from Cornell University in 1892, and was appointed assistant professor of mechanical engineering at U.C. Berkeley that August, beginning by teaching kinematics of machinery.
Career
Starting in 1912, he taught analytical mechanics for over 20 years. German physicist Wilhelm Röntgen discovered x-rays in 1895, and his first research paper was published at the end of December. An Austrian newspaper reported the results a week later. After reading those reports, LeConte found cathode ray tubes that his late uncle John LeConte had obtained for the university's physics lab. LeConte and his associates were able to construct an x-ray machine and produce images of a bullet lodged in the arm of a young boy within a week of the newspaper reports of Röntgen's discovery. LeConte also studied the materials problems of gas turbines, and built a harmonic analyzer to study the
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroboration
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In organic chemistry, hydroboration refers to the addition of a hydrogen-boron bond to certain double and triple bonds involving carbon (, , , and ). This chemical reaction is useful in the organic synthesis of organic compounds.
Hydroboration produces organoborane compounds that react with a variety of reagents to produce useful compounds, such as alcohols, amines, or alkyl halides. The most widely known reaction of the organoboranes is oxidation to produce alcohols typically by hydrogen peroxide. This type of reaction has promoted research on hydroboration because of its mild condition and a wide scope of tolerated alkenes. Another research subtheme is metal-catalysed hydroboration.
The development of this technology and the underlying concepts were recognized by the Nobel Prize in Chemistry to Herbert C. Brown. He shared the prize with Georg Wittig in 1979 for his pioneering research on organoboranes as important synthetic intermediates. A complement to hydroboration is carboboration, where a carbon moiety is incorporated rather than hydrogen.
Addition of a H-B bond to C-C double bonds
Hydroboration is typically anti-Markovnikov, i.e. the hydrogen adds to the most substituted carbon of the double bond. That the regiochemistry is reverse of a typical HX addition reflects the polarity of the Bδ+-Hδ− bonds. Hydroboration proceeds via a four-membered transition state: the hydrogen and the boron atoms added on the same face of the double bond. Granted that the mechanism is
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time-dependent%20density%20functional%20theory
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Time-dependent density-functional theory (TDDFT) is a quantum mechanical theory used in physics and chemistry to investigate the properties and dynamics of many-body systems in the presence of time-dependent potentials, such as electric or magnetic fields. The effect of such fields on molecules and solids can be studied with TDDFT to extract features like excitation energies, frequency-dependent response properties, and photoabsorption spectra.
TDDFT is an extension of density-functional theory (DFT), and the conceptual and computational foundations are analogous – to show that the (time-dependent) wave function is equivalent to the (time-dependent) electronic density, and then to derive the effective potential of a fictitious non-interacting system which returns the same density as any given interacting system. The issue of constructing such a system is more complex for TDDFT, most notably because the time-dependent effective potential at any given instant depends on the value of the density at all previous times. Consequently, the development of time-dependent approximations for the implementation of TDDFT is behind that of DFT, with applications routinely ignoring this memory requirement.
Overview
The formal foundation of TDDFT is the Runge–Gross (RG) theorem (1984) – the time-dependent analogue of the Hohenberg–Kohn (HK) theorem (1964). The RG theorem shows that, for a given initial wavefunction, there is a unique mapping between the time-dependent external potential
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genus%20%28disambiguation%29
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In Linnaean taxonomy, genus is the rank between family and species.
Genus may also refer to:
Genus, a taxonomic rank used for the purpose of cloud classification
Genus: Journal of Population Sciences, a journal of population genetics founded by Nora Federici
Genus (mathematics), a classifying property of a mathematical object
Genus of a multiplicative sequence
Geometric genus
In graph embedding, the genus of the graph is the genus of the surface in which it can be embedded
In the theory of numerical semigroups, the genus of a numerical semigroup is the cardinality of the set of gaps in the numerical semigroup
Genus of a quadratic form
Grammatical gender
Genus (music), a concept in ancient Greek music theory
Genus (philosophy)
Genus (linguistics)
In Alienators: Evolution Continues, the Genus are monstrous alien organisms that have a high speed evolution
Genus plc, a British biotechnology company
Sport Club Genus de Porto Velho, a Brazilian football (soccer) club
Genera (operating system)
People
Gennadii Genus (born 1990), Ukrainian track cyclist
James Genus (born 1966), American jazz bassist
Sampson Genus (born 1988), American football player
See also
Gens (disambiguation)
Gender (disambiguation)
Genius
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilbert%20modular%20form
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In mathematics, a Hilbert modular form is a generalization of modular forms to functions of two or more variables. It is a (complex) analytic function on the m-fold product of upper half-planes satisfying a certain kind of functional equation.
Definition
Let F be a totally real number field of degree m over the rational field. Let be the real embeddings of F. Through them we have a map
Let be the ring of integers of F. The group is called the full Hilbert modular group.
For every element , there is a group action of defined by
For
define:
A Hilbert modular form of weight is an analytic function on such that for every
Unlike the modular form case, no extra condition is needed for the cusps because of Koecher's principle.
History
These modular forms, for real quadratic fields, were first treated in the 1901 Göttingen University Habilitationssschrift of Otto Blumenthal. There he mentions that David Hilbert had considered them initially in work from 1893-4, which remained unpublished. Blumenthal's work was published in 1903. For this reason Hilbert modular forms are now often called Hilbert-Blumenthal modular forms.
The theory remained dormant for some decades; Erich Hecke appealed to it in his early work, but major interest in Hilbert modular forms awaited the development of complex manifold theory.
See also
Siegel modular form
Hilbert modular surface
References
Jan H. Bruinier: Hilbert modular forms and their applications.
Paul B. Garrett: Holomorphic H
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Particular%20values%20of%20the%20Riemann%20zeta%20function
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In mathematics, the Riemann zeta function is a function in complex analysis, which is also important in number theory. It is often denoted and is named after the mathematician Bernhard Riemann. When the argument is a real number greater than one, the zeta function satisfies the equation
It can therefore provide the sum of various convergent infinite series, such as Explicit or numerically efficient formulae exist for at integer arguments, all of which have real values, including this example. This article lists these formulae, together with tables of values. It also includes derivatives and some series composed of the zeta function at integer arguments.
The same equation in above also holds when is a complex number whose real part is greater than one, ensuring that the infinite sum still converges. The zeta function can then be extended to the whole of the complex plane by analytic continuation, except for a simple pole at . The complex derivative exists in this more general region, making the zeta function a meromorphic function. The above equation no longer applies for these extended values of , for which the corresponding summation would diverge. For example, the full zeta function exists at (and is therefore finite there), but the corresponding series would be whose partial sums would grow indefinitely large.
The zeta function values listed below include function values at the negative even numbers (, ), for which and which make up the so-called trivial zeros.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Icho
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Icho or ICHO or IChO may refer to:
International Chemistry Olympiad
Kaori Icho (born 1984), Japanese freestyle wrestler
Chiharu Icho, (born 1981), Japanese wrestler
Icho Candy, Jamaican reggae singer
Icho Ccollo, Hispanicized spelling of Jichu Qullu (disambiguation)
Japanese-language surnames
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/What%20Is%20Life%3F
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What Is Life? The Physical Aspect of the Living Cell is a 1944 science book written for the lay reader by physicist Erwin Schrödinger. The book was based on a course of public lectures delivered by Schrödinger in February 1943, under the auspices of the Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, where he was Director of Theoretical Physics, at Trinity College, Dublin. The lectures attracted an audience of about 400, who were warned "that the subject-matter was a difficult one and that the lectures could not be termed popular, even though the physicist’s most dreaded weapon, mathematical deduction, would hardly be utilized." Schrödinger's lecture focused on one important question: "how can the events in space and time which take place within the spatial boundary of a living organism be accounted for by physics and chemistry?"
In the book, Schrödinger introduced the idea of an "aperiodic crystal" that contained genetic information in its configuration of covalent chemical bonds. In the 1950s, this idea stimulated enthusiasm for discovering the chemical basis of genetic inheritance. Although the existence of some form of hereditary information had been hypothesized since 1869, its role in reproduction and its helical shape were still unknown at the time of Schrödinger's lecture. In retrospect, Schrödinger's aperiodic crystal can be viewed as a well-reasoned theoretical prediction of what biologists should have been looking for during their search for genetic material. In 1953, J
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instituto%20Nacional%20de%20Matem%C3%A1tica%20Pura%20e%20Aplicada
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The Instituto Nacional de Matemática Pura e Aplicada (National Institute for Pure and Applied Mathematics) is widely considered to be the foremost research and educational institution of Brazil in the area of mathematics. It is located in the city of Rio de Janeiro, and was formerly known simply as Instituto de Matemática Pura e Aplicada (IMPA), whose abbreviation remains in use.
It is a research and education institution qualified as a Social Organization (SO) under the auspices of the Ministry of Science, Technology, Innovations and Communications (MCTIC) and the Ministry of Education (MEC) of Brazil. Currently located in the Jardim Botânico neighborhood (South Zone) of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, IMPA was founded on October 15, 1952. It was the first research unit of the National Research Council (CNPq), a federal funding agency created a year earlier. Its logo is a stylized Möbius strip, reproducing a large sculpture of a Möbius strip on display within the IMPA headquarters.
Founded by Lélio Gama, Leopoldo Nachbin and Maurício Peixoto, IMPA's primary mission is to stimulate scientific research, the training of new researchers and the dissemination and improvement of mathematical culture in Brazil. Mathematical knowledge is fundamental for scientific and technological development, which are indispensable components for economic, social and human progress. Since 2015, IMPA is directed by Marcelo Viana.
