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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean%20Louis%20Lassaigne
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Jean Louis Lassaigne (22 September 1800 – 18 March 1859) was a French chemist. He is best known for the sodium fusion test named after him.
Early life
Lassaigne was born in Paris. Initially he worked in the laboratory of Louis Nicolas Vauquelin, and in 1828 was named professor of chemistry and physics at the École Royale Vétérinaire d’Alfort (Royal School of Veterinary) in Maisons-Alfort. He filled this role until 1854.
Contributions and major works
In 1825 Lassaigne partnered with François Leuret to publish "Recherches physiques et chimiques pour servir à l’historie de la digestion" (Physical and chemical research for understanding digestion). Four years later Lassaigne wrote an investigation about chemistry as part of medical sciences "Abrégé élémentaire de chimie considérée comme science accessoire à l'étude de la médecine, de la pharmacie et de l'histoire naturelle" (Elementary summary of chemistry considered as an ancillary science to the study of medicine, pharmacy and natural history), at the same time he was admitted as member to prestigious "Société de Chimie Médicale" (Medical Chemistry Society) in Paris.
He became a chemical researcher, where he did research related to pure chemistry, inorganic chemistry, industrial chemistry, animal chemistry, and forensic chemistry, which led to many discoveries. His major works were studies about phosphoric ether, pyrocitric acid, pyro acids of the malic acid, chromium salts, and compounds of iodine. Lassaigne also did resea
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research%20Institute%20of%20Computer%20Science%20and%20Random%20Systems
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The Institut de recherche en informatique et systèmes aléatoires is a joint computer science research center of CNRS, University of Rennes 1, ENS Rennes, INSA Rennes and Inria, in Rennes in Brittany. It is one of the eight Inria research centers.
Created in 1975 as a spin-off of the University of Rennes 1, merging the young computer science department and a few mathematicians, more specifically probabilists, among them Michel Métivier, who was to become the first president of IRISA.
Research topics span from theoretical computer science, such as formal languages, formal methods, or more mathematically oriented topics such as information theory, optimization, complex system... to application-driven topics like bioinformatics, image and video compression, handwriting recognition, computer graphics, medical imaging, content-based image retrieval.
See also
French space program
Space program of France
Aerospace engineering organizations
Computer science institutes in France
France
Research institutes in France
French National Centre for Scientific Research
1975 establishments in France
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylvestre%20Fran%C3%A7ois%20Lacroix
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Sylvestre François Lacroix (28 April 176524 May 1843) was a French mathematician.
Life
He was born in Paris, and was raised in a poor family who still managed to obtain a good education for their son. Lacroix's path to mathematics started with the novel Robinson Crusoe. That gave him an interest in sailing and thus navigation too. At that point geometry captured his interest and the rest of mathematics followed. He had courses with Antoine-René Mauduit at College Royale de France and Joseph-Francois Marie at Collége Mazaine of University of Paris. In 1779 he obtained some lunar observations of Pierre Charles Le Monnier and began to calculate the variables of lunar theory. The next year he followed some lectures of Gaspard Monge.
In 1782 at the age of 17 he became an instructor in mathematics at the École de Gardes de la Marine in Rochefort. Monge was the students' examiner and Lacroix's supervisor there until 1795. Returning to Paris, Condorcet hired Lacroix to fill in for him as instructor of gentlemen at a Paris lycée. In 1787 he began to teach at École Royale Militaire de Paris and he married Marie Nicole Sophie Arcambal.
In Besançon, from 1788, he taught courses at the École Royale d'Artillerie under examiner Pierre-Simon Laplace. The posting in Besançon lasted until 1793 when Lacroix returned to Paris.
It was the best of times and the worst of times: Lavoisier had opened inquiry into "new chemistry", a subject Lacroix studied with Jean Henri Hassenfratz. He also joi
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/179%20%28number%29
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179 (one hundred [and] seventy-nine) is the natural number following 178 and preceding 180.
In mathematics
179 is part of the Cunningham chain of prime numbers 89, 179, 359, 719, 1439, 2879, in which each successive number is two times the previous number, plus one. Among Cunningham chains of this length, this one has the smallest numbers. Because 179 is neither the start nor the end of this chain, it is both a safe prime and a Sophie Germain prime. It is also a super-prime number, because it is the 41st smallest prime and 41 is also prime. Since 971 (the digits of 179 reversed) is prime, 179 is an emirp.
In other fields
Astronomers have suggested that sunspot frequency undergoes a cycle of approximately 179 years in length.
See also
AD 179 and 179 BC
List of highways numbered 179
External links
References
Integers
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/181%20%28number%29
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181 (one hundred [and] eighty-one) is the natural number following 180 and preceding 182.
In mathematics
181 is an odd number
181 is a centered number
181 is a centered pentagonal number
181 is a centered 12-gonal number
181 is a centered 18-gonal number
181 is a centered 30-gonal number
181 is a centered square number
181 is a star number that represents a centered hexagram (as in the game of Chinese checkers)
181 is a deficient number, as 1 is less than 181
181 is an odious number
181 is a prime number
181 is a Chen prime
181 is a dihedral prime
181 is a full reptend prime
181 is a palindromic prime
181 is a strobogrammatic prime, the same when viewed upside down
181 is a twin prime with 179
181 is a square-free number
181 is an undulating number, if written in the ternary, the negaternary, or the nonary numeral systems
181 is the difference of 2 square numbers: 912 – 902
181 is the sum of 2 consecutive square numbers: 92 + 102
181 is the sum of 5 consecutive prime numbers: 29 + 31 + 37 + 41 + 43
In geography
Langenburg No. 181, Saskatchewan rural municipality in Saskatchewan, Canada
181 Fremont Street proposed skyscraper in San Francisco, California
181 West Madison Street, Chicago
In the military
181st (Brandon) Battalion, CEF was a unit in the Canadian Expeditionary Force during World War I
181st Airlift Squadron is a unit of the Texas Air National Guard
181st Infantry Brigade of the United States Army based at Fort McCoy, Wisconsin
18
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore%20Streleski
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Theodore Landon "Ted" Streleski (b. 1936) is an American former graduate student in mathematics at Stanford University who murdered his former faculty advisor, Professor Karel de Leeuw, with a ball-peen hammer on August 18, 1978. Shortly after the murder, Streleski turned himself in to the authorities, claiming he felt the murder was justifiable homicide because de Leeuw had withheld departmental awards from him, demeaned Streleski in front of his peers, and refused his requests for financial support. Streleski was in his 19th year pursuing his doctorate in the mathematics department, alternating with low-paying jobs to support himself.
During his trial Streleski told the court he felt the murder was "logically and morally correct" and "a political statement" about the department's treatment of its graduate students, and he forced his court-appointed lawyer to enter a plea of "not guilty" rather than "not guilty by reason of insanity" as the lawyer had urged. Streleski was convicted of second degree murder with a sentence of eight years.
He served seven years in prison at California Medical Facility.
Streleski was eligible for parole on three occasions, but turned it down as the conditions of his parole required him to get psychiatric treatment. Upon his release in 1985, he said, "I have no intention of killing again. On the other hand, I cannot predict the future."
In 1993 Streleski was turned down for a fare box repair position with the San Francisco Municipal Railway
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/191%20%28number%29
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191 (one hundred [and] ninety-one) is the natural number following 190 and preceding 192.
In mathematics
191 is a prime number, part of a prime quadruplet of four primes: 191, 193, 197, and 199. Because doubling and adding one produces another prime number (383), 191 is a Sophie Germain prime. It is the smallest prime that is not a full reptend prime in any base from 2 to 10; in fact, the smallest base for which 191 is a full period prime is base 19.
See also
191 (disambiguation)
References
Integers
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/193%20%28number%29
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193 (one hundred [and] ninety-three) is the natural number following 192 and preceding 194.
In mathematics
193 is the number of compositions of 14 into distinct parts. In decimal, it is the seventeenth full repetend prime, or long prime.
It is the only odd prime known for which 2 is not a primitive root of .
It is the thirteenth Pierpont prime, which implies that a regular 193-gon can be constructed using a compass, straightedge, and angle trisector.
It is part of the fourteenth pair of twin primes , the seventh trio of prime triplets , and the fourth set of prime quadruplets .
Aside from itself, the friendly giant (the largest sporadic group) holds a total of 193 conjugacy classes. It also holds at least 44 maximal subgroups aside from the double cover of (the forty-fourth prime number is 193).
193 is also the eighth numerator of convergents to Euler's number; correct to three decimal places: The denominator is 71, which is the largest supersingular prime that uniquely divides the order of the friendly giant.
In other fields
193 is the telephonic number of the 27 Brazilian Military Firefighters Corpses.
193 is the number of internationally recognized nations by the United Nations Organization (UNO).
See also
193 (disambiguation)
References
Integers
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Security%20parameter
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In cryptography, a security parameter is a way of measuring of how "hard" it is for an adversary to break a cryptographic scheme. There are two main types of security parameter: computational and statistical, often denoted by and , respectively. Roughly speaking, the computational security parameter is a measure for the input size of the computational problem on which the cryptographic scheme is based, which determines its computational complexity, whereas the statistical security parameter is a measure of the probability with which an adversary can break the scheme (whatever that means for the protocol).
Security parameters are usually expressed in unary representation - i.e. is expressed as a string of s, , conventionally written as - so that the time complexity of the cryptographic algorithm is polynomial in the size of the input.
Computational security
The security of cryptographic primitives relies on the hardness of some hard problems. One sets the computational security parameter such that computation is considered intractable.
Examples
If the security of a scheme depends on the secrecy of a key for a pseudorandom function (PRF), then we may specify that the PRF key should be sampled from the space so that a brute-force search requires computational power.
In the RSA cryptosystem, the security parameter denotes the length in bits of the modulus n; the positive integer n must therefore be a number in the set {0, ..., 2 - 1}.
Statistical security
Secur
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/197%20%28number%29
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197 (one hundred [and] ninety-seven) is the natural number following 196 and preceding 198.
In mathematics
197 is a prime number, the third of a prime quadruplet: 191, 193, 197, 199
197 is the smallest prime number that is the sum of 7 consecutive primes: 17 + 19 + 23 + 29 + 31 + 37 + 41, and is the sum of the first twelve prime numbers: 2 + 3 + 5 + 7 + 11 + 13 + 17 + 19 + 23 + 29 + 31 + 37
197 is a centered heptagonal number, a centered figurate number that represents a heptagon with a dot in the center and all other dots surrounding the center dot in successive heptagonal layers
197 is a Schröder–Hipparchus number, counting for instance the number of ways of subdividing a heptagon by a non-crossing set of its diagonals.
In other fields
197 is also:
A police emergency telephone number in Tunisia
Number enquiry telephone number in Nepal
a song by Norwegian alternative rock group Major Parkinson from their self-titled debut album
See also
The year AD 197 or 197 BC
List of highways numbered 197
References
Integers
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/199%20%28number%29
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199 (one hundred [and] ninety-nine) is the natural number following 198 and preceding 200.
In mathematics
199 is a centered triangular number.
It is a prime number and the fourth part of a prime quadruplet: 191, 193, 197, 199.
199 is the smallest natural number that takes more than two iterations to compute its digital root as a repeated digit sum:
Thus, its additive persistence is three, and it is the smallest number of persistence three.
See also
The year AD 199 or 199 BC
List of highways numbered 199
References
Integers
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fitzpatrick%20Center
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The Fitzpatrick Center for Interdisciplinary Engineering, Medicine and Applied Sciences—colloquially referred to as FCIEMAS (pronounced "eff-see-mas") —opened in August 2004 on the West campus of Duke University. Research facilities focus on the fields of photonics, bioengineering, communications, and materials science and materials engineering. The aim of the building was to emphasize interdisciplinary activities and encourage cross-departmental interactions. The building houses numerous wet bench laboratories (highlighted by a nanotechnology research wing), offices, teaching spaces, and an Irish themed café Twinnie's. FCIEMAS contains: a three-story, atrium; 206-seat auditorium; of laboratory space; of conference space; and the Duke Immersive Virtual Environment (one of seven in the world). The construction of FCIEMAS took more than three years and cost more than $97 million.
See also
Duke University Institute for Genome Sciences and Policy
References
External links
Duke University campus
2004 establishments in North Carolina
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor%20of%20Computing
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A Bachelor of Computing (B.Comp.) is a bachelor's degree in computing. This degree is offered in a small number of universities, and varies slightly from a Bachelor of Science (B.Sc.) in Computer Science or Information Technology, a Bachelor of Science in Information Technology (B.Sc IT.) or a Bachelor of Computer Science (B.CS.).
Academics
Most universities confer a Bachelor of Computing degree to a student after four years of full-time study (generally 120 credit hours) has been completed. This can include units regarding computing studies, however a large focus is placed on the integration of computing with either science, liberal arts, or business.
Potential specialisations within a B.Comp. vary greatly, and may include: Cognitive Science, Computer Science, Information Technology, Management Information Systems, Medical Informatics, Medical Imaging, Multimedia, or Software Engineering.
Job prospects
A Bachelor of Computing integrated with science can lead to various professional careers, ranging from data analysis and cyber security analysis to game designing and developing. Other fields in which this degree could be useful include business analysis, IT training, nanotechnology and network engineering.
See also
Bachelor of Computer Information Systems
Bachelor of Computer Science
Bachelor of Information Technology
Bachelor of Science in Information Technology
References
Science in Information Technology
Computer science education
Information technology qualificati
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NCRA
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NCRA is an initialism which may stand for:
National Centre for Radio Astrophysics, a premier Radio Astronomy research institute in Pune, India
National Campus and Community Radio Association, a non-profit association of campus radio and community radio stations in Canada
National Coalition for Reform and Advancement, a political coalition in the Solomon Islands
National Cooperative Refinery Association, an energy cooperative in Kansas, US
National Court Reporters Association, a US organization committed to advancing the profession of court reporting
North Coast Railroad Authority, a US organization to restore and preserve rail service along the Northwestern Pacific rail line.
