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Marcus Steegmann (born 4 February 1982) is a German football player for Viktoria Köln. References External links Marcus Steegmann Interview 1982 births Living people German men's footballers 1. FC Köln II players Hamburger SV II players Borussia Dortmund players Borussia Dortmund II players SpVgg Unterhaching players VfR Aalen players TuS Koblenz players SV Darmstadt 98 players FC Viktoria Köln players Bundesliga players 3. Liga players Men's association football forwards Footballers from Cologne	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus%20Steegmann
Iván Cuéllar Sacristán (born 27 May 1984), nicknamed Pichu, is a Spanish professional footballer who plays as a goalkeeper for RCD Mallorca. Formed at Atlético Madrid, he spent most of his career with Sporting de Gijón, where he made 247 total appearances. Club career Atlético Madrid Cuéllar was born in Mérida, Extremadura, and earned his nickname "Pichu" – local dialect for a young boy – from a cousin. He spent time at Real Madrid before continuing his development at hometown club Mérida UD, where he made his senior debut aged 17 in a 1–0 loss away to Granada CF in Segunda División B. After completing his formation at Atlético Madrid, he made his first appearance for the first team in the last matchday of the 2004–05 season, in a 2–2 draw against neighbours Getafe CF. In 2006–07, benefitting from the forced absence of starter Leo Franco, Cuéllar played a further seven games, including a 0–6 home defeat to FC Barcelona on 20 May 2007. Sporting Gijón After a season-long loan at Segunda División club SD Eibar, featuring in all the matches save four, Cuéllar was released by Atlético (as another youth graduate in the same position, Ismael Falcón) and joined Sporting de Gijón in August 2008, on a four-year contract. After Sergio Sánchez conceded 19 goals in the season's first four games he became the starter but, following a collision with Athletic Bilbao's Carlos Gurpegui during a 3–0 away defeat on 14 December, suffered a serious ankle injury which rendered him unavailable for four months. In mid-November 2009, as he was second choice to Juan Pablo, Cuéllar suffered another severe injury, damaging his knee in training and being lost for the vast majority of the campaign. His first appearance after recovering would take place on 22 September 2010, as manager Manuel Preciado rested the vast majority of the starters for a Wednesday match at Barcelona – in a week where all the teams played three matches – which ended in a 1–0 loss. In January 2013, after the departure of Juan Pablo to Maccabi Tel Aviv FC, Cuéllar became the starter. He won the Ricardo Zamora Trophy for best goalkeeper in 2014–15, conceding 21 goals in 36 appearances as the Asturians returned to La Liga. At the end of the season, he extended his contract until 2018. Leganés Cuéllar ended his nine-year association with the El Molinón-based team in July 2017, and the 33-year-old signed for CD Leganés also in the top tier. As Jon Ander Serantes was nursing a serious injury, he took the number one position and went on to record a club and personal best clean sheet of over 500 minutes that was broken by Sevilla FC in October. Return to Sporting On 29 August 2021, Cuéllar returned to Sporting on a two-year contract. He was second-choice to Diego Mariño and did not play until 20 March when he profited from the latter's injury to play in a 1–1 draw at Leganés; he then had a run of ten consecutive games in which he kept only two clean sheets but never conceded more than once, as the team narrowly avoided relegation. Mallorca On 28 August 2023, Cuéllar signed a one-year deal with top-tier RCD Mallorca, in order to provide competition for Dominik Greif and Predrag Rajković. Honours Spain U23 Mediterranean Games: 2005 Individual Segunda División: Ricardo Zamora Trophy/Best Goalkeeper 2014–15 References External links Sporting Gijón official profile 1984 births Living people People from Mérida, Spain Spanish men's footballers Footballers from the Province of Badajoz Men's association football goalkeepers La Liga players Segunda División players Segunda División B players Mérida UD footballers Atlético Madrid B players Atlético Madrid footballers SD Eibar footballers Sporting de Gijón players CD Leganés players RCD Mallorca players Spain men's under-21 international footballers Spain men's under-23 international footballers Competitors at the 2005 Mediterranean Games Mediterranean Games medalists in football Mediterranean Games gold medalists for Spain	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iv%C3%A1n%20Cu%C3%A9llar
Gonzalo Colsa Albendea (born 2 April 1979) is a Spanish retired footballer who usually played as a central midfielder. He amassed La Liga totals of 340 matches and 29 goals over 14 seasons, representing in the competition Racing de Santander (two spells), Atlético Madrid, Valladolid and Mallorca. Club career A product of Racing de Santander's youth academy, Colsa was born in Santander, and he appeared sporadically with the first team (with an unassuming Segunda División stint with CD Logroñés in between) during his first four seasons, although he scored three goals in 19 games in 2000–01, with the Cantabrians being relegated from La Liga. After representing Atlético Madrid, Real Valladolid and RCD Mallorca, Colsa returned to Santander for 2006–07 campaign, as an undisputed starter and one of the team's captains. In the second season in his second spell he played all the matches as Racing achieved a first-ever qualification to the UEFA Cup, and netted two times. Colsa retired in June 2013 at the age of 34, after featuring rarely for second-tier side CD Mirandés. Starting in March 2015 he went on to work as an assistant coach under former Racing teammate Pedro Munitis, at that club and SD Ponferradina. International career Colsa was part of the Spain squad that won the 1999 FIFA World Youth Championship in Nigeria, contributing four appearances to the feat. He made his debut for the under-21s on 9 October of that year, in a 2–1 home win against Israel for the 2000 UEFA European Championship qualifiers. Club statistics Honours Atlético Madrid Segunda División: 2001–02 Spain U20 FIFA World Youth Championship: 1999 References External links 1979 births Living people Spanish men's footballers Footballers from Santander, Spain Men's association football midfielders La Liga players Segunda División players Segunda División B players Rayo Cantabria players Racing de Santander players CD Logroñés footballers Atlético Madrid footballers Real Valladolid players RCD Mallorca players CD Mirandés footballers Spain men's youth international footballers Spain men's under-21 international footballers	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gonzalo%20Colsa
José Antonio García Calvo (born 1 April 1975) is a Spanish retired footballer who played as a central defender. During his professional career, he represented both Madrid clubs, Real and Atlético (but was mainly associated with Valladolid), appearing in 267 La Liga matches over 12 seasons and scoring ten goals. Club career A product of Real Madrid's youth system, Madrid-born García Calvo appeared in six games for the first team as they won the La Liga championship in the 1996–97 season, eventually totalling only 16 during his spell. His first match came on 2 March 1996, in a 5–0 home win against UD Salamanca (Fernando Sanz, another centre-back from the academy, also played his first top-flight match that day). Subsequently, he signed for Real Valladolid where he was a regular, scoring his first professional goal in his first year in the 4–0 home defeat of Real Zaragoza. García Calvo then spent five years in another club from the capital, Atlético Madrid. He was instrumental in the Colchoneros 2002 promotion from Segunda División, with 35 matches and 11 bookings. Unable to settle at Atlético in his final two seasons, García Calvo returned to Valladolid in summer 2006, helping to a return to the top tier after a three-year absence. He was an undisputed starter throughout the following campaign, netting in a 2–2 home draw with Deportivo de La Coruña on 2 September 2007 as the Castilla–La Mancha side went on to finally retain their status. Following recurrent foot problems that ailed him throughout 2008–09, García Calvo announced his retirement from the game aged 34. One year later, he was appointed as his last club's director of football.El exvalenciantista Djukic ficha por el Valladolid (Former Valencia man Djukic signs for Valladolid); Las Provincias, 7 July 2011 (in Spanish) International career García Calvo earned three caps for the Spain national team, the first coming on 21 August 2002 against Hungary during a Ferenc Puskás testimonial match (1–1 draw). Previously, he was picked for the under-21 side that won the 1998 UEFA European Championship. HonoursReal MadridLa Liga: 1996–97Atlético MadridSegunda División: 2001–02ValladolidSegunda División: 2006–07Spain U21' UEFA European Under-21 Championship: 1998 References External links 1975 births Living people Spanish men's footballers Footballers from Madrid Men's association football defenders La Liga players Segunda División players Segunda División B players Real Madrid C footballers Real Madrid Castilla footballers Real Madrid CF players Real Valladolid players Atlético Madrid footballers Spain men's under-21 international footballers Spain men's international footballers Real Valladolid non-playing staff	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9%20Garc%C3%ADa%20Calvo
José Ignacio Zahínos Sánchez (born 1 December 1977) is a Spanish retired footballer. Mainly a defensive midfielder, he was able to operate as a central defender. The late bloomer's career was greatly hampered by injuries, as he only played an average of ten matches per season during ten years as a professional. Club career Born in Madrid, Zahínos' career began with CD Yuncos in the regional leagues. In 1999, after a successful trial at CP Amorós, he joined Atlético Madrid's reserves, and made two appearances for the first team in 2000–01's second division. Zahínos would feature very rarely for Atlético, however, serving four loan stints in the second level until June 2007 in the process. He made his La Liga debut on 29 May 2005, playing the last 16 minutes of a 2–2 home draw against Getafe CF. In 2007–08, Zahínos signed with top-tier club Recreativo de Huelva on a two-year deal, but had his season cut short due to a serious knee injury, sustained in a 1–0 away win over CA Osasuna in April 2008. Due to this, he missed the entirety of the following campaign, eventually being released by the Andalusians in the summer of 2009. Zahínos retired shortly after, starting as a coach in Atlético Madrid's youth academy. References External links 1977 births Living people Footballers from Madrid Spanish men's footballers Men's association football midfielders Men's association football utility players La Liga players Segunda División players Segunda División B players Atlético Madrid B players Atlético Madrid footballers Universidad de Las Palmas CF footballers Real Jaén footballers Elche CF players Albacete Balompié players Recreativo de Huelva players	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9%20Zah%C3%ADnos
Ariel Miguel Santiago Ibagaza (born 27 October 1976) is an Argentine professional football manager and former player. Nicknamed El Caño, his usual position was attacking midfielder, and he was well known for his technique and vision. He spent the vast majority of his professional career in Spain – where he represented mainly Mallorca – and amassing La Liga totals of 343 matches and 33 goals over 12 seasons. Playing career Born in Buenos Aires, Ibagaza began his professional career with Club Atlético Lanús, and moved in July 1998 to RCD Mallorca in Spain alongside teammate Gustavo Siviero (another Argentine, Carlos Roa, had done the same move the previous season), being part of the Balearic Islands side that finished third in his first year, narrowly missing on UEFA Champions League group stage entry. In the 2000–01 campaign Ibagaza, best known for his playmaking decisions, scored a career-best ten goals, and continued to be an undisputed starter – and team captain – for Mallorca until his departure for Atlético Madrid, in July 2003. He renewed his contract in March 2006, but found himself surplus to requirements at the start of 2006–07, and arranged a move back to Mallorca, being among the top assisters in the second season after the return. Ibagaza signed a €1.5 million deal with Villarreal CF in early July 2008, for two seasons. Two years later, after two irregular seasons, marred by some physical problems (even though he still managed to appear in more than 60 official games with the Valencian team), the 34-year-old moved to Olympiacos F.C. in Greece, agreeing to a two-year deal. Ibagaza scored his first official goal for the Piraeus club in a 1–0 away win against Asteras Tripoli FC, and went on to contribute with 24 matches (no goals) as his team won the national championship. He left in June 2014 after 97 competitive appearances and a further three domestic leagues and, on 20 August of that year, signed for one year with fellow league side Panionios FC. Managerial career Ibagaza managed Olympiacos B for season 2021–22 in Super League Greece 2. Honours Lanús Copa CONMEBOL: 1996 Mallorca Copa del Rey: 2002–03 Olympiacos Super League Greece: 2010–11, 2011–12, 2012–13, 2013–14 Greek Football Cup: 2011–12, 2012–13 Argentina FIFA U-20 World Cup: 1995 Individual Super League Greece Player of the Season: 2010–11 Olympiacos Golden Eleven References External links 1976 births Living people Footballers from Buenos Aires Argentine men's footballers Men's association football midfielders Argentine Primera División players Club Atlético Lanús footballers La Liga players RCD Mallorca players Atlético Madrid footballers Villarreal CF players Super League Greece players Olympiacos F.C. players Panionios F.C. players Argentina men's youth international footballers Argentina men's under-20 international footballers Argentina men's international footballers Argentine expatriate men's footballers Expatriate men's footballers in Spain Expatriate men's footballers in Greece Argentine expatriate sportspeople in Spain Argentine expatriate sportspeople in Greece	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ariel%20Ibagaza
Francisco José Molinero Calderón (born 26 July 1985) is a Spanish former professional footballer who played as a right-back. Club career Molinero was born in Ontígola, Province of Toledo, Castilla–La Mancha. After playing two La Liga seasons for Atlético Madrid (his first game being on 25 September 2004, featuring the full 90 minutes in a 1–0 home win against Villarreal CF), in whose youth system he grew, he served a Segunda División loan stint at Málaga CF. In July 2007, free agent Molinero agreed to a two-year deal to RCD Mallorca. He appeared sparingly throughout the season, moving the following campaign to Levante UD, recently relegated to the second division. Molinero left Spain for the first time in his career when he signed with Romania's FC Dinamo București on 21 July 2009, managing to help the club fulfill "The wonder from Liberec" after winning with 3–0 the away game against Slovan Liberec, as the first leg was lost with the same score, qualifying after the penalty shoot-out to the group stage of the 2009–10 Europa League. He spent only one year in Liga I, however, cancelling his three-year contract in the summer and returning to his country, joining division two club SD Huesca. In the 2011 off-season, Molinero signed with Real Murcia for three years. On 26 June 2014, after never appearing in less than 37 league matches, he moved to Real Betis also in the second tier; he achieved promotion in 2015, contributing one goal to the feat. On 25 June 2016, Molinero joined Getafe CF on a two-year contract. He returned to the second division in July 2018, with the 33-year-old agreeing to a deal at Sporting de Gijón. Career statistics Honours Betis Segunda División: 2014–15 References External links 1985 births Living people Footballers from the Province of Toledo Spanish men's footballers Men's association football defenders La Liga players Segunda División players Segunda División B players Segunda Federación players Atlético Madrid B players Atlético Madrid footballers Málaga CF players RCD Mallorca players Levante UD footballers SD Huesca footballers Real Murcia CF players Real Betis players Getafe CF footballers Sporting de Gijón players Racing Cartagena Mar Menor FC players Liga I players FC Dinamo București players Spain men's youth international footballers Spain men's under-21 international footballers Spanish expatriate men's footballers Expatriate men's footballers in Romania Spanish expatriate sportspeople in Romania	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco%20Molinero
Juan Valera Espín (born 21 December 1984) is a Spanish retired professional footballer. He operated as a defender or midfielder, on the right side of the pitch. He amassed La Liga totals of 200 matches and eight goals over 11 seasons, representing in the competition Murcia, Atlético Madrid, Racing de Santander and Getafe. Club career Born in Murcia, Valera made his professional debut at hometown's Real Murcia, and first played in La Liga in 2003–04, appearing in ten games during the season. In 2005–06 he moved to Atlético Madrid, where his progression was marred by injuries; on 25 February 2006, he scored twice as a substitute in a 5–0 home win against Málaga CF. On 1 September 2008, Valera agreed to a one-year loan at Racing de Santander. On 5 October he netted his first goal for the Cantabrians, in a 1–0 last-minute away victory over CA Osasuna; he also scored in December, but in an insufficient 3–1 UEFA Cup group stage defeat of Manchester City. Recalled for 2009–10, Valera also suffered initially with physical problems. However, he would manage to appear regularly for Atlético over the course of the campaign – more than 30 official matches – mainly as a right back, competing with internationals Luis Perea and Tomáš Ujfaluši for the position. He contributed with seven games in the Colchoneros Europa League victorious run, although only three complete, including the 1–2 away defeat against Liverpool in the semi-finals (2–2 aggregate win); he also featured one minute in the final. In mid-August 2011, after Valera and Atlético amicably terminated the player's contract, which expired in June of the following year, he signed with fellow top division side Getafe CF. During his first season he was first-choice right back, replacing longtime incumbent Miguel Torres, and scored his first goal on 26 November 2011 whilst handing FC Barcelona their first loss of the campaign through a 67th-minute header, for the game's only goal at the Coliseum Alfonso Pérez. Again through a set piece and with his head, in the second fixture of 2012–13, Valera scored the equaliser to help Getafe to an eventual 2–1 home win against Real Madrid. On 3 June 2015, he left the club after his contract expired. Honours ClubAtlético MadridUEFA Europa League: 2009–10 Copa del Rey runner-up: 2009–10 InternationalSpain U23' Mediterranean Games: 2005 References External links 1984 births Living people Footballers from Murcia Spanish men's footballers Men's association football defenders Men's association football midfielders La Liga players Segunda División players Tercera División players Real Murcia Imperial players Real Murcia CF players Atlético Madrid footballers Racing de Santander players Getafe CF footballers UEFA Europa League winning players Spain men's under-21 international footballers Spain men's under-23 international footballers Competitors at the 2005 Mediterranean Games Mediterranean Games medalists in football Mediterranean Games gold medalists for Spain	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan%20Valera%20%28footballer%29
Peter Bernard Luccin (; born 9 April 1979) is a French former professional footballer who played as a defensive midfielder. He currently serves as an assistant coach with MLS side FC Dallas. After arriving in Spain at age 22, he went on to appear in more than 300 official matches for a handful of clubs in the country. In La Liga, he amassed totals of 239 games and 11 goals over the course of eight seasons, spending three years apiece with Celta and Atlético Madrid. Club career Luccin was born in Marseille. After emerging through AS Cannes' youth system he appeared in his country for FC Girondins de Bordeaux, Olympique de Marseille and Paris Saint-Germain FC (where he collected 13 yellow cards during the 2000–01 season). Luccin's first adventure abroad came in summer 2001 when he arrived on loan to Celta de Vigo, which later became permanent. In July 2004 he transferred to fellow La Liga club Atlético Madrid from relegated Celta (even though he scored a career-best five goals that season, also being sent off twice). He helped the Colchoneros qualify to the UEFA Cup in the 2006–07 campaign and, during his three-year spell, appeared in an average of 30 games per season, receiving 39 yellow cards and five red in the process. Luccin was signed by Real Zaragoza at the last minute of the transfer window in August 2007, rejoining his former Celta coach Víctor Fernández. During that season the team dropped down a level and he picked 14 yellow cards, receiving his marching orders in a 3–3 home draw with RCD Espanyol. Again, on the last day of the summer transfer window, Racing de Santander completed the signing of Luccin from relegated Zaragoza – he signed a one-year loan at El Sardinero, seen as a direct replacement for Aldo Duscher who joined Sevilla FC at the same time. Returning to the Aragonese after an irregular 2008–09 he missed the entire campaign due to injury, and left the team after 2009–10. In July 2010, Luccin had a trial with Scottish Premier League side Celtic, but nothing came of it. In October 2011, after nearly two years away from competitive football, he signed for FC Lausanne-Sport in the Swiss Super League. In April 2012, Luccin left Lausanne after reportedly falling out with the club. He signed with Major League Soccer's FC Dallas on 10 December, leaving two years later after the team declined the option to retain him. International career Luccin played for France in the 1997 FIFA World Youth Championship, as the youngest member for the eventual quarter-finalists. Career statistics Club References External links Celta de Vigo biography 1979 births Living people French people of Martiniquais descent Footballers from Marseille French men's footballers Men's association football midfielders Ligue 1 players AS Cannes players FC Girondins de Bordeaux players Olympique de Marseille players Paris Saint-Germain F.C. players La Liga players Segunda División players RC Celta de Vigo players Atlético Madrid footballers Real Zaragoza players Racing de Santander players Swiss Super League players FC Lausanne-Sport players Major League Soccer players FC Dallas players France men's youth international footballers French expatriate men's footballers Expatriate men's footballers in Spain Expatriate men's footballers in Switzerland Expatriate men's soccer players in the United States French expatriate sportspeople in Spain French expatriate sportspeople in the United States FC Dallas non-playing staff	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter%20Luccin
Pablo Sicilia Roig (born 10 September 1981) is a Spanish former footballer who played usually as a central defender. He spent most of his 11-year professional career with Tenerife, appearing in 197 competitive games over six seasons, one spent in La Liga. Club career Sicilia was born in Las Palmas, Canary Islands. After starting professionally with local UD Vecindario, he joined Atlético Madrid for the 2004–05 season, but was mainly registered with the reserves. On 19 February 2006 he made his sole appearance with the first team, playing one minute in a 3–0 away win against neighbours Getafe CF. In the 2006–07 campaign, Sicilia signed for CD Tenerife in the second division, being an early first choice. In his third year, he contributed 36 games (2,843 minutes) as the club returned to La Liga after a seven-year absence. From 2009 to 2012, Sicilia played a further 80 league matches and scored eight goals, but Tenerife suffered two consecutive relegations in the process. He retired subsequently, aged 30. References External links 1981 births Living people Footballers from Las Palmas Spanish men's footballers Men's association football defenders La Liga players Segunda División players Segunda División B players Tercera División players UD Las Palmas Atlético players Universidad de Las Palmas CF footballers UD Vecindario players Atlético Madrid B players Atlético Madrid footballers CD Tenerife players	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pablo%20Sicilia