History
At the time of creation, IMPA did not have its own headquarters:
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highly%20optimized%20tolerance
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In applied mathematics, highly optimized tolerance (HOT) is a method of generating power law behavior in systems by including a global optimization principle. It was developed by Jean M. Carlson and John Doyle in the early 2000s. For some systems that display a characteristic scale, a global optimization term could potentially be added that would then yield power law behavior. It has been used to generate and describe internet-like graphs, forest fire models and may also apply to biological systems.
Example
The following is taken from Sornette's book.
Consider a random variable, , that takes on values with probability . Furthermore, let’s assume for another parameter
for some fixed . We then want to minimize
subject to the constraint
Using Lagrange multipliers, this gives
giving us a power law. The global optimization of minimizing the energy along with the power law dependence between and gives us a power law distribution in probability.
See also
self-organized criticality
References
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Mathematical optimization
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beilstein%20database
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The Beilstein database is the largest database in the field of organic chemistry, in which compounds are uniquely identified by their Beilstein Registry Number. The database covers the scientific literature from 1771 to the present and contains experimentally validated information on millions of chemical reactions and substances from original scientific publications. The electronic database was created from Handbuch der Organischen Chemie (Beilstein's Handbook of Organic Chemistry), founded by Friedrich Konrad Beilstein in 1881, but has appeared online under a number of different names, including Crossfire Beilstein. Since 2009, the content has been maintained and distributed by Elsevier Information Systems in Frankfurt under the product name "Reaxys".
The database contains information on reactions, substances, structures and properties. Up to 350 fields containing chemical and physical data (such as melting point, refractive index etc.) are available for each substance. References to the literature in which the reaction or substance data appear are also given.
The Beilstein content made available through Reaxys is complemented by information drawn from Gmelin (which gives access to the Gmelin Database), a very large repository of organometallic and inorganic information, as well as by information drawn from the Patent Chemistry Database. The Reaxys registered trademark and the database itself are owned and protected by Elsevier Properties SA and used under license.
Hist
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beilstein%20Institute%20for%20the%20Advancement%20of%20Chemical%20Sciences
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The Beilstein Institute for the Advancement of Chemical Sciences is a non-profit foundation located in Frankfurt am Main (German: Beilstein-Institut zur Förderung der Chemischen Wissenschaften). Founded in 1951 by the Max Planck Society in honor of Friedrich Beilstein, today the institute supports chemistry and related fields with diamond open access journals, development of standards, funding and hosting scientific events and other projects to support the communication and distribution of scientific content.
The foundation was previously involved in maintaining the Beilstein database and the conversion of the contents of scientific libraries into electronic media.
In 2005, the institute initiated the diamond open access Beilstein Journal of Organic Chemistry and in 2010 the Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology.
External links
Scientific organisations based in Germany
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beilstein%20Journal%20of%20Organic%20Chemistry
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The Beilstein Journal of Organic Chemistry is a peer-reviewed open-access scientific journal established in 2005. It is published by the Beilstein Institute for the Advancement of Chemical Sciences, a German non-profit foundation. The editor-in-chief is Peter Seeberger (Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces).
According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2020 impact factor of 2.88.
Scientific videos are available for selected articles of the journal.
References
External links
Organic chemistry journals
Open access journals
Creative Commons Attribution-licensed journals
Academic journals established in 2005
English-language journals
BioMed Central academic journals
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power%20engineer
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Power engineer may refer to:
Power engineering, a subfield of electrical engineering that deals with the generation, transmission, distribution and utilization of electric power
Stationary engineer, operates industrial machinery and equipment that provide energy in various forms
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra%20Nevada%20Observatory
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The Sierra Nevada Observatory (; OSN; code: J86) is located at Loma de Dilar (2896 m altitude) in the Sierra Nevada mountain range, in the province of Granada, Spain; established in 1981. It is operated and maintained by the Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía (Institute of Astrophysics of Andalusia - IAA) and contains two Nasmyth telescopes with apertures of 1.5 and 0.9 metres.
Gallery
See also
List of largest optical reflecting telescopes
External links
Official site
Astronomical observatories in Spain
Buildings and structures in the Province of Granada
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diaphragm%20seal
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In mechanical engineering, a diaphragm seal is a flexible membrane that seals and isolates an enclosure. The flexible nature of this seal allows pressure effects to cross the barrier but not the material being contained.
Common uses for diaphragm seals are to protect pressure sensors from the fluid whose pressure is being measured.
Materials
Since diaphragm seals need to be highly flexible, elastomers are commonly used, and include a wide variety of both general purpose and speciality rubbers. Elastomers are limited to low pressure applications and those that are chemically compatible with the various plastics and rubbers used.
Metal diaphragms of stainless steel (several grades), Carpenter 20, Hastelloy, Monel, Inconel, tantalum, titanium and several other metals are in common use where high pressure ratings and specific chemical compatibility are required. Flanged assemblies or flush welded versions are available.
Depending on the PSI levels of the sealing application, the diaphragm may require fabric reinforcement. Typically, PSI under 5 does not require fabric reinforcement. A PSI between 5 and 10 is application dependent. Anything above 10 almost always needs fabric reinforcement.
Applications
Diaphragm seals (also known as chemical seals or gauge guards) are also used to protect a process fluid from the pressure sensor. Examples of this use are:
Sanitary processes (food, pharmaceuticals, etc.) where allowing process fluid to accumulate in the pressure port of t
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemicucurbituril
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A hemicucurbituril is a macrocycle composed of alternating methylene bridges (-- units) and N-substituted ethylene urea units. Hemicucurbit[6]uril is a hexamer. This compound closely resembles cucurbituril cut in half along the equator and the chemistry is also similar. The ethylene urea units also alternate with the carbonyl groups assuming alternating up and down positions. For this reason this compound contrary to cucurbituril is unable to form inclusion compounds with metal ions.
The compound is formed by reaction of ethylene urea with a 37% solution of formalin and hydrochloric acid in a sequence of Mannich reactions . The success of the reaction critically depends on the acid concentration, which is why the discovery of the compound took until 2004. A crystalline product settles out of the solution which is the inclusion compound of Hemicucurbituril with water or HCl. These guests can be driven out by application of elevated temperature and a vacuum. With tweaking of the reaction conditions the hemicucurbit[12]uril (n = 6) is also obtained.
References
Ureas
Macrocycles
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduard%20Jan%20Dijksterhuis
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Eduard Jan Dijksterhuis (28 October 1892, in Tilburg – 18 May 1965, in De Bilt) was a Dutch historian of science.
Career
Dijksterhuis studied mathematics at the University of Groningen from 1911 to 1918. His Ph.d. thesis was entitled "A Contribution to the Knowledge of the Flat Helicoid."
From 1916 to 1953 he was a professor and taught mathematics, physics and cosmography. He advocated changes in the way mathematics was taught to reinforce its formal characteristics. In 1950, he was appointed as a German member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences. In 1953, he was appointed to teach mathematics history and the nature of science at Utrecht University and in 1955 at Leiden University.
His first biography was on the life and work of Archimedes, published in Dutch in 1938. It was translated into English by C. Dikshoorn in 1956, published in Copenhagen by Munksgard. Princeton University Press republished it, with additional commentary, in 1987.
In 1943 he wrote on the life and times of Simon Stevin, again first in Dutch, which Dikshoorn translated for English publication in 1970.
Upon the completion of Huygens Collected Works in 1950, at the annual meeting of the Dutch Society of Sciences at Haarlem, Dijksterhuis spoke on the 60-year project. The text of his speech was published in Centaurus in March 1953, when he gave a "sketch of the position occupied by Huygens in the scientific life of the 17th century." To do so, he explained "the dual nature of science
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hua%20Luogeng
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Hua Luogeng or Hua Loo-Keng (; 12 November 1910 – 12 June 1985) was a Chinese mathematician and politician famous for his important contributions to number theory and for his role as the leader of mathematics research and education in the People's Republic of China. He was largely responsible for identifying and nurturing the renowned mathematician Chen Jingrun who proved Chen's theorem, the best known result on the Goldbach conjecture. In addition, Hua's later work on mathematical optimization and operations research made an enormous impact on China's economy. He was elected a foreign associate of the US National Academy of Sciences in 1982. He was elected a member of the standing Committee of the first to sixth National people's Congress, Vice-Chairman of the sixth National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference (April 1985) and Vice-Chairman of the China Democratic League (1979). He joined the Communist Party of China in 1979.
Hua did not receive a formal university education. Although awarded several honorary PhDs, he never got a formal degree from any university. In fact, his formal education only consisted of six years of primary school and three years of secondary school. For that reason, Xiong Qinglai, after reading one of Hua's early papers, was amazed by Hua's mathematical talent, and in 1931 Xiong invited him to study mathematics at Tsinghua University.
Biography
Early years (1910–1936)
Hua Luogeng was born in Jintan, Jiangsu on 12
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrow%20%28computer%20science%29
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In computer science, arrows or bolts are a type class used in programming to describe computations in a pure and declarative fashion. First proposed by computer scientist John Hughes as a generalization of monads, arrows provide a referentially transparent way of expressing relationships between logical steps in a computation. Unlike monads, arrows don't limit steps to having one and only one input. As a result, they have found use in functional reactive programming, point-free programming, and parsers among other applications.
Motivation and history
While arrows were in use before being recognized as a distinct class, it wasn't until 2000 that John Hughes first published research focusing on them. Until then, monads had proven sufficient for most problems requiring the combination of program logic in pure code. However, some useful libraries, such as the Fudgets library for graphical user interfaces and certain efficient parsers, defied rewriting in a monadic form.