Northern California Recycling Association, an environmental organization in California, US
Nottinghamshire County Rowing Association, an elite rowing organization from Nottingham, England (1981-2006)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luminophore
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In chemistry, a luminophore (sometimes shortened to lumophore) is an atom or functional group in a chemical compound that is responsible for its luminescent properties. Luminophores can be either organic or inorganic.
Luminophores can be further classified as fluorophores or phosphors, depending on the nature of the excited state responsible for the emission of photons. However, some luminophores cannot be classified as being exclusively fluorophores or phosphors. Examples include transition-metal complexes such as tris(bipyridine)ruthenium(II) chloride, whose luminescence comes from an excited (nominally triplet) metal-to-ligand charge-transfer (MLCT) state, which is not a true triplet state in the strict sense of the definition; and colloidal quantum dots, whose emissive state does not have either a purely singlet or triplet spin.
Most luminophores consist of conjugated π systems or transition-metal complexes. There are also purely inorganic luminophores, such as zinc sulfide doped with rare-earth metal ions, rare-earth metal oxysulfides doped with other rare-earth metal ions, yttrium oxide doped with rare-earth metal ions, zinc orthosilicate doped with manganese ions, etc. Luminophores can be observed in action in fluorescent lights, television screens, computer monitor screens, organic light-emitting diodes and bioluminescence.
The correct, textbook terminology is luminophore, not lumophore, although the latter term has been frequently used in the chemical literature.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dannie%20Heineman%20Prize%20for%20Astrophysics
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The Dannie Heineman Prize for Astrophysics is jointly awarded each year by the American Astronomical Society and American Institute of Physics for outstanding work in astrophysics. It is funded by the Heineman Foundation in honour of Dannie Heineman.
Recipients
Source: AAS
See also
Dannie Heineman Prize for Mathematical Physics
List of astronomy awards
List of physics awards
Prizes named after people
References
Astronomy prizes
Awards of the American Institute of Physics
Awards established in 1980
American Astronomical Society
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prochirality
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In stereochemistry, prochiral molecules are those that can be converted from achiral to chiral in a single step. An achiral species which can be converted to a chiral in two steps is called proprochiral.
If two identical substituents are attached to a sp3-hybridized atom, the descriptors pro-R and pro-S are used to distinguish between the two. Promoting the pro-R substituent to higher priority than the other identical substituent results in an R chirality center at the original sp3-hybridized atom, and analogously for the pro-S substituent.
A trigonal planar sp2-hybridized atom can be converted to a chiral center when a substituent is added to the re or si () face of the molecule. A face is labeled re if, when looking at that face, the substituents at the trigonal atom are arranged in increasing Cahn-Ingold-Prelog priority order (1 to 2 to 3) in a clockwise order, and si if the priorities increase in anti-clockwise order; note that the designation of the resulting chiral center as S or R depends on the priority of the incoming group.
The concept of prochirality is necessary for understanding some aspects of enzyme stereospecificity. Alexander Ogston pointed out that when a symmetrical molecule is placed in an asymmetric environment, such as the surface of an enzyme, supposedly identically placed groups become distinguishable. In this way he showed that earlier exclusion of non-chiral citrate as a possible intermediate in the tricarboxylate cycle was mistaken.
References
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander%20S.%20Kechris
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Alexander Sotirios Kechris (; born March 23, 1946) is a set theorist and logician at the California Institute of Technology.
Contributions
Kechris has made contributions to the theory of Borel equivalence relations and the theory of automorphism groups of uncountable structures. His research interests cover foundations of mathematics, mathematical logic and set theory and their interactions with analysis and dynamical systems.
Kechris earned his Ph.D. at UCLA in 1972 under the direction of Yiannis N. Moschovakis, with a dissertation titled Projective Ordinals and Countable Analytic Sets. During his academic career he advised 23 PhD students and sponsored 20 postdoctoral researchers.
In 2012, he became an Inaugural Fellow of the American Mathematical Society.
Honors
1986 - Invited Speaker at the International Congress of Mathematicians in Berkeley (Mathematical Logic & Foundations)
1998 - Gödel Lecturer (Current Trends in Descriptive Set Theory).
2003 - Received the Karp Prize, along with Gregory Hjorth for joint work on Borel equivalence relations, in particular for their results on turbulence and countable Borel equivalence relations
2004 - Tarski Lecturer (New Connections Between Logic, Ramsey Theory and Topological Dynamics)
Selected publications
A. S. Kechris, "Classical Descriptive Set Theory", Springer-Verlag, 1995.
H. Becker, A. S. Kechris, "The descriptive set theory of Polish group actions" (London Mathematical Society Lecture Note Series), University of Camb
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheila%20Williams
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Sheila Williams (born 1956) is the editor of Asimov's Science Fiction magazine.
Early life and education
Sheila Williams grew up in a family of five in western Massachusetts. Her mother had a master's degree in microbiology. Williams’ interest in science fiction came from her father, who read Edgar Rice Burroughs books to her as a child. After studying at the London School of Economics in her junior year, she studied at and received a bachelor's degree from Elmira College in Elmira, New York. Williams received her Master's degree in philosophy from Washington University in St. Louis.
Career
She became interested in Isaac Asimov's Science Fiction Magazine (as it was then titled) while in graduate school at Washington University. In 1982, Williams was hired at the magazine, and worked with Isaac Asimov for ten years. While working there, she co-founded the Dell Magazines Award for Undergraduate Excellence in Science Fiction and Fantasy Writing (at one time called the Isaac Asimov Award for Undergraduate Excellence in Science Fiction and Fantasy writing). In 2004, with the retirement of Gardner Dozois, she became the editor of the magazine.
Along with Gardner Dozois, Williams also edited the "Isaac Asimov's" anthology series. She also co-edited A Woman's Liberation: A Choice of Futures by and About Women (2001) with Connie Willis. Williams has edited a retrospective anthology of fiction published by Asimov's: Asimov's Science Fiction: 30th Anniversary Anthology. Booklist c
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predictive%20learning
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Predictive learning is a technique of machine learning in which an agent tries to build a model of its environment by trying out different actions in various circumstances. It uses knowledge of the effects its actions appear to have, turning them into planning operators. These allow the agent to act purposefully in its world. Predictive learning is one attempt to learn with a minimum of pre-existing mental structure. It may have been inspired by Piaget's account of how children construct knowledge of the world by interacting with it. Gary Drescher's book 'Made-up Minds' was seminal for the area.
The idea that predictions and Unconscious inference are used by the brain to construct a model of the world, in which it can identify causes of percepts, is however even older and goes at least back to Hermann von Helmholtz. Those ideas were later picked up in the field of Predictive coding.
Another related predictive learning theory is Jeff Hawkins' memory-prediction framework, which is laid out in his On Intelligence.
See also
Reinforcement learning
Predictive coding
References
Machine learning
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marquetta%20Goodwine
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Marquetta L. Goodwine is an author, preservationist, and performance artist who serves as Queen Quet, Chieftess of the Gullah/Geechee Nation.
Biography
Goodwine is a native of St. Helena Island, South Carolina. She attended Fordham College at Lincoln Center and double majored in computer science and mathematics. In 1996 she left Fordham and the founded of the Gullah/Geechee Sea Island Coalition. In 1999 she became the first Gullah to speak before the United Nations, giving testimony at an April 1 hearing of the Commission on Human Rights in Switzerland. She participated in the United Nations Forum on Minority Rights which was first established in 2008. At the forum, Queen Quet recorded the human rights struggle of the Gullah/Geechee people for archival by the United Nations.
On 2 July 2002, Goodwine was elected and enstooled as "Queen Quet, chieftess of the Gullah/Geechee Nation." Goodwine also serves as the Chair of the Gullah/Geechee Cultural Heritage Corridor General Management Plan and Expert Commissioner for South Carolina. She is a member of the 15-person commission established by the United States Gullah/Geechee Cultural Heritage Act which was passed by the United States Congress.
Goodwine is a public advocate for the Gullah/Geechee Sea Islands in the face of increasing storm damage resulting from the climate crisis as well as ongoing flooding due to overdevelopment and poor infrastructure maintenance. Her work includes advocating and the preservation of Gullah/Ge
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corella
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Corella may refer to:
Biology
Corella (bird), a member of a group of cockatoos from the subgenus Licmetis
Corella (journal), the journal of the Australian Bird Study Association, formerly called Australian Bird Bander
Corella (tunicate), a genus of sea squirts
Horticulture
Corella Pear, a variety of pear named after the Corella (bird). Also called the Forelle Pear.
People
Ángel Corella, dancer with American Ballet Theatre
Places
Corella, Bohol, Philippines
New Corella, Davao del Norte, Philippines
Corella, Queensland, a locality in the Gympie Region, Queensland, Australia
Corella, Spain
Corella, Italy
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light-dragging%20effects
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In 19th century physics, there were several situations in which the motion of matter might be said to drag light. This aether drag hypothesis was an attempt by classical physics to explain stellar aberration and the Fizeau experiment, but was discarded when Albert Einstein introduced his theory of relativity. Despite this, the expression light-dragging has remained in use somewhat, as discussed on this page.
Under special relativity's simplified model Einstein assumes that light-dragging effects do not occur, and that the speed of light is independent of the speed of the emitting body's motion. However, the special theory of relativity does not deal with particulate matter effects or gravitational effects, nor does it provide a complete relativistic description of acceleration. When more realistic assumptions are made (that real objects are composed of particulate matter, and have gravitational properties), under general relativity's more sophisticated model the resulting descriptions include light-dragging effects.
Einstein's theory of special relativity provides the solution to the Fizeau Experiment, which demonstrates the effect termed Fresnel drag whereby the velocity of light is modified by travelling through a moving medium. Einstein showed how the velocity of light in a moving medium is calculated, in the velocity-addition formula of special relativity.
Einstein's theory of general relativity provides the solution to the other light-dragging effects, whereby the vel
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dick%20Ackerman
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Richard Charles Ackerman (born December 5, 1942) is an American Republican politician, who was a California State Senator for the 33rd District, representing inland Orange County, from 2000 to 2008.
Born in Long Beach, California, Ackerman earned a B.A. in Mathematics from the University of California, Berkeley in 1964 and a J.D. from Hastings College of the Law in 1967. Ackerman and his wife, Linda, who married in 1968, have three children, Lauren, Marc, and Brett, and two granddaughters, Caitlin and Elizabeth.
Elected to the Fullerton City Council in 1980, Ackerman served three terms on the council, also serving as Mayor in 1982 and 1986.
California State Assembly career
Ackerman was elected to the California State Assembly from the 72nd District in a 1995 special election to replace Assemblyman Ross Johnson, who vacated the seat after winning a special election to the State Senate. He was unopposed for re-election in 1996 and won 68% of the vote in 1998. During his tenure in the Assembly, Ackerman served as Assistant Republican Leader, Republican Caucus Whip, Vice Chair of the Assembly Natural Resources Committee, Vice Chair of the Assembly Judiciary Committee, a member of Appropriations Committee, and a member of the Legislative Ethics Committee.
California State Senate career
After those three terms in the Assembly, Ackerman was elected to the State Senate in 2000. In first year in the Senate, he became Vice Chair of the Senate Budget and Fiscal Review Committ
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Degenerate%20energy%20levels
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In quantum mechanics, an energy level is degenerate if it corresponds to two or more different measurable states of a quantum system. Conversely, two or more different states of a quantum mechanical system are said to be degenerate if they give the same value of energy upon measurement. The number of different states corresponding to a particular energy level is known as the degree of degeneracy (or simply the degeneracy) of the level. It is represented mathematically by the Hamiltonian for the system having more than one linearly independent eigenstate with the same energy eigenvalue. When this is the case, energy alone is not enough to characterize what state the system is in, and other quantum numbers are needed to characterize the exact state when distinction is desired. In classical mechanics, this can be understood in terms of different possible trajectories corresponding to the same energy.
Degeneracy plays a fundamental role in quantum statistical mechanics. For an -particle system in three dimensions, a single energy level may correspond to several different wave functions or energy states. These degenerate states at the same level all have an equal probability of being filled. The number of such states gives the degeneracy of a particular energy level.
Mathematics
The possible states of a quantum mechanical system may be treated mathematically as abstract vectors in a separable, complex Hilbert space, while the observables may be represented by linear Hermitian
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSTR
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CSTR may refer to:
The Centre for Speech Technology Research at The University of Edinburgh
Coinstar (NASDAQ ticker symbol)
Computer Science Technical Report, particularly those from Bell Labs, often seminal
Continuous stirred-tank reactor
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann%20Franz%20Moritz%20Kopp
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Hermann Franz Moritz Kopp (30 October 1817 – 20 February 1892), German chemist, was born at Hanau, where his father, Johann Heinrich Kopp (1777–1858), a physician, was professor of chemistry, physics and natural history at the local lyceum.
After attending the gymnasium of his native town, he studied at Marburg and Heidelberg, and then, attracted by the fame of Liebig, went in 1839 to Gießen, where he became a privatdozent in 1841, and professor of chemistry twelve years later. In 1864 he was called to Heidelberg in the same capacity, and he remained there until his death.
Kopp devoted himself especially to physico-chemical inquiries, and in the history of chemical theory his name is associated with several of the most important correlations of the physical properties of substances with their chemical constitution. Much of his work was concerned with specific volumes, the conception of which he set forth in a paper published when he was only twenty-two years of age; and the principles he established have formed the basis of subsequent investigations in that subject, although his results have in some cases undergone modification.
Another question to which he gave much attention was the connection of the boiling point of compounds, organic ones in particular, with their composition. In addition to these and other laborious researches, Kopp was a prolific writer. In 1843–1847 he published a comprehensive History of Chemistry, in four volumes, to which three supplements were a
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emil%20Kopp
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Charles-Émile Kopp (3 March 1817 – 30 November 1875), French chemist, was born at Wasselonne, Alsace.
He became in 1847 a professor of toxicology and chemistry at the École supérieure de Pharmacie at Strasbourg. Because of his participation in the demonstration on "revolutionary day" 13 June 1849, he was forced to leave France, subsequently settling in Switzerland. In 1849 he became a professor of physics and chemistry at Lausanne, and in 1852 a chemist to a Turkey red factory near Manchester. In 1855 he was granted amnesty and returned to France. In 1868 he was named a professor of technology at Turin (Regio Museo Industriale italiano), and finally, in 1871, a professor of technical chemistry at the Federal Polytechnic Institute Zurich, today the ETH Zurich. He died in Zurich.