Ismael Gómez Falcón (born 24 April 1984) is a Spanish former professional footballer who played as a goalkeeper. He appeared in 232 Segunda División games over ten seasons, with Hércules (two spells), Celta, Alcorcón, Córdoba and Tenerife. He added five matches in La Liga for Atlético Madrid. Club career Falcón was born in Cádiz, Andalusia. After beginning his football career at Cádiz CF he was signed by Atlético Madrid aged 20 to finish his development, and he eventually battled for second-choice status for two seasons with another club graduate, Iván Cuéllar, appearing in five La Liga matches in 2005–06, the first being a 1–1 away draw against Athletic Bilbao on 3 December 2005 where he replaced the injured Leo Franco; he also represented the reserves during his tenure. After a small loan stint in the Segunda División with Hércules CF, Falcón was released (as Cuéllar) in July 2008 and joined another side at that level, RC Celta de Vigo. He continued playing in the same league afterwards, with Hércules, AD Alcorcón, Córdoba CF and CD Tenerife. In June 2021, Falcón agreed to a one-year contract at Atlético Sanluqueño CF. A year later he moved to San Fernando CD also in the Primera Federación, retiring shortly after at 38 to become the latter's goalkeepers coach. Career statistics References External links Celta de Vigo biography 1984 births Living people Spanish men's footballers Footballers from Cádiz Men's association football goalkeepers La Liga players Segunda División players Segunda División B players Primera Federación players Cádiz CF Mirandilla players Atlético Madrid B players Atlético Madrid footballers Hércules CF players RC Celta de Vigo players AD Alcorcón footballers Córdoba CF players CD Tenerife players Atlético Sanluqueño CF players San Fernando CD players Association football goalkeeping coaches	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ismael%20Falc%C3%B3n
Mario Suárez Mata (; born 24 February 1987) is a Spanish former professional footballer who played as a defensive midfielder. He amassed La Liga totals of 236 matches and 14 goals over 13 seasons, representing mainly in the competition Atlético Madrid and winning six major titles with the club, including the 2014 national championship and the 2012 Europa League. Suarez played 38 times for Spain at youth level, making his debut for the full side in 2013. Club career Atlético Madrid A product of Atlético Madrid's youth system, Suárez was born in Alcobendas, Madrid. He first appeared with the first team on 6 November 2005, playing four minutes in a 0–0 draw at Sevilla FC and going on to make a further three La Liga appearances during the season, including two 90-minute games. From 2006 to 2008, Suárez served two Segunda División loan stints, being an important element in Real Valladolid's 2007 top-flight return and spending his second year at RC Celta de Vigo. In August 2008 he was purchased by RCD Mallorca, signing a four-year deal that left Atlético the possibility of reacquiring the player. After two seasons appearing regularly – in the second, he scored five goals in 34 matches to help the Balearic Islands side qualify for the UEFA Europa League – the rebuy clause was activated and Suárez returned to the Colchoneros. In his debut campaign in his second spell, he battled for first-choice status at holding midfielder with Brazilian Paulo Assunção. He netted his first official goal for the club on 10 April 2011, in a 3–0 home win against Real Sociedad. On 10 August 2014, Suárez was knocked unconscious in a friendly against VfL Wolfsburg, after teammate Cristian Ansaldi's hip hit his head. He suffered a "traumatic brain injury" and stayed for treatment in Germany, while the rest of the team returned to Spain. However, on 19 August, he played the entire first leg of the Supercopa de España, a 1–1 draw away to Real Madrid. Suárez scored his second competitive goal of 2014–15 on 17 March 2015, through a 27th-minute deflected effort for the only goal against Bayer 04 Leverkusen in the UEFA Champions League's round-of-16. He also converted his penalty shootout attempt, in an eventual 3–2 win. Fiorentina On 24 July 2015, Suárez signed for Serie A club ACF Fiorentina, with Stefan Savić moving in the opposite direction. He appeared in only 13 competitive games during his six-month tenure, his maiden league appearance occurring on 23 August in a 2–0 home victory over AC Milan (23 minutes played). Suárez's sole goal for the Viola came on 1 November 2015, in a 4–1 rout of Frosinone Calcio. Watford On 30 January 2016, after weeks of negotiations, Watford announced the signing of Suárez on a four-and-a-half-year contract, for a €4 million transfer fee. His first Premier League appearance occurred four days later, as he came on as an 87th-minute substitute for Étienne Capoue in a 0–0 home draw against Chelsea. Suárez signed for Valencia CF on a season-long loan deal on 16 August 2016, with an option of a subsequent purchase. He scored his first brace as a senior on 16 October, in a 2–1 victory at Sporting de Gijón. Later years On 11 July 2017, Suárez transferred to Chinese Super League side Guizhou Hengfeng Zhicheng FC. He returned to Spain on 31 January 2019, joining Rayo Vallecano on a six-month contract. He helped the latter to achieve top-tier promotion at the end of the 2020–21 campaign, contributing 30 games and two goals (110 and 12 during his spell). Suárez announced his retirement from football in October 2023, aged 36. International career Suárez played for Spain in the 2007 FIFA U-20 World Cup in Canada. He scored a penalty in the match against Zambia, in a 2–1 win. Subsequently, he appeared for the under-21s at the 2009 UEFA European Championship in Sweden, in an eventual group stage exit. On 6 February 2013, Suárez earned his first cap for the full side, playing the last 20 minutes of the 3–1 friendly win over Uruguay in Doha, Qatar. Personal life In June 2017, Suárez married model Malena Costa Sjögren. Career statistics Club International Honours Valladolid Segunda División: 2006–07 Atlético Madrid La Liga: 2013–14 Copa del Rey: 2012–13 Supercopa de España: 2014; Runner-up 2013 UEFA Europa League: 2011–12 UEFA Super Cup: 2010, 2012 UEFA Champions League runner-up: 2013–14 Spain U19 UEFA European Under-19 Championship: 2006 References External links 1987 births Living people People from Alcobendas Spanish men's footballers Footballers from the Community of Madrid Men's association football midfielders La Liga players Segunda División players Segunda División B players Atlético Madrid B players Atlético Madrid footballers Real Valladolid players RC Celta de Vigo players RCD Mallorca players Valencia CF players Rayo Vallecano players Serie A players ACF Fiorentina players Premier League players Watford F.C. players Chinese Super League players Guizhou F.C. players UEFA Europa League winning players Spain men's youth international footballers Spain men's under-21 international footballers Spain men's international footballers Spanish expatriate men's footballers Expatriate men's footballers in Italy Expatriate men's footballers in England Expatriate men's footballers in China Spanish expatriate sportspeople in Italy Spanish expatriate sportspeople in England Spanish expatriate sportspeople in China	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario%20Su%C3%A1rez%20%28footballer%29
Roberto Jiménez Gago (; born 10 February 1986), known simply as Roberto, is a Spanish former professional footballer who played as a goalkeeper. He appeared in 150 La Liga matches over eight seasons, for Atlético Madrid (two spells), Zaragoza (twice), Espanyol, Málaga, Alavés and Valladolid. Abroad, he spent three years with Olympiacos where he won the Super League Greece in three consecutive seasons, and also played in Portugal with Benfica and England with West Ham United. Roberto represented Spain at youth level. Club career Atlético Madrid An Atlético Madrid youth graduate, Madrid-born Roberto played mainly for the reserves, only receiving the occasional call-up due to suspensions or injuries. After a plague of the latter he made his first-team debut on 22 December 2005, in a 2–1 away loss against CA Osasuna. In early July 2008, following a Segunda División loan at Gimnàstic de Tarragona, Roberto was deemed surplus to requirements and sold to fellow La Liga club Recreativo de Huelva as part of the deal that sent Florent Sinama Pongolle in the opposite direction – Atlético, however, had an option to rebuy. During his only season, which ended in relegation, he was restricted solely to appearances in the Copa del Rey. Roberto returned to Atlético on 13 July 2009 after a payment of €1,250,000 to the Andalusians, penning a three-year contract. This happened after the simultaneous departures of Grégory Coupet and Leo Franco. As first-choice Sergio Asenjo was summoned for the 2009 FIFA U-20 World Cup, Roberto was promoted to the starting XI, his first game being a 5–2 loss at FC Barcelona on 19 September. He got injured shortly after, and when he returned found himself third-choice behind Asenjo and youngster David de Gea; thus, in late January 2010, a loan to struggling Real Zaragoza was arranged until the end of the campaign– he relegated Juan Pablo Carrizo to the bench, helping the Aragonese finally escape relegation. Benfica On 25 June 2010, it was confirmed that S.L. Benfica signed Roberto for a fee of €8.5 million. In his first three official matches – the first against FC Porto in the season's Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira – his performances were poor overall, as the Lisbon club suffered three defeats and he conceded six goals; he was benched for the third Primeira Liga game of the season, at home against Vitória de Setúbal, but had to be brought in after Júlio César was sent off for a foul in the box at the 20-minute mark, and saved the ensuing penalty from Hugo Leal in a 3–0 win. Subsequently, Roberto fell out of favour at Benfica after the off-season signings of Artur and Eduardo. Zaragoza return On 1 August 2011, Roberto returned to Zaragoza, being transferred for a fee of €8.6 million in a purchase which was almost totally funded by a parent company of Zaragoza, who retained 99% of the player's economic rights. However, it was later reported that a football investment fund was involved in that deal. In his first season in his second spell, he played all 38 league games as the team again avoided top-flight relegation in the last round. He again started in the 2012–13 campaign, but they returned to the second tier after a four-year stay. Olympiacos Roberto returned to Atlético Madrid on 26 July 2013, signing a four-year contract after an arrangement with Benfica and being immediately loaned to Greek side Olympiacos FC. The transfer was questioned by the Portuguese Securities Market Commission, with Benfica explaining that BE Plan, the parent company who originally funded his transfer, defaulted on its obligations, so Zaragoza and Benfica agreed to revert the player's sporting and economic rights, with the latter immediately selling him to Atlético Madrid for €6 million. On 5 November 2013, Roberto put on a player of the match performance against his former club Benfica, in a 1–0 win in Piraeus in the season's UEFA Champions League. In February of the following year, Olympiacos and Atlético reached an agreement for a permanent €2.5 million transfer, and he signed a four-year contract with the former; prior the official announcement, news regarding the move were announced through the Karaiskakis Stadium loudspeakers during a match against Panionios FC. Roberto saved several shots in a 1–0 home win over Juventus F.C. in the Champions League on 22 October 2014, but his team eventually did not progress from the group stage. Espanyol On 22 June 2016, Roberto became new manager Quique Sánchez Flores' first signing at RCD Espanyol, penning a three-year contract for €3 million. On 5 July of the following year, after playing second-fiddle to Diego López, he moved to fellow league club Málaga CF on loan. Upon his return to the RCDE Stadium, Roberto did not take part in any more league games as López was present in all 38 fixtures. West Ham United On 31 May 2019, Roberto signed for West Ham United on a two-year deal for a free transfer commencing on 1 July. He made his full debut on 27 August, in a 2–0 win against Newport County in the second round of the EFL Cup. His maiden Premier League appearance took place on 28 September, when he replaced the injured Łukasz Fabiański 34 minutes into an eventual 2–2 away draw to AFC Bournemouth. He retained his place in goal with Fabianski's injury predicted to keep him out for up to two months, and several of his performances attracted criticism after he was deemed to be at fault for goals by Everton, Sheffield United, Newcastle United and Burnley, the latter where he pushed the ball into his own net for the opposition's third goal in a 3–0 victory. Following yet more poor form he was dropped to the bench, with third-choice David Martin playing the fixture against Chelsea on 30 November. Former West Ham manager Manuel Pellegrini blamed Roberto's form as part of the reason for his eventual sacking. After only ten competitive games for West Ham, on 20 January 2020 Roberto joined Deportivo Alavés on loan until the end of the season. During his brief tenure, in which he was praised for his professional approach even though he played second-fiddle to Fernando Pacheco, he conceded 19 goals. Valladolid In late August 2020, Roberto joined Real Valladolid on a free transfer and a three-year contract. He made his debut on 20 September in a 2–0 loss at Real Betis after Jordi Masip tested positive for COVID-19, and played roughly a third of the season's fixtures despite contracting the same virus in March. In 2021–22, with Pucela in the second division, new manager Pacheta played him for the first 19 games before switching to Masip. Roberto announced his retirement on 5 September 2022 at the age of 36, through his social media. International career Roberto won the first of his six caps for Spain at under-21 level on 5 June 2007, in a 1–0 away victory over Georgia for the 2009 UEFA European Championship qualifiers. Career statistics Honours Benfica Taça da Liga: 2010–11 Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira runner-up: 2010 Olympiacos Super League Greece: 2013–14, 2014–15, 2015–16 Greek Football Cup: 2014–15; runner-up 2015–16 Spain U17 UEFA European Under-17 Championship runner-up: 2003 Individual Super League Greece Goalkeeper of the Season 2013–14, 2015–16 Super League Greece Team of the Season: 2013–14, 2015–16 References External links 1986 births Living people Spanish men's footballers Footballers from Madrid Men's association football goalkeepers La Liga players Segunda División players Segunda División B players Atlético Madrid B players Atlético Madrid footballers Gimnàstic de Tarragona footballers Recreativo de Huelva players Real Zaragoza players RCD Espanyol footballers Málaga CF players Deportivo Alavés players Real Valladolid players Primeira Liga players S.L. Benfica footballers Super League Greece players Olympiacos F.C. players Premier League players West Ham United F.C. players Spain men's youth international footballers Spain men's under-21 international footballers Spanish expatriate men's footballers Expatriate men's footballers in Portugal Expatriate men's footballers in Greece Expatriate men's footballers in England Spanish expatriate sportspeople in Portugal Spanish expatriate sportspeople in Greece Spanish expatriate sportspeople in England	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roberto%20Jim%C3%A9nez%20%28footballer%2C%20born%201986%29
José Fernando Marqués Martínez (born 4 December 1984) is a Spanish former professional footballer who played as a midfielder. Club career Born in Madrid, Marqués first appeared professionally for hometown's Rayo Vallecano, playing ten games in La Liga then 25 in Segunda División. In the 2004–05 season he signed with Racing de Santander, but several bouts of indiscipline made him fall out of favour with the management, and he joined Atlético Madrid on loan in the January transfer window; he spent his first months with the capital side's B-team. Eventually Marqués failed to settle with both clubs, with which he still had another spell. After less than one month with CD Castellón he joined Greek team Iraklis Thessaloniki FC, remaining in the country until the end of his contract on 16 June 2009. On 26 June 2009, Marqués was linked with a move to Celtic. Following the initial link with the player the Scottish Premier League club offered him a trial on 14 July, and the player's agent, Manuel Ferrer, was quoted: "Celtic have made a proposal for Fernando to go on trial for a few days. However, this is unsure." He continued: "It's normal in the UK for players to go on trial. In Spain and Europe they do not do this kind of thing. So we are speaking and I hope he will accept"; eventually, nothing came of it. During the month of August, Marqués went on a week-long trial with RCD Espanyol. On the 25th, after convincing manager Mauricio Pochettino, he secured a contract for the 2009–10 campaign. He scored his first and only goal for the Catalans on 10 January 2010, coming on as a second-half substitute in a 2–1 home win against Real Zaragoza. Marques was signed by Parma F.C. on 14 July 2010 on loan from Terrassa FC, for €200,000, but injury disrupted his first year at the club and he did not take to the pitch once in the second half of the Serie A season. Nevertheless, the former signed him outright. Marqués was released in the summer of 2012, but he appealed to the Italian Football Federation as he did not agree to the early termination. The governing body restored the contract, but Parma appealed to both the Italian Federation's Federal Court of Justice and the Tribunale Nazionale di Arbitrato per lo Sport (TNAS) of the Italian National Olympic Committee. The club later withdrew its appeal to the latter, after the contract was finally terminated by mutual consent. References External links El Mundo stats 1984 births Living people Footballers from Madrid Spanish men's footballers Men's association football midfielders La Liga players Segunda División players Segunda División B players Rayo Vallecano B players Rayo Vallecano players Racing de Santander players Atlético Madrid B players Atlético Madrid footballers CD Castellón footballers RCD Espanyol footballers Terrassa FC footballers CD Guadalajara (Spain) footballers Super League Greece players Iraklis F.C. (Thessaloniki) players Serie A players Parma Calcio 1913 players Spain men's youth international footballers Spanish expatriate men's footballers Expatriate men's footballers in Greece Expatriate men's footballers in Italy Spanish expatriate sportspeople in Greece Spanish expatriate sportspeople in Italy	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernando%20Marqu%C3%A9s
Rufino Segovia del Burgo (born 1 March 1985), known simply as Rufino, is a Spanish footballer who plays for Marbella FC as a forward. Club career Born in Madrid, Rufino made his professional debut with hometown's Rayo Vallecano, first appearing with the first team in the 2004–05 season as they competed in the Segunda División B. He then moved to neighbours Atlético Madrid, where he would spend the vast majority of his spell with the reserves. Rufino's La Liga output would consist of two matches: on 22 April 2006, he replaced fellow youth graduate Manu del Moral for the final 20 minutes of a 1–0 win at Deportivo Alavés. Almost one year later, he played roughly the same amount of time in a 0–0 home draw against Real Betis. Released in summer 2007, Rufino took his game to division three, consecutively with Real Valladolid Promesas, Águilas CF, UD Melilla and CD Toledo. In July 2011, after one year in Hungary, he returned to his country and signed for Burgos CF of the same tier. Rufino spent the vast majority of the following seasons in the third division, also helping the club he represented mostly in this timeframe, CD Toledo, promote from the fourth in 2013. In 2015 he returned to top-flight football, sharing teams with four compatriots at ACS Poli Timișoara in the Romanian Liga I. While playing for Selangor F.C. in the Malaysia Super League, Rufino was crowned top scorer of the 2018 season with 19 goals, adding the Best Foreign Player award. Just five matches into the following campaign, he injured his Achilles tendon and was sidelined for nine months; during this period, he also lost his father (named Rufino as well). Rufino returned to Spain on 24 September 2021, with the 36-year-old signing with Tercera División RFEF club Marbella FC. Career statistics References External links 1985 births Living people Spanish men's footballers Footballers from Madrid Men's association football forwards La Liga players Segunda División B players Tercera División players Tercera Federación players Rayo Vallecano B players Rayo Vallecano players Atlético Madrid B players Atlético Madrid footballers Real Valladolid Promesas players Águilas CF players UD Melilla footballers CD Toledo players Burgos CF footballers Huracán Valencia CF players Marbella FC players Nemzeti Bajnokság I players Budapest Honvéd FC players Liga I players ACS Poli Timișoara players Hong Kong First Division League players Kitchee SC players Malaysia Super League players Selangor F.C. players Spanish expatriate men's footballers Expatriate men's footballers in Hungary Expatriate men's footballers in Romania Expatriate men's footballers in Hong Kong Expatriate men's footballers in Malaysia Spanish expatriate sportspeople in Hungary Spanish expatriate sportspeople in Romania Spanish expatriate sportspeople in Hong Kong Spanish expatriate sportspeople in Malaysia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rufino%20Segovia
Marcelo Fabián Sosa Farías (born 2 June 1978) is an Uruguayan retired footballer who played as a defensive midfielder. His nickname is "Pato" – Spanish for duck – and he played professionally for clubs in five countries. Club career Born in Montevideo, Sosa started his career at Danubio FC, being a mainstay for several seasons. In January 2004 he joined FC Spartak Moscow on a four-year deal, but only six months later he moved to Atlético Madrid in Spain on a free transfer, signing a three-year link with the La Liga club. Although he appeared in 28 league games during the campaign, Sosa failed to impress, being loaned to fellow league side CA Osasuna where he was used rarely during the Navarrese's historical season (a fourth place). He added two contests in the UEFA Cup. After another loan, at Club Atlético River Plate in January 2007, Sosa was allowed to join hometown's Club Nacional de Football on another free transfer, despite still having a six-month contract left with Atlético Madrid. On 7 January 2008, Tecos UAG officially presented him to the Guadalajara-area media. In the 2009 summer 31-year-old Sosa returned to his country, signing with national powerhouse C.A. Peñarol. In early February 2011 he joined fellow Primera División team Racing Club de Montevideo, on a six-month contract. International career Having first appeared for Uruguay in 2003, Sosa represented the nation at the 2004 Copa América, playing in all the matches for a final third-place. References External links National team data 1978 births Living people Footballers from Montevideo Uruguayan men's footballers Men's association football midfielders Uruguayan Primera División players Danubio F.C. players Club Nacional de Football players Peñarol players Racing Club de Montevideo players Russian Premier League players FC Spartak Moscow players La Liga players Atlético Madrid footballers CA Osasuna players Argentine Primera División players Club Atlético River Plate footballers Liga MX players Tecos F.C. footballers Uruguay men's international footballers 2004 Copa América players Uruguayan expatriate men's footballers Expatriate men's footballers in Russia Expatriate men's footballers in Spain Expatriate men's footballers in Argentina Expatriate men's footballers in Mexico Uruguayan expatriate sportspeople in Spain Uruguayan expatriate sportspeople in Mexico	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcelo%20Sosa