The formal concept of arrows was developed to explain these exceptions to monadic code, and in the process, monads themselves turned out to be a subset of arrows. Since then, arrows have been an active area of research. Their underlying laws and operations have been refined several times, with recent formulations such as arrow calculus requiring only five laws.
Relation to category theory
In category theory, the Kleisli categories of all monads form a proper subset of Hughes arrows. While Freyd categories wer
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xiong%20Qinglai
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Xiong Qinglai, or Hiong King-Lai (, October 20, 1893 – February 3, 1969), courtesy name Dizhi (), was a Chinese mathematician from Yunnan. He was the first person to introduce modern mathematics into China, and served as an influential president of Yunnan University from 1937 through 1947. A Chinese stamp was issued in his honour.
Biography
Xiong was born in Xizhai village (nowadays named Qinglai village to honour him) of Mile County, Yunnan province. He was the son of Xiong Guodong (熊国栋), a government official in Zhaozhou.
In 1907, Xiong accompanied his father to Kunming and enrolled in the Yunnan Higher School for preparatory studies. After two years, he began studying English and French. In 1911, he entered the Yunnan Provincial Institute of Higher Learning.
At the age of sixteen, Xiong Qinglai followed his parents' instructions and married Jiang Juyuan (b. 1893). The couple had 5 children.
In 1913, Xiong was successfully selected and funded by Yunnan provincial government to study mining in Belgium. However, following German invasion of Belgium in 1914, Xiong embarked on a journey to Paris, France where he enrolled at Lycée St Louis, focusing on mathematics. After completing his studies at Lycée St Louis in 1915, Xiong began his undergraduate studies at the University of Grenoble later that year. He then moved to Paris, where he continued his studies in mathematics, analytical mechanics, physics, and astronomy at the Faculty of Science in Paris (Faculté des sciences
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew%20J.%20Holman
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Matthew J. Holman (born 1967) is a Smithsonian astrophysicist and lecturer at Harvard University. Holman studied at MIT, where he received his bachelor's degree in mathematics in 1989 and his PhD in planetary science in 1994. He was awarded the Newcomb Cleveland Prize in 1998.
From 25 January 2015 to 9 February 2021, he held the position of an interim director of IAU's Minor Planet Center (MPC), after former director Timothy B. Spahr had stepped down. Holman was followed by Matthew Payne as new director of the MPC.
He was a Salina Central High School (Kansas) classmate and fellow debate team member of Joe Miller, Alaskan Senate candidate. The main-belt asteroid 3666 Holman was named in his honour in 1999 ().
Discoveries
For the period between 1999 and 2000, Holman is credited by the MPC with the discovery and co-discovery of several trans-Neptunian objects such as and (see table) and has been an active observer of centaurs.
He was also part of a team that discovered numerous irregular moons:
Discovered moons of Neptune (full list):
Halimede – in 2002 with J.J. Kavelaars, T. Grav, W. Fraser and D. Milisavljevic
Sao – in 2002 with J.J. Kavelaars, T. Grav, W. Fraser, D. Milisavljevic
Laomedeia – in 2002, with J.J. Kavelaars, T. Grav, W. Fraser, D. Milisavljevic
Neso – in 2002, with B. Gladman et al.
Discovered moons of Uranus (full list):
Prospero – in 1999, with J.J. Kavelaars, B. Gladman, J.-M. Petit, H. Scholl
Setebos – in 1999, with J.J. Kavelaars
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coriolis%20field
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In theoretical physics a Coriolis field is one of the apparent gravitational fields felt by a rotating or forcibly-accelerated body, together with the centrifugal field and the Euler field.
Mathematical expression
Let be the angular velocity vector of the rotating frame, be the speed of a test particle used to measure the field. Hence, using the expression of the acceleration in a rotating reference frame, it is known that the acceleration of the particle in the rotating frame is:
the Coriolis force is assumed to be the fictitious force that compensates the second term:
Where denotes the linear momentum. It can be seen that for any object, the coriolis force over it is proportional to its momentum vector. As a vector product, it can be expressed in a tensorial way using the Hodge dual of :
This matrix can be seen as a constant tensor field, defined in the whole space, that will yield coriolis forces when multiplied by momentum vectors.
Mach's view
In a theory that conforms to some versions of Mach's principle, this “apparent”, “fictitious” or “pseudo-gravitational” field effect can be treated as genuine.
As an example, when an object is set down on a rotating children's roundabout, it is seen to slide away from the centre of the roundabout. In the non-rotating frame of reference, the outward motion is a consequence of the object's inertial mass and the object's tendency to continue moving in a straight line. However, in the rotating frame as a reference, the o
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siemens%20Brothers
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Siemens Brothers and Company Limited was an electrical engineering design and manufacturing business in London, England. It was first established as a branch in 1858 by a brother of the founder of the German electrical engineering firm Siemens & Halske. The principal works were at Woolwich where cables and light-current electrical apparatus were produced from 1863 until 1968. The site between the Thames Barrier and Woolwich Dockyard has retained several buildings of historic interest. New works were built at Stafford in 1903 and Dalston in 1908.
During World War I Siemens Brothers was bought by a British consortium because most of its ownership was in the hands of enemy aliens; see Graces Guide to British Industrial History.
Siemens Brothers and Company Limited was bought by Associated Electrical Industries in 1955. At that time its business was described as follows: manufacture sale and installation of submarine and land cables, overhead telegraph, telephone and power transmission lines, public and private telephone exchanges and carrier transmission equipment for telephone lines and marine radio and signalling equipment. Through subsidiaries it was engaged in the manufacture of lamps of all kinds, miscellaneous electrical equipment and electrical railway signals.
The Siemens family
The German Siemens brothers came from a highly educated upper-middle-class family in relatively humble economic circumstances. Their father farmed a leased estate. The elder brothers of the f
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culler
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Culler is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
David Culler (born 1959), computer scientist
Dick Culler (1915–1964), baseball shortstop
Glen Culler (1927–2003), professor of electrical engineering
Marc Culler (born 1953), American mathematician
Jonathan Culler (born 1944), Professor of English at Cornell University
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cauchon
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Cauchon is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
Pierre Cauchon (1371–1442), bishop of Beauvais
Joseph-Édouard Cauchon (1816–1885), Canadian politician, physics textbook author, and railroad investor
Martin Cauchon (born 1962), Canadian lawyer and politician
Robert Cauchon (1900–1980), Canadian politician
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DDK
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DDK abbreviation may refer to:
In software development, a Driver Development Kit, including Microsoft Windows Driver Development Kit
In hull codes of United States Navy, an abolished surface combatant warship category 'Hunter-Killer Destroyer'
In medical signs, Dysdiadochokinesia, a type of cerebellar ataxia
In molecular biology, Cdc7/Dbf4 kinase, or Dbf4-dependent kinase, — protein kinase required for initiation of eukaryotic DNA replication.
In snooker, a Dreaded Double Kiss, coined by Dennis Taylor
DDK, the National Rail station code for Dagenham Dock railway station, London, England
zh:DDK
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murray%20Van%20Wagoner
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Murray Delos Van Wagoner (March 18, 1898June 12, 1986) was an American politician. He served as the 38th governor of Michigan from 1941 to 1943.
Early life
Van Wagoner was born near Kingston, Michigan in Tuscola County. In 1921, he received a civil engineering degree from the University of Michigan. He worked for a firm in the private sector, and became the owner of his own company. He married Helen Jossman and they had two children together.
Politics
Van Wagoner served as Oakland County drain commissioner from 1930 until 1933, when he became Michigan State Highway commissioner, a position he held until he was elected governor in 1940. He was a delegate to the Democratic National Conventions in 1936 and 1940, both of which re-nominated Franklin D. Roosevelt for U.S. President.
On November 5, 1940, he defeated the incumbent Republican Governor of Michigan, Luren Dickinson, by 131,281 votes to become Michigan's 38th governor. During his two years in office, he encouraged the construction of road projects and most famously the Mackinac Bridge, the elimination of a 27 million dollar deficit occurred, the state mental hospital was reinstated, a consolidated tax collection department was established, worker strikes involving the auto and electrical industries were dealt with, the reorganization of the Michigan civil service system was initialized, and measures were secured for the war effort.
In 1942, Van Wagoner was unsuccessful for re-election against Republican Harry Kelly.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernand%20Boden
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Fernand Boden (born 13 September 1943) is a politician from Luxembourg. He was a minister in the government of Luxembourg from 1979 to 2009.
Boden was born in Echternach. He studied Mathematics and Physics at the University of Liège, and between 1966 and 1978 he taught at Echternach grammar school. He served as deputy mayor of Echternach from 1970 to 1976 and was a member of the local council.
He was first elected to the Chamber of Deputies of Luxembourg from the Eastern Constituency as a member of the Christian Social People's Party in 1978; he was re-elected in 1979. He joined the government in 1979 as Minister of National Education and Youth and Minister of Tourism, holding those portfolios until 1989. In the latter year he was moved to the posts of Minister for Family and Solidarity and Minister of the Middle Classes and Tourism, and in 1994 he became Minister for the Civil Service. He served in the latter position until 26 January 1995, when he became Minister of Agriculture, Viticulture and Rural Development and Minister for the Middle Classes, Tourism, and Housing. He retained those portfolios for over 14 years, until being replaced in July 2009.
References
Government ministers of Luxembourg
Members of the Chamber of Deputies (Luxembourg) from Est
Christian Social People's Party politicians
Luxembourgian educators
University of Liège alumni
1943 births
Living people
People from Echternach
Ministers for Agriculture of Luxembourg
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balloon%20rocket
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A balloon rocket is a rubber balloon filled with air or other gases. Besides being simple toys, balloon rockets are a widely used as a teaching device to demonstrate basic physics.