He conducted experiments with arsenic acid as a discharge agent and filed patents for the employment of arsenic and phosphoric acids in discharge printing of fabrics. In 1844 he reportedly was the first to discover red phosphorus; his findings taking place prior to Anton Schrötter's discovery of the substance during the following year.
With Pompejus Bolley, he published "Traité des matières colorantes artificielles dérivées du goudron de houille" (1874, "Treatise on artificial dyes derived from coal tar").
See also
Aurantia
Styrene
Notes
References
; has a disambiguating addendum on Emil Kopp
The American Chemist, Volumes 6-7 edited by Charles Frederick Chandler, William Henry Chandler.
E
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sequence%20transformation
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In mathematics, a sequence transformation is an operator acting on a given space of sequences (a sequence space). Sequence transformations include linear mappings such as convolution with another sequence, and resummation of a sequence and, more generally, are commonly used for series acceleration, that is, for improving the rate of convergence of a slowly convergent sequence or series. Sequence transformations are also commonly used to compute the antilimit of a divergent series numerically, and are used in conjunction with extrapolation methods.
Overview
Classical examples for sequence transformations include the binomial transform, Möbius transform, Stirling transform and others.
Definitions
For a given sequence
the transformed sequence is
where the members of the transformed sequence are usually computed from some finite number of members of the original sequence, i.e.
for some which often depends on (cf. e.g. Binomial transform). In the simplest case, the and the are real or complex numbers. More generally, they may be elements of some vector space or algebra.
In the context of acceleration of convergence, the transformed sequence is said to converge faster than the original sequence if
where is the limit of , assumed to be convergent. In this case, convergence acceleration is obtained. If the original sequence is divergent, the sequence transformation acts as extrapolation method to the antilimit .
If the mapping is linear in each of its arguments
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/211%20%28number%29
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211 (two hundred [and] eleven) is the natural number following 210 and preceding 212. It is also a prime number.
In mathematics
211 is an odd number.
211 is a primorial prime, the sum of three consecutive primes (), a Chen prime, a centered decagonal prime, and a self prime.
211 is the smallest prime separated by eight or more from the nearest primes (199 and 223). It is thus a balanced prime and an isolated prime.
211 is a repdigit in tetradecimal (111).
In decimal, multiplying 211's digits results in a prime (); adding its digits results in a square (). Rearranging its digits, 211 becomes 121, which also is a square (). Adding any two of 211's digits will result in a prime (2 or 3).
211 is a super-prime.
In science and technology
2-1-1 is special abbreviated telephone number reserved in Canada and the United States as an easy-to-remember three-digit telephone number. It is meant to provide quick information and referrals to health and human service organizations for both services from charities and from governmental agencies.
In chemistry, 211 is also associated with E211, the preservative sodium benzoate.
In religions
In Islam, Sermon 211 is about the strength and greatness of Allah.
In other fields
211 is also the California Penal Code section defining robbery. It is sometimes paired with 187, California PC section for murder.
211 is also an EDI (Electronic data interchange) document known as an Electronic Bill of Lading.
211 is also a nickname for Steel Reser
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudoholomorphic%20curve
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In mathematics, specifically in topology and geometry, a pseudoholomorphic curve (or J-holomorphic curve) is a smooth map from a Riemann surface into an almost complex manifold that satisfies the Cauchy–Riemann equation. Introduced in 1985 by Mikhail Gromov, pseudoholomorphic curves have since revolutionized the study of symplectic manifolds. In particular, they lead to the Gromov–Witten invariants and Floer homology, and play a prominent role in string theory.
Definition
Let be an almost complex manifold with almost complex structure . Let be a smooth Riemann surface (also called a complex curve) with complex structure . A pseudoholomorphic curve in is a map that satisfies the Cauchy–Riemann equation
Since , this condition is equivalent to
which simply means that the differential is complex-linear, that is, maps each tangent space
to itself. For technical reasons, it is often preferable to introduce some sort of inhomogeneous term and to study maps satisfying the perturbed Cauchy–Riemann equation
A pseudoholomorphic curve satisfying this equation can be called, more specifically, a -holomorphic curve. The perturbation is sometimes assumed to be generated by a Hamiltonian (particularly in Floer theory), but in general it need not be.
A pseudoholomorphic curve is, by its definition, always parametrized. In applications one is often truly interested in unparametrized curves, meaning embedded (or immersed) two-submanifolds of , so one mods out by reparametrizations
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-shrinking%20generator
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A self-shrinking generator is a pseudorandom generator that is based on the shrinking generator concept. Variants of the self-shrinking generator based on a linear-feedback shift register (LFSR) are studied for use in cryptography.
Algorithm
In difference to the shrinking generator, which uses a second feedback shift register to control the output of the first, the self-shrinking generator uses alternating output bits of a single register to control its final output. The procedure for clocking this kind of generator is as follows:
Clock the LFSR twice to obtain a pair of bits as LFSR output.
If the pair is 10 output a zero.
If the pair is 11 output a one.
Otherwise, output nothing.
Return to step one.
Example
This example will use the connection polynomial x8 + x4 + x3 + x2 + 1,
and an initial register fill of 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0.
Below table lists, for each iteration of the LFSR, its intermediate output before self-shrinking, as well as the final generator output. The tap positions defined by the connection polynomial are marked with blue headings. The state of the zeroth iteration represents the initial input.
At the end of four iterations, the following sequence of intermediate bits is produced: 0110.
The first pair of bits, 01, is discarded since it does not match either 10 or 11.
The second pair of bits, 10, matches the second step of the algorithm so a zero is output.
More bits are created by continuing to clock the LFSR and shrinking its output as described
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael%20H.%20Gelb
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Professor Michael H. Gelb (born 1957) is an American biochemist and chemist specializing in enzymes and particularly those of medical significance. He is the Boris and Barbara L. Weinstein Endowed Chair in Chemistry at the University of Washington in Seattle. He also teaches Honors Organic Chemistry, Chemical Biology and Enzymology.
Education
Gelb studied chemistry and biochemistry at the University of California, Davis before taking a Ph.D under Stephen G. Sligar at Yale University on aspects of the catalytic mechanism of cytochrome P450. Granted an American Cancer Society postdoctoral fellowship, he then investigated mechanism-based inactivators of serine proteases and developed fluorinated ketones as tight-binding inhibitors of several classes of proteases, working with Robert H. Abeles at Brandeis University.
Professional life
Since 1985 Gelb has been a faculty member at the University of Washington in the Departments of Chemistry and Biochemistry.
In order to investigate enzymatic processes of biomedical importance, the Gelb laboratory employs a variety of methods from molecular and cellular biochemistry as well as synthetic organic chemistry. Major accomplishments from the Gelb laboratory include: 1) The discovery of protein isoprenylation in the late 1980s (together with Professor John Glomset); 2) The development of methods to analyze enzymes that work on membrane surfaces (together with Professors Mahendra Jain and Otto Berg); 3) The development of Isotope-Cod
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfonium
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In organic chemistry, a sulfonium ion, also known as sulphonium ion or sulfanium ion, is a positively-charged ion (a "cation") featuring three organic substituents attached to sulfur. These organosulfur compounds have the formula . Together with a negatively-charged counterion, they give sulfonium salts. They are typically colorless solids that are soluble in organic solvent.
Synthesis
Sulfonium compounds are usually synthesized by the reaction of thioethers with alkyl halides. For example, the reaction of dimethyl sulfide with iodomethane yields trimethylsulfonium iodide:
+ →
The reaction proceeds by a nucleophilic substitution mechanism (SN2). Iodide is the leaving group departs. The rate of methylation is faster with more electrophilic methylating agents, such as methyl trifluoromethanesulfonate.
Inversion
Sulfonium ions with three different substituents are chiral owing to their pyramidal structure. Unlike the isoelectronic oxonium ions (R3O+), chiral sulfonium ions are resolvable into optically stable enantiomers. [Me(Et)SCH2CO2H]+ is the first chiral sulfonium cation to be resolved into enantiomers. The barrier to inversion ranges from 100 to 130 kJ/mol.
Applications and occurrence
Biochemistry
The sulfonium (more specifically methioninium) species S-adenosylmethionine occurs widely in nature, where it is used as a source of the adenosoyl or methyl radicals. These radicals participate in the biosynthesis of many compounds.
Other naturally-occurring sulfon
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karel%20deLeeuw
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Karel deLeeuw, or de Leeuw ( – ), was a mathematics professor at Stanford University, specializing in harmonic analysis and functional analysis.
Life and career
Born in Chicago, Illinois, he attended the Illinois Institute of Technology and the University of Chicago, earning a B.S. degree in 1950. He stayed at Chicago to earn an M.S. degree in mathematics in 1951, then went to Princeton University, where he obtained a Ph.D. degree in 1954. His thesis, titled "The relative cohomology structure of formations", was written under the direction of Emil Artin.
After first teaching mathematics at Dartmouth College and the University of Wisconsin–Madison, he joined the Stanford University faculty in 1957, becoming a full professor in 1966. During sabbaticals and leaves he also spent time at the Institute for Advanced Study and at Churchill College, Cambridge (where he was a Fulbright Fellow). He was also a Member-at-Large of the Council of the American Mathematical Society.
Death and legacy
DeLeeuw was murdered by Theodore Streleski, a Stanford doctoral student for 19 years, whom he briefly advised. DeLeeuw's widow Sita deLeeuw was critical of media coverage of the crime, saying, "The media, in their eagerness to give Streleski a forum, become themselves accomplices in the murder—giving Streleski what he wanted in the first place."
A memorial lecture series was established in 1978 by the Stanford Department of Mathematics to honor deLeeuw's memory.
Selected publications
Refere
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/223%20%28number%29
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223 (two hundred [and] twenty-three) is the natural number following 222 and preceding 224.
In mathematics
223 is a prime number. Among the 720 permutations of the numbers from 1 to 6, exactly 223 of them have the property that at least one of the numbers is fixed in place by the permutation and the numbers less than it and greater than it are separately permuted among themselves.
In connection with Waring's problem, 223 requires the maximum number of terms (37 terms) when expressed as a sum of positive fifth powers, and is the only number that requires that many terms.
In other fields
.223 (disambiguation), the caliber of several firearm cartridges
The years 223 and 223 BC
The number of synodic months of a Saros
References
Integers
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/227%20%28number%29
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227 (two hundred [and] twenty-seven) is the natural number between 226 and 228. It is also a prime number.
In mathematics
227 is a twin prime and the start of a prime triplet (with 229 and 233). It is a safe prime, as dividing it by two and rounding down produces the Sophie Germain prime 113. It is also a regular prime, a Pillai prime, a Stern prime, and a Ramanujan prime.
227 and 229 form the first twin prime pair for which neither is a cluster prime.
The 227th harmonic number is the first to exceed six. There are 227 different connected graphs with eight edges, and 227 independent sets in a 3 × 4 grid graph.
References
Integers
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic%20peroxides
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In organic chemistry, organic peroxides are organic compounds containing the peroxide functional group (). If the R′ is hydrogen, the compounds are called hydroperoxides, which are discussed in that article. The O−O bond of peroxides easily breaks, producing free radicals of the form (the dot represents an unpaired electron). Thus, organic peroxides are useful as initiators for some types of polymerization, such as the acrylic, unsaturated polyester, and vinyl ester resins used in glass-reinforced plastics. MEKP and benzoyl peroxide are commonly used for this purpose. However, the same property also means that organic peroxides can explosively combust. Organic peroxides, like their inorganic counterparts, are often powerful bleaching agents.
Types of organic peroxides
Organic peroxides are classified (i) by the presence or absence of a hydroxyl (-OH) terminus and (ii) by the presence of alkyl vs acyl substituents. One gap in the classes of organic peroxides is diphenyl peroxide. Quantum chemical calculations predict that it undergoes a nearly barrierless reaction akin to the benzidine rearrangement.
Properties
The O−O bond length in peroxides is about 1.45 Å, and the R−O−O angles (R = H, C) are about 110° (water-like). Characteristically, the C−O−O−R (R = H, C) dihedral angles are about 120°. The O−O bond is relatively weak, with a bond dissociation energy of , less than half the strengths of C−C, C−H, and C−O bonds.
Biology
Peroxides play important roles in biology.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitin%20Saxena
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Nitin Saxena (born 3 May 1981) is an Indian scientist in mathematics and theoretical computer science. His research focuses on computational complexity.
He attracted international attention for proposing the AKS Primality Test in 2002 in a joint work with Manindra Agrawal and Neeraj Kayal, for which the trio won the 2006 Fulkerson Prize, and the 2006 Gödel Prize. They provided the first unconditional deterministic algorithm to test an n-digit number for primality in a time that has been proven to be polynomial in n. This research work came out as a part of his undergraduate study.
Early life and education
He is an alumnus of Boys' High School And College, Allahabad. He graduated with his B.Tech in Computer Science and Engineering from Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur in 2002. He received his PhD from the Department of Computer Science and Engineering of the same institute in 2006 with the Dissertation titled "Morphisms of Rings and Applications to Complexity".
Career
He was awarded the Distinguished Alumnus Award of the Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur in 2003 for his work in computational complexity theory. He was appointed at the Centrum Wiskunde & Informatica (CWI) starting as a postdoc researcher from September 2006 onwards. He was a Bonn Junior Fellow at the University of Bonn from Summer 2008 onwards. He joined the Department of Computer Science and Engineering at IIT Kanpur as faculty in April 2013.
Saxena was awarded the 2018 Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Covering%20system
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In mathematics, a covering system (also called a complete residue system) is a collection
of finitely many residue classes
whose union contains every integer.
Examples and definitions
The notion of covering system was introduced by Paul Erdős in the early 1930s.
The following are examples of covering systems:
A covering system is called disjoint (or exact) if no two members overlap.
A covering system is called distinct (or incongruent) if all the moduli are different (and bigger than 1). Hough and Nielsen (2019) proved that any distinct covering system has a modulus that is divisible by either 2 or 3.