The Director of the United States Defense Intelligence Agency is a military officer who, upon nomination by the President of the United States and confirmation by the Senate, serves as the United States' highest-ranking military intelligence officer. As the head of the Defense Intelligence Agency, the Director is the principal intelligence adviser to the Secretary of Defense and the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. The Director also reports to the Director of National Intelligence, via the civilian Under Secretary of Defense for Intelligence. The Director is also the Commander of the Joint Functional Component Command for Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance, a subordinate command of United States Strategic Command. Additionally, the Director chairs the Military Intelligence Board, which coordinates activities of the entire defense intelligence community. The office of DIA Director is rotated between three-star Army, Navy, Air Force, and Marine Corps officers generally every three years. Line of succession In a June 2017 Action Memo, a line of succession was established for the position of Director should the sitting Director become incapacitated by death, resignation, or inability to perform the functions and duties of the office. In descending order the following DIA officials serve in the line of succession: Deputy Director Chief of Staff Director for Mission Services Director for Operations Director for Analysis Director for Science and Technology List of DIA Directors References External links DIA Web Site People of the Defense Intelligence Agency Defense Intelligence Agency	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Director%20of%20the%20Defense%20Intelligence%20Agency
Kunal Ganjawala (born 14 April 1972) is an Indian playback singer whose songs are mostly featured in Hindi and Kannada films. He has also sung in Marathi, Bengali and other official languages of India. Kunal began his career by singing jingles. He came to limelight in Hindi cinema with the song "Bheege Honth Tere" from the film Murder in 2004. It was his first biggest hit. The song earned him Zee Cine Award as Best Playback Singer in 2005. He came to limelight in Kannada cinema with the song "Neene Neene" from the film Aakash in 2005. Career Ganjawala graduated from St. Peter's School, Maza Gaon, Mazagaon. Kunal wanted to be either a chartered accountant or an actor. Kunal admits that it was his parents' support which made him possible to become a singer. Kunal's sister is a Bharatnatyam exponent, while his father plays the harmonica. With his parents' support he took singing seriously and started believing that he can become a singer. Later, Ganjawala learned music from Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan under the guidance of Sudhindra Bhaumick. His first singing assignment was a Ranjit Barot-composed jingle titled Doodh Doodh for the Operation Flood advertisement. Ganjawala has said that he was taken seriously by other music directors because he was working with Barot. Ganjawala's first break in Bollywood was Ab Ke Baras in 2002. Although the song did not mark him as a prominent singer, it earned him many offers. Thereafter he sang in many movies, such as Saathiya (2002), Indian Babu (2003), Paisa Vasool (2004), Khakee (2004), Rudraksh (2004), Dhoom (2004) and Meenaxi (2004). His breakthrough hit was "Bheege Hont Tere", from the film Murder, which won the 2005 Zee Cine Award Best Playback Singer – Male and IIFA Best Male Playback Award. Ganjawala entered the Kannada film industry in 2005. His very first song in Kannada, Neene Neene composed by music director R P Patnaik and written by K. Kalyan for the movie Akash, was a hit of the year. His big break in South India came in 2006 from the Kannada blockbuster film Mungaru Male. His song "Onde Ondu Sari" written by Kaviraj and composed by music director Mano Murthy became the biggest hit of the year. It created records, including for highest sales and downloads. Popular singer Sonu Nigam who is also known in South India for his hundreds of Kannada songs, recently composed a theme song for the Karnataka Bulldozer's team in the Celebrity Cricket League. With lyrics by Sowmya Raoh, this was sung by the trio of Ganjawala, Nigam and Raoh. Ganjawala has sung nearly 450 Kannada Songs thus far. He has participated in Sa Re Ga Ma, an Indian singing talent competition on Zee TV (now Sa Re Ga Ma Pa) when it was hosted by Nigam. He was a judge on Amul Star Voice of India, another singing competition on Star TV, together with Shreya Ghoshal and Pritam. Since then Ganjawala has worked for many music directors like Anu Malik, Anand–Milind, Nadeem-Shravan, Pritam, Himesh Reshammiya, Ismail Darbar, Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy, Anand Raj Anand, Rajesh Roshan, Viju Shah, Aadesh Shrivastava, Roop Kumar Rathod, Daboo Malik, and Sanjeev-Darshan. Kunal recently sang for Sanjay Leela Bhansali's Saawariya. His numbers from the films Maashah Alaah and Pari were running top on the chart. Other than Hindi and Kannada, he has also sung in Tamil, Marathi, Punjabi, Odia, Bengali, Telugu, Malayalam, Assamese and Sindhi languages. His song "Oh my love" from Bengali language movie Amanush Jeet Gannguli and "Channa Ve Ghar aa jaa" from a Punjabi album Channa Ve by DJ Anit & Music director Santokh Singh was also a success. In 2007, he participated in a concert tour in North America, called The Incredibles, also featuring Asha Bhosle, Nigam and Kailash Kher. On 3 April 2010 he performed at RECSTACY, the annual cultural event of NIT DURGAPUR. On 26 November 2010 he performed at SDM UTSAV, the mega fest event of SDMCET. In February 2018, he recorded India's first jazzy ghazal Dhatt, for the Indian recording label Indian Talkie. The song was composed by Sumit and written by Zeest and is a blend of two completely different genres, Jazz and Ghazal. The song was released on Valentine's Day 2018 to over 300 music streaming platforms, including Saavn, iTunes Spotify, Deezer, and Wynk Music. The Lyrical Making Video was released on Indian Talkie's official YouTube Channel, featuring Ganjawala and Sumit and his team. Personal life In 2005, he married fellow singer Gayatri Iyer. They performed the title track for STAR One's Antakshari together. He is a staunch devotee of Sri Sathya Sai Baba. Awards and recognition Kunal Ganjawala has received the following recognitions: \|- \| rowspan= 3 \| 2005 \| rowspan= 5 \| Murder \| Filmfare Awards "Best Male Playback Singer" "RD Burman Award for New Music Talent"(For: Bheege Honth Tere) \| rowspan=5 \|- \| IIFA Awards "Best Male Playback" (For: Bheege Honth Tere) \|- \| Zee Cine Awards "Best Playback Singer – Male"(For: Bheege Honth Tere) \|- \| rowspan= 2 \| 2006 \| Star Guild Awards "Best Male Playback Singer"(For: Bheege Honth Tere) \|- \| Bollywood Movie Awards "Bollywood Movie Award – Best Playback Singer Male"(For: Bheege Honth Tere) \|- \| 2009 \| Mussanjemaatu \| 56th Filmfare Awards South "Best Male Playback Singer"(For: Kaddalu Mansana) \| \|} Discography Hindi Non-film Kannada Bengali Tamil Telugu Marathi Punjabi Malayalam Odia Urdu Assamese Tulu References External links Living people Indian male playback singers Kannada playback singers Bollywood playback singers Sa Re Ga Ma Pa participants Musicians from Mumbai Elphinstone College alumni Indian Hindus 1972 births Filmfare Awards winners International Indian Film Academy Awards winners Zee Cine Awards winners	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunal%20Ganjawala
{{Infobox officeholder \| name =Linus Bacon Comins \| image =Linus B. Comins, Massachusetts Congressman.jpg \| state =Massachusetts \| district =4th \| term_start =March 4, 1855 \| term_end =March 3, 1859 \| preceded =Samuel H. Walley \| succeeded =Alexander H. Rice \|order4=City of Roxbury, Massachusetts, Member of the Common CouncilWard 5 \|term_start4=1846 \|term_end4=1848 \|predecessor4=None \|successor4=Aaron D. Williams, Jr. \|order3= City of Roxbury, Massachusetts, President of the Common Council \|term_start3=1847 \|term_end3=1848 \|predecessor3=Francis G. Shaw \|successor3=William A. Crafts \|order2=4th Mayor of Roxbury, Massachusetts \|term_start2=1854 \|term_end2=1854 \|predecessor2= Samuel Walker \|successor2= James Ritchie \| birth_date =November 29, 1817 \| birth_place =Charlton, Massachusetts \| death_date =October 14, 1892 (aged 75) \| death_place =Jamaica Plain, Massachusetts \| restingplace=Forest Hills Cemetery, Boston, Massachusetts \| nationality = \| party =American Party, Republican \| spouse =Mary Barker \| relations = \| children = \| residence = \| alma_mater = \| occupation = \| profession = \| religion = \| signature = \| website = \| footnotes = }}Linus Bacon Comins' (November 29, 1817 – October 14, 1892) was a Massachusetts politician who served as Mayor of Roxbury, Massachusetts and as a member of the United States House of Representatives from Massachusetts from 1855 to 1859. Early life Comins, the son of Mary (Bacon) Comins and Barnabus C. Comins, was born in Charlton, Massachusetts. Comins attended the common schools at Brookfield, Massachusetts and was graduated from Worcester County Manual Training High School. He engaged in manufacturing in Roxbury, Massachusetts. Political career Comins was a member of the Roxbury city council from 1846 to 1848 and served as its president in 1847 and 1848. He was the Mayor of Roxbury in 1854. He was elected as a candidate of the American Party to the Thirty-fourth Congress, March 4, 1855 - March 3, 1857, and as a Republican to the Thirty-fifth Congress (March 4, 1857 – March 3, 1859). Retirement After leaving Congress, he resumed manufacturing pursuits. He was a delegate to the Republican National Convention, 1860. Death and burial Comins died in Jamaica Plain, Massachusetts, October 14, 1892, and was interred at Forest Hills Cemetery in Jamaica Plain. References BibliographyA Catalogue of the City Councils of Boston, 1822-1908, Roxbury, 1846-1867, Charlestown 1847-1873 and of The Selectmen of Boston, 1634-1822 also of Various Other Town and Municipal officers, Boston, MA: City of Boston Printing Department, (1909) pp. 328–329. Thwing, Walter Eliot (1908), History of the First Church in Roxbury, Massachusetts, 1630-1904'', Boston, MA: W.A. Butterfield, (1908) p. 331. External links People from Charlton, Massachusetts Massachusetts city council members 1817 births 1892 deaths Mayors of Roxbury, Massachusetts Know-Nothing members of the United States House of Representatives from Massachusetts Republican Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Massachusetts 19th-century American politicians	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linus%20B.%20Comins
The Rytecraft Scootacar was a British microcar built by the British Motorboat Manufacturing Company in London between 1934 and 1940. The company later changed its name to BMB Engineering. It is possible that some might have been assembled after 1945. This very small car originated as a fairground Dodgem and was electrically powered. In 1934, the designer Jack Shillan changed the engine to a 98 cc Villiers Midget single-cylinder engine and sold it for road use. The transmission was single speed and operated by a single pedal which opened the throttle on being pressed down and applied the brake when released. The clutch was automatic. There were no springs. Drive was to one of the rear wheels and the single brake operated on the other. It was said to be capable of reaching 15 mph (25 km/h). The body was open and had a single seat. Later cars from about 1939 had a larger 250 cc engine, a three speed gearbox and normal pedal controls. Top speed was 40 mph (65 km/h). Two seats were now fitted along with electric lights. A commercial version, the Scootatruck was also made and for publicity some were styled to look like Vauxhall and Chrysler models. About 1000 were made. In the 1960s Jim Parkinson drove one around the world and it was a 98 cc model. Several survive and one is on display at the Brooklands museum. See also List of car manufacturers of the United Kingdom References Rytecraft discovered in India A-Z of Cars of the 1930s. Michael Sedwick and Mark Gillies. Bay View Books 1989. Microcars Defunct motor vehicle manufacturers of England Motor vehicle manufacturers based in London Cars introduced in 1934	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rytecraft
This is a list of all the winners of the Ukrainian Chess Championship, including those held when Ukraine was a Soviet republic and those held after Ukraine became independent. Players' names listed in parentheses indicate that the player won the tournament but did not receive the title since he was an outside competitor. The title went instead to the top-scoring Ukrainian. By year {\| class="sortable wikitable" ! # !! Year !! City !! Winner \|- \| 1 \|\| 1924 \|\| Kyiv \|\| Yakiv Vilner (1) \|- \| 2 \|\| 1925 \|\| Kharkiv \|\| Yakiv Vilner (2) \|- \| 3 \|\| 1926 \|\| Odesa \|\| Borys Verlinsky (1) & Mykhailo Marski (1) \|- \| 4 \|\| 1927 \|\| Poltava \|\| (Olexiy Selezniov), Vsevolod Rauzer (1) \|- \| 5 \|\| 1928 \|\| Odesa \|\| Yakiv Vilner (3) & Volodymyr Kirillov (1) \|- \| 6 \|\| 1931 \|\| Kharkiv \|\| Abram Zamikhovsky (1) \|- \| 7 \|\| 1933 \|\| Kharkiv \|\| Vsevolod Rauzer (2) & Volodymyr Kirillov (2) \|- \| 8 \|\| 1936 \|\| Kyiv \|\| Yosyp Pohrebyssky (1) & Petro Shumilin (1) \|- \| 9 \|\| 1937 \|\| Kyiv \|\| Fedir Bohatyrchuk (1) \|- \| 10 \|\| 1938 \|\| Kyiv \|\| Isaac Boleslavsky (1) \|- \| 11 \|\| 1939 \|\| Dnipropetrovsk \|\| Isaac Boleslavsky (2) \|- \| 12 \|\| 1940 \|\| Kyiv \|\| Isaac Boleslavsky (3) \|- \| 13 \|\| 1944 \|\| Kyiv \|\| Borys Goldenov (1) \|- \| 14 \|\| 1945 \|\| Kyiv \|\| Anatoly Bannik (1) \|- \| 15 \|\| 1946 \|\| Kyiv \|\| Anatoly Bannik (2) \|- \| 16 \|\| 1947 \|\| Kyiv \|\| Alexey Sokolsky (1) \|- \| 17 \|\| 1948 \|\| Kyiv \|\| Alexey Sokolsky (2) \|- \| 18 \|\| 1949 \|\| Odesa \|\| Isaac Lipnitsky (1) \|- \| 19 \|\| 1950 \|\| Kyiv \|\| Yukhym Heller (1) \|- \| 20 \|\| 1951 \|\| Kyiv \|\| Anatoly Bannik (3) \|- \| 21 \|\| 1952 \|\| Kyiv \|\| Vladlen Zurakhov (1) \|- \| 22 \|\| 1953 \|\| Kyiv \|\| Yakiv Yukhtman (1) \|- \| 23 \|\| 1954 \|\| Kyiv \|\| Abram Khavin (1) \|- \| 24 \|\| 1955 \|\| Kyiv \|\| Anatoly Bannik (4) \|- \| 25 \|\| 1956 \|\| Kyiv \|\| Isaac Lipnitsky (2) \|- \| 26 \|\| 1957 \|\| Kyiv \|\| (Salo Flohr) (1), Yukhym Heller (2) \|- \| 27 \|\| 1958 \|\| Kyiv \|\| Yukhym Heller (3) \|- \| 28 \|\| 1959 \|\| Kyiv \|\| Yukhym Heller (4) \|- \| 29 \|\| 1960 \|\| Kyiv \|\| Leonid Stein (1) \|- \| 30 \|\| 1961 \|\| Kyiv \|\| Yuri Kots (1) \|- \| 31 \|\| 1962 \|\| Kyiv \|\| Leonid Stein (2) \|- \| 32 \|\| 1963 \|\| Kyiv \|\| Yuri Nikolayevsky (1) \|- \| 33 \|\| 1964 \|\| Kyiv \|\| Anatoly Bannik (5) \|- \| 34 \|\| 1965 \|\| Dnipropetrovsk \|\| R. Goldstein (1) \|- \| 35 \|\| 1966 \|\| Kyiv \|\| Yuri Sakharov (1) \|- \| 36 \|\| 1967 \|\| Kyiv \|\| Valery Zhydkov (1) & Yuri Nikolayevsky (2) \|- \| 37 \|\| 1968 \|\| Kyiv \|\| Yuri Sakharov (2) \|- \| 38 \|\| 1969 \|\| Ivano-Frankivsk \|\| Hennady Kuzmin (1) & Volodymyr Savon (1) \|- \| 39 \|\| 1970 \|\| Kyiv \|\| Volodymyr Tukmakov (1) \|- \| 40 \|\| 1971 \|\| Donetsk \|\| Yuri Kots (2) \|- \| 41 \|\| 1972 \|\| Odesa \|\| Lev Alburt (1) \|- \| 42 \|\| 1973 \|\| Dnipropetrovsk \|\| Lev Alburt (2) \|- \| 43 \|\| 1974 \|\| Lviv \|\| Lev Alburt (3) \|- \| 44 \|\| 1975 \|\| Dnipropetrovsk \|\| Oleksandr Vaisman (1) \|- \| 45 \|\| 1976 \|\| Donetsk \|\| Mykhailo Pidhayets (1) \|- \| 46 \|\| 1977 \|\| Zhytomyr \|\| Yuri Nikolayevsky (3) \|- \| 47 \|\| 1978 \|\| Yalta \|\| Kostiantyn Lerner (1) \|- \| 48 \|\| 1979 \|\| Dnipropetrovsk \|\| Volodymyr Okhotnyk (1) \|- \| 49 \|\| 1980 \|\| Kharkiv \|\| Volodymyr Malaniuk (1) \|- \| 50 \|\| 1981 \|\| Yalta \|\| Volodymyr Malaniuk (2) \|- \| 51 \|\| 1982 \|\| Yalta \|\| Kostiantyn Lerner (2) \|- \| 52 \|\| 1983 \|\| Melitopol \|\| Dmytro Komarov (1) & Valery Neverov (1) \|- \| 53 \|\| 1984 \|\| Kyiv \|\| Mykhailo Hurevych (1) \|- \| 54 \|\| 1985 \|\| Uzhhorod \|\| Valery Neverov (2) \|- \| 55 \|\| 1986 \|\| Lviv \|\| Volodymyr Malaniuk (3) \|- \| 56 \|\| 1987 \|\| Mykolaiv \|\| Viktor Moskalenko (1) \|- \| 57 \|\| 1988 \|\| Kharkiv & Lviv \|\| Valery Neverov (3) \|- \| 58 \|\| 1989 \|\| Kherson \|\| Ihor Novikov (1) & Hennady Kuzmin (2) \|- \| 59 \|\| 1990 \|\| Simferopol \|\| Mykhailo Brodsky (1) \|- \| 60 \|\| 1991 \|\| Simferopol \|\| Vitali Golod (1) \|- \| 61 \|\| 1992 \|\| Simferopol \|\| Vladyslav Borovikov (1) \|- \| 62 \|\| 1993 \|\| Donetsk \|\| Orest Grytsak (1) \|- \| 63 \|\| 1994 \|\| Alushta \|\| Yuri Kruppa (1) \|- \| 64 \|\| 1995 \|\| ? \|\| Serhiy Kryvosheya (1) \|- \| 65 \|\| 1996 \|\| Yalta \|\| Mykhailo Holubiev (1) & Valery Neverov (4) \|- \| 66 \|\| 1997 \|\| Alushta \|\| Volodymyr Baklan (1) \|- \| 67 \|\| 1998 \|\| Alushta \|\| Lubomyr Mykhailets (1), Volodymyr Baklan (2), Oleh Berezin (1) \|- \| 68 \|\| 1999 \|\| Alushta \|\| Hennady Kuzmin (3), Alexei Bezgodov (1), Stanislav Savchenko (1),Oleksandr Moiseyenko (1), Andriy Rakhmangulov (1) \|- \| 69 \|\| 2000 \|\| Sevastopol \|\| Volodymyr Rohovski (1) \|- \| 70 \|\| 2001 \|\| Ordzhonikidze \|\| Oleksandr Berelovych (1) \|- \| 71 \|\| 2002 \|\| Alushta \|\| Anton Korobov (1) \|- \| 72 \|\| 2003 \|\| Simferopol \|\| Yevhen Miroshnychenko (1) \|- \| 73 \|\| 2004 \|\| Kharkiv \|\| Andriy Volokitin (1) \|- \| 74 \|\| 2005 \|\| Rivne \|\| Oleksandr Areschenko (1) \|- \| 75 \|\| 2006 \|\| Poltava \|\| Zakhar Yefymenko (1) \|- \| 76 \|\| 2007 \|\| Kharkiv \|\| Valeriy Aveskulov (1) \|- \| 77 \|\| 2008 \|\| Poltava \|\| Yevhen Miroshnychenko (2) \|- \| 78 \|\| 2009 \|\| Alushta \|\| Volodymyr Jakymov (1) \|- \| 79 \|\| 2010 \|\| Alushta \|\| Sergey Pavlov (1) \|- \| 80 \|\| 2011 \|\| Kyiv \|\| Ruslan Ponomariov (1) \|- \| 81 \|\| 2012 \|\| Kyiv \|\| Anton Korobov (2) \|- \| 82 \|\| 2013 \|\| Kyiv \|\| Yuriy Kryvoruchko (1) \|- \| 83 \|\| 2014 \|\| Lviv \|\| Yuriy Kuzubov (1) \|- \| 84 \|\| 2015 \|\| Lviv \|\| Andriy Volokitin (2) \|- \| 85 \|\| 2016 \|\| Rivne \|\| Mikhailo Oleksienko (1) \|- \| 86 \|\| 2017 \|\| Zhytomyr \|\| Petro Golubka (1) \|- \| 87 \|\| 2018 \|\| Kyiv \|\| Anton Korobov (3) \|- \| 88 \|\| 2019 \|\| Lutsk \|\| Evgeny Shtembuliak (1) \|} Most championships Women {\| class="sortable wikitable" !# !! Year !! City !! Winner \|- \| 1 \|\| 1935 \|\| \|\| Berta Vaisberg, Roza Kliherman \|- \| 2 \|\| 1936 \|\| \|\| Zinaida Artemieva, Berta Vaisberg, Roza Kliherman \|- \| 3 \|\| 1937 \|\| \|\|Tamara Dobrovolska \|- \| 4 \|\| 1938 \|\| \|\| Zinaida Artemieva, Berta Vaisberg, Sofiya Sokolyk \|- \| 5 \|\| 1939 \|\| \|\|Sara Slobodyanyk \|- \| 6 \|\| 1946 \|\| \|\|Berta Vaisberg \|- \| 7 \|\| 1947 \|\| \|\| Lyubov Kohan \|- \| 8 \|\| 1948 \|\| \|\| Lyubov Kohan \|- \| 9 \|\| 1949 \|\| \|\| Korsunska \|- \| 10 \|\| 1950 \|\| \|\| Berta Vaisberg, A. Rubinchyk \|- \| 11 \|\| 1951 \|\| \|\|Lyubov Kohan \|- \| 12 \|\| 1952 \|\| \|\|Lyubov Kohan \|- \| 13 \|\| 1953 \|\| \|\|Lyubov Kohan \|- \| 14 \|\| 1954 \|\| \|\|Lyubov Kohan \|- \| 15 \|\| 1955 \|\| \|\|Esfir Holdberh \|- \| 16 \|\| 1956 \|\| \|\|Berta Vaisberg \|- \| 17 \|\| 1957 \|\| \|\|Olena Malynova \|- \| 18 \|\| 1958 \|\| \|\|Nina Rusinkevich \|- \| 19 \|\| 1959 \|\| \|\|Berta Vaisberg \|- \| 20 \|\| 1960 \|\| \|\|Olena Malynova \|- \| 21 \|\| 1961 \|\| \|\| Olga Andreieva \|- \| 22 \|\| 1962 \|\| \|\|Olena Malynova \|- \| 23 \|\| 1963 \|\| \|\| Lyubov Idelchyk \|- \| 24 \|\| 1964 \|\| \|\|Raisa Vapnychna \|- \| 25 \|\| 1965 \|\| \|\|Olga Andreieva \|- \| 26 \|\| 1966 \|\| \|\|Olga Andreieva \|- \| 27 \|\| 1967 \|\| \|\| Marta Shul \|- \| 28 \|\| 1968 \|\| \|\|Nina Rusinkevich \|- \| 29 \|\| 1969 \|\| \|\| Lyubov Idelchyk \|- \| 30 \|\| 1970 \|\| \|\|Tatiana Morozova \|- \| 31 \|\| 1971 \|\| \|\| Lidia Semenova \|- \| 32 \|\| 1972 \|\| \|\|Olga Andreieva \|- \| 33 \|\| 1973 \|\| \|\|Olena Yelina \|- \| 34 \|\| 1974 \|\| \|\|Lydia Mulenko \|- \| 35 \|\| 1975 \|\| \|\|Lyubov Shcherbyna \|- \| 36 \|\| 1976 \|\| \|\|Lydia Mulenko \|- \| 37 \|\| 1977 \|\| \|\| Marta Litinskaya \|- \| 38 \|\| 1978 \|\| \|\| Lyubov Lysenko \|- \| 39 \|\| 1979 \|\| \|\| Elena Titova \|- \| 40 \|\| 1980 \|\| \|\|Larisa Muchnik \|- \| 41 \|\| 1981 \|\| Odesa \|\|Natalia Gasiunas \|- \| 42 \|\| 1982 \|\| Lviv \|\| Irina Chelushkina \|- \| 43 \|\| 1983 \|\| Kyiv \|\|Viktoria Artamonova \|- \| 44 \|\| 1984 \|\| Sevastopol \|\| Natalia Ruchieva \|- \| 45\|\| 1985 \|\| Mykolaiv \|\|Larisa Muchnik \|- \| 46 \|\| 1986 \|\| Lviv \|\| Zoya Lelchuk \|- \| 47 \|\| 1987 \|\| Lviv \|\| Irina Chelushkina \|- \| 48 \|\| 1988 \|\| Kyiv \|\| Elena Sedina \|- \| 49 \|\| 1989 \|\| Luhansk \|\| Maria Nepeina \|- \| 50 \|\| 1990 \|\| Kyiv \|\| Elena Sedina \|- \| 51 \|\| 1991 \|\| Luhansk \|\| Maria Nepeina \|- \| 52 \|\| 1992 \|\| Luhansk \|\| Maria Nepeina \|- \| 53 \|\| 1993 \|\| Kharkiv \|\|Maria Dekusar \|- \| 54 \|\| 1994 \|\| Luhansk \|\| Natalia Kiseleva \|- \| 55 \|\| 1995 \|\| Lviv \|\| Marta Litinskaya \|- \| 56 \|\| 1996 \|\| Chernihiv \|\| Tatiana Melamed \|- \| 57 \|\| 1997 \|\| Kyiv \|\| Lidia Semenova \|- \| 58 \|\| 1998 \|\| Kalush \|\|Galina Shliakhtich \|- \| 59 \|\| 1999 \|\| Kharkiv \|\|Nadezhda Jadvizhena \|- \| 60 \|\| 2000 \|\| Mykolaiv \|\| Katerina Rohonyan \|- \| 61 \|\| 2001 \|\| Kramatorsk \|\| Anna Zatonskih \|- \| 62 \|\| 2002 \|\| Alushta \|\| Tatjana Vasilevich \|- \| 63 \|\| 2003 \|\| Mykolaiv \|\| Anna Muzychuk \|- \| 64 \|\| 2004 \|\| Alushta \|\| Olga Alexandrova \|- \| 65 \|\| 2005 \|\| Kharkiv \|\| Anna Ushenina \|- \| 66 \|\| 2006 \|\| Odesa \|\| Oksana Vozovic \|- \| 67 \|\| 2007 \|\| Poltava \|\| Tatjana Vasilevich \|- \| 68 \|\| 2008 \|\| Mykolaiv \|\| Inna Gaponenko \|- \| 69 \|\| 2009 \|\| Evpatoria \|\| Evgeniya Doluhanova \|- \| 70 \|\| 2010 \|\| Poltava \|\| Tatjana Vasilevich \|- \| 71 \|\| 2011 \|\| Poltava \|\| Kateryna Dolzhykova \|- \| 72 \|\| 2012 \|\| Kharkiv \|\| Mariya Muzychuk \|- \| 73 \|\| 2013 \|\| Kyiv \|\| Mariya Muzychuk \|- \| 74 \|\| 2014 \|\| Lviv \|\| Anna Muzychuk \|- \| 75\|\| 2015 \|\| Lviv \|\| Anastasiya Rakhmangulova \|- \| 76\|\| 2016 \|\| Rivne \|\| Elizaveta Malakhova \|- \| 77\|\| 2017 \|\| Zhytomyr \|\| Iulija Osmak \|- \| 78 \|\| 2018 \|\| Kyiv \|\| Nataliya Buksa \|- \| 79 \|\| 2019 \|\| Lutsk \|\| Natalia Zhukova \|} References RUSBASE (part V) 1919-1937,1991-1994 RUSBASE (part IV) 1938-1960 RUSBASE (part III), 1961-1969,1985-1990 RUSBASE (part II) 1970-1984 2007 edition ChessBase report on the 2007 edition ChessBase report on the 2008 edition Chess national championships Women's chess national championships Championship Chess	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian%20Chess%20Championship
Comins may refer to: People Harry M. Comins (1882–1962), American politician, Mayor of Flint, Michigan (1938–1940) Linus B. Comins (1817-1892), American politician from Massachusetts Richard Blundell Comins (1848–1919), English Anglican priest William Comins (1901–1965), American Olympic long jumper Places Comins Township, Michigan Comins, Michigan, an unincorporated community Comins Coch, Ceredigion, Wales See also Commins (disambiguation) Comyns (disambiguation)	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comins
A balloon-carried light effect is a special effect carried by a balloon, which can be fixed with a rope to the ground or free-flying. They are commonly misidentified as "Unidentified Flying Objects" by members of public. Uses Balloon-carried light effects can be used without safety concerns at events with a lot of people, because unlike fireworks they do not require the use of flammable substances. The brightness is much lower, when non-dangerous light sources such as lightsticks or battery-powered lamps are used. Balloon-carried light effects cannot replace fireworks, but supplement them, because of their long lighting time (if lightsticks or battery powered lamps are used) and because of their inherent safety. To realise a balloon-carried light effect, one or more balloons are used, capable of carrying a lightstick or a small battery powered lamp. Further it is possible to insert one or two small lightsticks into a transparent balloon. It is also possible for larger balloon-carried light effects to use tethered balloons, which also can contain an electric cable power supply: these 'artificial moons' may be used for floodlighting. Open-air concert use Balloon-carried light effects are sometimes used on open-air concerts and similar events. For film and event use, balloons are offered as suspended air-filled or tethered floating helium-filled. The latter for outdoors uses a 2-meter diameter balloon and 4 1000 Watt halogen tungsten lights inside, rising up about 10 m and withstanding only calm winds. Other uses included fixed or pole balloons, spread like an umbrella, the upper half reflective coated, the lower half semi-opaque, light construction sites on highways, or accident sites in case of emergency. Balloons (entertainment)	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balloon-carried%20light%20effect