How it works
To launch a simple rocket, the untied opening of an inflated balloon is released. The elasticity of the balloon contracts the air out through the opening with sufficient force and the resulting pressure creates a thrust which propels the balloon forward as it deflates. It is usual for the balloon to be propelled somewhat uncontrollably (or fly in and unstable centre of mass), as well as turbulence that occur in the opening as the air escapes, causing it to flap rapidly and disperses air outwards in random direction.
Near the end of its deflation, the balloon may suddenly shoot quickly in the air shortly before it drops down, due to the rubber rapidly squeezes out the remaining air inside as it reaches the inclination to return to its uninflated size.
The flight altitude only amounts to some metres, with larger or lighter balloons often achieving longer flights. In addition, a cylindrical-shaped (or "airship") balloon may have a more stable flight when released.
If the balloon is inflated with helium or other lighter than air gases, it tends to fly in an inclined trajectory (usually going upwards), due to the light nature of the gas.
In physics
The balloon rocket can be used easily to demonstrate simple physics, namely Newton’s third law of motion.
A common experiment with a ball
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human%20Genetics%20Commission
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The Human Genetics Commission (HGC) was an advisory non-departmental public body that advised the UK government on the ethical and social aspects of genetics. This included genetic testing, cloning and other aspects of molecular medicine. The Commission was created after a review of the UK government biotechnology advisory framework in 1999. It was chaired initially by the lawyer, Baroness Helena Kennedy QC and, from 2007 to 2009, the acting chair was Sir John Sulston. From 2009, the Commission was chaired by Professor Jonathan Montgomery and comprised 21 members whose backgrounds include the law, medicine, consumer affairs, philosophy and ethics, scientific research, and clinical practice. Representatives of the Chief Medical Officers of England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland also sat on the Commission.
The Commission was abolished when quangos were reviewed by the newly elected government in October 2010. The Commission published its final paper in May 2012.
References
External links
Human Genetics Commission archived website (archived by the UK National Archives on 4 May 2012)
Defunct non-departmental public bodies of the United Kingdom government
Department of Health and Social Care
Ethics commissions
Genetics in the United Kingdom
Genetics organizations
Medical regulation in the United Kingdom
Regulation of biotechnologies
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter%20Wadhams
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Peter Wadhams ScD (born 14 May 1948), is emeritus professor of Ocean Physics, and Head of the Polar Ocean Physics Group
in the Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics, University of Cambridge. He is best known for his work on sea ice.
Career
Wadhams has been the leader of 40 polar field expeditions.
Wadhams advocates for the use of climate engineering to mitigate climate change.
Attempting to estimate when the Arctic Ocean will be "ice-free", Wadhams in 2014 predicted that by 2020 "summer sea ice to disappear," Wadhams and several others have noted that climate model predictions have been overly conservative regarding sea ice decline.
In 2021, Wadhams is the Chairman of Science Committee for Extreme E.
Honours and awards
1977 W. S. Bruce Medal for his oceanographic investigations, especially in studying the behaviour of pack ice near Spitsbergen, the North Pole and off east Greenland.
1987 Polar Medal.
1990 Italgas Prize for Environmental Sciences
See also
Global warming controversy
List of climate scientists
Shutdown of thermohaline circulation
References
External links
Homepage, including bio
1948 births
Alumni of Churchill College, Cambridge
British physicists
Living people
Cambridge mathematicians
Fellows of Clare Hall, Cambridge
People of the Scott Polar Research Institute
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erythrolitmin
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Erythrolitmin (also called erythrolein) is the active ingredient extracted from the Litmus lichen, used in chemistry as a pH indicator. The erythrolitmin molecule is related to the orceins, and consists essentially of several phenoxazone and orcinol residues.
Interaction with acids
The intense coloring of the molecule is generated by the absorption of specific wavelengths of light by the pi bonds. These bonds are ordinarily excited by light in the orange region of the spectrum, causing the molecule to appear blue. When the molecule interacts with protons from an acid the bonds become harder to excite and thus absorb green light which has a shorter wavelength. This is what causes the molecule to appear red in the presence of an acid.
References
PH indicators
zh:石蕊
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20Kerwin
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James Kerwin, (born October 13, 1973) is an American film director, theatre director, and screenwriter.
Education and academics
Kerwin, who was born in St. Louis, Missouri, attended Parkway Central High School in Chesterfield.
Kerwin graduated with a film degree from Texas Christian University in 1995 and a minor in astronomy and physics. He served as a lab instructor and guest artist at T.C.U. and the University of Texas at Austin.
He is a member of Phi Beta Kappa and Mensa, and is a Fellow of the Royal Society of Arts.
Career
Kerwin has been noted for his Shakespearean adaptations of A Midsummer Night's Dream, Cardenio and Venus and Adonis. In 2003 he staged Amber Benson's play Albert Hall in Los Angeles, California. In the early 2000s he was a frequent guest director for Daniel Henning and Noah Wyle's Blank Theatre Company and for Travis Schuldt's Lone Star Ensemble. Other projects include the "sci-fi noir" film Yesterday Was a Lie with Kipleigh Brown and Chase Masterson, which earned a number of prizes on the film festival circuit in 2008 and 2009. He and Brown again collaborated on Star Trek Continues, on which Kerwin served as writer/director from 2014-2017.
In 2020, Kerwin and actress Nicola Bryant co-hosted the video podcast In Isolation.
The MMORPG Star Trek Online features Kerwin as a non-player character, voiced by actor Jordan Reynolds.
Personal life
Kerwin's nieces—Elara and Rhea Kerwin—portrayed Summer Newman on The Young and the Restless.
In 2012, K
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20American%20Muslims
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This is an incomplete list of notable Muslims who live or lived in the United States.
Academia
Asad Abidi – Professor of Electrical Engineering at the University of California, Los Angeles; member of the National Academy of Engineering
Gul Agha – Professor of Computer Science at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Akbar S. Ahmed – US resident Pakistani anthropologist; the Ibn Khaldun Chair of Islamic Studies at American University; producer of the film Journey Into Europe, on Islam in Europe
Saleem H. Ali – environmental researcher and Associate Dean for Graduate studies at the University of Vermont's Rubenstein School of Environment and Natural Resources; writer and contributor to publications such as the International Herald Tribune; has dual American and Pakistani citizenship
Talal Asad – Professor of Anthropology and Religious Studies at CUNY
Farooq Azam – Distinguished Professor at Scripps Institution of Oceanography, UCSD; researcher in the field of marine microbiology
Ayesha Jalal – MacArthur Fellow and Richardson Professor of History at Tufts University
Mohammad Aslam Khan Khalil – Professor of Physics at Portland State University; a highly cited researcher in the field of atmospheric physics
Sadaf Jaffer – the first female Muslim American mayor, first female South Asian mayor, and first female Pakistani-American mayor in the United States, of Montgomery in Somerset County, New Jersey.
Hafeez Malik – Professor of Political Science at Villanova Univers
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Campbell%20Brown
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John Campbell Brown (4 February 1947 – 16 November 2019) was a Scottish astronomer who worked primarily in solar physics. He held the posts of Astronomer Royal for Scotland, the Regius Professor of Astronomy at the University of Glasgow, and honorary professorships at both the University of Edinburgh and the University of Aberdeen.
Personal life
Brown was born in Dumbarton, Scotland, in 1947. His interest in astronomy started around age eight, when he read a science fiction novel by Patrick Moore. It developed further in 1957 when he saw Comet Arend–Roland through binoculars when aged 10, in the same year that the Lovell Telescope at Jodrell Bank Observatory opened and Moore's television series The Sky at Night began. Brown built telescopes in his youth, helped by his father, who was an engineer.
He later married Margaret, and had two children. He died suddenly at his home on the Isle of Skye in the early hours of Saturday 16 November 2019, at the age of 72.
Education
Brown went to Hartfield Primary in Dumbarton from 1952 to 1958 and Dumbarton Academy from 1958 to 1964. He started an astronomy club aged 16, and later built a telescope for the club. He studied for an undergraduate degree in physics & astronomy at the University of Glasgow, earning a first class BSc in 1968. While an undergraduate, he constructed - and -diameter telescopes. Brown went on to receive a PhD in solar plasma physics in 1973, with a thesis on hard X-rays from the Sun. He received a DSc degree
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dmitrii%20Knorre
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Dmitrii G. Knorre (Russian: Дмитрий Георгиевич Кнорре; born July 28, 1926, in Leningrad, Soviet Union; died July 5, 2018) is a chemist and biochemist, a specialist in chemical kinetics of complex reactions, bioorganic chemistry, and molecular biology. He was a Corresponding member of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR since 1968, and an academician since 1981. He was assigned to the Division of Biochemistry, Biophysics, and Chemistry of Physiologically Active Compounds of the Academy and to the Siberian Division since 1981.
Biography
He graduated from the Mendeleev Russian University of Chemistry and Technology in 1947. He worked at the Chemical Physics Institute from 1947 to 1960 when he joined the Siberian Division in a laboratory studying natural polymers and joined the Department of Biochemistry of the Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry. In 1962, he acted as Head of the Natural Polymers Laboratory of the Organic Chemistry Institute in Novosibirsk that was established in 1958 and whose basic work is in the study of aromatic and heterocyclic chemistry and in natural products. He was named the Founding Director of the Novosibirsk Bioorganic Chemistry Institute. He was elected to the Presidium of the Siberian Division in 1988. From 1967 to 1983, he was a professor at the Faculty of Natural Sciences and held the chair of the
Department of Molecular Biology from 1979. Since 1964 he was a dean of Department of Natural Sciences of Novosibirsk State University for 16 ye
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morris%20R.%20Jeppson
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Morris Richard Jeppson (June 23, 1922 – March 30, 2010) was a Second Lieutenant in the United States Army Air Forces during World War II. He served as assistant weaponeer on the Enola Gay, which dropped the first atomic bomb on the city of Hiroshima, Japan on August 6, 1945.