A covering system is called irredundant (or minimal) if all the residue classes are required to cover the integers.
The first two examples are disjoint.
The third example is distinct.
A system (i.e., an unordered multi-set)
of finitely many residue classes is called an -cover if it covers every integer at least
times, and an exact -cover if it covers each integer exactly times. It is known that for each
there are exact -covers which cannot be written as a union of two covers. For example,
is an exact 2-cover which is not a union of two covers.
The first example above is an exact 1-cover (also called an exact cover). Another exact cover in common use is that of odd and even numbers, or
This is just one case of the following fact: For every positive integer modulus , there is an exact cover:
Mirsky–Newman theorem
The Mirsky–Newman theorem, a special
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entomologist%27s%20Gazette
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The Entomologist's Gazette is a British entomological journal. It contains articles and notes on the biology, ecology, distribution, taxonomy and systematics of all orders of insects, but with a bias towards Lepidoptera.
It is produced quarterly and was first published in 1950. Although originally restricted to the entomological fauna of Great Britain and Ireland, in the 1970s it extended its scope to cover the Palearctic region as a whole. Originally published by E. W. Classey 1950–1990; Gem Publishing 1991–2006; since 2007 published by Pemberley Books.
References
1950 establishments in the United Kingdom
Entomology journals and magazines
Magazines established in 1950
Quarterly magazines published in the United Kingdom
Science and technology magazines published in the United Kingdom
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-diagonal%20matrix
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In mathematics, an anti-diagonal matrix is a square matrix where all the entries are zero except those on the diagonal going from the lower left corner to the upper right corner (↗), known as the anti-diagonal (sometimes Harrison diagonal, secondary diagonal, trailing diagonal, minor diagonal, off diagonal or bad diagonal).
Formal definition
An n-by-n matrix A is an anti-diagonal matrix if the (i, j) element is zero
Example
An example of an anti-diagonal matrix is
Properties
All anti-diagonal matrices are also persymmetric.
The product of two anti-diagonal matrices is a diagonal matrix. Furthermore, the product of an anti-diagonal matrix with a diagonal matrix is anti-diagonal, as is the product of a diagonal matrix with an anti-diagonal matrix.
An anti-diagonal matrix is invertible if and only if the entries on the diagonal from the lower left corner to the upper right corner are nonzero. The inverse of any invertible anti-diagonal matrix is also anti-diagonal, as can be seen from the paragraph above. The determinant of an anti-diagonal matrix has absolute value given by the product of the entries on the diagonal from the lower left corner to the upper right corner. However, the sign of this determinant will vary because the one nonzero signed elementary product from an anti-diagonal matrix will have a different sign depending on whether the permutation related to it is odd or even:
More precisely, the sign of the elementary product needed to calculate the determinant
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20Lindley%20%28physicist%29
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David Lindley (born 4 December 1956) is a British theoretical physicist and author. He holds a B.A. in theoretical physics from Cambridge University (1975–1978) and a PhD in astrophysics from the University of Sussex (1978–1981). Then he was a postdoctoral researcher at Cambridge University. From 1983 to 1986, he was a Research Fellow in the Theoretical Astrophysics Group at the Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory. He then served as Technical Editor and Writer with the Central Design Group for the Superconducting Supercollider at the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory in Berkeley, California. He was an Associate Editor at Nature (1987–1993), a Senior Editor of Science (1994–1995), and an Associate Editor of Science News (1996–2000). Since 2000, he has been a freelance science writer and consultant.
Lindley is known for writing entertaining scientific texts that show not only great knowledge of physics, but also a wit and understanding of what the layman can grasp. Most of his books explain the scientific theories through the use of a scientist's biography or an historical account of disagreement amongst scientists.
In The End of Physics, Lindley challenged the assumption that string theorists might achieve a unified theory. He contended that particle physics was in danger of becoming a branch of aesthetics, since these theories could be validated only by subjective criteria, such as elegance and beauty, rather than through experimentation.
Selected books
Where Does the Weird
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Show%20control
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Show control is the use of automation technology to link together and operate multiple entertainment control systems in a coordinated manner. It is distinguished from an entertainment control system, which is specific to a single theatrical department, system or effect, one which coordinates elements within a single entertainment discipline such as lighting, sound, video, rigging, or pyrotechnics. A typical entertainment control system would be a lighting control console. An example of show control would be linking a video segment with a number of lighting cues, or having a sound cue trigger animatronic movements, or all of these combined. Shows with or without live actors can almost invariably incorporate entertainment control technology and usually benefit from show control to operate these subsystems independently, simultaneously, or in rapid succession.
Show control networks
Show control networks have largely supplanted older show control typologies. This is primarily due to the maturation of the larger information technology (IT) computing industry, which, due to its scale and dominance, has produced standards, equipment and software which is less expensive than older show control equipment and methodologies and increasingly more reliable and usable in entertainment applications.
Modern systems are increasingly based upon Ethernet networking. Most manufacturers of entertainment control equipment now include Ethernet ports on their equipment. Ethernet was originally
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smith%27s%20Prize
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Smith's Prize was the name of each of two prizes awarded annually to two research students in mathematics and theoretical physics at the University of Cambridge from 1769. Following the reorganization in 1998, they are now awarded under the names Smith-Knight Prize and Rayleigh-Knight Prize.
History
The Smith Prize fund was founded by bequest of Robert Smith upon his death in 1768, having by his will left £3,500 of South Sea Company stock to the University. Every year two or more junior Bachelor of Arts students who had made the greatest progress in mathematics and natural philosophy were to be awarded a prize from the fund. The prize was awarded every year from 1769 to 1998 except 1917.
From 1769 to 1885, the prize was awarded for the best performance in a series of examinations. In 1854 George Stokes included an examination question on a particular theorem that William Thomson had written to him about, which is now known as Stokes' theorem. T. W. Körner notes
Only a small number of students took the Smith's prize examination in the nineteenth century. When Karl Pearson took the examination in 1879, the examiners were Stokes, Maxwell, Cayley, and Todhunter and the examinees went on each occasion to an examiner's dwelling, did a morning paper, had lunch there and continued their work on the paper in the afternoon.
In 1885, the examination was renamed Part III, (now known as the Master of Advanced Study in Mathematics for students who studied outside of Cambridge before ta
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viscosity%20solution
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In mathematics, the viscosity solution concept was introduced in the early 1980s by Pierre-Louis Lions and Michael G. Crandall as a generalization of the classical concept of what is meant by a 'solution' to a partial differential equation (PDE). It has been found that the viscosity solution is the natural solution concept to use in many applications of PDE's, including for example first order equations arising in dynamic programming (the Hamilton–Jacobi–Bellman equation), differential games (the Hamilton–Jacobi–Isaacs equation) or front evolution problems, as well as second-order equations such as the ones arising in stochastic optimal control or stochastic differential games.
The classical concept was that a PDE
over a domain has a solution if we can find a function u(x) continuous and differentiable over the entire domain such that , , , satisfy the above equation at every point.
If a scalar equation is degenerate elliptic (defined below), one can define a type of weak solution called viscosity solution.
Under the viscosity solution concept, u does not need to be everywhere differentiable. There may be points where either or does not exist and yet u satisfies the equation in an appropriate generalized sense. The definition allows only for certain kind of singularities, so that existence, uniqueness, and stability under uniform limits, hold for a large class of equations.
Definition
There are several equivalent ways to phrase the definition of viscosity solutions.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exultant%20%28novel%29
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Exultant is a science fiction novel by British author Stephen Baxter. It is part two of the Destiny's Children series. The book was published by Victor Gollancz Ltd in September 2004.
Overview
Much of the book is written as large sections of prose explaining theoretical exotic-matter physics. Baxter also sketches the evolution of the Xeelee and an imaginary history of the universe in which life is ubiquitous even under the most extreme conditions.
Plot summary
Exultant is set in Baxter's "Xeelee Sequence" twenty thousand years into the Third Expansion of Mankind, "a titanic project undertaken by a mankind united by the Doctrines forged by Hama Druz after mankind's near extinction." The human-supremacist Interim Coalition of Governance has conquered almost the whole Milky Way — all but the alien Xeelee concentrated at the galactic core around a supermassive black hole called Chandra. The mysterious Xeelee are far more advanced but less numerous than the humans, and the war has been at a stalemate for three millennia even though the entire Coalition has been directed toward the war effort and ten billion humans die at the front every year. In a war fought with faster-than-light technology (equivalent to time travel), each side has foreknowledge of the other's actions and can develop counter-measures to plans before they are made.
Pirius is a fighter pilot stationed at the front. When a battle turns to disaster for the Coalition forces, he disobeys suicide orders to stand and
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stable%20map
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In mathematics, specifically in symplectic topology and algebraic geometry, one can construct the moduli space of stable maps, satisfying specified conditions, from Riemann surfaces into a given symplectic manifold. This moduli space is the essence of the Gromov–Witten invariants, which find application in enumerative geometry and type IIA string theory. The idea of stable map was proposed by Maxim Kontsevich around 1992 and published in .
Because the construction is lengthy and difficult, it is carried out here rather than in the Gromov–Witten invariants article itself.
Smooth pseudoholomorphic curves
Fix a closed symplectic manifold with symplectic form . Let and be natural numbers (including zero) and a two-dimensional homology class in . Then one may consider the set of pseudoholomorphic curves
where is a smooth, closed Riemann surface of genus with marked points , and
is a function satisfying, for some choice of -tame almost complex structure and inhomogeneous term , the perturbed Cauchy–Riemann equation
Typically one admits only those and that make the punctured Euler characteristic of negative. Then the domain is stable, meaning that there are only finitely many holomorphic automorphisms of that preserve the marked points.
The operator is elliptic and thus Fredholm. After significant analytical argument (completing in a suitable Sobolev norm, applying the implicit function theorem and Sard's theorem for Banach manifolds, and using elliptic regulari
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adaptation%20%28disambiguation%29
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Adaptation, in biology, is the process or trait by which organisms or population better match their environment
Adaptation may also refer to:
Arts
Adaptation (arts), a transfer of a work of art from one medium to another
Film adaptation, a story from another work, adapted into a film
Literary adaptation, a story from a literary source, adapted into another work
Novelization, the adaptation of another work into a novel
Theatrical adaptation, a story from another work, adapted into a play
Adaptation (film), a 2002 film by Spike Jonze
"Adaptation" (The Walking Dead), a television episode
Adaptation, a 2012 novel by Malinda Lo
"Adaptation", a song by the Weekend from his 2013 album Kiss Land
Biology and medicine
Adaptation (eye), the eye's adjustment to light
Chromatic adaptation, visual systems' adjustments to changes in illumination for preservation of colors
Prism adaptation, sensory-motor adjustments after the visual field has been artificially shifted
Cellular adaptation, changes by cells/tissues in response to changed microenvironments
High-altitude adaptation, organisms and their specializations for life in high altitudes
Neural adaptation, the responsiveness of a sensory system to a constant stimulus
The SAID principle, a sports training concept, standing for "Specific Adaptation to Imposed Demands"
Communication technology
ATM adaptation layer, information transfer protocols that support Asynchronous Transfer Mode
Content adaptation, transforming con
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gromov%E2%80%93Witten%20invariant
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In mathematics, specifically in symplectic topology and algebraic geometry, Gromov–Witten (GW) invariants are rational numbers that, in certain situations, count pseudoholomorphic curves meeting prescribed conditions in a given symplectic manifold. The GW invariants may be packaged as a homology or cohomology class in an appropriate space, or as the deformed cup product of quantum cohomology. These invariants have been used to distinguish symplectic manifolds that were previously indistinguishable. They also play a crucial role in closed type IIA string theory. They are named after Mikhail Gromov and Edward Witten.
The rigorous mathematical definition of Gromov–Witten invariants is lengthy and difficult, so it is treated separately in the stable map article. This article attempts a more intuitive explanation of what the invariants mean, how they are computed, and why they are important.
Definition
Consider the following:
X: a closed symplectic manifold of dimension 2k,
A: a 2-dimensional homology class in X,
g: a non-negative integer,
n: a non-negative integer.
Now we define the Gromov–Witten invariants associated to the 4-tuple: (X, A, g, n). Let be the Deligne–Mumford moduli space of curves of genus g with n marked points and denote the moduli space of stable maps into X of class A, for some chosen almost complex structure J on X compatible with its symplectic form. The elements of are of the form:
,
where C is a (not necessarily stable) curve with n marked points
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yambo
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Yambo may refer to:
Yambo Ouologuem (1940–2017), Malian writer
Yambo (writer), Italian writer born Enrico Novelli
Yambo, Burkina Faso
Yanbu' al Bahr, a Saudi Red Sea port
Yambo Records, a recording label
Yambo, a trivia game played by guests of The Late Late Show with Craig Kilborn
YAMBO code, a scientific software package (computational physics/chemistry)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles%20L.%20Harness
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Charles Leonard Harness (December 29, 1915 – September 20, 2005) was an American science fiction writer.
Biography
He was born in Colorado City, Texas, and grew up just outside it, then later in Fort Worth. He earned degrees in chemistry and law from George Washington University and worked as a patent attorney in Connecticut & Washington, D.C., from 1947 to 1981. Several of Harness' works draw on his background as a lawyer.
Harness died in 2005, at the age of 89, in North Newton, Kansas.
Writing career
Harness' first story, "Time Trap" (1948), shows many of his recurring themes, among them art, time travel, and a hero undergoing a quasi-transcendental experience.
His first novel was his most famous, Flight into Yesterday. It was first published as a novella in the May 1949 issue of Startling Stories (pp. 9–79), was expanded as a full-length novel (Bouregy & Curl, 1953), and was renamed Paradox Men by Donald Wollheim for reprint as the first half of Ace Double #D-118 in 1955. Much later Harness thanked Wollheim for the title that "turned out to be irresistible". The "science-fiction classic" is both "a tale dominated by space-opera extravagances" and "a severely articulate narrative analysis of the implications of Arnold J. Toynbee's A Study of History." Boucher and McComas described it as "fine swashbuckling adventure ... so infinitely intricate that you may never quite understand what it's about." P. Schuyler Miller described it as "action-entertainment, fast-paced eno
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lehmer%20sequence
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In mathematics, a Lehmer sequence is a generalization of a Lucas sequence.