Cailtram son of Girom was a king of the Picts from 537 to 538. The Pictish Chronicle king lists have him ruling for one or six years between his brother Gartnait son of Girom and Talorc son of Muircholach. No two lists which give a possibly authentic version of his name agree on its form, variants including Cailtarni and Cailtaine. Later versions include Kelhiran, Kelturan and Kyburcan. He is the third son of Girom listed as king, although Drest son of Girom is not explicitly stated to have been a brother of Cailtram and Gartnait. References Anderson, Alan Orr, Early Sources of Scottish History A.D 500–1286, volume 1. Reprinted with corrections. Paul Watkins, Stamford, 1990. External links Pictish Chronicle 538 deaths Pictish monarchs 6th-century Scottish monarchs Year of birth unknown	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cailtram
Barsa-Kelmes (, , Barsakelmes meaning "the place of no return") is a former island, the largest in the Aral Sea. Its area was 133 km2 in the 1980s, but as the sea became more shallow it steadily grew, until in the 1990s it ceased to be an island. Its highest altitude is 113 m. "Barsa-Kelmes" means "the place of no return". It was given such a name because of number of stories by people (or groups of people) returning after years or even decades after going to the island whilst those people were saying of only 2 or 3 days. It encompasses the Barsa-Kelmes Nature Reserve. Because of the native salt deposits, visitors are recommended to close their eyes during dust storms and strong winds. History The first recorded survey of Barsa-Kelmes was made in August 1848, when Geographer A. Maksheyev and topographer A. Akishev made a topographical survey of the island and described its landscape. The first sketches of the local flora and fauna were made by Taras Shevchenko. A jumping spider, Sitticus barsakelmes, was named after the island in 1998. Urban legend During the second half of the 20th century, there was a persistent urban legend about paranormal phenomena occurring on the island. The legend reached its peak in the early 1990s, when popular science magazine Tekhnika Molodyozhi published a large article about these phenomena, listing local medical student Sergey Lukyanenko as their chief source. It told an engaging story of variable flow of time on the island and possible UFO visitation, and featured letters and stories from local fishermen about strange temporal variations, disappearing expeditions, and other mysteries. It was later revealed, however, that the legends were a series of elaborate hoaxes perpetrated by successive generations of local writers and journalists, which central publications in the USSR had believed and picked up to boost public interest. The hoax had in fact been first perpetrated and then revealed by Lukyanenko and Grigory Neverov, then president of KLF MGU (KLF = kluba lyubiteley fantastiki, club of fantasy fans), whose involvement started it all. As the story went, when Neverov asked his colleagues throughout the Soviet Union whether they recalled any stories about paranormal phenomena in their regions, Lukyanenko, then an active member of the Almaty KLF, remembered some rumors about mysterious doings on Barsa-Kelmes and decided to play a practical joke on the Muscovite. He found the origin of the rumors, an old story in a local newspaper, together with his friends fabricated the evidences like the letters from fishermen, and even invented a local version of a Kazakh epic about the hero . Neverov bought into a story and reported it to the TM editorial staff, who published the article. Later, when Lukyanenko admitted the hoax to Neverov, they tried to trace the origin of the article that had inspired the joke, and found that it itself was a joke by a local journalist. References External links Чернобров В. А. Остров Барсакельмес Lake islands of Kazakhstan Islands of the Aral Sea	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barsa-Kelmes
Kampil is a town and a Nagar panchayat in Farrukhabad district in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh. It is located about 45 km from Farrukhabad, and 55 km from Budaun. It is a very important place from a historical point of view. History Shraman Era It is believed to be the birthplace of the 13th Tirthankara Bhagwan Shree Vimalnath. This is a Holy Land where the four Kalyanakas—chayavan, birth, diksa and omniscience—of Tirthankara 1008 Bhagawan Shree Vimalnatha, the thirteenth Tirthnakara took place. This Place was also graced by the visit of Lord Mahavira. Apart from these, there are many old temples, which signify the historical and religious importance of Kampil. During the epic period it was the capital of King Drupada, the father of Draupadi. The sacrificial altar (Yajna Kunda) from which Draupadi is believed to have been born from the fire of knowledge, is situated in Kampil. Near the sacrificial altar, there is a structure, which is the hermitage of a sage Kampila, where he used to perform penance. Southern Panchala Southern Panchala kingdom or Panchala-proper, one of the historical mahajanapadas of ancient India (c. 6th to 4th centuries BC), had Kampilya city as its capital. This kingdom extended from the Ganga River to river Charmanwati. It was annexed into the Nanda Empire during the reign of Mahapadma Nanda. Ahichchhatra was capital of northern Panchala and Kampilya was capital of southern Panchala. By tradition the temple of Rameshwarnatha Mahadeva is attributed to Shatrughana, brother of Rama. It is said that he had brought the idol (Lingam) of Shiva, which was worshiped by Sita, the wife of Rama in Ashoka Vatika while she was held in captivity in Lanka and installed it in this temple. Mughal era Kampil is listed in the Ain-i-Akbari as a pargana under the sarkar of Kannauj, producing a revenue of 1,651,586 dams for the imperial treasury and supplying a force of 200 infantry and 100 cavalry. References of Panchala in Mahabharata People from Panchala In Mahabharata many figures were mentioned as the natives of Panchala Panchali : Wife of the Pandavas Dhrishtadyumna : Commander-in-Chief of the Pandavas in Kurukshetra War and brother of Panchali Drupada : Father of Panchali and Dhristadyumna Shikhandi : Another son of Drupada (He married from Dasarna - see Dasarna Kingdom) Prishata : Father of Drupada (1,131) Satyajit : Commander-in-chief of Panchala army under king Drupada Sage Dhaumya : Priest of the Pandavas (1,185). Aruni : A Brahmin boy from Panchala and a disciple of sage Dhaumya (1,3). Many other sons of Drupada (a total of 10) and other Panchala princes (like Yudhamanyu, Uttamaujas, Janamejaya (8,82) etc.) were mentioned as battling in Kurukshetra War, allied with the Pandavas. Origin of Panchala Tribe Mahabharata, Book 1, Chapter 94: The lineage extending from Puru to Santanu. The following passage from Mahabharata, that describes the Puru lineage of kings, shows the kinship of the Kurus and the Panchalas, both branched out from the same line. When Janamejaya wished to hear the history of kings who were descended from Puru. Vaisampayana narrated the lineage of kings in Puru's line. Lineage of Puru Kings up to the branching of Panchala tribe Puru had by his wife Paushti three sons, Pravira, Iswara, and Raudraswa. Amongst them, Pravira was the perpetuator of the dynasty. Pravira had by his wife Suraseni a son named Manasyu. Manasyu had for his wife Sauviri. And he begat upon her three sons called Sakta, Sahana, and Vagmi. Raudraswa begat upon the Apsara Misrakesi ten sons. They all had sons. They are Richeyu, Kaksreyu Vrikeyu, Sthandileyu, Vaneyu, Jaleyu, Tejeyu, Satyeyu, Dharmeyu and Sannateyu the tenth. Amongst them all, Richeyu became the sole monarch and was known by the name of Anadhrishti. Anadhristi had a son of the name of Matinara who became a famous and virtuous king and performed the Rajasuya and the Ashwamedha. Matinara had four sons viz., Tansu, Mahan, Atiratha, and Druhyu. (Amongst them, Tansu of great prowess became the perpetrator of Puru's line). Tansu begat a son named Ilina. Ilina begat upon his wife Rathantara five sons with Dushmanta (Dushyanta) at their head. They were Dushmanta, Sura, Bhima, Pravasu, and Vasu. The eldest of them, Dushmanta, became king. Dushmanta had by his wife Sakuntala an intelligent son named Bharata who became king. Bharata gave his name to the race of which he was the founder. It is from him that the fame of that dynasty hath spread so wide. Bharata begat upon his three wives nine sons in all. But none of them were like their father and so Bharata was not at all pleased with them. Their mothers, therefore, became angry and slew them all. The procreation of children by Bharata, therefore, became vain. The monarch then performed a great sacrifice and through the grace of Bharadwaja obtained a son named Bhumanyu. Then Bharata, the great descendant of Puru, regarding himself as really possessing a son, installed that son as his heir-apparent. Bhumanyu begat upon his wife, Pushkarini six sons named Suhotra, Suhotri, Suhavih, Sujeya, Diviratha and Kichika. During the virtuous reign of Suhotra the surface of the whole earth was dotted all over with hundreds and thousands, of sacrificial stakes. Suhotra, begat, upon his wife Aikshaki three sons, viz., Ajamidha, Sumidha, and Purumidha. The eldest of them, Ajamidha, was the perpetuator of the royal line. And he begat six sons,--Riksha was born of the womb of his wife Dhumini; Dushmanta and Parameshthin, of his wife Nili; Jahnu, Jala and Rupina were born of his wife Kesini. Kushikas are the sons of Jahnu. All the tribes of the Panchalas are descended from Dushmanta and Parameshthin, two sons of the second wife of Puru king Ajamidha. War between Panchalas and the forefathers of Kurus Continuous war between the Kurus and Panchalas led the defeated Kurus to be exiled from their kingdom. They lived in the forests on the banks of Sindhu. Later the Kurus retook their capital. Riksha who was older than both Jala and Rupina became king. Riksha begat Samvarana, the perpetuator of the royal line. While Samvarana, the son of Riksha, was ruling, there happened a great loss of people from famine, pestilence, drought, and disease. The Bharata princes were beaten by the troops of enemies. And the Panchalas setting out to invade the whole land with their four kinds of troops soon brought the whole land under their sway. And with their ten Akshauhinis the king of the Panchalas defeated the Bharata prince. Samvarana then with his wife and ministers, sons and relatives, fled in fear, and took shelter in the forest on the banks of the Sindhu extending to the foot of the (western) mountains. There the Bharatas lived for a full thousand years (for a long period), within their fort. After they had lived there a long period, one day the sage Vasishtha approached the exiled Bharatas. It hath been heard that Vasishtha (becoming the priest) then installed the Bharata prince in the sovereignty of all the Kshatriyas. The king retook the capital that had been taken away from him and once more made all monarchs pay tribute to him. The powerful Samvarana, was thus installed once more in the actual sovereignty of the whole land. Samvarana begat upon his wife, Tapati (whose abode was on the banks of river Tapati (Tapti, Maharashtra)), the daughter of Surya (a king of the Solar Dynasty), a son named Kuru. This Kuru was exceedingly virtuous, and therefore, he was installed on the throne by his people. It is after his name that the field called Kurujangala (eastern Haryana) has become so famous in the world. Devoted to asceticism, he made that field Kurukshetra sacred by practising asceticism there. He was the founder of the Kuru dynasty and the Kuru Kingdom. It seems that the Samvarana who retook the capital was another king in the line of the exiled king Samvarana. Another interesting fact is that sages in the line of Vasistha, were the priests of Solar Dynasty of kings (especially the Ikshwakus) for many generations. This could be the reason why Samvarana, who took Vasistha as his priest, married from the Solar Dynasty. The history of Samvarana falling in love with Tapati, while he roamed in the vicinity of Tapati river (Tapti river Maharashtra) and Vasistha's help in getting the consent of king Surya, her father, to give her in marriage to Samvaran—all these are mentioned at (1-173,174,175,176). Drupada becomes the king of Panchala Mahabharata, Book 1: Adi Parva, Chapter 131: The History of Drona There was a king named Prishata who was a great friend of Bharadwaja. About this time Prishata had a son born unto him, named Drupada. Drupada, the son of Prishata, used every day to come to the hermitage of Bharadwaja to play with Drona and study in his company. When Prishata was dead, this Drupada became the king of the Northern Panchalas. Once Drupada became the king, he forgot his friendship with Drona. Drupada insulted Drona by telling him that he deserved not to be his friend, because Drona was not a king, but a poor Brahmana. The partition of the Panchala Kingdom Mahabharata, Book 1: Adi Parva, Chapter 140: Arjuna takes Drupada captive Drona defeated Drupada, by means of his disciple Arjuna, to settle his old scores. Drona spoke as follows to the captive Drupada:- Thou toldest me before that none who was not a king could be a king's friend. Therefore, is it, O Yajnasena (Drupada), that I retain half thy kingdom. Thou art the king of all the territory lying on the southern side of the Bhagirathi (Ganga), while I become king of all the territory on the north of that river. And, O Panchala, if it pleaseth thee, know me hence for thy friend. On hearing these words, Drupada answered:-, Thou art of noble soul and great prowess. Therefore, O Brahmana, I am not surprised at what thou doest. I am very much gratified with thee, and I desire thy eternal friendship. After this, Drona released the king of Panchala, and cheerfully performing the usual offices of regard, bestowed upon him half the kingdom. Thenceforth Drupada began to reside sorrowfully in the city of Kampilya within the province of Makandi on the banks of the Ganges filled with many towns and cities. And after his defeat by Drona, Drupada ruled the Southern Panchalas up to the bank of the Charmanwati river. Meanwhile, Drona continued to reside in Ahichatra. Thus was the territory of Ahicchatra full of towns and cities, obtained by Arjuna, and bestowed upon Drona. (Later, Drona gave the rulership of Northern Panchala kingdom to his son Ashwathama and stayed at Hastinapura the capital of Kuru Kingdom.) The higher status of Panchalas and Kurus in ancient India The Kuru-Panchala was considered foremost among the provinces in Bharata Varsha (ancient India), comprising the Kuru and Panchala Kingdoms (6,9). The Kurus and Panchalas were considered as foremost among the ruling tribes in ancient India, adhering close to the Vedic religion. They were the proponents of the Vedic religion in its dogmatic and purest form. Other tribes imitated the practices of these tribes and thus got accepted into the Vedic religions. Commencing with the Panchalas, the Kauravas, the Naimishas (a forest-country to the east of Panchala), the Matsyas, all these, know what religion is. The old men among the Northerners, the Angas, the Magadhas, without themselves knowing what virtue is follow the practices of the Kuru-Panchalas (8,45). The Kurus and the Panchalas comprehend from a half-uttered speech; the Salwas cannot comprehend till the whole speech is uttered. The Magadhas are comprehenders of signs; the Koshalas comprehend from what they see. The Mountaineers, like the Sivis, are very stupid. The Yavanas are omniscient; the Suras are particularly so. The mlecchas are wedded to the creations of their own fancy that other peoples cannot understand (8,45). The Panchalas observe the duties enjoined in the Vedas; the Kauravas observe truth; the Matsyas and the Surasenas perform sacrifices. Beginning with the Matsyas, the residents of the Kuru and the Panchala countries, the Naimishas as well and the other respectable peoples, the pious among all races are conversant with the eternal truths of religion. The Kauravas with the Panchalas, the Salwas, the Matsyas, the Naimishas, the Koshalas, the Kasapaundras, the Kalingas, the Magadhas, and the Chedis who are all highly blessed, know what the eternal religion is (8,45). Territories and locations within the Panchala Kingdom Kichaka Kingdom Capital: Vetrakiya See Also:- Matsya Kingdom Kichaka the commander-in-chief of Matsya army Kichaka Kingdom was a territory lying to the south of (southern) Panchala. It was ruled by Kichaka clan of kings. They belonged to the Suta caste (offspring of Kshatriyas upon Brahmana ladies) . One among the Kichakas was the commander-in-chief of the Matsya army under king Virata. He was slain by Pandava Bhima due to his bad conduct towards the wife of Pandavas, viz Draupadi. Kichaka kingdom also lay to the east of the Matsya Kingdom under the rule of king Virata. It seems that this territory was allied to both the Matsyas and Panchalas, with its own independent rulers. Its capital was mentioned to be Vetrakiya, on the banks of the river Vetravati (Betwa) also known as Suktimati. The town named Ekachakra It is believed that the Pandavas lived in a small town named Ekachakra, belonging to this territory, during their wanderings after Duryodhana attempted to murder them at Varanavata (a Kuru city). In the course of their wanderings the Pandavas saw the countries of the Matsyas, the Trigartas, the Panchalas and then of the Kichakas, and also many beautiful woods and lakes therein. They all had matted locks on their heads and were attired in barks of trees and the skins of animals. They attired in the garbs of ascetics. They used to study the Rik and the other Vedas and also all the Vedangas as well as the sciences of morals and politics. Finally they met Vyasa. He told them:- Not far off before you is a delightful town. Saying this he led them into the town of Ekachakra. on arriving at Ekachakra, the Pandavas lived for a short time in the abode of a Brahmana, leading an eleemosynary life. (1,159). During this period, Bhima slew a Rakhsasa named Baka (Vaka), at Vetrakiya. He controlled the affairs of that kingdom (Kichaka Kingdom) making the king of the kingdom, a name-sake king. By slaying the Rakshasa, Bhima freed that kingdom from Baka's the reign of terror. (1-165-166). Pandavas journey from Ekachakra to Kampilya Pandavas proceeded towards Panchala with their mother, to attend the self-choice event of princess Draupadi. In order to reach their destination, they proceeded in a due northerly direction, walking day and night till they reached a sacred shrine of Siva with the crescent mark on his brow. Then those tigers among men, the sons of Pandu, arrived at the banks of the Ganges. It was a forest called Angaraparna. Here, they encountered a Gandharva named Angaraparna (See Gandharva Kingdom) (1,172). After that encounter they went to a place called Utkochaka, where they met sage Dhaumya. They appointed Dhaumya, the younger brother of Devala, as their priest (1,185). Then they proceeded towards the country of the southern Panchalas ruled over by the king Drupada They proceeded by slow stages staying for some time within those beautiful woods and by fine lakes that they beheld along their way and entered the capital of the Panchalas. Beholding the capital (Kampilya), as also the fort, they took up their quarters in the house of a potter. Desirous of beholding the Swayamvara (self-choice ceremony of the princess), the citizens, roaring like the sea, all took their seats on the platforms that were erected around the amphitheatre. The kings from diverse countries entered the grand amphitheatre by the north-eastern gate. And the amphitheatre which itself had been erected on an auspicious and level plain to the north-east of Drupada's capital, was surrounded by beautiful mansions. And it was enclosed on all sides with high walls and a moat with arched doorways here and there. The Pandavas, too, entering that amphitheatre, sat with the Brahmanas and beheld the unequalled affluence of the king of the Panchalas (1,187). Arjuna won the competition set for winning Draupadi in the self-choice ceremony (1,192). Kanyakubja Kingdom This kingdom is identified to be the modern day Kannauj district of Uttar Pradesh. During the reign of King Drupada of southern Panchala, this territory formed a part of the southern Panchala Gadhi, born in the race of king Kusika and Gadhi's son Viswamitra, were mentioned as the earlier rulers of this kingdom at (1, 176). Gadhi's daughter was married to Richika (could be related to the Rishikas in the north), belonging to the Bhargava clan. Richika's son was Jamadagni and Jamadagni's son was the celebrated Bhargava Rama. Gadhi mentioned to Richika about a custom followed by their race, that during marriage, that the bridegroom should give to the bride side a dower of 3,000 fleet steeds with brown color. (This custom is similar to that of Madra Culture.) Richika get the horses from Varuna (Varuna is indicative of western cultures. Note that Arjuna also got his excellent chariot, horses and bow from Varuna). The horses reached Kanyakubja capital, crossing the river Ganges. The spot where they crossed the river was known by the name 'horse's landing place' (3,115). Not far from Kanyakubja, a spot in the sacred bank of the Ganges is still famous among men as Aswatirtha in consequence of the appearance of those horses at that place (13,4). Both the Kusikas and the Bhargava-Richikas seems to have links with the ancient western-cultures (See Also: Bahlika Culture, Madra Culture, Rishika Kingdom and Rishikas). Viswamitra (Kusika's race) was born as a Kshatriya and later became a Brahmana, much like what was common in Madra Cultures. Bhargava Rama ( Richika's race) was mentioned as an expert in the use of the battle-axe, which he got from Kailasa region (Kailas range Tibet). The Rishika tribe, who were experts in the use of battle-axes were located not far from this region. The custom of donating or accepting horses as dowry also indicates a north-western culture. It seems that neither the Bhargavas (and Richikas or Rishikas) nor the Kusikas, maintained any distinctions such as Brahmana and Kshatriya upon themselves. However during the later periods, when the Vedic religion became rigid in its four-order caste-system, the Bhargavas were accepted as Brahmanas and the Kusikas as Kshatriyas Gadhi was mentioned as a sovereign whose military force was exceedingly great (3,115). Viswamitra also was mentioned as possessing a large army and many animals and vehicles. Using those animals and vehicles he used to roam around in the forests in search of deer (1,176). During his wanderings he met the sage Vasistha. He engaged in a dispute with this sage, on the matter of the wealth of cattle possessed by the sage. (Cattle wealth always caused dispute among ancient Indian kingdoms. See the dispute between Matsyas and Trigartas for the sake of cattle wealth; in Matsya Kingdom). Viswamitra had to encounter many local-armies to seize the cattle wealth. (See Dravidas, Keralas, Paundras and Kiratas, Pulindas). He was vanquished by the local-armies (1,177). After the defeat from Vasistha, Viswamitra adopted the life of an ascetic. Bhargava Rama also is mentioned to defeat many tribes like Heheyas and later adopting the life of an ascetic. Thus both the Kusikas and Bhargava-Richikas were warrior-tribes, who also were a priest-like class of people. In the country of Panchala, there is a forest called Utpala, where Viswamitra of Kusika's race had performed sacrifices with his son (3,87). Pandavas's route from Dwiata lake to Matsya kingdom Panchala was one among the countries considered by the Pandavas to spend their 13th year of anonymity along with the kingdoms viz Chedi, Matsya, Surasena, Pattachchara, Dasarna, Navarashtra, Malla, Salva, Yugandhara, Saurashtra, Avanti, and