Early life
Jeppson was born in Logan, Utah, and studied physics at the University of Nevada, Reno. After enlisting in the United States Army Air Corps in 1942 at the age of 19 and basic training in Florida, he received electrical engineering training at Yale University, Harvard University and MIT. He then worked on bomb firing mechanisms with Los Alamos scientists at Wendover Air Force Base, Utah.
The Hiroshima mission
Second Lieutenant Jeppson, along with then Captain William "Deak" Parsons of the U.S. Navy were responsible for arming the atomic bomb "Little Boy" on the Boeing B-29 Superfortress bomber during the flight from Tinian to Japan. The bomb was protected from premature in-flight detonation by inserting three safety plugs into the electrical connection from its internal battery to the firing mechanism. This was designed to prevent a firing voltage from reaching the mechanism. Each plug was about the size and shape of a car cigarette lighter (approximately three inches in length), with a green cap for the safety plug and a red cap for the arming plug. Jeppson's role was to climb into the bomb bay and remove the three green safety plugs from the bomb and to replace them with the three red plugs
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forktail%20%28journal%29
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Forktail is the annual peer-reviewed journal of the Oriental Bird Club. It is the principal ornithological journal dedicated to the Oriental region, and publishes manuscripts in English, treating any aspect of its ornithology (e.g. distribution, biology, conservation, ecology, taxonomy and evolution). Forktail's geographic scope is bounded by the Indus River to the west, the Russian Far East, Korean Peninsula, Japan, and Lydekker's Line (i.e. the eastern boundary of Wallacea) to the east, and the Chagos Archipelago, Lesser Sundas, Christmas Island and Cocos (Keeling) Islands to the south. As of 2020, Frank E. Rheindt is its Managing Editor, assisted by Yong Ding Li.
Each issue is A4 in size, with an emerald green cover. Important papers published in Forktail include descriptions of three new bird species, the Bukidnon woodcock in 2001, the Calayan rail in 2004, and the Cambodian tailorbird in 2013.
The Oriental Bird Club also publishes another periodical, a twice-yearly bulletin called BirdingASIA.
See also
List of ornithology journals
References
External links
Website
Journals and magazines relating to birding and ornithology
Annual journals
Academic journals established in 1984
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myles%20Allen
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Myles Robert Allen (born 11 August 1965) is an English climate scientist. He is Professor of Geosystem Science in the University of Oxford's
School of Geography and the Environment, and in the Atmospheric, Oceanic and Planetary Physics Department.
Education
Allen was educated at the British School in the Netherlands and the University of Oxford where he was awarded Master of Arts degree in Physics and Philosophy in 1987 followed by a Doctor of Philosophy degree in 1992. He was a student of St. John's College, Oxford.
Career
As well as his position as Professor of Geosystem science at Oxford, he is the Principal Investigator of the distributed computing project Climateprediction.net (which makes use of computing resources provided voluntarily by the general public), and was principally responsible for starting this project. He is the Director of the Oxford Net Zero initiative and a Fellow of Linacre College, Oxford.
Allen has worked at the Energy Unit of the United Nations Environment Programme, the Rutherford Appleton Laboratory in Oxfordshire, and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
He contributed to the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change as a Lead Author of the Chapter on detection of change and attribution of causes, and was a Review Editor for the chapter on predictions of global climate change for the IPCC Fourth Assessment Report and a co-author of the IPCC October 8, 2018 Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5 °C. His
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan%20Slonczewski
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Joan Lyn Slonczewski (born 1956) is an American microbiologist at Kenyon College and a science fiction writer who explores biology and space travel. Their books have twice earned the John W. Campbell Memorial Award for Best Science Fiction Novel: A Door into Ocean (1987) and The Highest Frontier (2011). With John W. Foster and Erik Zinser, they coauthor the textbook, Microbiology: An Evolving Science (W. W. Norton) now in its fifth edition. They explore ideas of biology, politics, and artificial intelligence at their blog Ultraphyte.
Biography
Slonczewski was born in 1956 at Hyde Park, New York and raised in Katonah, New York.
They earned an A.B. in biology, magna cum laude, from Bryn Mawr College in 1977. They completed a PhD in Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry from Yale University in 1982 and post-doctoral work at the University of Pennsylvania studying calcium flux in leukocyte chemotaxis. Since 1984 they have taught at Kenyon College, taking sabbatical leaves at Princeton University and the University of Maryland, Baltimore. Slonczewski's research focuses on the pH (environmental) stress response in Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis using genetic techniques.
Slonczewski teaches both biology and science fiction courses. From 1996 through 2008, they have been awarded Howard Hughes Medical Institute funding for undergraduate biological sciences education, which they use to improve science instruction and to foster summer science fellowships for minority and firs
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bohumil%20Ku%C4%8Dera
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Bohumil Kučera (March 22, 1874 in Semily – April 16, 1921 in Prague) was a Czech physicist.
Biography
Kučera studied physics at the Charles University in Prague and was the first scientist in Czech lands to examine the newly discovered effect of radioactivity. In 1912 he became professor of experimental physics at the university. He was the first to study droplets of mercury used as electrode (author of Zur Oberflächenspannung von polarisiertem Quecksilber, 1903). His work was the basis for the discovery of polarography by Jaroslav Heyrovský.
Kučera died prematurely due to his bohemian lifestyle.
External links
Very short biography (in Czech)
1874 births
1921 deaths
People from Semily
Czech physicists
Charles University alumni
Physicists from Austria-Hungary
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin%20Silliman%20Jr.
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Benjamin Silliman Jr. (December 4, 1816 – January 14, 1885) was a professor of chemistry at Yale University and instrumental in developing the petroleum industry.
His father Benjamin Silliman Sr., also a famous Yale chemist, developed the process of fractional distillation that enabled the economical production of kerosene. In 1855, Silliman Jr. wrote a report for $526.08 on Pennsylvania rock oil and its usefulness as an illuminant that convinced investors to back George Bissell's search for oil.
Introduction
In the 1850s the market for light-producing liquid fuels was dominated by coal oil and by an increasingly inadequate supply of whale oil. However, George Bissell, a lawyer from New York, his partner Jonathan Greenleaf Eveleth, and James Townsend, a New Haven bank president, had a revolutionary idea. They thought there was a possibility of the crude "rock oil" (now petroleum) that had been cropping up in Western Pennsylvania being used as an illuminatory substance. At the time, rock oil was nothing but a smelly hindrance to the well-diggers of the region, with some limited medicinal properties. Yet Bissell and Eveleth, after realizing how flammable the liquid was, believed there was great money to be made in producing rock oil commercially, marketed as lamp fuel and such. But they needed someone—an important, well-respected scientist—whose name they could attach to their financial venture, to research the material to find out whether or not it could be used in such a
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Class%20hierarchy
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A class hierarchy or inheritance tree in computer science is a classification of object types, denoting objects as the instantiations of classes (class is like a blueprint, the object is what is built from that blueprint) inter-relating the various classes by relationships such as "inherits", "extends", "is an abstraction of", "an interface definition". In object-oriented programming, a class is a template that defines the state and behavior common to objects of a certain kind. A class can be defined in terms of other classes.
The concept of class hierarchy in computer science is very similar to taxonomy, the classifications of species.
The relationships are specified in the science of object-oriented design and object interface standards defined by popular use, language designers (Java, C++, Smalltalk, Visual Prolog) and standards committees for software design like the Object Management Group.
The class hierarchy can be as deep as needed. The Instance variables and methods are inherited down through the levels and can be redefined according to the requirement in a subclass. In general, the further down in the hierarchy a class appears, the more specialized its behavior. When a message is sent to an object, it is passed up the inheritance tree starting from the class of the receiving object until a definition is found for the method. This process is called upcasting.
See also
Multiple inheritance
Composition over inheritance
References
Class (computer programming)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeffrey%20H.%20Smith
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Jeffrey Henderson Smith is a former professor of mathematics at Purdue University in Lafayette, Indiana. He received his Ph.D. from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1981, under the supervision of Daniel Kan, and was promoted to full professor at Purdue in 1999. His primary research interest is algebraic topology; his best-cited work consists of two papers in the Annals of Mathematics on "nilpotence and stable homotopy".
Publications
References
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Topologists
Massachusetts Institute of Technology alumni
Purdue University faculty
20th-century American mathematicians
21st-century American mathematicians
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno%20Rossi%20Prize
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The Bruno Rossi Prize is awarded annually by the High Energy Astrophysics division of the American Astronomical Society "for a significant contribution to High Energy Astrophysics, with particular emphasis on recent, original work". Named after astrophysicist Bruno Rossi, the prize is awarded with a certificate and a gift of USD $500, and was first awarded in 1985 to William R. Forman and Christine Jones Forman "for pioneering work in the study of X-ray emission from early type galaxies". It has been awarded 32 times. In 2010, the prize was awarded to William B. Atwood, Peter Michelson and the Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope team "for enabling, through the development of the Large Area Telescope, new insights into neutron stars, supernova remnants, cosmic rays, binary systems, active galactic nuclei, and gamma-ray bursts". In 2013, the prize was awarded to Roger W. Romani of Leland Stanford Junior University and Alice Harding of Goddard Space Flight Center for their work in developing the theoretical framework underpinning the many exciting pulsar results from Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope.