Algebraic relations
If a and b are complex numbers with
under the following conditions:
Q and R are relatively prime nonzero integers
is not a root of unity.
Then, the corresponding Lehmer numbers are:
for n odd, and
for n even.
Their companion numbers are:
for n odd and
for n even.
Recurrence
Lehmer numbers form a linear recurrence relation with
with initial values . Similarly the companion sequence satisfies
with initial values
References
Integer sequences
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max%20Planck%20Institute%20for%20Biophysical%20Chemistry
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The Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry (), also known as the Karl-Friedrich Bonhoeffer Institute (), was a research institute of the Max Planck Society, located in Göttingen, Germany. On January 1, 2022, the institute merged with the Max Planck Institute for Experimental Medicine in Göttingen to form the Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences.
This was the only Max Planck Institute (MPI) that combined the three classical scientific disciplines – biology, physics and chemistry. Founded in 1971, its initial focus was on problems in physics in chemistry. It had undergone a continuous evolution manifested through an expanding range of core subjects and work areas such as neurobiology, biochemistry, and molecular biology. At the time of merger, 850 people worked at the institute, about half of them scientists. Four researchers working at the institute – Stefan Hell, 2014; Erwin Neher and Bert Sakmann, 1991; and Manfred Eigen, 1967 – were awarded the Nobel Prize.
History
The origins of the institute date to 1949. At that time, the Max Planck Society established the MPI for Physical Chemistry in Göttingen as a follow-up to the former Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Physical Chemistry in Berlin. Karl-Friedrich Bonhoeffer, who had worked at the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute, became the founding director of the new institute. He was one of the first researchers who applied physical-chemical methods in biological research and thus combined different disciplines of n
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95-net
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An -net or epsilon net in mathematics may refer to:
ε-net (computational geometry) in computational geometry and in geometric probability theory
ε-net (metric spaces) in metric spaces
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hirofumi%20Uzawa
|
was a Japanese economist.
Biography
Uzawa was born on July 21, 1928, in Yonago, Tottori to a farming family.
He attended the Tokyo First Middle School (currently the Hibiya High School ) and the First Higher School, Japan (now the University of Tokyo's College of Arts and Sciences faculty).
He graduated from the Mathematics Department of the University of Tokyo in 1951; he was a special research student from 1951 to 1953. At that time, he discovered the true nature of economics in the words of John Ruskin, “There is no wealth, but life.” which was quoted in the foreword to by Hajime Kawakami, and decided to study economics.
His paper on decentralized economic planning caught the eye of Kenneth Arrow at Stanford University. He went to study Economics at Stanford University in 1956 with Fulbright fellowship, and became a research assistant, then assistant professor in 1956, then assistant professor at the University of California, Berkeley in 1960, and then associate professor at Stanford in 1961. In 1962, he received a Ph.D. from Tohoku University. He became a professor at the University of Chicago in 1964, and a professor of University of Tokyo's Department of Economics in 1969. He also taught at Niigata University, Chuo University, and United Nations University. Joseph E. Stiglitz and George A. Akerlof did research under Uzawa at the University of Chicago and David Cass studied under Uzawa at Stanford University.
Uzawa was a senior fellow at the Research Center of S
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspidogyne%20mendoncae
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Aspidogyne mendoncae is a species of orchid that grows in Brazil.
Biology
Aspidogyne mendoncae grows in humus on the floor of lowland forests, in the Brazilian state of Espirito Santo.
Taxonomic history
Aspidogyne mendoncae was first described by Alexander Curt Brade and Guido Frederico João Pabst in 1958, under the name Erythrodes mendoncae. In 1977, Leslie Andrew Garay transferred the species to a new, monotypic genus, Rhamphorhynchus, as Rhamphorhynchus mendoncae. In 2008, Paul Ormerod concluded that the genus Rhamphorhynchyus could not be maintained as separate from Aspidogyne, creating the current combination, Aspidogyne mendoncae.
References
mendoncae
Endemic orchids of Brazil
Orchids of Espírito Santo
Plants described in 1958
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill%20Durodi%C3%A9
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Professor Bill Durodié is a Professor of Politics, Languages and International Studies at the University of Bath, UK, as well as a former head of department there.
Education
Durodié was educated at the Royal College of Science, part of Imperial College London, where he studied Physics. After completing a final year undergraduate project to map different types of supernovae onto the Morphological Catalogue of Galaxies, he was invited to start a PhD in Astronomy at the University of Manchester under the supervision of Professor Franz Daniel Kahn. His first research publication was in theoretical astrophysics, based on a paper he presented at Princeton University in 1986.
Early career
He then changed course, first pursuing a career in teaching (becoming Head of Maths at two inner-city comprehensive schools) and then urban regeneration (working in both the public and private sectors). During this time he also studied for a Master's degree in European Social Policy at the London School of Economics, and subsequently embarked on another PhD, this time in Politics, at the University of Oxford.
In 2007, he completed his doctorate in Risk Communication through the Centre for Decision Analysis and Risk Management in the School of Health and Social Sciences of Middlesex University (UK).
As a Professor
His inaugural professorial lecture: The Politics of Risk and Resilience – Fear and Terror in a World without Meaning, was delivered on 29 October 2015.
In the debate around the 2016
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nearline%20storage
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Nearline storage (a portmanteau of "near" and "online storage") is a term used in computer science to describe an intermediate type of data storage that represents a compromise between online storage (supporting frequent, very rapid access to data) and offline storage/archiving (used for backups or long-term storage, with infrequent access to data).
Nearline storage dates back to the IBM 3850 Mass Storage System (MSS) tape library, which was announced in 1974.
Overview
The formal distinction between online, nearline, and offline storage is:
Online storage is immediately available for input/output (I/O).
Nearline storage is not immediately available, but can be made online quickly without human intervention.
Offline storage is not immediately available, and requires some human intervention to become online.
For example, always-on spinning hard disk drives are online storage, while spinning drives that spin down automatically, such as in Massive Arrays of Idle Disks (MAID), are nearline storage. Removable media such as tape cartridges that can be automatically loaded, as in tape libraries, are nearline storage, while tape cartridges that must be manually loaded are offline storage.
Robotic nearline storage
The nearline storage system knows on which volume (cartridge) the data resides, and usually asks a robot to retrieve it from this physical location (usually: a tape library or optical jukebox) and put it into a tape drive or optical disc drive to enable access by br
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter%20Stoner
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Peter Stoner (June 16, 1888 – March 21, 1980) was a Christian writer and Chairman of the departments of mathematics and astronomy at Pasadena City College until 1953; Chairman of the science division, Westmont College, 1953–57; Professor Emeritus of Science, Westmont College; and Professor Emeritus of Mathematics and Astronomy, Pasadena City College.
Career
Stoner is probably best known for his book Science Speaks, which discusses, among other things, Bible prophecies vis a vis probability estimates and calculations. The work is often cited in the field of Christian apologetics in regard to Bible prophecy. Stoner's book became widely known when it was mentioned by Josh McDowell in his 1972 book Evidence that Demands a Verdict (revised as New Evidence that Demands a Verdict).
American Scientific Affiliation
Peter Stoner was a co-founder of the American Scientific Affiliation, a Christian organization that describes itself as "a fellowship of men and women in science and disciplines that relate to science who share a common fidelity to the Word of God and a commitment to integrity in the practice of science." The foreword to Stoner's Science Speaks includes a partial endorsement from this body (covering the book's scientific content and prophecy probability calculations, but not addressing issues of Biblical exegesis or historical accuracy): They considered it "...in general, to be dependable and accurate in regard to the scientific material presented" and the probability m
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual%20displacement
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In analytical mechanics, a branch of applied mathematics and physics, a virtual displacement (or infinitesimal variation) shows how the mechanical system's trajectory can hypothetically (hence the term virtual) deviate very slightly from the actual trajectory of the system without violating the system's constraints. For every time instant is a vector tangential to the configuration space at the point The vectors show the directions in which can "go" without breaking the constraints.
For example, the virtual displacements of the system consisting of a single particle on a two-dimensional surface fill up the entire tangent plane, assuming there are no additional constraints.
If, however, the constraints require that all the trajectories pass through the given point at the given time i.e. then
Notations
Let be the configuration space of the mechanical system, be time instants, consists of smooth functions on , and
The constraints are here for illustration only. In practice, for each individual system, an individual set of constraints is required.
Definition
For each path and a variation of is a function such that, for every and The virtual displacement being the tangent bundle of corresponding to the variation assigns to every the tangent vector
In terms of the tangent map,
Here is the tangent map of where and
Properties
Coordinate representation. If are the coordinates in an arbitrary chart on and then
If, for some time instant an
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotations%20in%204-dimensional%20Euclidean%20space
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In mathematics, the group of rotations about a fixed point in four-dimensional Euclidean space is denoted SO(4). The name comes from the fact that it is the special orthogonal group of order 4.
In this article rotation means rotational displacement. For the sake of uniqueness, rotation angles are assumed to be in the segment except where mentioned or clearly implied by the context otherwise.
A "fixed plane" is a plane for which every vector in the plane is unchanged after the rotation. An "invariant plane" is a plane for which every vector in the plane, although it may be affected by the rotation, remains in the plane after the rotation.
Geometry of 4D rotations
Four-dimensional rotations are of two types: simple rotations and double rotations.
Simple rotations
A simple rotation about a rotation centre leaves an entire plane through (axis-plane) fixed. Every plane that is completely orthogonal to intersects in a certain point . For each such point is the centre of the 2D rotation induced by in . All these 2D rotations have the same rotation angle .
Half-lines from in the axis-plane are not displaced; half-lines from orthogonal to are displaced through ; all other half-lines are displaced through an angle less than .
Double rotations
For each rotation of 4-space (fixing the origin), there is at least one pair of orthogonal 2-planes and each of which is invariant and whose direct sum is all of 4-space. Hence operating on either of these planes produces
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert%20H.%20MacArthur
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Robert Helmer MacArthur (April 7, 1930 – November 1, 1972) was a Canadian-born American ecologist who made a major impact on many areas of community and population ecology. He is considered a founder of ecology and evolutionary biology.
Early life and education
MacArthur was born in Toronto, Ontario, to John Wood MacArthur and Olive Turner in 1930. He later moved to Marlboro, Vermont, as his father moved from the
University of Toronto to Marlboro College. MacArthur received his Bachelor's degree in mathematics from Marlboro College, followed by a Master's degree in mathematics from Brown University in 1953. A student of G. Evelyn Hutchinson, MacArthur earned his Ph.D. from Yale University in 1957; his thesis was on the division of ecological niches among five warbler species in the conifer forests of Maine and Vermont. From 1957 to 1958, MacArthur worked as a postdoc with David Lack.
Career
MacArthur was a professor at the University of Pennsylvania, 1958–65, and professor of biology at Princeton University, 1965-72. He played an important role in the development of niche partitioning, and with E.O. Wilson he co-authored The Theory of Island Biogeography (1967), a work which changed the field of biogeography, drove community ecology and led to the development of modern landscape ecology. His emphasis on hypothesis testing helped change ecology from a primarily descriptive field into an experimental field, and drove the development of theoretical ecology.
At Princeton,
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzi%20Even
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Uzi Even (, born 18 October 1940) is an Israeli professor emeritus of physical chemistry at Tel Aviv University and a former politician well known for being the first openly gay member of the Knesset (the Israeli Parliament).
Biography
Uzi Even was born in Haifa during the British Mandate era. He earned a BSc and MSc in physics at the Technion, and a PhD at Tel Aviv University. His specializations are spectroscopy of super cold molecules, molecular clusters and cluster impact chemistry, and the quantum properties of helium clusters. He then worked as a scientist at the Negev Nuclear Research Center near Dimona. He was officially a soldier in the Israel Defense Forces during his work as a nuclear scientist, and eventually reached the rank of Lieutenant Colonel. In 1968 he abandoned his job at the reactor and joined Lekem, an Israeli intelligence agency responsible for collecting scientific and technical information from abroad.
In May 1981, Even leaked the news of preparations to carry out "Operation Opera" to opposition leader Shimon Peres. Peres subsequently wrote a letter of protest to Prime Minister Menachem Begin, and the operation was delayed for a month.
In 1993, Even participated in the first Knesset hearing on gays and lesbians, and revealed that the IDF had dismissed him and revoked his security clearance after it discovered he was gay. His testimony led to Yitzhak Rabin's government changing the law and regulations to allow homosexuals to serve in the army in any
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20Jackson
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Dave or David Jackson may refer to:
Academics
David Jackson (art historian) (born 1958), British professor of Russian and Scandinavian art histories
David J. Jackson, American political science professor
David M. Jackson, Canadian mathematics professor
Arts and entertainment
David Noyes Jackson (1922–2001), American writer, collaborator of James Merrill
David Jackson (actor) (1934–2005), British actor
David Jackson (rock musician) (born 1947), English musician and former member of the band Van der Graaf Generator
David Jackson (director) (active since 1983), American television director and writer
David Jackson (comics), American comic-book letterer and artist of Warrior
Politics and law
David S. Jackson (1813–1872), American politician, U.S. Representative from New York
David Jackson (Manitoba politician) (1852–1925), Canadian politician in Manitoba
David Jackson (Australian politician) (1889–1941), member of the Australian House of Representatives
David Francis Jackson (fl. 1985–1987), Australian jurist on List of judges of the Federal Court of Australia
David Jackson (judge), Australian jurist, judge in the Supreme Court of Queensland
David D. Jackson (born 1946), Kansas state legislator
Sports
Boxing
David Jackson (Ugandan boxer) (born 1949), Ugandan boxer
David Jackson (New Zealand boxer) (1955–2004), New Zealand boxer
David Jackson (American boxer) (born 1976), American Olympic boxer
Other sports
David Jackson (footballer, born 1937), English footballer
David Jack
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tungstate
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In chemistry, a tungstate is a compound that contains an oxyanion of tungsten or is a mixed oxide containing tungsten. The simplest tungstate ion is , "orthotungstate". Many other tungstates belong to a large group of polyatomic ions that are termed polyoxometalates, ("POMs"), and specifically termed isopolyoxometalates as they contain, along with oxygen and maybe hydrogen, only one other element. Almost all useful tungsten ores are tungstates.