the spacious Kuntirashtra (4,1). Pandavas selected the Matsya Kingdom for their 13th year of anonymous life. Pandavas ordered their chief servant Indrasena and the others to take with then the empty chariots and to speedily proceeded to Dwaravati. All the maid-servants of Draupadi were ordered to go to the Panchala kingdom. After that the Pandavas left Dwaita lake in the Dwaita forest and proceeded to Matsya kingdom. Dhaumya, their priest, taking their sacred fires, set out for the Panchala Kingdom (4,4). Pandavas travelling eastwards, reached river Yamuna. Travelling along the southern banks of Yamuna, they passed through Yakrilloma, Surasena. Then they turned westwards (possibly to deceive the spies of Duryodhana, who might have following them), leaving behind, on their right (north side), the country of the Panchalas, and on their left (south side), that of the Dasarnas entered the Matsya Kingdom (4,5). Impact of Magadha Kings on Panchala Due to the power of Magadha king Jarasandha, many ancient tribes had to shift their domains. Prominent among them were the Yadavas, who fled from Surasena Kingdom to south-west to Anarta Kingdom. The king of the Salwayana tribe with their brethren and followers, and the southern Panchalas and the eastern Kosalas also had to flee to the country of the Kuntis (which was south of these kingdoms) (2,14). Even though only king Jarasandha is mentioned, this situation could have arisen due to many generations of powerful Magadha kings who were forefathers of Jarasandha. During the reign of Drupada, no shift in the location of southern Panchala is mentioned explicitly. If the situation was created by Jarasandha alone, and no other Magadha kings later or earlier to him, then this shift of southern-Panchala could be temporary. Dispute of Panchalas with Dasarnas There arose a dispute between the Dasarna Kingdom lying to the south, and the southern-Panchala king Drupada, upon the matter of the gender of prince Shikhandi, who was married to the princess of Dasarna. Panchala's alliance with Pandava King Yudhishthira Bhima during his military campaign to the east, to collect tribute for Yudhishthira's Rajasuya sacrifice, first visited the Panchala Kingdom after leaving his home city Indraprastha (2,28). only two tribes do not pay tribute unto Yudhishthira, viz., the Panchalas in consequence of their relationship by marriage, and the Andhakas and Vrishnis (Anarta Yadavas) in consequence of their friendship (2,51). When the Pandavas were banished by Duryodhana to the woods, by taking over their kingdom, both the Panchalas and Yadavas visited them along with other cousins like Chedis and Kekeyas (3,12). Pandavas five son's by Draupadi, spent some of their life in Panchala and some in Dwaraka during the 13-year-long exile of the Pandavas. During their pilgrimage all around India, Yudhishthira asked the weak men among his followers to go to king Dhritarashtra of Kuru Kingdom and if he didn't take care of them, then to king Drupada of southern Panchala (3,92). Yudhishthira and his followers, with Matsya king Virata, began to make preparations for war (Kurukshetra War). Virata and his relatives sent word to all the monarchs, and Panchala king Drupada also did the same. And at the request of Pandavas, as also of the two kings of the Matsyas and the Panchalas, many kings gathered for their cause (5,5). Druupada sent his priest to Hastinapura for the initial peace talks (5-19,20). Drupada, the king of the Panchalas, surrounded by his ten heroic sons, Satyajit and other headed by Dhrishtadyumna, and well-protected by Shikhandi, and having furnished his soldiers with necessary things, joined the Pandavas with a full Akshauhini (5,57). Panchalas in Kurukshetra War Panchalas were the closest among all the allies of the Pandavas in the Kurukshetra War. Panchala prince Dhristadyumna was the commander-in-chief for the whole of the Pandava army. Many heroes from Panchala fought in the war. Most of them were alive till the end of the war. However all of them were slain by Ashwathama in an ambush, when they were asleep in their tents, on the last day of the war. Ashwathama was the ruler of half of the Panchala Kingdom viz the northern Panchala, under Kuru king Duryodhana. Northern Panchala was then reduced to the status of a province of the Kuru Kingdom. This could be the political factor that caused the Panchalas (southern Panchalas) to become kinsmen of the Pandavas, who were a rebel force in the Kuru Kingdom. By supporting the Pandavas in Kurukshetra War they might have sought to regain their lost Panchala territories. Panchala Heroes At (1,140) Satyajit is mentioned as the commander-in-chief of the Panchala army under king Drupada who fought against Arjuna who was then a disciple of Drona, the preceptor in warfare, in the Kuru Kingdom. He came to the Kurukshetra War leading the one Akshouhini of Panchala army. The brave warriors among the Panchalas, viz., Jayanta, Amitaujas and the great car-warrior Satyajit were mentioned as great car-warriors (Maharathas) by Bhishma. (5,172) The Panchala princes (5,57) Yudhamanyu and Uttamaujas were protectors of Arjuna's car-wheels (7-88,89), during the battle. Similarly the Panchala prince Kumara is mentioned as one of the protectors of Yudhishthira's car-wheels, along with another hero Yugadhara (hailing from the city of Yugandhara, located somewhere to the west of Kurujangala (either in Haryana or Punjab)). Kumara and Yugandhara was slain by Drona (7,16). Vyaghradatta was another Panchala prince slain by Drona along with Sinhasena (7,16). Dhrishtadyumna, Sikhandin, Janamejaya ( the son of Durmuksha), Chandrasen, Madrasen, Kritavarman, Dhruva, Dhara, Vasuchandra and Sutejana were mentioned as Panchala heroes, some of them being the sons of Drupada (7,155). The 10 sons of Drupada were mentioned at (5,57) and his five sons were mentioned at (8,85) as participating in the Kurukshetra War. Suratha and Satrunjaya were mentioned as sons of Drupada slain by Ashwathama (7,153), (9,14). At (7,184) Drupada's three grandsons were also mentioned as battling in the war. Shikhandi's son Khsatradeva was mentioned as battling in the war at (7,23). Dhristadyumna's sons, tender in year, were mentioned as slain by Drona in the war at (11,22). Valanika, Jayanika, Jaya, Prishdhra, and Chandrasena—these heroes were also is believed to be of Panchala, slain by Ashwathama (7,153). The Somakas, Srinjayas and the Prabhadrakas These three names were mentioned frequently in the narration Kurukshetra War either as related to the Panchalas or as synonymous to the Panchalas. Srinjayas and Somakas were tribes allied to the Panchalas by kinship, born off from the various branches of the same royal lineage that brought forth the Panchala-tribe. They dwelled in the various provinces of the Panchala kingdom. Prabhadrakas seems to be an elite group of Panchala army, employed in Kurukshetra War. The Somakas Somaka seems to be a name used to denote all the tribes of Panchalas. The word Somaka, means the one who belonged to the Lunar Dynasty. This name could have given by rulers of Solar Dynasty. The Kosala Kingdom ruled by Solar Dynasty of kings lay to the east of Panchala. So this name could have been coined by the Kosalas to denote the Panchalas. Thus the name could be collective to the whole of the Panchala tribes or specific to the tribes that lie close to Kosala, i.e. the tribes that dwell in the eastern parts of Panchala. Pancalas and Srinjayas were mentioned collectively as Somakas at (10,8). Somakas and Panchalas were mentioned as different tribes at (5-175), (6-72,89,99,120), (7- 83, 123, 124, 148, 156, 157, 162, *167, 171, 184), (8- 22, 89), (9- 6, 17, 18, 21). Somakas and Srinjayas were mentioned as different tribes at (6-15, 119), (8,92), (9,20) Somakas and Prabhadrakas were mentioned as different tribes at (9-11). The Srinjayas and the Panchalas, the Matsyas and the Somakas were mentioned as separate tribes at (7,158). Drona during the war mentioned to Duryodhana thus:- I will not put off my armour without slaying all the Panchalas. O king, go and tell my son Ashwathama not let the Somakas alone. (7,148). A Kurukshetra War hero, viz Kshatradharman is mentioned as belonging to the Somaka tribe, where another hero Uttamaujas is mentioned as belonging to the Panchala tribe (7,83). A King Somaka is mentioned at (1-2,127,128) along with his son Jantu. King Somaka was the son of Sahadeva, and a most excellent maker of gifts and he performed a sacrifice on the banks of Yamuna. King Somaka is listed among the great kings of ancient India (6,9) (13-76,115). Somakas were mentioned as synonymous to Panchalas at many places. In some of these references Drupada is mentioned as a Somaka king and Dhristadyumna as a Somaka prince. Refer (1- 123, 133), (5- 5, 22, 48, 50, 130, 141, 152, 161), (6- 1, 43, 52, 59, 75, 77, 90, 98, 104, 108, 109, 117, 119), (7- 7, 23, 92, 107, 115, 122, 143, 152, 161, 166, 170, 188, 191, 198), (8- 24, 74, 78, 82, 89, 90, 91), (9- 7, 8, 30, 56, 57, 59), (10- 8). The Srinjayas Srinjaya king Hotravahana is mentioned as the maternal grandfather of Kasi princess Amba (Amva) (5 -178, 179). Amva, coming from Salwa stayed in the asylum of sage Saikhavatya (who dwelled on the banks of Saikavati river). Hotravahana met her granddaughter there. He is mentioned as a friend of Bhargava Rama. At (1,140) the Panchalas and Srinjayas were mentioned as attacking Arjuna when he try to make Drupada captive for the sake of Drona. Uttamujas was mentioned as the great Srinjaya car-warrior at (8,75). Srinjayas and Panchalas were mentioned as separate tribes at many places. Refer (1- 140), (5- 57), (6- 14, 89, 96, 116), (7- 21, 22, 38, 105, 108, 111, 119, 127, 153, 154, 157, 163, 171, 175, 181, 188, 197), (8- 3, 5, 10, 25, 32, 37, 47, 60, 96), (9- 13, 32, 55, 61), (10,8). Chedis the Andhakas, the Vrishnis, the Bhojas, the Kukuras and the Srinjayas were mentioned as separate tribes at (5,28). Here the Andhakas, Vrishinis, Bhojas and the Kukuras were tribes belonging to the Yadava clan. The Kasayas (Kasis), the Chedis, the Matsyas, the Srinjayas, the Panchalas, and the Prabhadrakas were mentioned as separate tribes at (5,57). The Chedis, the Srinjayas, the Kasis and the Kosalas were mentioned as battling together for Pandavas at (7,122). A Srinjaya king is mentioned as great amongst conquerors at (1- 1) . He is also mentioned at (2,8). At (7,53) Srinjaya is mentioned as the son of a king named Switya. Sinjaya's son named Suvarnashthivin was slain by some robber-tribes during his childhood. The sages Narada and Parvata (Narada's sister's son (12,30)) were Srinjaya's friends. Chapters (7- 53 to 69) describes a narration of Narada to Srinjaya, to console him in the death of his son. This is also mentioned at (12-29,30,31). Bhishma mentions at (5,164) that he could slay the whole armies of Srinjayas and the Salweyas (Salwa lay to the west of Kuru while Panchala was to its east). Srinjayas were mentioned as synonymous to Panchalas at many places. Refer (3- 33,35), (5- 22, 24, 25, 26, 28, 48, 71, 72, 82, 93, 127, 162, 163, 168), (6- 16, 45, 59, 60, 72, 73, 74, 75, 87, 91, 99, 108, 109, 110, 115, 116, 120), (7- 2, 7, 9, 12, 13, 14, 16, 33, 76, 92, 94, 107, 122, 148, 151, 152, 180, 184, 190), (8- 21, 24, 31, 35, 51, 54, 56, 57, 58, 59, 61, 66, 67, 73, 75, 79, 85, 93, 94), (9- 19, 29, 33, 34, 57, 59, 61), (10,8), (11,26). A king named Srinjaya is mentioned as an ally of Jayadratha king of Sindhu Kingdom. (3,263). The Prabhadrakas Prabhadrakas seems to be an elite army obtained by Panchalas from the Kambojas. They could also be a Panchala army-unit or a Panchala tribe, that were trained in cavalry warfare by the Kambojas. At (7,23) the Prabhadrakas were mentioned as hailing from Kamboja Kingdom. (See also note 4 & 5 in: Parama Kamboja Kingdom). They could be the army bought by Panchals from the Kambojas, since Kambojas were famous for lending their horses or cavalry to any party on payment basis:- The Prabhadrakas of the Kamvoja country, numbering 6000, with upraised weapons, with excellent steeds on their gold-decked cars, with stretched bows, supported Dhristadyumna (6, 19), (7,23). To distinguish them from the proper Panchala army or from other Prabhadrakas, they were mentioned as Prabhadraka-Panchalas (7,151). They were 6000 in numbers and mentioned as supporting Shikhandi at (7,151). They were an elite group in the Pandava army (5- 48, 199). This army is mentioned as battling on the side of Pandavas at (6,112), (7- 159, 182), (8- 12, 22, 30, 48, 49, 56, 67), (9- 7, 11, 15, 27). Karna slew 770 foremost of warriors among the Prabhadrakas initially (8,48). He then slew 1700 of them (8, 67). A group of Prabhadrakas is mentioned as battling against Dhristadyumna at (7,92):- The chief of Avanti, with the Sauviras and the cruel Prabhadrakas, resisted wrathful Dhrishtadyumna. The Kasayas (Kasis), the Chedis, the Matsyas, the Srinjayas, the Panchalas, and the Prabhadrakas were mentioned as separate armies at (5,57). Prabhadrakas and Panchalas were mentioned as separate armies at (5- 152, 172), (6- 19, 49, 56), (7- 23, 33, 181, 191), (8- 61) and (9,1). When Ashwathama slaughtered the Panchalas in an ambush at night, when they were asleep, the Prabhadrakas headed by Shikhandi woke up and tried to put up some resistance. But Ashwathama and his army slew them all including Shikhandi. Other References Brahmadatta is mentioned as a highly devout king of Panchala at (13,137). Here he is mentioned as donating a conch-shell. At (12,233) he is mentioned as donating two precious jewels called Nidhi and Sankha. He is mentioned at (12,342) also. A sage from Panchala is mentioned as Rishi-Panchala (also known as Galava, born in the Vabhravya race) at (12-342,347). He compiled the rules in respect of the division of syllables and words for reading the Vedas and those about emphasis and accent in utterance, and shone as the first scholar who became conversant with those two subjects. He is mentioned to have acquired the science of Krama. Literary significance of Kampilya In Kampil there have also been great poets. (1) Mathura Chaubey Mukatimani (Kaviraja). Aurangzeb gave him 500 bigha of free hold land that is still in the possession of the family. A descendant of this poet Ms. Neera Misra Chairperson of Draupadi Trust is working for Restoration of the historical and heritage value of this land. (references- Kampilyamahatmya of Durgadatta Sharma, Information as per the book Dalpati Chandrika) Jain temple It is believed to be the birthplace of the 13th tirthankar Brahlan Vimal Nath. This is a Holy Land where the four Kalyanakas—chayavan, birth, diksa and omniscience—of Tirthankar 1008 Bhagawan Vimalnath ji, the thirteenth Tirthnakara took place. It was also graced by the visit of Lord Mahavir. Two temples dedicated to the 13th Teerthankar one belonging to the Shwetambar Jains and other to the Digambar Jains are situated at this place. 1. Shri Vimalnath Digambar Jain Atishay Kshetra: this 1800 year old temple us dedicated to Bhagwan Vimalnatha, thirteenth Tirthankara of Jainism. Temple has about 60 cm high black coloured idol of Bhagawan Vimalanatha in the Padmasana Posture. This Idol is around 2600 years old. It is said that the idol was recovered from the river Ganga. There are many other idols worth to be seen. The spire of temple is very high and vast. 2. Shri Vimalnath Swami Jain Shwetambar Mandir & Dharmashala: The idol of Lord Vimalnath stands in the main hall. This idol is nearly 45 cm high, white coloured idol of Bhagawan Vimalanatha in the Padmasana posture. It was established by Shri Vijaykumar Daga. Geography Kampil is located at . It has an average elevation of 145 metres (475 feet). Rashtrakuta kings Kampilya was also ruled by Rashtrakuta kings and supported Kampliya Vihar having more than 500 monks in the Monastery. [Please add more details with references] Demographics of Present Day Kampil India census, Kampil had a population of 8475. Males constitute 54% of the population and females 46%. Kampil has an average literacy rate of 47%, lower than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 55%, and female literacy is 37%. In Kampil, 21% of the population is under 6 years of age. See also Panchala References Cities and towns in Farrukhabad district History of Uttar Pradesh Tourist attractions in Uttar Pradesh	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kampil
Gartnait son of Girom was a king of the Picts from 531 to 537. The Pictish Chronicle king lists have him ruling for six or seven years between Drest IV and Cailtram. Cailtram is said to have been Gartnait's brother and three sons of Girom are successively listed as king, although Drest son of Girom is not explicitly stated to have been a brother of Gartnait and Cailtram. Historian Damian Bullen has suggested that Gartnait is the historical figure behind the myth of King Arthur and that he had his residence in Rhynie in Aberdeenshire. He identifies his mother Girom as Gigurnus, Gygurn or Igraine while his father Uudrost as Uther Pendragon, and king Cailtram who ruled after him as Sir Kay of legends. References Anderson, Alan Orr, Early Sources of Scottish History A.D 500–1286, volume 1. Reprinted with corrections. Paul Watkins, Stamford, 1990. External links Pictish Chronicle 537 deaths Pictish monarchs 6th-century Scottish monarchs Year of birth unknown Historical figures as candidates of King Arthur	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gartnait%20I
State Route 338 (SR 338) is a state highway in Lyon County, Nevada, United States. It connects the towns of Smith and Wellington to the California state line north of Bridgeport, California. Much of the route has served as a road through this section of Nevada since at least 1919, and was known as State Route 22 from the 1920s until the late 1970s. Route description The majority of the route lies within the Humboldt-Toiyabe National Forest. The road begins as a continuation of California State Route 182 north of Bridgeport. That route, which follows the East Walker River as it flows from the Bridgeport Reservoir, crosses the Nevada state line east of the Sweetwater Mountains. SR 338 follows the river northeast for about before diverting northwest, away from the water's course. The route eventually passes the former town of Sweetwater as it climbs up toward the Sweetwater Summit. As SR 338 heads down from the summit, it passes between the Wellington Hills to the west and the Pine Grove Hills to the east. The route crosses several small creeks as it heads north entering the Smith Valley. Farmlands come into view as the highway approaches its junction with Wellington Road (SR 829), which heads towards Wellington and points west. State Route 338 continues due north from here, heading through more farm tracts before ending at a "Y" junction with State Route 208 just south of Smith. History An unimproved road connecting the Smith Valley to Sweetwater and Bridgeport existed as early as 1917. By 1929, the road had been made part of the state's highway system as State Route 22. The route, which largely followed present-day Sweetwater Road, connected directly to State Route 3 (now SR 208) on the north end at Wellington, via the Wellington Cutoff, instead of the present northern terminus near Smith. Earthwork improvements were made on SR 22 by 1936, but the northern end of the route would not be paved until 1948 with the remainder receiving pavement two years later. The north–south road segment connecting SR 22 to Smith appears to have been constructed by 1952. After receiving upgrades in the early 1950s, no additional changes were made to State Route 22 until Nevada began renumbering its state highways in the late 1970s. During the renumbering process, the majority of SR 22 was renumbered as State Route 338—this also included the separate north–south link south of Smith. The portion of SR 22 that followed the Wellington Cutoff became State Route 829 in the same process. The Nevada Department of Transportation approved the new highway numbers on July 1, 1976, with the route change first shown on the 1978–79 state highway map. The highways have remained unchanged since. Major intersections See also References 338 Transportation in Lyon County, Nevada	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nevada%20State%20Route%20338
JBT EP, also known as the Pickapart EP is a four track EP from Australian jam band the John Butler Trio. "Pickapart", "Don't Understand" and "Earthbound Child" would then make it onto the U.S. version of their LP Three, but none of the tracks were re-used in the Australian release of that album. The album art was designed by Insomnia Design, and features the same graphic art of a tree that is on the Trio's independent record label Jarrah Records, run by their manager Phil Stevens. Track listing All tracks written by John Butler "Pickapart" – 2:59 "Don't Understand" – 4:30 "Earthbound Child" – 3:50 "Trees" – 4:14 Performers John Butler - amplified/acoustic 11 string guitar Gavin Shoesmith - electric & double bass Jason McGann - drums, percussion John Butler Trio albums 2000 EPs Jam bands	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JBT%20%28EP%29
4-Hexylresorcinol is an organic compound with local anaesthetic, antiseptic, and anthelmintic properties. As an antiseptic, it is marketed as S.T.37 by Numark Laboratories, Inc. (in a 0.1% solution) for oral pain relief and as a topical antiseptic. It is available for use topically on small skin infections or as an ingredient in throat lozenges. As an anthelmintic, 4-hexylresorcinol was sold under the brand Crystoids. Sytheon Ltd., USA markets 4-hexylresorcinol (trade named Synovea HR). Johnson & Johnson uses 4-hexylresorcinol in its Neutrogena, Aveno, and RoC skincare products as an anti-aging cream. 4-Hexylresorcinol has been used commercially by many cosmetic and personal care companies, such as Mary Kay, Clarins, Unilever, Murad, Facetheory, Arbonne, and many small and large companies. A study published in Chemical Research in Toxicology shows that 4-hexylresorcinol used as a food additive (E-586) exhibits some estrogenic activity, i.e. resembles action of the female sex hormone estrogen. However, recent study published in Applied Sciences shows that 4-hexylresorcinol did not change the expression of estrogen receptor-α, -β, or p-ERK1/2 in MCF-7 cells. In an ovariectomized animal model, the 4HR group showed similar levels of ERα, ERβ, and prolactin expression in the pituitary gland compared to the solvent only group, while the estradiol group showed higher levels. Serum prolactin levels were similar between the 4HR and solvent only groups. In one study, 4-hexylresorcinol increased the shelf life of shrimp by reducing melanosis (black spots). In mice with cancer, 4-hexylresorcinol inhibited NF-κB and extended their survival rate. 4-Hexylresorcinol can be used in the synthesis of Tetrahydrocannabihexol. References Antiseptics Local anesthetics Anthelmintics Alkylresorcinols E-number additives Food antioxidants	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4-Hexylresorcinol