List of winners
1985 William R. Forman and Christine Jones Forman
1986 Allan S. Jacobson
1987 Michiel van der Klis
1988 Rashid A. Sunyaev
1989 IMB and Kamioka Experiment teams
1990 Stirling Colgate
1991 John A. Simpson
1992 Gerald H. Share
1993 Giovanni Bignami and Jules Halpern
1994 Gerald J. Fishman
1995 Carl Fichtel
1996 Felix Mirabel and Luis F. Rodríguez
1997 Trevor
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accumulator
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Accumulator may refer to:
Accumulator (bet), a parlay bet
Accumulator (computing), in a CPU, a processor register for storing intermediate results
Accumulator (computer vision), discrete cell structure to count votes, standard component of the Hough transform
Accumulator (cryptography), a value, determined by a set of values, that allows one to verify if any one of the original values is a member of the set
Accumulator (energy), an apparatus for storing energy or power
Capacitor, in electrical engineering, also known by the obsolete term accumulator
Electrochemical cell, a cell that stores electrical energy, typically used in rechargeable batteries
Hydraulic accumulator, an energy storage device using hydraulic fluid under pressure
Thermal accumulator, a device or system that provides thermal energy storage as from concentrated solar power and storage heaters or heat banks in buildings
Accumulator (structured product), a financial contract used by clients (usually individuals) to accumulate stock positions over time
Accumulator 1, a Czech film
Dynamic accumulator, a plant that mines nutrients from the soil through its roots
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam%20Hope
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Adam Hope (8 January 1813 – 7 August 1882) was a Canadian businessman and senator. "Adam Hope was trained in mathematics, bookkeeping, and German, studies that were all useful for what his father anticipated would be his pursuits as a merchant." Born to a prosperous Scottish tenant farming family in Dirleton parish, Adam Hope worked as a clerk in a sawmill in Leith, the port of Edinburgh, from 1828 until emigrating to North America. He migrated from Scotland in 1834, settling in Upper Canada. Adam Hope sent his father sixty-six letters, vivid and detailed, which trace Hope's passage across the Atlantic and efforts to settle in Upper Canada. A Liberal, he was appointed to the Senate of Canada on 3 January 1877 on the recommendation of Alexander Mackenzie. He represented the senatorial division of Hamilton, Ontario until his death. In 2007, Adam Crerar edited the selected letters of Adam Hope, written to his father in Scotland between 1834 and 1845. This collection of letters totals approximately 200,000 words, and represents one of the single richest accounts of Upper Canada in the 1830s and 1840s, touching on telling aspects of colonial politics, religion, society, economics, and communications. This edited compilation was published as part of the Champlain Society's General Series.
References
1813 births
1882 deaths
Canadian senators from Ontario
Liberal Party of Canada senators
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack%20Baldwin%20%28chemist%29
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Sir Jack Edward Baldwin (8 August 1938 – 5 January 2020) was a British chemist. He was a Waynflete Professor of Chemistry at the University of Oxford (1978–2005) and head of the organic chemistry at Oxford.
Education
Baldwin was the second son of Frederick C N Baldwin and Olive F Headland. He was educated at Brighton Grammar School and Lewes County Grammar School. He attended Imperial College, London (BSc, DIC, PhD). He received his Ph.D. working under the direction of Sir Derek H.R. Barton, FRS, Nobel Laureate, who described him as his best student.
Career and Research
After four years on the staff at Imperial College, Baldwin moved to the United States: first to Pennsylvania State University in 1967 and then to MIT in 1970, where he published his most significant work — Baldwin's rules for ring closure reactions. It was also where Baldwin met his future wife, Christine Louise Franchi; they married in 1977. In 1978, he moved to Oxford to become head of the Dyson Perrins Laboratory, where he upgraded its facilities and revolutionised the type of work done, while building links between Organic Chemistry and basic biological research. The laboratory formally closed in 2003, but his group moved to the new research facility, the Chemistry Research Laboratory on Mansfield Road.
One of Baldwin's passions was finding out how nature makes chemicals that researchers cannot. This led him to ‘biomimetic’ synthesis: using the principles of nature to improve the generation of biomo
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel%20Lippmann
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Jonas Ferdinand Gabriel Lippmann (16 August 1845 – 13 July 1921) was a Franco-Luxembourgish physicist and inventor, and Nobel laureate in physics for his method of reproducing colours photographically based on the phenomenon of interference. His parents were French Jews.
Early life and education
Gabriel Lippmann was born in Bonnevoie, Luxembourg (Luxembourgish: Bouneweg), on 16 August 1845. At the time, Bonnevoie was part of the commune of Hollerich (Luxembourgish: Hollerech) which is often given as his place of birth. (Both places, Bonnevoie and Hollerich, are now districts of Luxembourg City.) His father, Isaïe, a French Jew born in Ennery near Metz, managed the family glove-making business at the former convent in Bonnevoie. In 1848, the family moved to Paris where Lippmann was initially tutored by his mother, Miriam Rose (Lévy), before attending the Lycée Napoléon (now Lycée Henri-IV). He was said to have been a rather inattentive but thoughtful pupil with a special interest in mathematics. In 1868, he was admitted to the École normale supérieure in Paris where he failed the agrégation examination which would have enabled him to enter the teaching profession, preferring instead to study physics. In 1872, the French government sent him on a mission to Heidelberg University where he was able to specialize in electricity with the encouragement of Gustav Kirchhoff, receiving a doctorate with "summa cum laude" distinction in 1874. Lippmann then returned to Paris in 1875, wher
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint%20constraints
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Joint constraints are rotational constraints on the joints of an artificial system. They are used in an inverse kinematics chain, in fields including 3D animation or robotics. Joint constraints can be implemented in a number of ways, but the most common method is to limit rotation about the X, Y and Z axis independently. An elbow, for instance, could be represented by limiting rotation on X and Z axis to 0 degrees, and constraining the Y-axis rotation to 130 degrees.
To simulate joint constraints more accurately, dot-products can be used with an independent axis to repulse the child bones orientation from the unreachable axis. Limiting the orientation of the child bone to a border of vectors tangent to the surface of the joint, repulsing the child bone away from the border, can also be useful in the precise restriction of shoulder movement.
References
Computer graphics
3D computer graphics
Computational physics
Robot kinematics
Anatomical simulation
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eisenstein%20integer
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In mathematics, the Eisenstein integers (named after Gotthold Eisenstein), occasionally also known as Eulerian integers (after Leonhard Euler), are the complex numbers of the form
where and are integers and
is a primitive (hence non-real) cube root of unity. The Eisenstein integers form a triangular lattice in the complex plane, in contrast with the Gaussian integers, which form a square lattice in the complex plane. The Eisenstein integers are a countably infinite set.
Properties
The Eisenstein integers form a commutative ring of algebraic integers in the algebraic number field – the third cyclotomic field. To see that the Eisenstein integers are algebraic integers note that each is a root of the monic polynomial
In particular, satisfies the equation
The product of two Eisenstein integers and is given explicitly by
The 2-norm of an Eisenstein integer is just its squared modulus, and is given by
which is clearly a positive ordinary (rational) integer.
Also, the complex conjugate of satisfies
The group of units in this ring is the cyclic group formed by the sixth roots of unity in the complex plane: , the Eisenstein integers of norm .
Euclidean domain
The ring of Eisenstein integers forms a Euclidean domain whose norm is given by the square modulus, as above:
A division algorithm, applied to any dividend and divisor , gives a quotient and a remainder smaller than the divisor, satisfying:
Here, , , , are all Eisenstein integers. This a
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis%20Dutens
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Louis Dutens (15 January 173023 May 1812) was a French writer born in Tours, of Protestant parents, who lived most of his life in Britain or in British service on the continent.
He went to London, where his uncle was a jeweller, and there obtained a situation as tutor in a private family. In this position he learnt mathematics, Greek, Italian, Spanish and several oriental languages. He took orders, and was appointed chaplain and secretary to the English minister at the court of Turin in October 1758. From 1760 to 1762, he was chargé d'affaires at Turin. Lord Bute, before retiring from office in 1763, procured him a pension. He again went to Turin as chargé d'affaires; and during this second mission he collected and published an edition of the works of Leibniz (Gothofridi Guillemi Leibnitii Opera Omnia, Geneva, 6 vols., 1768) and wrote his Recherches sur l'origine des découvertes attribuées aux modernes (1766).
On his return to England the Duke of Northumberland procured him the living of Elsdon, in Northumberland, and made Dutens overseer and senior travel companion – in effect, tutor – to his younger son during his Grand Tour. At Rome in 1769, Dutens published Le tocsin (later published in Paris as Appel au bon sens), a work of Christian apologetics. He was active in civic life beyond the parish and preached the annual sermon to the Charity School of St Nicholas, Newcastle, in 1768.
In 1775, he became a member of the French Academy of Inscriptions and a fellow of the Roy
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martha%20Farah
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Martha Julia Farah (born 30 August 1955) is a cognitive neuroscience researcher at the University of Pennsylvania. She has worked on an unusually wide range of topics; the citation for her lifetime achievement award from the Association for Psychological Science states that “Her studies on the topics of mental imagery, face recognition, semantic memory, reading, attention, and executive functioning have become classics in the field.”
Farah has undergraduate degrees in Metallurgy and Philosophy from MIT, and a doctorate in Psychology from Harvard University. She has taught at Carnegie Mellon University and at the University of Pennsylvania, where she is now Walter H. Annenberg Professor of Natural Sciences and Director of the Center for Neuroscience & Society.