Structures
Orthotungstates feature tetrahedral W(VI) centres with short W–O distances of 1.79 Å. Structurally, they resemble sulfates. Six-coordinate, octahedral tungsten dominates in the polyoxotungstates. In these compounds, the W–O distances are elongated.
Some examples of tungstate ions:
(hydrogentungstate)
polymeric ions of various structures in , and
(paratungstate A)
(tungstate Y)
(paratungstate B)
(metatungstate)
(tungstate X)
See the tungstates category for a list of tungstates.
Occurrence
Tungstates occur naturally with molybdates. Scheelite, the mineral calcium tungstate, often contains a small amount of molybdate. Wolframite is manganese and iron tungstate, and all these are valuable sources of tungsten. Powellite is a mineral form of calcium molybdate containing a small amount of tungstate.
Reactions
Solutions of tungstates, like those of molybdates, give intensely blue solutions of complex tungstate(V,VI) analogous to the molybdenum blues when reduced by most organic materials.
Unlike chromate, tung
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radial%20basis%20function
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In mathematics a radial basis function (RBF) is a real-valued function whose value depends only on the distance between the input and some fixed point, either the origin, so that , or some other fixed point , called a center, so that . Any function that satisfies the property is a radial function. The distance is usually Euclidean distance, although other metrics are sometimes used. They are often used as a collection which forms a basis for some function space of interest, hence the name.
Sums of radial basis functions are typically used to approximate given functions. This approximation process can also be interpreted as a simple kind of neural network; this was the context in which they were originally applied to machine learning, in work by David Broomhead and David Lowe in 1988, which stemmed from Michael J. D. Powell's seminal research from 1977.
RBFs are also used as a kernel in support vector classification. The technique has proven effective and flexible enough that radial basis functions are now applied in a variety of engineering applications.
Definition
A radial function is a function . When paired with a metric on a vector space a function is said to be a radial kernel centered at . A Radial function and the associated radial kernels are said to be radial basis functions if, for any set of nodes
Examples
Commonly used types of radial basis functions include (writing and using to indicate a shape parameter that can be used to scale the input of the ra
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard%20Turner%20%28computer%20scientist%29
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Richard Turner (born 1954) is a distinguished service professor in the School of Systems and Enterprises of Stevens Institute of Technology in Hoboken, New Jersey.
Turner has a BA in mathematics from Huntingdon College, an MS in computer science from the University of Louisiana-Lafayette, and a DSc in engineering management from the George Washington University.
Before joining Stevens, he was a Fellow of the Systems and Software Consortium Inc., a Research Professor at The George Washington University, a computer scientist at the Federal Aviation Administration, and technical manager and practitioner with various DC area businesses working with defense, intelligence, and commercial clients. He has also served as a visiting scientist at the Software Engineering Institute of Carnegie Mellon University, and consulted independently.
Much of his research at Stevens has been through the Systems Engineering Research Center (SERC) supporting the U.S. Department of Defense, particularly on the integration of systems and software engineering and the acquisition of complex defense systems. He was on the original author team of the CMMI and a core author of the Software Extension to the Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge PMI and IEEE Computer Society.
He is a Senior Member of the IEEE, a Golden Core Awardee of the IEEE Computer Society, and a Fellow of the Lean Systems Society.
He has authored / co authored several books:-
The Incremental Commitment Spiral Model: P
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mockingbird%20%28Marvel%20Comics%29
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Barbara "Bobbi" Morse is a fictional superhero appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. The character first appeared in Astonishing Tales #6 in 1971 as a supporting character and eventual love interest of Ka-Zar, with a Ph.D in biology. She is soon revealed to be the highly trained Agent 19 of S.H.I.E.L.D., taking the moniker Huntress in Marvel Super Action #1 in 1976, and Mockingbird in Marvel Team-Up #95 in 1980, before going on to be a member of several Avengers teams, briefly marrying and subsequently divorcing Clint Barton / Hawkeye.
Mockingbird has been described as one of Marvel's most notable and powerful female heroes.
In media set in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU), Bobbi Morse appeared in the second and third seasons of the television series Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. (2014–2016), portrayed by Adrianne Palicki, while the role of Agent 19 of S.H.I.E.L.D. is adapted to Laura Barton, portrayed by Linda Cardellini in the 2015 film Avengers: Age of Ultron and the Disney+ series Hawkeye (2021).
Publication history
The character first appears as Barbara Morse in the Ka-Zar story in Astonishing Tales #6 (June 1971) written by Gerry Conway and pencilled by Barry Smith. The earliest story to be written and drawn (by Len Wein and Neal Adams) featuring the character was intended to appear in Savage Tales #2 (July 1971), but the series was canceled (a #2 and subsequent series appeared much later) and new homes were found for the stories in the ensuing mo
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electropherogram
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An electropherogram, or electrophoretogram, can also be referred to as an EPG or e-gram. It is a record or chart produced when electrophoresis is used in an analytical technique, primarily in the fields of forensic biology, molecular biology and biochemistry. The method utilizes data points that correspond with a specific time and fluorescence intensity at various wavelengths of light to represent a DNA profile.
In the field of genetics, an electropherogram is a plot of DNA fragment sizes, typically used for genotyping such as DNA sequencing. The data is plotted with time, shown via base pairs (bps), on the x-axis and fluorescence intensity on the y-axis. Such plots are often achieved using an instrument such as an automated DNA sequencer paired with capillary electrophoresis (CE). Such electropherograms may be used to determine DNA sequence genotypes, or genotypes that are based on the length of specific DNA fragments or number of short tandem repeats (STR) at a specific locus by comparing the sample to internal size standards and allelic ladder data using the same size standard. These genotypes can be used for:
genealogical DNA testing
DNA paternity testing
DNA profiling
phylogenetics
population genetics
See also
Gel electrophoresis of nucleic acids
References
External links
PHPH — web-based tool for electropherogram quality analysis
Systematic differences in electropherogram peak heights reported by different versions of the GeneScan Software
DYS464 Electropherogram I
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sense%20%28disambiguation%29
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A sense in biology and psychology, is a physiological mechanism that supports perception.
Sense also may refer to:
Music
Sense (band), a synthpop trio featuring Paul K. Joyce
Sense (In the Nursery album), 1991
Sense (Mr. Children album), 2010
Sense (The Lightning Seeds album), 1992
"Sense" (song), 2021 song by Band-Maid
"Sense", 2001 song by Joe Morris from Singularity
"Sense", 2018 song by Last Dinosaurs from Yumeno Garden
"Sense", 1992 song by The Lightning Seeds from Sense
"Sense", 1994 song by Terry Hall from Home
"Sense", 2013 song by Tom Odell from Long Way Down
"Senses", 1981 song by New Order from Movement
"Senses", 1970 song by Willie Nelson from Laying My Burdens Down
"The Sense", 2002 song by Hot Water Music from Caution
"Sense", 2015 song by King Gizzard & the Lizard Wizard from the album Paper Mâché Dream Balloon
Other
Sense (electronics), a technique used in power supplies to produce the correct voltage for a load
Sense (molecular biology), the roles of nucleic-acid molecules in specifying amino acids
Sense (programming), an educational programming environment
Sense (river), a tributary of the River Saane in Switzerland
Sense Worldwide, a London-based co-creation consulting company
HTC Sense, a mobile software suite developed by HTC
Senses (tribe), a Dacian tribe
See also
Common sense, sound practical judgment concerning everyday matters
Sense and reference, philosophical distinction introduced by Gottlob Frege
Sensor, a mechanism to
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucigenin
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Lucigenin is an aromatic compound used in areas which include chemiluminescence. Its chemical name is bis-N-methylacridinium nitrate. It exhibits a bluish-green fluorescence.
It is used as a probe for superoxide anion in biology, for its chemiluminescent properties.
Synthesis
It may be prepared from acridone.
There's also a route from toluene:
Nitrates
Acridines
Quaternary ammonium compounds
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotope%20hydrology
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Isotope hydrology is a field of geochemistry and hydrology that uses naturally occurring stable and radioactive isotopic techniques to evaluate the age and origins of surface and groundwater and the processes within the atmospheric hydrologic cycle. Isotope hydrology applications are highly diverse, and used for informing water-use policy, mapping aquifers, conserving water supplies, assessing sources of water pollution, and increasingly are used in eco-hydrology to study human impacts on all dimensions of the hydrological cycle and ecosystem services.
Details
Water molecules carry unique isotopic "fingerprints", based in part on differing ratios of the oxygen and hydrogen isotopes that constitute the water molecule. Isotopes are atoms of the same element that have a different number of neutrons in their nuclei.
Air, freshwater and seawater contain mostly oxygen-16 ( 16O). Oxygen-18 (18O) occurs in approximately one oxygen atom in every five hundred and has a slightly higher mass than oxygen-16, as it has two extra neutrons. From a simple energy and bond breakage standpoint this results in a preference for evaporating the lighter 16O containing water and leaving more of the 18O water behind in the liquid state (called isotope fractionation). Thus seawater tends to contain more 18O than rain and snow.
Dissolved ions in surface and groundwater water also contain useful isotopes for hydrological investigations. Dissolved species like sulfate and nitrate contain differing r
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisa%20Nowak
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Lisa Marie Nowak (née Caputo, born May 10, 1963) is an American aeronautical engineer and former NASA astronaut and United States Navy officer. Nowak served as naval flight officer and test pilot in the Navy, and was selected by NASA for NASA Astronaut Group 16 in 1996, qualifying as a mission specialist in robotics. She flew in space aboard during the STS-121 mission in July 2006, when she was responsible for operating the robotic arms of the shuttle and the International Space Station. In 2007, Nowak was involved in a highly publicized incident of criminal misconduct for which she eventually pled guilty to felony burglary and misdemeanor battery charges, resulting in her demotion from captain to commander, and termination by NASA and the Navy.
Born in Washington, D.C., Nowak graduated from the United States Naval Academy in Annapolis, Maryland, in 1985. She was assigned to VAQ-34 at Naval Air Station Point Mugu, California, where she flew the EA-7L Corsair and ERA-3B Skywarrior. She earned a Master of Science degree in aeronautical engineering and a degree in aeronautical and astronautical engineering from the Naval Postgraduate School in Monterey, California. In 1993 she was selected to attend the U.S. Naval Test Pilot School at Naval Air Station Patuxent River, Maryland. After graduation, she remained at Patuxent River, flying in the F/A-18 Hornet and EA-6B Prowler. During her Navy career she logged over 1,500 hours in more than 30 aircraft and was awarded the Defense M
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilderness%20101%20Mountain%20Bicycle%20Race
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The Wilderness 101 Mountain Bicycle Race is an ultra-endurance mountain bike race held annually in late July. The race is commonly called the W101, akin to a first year college course, such as Physics 101, at the nearby Penn State University.
The race was first held in 1991 and been held continuously since 2001. The W101 starts and ends in a small village Coburn, Pennsylvania near Millheim, Pennsylvania. The W101 course is a single loop covering roads, forest roads and trails. The total climbing in the race is approximately .) The majority of the course is within the Bald Eagle and Rothrock Pennsylvania State Forests. The event is organized and run primarily by Shenandoah Mountain Touring (located in Harrisonburg, VA) and has been one of the stops of the National Ultra Endurance Series since 2006.
History
1991 to 1994
The Wilderness 101 was first held in 1991 organized by a bicycle shop location in State College, PA (The Bicycle Shop). The owner of the Bicycle Shop, Randy Moore, put together an off-road loop of 101 miles, with the specific goal to be longer than a 100-mile race. They also wanted to do the loop as a point-to-point ride because the early off-road century races were lap races, most held at ski areas. Moore was among the early east coast mountain bike pioneers who discovered the trail riding in Rothrock and Bald Eagle State Forests in the late 1980s. In addition to the 101, they held a 30-mile mountain bike race that started and finished in Coburn, PA annual
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakob%20Sigismund%20Beck
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Jakob Sigismund Beck (originally Jacob Sigismund Beck; 6 August 1761 – 29 August 1840) was a German philosopher.
Biography
Beck was born in the village of Liessau (Lisewo) in the rural district of Marienburg (Malbork) in Royal Prussia, Poland in 1761. The son of a priest (of Liessau), he studied (after 1783) mathematics and philosophy at the University of Königsberg, where Christian Jakob Kraus, Johann Schultz, and Immanuel Kant were his teachers. After his studies he first accepted a post as a teacher at a grammar school in Halle. With his thesis Dissertatio de Theoremate Tayloriano, sive de lege generali, secundum quam functionis mutantur, notatis a quibus pendent variabilibus, which he wrote in Halle, he was qualified as a university lecturer. He then worked as a lecturer of philosophy at the University of Halle (1791–1799), before he became a professor of philosophy at the University of Rostock. He devoted himself to criticism and explanation of the doctrine of Kant, and in 1793 published the Erläuternder Auszug aus den kritischen Schriften des Herrn Prof. Kant, auf Anrathen desselben (Riga, 1793–1796), which has been widely used as a compendium of Kantian doctrine.
Beck endeavoured to explain away certain of the contradictions which are found in Kant's system by saying that much of the language is used in a popular sense for the sake of intelligibility, e.g. where Kant attributes to things-in-themselves an existence under the conditions of time, space and causality, an
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum%20Boerhaave
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Rijksmuseum Boerhaave is a museum of the history of science and medicine, based in Leiden, Netherlands. The museum hosts a collection of historical scientific instruments from all disciplines, but mainly from medicine, physics, and astronomy.
The museum is located in a building that was originally a convent in central Leiden. It includes a reconstructed traditional anatomical theatre. It also has many galleries that include the apparatus with which Heike Kamerlingh Onnes first liquefied helium (in Leiden), the electromagnet equipment used by Wander Johannes de Haas (a Leiden physicist) for his low-temperature research, and an example of the Leiden jar, among many other objects in the extensive collection.