The offshore magic circle is the set of the largest multi-jurisdictional law firms who specialise in offshore financial centres, especially the laws of the British Overseas Territories of Bermuda, Cayman Islands, and British Virgin Islands, and the Crown dependencies of Jersey and Guernsey. The same firms are also increasingly advising on the laws of onshore financial centres, especially Ireland and Luxembourg. Definition The term is a derivation of the widely recognised London 'magic circle' of top law firms, and is widely used in the offshore legal industry. The term has also become used to describe the offshore legal industry in a more pejorative sense (e.g. when the general media reports on Paradise Papers–type offshore financial scandals), and is therefore more sparingly used, or found, in major legal publications (e.g. Legal Business). There is no consensus definition over which firms belong in the offshore magic circle. A 2008 article in the publication Legal Business (Issue 181, Offshore Review, February 2008) suggested a list, which has been repeated by others, and is simply the top 10 offshore law firms, but excluding Gibraltar–specialist Hassans. Criticism In the wider legal community, it has been suggested that the 'magic circle' label for offshore firms is self-promoting. Not only does the group suggested by Legal Business seem large (with nine firms, as opposed to the five firms in the original London magic circle), but it also appears to contain a fairly high percentage of all the specialist offshore law firms, including almost all the significant Channel Islands firms. The major offshore firms do not use the 'magic circle' terminology. Edward Fennell, a legal columnist for The Times, has expressed dim views of law firms designating themselves as part of an offshore magic circle. However, the concept of an offshore magic circle is actively promoted by legal recruitment consultants who hope to persuade London lawyers to spend a few years working in an offshore jurisdiction. Endorsement The Chambers legal directory in its 2008 edition, recognised the move towards multi-jurisdictional specialist offshore firms, and included a new ranking for global offshore specialist firms, rather than by jurisdiction. Arguably this was the first defined "offshore magic circle", although the directory did not use the term. That Chambers list included the same names as the list produced by "Legal Business" in its 2008 Offshore Review article. In addition, Chambers stated that single-jurisdiction offshore specialist firms (e.g. Hassans), no matter how good, would not be considered in this new Global – Offshore category. The Lawyer magazine produces a list of the top twenty offshore law firms by number of partners, published each February. Multi-jurisdiction firms The following table sets out the offshore jurisdictions in which the principal multi-jurisdictional offshore firms practise law (correct as of March 2020). The table does not list 'sales' offices, where the firms do not practise the local law (typically, they will have an office in London, Zurich, and/or other large onshore centres, but will not practise English or Swiss law). However, Ireland and Luxembourg are included in this table, as several firms have moved into practising law in those two "midshore" jurisdictions, especially with regards funds, where they compete with large onshore firms like Matheson. * Carey Olsen was formed by the merger of two roughly equivalent sized firms from Jersey and Guernsey. Mourant Ozannes was formed by a merger of firms from Jersey, Guernsey and the Cayman Islands. See also Panama Papers Paradise Papers Tax haven Tax shelter Corporate tax haven Conduit and Sink OFCs Notes References External links Chambers Law Firms OFFSHORE – GLOBAL–WIDE Ifcforum.org Offshore Magic Circle Law firms	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Offshore%20magic%20circle
604 is the year 604 AD. 604 may also refer to: 604 (number) 604 (album), an album by Ladytron Goa trance, a style of Trance music, is often referred to as "604" Area code 604, an area code in southwestern British Columbia, Canada Peugeot 604, a car 604 Records, a record label owned by Nickelback lead singer Chad Kroeger IBM 604, a programmable punch card electronic calculator PowerPC 604, a PowerPC processor Socket 604, for Intel Xeon processors Archos Generation 4, a Portable Video Player 604, a song by Anthrax on their album Volume 8: The Threat Is Real Glasflügel 604, glider	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/604%20%28disambiguation%29
Krynki () is a town in northeastern Poland, located in Podlaskie Voivodeship along the border with Belarus. It lies approximately south-east of Sokółka and about east of the regional capital Białystok. History Krynki was located on an important route connecting Kraków with Grodno, and a royal residence was built there before 1429. In 1434, Polish King Władysław II Jagiełło and Lithuanian Duke Sigismund Kęstutaitis met in Krynki, and renewed and strengthened the Polish–Lithuanian union. Krynki received town privileges before 1518. In 1522, King Sigismund I the Old founded the parish church of Saint Anne. Throughout history, Krynki was an important textile, leather and pottery center. King Charles XII of Sweden stopped in Krynki in 1706 during the Swedish invasion of Poland. Following the Partitions of Poland, Krynki was annexed by Russia. In 1914, the town's population was 10,000 people, about 80 percent of them Jewish. The remainder was made up of Christian Poles and ethnic Belarusians. Following World War I, Poland regained independence and control of the town. Krynki used to be a multicultural town before World War II and the Holocaust in occupied Poland. During the joint German-Soviet invasion of Poland, which started World War II in September 1939, the Polish 13th Observation Escadrille operated from Krynki. Afterwards, Krynki was occupied by the Soviet Union until 1941 and by Germany after Operation Barbarossa. The local Jewish population was persecuted by the Germans during the Holocaust (for more information see The Holocaust below). In 1944, the German occupation ended and the town was restored to Poland, although with a Soviet-installed communist regime, which stayed in power until the Fall of Communism in the 1980s. Krynki lost city rights in 1950 in communist Poland due to significant loss of population, but regained them in 2009. Today, the majority of Krynki's citizens are Catholic. A minority of the population is Orthodox. Jewish heritage Jews began living in Krynki in the 17th century when the Polish king Władysław IV Vasa invited them to town to boost trade and manufacturing. From that moment, the Jewish population continued to grow and their culture flourished. A notable part of Krynki's history was the Jewish labour movement of 1905. In that year, Jakow Pat led Jewish workers and created the independent Republic of Krynki in defiance of the Russian imperial rule. After World War I Poland returned to independence and democracy. The Jews began emigrating to Palestine and the United States for greater economic benefit. The Holocaust Under German occupation during World War II, the German authorities began the reign of terror by executing 30 prominent Jews, and in December 1941 created a Jewish ghetto in Krynki. The Jews from neighbouring settlements were deported to Krynki including 1,200 inhabitants of Brzostowica Wielka. Around 6,000 people were imprisoned there with insufficient food and severe overcrowding. The liquidation of the ghetto began in November 1942. The ghetto inmates, men, women and children, were deported to the Nazi transit camp in Kiełbasin and sent off aboard Holocaust trains to the Treblinka extermination camp. The Jewish population, however, did not remain passive. During the ghetto liquidation action, a number of Jewish insurgents responded by shooting at the Nazi police including their gun-wielding Belarusian auxiliaries, and many escaped into the forest. Today, no Jews live in Krynki, but the memory of them still lives on. Points of interest One of the largest, oldest Jewish cemeteries in eastern Poland. Two Orthodox churches and cemeteries. St. Anne's Catholic church, designed by Stefan Szyller who is famous for designing the Poniatowski Bridge in Warsaw. Krynki originally was home to three synagogues. Two are still standing, however they are not active. The crumbling ruins of the third and the largest Beth Ha Kneseth Synagogue destroyed by the Nazis were imploded in 1971 by the communist authorities for safety reasons. References External links Cities and towns in Podlaskie Voivodeship Grodnensky Uyezd Białystok Voivodeship (1919–1939) Belastok Region Holocaust locations in Poland Historic Jewish communities in Poland	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krynki
is the abbreviation of the , and was a military rank used in the Soviet Union. Between 1918 and 1935, it was a rank in the Red Army, roughly equivalent to Flotilla commander in the Red Fleet. In 1935, the rank was split in two, before being abolished and replaced by Army general in 1940. Split In 1935, new ranks were introduced, splitting the rank into two ranks. See also Ranks and insignia of the Red Army and Navy 1918–1935 Ranks and insignia of the Red Army and Navy 1935–1940 References Military ranks of the Soviet Union	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komandarm
Singles is the first greatest hits album by English singer Alison Moyet, released on 22 May 1995 by Columbia Records. The album includes two previously unreleased tracks, Moyet's version of "The First Time Ever I Saw Your Face" and "Solid Wood", as well as a number of hits from the singer's stint in 1980s synth-pop duo Yazoo. The album was re-released the following year as a two-disc set, Singles/Live, the second disc being a live recording of Moyet on tour, again in 2000 as a one-disc set under the title Best of The Best: Gold and a third time in 2001 as The Essential Alison Moyet with a slightly revised track listing. Track listing "The First Time Ever I Saw Your Face" (Ewan MacColl) – 3:19 Previously unreleased "Only You" (Vince Clarke) – 3:12 Performed by Yazoo, from 1982 album Upstairs at Eric's "Nobody's Diary" (Moyet) – 4:31 Performed by Yazoo, from 1983 album You and Me Both "Situation" (UK Mix) (Vince Clarke, Alison Moyet) – 2:24 Performed by Yazoo, a 1982 B-side. North American editions have instead "Winter Kills" (Moyet), performed by Yazoo, from 1982 album Upstairs at Eric's "Love Resurrection" (Steve Jolley, Moyet, Swain) – 3:52 From 1984 album Alf "All Cried Out" (7" Edit) (Jolley, Moyet, Swain) – 3:42 From 1984 album Alf "Invisible" (Lamont Dozier) – 4:08 From 1984 album Alf "That Ole Devil Called Love" (Doris Fisher, Allan Roberts) – 3:05 1985 non-album single "Is This Love?" (Jean Guiot, Moyet) – 4:01 From 1987 album Raindancing "Weak in the Presence of Beauty" (Michael Ward, Robert E. Clarke ) – 3:33 From 1987 album Raindancing "Ordinary Girl" (7" Edit) (Bailey, Driscoll, Moyet) – 3:08 From 1987 album Raindancing "Love Letters" (Edward Heyman, Victor Young) – 2:51 1987 non-album single "It Won't Be Long" (Pete Glenister, Moyet) – 4:09 From 1991 album Hoodoo "Wishing You Were Here" (Glenister, Moyet) – 3:58 From 1991 album Hoodoo "This House" (Moyet) – 3:55 From 1991 album Hoodoo "Falling" (Glenister, Moyet) – 3:39 From 1994 album Essex "Whispering Your Name" (Single Mix) (Jules Shear) – 3:49 From 1994 album Essex "Getting into Something" (Glenister, Moyet) – 4:15 From 1994 album Essex "Ode to Boy II" (Moyet) – 2:57 From 1994 album Essex "Solid Wood" (Moyet) – 4:38 Previously unreleased Singles/Live bonus disc (Live) "Getting into Something" (Glenister, Moyet) – 5:16 "Chain of Fools" (Covay) – 5:05 "Love Letters" (Heyman, Young) – 4:43 "All Cried Out" (Jolley, Moyet, Swain) – 4:08 "Dorothy" (Glenister, Moyet) – 3:24 "Falling" (Glenister, Moyet) – 3:44 "Ode to Boy" (Moyet) – 3:07 "Is This Love?" (Guiot, Moyet) – 3:59 "Nobody's Diary" (Moyet) – 4:30 "Whispering Your Name" (Shear) – 3:53 "There Are Worse Things I Could Do" (Casey, Jacobs) – 3:05 Recorded at the Royal Albert Hall, London, and The Royal Concert Hall, Glasgow. Personnel Pete Glenister – production Mark Saunders – production Eric Radcliffe – production Yazoo – production Steve Jolley – production Tony Swain – production Pete Wingfield – production Jimmy Iovine – production Manu Guiot – production Steve Brown – production Dave Dix – production Ian Broudie – production Charts Weekly charts Year-end charts Certifications References 1995 compilation albums 1996 live albums Albums produced by Jimmy Iovine Alison Moyet albums Columbia Records compilation albums	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singles%20%28Alison%20Moyet%20album%29
() is an abbreviation of Commanding officer of the brigade (; ), and was a military rank in the Soviet Armed Forces of the USSR from 1935 to 1940. It was also the designation to military personnel appointed to command a brigade sized formation (X). Until 1940 it was the fourth highest military rank of the Red Army. It was equivalent to Brigade comissar (ru: ) of the political staff in all military branches, Kapitan 1st rank (ru: ) in the Soviet navy, or to Major of state security (ru: ). With the reintroduction of regular general ranks, the designation Kombrig was abolished, and replaced by Major general (OF-6). History This particular rank was introduced by disposal of the Central Executive Committee of the Soviet Union and the Council of People's Commissars, from September 22, 1935. The new rank structure was as follows: Command level Brigade X: (Brigadier) Command level Division XX: (Division commander) Command level Corps XXX: (Korps commander) Command level Field army XXXX: Komandarm 2nd rank (Army commander 2nd rank – Commander Army) Command level Army group, Front XXXXX: Komandarm 1st rank (Army commander 1st rank – Frond commander) Marshal of the Soviet Union Rank insignia See also Ranks and rank insignia of the Red Army 1935–1940, and ... 1940–1943 References Military ranks of the Soviet Union	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kombrig
The Swansea Enterprise Park () is a combined business park, retail park and industrial estate in Swansea, Wales. In 1981 it became the first enterprise zone in the United Kingdom, and the largest. Originally it was named the Swansea Enterprise Zone. The designated area covers parts of the Llansamlet and Morriston wards in the Lower Swansea valley, Wales. The Enterprise Park is the largest commercial district and the largest out-of-town shopping district of Swansea. Major employers at the site include Morganite, Alberto-Culver, Viskase, The Land Registry and Welsh Water. The Swansea Enterprise Park is bounded by the A4067 and the A4217 roads to the west and east; and the South Wales Main Line to the southeast. It includes the Winch Wen industrial estate just east of the A4217; and the area just north of the A48 (Samlet Road) to the east and west of Upper Forest Way. The whole area comprises of land. For many years this was a post-industrial wasteland until regeneration in the 1980s. The regeneration has attracted many light industries, offices and in particular retail outlets to Swansea. The Morfa Shopping Park is located adjacent to the enterprise park to the south in Landore and the Swansea Vale regeneration area is located just to the north. The retail park of the Swansea Enterprise Park was largely unplanned and followed the relaxation of planning controls and local taxes following the area's designation as an enterprise zone. In 1996 a number of local retailers attempted to rebrand the area as the "Swansea Lakeside Shopping Park". Lake Fendrod In the heart of the enterprise park is a lake called Lake Fendrod (). The lake is home to swans. Boating and fishing are popular pastimes on the lake. Fish stocks in the lake include Carp, Tench, Bream, Roach, Koi, and several other species. There is a footpath encircling the lake, and another hidden lake in the area is Half Round Pond to the west of Siemens Way. In August 2011 a series of outdoor gym equipment was installed by The Great Outdoor Gym Company. The equipment is located at the front of the lake, adjacent to the footpath and in close proximity to the car park. The outdoor gym contains several cross trainers, exercise cycles, amongst other popular gym equipment. References Districts of Swansea Shopping in Swansea Business parks of Wales Retail parks in Wales	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swansea%20Enterprise%20Park
The Mercedes-Benz Museum is an automobile museum in Stuttgart, Germany. It covers the history of the Mercedes-Benz brand and the brands associated with it. Stuttgart is home to the Mercedes-Benz brand and the international headquarters of the Mercedes-Benz Group. The museum building The current building, which stands directly outside the main gate of the Daimler factory in Stuttgart, was designed by UN Studio. . It is based on a unique cloverleaf concept using three overlapping circles with the center removed to form a triangular atrium recalling the shape of a Wankel engine. The building was completed and opened on 19 May 2006. Architecture and exhibition concept are closely interwoven, as exhibition designer HG Merz had already been commissioned before the architecture competition in 2001. The building's height and "double helix" interior were designed to maximise space, providing of exhibition space on a footprint of just . The double helix also corresponds to the exhibition concept, which divides the museum into the "legend rooms" and the "collections", offering two alternative tours that can be merged at any given point of the museum. The museum contains more than 160 vehicles, some dating back to the very earliest days of the motorcar engine. The vehicles are maintained by the Mercedes-Benz Classic Center of Fellbach. Previously, the museum was housed in a dedicated building within the factory complex and visitors had in recent decades been transported from the main gate by a secured shuttle. Other details The museum provides visitors with free audio tours in a variety of languages. In 2007, the museum was visited by 860,000 people. Visitors are also offered the opportunity to take a tour of the nearby Untertürkheim engine factory. The factory produces many of the company's diesel engines. Gallery See also Automuseum Dr. Carl Benz List of automobile museums Mercedes-Benz World Museum for Historical Maybach Vehicles Further reading References External links Mercedes-Benz Museums in Stuttgart Tourist attractions in Stuttgart Automobile museums in Germany	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercedes-Benz%20Museum
"Zebra" is the first single released from the John Butler Trio's album Sunrise Over Sea. Featuring the Sunrise lineup of John Butler on guitar/vocals, Shannon Birchall on double bass and Nicky Bomba on drums/percussion, it blends the genres of folk, funk, rock, and a bit of blues. "Zebra" is exceptionally known for its catchy refrain and lyrics which are entirely about opposites, for example "I can be alive, man, or be the walking dead" or "I can be black or I can be white". Inspiration According to John Butler, the song began as a riff that he had stuck in his head for several years, but had difficulty recalling when he had a guitar. The lyric pattern of "I could be da da, I could be da da" originated from Butler scat singing the riff to his baby daughter, while the opposites in each line of the lyrics led Nicky Bomba to the idea of a zebra asking itself if it was white with black stripes or black with white stripes, from which the song's title is derived. Music video The music video for "Zebra" features Butler and the band recording the song in a studio which seems like a small, worn-out backyard shed. It is also interspersed with footage of Butler on his skateboard. Track listing All tracks written by John Butler. "Zebra" – 3:56 "Media" (Live at the Wireless for Triple J) – 7:10 "Losing My Cool" (previously unreleased) – 8:10 Personnel John Butler Trio John Butler – Amplified 11-string acoustic guitar, banjo, lead vocals Shannon Birchall – Double bass, electric bass, backing vocals Nicky Bomba – Drums, percussion, backing vocals Additional musicians Michael Barker – cookie spoons, congas (Track 1) Michael Caruana – Hammond organ (Track 1) Dave Pensabene – backing vocals (Track 1) Charts Weekly charts Year-end charts References 2003 singles APRA Award winners John Butler Trio songs Songs written by John Butler (musician) Jarrah Records singles	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zebra%20%28The%20John%20Butler%20Trio%20song%29
William Wirt may refer to: William Wirt (attorney general) (1772–1834), Attorney General of the United States William Wirt (educator) (1874–1938), superintendent of Gary, Indiana, schools	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20Wirt
Pringsheim is a Jewish Silesian surname. Notable people with the surname include: Alfred Pringsheim (1850–1941), mathematician, father-in-law of writer Thomas Mann Ernst Pringsheim Sr. (1859–1917), German physicist Ernst Pringsheim Jr. (1881–1970), German botanist Klaus Pringsheim Sr. (1883–1972), German composer, conductor, twin brother of Katharina Pringsheim Nathanael Pringsheim (1823–1894), German botanist	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pringsheim
Drest son of Girom was a king of the Picts from 522 to 531. The Pictish Chronicle king lists associate him with Drest III. Various reigns, separately and jointly, are assigned to the two Drests, varying from one to fifteen years. After the joint rule, this Drest appears alone in the lists with a reign of five or four years. Drest is the first of three possible brothers, all called son of Girom, found in the king lists, the other being his successors Gartnait I and Cailtram. References Anderson, Alan Orr, Early Sources of Scottish History A.D 500–1286, volume 1. Reprinted with corrections. Paul Watkins, Stamford, 1990. External links Pictish Chronicle 531 deaths Pictish monarchs 6th-century Scottish monarchs Year of birth unknown	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drest%20IV
Massachusetts's 12th congressional district is an obsolete district that was first active 1795–1803 in the District of Maine and 1803–1843 in Eastern Massachusetts. It was later active 1883–1893 in Western Massachusetts and 1893–1983 in Eastern Massachusetts. It was most recently eliminated as a result of the redistricting cycle after the 1980 census. Its last congressman was Gerry Studds, who was redistricted into the . Notable persons elected to the U.S. House of Representatives from the 12th congressional district include John Quincy Adams, following his term as president, and James Michael Curley, four-time Mayor of Boston. Cities and towns in the district 1790s–1830s 1880s–1900s 1910s Suffolk County: Boston Wards 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 20, 24. 1920s Boston (Wards 9, 10, 11, 12, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21). 1940s Boston (Wards 6, 7, 8, 9, 11, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17). 1950s–1980s List of members representing the district Notes References Congressional Biographical Directory of the United States 1774–present 12 Former congressional districts of the United States 1983 disestablishments in Massachusetts Constituencies established in 1795 Constituencies disestablished in 1983 1795 establishments in Massachusetts	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts%27s%2012th%20congressional%20district
Ignacio Bolívar y Urrutia (; 9 November 1850 – 19 November 1944) was a Spanish naturalist and entomologist, and one of the founding fathers of Spanish entomology. He helped found the Real Sociedad Española de Historia Natural (Royal Spanish Natural History Society) in 1871, and was the author of several books and of over 1000 species. He also encouraged other naturalists to study entomology, José María de la Fuente being one example. In this field he wrote more than 300 books and monographs and described more than thousand new species and about 200 genera. After the Spanish Civil War he was exiled to Mexico when the nationalist government harshly repressed Republican militants and sympathisers. Here he was made Doctor honoris of the National Autonomous University of Mexico. In Mexico he was devoted mainly to entomology and founded in 1940 the journal Ciencia (Science). His more important works include: Ortópteros de España nuevos o poco conocidos (1873) and Catálogo sinóptico de los ortópteros de la fauna ibérica (1900). References Mexican naturalists Spanish naturalists Spanish entomologists Spanish emigrants to Mexico 1850 births 1944 deaths Members of the Royal Spanish Academy	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ignacio%20Bol%C3%ADvar