Early work
Farah’s early work focused on the neural bases of vision and memory. In her 1990 book, Visual Agnosia: Disorders of Object Recognition and What They Tell Us about Normal Vision (MIT Press), she framed many of the questions about visual recognition that the next two decades of cognitive neuroscience research addressed. These questions include whether the human brain uses a general-purpose pattern recognition system for all classes of visual object or whether there is specialization for face recognition and/or printed word recognition, and whether semantic memory knowledge is organized in the brain by category (e.g., living vs nonliving things) or modality (e.g. visual vs motoric information). Her resear
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre%20Laffitte
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Pierre Laffitte (21 February 1823 – 4 January 1903) was a French positivist philosopher.
Laffitte was born at Béguey, Gironde. Residing at Paris as a teacher of mathematics, he became a disciple of Auguste Comte, who appointed him his literary executor. On the schism of the Positivist body which followed Comte's death, he was recognized as head of the section which accepted the full Comtian doctrine; the other section adhered to Émile Littré, who rejected the religion of humanity as inconsistent with the philosophy of science of Comte's earlier period. From 1853 Laffitte delivered Positivist lectures in the room formerly occupied by Comte in the rue Monsieur le Prince. He published Les Grands Types de l'humanité (1875) and Cours de philosophie première (1889). In 1893 he was appointed to the new chair founded at the Collège de France for the exposition of the general history of science, and it was largely due to his inspiration that a statue to Comte was erected in the Place de la Sorbonne in 1902. Laffitte died in Paris.
Lafitte with a delegation of positivists visited Constantinople in 1877 visited Midhat Pasha to advocate positivist principles as a non-Christian, modern system.
References
M. S. Ozervarli: Positivism in the Late Ottoman Empire, The Young Turks as Mediators, Johannes Feichtinger et al,: The Worlds of Positivism: a Global Intellectual History, 1770-1930 Palgrave MacMillan, 2018
1823 births
1903 deaths
People from Gironde
19th-century French philosophers
1
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir%20John%20Aird%2C%201st%20Baronet
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Sir John Aird, 1st Baronet (3 December 1833 – 6 January 1911) was an English civil engineering contractor of the late 19th and early 20th centuries. He also served as Conservative Member of Parliament (MP) for Paddington North from 1887 to 1906, was the first Mayor of Paddington in 1900, and became an enthusiastic collector of British art.
Early life
Aird was the son of a former mason – also called John Aird (1806–1876) – who was superintendent of the Phoenix Gas Company's gasworks in Greenwich, south-east London before setting up his own contracting business, John Aird & Co., in 1848. On his 18th birthday in 1851, Aird junior joined the family firm – which subsequently traded as John Aird & Sons for a while. The business had initially focused on gas and water network installations, but soon expanded into more general building work.
Engineering career
John Aird's first significant scheme was the dismantling, transportation and re-erection of The Crystal Palace buildings from the 1851 Great Exhibition from central London's Hyde Park to Sydenham in south London.
Other company projects included the construction of reservoirs and of railways and docks work.
Aird became an associate of the Institution of Civil Engineers in 1859.
After the firm merged with Lucas Brothers and his father's death John Aird junior became chief partner and the name of the business reverted to John Aird & Co. in 1895.
Under Aird's leadership, the firm also became internationally famous for buildin
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnobiology
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Ethnobiology is the scientific study of the way living things are treated or used by different human cultures. It studies the dynamic relationships between people, biota, and environments, from the distant past to the immediate present.
"People-biota-environment" interactions around the world are documented and studied through time, across cultures, and across disciplines in a search for valid, reliable answers to two 'defining' questions: "How and in what ways do human societies use nature, and how and in what ways do human societies view nature?"
History
Beginnings (15th century–19th century)
Biologists have been interested in local biological knowledge since the time Europeans started colonising the world, from the 15th century onwards. Paul Sillitoe wrote that:
Local biological knowledge, collected and sampled over these early centuries significantly informed the early development of modern biology:
during the 17th century Georg Eberhard Rumphius benefited from local biological knowledge in producing his catalogue, "Herbarium Amboinense", covering more than 1,200 species of the plants in Indonesia;
during the 18th century, Carl Linnaeus relied upon Rumphius's work, and also corresponded with other people all around the world when developing the biological classification scheme that now underlies the arrangement of much of the accumulated knowledge of the biological sciences.
during the 19th century, Charles Darwin, the 'father' of evolutionary theory, on his Voyag
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folk%20biology
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Folk biology (or folkbiology) is the cognitive study of how people classify and reason about the organic world. Humans everywhere classify animals and plants into obvious species-like groups. The relationship between a folk taxonomy and a scientific classification can assist in understanding how evolutionary theory deals with the apparent constancy of "common species" and the organic processes centering on them. From the vantage of evolutionary psychology, such natural systems are arguably routine "habits of mind", a sort of heuristic used to make sense of the natural world.
References
External links
Scott Atran (1999) Folk Biology (PDF), in Robert Wilson and Frank Keil, Ed. The MIT Encyclopedia of the Cognitive Sciences, pages 316-317. MIT Press.
Branches of biology
Ethnobiology
Evolutionary psychology
Scientific folklore
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nils%20Bohlin
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Nils Ivar Bohlin (17 July 1920 – 26 September 2002) was a Swedish mechanical engineer and inventor who invented the three-point safety belt while working at Volvo.
Biography
Born in Härnösand, Sweden, Bohlin received a diploma in mechanical engineering from Härnösand Läroverk in 1939. In 1942 he started working for the aircraft maker Saab as an aircraft designer and helped develop ejection seats. In 1958 he joined Volvo as a safety engineer. He is credited with the invention of the modern three-point safety belt, now a standard safety feature in all cars.
Bohlin worked on the seat belt for about a year, using skills in developing ejection seats for SAAB; he concentrated on keeping the driver safe in a car accident. After testing the three-point safety belt, he introduced his invention to the Volvo company in 1959 and received his first patent (number 3,043,625). Ten years later, he led the Central Research and Development Department for Volvo in 1969.
In 1974, he was awarded the Ralph Isbrandt Automotive Safety Engineering Award, and in 1989 he was inducted into the Hall of Fame for Safety and Health. He received a gold medal from Royal Swedish Academy of Engineering Sciences in 1995 and in 1999, was inducted into the Automotive Hall of Fame. He retired from Volvo as Senior Engineer in 1985 and was posthumously inducted into the National Inventors Hall of Fame.
Bohlin died on 26 September 2002 at the age of 82, of a heart attack and was buried at Torpa Church in Ramfall
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoological%20society
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A zoological society is a group or organization, often a voluntary association, interested in fields of study related to the animal kingdom. These fields generally include zoology, animal physiology, pathology, veterinary medicine, wildlife conservation, conservation biology, and related topics. Zoological societies are often associated with the operation and/or management of zoos, public aquariums, veterinary hospitals, research institutions, and conservation projects, and with the publication of scientific journals and periodicals. The first such society was the Zoological Society of London, founded in 1826.
Zoological society may refer to:
Africa
Zoological Society of Southern Africa, publishing African Zoology
Asia
International Society of Zoological Sciences (founded 2004), based in Beijing, China
Zoological Society of Bangladesh (founded 1972)
Zoological Society of Pakistan (founded 1968)
Malaysian Zoological Society, operating the National Zoo of Malaysia
Zoological Society of Israel, associated with Heinz Steinitz
Zoological Society of Nepal
India
Zoological Society of India (founded 1938), based in Gaya, India; publishing Proceedings of the Zoological Society of India
Zoological Society, Kolkata (founded 1945 as the Zoological Society of Bengal), publishing Proceedings of the Zoological Society
Zoological Society, Madras Christian College, Chennai
Zoological Society of Odisha State
Japan
Fukuoka City Zoological Society (founded 1952), affiliated with the Fukuoka
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monty%20White
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A.J. Monty White is a British young Earth creationist and was formerly the Chief Executive of the UK branch of Answers in Genesis. White is a graduate of the University of Wales; he obtained a BSc in Chemistry in 1967 and in 1970 earned his PhD for research in the kinetic theory of gas from Aberystwyth University.
Biography
White was brought up by his parents as an atheist, he later became a theistic evolutionist after studying geology. He later changed his position after studying the Bible, saying evolution is not compatible with Christianity, and became a young Earth creationist.
White states that "evolution is not compatible with Christianity," and believes the earth is about 6,000 years old and that "people believe in evolution because they choose to do so." Furthermore, he says "there is not a shred of real evidence for the evolution of life on earth."
In his autobiographical paper "My spiritual pilgrimage from theistic evolution to Creation," White says:
In his 1985 book How Old is the Earth?, White said that any evidence which shows that the Earth is older than the Bible is superficial and misleading. White says the theory of evolution is linked to immorality. In a British Broadcasting Corporation interview he said, "If you tell people they're animals, they'll behave like animals".
Radiometric dating
White accepts the general validity of carbon-14 dating for the last five thousand years but not beyond.
Works
What About Origins, Dunestone Printers Limited (1978)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borel%20summation
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In mathematics, Borel summation is a summation method for divergent series, introduced by . It is particularly useful for summing divergent asymptotic series, and in some sense gives the best possible sum for such series. There are several variations of this method that are also called Borel summation, and a generalization of it called Mittag-Leffler summation.
Definition
There are (at least) three slightly different methods called Borel summation. They differ in which series they can sum, but are consistent, meaning that if two of the methods sum the same series they give the same answer.
Throughout let denote a formal power series
and define the Borel transform of to be its equivalent exponential series
Borel's exponential summation method
Let denote the partial sum
A weak form of Borel's summation method defines the Borel sum of to be
If this converges at to some function , we say that the weak Borel sum of converges at , and write .