The museum is named after Herman Boerhaave, a Dutch physician and botanist who was famous in Europe for his teaching at Leiden and lived to a great age, receiving brilliant students from all over Europe, including Peter the Great, Voltaire and Linnaeus.
History
Boerhaave Museum's history began in 1907, when a Historical Exhibition of Natural Science and Medicine was held in the Academy Building Academiegebouw (Leiden) of Leiden University. The many objects in the exhibition came from all the learned corners of the country. It was a great success and there were immediately calls to set up a permanent science history exhibit.
In 1928 a foundation was initiated by physicist Claude August Crommelin, who worked at Leiden university, for a museum for the history of natural sci
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stratonovich%20integral
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In stochastic processes, the Stratonovich integral or Fisk–Stratonovich integral (developed simultaneously by Ruslan Stratonovich and Donald Fisk) is a stochastic integral, the most common alternative to the Itô integral. Although the Itô integral is the usual choice in applied mathematics, the Stratonovich integral is frequently used in physics.
In some circumstances, integrals in the Stratonovich definition are easier to manipulate. Unlike the Itô calculus, Stratonovich integrals are defined such that the chain rule of ordinary calculus holds.
Perhaps the most common situation in which these are encountered is as the solution to Stratonovich stochastic differential equations (SDEs). These are equivalent to Itô SDEs and it is possible to convert between the two whenever one definition is more convenient.
Definition
The Stratonovich integral can be defined in a manner similar to the Riemann integral, that is as a limit of Riemann sums. Suppose that is a Wiener process and is a semimartingale adapted to the natural filtration of the Wiener process. Then the Stratonovich integral
is a random variable defined as the limit in mean square of
as the mesh of the partition of tends to 0 (in the style of a Riemann–Stieltjes integral).
Calculation
Many integration techniques of ordinary calculus can be used for the Stratonovich integral, e.g.: if is a smooth function, then
and more generally, if is a smooth function, then
This latter rule is akin to the chain rule of ord
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LF-space
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In mathematics, an LF-space, also written (LF)-space, is a topological vector space (TVS) X that is a locally convex inductive limit of a countable inductive system of Fréchet spaces.
This means that X is a direct limit of a direct system in the category of locally convex topological vector spaces and each is a Fréchet space. The name LF stands for Limit of Fréchet spaces.
If each of the bonding maps is an embedding of TVSs then the LF-space is called a strict LF-space. This means that the subspace topology induced on by is identical to the original topology on .
Some authors (e.g. Schaefer) define the term "LF-space" to mean "strict LF-space," so when reading mathematical literature, it is recommended to always check how LF-space is defined.
Definition
Inductive/final/direct limit topology
Throughout, it is assumed that
is either the category of topological spaces or some subcategory of the category of topological vector spaces (TVSs);
If all objects in the category have an algebraic structure, then all morphisms are assumed to be homomorphisms for that algebraic structure.
is a non-empty directed set;
is a family of objects in where is a topological space for every index ;
To avoid potential confusion, should not be called 's "initial topology" since the term "initial topology" already has a well-known definition. The topology is called the original topology on or 's given topology.
is a set (and if objects in also have algebraic structur
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DMR
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DMR is an initialism that may refer to:
Biology
Differentially methylated regions, a genomic region that is methylated differentially on each parental allele
Dwarf mistletoe rating system, a scale for rating the severity of a dwarf mistletoe infection
Government
Device Master Record, a folder containing a technical description of a device controlled by regulating authorities (such as the US Food and Drug Administration)
Discharge Monitoring Report, submission report to the United States Environmental Protection Agency
Department of Main Roads (New South Wales), Australia
Department of Main Roads (Queensland), Australia
Media
Dance Music Report, bi-weekly U.S. trade magazine
The Des Moines Register, daily morning newspaper in Des Moines, Iowa
DMR Books, small Chicago-based book publisher
Technology
Device Master Record, a compilation of all the instructions, drawings and other records that must be used to produce a product
Differential Microwave Radiometer, an instrument on the Cosmic Background Explorer satellite
Digital Media Renderer, a DLNA-compliant device used to stream and play content
Digital mobile radio, open digital radio standard for professional mobile radio and amateur radio users
Dual modular redundancy, redundancy back-up system
IMAX Digital Media Remastering, a process re-rendering regular movies for display on IMAX screens
People
Dennis MacAlistair Ritchie (1941–2011), American computer scientist
Other uses
Designated marksman rifle, w
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven%20M.%20Bellovin
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Steven M. Bellovin is a researcher on computer networking and security who has been a professor in the computer science department at Columbia University since 2005. Previously, Bellovin was a fellow at AT&T Labs Research in Florham Park, New Jersey.
In September 2012, Bellovin was appointed chief technologist for the United States Federal Trade Commission, replacing Edward W. Felten, who returned to Princeton University. He served in this position from September 2012 to August 2013.
In February 2016, Bellovin became the first technology scholar for the Privacy and Civil Liberties Oversight Board.
Career
Bellovin received a BA degree from Columbia University, and an MS and PhD in computer science from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.
As a graduate student, Bellovin was one of the originators of USENET. He later suggested that Gene Spafford should create the Phage mailing list as a response to the Morris Worm.
Bellovin and Michael Merritt invented the encrypted key exchange password-authenticated key agreement methods. He was also responsible for the discovery that one-time pads were invented in 1882, not 1917, as previously believed.
Bellovin has been active in the IETF. He was a member of the Internet Architecture Board from 1996–2002. Bellovin later was security area codirector, and a member of the Internet Engineering Steering Group (IESG) from 2002–2004. He identified some key security weaknesses in the Domain Name System; this and other weaknesses
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluid%20solution
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In general relativity, a fluid solution is an exact solution of the Einstein field equation in which the gravitational field is produced entirely by the mass, momentum, and stress density of a fluid.
In astrophysics, fluid solutions are often employed as stellar models. (It might help to think of a perfect gas as a special case of a perfect fluid.) In cosmology, fluid solutions are often used as cosmological models.
Mathematical definition
The stress–energy tensor of a relativistic fluid can be written in the form
Here
the world lines of the fluid elements are the integral curves of the velocity vector ,
the projection tensor projects other tensors onto hyperplane elements orthogonal to ,
the matter density is given by the scalar function ,
the pressure is given by the scalar function ,
the heat flux vector is given by ,
the viscous shear tensor is given by .
The heat flux vector and viscous shear tensor are transverse to the world lines, in the sense that
This means that they are effectively three-dimensional quantities, and since the viscous stress tensor is symmetric and traceless, they have respectively three and five linearly independent components. Together with the density and pressure, this makes a total of 10 linearly independent components, which is the number of linearly independent components in a four-dimensional symmetric rank two tensor.
Special cases
Several special cases of fluid solutions are noteworthy (here speed of light c = 1):
A perfect
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macrocycle
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Macrocycles are often described as molecules and ions containing a ring of twelve or more atoms. Classical examples include the crown ethers, calixarenes, porphyrins, and cyclodextrins. Macrocycles describe a large, mature area of chemistry.
Synthesis
The formation of macrocycles by ring-closure is called macrocylization. Pioneering work was reported for studies on terpenoid macrocycles. The central challenge to macrocyclization is that ring-closing reactions do not favor the formation of large rings. Instead, small rings or polymers tend to form. This kinetic problem can be addressed by using high-dilution reactions, whereby intramolecular processes are favored relative to polymerizations.
Some macrocyclizations are favored using template reactions. Templates are ions, molecules, surfaces etc. that bind and pre-organize compounds, guiding them toward formation of a particular ring size. The crown ethers are often generated in the presence of an alkali metal cation, which organizes the condensing components by complexation. An illustrative macrocyclization is the synthesis of (−)-muscone from (+)-citronellal. The 15-membered ring is generated by ring-closing metathesis.
Occurrence and applications
One important application are the many macrocyclic antibiotics, the macrolides, e.g. clarithromycin. Many metallocofactors are bound to macrocyclic ligands, which include porphyrins, corrins, and chlorins. These rings arise from multistep biosynthetic processes that also f
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simplex%20%28disambiguation%29
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Simplex may refer to:
Mathematics
Simplex, a term in geometry meaning an n-dimensional analogue of a triangle
Pascal's simplex, a version of Pascal's triangle of more than three dimensions
Simplex algorithm, a popular algorithm for numerical solution of linear programming problems
Simplex graph, derived from the cliques of another graph
Simplex noise, a method for constructing an n-dimensional noise function
Simplex plot, a ternary plot used in game theory
Companies and trade names
Simplex (bicycle), a French bicycle derailleur brand
Simplex Manufacturing Corporation, an American manufacturer of motorcycles in Louisiana from 1935 to 1975
American Simplex, an American automobile made in Mishawaka, Indiana, US
Simplex Automobile Company was a defunct luxury car manufacturer from 1907 to 1921.
Crane-Simplex, a defunct luxury car manufacturer in New York, US at the start of the 20th century
Sheffield-Simplex, a British vehicle manufacturer operating 1907–1920
Simplex Typewriter Company, an index typewriter manufacturer
A trade name used by British railway locomotive manufacturers The Motor Rail & Tramcar Co Ltd
The trade name of the swinging-tray record changer used in Wurlitzer jukeboxes from the 1930s to the 1950s
A brand of fire alarm systems made by SimplexGrinnell
A manufacturer of jacks used in railroads and mining industries, now owned by Actuant Corporation
Technology
Bergmann Simplex, an early 20th-century, German-made handgun
Simplex communication, a one-way communic
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur%20Gossard
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Arthur C. Gossard was a professor of materials and electrical engineering at the University of California, Santa Barbara. In 1982, he co-discovered the fractional quantum Hall effect. His research is related to molecular beam epitaxy (MBE). He has a doctorate in physics from UC Berkeley. After university, he joined Bell Labs.
In 1987, he was elected a member of the US National Academy of Engineering for contributions to the study of the physics of ultra-thin semiconducting layers through molecular beam epitaxy, leading to new physics and new devices. He was also a member of the US National Academy of Sciences.
In 2016, Gossard was named as a recipient of a National Medal of Technology and Innovation.
He died on 26 June 2022.
Lectures
1991 - Heterostructures for new dimensions of electron confinement Lecture sponsored by the Dept. of Electrical and Computer engineering, University of California, San Diego. Electrical and Computer Engineering Distinguished Lecture Series. Digital Object Made Available by Special Collections & Archives, UC San Diego.
References
External links
UC Santa Barbara faculty profile
American materials scientists
Members of the United States National Academy of Engineering
University of California, Santa Barbara faculty
University of California, Berkeley alumni
Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
Oliver E. Buckley Condensed Matter Prize winners
National Medal of Technology recipients
Fellows of the American Physical Socie
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malcolm%20Beasley
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Malcolm Roy Beasley (born January 4, 1940 in San Francisco) is an American physicist. He is Professor Emeritus of Applied Physics at Stanford University. He is known for his research related to superconductivity.
Early life and education
Beasley was born at Stanford hospital, moving to Hawaii during World War II with his parents, who were social scientists. He was a high school and college basketball player, earning All-Metropolitan honors at Montgomery Blair High School in Silver Spring, Maryland, and playing for the Cornell Big Red in 1958-59.
At Cornell University, Beasley earned his bachelor's degree in engineering physics in 1962 and his Ph.D. in 1967. His Ph.D. thesis Flux creep in hard superconductors was supervised by Watt W. Webb.
Academic career
Beasley joined the faculty of Harvard University in 1968 where he remained until accepting a position at Stanford in 1974. He was recruited to Stanford by Theodore Geballe, and after Aharon Kapitulnik joined the applied physics department, the three Stanford superconductivity researchers became known as the "KGB Group."
In 1991, Beasley was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. He was elected a member of the National Academy of Sciences in 1993.
In 1998, Beasley was named dean of the School of Humanities and Sciences at Stanford.
In 2002, Beasley served as chairman of the Jan Hendrik Schön commission, which determined that Schön fabricated much of his published research.
In 2011, Beasley was
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvin%20Quate
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Calvin Forrest Quate (December 7, 1923 – July 6, 2019) was one of the inventors of the atomic force microscope. He was a professor emeritus of Applied Physics and Electrical Engineering at Stanford University.
Education
He earned his bachelor's degree in electrical engineering from the University of Utah College of Engineering in 1944, and his Ph.D. from Stanford University in 1950.
Career and research
Quate is known for his work on acoustic and atomic force microscopy. The scanning acoustic microscope, invented with a colleague in 1973, has resolution exceeding optical microscopes, revealing structure in opaque or even transparent materials not visible to optics.
In 1981, Quate read about a new type of microscope able to examine electrically conductive materials. Together with Gerd Binnig and Christoph Gerber, he developed a related instrument that would work on non-conductive materials, including biological tissue, and the Atomic Force Microscope was born. AFM traces surface contours using a needle to maintain constant pressure against the surface to reveal atomic detail. AFM is the foundation of the $100 million nanotechnology industry. Binnig, Quate and Gerber were rewarded with the Kavli Prize in 2016 for developing the Atomic Force Microscope.
Quate was a member of the National Academy of Engineering and National Academy of Sciences. He was awarded the 1980 IEEE Morris N. Liebmann Memorial Award and the IEEE Medal of Honor in 1988 for "the invention and development
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ssh-agent
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Secure Shell (SSH) is a protocol allowing secure remote login to a computer on a network using public-key cryptography. SSH client programs (such as ssh from OpenSSH) typically run for the duration of a remote login session and are configured to look for the user's private key in a file in the user's home directory (e.g., .ssh/id_rsa). For added security (for instance, against an attacker that can read any file on the local filesystem), it is common to store the private key in an encrypted form, where the encryption key is computed from a passphrase that the user has memorized. Because typing the passphrase can be tedious, many users would prefer to enter it just once per local login session. The most secure place to store the unencrypted key is in program memory, and in Unix-like operating systems, memory is normally associated with a process. A normal SSH client process cannot be used to store the unencrypted key because SSH client processes only last the duration of a remote login session. Therefore, users run a program called ssh-agent that runs beyond the duration of a local login session, stores unencrypted keys in memory, and communicates with SSH clients using a Unix domain socket.