What You Want (originally titled "Far Away") is the second commercially available single/EP by Australian jam band the John Butler Trio from the album Sunrise Over Sea. It was released on 9 August 2004 and is a curious blend of roots and alternative rock. "What You Want" was ranked #51 on Triple J's Hottest 100 of 2004. The title track was originally released on the 2003 album Sunrise Over Sea, as was the original version of "Treat Yo Mama"; while "Pickapart" was included on the JBT EP. It is also featured in the movie 'In Her Skin' directed and written by Simone North and released in 2009. The release includes a version of "Betterman" which is a previously unreleased re-recorded version with John Butler's current band, "Treat Yo Mama" is also a previously unreleased country funk version that was recorded during the '"Betterman" (US Version)' sessions. "Across the Universe" is the John Butler Trio's take on the Beatles Classic. The Australian release of the CD single included the video clip of "Treat Yo Mama". Track listing All tracks written by John Butler unless otherwise noted. Worldwide release: "What You Want" - 5:20 "Somethings Gotta Give" - 3:07 "Treat Yo Mama (Country Funk version)" - 4:43 "Pickapart" - 3:01 "Across the Universe" - 3:51 (written by Lennon/McCartney) "Betterman (live)" - 12:14 Australian release: "What You Want (Radio Edit)" - 4:21 "Betterman (US Radio version)" - 3:43 "Treat Yo Mama (Country Funk version)" - 4:41 "Across the Universe" - 3:47 (written by Lennon/McCartney) Personnel John Butler Trio John Butler - Amplified acoustic 11-string guitar, acoustic lapsteel, dobro lapsteel, acoustic 6-string guitar, vocals Shannon Birchall - Double bass, backing vocals Michael Barker - drums, percussion, country funk kit - "Somethings Gotta Give" & "Treat Yo Mama" Nicky Bomba - drums, tambourine - "What You Want" & "Pickapart" Additional musicians Danielle Caruana - backing vocals - "What You Want" String section on "What You Want" Shannon Birchall Ceridwen Davies Fiona Furphy Helen Ireland Amanda Rowarth Jane Mason Stephanie Lindner Andrea Keeble Caerwen Martin Airlie Smart References 2004 EPs John Butler Trio albums Lava Records albums	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/What%20You%20Want%20%28EP%29
Baykal Kulaksızoğlu (born 12 May 1983) is a Turkish-Swiss footballer who currently plays for FC Schaffhausen. Career Early years Baykal started his children's football by local club FC Bethlehem and after a few years moved on to the youth department of SC Bümpliz 78. In summer 2000 he moved to the youth department of Grasshopper Club and joined their U-21 team. One year later he advanced to their first team, where he stayed for two seasons. At the end of the 2002–03 Nationalliga A season GC won the championship and Baykal had seven appearances that season under head coach Marcel Koller. Baykal then moved to Thun in summer 2003, under head coach Hanspeter Latour he made regular appearances in their first team. They finished the 2003–04 Swiss Super League season in sixth position and one year later, under new head coach Urs Schönenberger, as runners-up. Basel Baykal joined FC Basel's first team for their 2005–06 season under head coach Christian Gross, who had started his seventh season with the club in that position. Basel had just won the championship for the second time in a row and Gross had to replace a number of midfielders who had left the club. After playing in six test games Baykal played his domestic league debut for the club in the home game in the St. Jakob-Park on 16 July 2005 as Basel won 1–0 against Schaffhausen. To the beginning of the season he played in the starting eleven, but soon found himself on the bench and in the second half of the season he was only used five times as joker. Basel started the season well and led the championship right until the last day of the league campaign. On the final day of the league season Basel played at home against Zürich. A last-minute goal from Zürich's Iulian Filipescu meant the final score was 1-2 in favour of the away team and it gave FCZ their first national championship since 1980–81. The title for Basel was lost on goal difference. At the end of the season the club let Baykal move on for a moderate fee. During his time with the club, Baykal played a total of 39 games for Basel without scoring a goal. 15 of these games were in the Swiss Super League, two in the Swiss Cup, nine in the UEFA Cup and 13 were friendly games. Later career In June 2006, he signed with 2nd Bundesliga club 1. FC Köln. He left Cologne in January 2008 and joined Young Boys on a free transfer. He stayed with them until June 2009 and transferred to FC Aarau for one year. In summer 2010 Baykal signed a two-year contract, dated to the end of June 2012, with Karşıyaka Spor Kulübü in Turkey. However, he left the club in May 2011 and joined PFC Lokomotiv Sofia. He was released in early January 2012. Baykal returned to Switzerland and joined semi-professional club Schaffhausen, who at that time played in the 1. Liga, the fourth tier of Swiss football. Schaffhausen won the division and were promoted to the 1. Liga Promotion and the following season they were division winners here too. Baykal played one season for FC Tuggen, two seasons for FC Linth 04 and one season for FC Muri, before retiring from active football. Baykal played in Switzerland's U21-National squad and featured in 2004 UEFA European Under-21 Football Championship. References Sources Die ersten 125 Jahre. Publisher: Josef Zindel im Friedrich Reinhardt Verlag, Basel. Verein "Basler Fussballarchiv" Homepage External links Official Website Living people 1983 births Swiss men's footballers Turkish men's footballers Turkish emigrants to Switzerland Naturalised citizens of Switzerland Switzerland men's under-21 international footballers Swiss Super League players 2. Bundesliga players TFF First League players First Professional Football League (Bulgaria) players Grasshopper Club Zürich players FC Thun players FC Basel players FC Schaffhausen players 1. FC Köln players BSC Young Boys players Karşıyaka S.K. footballers FC Lokomotiv 1929 Sofia players FC Tuggen players Swiss expatriate men's footballers Expatriate men's footballers in Germany Swiss expatriate sportspeople in Germany Turkish expatriate sportspeople in Germany Expatriate men's footballers in Bulgaria Swiss expatriate sportspeople in Bulgaria Turkish expatriate sportspeople in Bulgaria Men's association football midfielders Footballers from Istanbul	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baykal%20Kulaks%C4%B1zo%C4%9Flu
The Russon was a British microcar with a sporting appearance and built by Russon Cars Ltd in Eaton Bray, Stanbridge, Bedfordshire, between 1951 and 1952. Brain-child of D.A. Russell, the editor of the Aeromodeller magazine and designed by Derek Currie the Russon was at first powered by a rear-mounted 197 cc JAP engine, but production cars used a larger 250 cc twin from Excelsior. Drive was to the rear wheels through a motorcycle-type 3-speed gearbox. The suspension was independent all round by coil springs, and the body was mounted on a tubular chassis frame. and 65 mpg were claimed. The alloy-panelled body was built on an ash frame in a traditional coachbuilders manner and was styled to look like a bit like a miniature Jaguar XK120. There was said to be room for three people to sit side by side. The car was killed by its high price of £491, for which a "normal" family saloon could be had, and less than 10 were made. The assets of this company were acquired by Air Vice Marshal D.C.T. Bennett in preparation for his project, the Fairthorpe Cars. See also List of car manufacturers of the United Kingdom References Microcars Defunct motor vehicle manufacturers of England Companies based in Bedfordshire Cars introduced in 1951	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russon
The Essential Alison Moyet was essentially a third re-release of Singles, the 1995 greatest hits album of recordings by singer/songwriter Alison Moyet. The album was released in 2001 by Sony Music Entertainment in response to renewed interest in the singer, after she was finally released from her contract with the label and able to sign with Sanctuary Records, regain the artistic control of her musical output and move back into the public eye - resulting in 2002 comeback album Hometime. However, there are some differences in the track listings of the two Sony compilations. The Essential Alison Moyet excludes "Only You", "Situation', "Ordinary Girl", "Ode To Boy II", "The First Time Ever I Saw Your Face" and "Solid Wood", and replaces them with "Don't Go", "Winter Kills", "Blue" and "Our Colander Eyes" (the latter two recorded in 1995/1996, and listed in the wrong order in accompanying material) plus cover versions "Ne Me Quitte Pas" and "There Are Worse Things I Could Do". Track listing "Don't Go" (Vince Clarke) - 2:51 Performed by Yazoo, from 1982 album Upstairs at Eric's "Nobody's Diary" (Moyet) - 4:31 Performed by Yazoo, from 1983 album You and Me Both "Winter Kills" (Alison Moyet) - 4:04 Performed by Yazoo, from 1982 album Upstairs at Eric's "Love Resurrection" (Jolley, Moyet, Swain) - 3:52 From 1984 album Alf "All Cried Out" (7" Edit) (Jolley, Moyet, Swain) - 3:42 From 1984 album Alf "Invisible" (Lamont Dozier) - 4:08 From 1984 album Alf "That Ole Devil Called Love" (Fisher, Roberts) - 3:05 1985 non-album single "Is This Love" (Guiot, Moyet) - 4:01 From 1987 album Raindancing "Weak in the Presence of Beauty" (Michael Ward, Robert E. Clarke ) - 3:33 From 1987 album Raindancing "Love Letters" (Heyman, Young) - 2:51 1987 non-album single "It Won't Be Long" (Pete Glenister, Moyet) - 4:09 From 1991 album Hoodoo "Wishing You Were Here" (Glenister, Moyet) - 3:58 From 1991 album Hoodoo "This House" (Moyet) - 3:55 From 1991 album Hoodoo "Falling" (Glenister, Moyet) - 3:39 From 1994 album Essex "Whispering Your Name" (Single Mix) (Shear) - 3:49 From 1994 album Essex "Getting Into Something" (Glenister, Moyet) - 4:15 From 1994 album Essex "Blue" (Glenister, Moyet) - 3:21 Recorded 1995, previously issued on single "Solid Wood" "Our Colander Eyes" (Glenister, Moyet) - 3:32 Recorded 1996, previously issued as promo single. "Ne Me Quitte Pas" (Acoustic) (Jacques Brel) - 3:45 Previously issued on single "Getting Into Something" "There Are Worse Things I Could Do" (Casey, Jacobs) - 2:27 Studio version. Previously unreleased. Production tracks 17-20 "Blue" - mixed by Bob Kraushaar "Our Colander Eyes" - produced by Mike Hedges, mixed by Corin Dingley "Ne Me Quitte Pas" - produced by Victor van Vugt "There Are Worse Things I Could Do" - engineer Neil Brockbank References External links Alison Moyet's official website Alison Moyet albums 2001 greatest hits albums Albums produced by Victor Van Vugt Columbia Records compilation albums Sony Music compilation albums	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Essential%20Alison%20Moyet
Galan Erilich was a king of the Picts from 510 to 522. The Pictish Chronicle king lists have him reign for fifteen years between Drest Gurthinmoch and the joint rule of Drest son of Uudrost and Drest son of Girom. References Anderson, Alan Orr, Early Sources of Scottish History A.D 500–1286, volume 1. Reprinted with corrections. Paul Watkins, Stamford, 1990. External links Pictish Chronicle 522 deaths 6th-century Scottish monarchs Pictish monarchs Year of birth unknown	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galan%20Erilich
Nokia Sensor was a software package available on some mobile handsets manufactured by Nokia. It was an application of Bluetooth communication technology. Nokia Sensor allows users to detect other users who are in the vicinity and; to exchange messages and client defined profiles with them. It was released in 2005. Social Spontaneity Nokia Sensor is designed to promote spontaneous communication between users in sociable settings such as bars, nightclubs and railway platforms, business functions etc. Bluetooth wireless technology is used to detect the presence of other suitably enabled mobile phones located within a radius of 10 meters. User Folio On detection, the Nokia Sensor users are alerted and may view each other's personal pages (folios). The content of a folio is defined in advance by the Nokia Sensor user and may contain information such as: a digital photo of the user; a username; a short personal description (job, pastimes). The folio also contains a 'guestbook' where other users may post and read textual entries. Free Messaging Bluetooth Wireless Technology allows communication between mobile devices without the need for a network operator, therefore the messages are free of charge. References External links Nokia Sensor (now redirects to Nokia home page) download Nokia Sensor free (now redirects to Nokia home page) Archived 2009 Nokia Sensor Page Archived 2007 Download Page Nokia services Bluetooth software Symbian software	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nokia%20Sensor
Rasmus Hardiker (born 31 January 1985) is a British actor, best known for voicing Scott and Alan Tracy in the reboot animated television series Thunderbirds Are Go. He played Raymond in Steve Coogan's sitcom Saxondale and Ben in the Jack Dee comedy Lead Balloon. Hardiker was also in the BBC3 sketch series The Wrong Door. He joined the voice cast of Thomas & Friends, voicing several characters in the UK and USA versions. He is also known for voicing Alfur from Hilda. Early life Hardiker was born in Sutton Coldfield, West Midlands, England. He left Arthur Terry School in Sutton Coldfield with an A level in drama. Career At the age of 20, he started his acting career as he played the role of Philip Chase in the miniseries The Rotters' Club (2005). He made guest appearances in Shakespeare Re-Told, The Bill, Doctors, New Tricks, Black Mirror and Afterlife. From 2006 to 2007, Hardiker played Raymond in the television series Saxondale, featuring Steve Coogan. He also played Ben in Lead Balloon, from 2006 to 2011. From 2015 to 2020, he provided the voices of Scott and Alan Tracy in the reboot animated television series Thunderbirds Are Go. He then joined the voice cast of Thomas & Friends, where he voices Philip (UK/US), Monty (UK) and the Troublesome Trucks. He also took over for Jonathan Broadbent as the voice of Bill, starting with the twenty-second series. Filmography Film Television Video games References External links SundayMercury.net – "Rasmus Hardiker: The Big Interview" British Sitcom Guide – Interview 1985 births English male film actors English male radio actors English male television actors English male voice actors Living people People from Sutton Coldfield Male actors from the West Midlands (county) 21st-century English male actors English people of Danish descent	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rasmus%20Hardiker
Gartnait son of Donuel ( or ; died 663) was king of the Picts from 657 until 663. He succeeded Talorgan son of Eanfrith on the latter's death in 657. Like his predecessor Talorgan and his successor Drest son of Donuel, Gartnait reigned as a puppet king under the Northumbrian king Oswiu. Gartnait and Drest may have been sons of Domnall Brecc, who was king of Dál Riata from 629 until he was killed in 642. The Northumbrian writer Bede implies that Oswiu subdued "the greater part of the Picts" in 658, suggesting Oswiu launched an offensive against the Picts after the death of his nephew Talorgan in 657. The Pictish Chronicle king lists give Gartnait a reign of five, six or six and a half years, corresponding with the notice of his death in the Annals of Ulster and the Annals of Tigernach in 663. The king lists record that he was succeeded by his brother Drest, though Oswiu may have forced an interregnum on the kingdom from 663 to 666. Gartnait son of Donuel may be the Gartnait whose family are recorded by the Annals of Ulster and the Annals of Tigernach going to Ireland in 668. Notes References Anderson, Alan Orr, Early Sources of Scottish History A.D 500–1286, volume 1. Reprinted with corrections. Paul Watkins, Stamford, 1990. External links CELT: Corpus of Electronic Texts at University College Cork includes the Annals of Ulster, Tigernach, the Four Masters and Innisfallen, the Chronicon Scotorum, the Lebor Bretnach (which includes the Duan Albanach), Genealogies, and various Saints' Lives. Most are translated into English, or translations are in progress. Pictish Chronicle 7th-century births 663 deaths Year of birth unknown Pictish monarchs 7th-century Scottish monarchs	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gartnait%20son%20of%20Donuel
Four Weddings is a British reality television series that premiered on Sky Living, on 6 July 2009. It has become popular enough to have inspired the creations of versions in other countries. One episode included the real-life wedding of Steps member Faye Tozer to her second husband Michael Smith. The show ran for four series, running from 2009-2013. A planned revival series that was to be produced by ITV Studios subsidiary Multistory Media for Channel 4 was planned for 2023, but it was scrapped in May of that year for undisclosed reasons. Format The programme follows a similar style to Come Dine with Me, and involves four brides, or four grooms, attending each other's weddings and rating them on: Dress (out of 10) Venue (out of 10) Food (out of 10) Overall experience (out of 10) At the end of the show, the four brides or grooms discover which of the couples has won a luxury honeymoon. Viewers could also play online in the "Online wedding rater" and rate the weddings as they were shown for comparison with the rest of the public. Transmissions Four Weddings Party Wars Ratings Episode viewing figures from BARB. Four Weddings, Series 1 Four Weddings, Series 2 Party Wars Four Weddings, Series 3 Four Weddings, Series 4 International versions The show's format has been exported to the following countries: Note: The American and French versions of the series features no input from the grooms, with only the brides able to give out any ratings for each ceremony. In the French version, one of the groom is able to give ratings only when it's a gay couple that participates. In the French version, since 2019, Élodie Villemus, a weeding planner, is there to observe and give ratings. Her ratings count for half of the final score. References External links 2000s British reality television series 2010s British reality television series 2009 British television series debuts 2013 British television series endings Sky Living original programming Television series by ITV Studios Wedding television shows English-language television shows	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four%20Weddings
Ardmore Municipal Airport is in Carter County, Oklahoma, northeast of the city of Ardmore, which owns it. It is near Gene Autry, Oklahoma. The National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems for 2011–2015 called it a general aviation airport. History The airport is on the site of Ardmore Army Air Field (1942 to 1946), later Ardmore Air Force Base (1953 to 1959). Central Airlines served Ardmore from about 1951 until 1963. On April 22, 1966 American Flyers Flight 280, flying a Lockheed Electra L-188 on approach to Ardmore crashed into a hill. 83 of the 98 aboard were killed. This was a flight under charter to the Military Air Command, en route from Montery, California, to Columbus, Georgia, with a scheduled refueling stop at Ardmore. An autopsy showed that the pilot had suffered a massive heart attack during the attempted landing. He was not wearing his harness and slumped forward into the controls, which prevented the co-pilot from taking control. Subsequent investigation showed that the pilot was under treatment for arteriosclerosis and diabetes, but that he had falsified information on his application for a First Class Medical Certificate, which would have been denied except for the falsification. Facilities Ardmore Municipal Airport covers 2,503 acres (1,013 ha) at an elevation of 777 feet (237 m). It has two runways: 13/31 is 9,002 by 150 feet (2,744 x 46 m) concrete and 17/35 is 5,007 by 100 feet (1,526 x 30 m) asphalt. In the year ending July 2, 2009, the airport had 45,729 aircraft operations, average 125 per day: 80% general aviation and 20% military. 15 aircraft were then based at the airport: 40% single-engine, 13% multi-engine, and 47% jet. The control tower is staffed under the federal contract tower program. The airport is staffed by the city of Ardmore. Full instrumentation, parking for up to 100 commercial sized aircraft and over . of hangar space. The associated industrial park has over , with a Burlington Northern Santa Fe spur. Industries at the Airpark including King Aerospace, Higgins Interiors, Inc., Dollar General Distribution Center, East Jordan Iron Works, Carbonyx, Inc., and Online Packaging. See also List of airports in Oklahoma References External links "Ardmore Army Air Field" (via Archive.org) Lakeland Aviation, Inc. (fixed-base operator for Ardmore Municipal Airport) Carter County water treatment constructed at airport (July 16, 2004, press release) http://www.brightok.net/~gsimmons/ Airports in Oklahoma Buildings and structures in Carter County, Oklahoma Transport infrastructure completed in 1942	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardmore%20Municipal%20Airport
Massachusetts's 13th congressional district is an obsolete district that was first active 1793–1803 in the District of Maine, then active 1803–1833 and 1893–1963 in Eastern Massachusetts. It was most recently eliminated in 1963 after the 1960 U.S. census. Its last congressman was James A. Burke, who was redistricted into the . List of members representing the district References 13 Former congressional districts of the United States 1963 disestablishments in Massachusetts Constituencies established in 1795 Constituencies disestablished in 1963 1795 establishments in Massachusetts	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts%27s%2013th%20congressional%20district
Barsakelmes or Barsa-Kelmes or variation (, , Barsakelmes meaning "the place of no return"), may refer to: Barsa-Kelmes, a former island in the desertified defunct Aral Sea Barsa-Kelmes Nature Reserve, located on the former island Barsakelmes Lake, a lake located in the desertified Aral Sea basin, between the Western Aral Sea and Northern Aral Sea, in the northern part of the former Eastern Aral Sea Attulus barsakelmes (A. barsakelmes), a species of Kazakhstani spider See also Kelme (disambiguation) Barsa (disambiguation)	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barsakelmes
Lisan Peninsula () is a massive salt layer in the inner part of the Dead Sea’s precursory lakes. It separates the North and the South basins of the Dead Sea. History Its name is Arabic for "tongue". The peninsula, located within Jordanian territory, separates the northern section of the Dead Sea from its shallow southern part. The northern tip is Cape Costigan, in memory of Christopher Costigan, an Irish explorer who perished in 1835 from heat and thirst after being stranded on the sea for days. He took the first known boat ride on the sea in modern times. The south-western tip is labeled as Cape Molyneux, in memory of Thomas Howard Molyneux, an officer in the British Royal Navy who explored the Dead Sea in August 1847 and perished on his return from the journey. The dried water strait between the Lisan and the western coast of the Dead Sea is named Lynch Strait, after William Francis Lynch who explored the Dead Sea area in 1848. Similar to the nearby Mount Sodom (Jebel Usdum), the peninsula is largely made up of white calcareous sediment containing beds of salt and gypsum, rising to on its eastern side. This tongue-shaped, emergent land results in a salt diapir uplifted in the Dead Sea strike-slip regional stress field which has been modified by water level fluctuations during the Holocene. These two elements, associated with dissolution caused by rainfall and groundwater circulation, have resulted in an authentic karst system. See also Zahrat adh-Dhraʻ 2 References Landforms of Jordan Peninsulas of Asia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisan%20Peninsula