Borel's integral summation method
Suppose that the Borel transform converges for all positive real numbers to a function growing sufficiently slowly that the following integral is well defined (as an improper integral), the Borel sum of is given by
If the integral converges at to some , we say that the Borel sum of converges at , and write .
Borel's integral summation method with analytic continuation
This is similar to Borel's integral summation method, except that the Borel transform need not converge for all , but con
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odometry
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Odometry is the use of data from motion sensors to estimate change in position over time. It is used in robotics by some legged or wheeled robots to estimate their position relative to a starting location. This method is sensitive to errors due to the integration of velocity measurements over time to give position estimates. Rapid and accurate data collection, instrument calibration, and processing are required in most cases for odometry to be used effectively.
The word odometry is composed of the Greek words odos (meaning "route") and metron (meaning "measure").
Example
Suppose a robot has rotary encoders on its wheels or on its legged joints. It drives forward for some time and then would like to know how far it has traveled. It can measure how far the wheels have rotated, and if it knows the circumference of its wheels, compute the distance.
Train operations are also frequent users of odometrics. Typically, a train gets an absolute position by passing over stationary sensors in the tracks, while odometry is used to calculate relative position while the train is between the sensors.
More sophisticated example
Suppose that a simple robot has two wheels which can both move forward or reverse and that they are positioned parallel to one another, and equidistant from the center of the robot. Further, assume that each motor has a rotary encoder, and so one can determine if either wheel has traveled one "unit" forward or reverse along the floor. This unit is the ratio of t
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osborn%20Memorial%20Laboratories
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The Osborn Memorial Laboratories in New Haven, Connecticut were built in 1913 as the home for biology at Yale University. In the past, they contained both zoology and botany, in the two wings on Sachem Street and Prospect Street (address: 165 Prospect St.). They sit at the base of Sachem's Woods: the original site of Highwood, the mansion of James Abraham Hillhouse. This area is now known as Science Hill and is the site of Kline Biology Tower, Sage Hall (Yale School of Forestry and Environmental Studies), and chemistry and physics buildings. The building sits across Prospect Street from Ingalls Rink and across Sachem from the former location of the Yale School of Management. It was designed by the architect Charles C. Haight, who also designed buildings of the original Columbia University campus on the current site of Rockefeller Center.
Osborn Memorial Laboratories is an entirely masonry structure, down to the sub-basement of unfinished brickwork. Its main arch was once a covered entry for carriages. It contained a library over that same arch, with a faux sky ceiling, now a conference room, and a series of laboratories. The laboratories and offices have been reconfigured many times. Now the first floor and basements are set aside for teaching, the second, third and fourth for research, and the fifth for special facilities on the Sachem Wing, laboratories on the Prospect Wing (where once there was a herbarium). The towers are no longer actively occupied.
Work in th
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen%27s%20Faculty%20of%20Health%20Sciences
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The Queen's Faculty of Health Sciences is a faculty of Queen's University at Kingston in Kingston, Ontario, Canada. It contains three schools: the School of Medicine, the School of Nursing, and the School of Rehabilitation Therapy.
This faculty also administers Queen's University's highly competitive Life Sciences, Biochemistry, and Bachelor of Health Sciences programs.
The educational program leading to the Medical Doctor degree is central to the purpose of the faculty. It must meet all the requirements for accreditation and prepare graduates for postgraduate training leading to licensure and certification by the College of Family Physicians of Canada or the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada.
External links
Queen's Faculty of Health Sciences Website
Faculty of Health Sciences
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical%20methods%20in%20electronics
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Mathematical methods are integral to the study of electronics.
Mathematics in electronics
Electronics engineering careers usually include courses in calculus (single and multivariable), complex analysis, differential equations (both ordinary and partial), linear algebra and probability. Fourier analysis and Z-transforms are also subjects which are usually included in electrical engineering programs. Laplace transform can simplify computing RLC circuit behaviour.
Basic applications
A number of electrical laws apply to all electrical networks. These include
Faraday's law of induction: Any change in the magnetic environment of a coil of wire will cause a voltage (emf) to be "induced" in the coil.
Gauss's Law: The total of the electric flux out of a closed surface is equal to the charge enclosed divided by the permittivity.
Kirchhoff's current law: the sum of all currents entering a node is equal to the sum of all currents leaving the node or the sum of total current at a junction is zero
Kirchhoff's voltage law: the directed sum of the electrical potential differences around a circuit must be zero.
Ohm's law: the voltage across a resistor is the product of its resistance and the current flowing through it.at constant temperature.
Norton's theorem: any two-terminal collection of voltage sources and resistors is electrically equivalent to an ideal current source in parallel with a single resistor.
Thévenin's theorem: any two-terminal combination of voltage sources and resisto
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellen%20Vitetta
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Ellen S. Vitetta is the director of the Cancer Immunobiology Center at the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center in Dallas.
Background
Vitetta earned a Bachelor of Arts degree at Connecticut College and advanced degrees at New York University Medical and Graduate Schools.
Career
Vitetta is a professor of microbiology and immunology, the director of the Cancer Immunobiology Center, and holds both the Sheryle Simmons Patigian Distinguished Chair in Cancer Immunobiology and a distinguished teaching chair at the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center in Dallas. She has published 500 papers, edited several books, and is a co-inventor on 24 issued patents. She is recognized as one of the top 100 most cited biomedical scientists in the world.
Vitetta is an immunologist who conducts translational ("bench to bedside") research. Along with her colleagues, she was the first to describe IgD on the surface of murine B cells and co-discovered Interleukin-4. Her research group demonstrated that IL-4 acted as a "switch" factor for Ig on B cells. Over the past two decades, she has developed antibody-based "biological missiles" to target and eliminate cancer cells and cells infected with HIV. These innovative therapeutics have been extensively studied in tissue culture, animal models, and, since 1988, in over 300 human subjects. In 2001, Dr. Vitetta successfully developed a vaccine against ricin, which underwent evaluation in the first clinical trial of its kind.
Vitet
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valentino%20Braitenberg
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Valentino Braitenberg (or Valentin von Braitenberg; 18 June 1926 – 9 September 2011) was an Italian neuroscientist and cyberneticist. He was former director at the Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics in Tübingen, Germany.
His book Vehicles: Experiments in Synthetic Psychology became famous in Robotics and among Psychologists, in which he described how hypothetical analog vehicles (a combination of sensors, actuators and their interconnections), though simple in design, can exhibit behaviors akin to aggression, love, foresight, and optimism. These have come to be known as Braitenberg vehicles. His pioneering scientific work was concerned with the relation between structures and functions of the brain.
Life
Valentino Braitenberg grew up in the province of South Tyrol. Braitenberg's father was Senator , a member of the South Tyrolean nobility.
Since the age of 6, Braitenberg grew up bilingual in the two languages Italian and German. German was spoken at home and all schooling was Italian, conform to the historic context. The humanistic Lyceum-Gymnasium (High school) in Bolzano gave him an excellent classic education including Italian literature. The German literary education was based on the classical writers he found in the extensive home library. In addition, he trained as a violinist at the in Bolzano and became a talented violinist and violist.
Braitenberg studied Medicine and Psychiatry at the University of Innsbruck and University of Rome between 1945 and
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroxypropyl%20cellulose
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Hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC) is a derivative of cellulose with both water solubility and organic solubility. It is used as an excipient, and topical ophthalmic protectant and lubricant.
Chemistry
HPC is an ether of cellulose in which some of the hydroxyl groups in the repeating glucose units have been hydroxypropylated forming -OCH2CH(OH)CH3 groups using propylene oxide. The average number of substituted hydroxyl groups per glucose unit is referred to as the degree of substitution (DS). Complete substitution would provide a DS of 3. Because the hydroxypropyl group added contains a hydroxyl group, this can also be etherified during preparation of HPC. When this occurs, the number of moles of hydroxypropyl groups per glucose ring, moles of substitution (MS), can be higher than 3.
Because cellulose is very crystalline, HPC must have an MS about 4 in order to reach a good solubility in water. HPC has a combination of hydrophobic and hydrophilic groups, so it has a lower critical solution temperature (LCST) at 45 °C. At temperatures below the LCST, HPC is readily soluble in water; above the LCST, HPC is not soluble.
HPC forms liquid crystals and many mesophases according to its concentration in water. Such mesophases include isotropic, anisotropic, nematic and cholesteric. The last one gives many colors such as violet, green and red.
Uses
Lacrisert, manufactured by Aton Pharma, is a formulation of HPC used for artificial tears. It is used to treat medical condition
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20E.%20Shaw
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David Elliot Shaw (born March 29, 1951) is an American billionaire scientist and former hedge fund manager. He founded D. E. Shaw & Co., a hedge fund company which was once described by Fortune magazine as "the most intriguing and mysterious force on Wall Street". A former assistant professor in the computer science department at Columbia University, Shaw made his fortune exploiting inefficiencies in financial markets with the help of state-of-the-art high speed computer networks. In 1996, Fortune magazine referred to him as "King Quant" because of his firm's pioneering role in high-speed quantitative trading. In 2001, Shaw turned to full-time scientific research in computational biochemistry, more specifically molecular dynamics simulations of proteins.
Early life and education
Shaw was raised in Los Angeles, California. His father was a theoretical physicist who specialised in plasma and fluid flows, and his mother is an artist and educator. They divorced when he was 12. His stepfather, Irving Pfeffer, was professor of finance at University of California, Los Angeles, and the author of papers supporting the efficient market hypothesis.
Shaw earned a bachelor's degree summa cum laude from the University of California, San Diego, a PhD from Stanford University in 1980, and then became an assistant professor of the department of computer science at Columbia University. While at Columbia, Shaw conducted research in massively parallel computing with the NON-VON supercomputer.
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