Security issues
ssh-agent creates a socket and then checks the connections from ssh. Everyone who is able to connect to this socket also has access to the ssh-agent. The permissions are set as in a usual Linux or Unix system. When the agent starts, it creates a new directory in /tmp
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viktor%20Ivan%C4%8Di%C4%87
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Viktor Ivančić (born 8 October 1960) is a Croatian journalist, best known as the founding member and long-time editor-in-chief of satirical weekly Feral Tribune.
A native of Split, Ivančić edited the student paper of the Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering and Naval Architecture, at the University of Split. He came to public spotlight in 1980s as a member of VIVA LUDEŽ, trio of young humourists who wrote for humour sections of Split newspapers and magazines like Slobodna Dalmacija, Nedjeljna Dalmacija and Omladinska Iskra. Those weekly supplements, which would ultimately become Feral Tribune, featured his regular column called Bilježnica Robija K. (Notebook of Robi K.), in which he gave satirical comments on important social and political events seen through the eyes of an elementary school pupil.
During the first years Croatian independence, Ivančić and Feral Tribune came into conflict with the government of Franjo Tuđman and his Croatian Democratic Union (HDZ). In early 1993 Slobodna Dalmacija was taken over by Miroslav Kutle, a businessman with close ties to Tuđman's right-hand man Gojko Šušak. As a result, Feral Tribune was removed from the pages of Split daily.
However, few months later, Feral Tribune appeared as bi-weekly, becoming weekly newspaper in December 1993. Viktor Ivančić became its editor-in-chief. During his tenure, the magazine was one of the first to openly criticise the government, expose war crimes committed by Croatian Army, as w
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classification%20of%20electromagnetic%20fields
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In differential geometry and theoretical physics, the classification of electromagnetic fields is a pointwise classification of bivectors at each point of a Lorentzian manifold. It is used in the study of solutions of Maxwell's equations and has applications in Einstein's theory of relativity.
The classification theorem
The electromagnetic field at a point p (i.e. an event) of a Lorentzian spacetime is represented by a real bivector defined over the tangent space at p.
The tangent space at p is isometric as a real inner product space to E1,3. That is, it has the same notion of vector magnitude and angle as Minkowski spacetime. To simplify the notation, we will assume the spacetime is Minkowski spacetime. This tends to blur the distinction between the tangent space at p and the underlying manifold; fortunately, nothing is lost by this specialization, for reasons we discuss as the end of the article.
The classification theorem for electromagnetic fields characterizes the bivector F in relation to the Lorentzian metric by defining and examining the so-called "principal null directions". Let us explain this.
The bivector Fab yields a skew-symmetric linear operator defined by lowering one index with the metric. It acts on the tangent space at p by . We will use the symbol F to denote either the bivector or the operator, according to context.
We mention a dichotomy drawn from exterior algebra. A bivector that can be written as , where v, w are linearly independent, is cal
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Najm%20al-Din%20Kubra
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Najm ad-Din Kubra () was a 13th-century Khwarezmian Sufi from Khwarezm and the founder of the Kubrawiya, influential in the Ilkhanate and Timurid dynasty. His method, exemplary of a "golden age" of Sufi metaphysics, was related to the Illuminationism of Shahab al-Din Yahya ibn Habash Suhrawardi as well as to Rumi's Shams Tabrizi. Kubra was born in 540/1145 and died in 618/1221.
Biography
Born in 540/1145 in Konye-Urgench, Najmuddin Kubra began his career as a scholar of hadith and kalam. His interest in Sufism began in Egypt where he became a murid of Ruzbihan Baqli, who was an initiate of the Uwaisi. After years of study, he abandoned his exploration of the religious sciences and devoted himself entirely to the Sufi way of life.
Sufi sheikh Zia al-Din-'Ammar Bitlisi was Kubra's teacher, who tried to present Sufi thought in a new way to provide contemplation and influence for the reader. After receiving his khirka, Kubra gained a large following of gnostics and writers on Sufism.
Because his followers were predominantly Sufi writers and gnostics, Kubra was given the title "manufacturer of saints" (in Persian: vali tarash) and his order was named the Kubrawiya.
Kubra's main body of works concerns the analysis of the visionary experience. He wrote numerous important works discussing the visionary experience, including a Sufi commentary on the Quran that he was unable to complete due to his death in 618/1221. Kubra died during the Mongol invasion and massacre after refusi
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publications%20of%20the%20Astronomical%20Society%20of%20the%20Pacific
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Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific (often abbreviated as PASP in references and literature) is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal managed by the Astronomical Society of the Pacific. It publishes research and review papers, instrumentation papers and dissertation summaries in the fields of astronomy and astrophysics. Between 1999 and 2016 it was published by the University of Chicago Press and since 2016, it has been published by IOP Publishing. The current editor-in-chief is Jeff Mangum of the National Radio Astronomy Observatory.
PASP has been published monthly since 1899, and along with The Astrophysical Journal, The Astronomical Journal, Astronomy and Astrophysics, and the Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, is one of the primary journals for the publication of astronomical research.
See also
List of astronomy journals
References
Astronomy journals
IOP Publishing academic journals
Publications established in 1899
Academic journals associated with learned and professional societies
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20Russell%20%28inventor%29
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James T. Russell (born 1931 in Bremerton, Washington) is an American inventor. He earned a BA in physics from Reed College in Portland in 1953. He joined General Electric's nearby labs in Richland, Washington, where he initiated many types of experimental instrumentation. He designed and built the first electron beam welder.
In 1965, Russell joined the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory of Battelle Memorial Institute in Richland. There, in 1965, Russell invented the overall concept of optical digital recording and playback. The earliest patents by Russell, US 3,501,586, and 3,795,902 were filed in 1966, and 1969. respectively. He built prototypes, and the first was operating in 1973. In 1973, 1974, 1975 his first invention viewed by about 100 companies, including Philips and Sony engineers, and more than 1500 descriptive brochures were sent out to various interested parties. The concept was picked up by many technical and media magazines beginning in 1972.
It is debatable whether Russell's concepts, patents, prototypes, and literature instigated and in some measure guided the optical digital revolution. Early optical recording technology, which forms the physical basis of videodisc, CD and DVD technology, was first published/filed by Dr. David Paul Gregg in 1958 and Philips researchers, Kramer and Compaan, in 1969. Russell's optical digital inventions were available publicly from 1970.
In 2000, Russell received The Vollum Award from Reed College.
As of 2004, Russell wa
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euler%20function
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In mathematics, the Euler function is given by
Named after Leonhard Euler, it is a model example of a q-series and provides the prototypical example of a relation between combinatorics and complex analysis.
Properties
The coefficient in the formal power series expansion for gives the number of partitions of k. That is,
where is the partition function.
The Euler identity, also known as the Pentagonal number theorem, is
is a pentagonal number.
The Euler function is related to the Dedekind eta function as
The Euler function may be expressed as a q-Pochhammer symbol:
The logarithm of the Euler function is the sum of the logarithms in the product expression, each of which may be expanded about q = 0, yielding
which is a Lambert series with coefficients -1/n. The logarithm of the Euler function may therefore be expressed as
where -[1/1, 3/2, 4/3, 7/4, 6/5, 12/6, 8/7, 15/8, 13/9, 18/10, ...] (see OEIS A000203)
On account of the identity , where is the sum-of-divisors function, this may also be written as
.
Also if and , then
Special values
The next identities come from Ramanujan's Notebooks:
Using the Pentagonal number theorem, exchanging sum and integral, and then invoking complex-analytic methods, one derives
References
Number theory
Q-analogs
Leonhard Euler
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anosov%20diffeomorphism
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In mathematics, more particularly in the fields of dynamical systems and geometric topology, an Anosov map on a manifold M is a certain type of mapping, from M to itself, with rather clearly marked local directions of "expansion" and "contraction". Anosov systems are a special case of Axiom A systems.
Anosov diffeomorphisms were introduced by Dmitri Victorovich Anosov, who proved that their behaviour was in an appropriate sense generic (when they exist at all).
Overview
Three closely related definitions must be distinguished:
If a differentiable map f on M has a hyperbolic structure on the tangent bundle, then it is called an Anosov map. Examples include the Bernoulli map, and Arnold's cat map.
If the map is a diffeomorphism, then it is called an Anosov diffeomorphism.
If a flow on a manifold splits the tangent bundle into three invariant subbundles, with one subbundle that is exponentially contracting, and one that is exponentially expanding, and a third, non-expanding, non-contracting one-dimensional sub-bundle (spanned by the flow direction), then the flow is called an Anosov flow.
A classical example of Anosov diffeomorphism is the Arnold's cat map.
Anosov proved that Anosov diffeomorphisms are structurally stable and form an open subset of mappings (flows) with the C1 topology.
Not every manifold admits an Anosov diffeomorphism; for example, there are no such diffeomorphisms on the sphere . The simplest examples of compact manifolds admitting them are the tori:
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European%20Network%20for%20Training%20and%20Research%20in%20Electrical%20Engineering
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Exchange programs for Electrical Engineering students between 18 universities in Europe. It is also known as Entree. Their members are:
Chalmers Lindholmen University College (Sweden)
University of Aalborg (Denmark)
Heriot-Watt University (United Kingdom)
Brunel University (United Kingdom)
Delft University of Technology (Netherlands)
Université libre de Bruxelles (Belgium)
Technische Universität Dresden (Germany)
Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (Germany)
École Supérieure d'Ingénieurs en Électronique et Électrotechnique Paris (France)
École Supérieure d'Ingénieurs en Électronique et Électrotechnique Amiens (France)
École polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne (Switzerland)
Brno University of Technology (Czech Republic)
National Technical University of Athens (Greece)
Politecnico di Milano (Italy)
Pontifical Comillas University of Madrid (Spain)
University of Valladolid (Spain)
Institut Méditerranéen de Technologie (France)
Politecnico di Torino (Italy)
References
College and university associations and consortia in Europe
Electrical engineering organizations
Engineering university associations and consortia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elastic%20recoil%20detection
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Elastic recoil detection analysis (ERDA), also referred to as forward recoil scattering (or, contextually, spectrometry), is an ion beam analysis technique in materials science to obtain elemental concentration depth profiles in thin films. This technique is known by several different names. These names are listed below. In the technique of ERDA, an energetic ion beam is directed at a sample to be characterized and (as in Rutherford backscattering) there is an elastic nuclear interaction between the ions of beam and the atoms of the target sample. Such interactions are commonly of Coulomb nature. Depending on the kinetics of the ions, cross section area, and the loss of energy of the ions in the matter, ERDA helps determine the quantification of the elemental analysis. It also provides information about the depth profile of the sample.
The energy of incident energetic ions can vary from 2 MeV to 200 MeV, depending on the studied sample. The energy of the beam should be enough to kick out (“recoil”) the atoms of the sample. Thus, ERD usually employs appropriate source and detectors to detect recoiled atoms.
ERDA setup is large, expensive and difficult to operate. Therefore, although it is commercially available, it is relatively uncommon in materials characterization. The angle of incidence that an ion beam makes with the sample must also be taken into account for correct analysis of the sample. This is because, depending on this angle, the recoiled atoms will be collected.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Degrees%20of%20freedom%20%28mechanics%29
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In physics, the degrees of freedom (DOF) of a mechanical system is the number of independent parameters that define its configuration or state. It is important in the analysis of systems of bodies in mechanical engineering, structural engineering, aerospace engineering, robotics, and other fields.
The position of a single railcar (engine) moving along a track has one degree of freedom because the position of the car is defined by the distance along the track. A train of rigid cars connected by hinges to an engine still has only one degree of freedom because the positions of the cars behind the engine are constrained by the shape of the track.
An automobile with highly stiff suspension can be considered to be a rigid body traveling on a plane (a flat, two-dimensional space). This body has three independent degrees of freedom consisting of two components of translation and one angle of rotation. Skidding or drifting is a good example of an automobile's three independent degrees of freedom.
The position and orientation of a rigid body in space is defined by three components of translation and three components of rotation, which means that it has six degrees of freedom.
The exact constraint mechanical design method manages the degrees of freedom to neither underconstrain nor overconstrain a device.
Motions and dimensions
The position of an n-dimensional rigid body is defined by the rigid transformation, [T] = [A, d], where d is an n-dimensional translation and A is an n
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G.%20Evelyn%20Hutchinson
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George Evelyn Hutchinson (January 30, 1903 – May 17, 1991) was a British ecologist sometimes described as the "father of modern ecology." He contributed for more than sixty years to the fields of limnology, systems ecology, radiation ecology, entomology, genetics, biogeochemistry, a mathematical theory of population growth, art history, philosophy, religion, and anthropology. He worked on the passage of phosphorus through lakes, the chemistry and biology of lakes, the theory of interspecific competition, and on insect taxonomy and genetics, zoo-geography, and African water bugs. He is known as one of the first to combine ecology with mathematics. He became an international expert on lakes and wrote the four-volume Treatise on Limnology in 1957.
Hutchinson earned his degree in zoology from Cambridge University but chose not to earn a doctorate, of which he came to be proud as he aged. Although born in England, he spent nearly his entire professional life at Yale University in the United States where he was Sterling Professor of Zoology and focused on working with graduate students.
Early life and education
Hutchinson was born in 1903 to Arthur and Evaline D. Hutchinson. He grew up in Cambridge, England. His father was a mineralogist at the University of Cambridge. Hutchinson grew up surrounded by intellectuals, including two of Darwin's sons. By the age of five, Hutchinson was already collecting aquatic creatures and studying their preferred living environment in aquariu
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal%20of%20the%20ACM
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The Journal of the ACM is a peer-reviewed scientific journal covering computer science in general, especially theoretical aspects. It is an official journal of the Association for Computing Machinery. Its current editor-in-chief is Venkatesan Guruswami.
The journal was established in 1954 and "computer scientists universally hold the Journal of the ACM in high esteem".
See also
Communications of the ACM
References
External links
Academic journals established in 1954
Computer science journals
Association for Computing Machinery academic journals
Bimonthly journals
English-language journals
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