The 76 mm regimental gun M1927 () was a Soviet infantry support gun. The gun was developed in 1927 by the design bureau of Orudiyno-Arsenalny Trest (OAT) and entered production in 1928. A total of 18,116 pieces were built. On June 22, 1941, the Red Army had 4,708 of these guns. In 1943 the gun was replaced in production by the 76 mm regimental gun M1943, but remained in service until the end of the war. The Germans placed captured guns into service as the 7.62 cm Infanteriekanonehaubitze 290(r) (infantry gun-howitzer), while in the Finnish army they were known as 76 RK/27. The gun was intended for destruction of light field fortifications and openly placed personnel by direct fire. HEAT shell gave it limited anti-tank capabilities. It was chambered for the same shell size as 76.2mm divisional guns, but with a reduced propellant charge. Since firing higher-power divisional gun ammunition could damage the gun, the shell flange was modified so that divisional gun ammunition couldn't be loaded into the chamber of the regimental gun. The M1927 was issued to rifle and cavalry regiments of the Red Army. Artillery battalion of rifle brigade included one battery of M1927. Some guns were used by anti-tank artillery battalions. Ammunition Ammunition types: Fragmentation-HE: OF-350. Fragmentation: O-350A. HEAT: BP-350M. Projectile weight: OF-350: Muzzle velocity: OF-350, O-350A: BP-350M: Effective range: OF-350, O-350A: BP-350M: 76 mm regimental gun M1943 The M1943 used a modernized barrel from the 76 mm regimental gun M1927 and the split-trail carriage from the 45 mm anti-tank gun M1942 (M-42). Self-Propelled Guns SU-12 - The M1927 was mounted on a shielded pedestal mount on a modified GAZ-AAA truck, and was in production from 1933 to 1935. SU-26 - The M1927 was mounted on a pedestal mount with a triangular shield on the chassis of the T-26 tank. Tank Guns A variant of the M1927 with recoil length reduced from to was designated the 76 mm KT tank gun model 1927/32. The 76 mm KT was installed in these Soviet tanks: BT-7A - The 76 mm KT was installed in a new turret on the chassis of the BT-7. T-26-4 - The 76 mm KT was installed in a new turret on the chassis of the T-26 . T-28 - The primary turret of early versions of the T-28 was armed with a 76 mm KT. T-35 - The primary turret was armed with a 76 mm KT. Gallery References External links Chamberlain, Peter & Gander, Terry. Infantry, Mountain and Airborne Guns. New York: Arco, 1975 Gander, Terry and Chamberlain, Peter. Weapons of the Third Reich: An Encyclopedic Survey of All Small Arms, Artillery and Special Weapons of the German Land Forces 1939-1945. New York: Doubleday, 1979 Ivanov A. - Artillery of the USSR in Second World War - SPb Neva, 2003 (Иванов А. Артиллерия СССР во Второй Мировой войне. — СПб., Издательский дом Нева, 2003., ) Shunkov V. N. - The Weapons of the Red Army, Mn. Harvest, 1999 (Шунков В. Н. - Оружие Красной Армии. — Мн.: Харвест, 1999.) 76.2-mm Regimental gun model 1927 on the BattleField.Ru World War II field artillery World War II artillery of the Soviet Union 76 mm artillery Weapons and ammunition introduced in 1927	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/76%20mm%20regimental%20gun%20M1927
Illinois v. Caballes, 543 U.S. 405 (2005), is a decision by the Supreme Court of the United States in which the Court held that the use of a drug-sniffing police dog during a routine traffic stop does not violate the Fourth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, even if the initial infraction is unrelated to drug offenses. In the case, Illinois native Roy Caballes was stopped by a State Police officer for speeding on an interstate highway. As the officer was writing the ticket, another office arrived on the scene, who walked a drug-sniffing police dog around Caballes's car. The dog alerted to the presence of narcotics at the trunk of the car, which the police opened and found marijuana. Caballes was charged with narcotics trafficking, but tried to suppress the evidence found by the police dog, arguing that the use of the dog violated the Fourth Amendment's prohibition of unreasonable search and seizure because the officers did not have a warrant to search his car. Justice John Paul Stevens wrote for the six-justice majority that it was not an overstep of police power to use a police dog during a routine traffic stop, because a well trained police dog will only alert to the presence of illegal substances that no citizen has the right to possess. Chief Justice William Rehnquist took no part in the consideration of this case, and did not author an opinion. The ruling relied on a previous decision, United States v. Place (1983), in which the Court upheld the constitutionality of police dog searches, and affirmed that police do not have to have reasonable suspicion to bring a canine near a person's belongings in a public place. In response to Caballes, the Court clarified in Rodriguez v. United States (2015) that an officer may not unreasonably prolong the duration of a traffic stop to conduct a dog sniff. Background Prior case law The Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution protects against unreasonable searches and seizures by the federal government and its officials, such as police officers. Officers cannot conduct a search without probable cause and in most cases must obtain a search warrant before proceeding. In some cases, however, officers may conduct a limited search without a warrant. In United States v. Place (1983), the Court ruled that a canine sniff of a person's property by a trained detection dog does not constitute a "search" within the meaning of the Fourth Amendment. Facts of the case On November 12, 1998, Illinois state trooper Daniel Gillette stopped Roy Caballes for speeding on Interstate 80 as it passed through LaSalle County. Gillette reported the stop by radio to his precinct's dispatcher as he approached Caballes's car. Another trooper, Craig Graham of the State Drug Interdiction Team, overheard the transmissions and informed the dispatcher he would meet up with Gillette to conduct a canine sniff on Caballes's car. Gillette brought Caballes into his squad car and asked for consent to search his vehicle, which Caballes refused. Gillette asked the dispatcher to confirm the validity of Caballes's license and check for active warrants. While waiting for the results, Gillette "engaged Caballes in conversation", asking him where he was going and why he was dressed up. Gillette noticed inconsistencies in Caballes's story and considered his nervousness "unusual", but had no reason to continue the investigation. Graham arrived on the scene as Gillette was writing a warning ticket for speeding. Graham walked his drug-sniffing dog around Caballes's car, where the dog alerted at the trunk to the presence of illegal narcotics in less than a minute. Upon searching the trunk, officers found marijuana with a street value of over $250,000. The entire incident lasted less than ten minutes. Lower court proceedings After unsuccessfully moving to suppress the marijuana evidence before trial, Caballes was convicted of narcotics trafficking and sentenced to 12 years in prison and a $256,136 fine. The trial judge denied Caballes' motion to suppress, reasoning that the officers had not unnecessarily prolonged the traffic stop, and the indication by the dog, of narcotics in the vehicle, gave them probable cause to search the trunk of Caballes' car. The Appellate Court of Illinois affirmed, but the Illinois Supreme Court reversed, holding that because the dog sniff was performed without reference to specific and articulable facts, it unjustifiably enlarged the scope of the stop into a drug investigation. The Supreme Court granted certiorari to the case in order to answer the question of whether the Fourth Amendment requires reasonable suspicion to justify using a drug-sniffing dog during a routine and otherwise legitimate traffic stop. Opinion of the Court The Fourth Amendment guards against "unreasonable searches and seizures." Under the Court's Fourth Amendment jurisprudence, a traffic stop is a "seizure," and requires reasonable suspicion that the driver of the vehicle has violated a traffic law. In this case, it was undisputed that Caballes was speeding. Thus, the traffic stop by itself was lawful from the start. However, a seizure that is justified at its inception may become unreasonable if it is unreasonably prolonged in duration. Thus, if the sole reason for the stop is to issue a warning to the motorist, the stop becomes unreasonable if it is prolonged beyond the time reasonably necessary to issue the warning. And if a drug-sniffing dog is used during this unreasonable extension, the use of the dog violates the Fourth Amendment. The Illinois Supreme Court reasoned that using the dog changed the character of the encounter from a routine traffic stop to a drug investigation, and that transformation had to be supported by reasonable suspicion. The Supreme Court instead reasoned that the dog sniff does not change the character of an encounter unless the dog sniff invaded any of the citizen's other reasonable expectations of privacy. The Court concluded it did not. Official conduct that does not invade a reasonable expectation of privacy is not a "search" under the Fourth Amendment. The possession of contraband is not anything in which a person can have a legitimate expectation of privacy, since it is by definition illegal to possess contraband. In United States v. Place (1983), the Court had held that a dog sniff is sui generis because it discloses only the presence or absence of narcotics. By contrast, the information disclosed by the heat sensing device in Kyllo v. United States (2001) disclosed the "intimate details in a home, such as at what hour each night the lady of the house takes her daily sauna and bath." People have a reasonable expectation that such information will be kept private, whereas they have no such expectation in the fact they possessed contraband. Thus, the use of a drug-sniffing dog does not intrude upon any reasonable expectation of privacy, and it was not unreasonable for the Illinois police to use the dog during the time it took them to issue a warning to Caballes. Caballes argued that it was wrong to assume that the alerts of drug-sniffing dogs reveal only information regarding the presence or absence of narcotics. But the Court rejected this argument because there was no information before the state courts to support it, and because he did not point to anything else in which a person has a reasonable expectation of privacy that a drug detection dog's alert might reveal. Dissenting opinions Justice Souter's dissent Justice Souter believed that the time had come to revisit the essential premise underpinning both the Court's opinion in United States v. Place and the majority's opinion in Caballes—that the sniff of a dog is infallible, and can reveal either the presence or absence of narcotics and nothing else. "The infallible dog, however, is a creature of legal fiction.... Their supposed infallibility is belied by judicial opinions describing well-trained animals sniffing and alerting with less than perfect accuracy, whether owing to errors by their handlers, the limitations of the dogs themselves, or even the pervasive contamination of currency by cocaine." Souter pointed to a study relied on by the State of Illinois in its reply brief, indicating that "dogs in artificial testing situations return false positives anywhere from 12.5% to 60% of the time, depending on the length of the search." If a dog is not infallible, then there is no logical basis for the sui generis rule underlying Place and Caballes, and every reason to investigate "the actual function that dog sniffs perform." Because the dogs are in the hands of government agents determined to discover evidence of crime, the dog sniff is the "first step in a process that may disclose intimate details without revealing contraband," and hence is a "search" within the meaning of the Fourth Amendment. In the context of a traffic stop, an additional search unrelated to the initial purpose of the stop requires reasonable suspicion. Since in this case the police did not have such suspicion, Justice Souter would have affirmed the decision of the Illinois Supreme Court. Justice Ginsburg's dissent Justice Ginsburg, joined by Justice Souter, focused on the long-standing connection in the Court's Fourth Amendment jurisprudence between a traffic stop and the stop-and-frisk authorized in Terry v. Ohio (1968). The scope of a Terry stop is not circumscribed merely by duration; the manner in which the stop is carried out must also be carefully controlled. Ginsburg would have applied this principle to the traffic stop in this case, and required reasonable suspicion for the police to transform the routine traffic stop into a more extensive search for drugs. The fact that a dog sniff is sui generis only matters if the sole determinant of what is "reasonable" is the length of time a traffic stop lasts. If the Court had recognized that traffic stops must be limited in what police are searching for as well as how long they take to conduct the search, the sui generis nature of dog sniffs would not have been dispositive of the case. "Under today's decision, every traffic stop could become an occasion to call in the dogs, to the distress and embarrassment of the law-abiding population.... Today's decision clears the way for suspicionless, dog-accompanied drug sweeps of parked cars along sidewalks and in parking lots.... Motorists [would not] have constitutional grounds for complaint should police with dogs, stationed at long traffic lights, circle cars waiting for the red signal to turn green." See also List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 543 United States v. Place, Florida v. Harris, Florida v. Jardines, Rodriguez v. United States, Footnotes References Further reading External links Brief of Petitioner, State of Illinois, June 29, 2004 Brief of Respondent, Roy Caballes, September 17, 2004 Reply Brief of Petitioner, State of Illinois, October 22, 2004 Amicus brief of the ACLU Amicus brief of the Solicitor General Case note in the Harvard Law Review, 119 Harv. L. Rev. 179 (2005) "Bark if you love Justice Souter!" — Dahlia Lithwick in Slate United States Supreme Court cases United States Fourth Amendment case law 2005 in United States case law Search and seizure case law United States controlled substances case law Detection dogs United States Supreme Court cases of the Rehnquist Court Cannabis in Illinois Law enforcement in Illinois LaSalle County, Illinois	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois%20v.%20Caballes
Hometime is the fifth solo studio album by English singer Alison Moyet, released by Sanctuary Records on 19 August 2002 in the United Kingdom and on 10 September 2002 in the United States. It was produced by the Insects (Tim Norfolk and Bob Locke). There is a gap of almost eight years between the release of Moyet's fourth studio album, Essex, and Hometime; owing to a legal dispute between the singer and Sony Music Entertainment UK, her former record label, who wanted her to produce what they saw as more "commercial" music. Hometime was the first album by Moyet released by her new record label, Sanctuary Records. The album enjoyed a great deal of critical and commercial success; the album sold in excess of a quarter of a million copies in the UK within the first months of its release, Moyet became one of the top five best-selling female artists of 2002, and was nominated for a Brit Award and for the Mercury Music Prize that year. A deluxe edition of Hometime was released by Cooking Vinyl on 2 October 2015. Background Following the commercial success of her 1995 compilation album Singles, Moyet and Sony suffered disagreements over the singer's future artistic direction. The label expressed their wishes in having Moyet return to a commercial sound in order to replicate the success she had seen during the 1980s, however she disagreed. Although Sony commissioned the recording of a fifth studio album, Hometime, in 1999, they refused to release it once it had been completed in 2000. Eventually the label agreed to release Moyet. She told the Windy City Times in 2002: "[Sony] wanted me to follow more of a commercial line of recording than I wanted. They didn't want to release me from my contract. I think they were hoping that I'd come to my senses and that never happened." Once released by Sony, Moyet began presenting Hometime to various independent labels. A deal was made with Sanctuary Records, then the largest independent record label in the UK, and Hometime was released in August 2002. Moyet told the Windy City Times: "I was completely blown away by the way [Sanctuary] reacted to the music. They don't have the tools that Sony has, but they completely believed in the album." Speaking of the album to The Guardian in 2001, Moyet said: "It's an adult album but it's not mainstream. There's some blues on it, some chanson, some heavy strings. It's the best album I've ever made. A lot of people will love it but it's not Radio One." Hometime reached 18 in the UK. Three singles were released from the album; "Should I Feel That It's Over" (UK No. 144), "Do You Ever Wonder" (UK No. 113) and "More" (UK No. 127). Critical reception Upon its release, Andy Gill of The Independent commented: "It's undoubtedly her most compelling set of performances since her 1984 solo debut Alf, and may be her best album, period." David Peschek of The Guardian considered the album a "spectacular record of smouldering electronic torch songs, downbeat soul and wayward folk that is easily the best of her career." Q commented: "Eight years is a long time but this is worth the wait." Burhan Wazir of The Observer noted: "Hometime, surprisingly, is one of the most ambitious records of her career, and the strength of the songwriting rarely stumbles." American magazine Billboard commented: "Beautifully produced by the Insects and primarily penned by the artist herself, Hometime finds Moyet tackling signature themes like love, lust and, yes, heartbreak. With Hometime, Moyet surely delivers the best album of her career." The Advocate described Hometime as a "stunning collection" combining "confessional lyrics" and "icy-cool chill-out electronic music". The Orlando Weekly wrote: "Hometime is a soaring reminder of the potency of music itself. It's that rare album that stands above pedantic industry scrutiny, instead pulling you into a dreamlike study of the truth and beauty that reside in the difficult spaces between ourselves and others." Hal Horowitz of AllMusic noted: "Moyet's fifth album is a posh, lavish, elegant affair that shows she's lost none of her chops throughout the long layoff. Production by the Insects adds a torchy, dreamy quality to these tunes. Between the intricately crafted songs, the ornate production, and Moyet's soulful voice, this is arguably her most fully realized and cohesive work." Track listing Personnel Alison Moyet – lead vocals The Insects Tim Norfolk – guitar, lap steel, keyboards, percussion, drum programming (tracks: 1, 3–7, 9–11) Bob Locke – bass, keyboards, percussion, vibes, drum programming (tracks: 1, 4–7, 9–11), vocals (track: 10) Other musicians Tammy Payne – congas (track: 1) David Ballard – drums, percussion (tracks: 1, 5–7, 10–11) Paul Sherman – bass (tracks: 2, 8) Roger Linley – bass (tracks: 2, 8) Clive Deamer – drums (track: 3) Corin Dingley – drums (track: 4) John Baggott – harpsichord (tracks: 4, 9), piano, keyboards, drum programming (tracks: 6, 7, 9, 11) Pete Glenister – guitar, keyboards (track: 5) Alex Swift – drum programming (track: 6) Adrian Utley – guitar (tracks: 6, 11) Damon Reece – percussion (tracks: 6, 7) Eg White – piano, drum programming (track: 6) Derek Green – vocals (track: 6) Ricci P. Washington – vocals (track: 6) John Lewis – guitar (track: 7) Simon Hale – piano (track: 9) Angelo Bruschini – guitar (track: 10) Production The Insects – producers Simon Hale – string arrangement (tracks: 2, 3, 8, 9) Stuart Gordon – string arrangement (track: 11) Charts References 2002 albums Alison Moyet albums Indie pop albums by English artists Sanctuary Records albums Trip hop albums by English artists	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hometime%20%28album%29
John Day (born 13 September 1948) is an English Old Testament scholar. He held the Title of Distinction of Professor of Old Testament Studies in the Faculty of Theology at the University of Oxford (2004–13). He is the editor of In Search of Pre-Exilic Israel (2004) and wrote God's Conflict with the Dragon and the Sea (1985), Yahweh and the Gods and Goddesses of Canaan (2000), and From Creation to Babel: Studies in Genesis 1–11 (2013). He was Fellow, Tutor in Theology, and Dean of Degrees at Lady Margaret Hall. He was elected to an emeritus fellowship at Lady Margaret Hall in 2013. Works Books References Lady Margaret Hall Debrett's Biography External links Lady Margaret Hall 1948 births 20th-century Christian biblical scholars 21st-century Christian biblical scholars English biblical scholars English male non-fiction writers Fellows of Lady Margaret Hall, Oxford Living people Old Testament scholars Religion academics Presidents of the Society for Old Testament Study	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Day%20%28biblical%20scholar%29
Farah City District is a district in Farah province, Afghanistan, containing the main city of Farah.The city of Farah has a population of 54,000 (in 2015). it has 6 districts and a total land area of 2,949 Hectares. The total number of dwellings in this city are 5,299. Popular perceptions As of mid-2009, life seems normal among the district. The streets are full of children and adults alike, who wave at the military vehicles in a friendly manner as they pass by, with the exception of a few who silently glared in their direction. Those few individuals who give them negative looks only do so because they may feel intimidated by the large vehicles and crew-served weapons mounted on them. "Most change their attitudes when we get out of the vehicles," Smith said. "They see us face to face and see that we're people just like them. They realize we're there to help," says Army Staff Sergeant. John Smith, an infantryman who provides security for Provincial Reconstruction Team-Farah. Population The population of the urban area of Farah province, the capital consists of Tajik, Pashtun and Baluchis/Brahuis. Security 2008 The head of a Farah district returned to his post after fleeing the area last autumn in 2007 when 400 Taliban fighters swarmed the district and killed six civilians and a police officer. The International Security Assistance Forces said that Haji Qasim, the head of the province's Gulistan District, was able to return to his post because "security in the province has improved". The province's governor, Mawlawi Mohideen Baluch, told a shura of 40 elders and government officials: "To improve security in this district, you must join together in solidarity. "Do not allow the enemies of Afghanistan to stay in your homes or in your villages. You must stand up to them. Security forces cannot protect you without your assistance." Security is better than 2007 because the district has a new police chief and "an experienced and respected district manager", Baluch said. 2007 Taliban captured Farah district in western Afghanistan forcing lightly armed Afghan police to flee and defying Afghan and foreign forces to retake the lost ground. First, Taliban rebels captured the Farah district of Gulistan a week ago, then on Wednesday took nearby Bakwa. The insurgents also seized Khak-e Sefid without a fight. "Khake-e Sefid district fell into Taliban hands without any resistance from Afghan forces," Qadir Daqiq, a Farah provincial council member at the time told Reuters. Taliban forces had been building up around Khak-e Sefid for some days. The rebels in Farah have been receiving arms through a Taliban leader based close to the Iranian border. "There are many Iranians and Pakistanis fighting among the Afghan Taliban," then Farah provincial police chief Abdulrahman Sarjang told Reuters. Education Farah District contains the Agricultural and Veterinary Educational Institute, which was funded by the Afghan government and the United States, with the cooperation of the people of Farah. Agriculture Opium Poppy has taken precedence as the number one crop grown in Farah province with cultivation doubling between 2006 (7694 hectares) and 2007 (14,865 hectares). Bakwa and Farah districts make up the bulk of critical poppy growing areas. References External links Map of Farah City District Districts of Farah Province	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farah%20District
Sciara may refer to: Sciara (fly), a genus of fungus gnats Sciara sheep, a breed of sheep from Calabria, Italy Sciara, Sicily, a town on Sicily Sciara del Fuoco, a lava flow on Stromboli, Italy	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sciara
The Museum of the Jewellery Quarter is a museum at 75-79 Vyse Street in Hockley, Birmingham, England. It is one of the nine museums run by the Birmingham Museums Trust, the largest independent museums trust in the United Kingdom. In 2008, the Museum of the Jewellery Quarter was named as the third best free tourist attraction in Europe by TripAdvisor, behind the Pantheon in Rome and the National Gallery in London. However an entry charge has since been introduced. History For over 80 years the family-run firm of Smith and Pepper produced gold jewellery from the factory that is now the Museum of the Jewellery Quarter, with very few changes in working practices, equipment or the appearance of the workshop. When the elderly owners retired in 1981, they simply locked the door. Everything was left as it was: tools on benches, overalls hanging on coat hooks, even cups of tea and jars of jam and Marmite. Collections The museum opened in 1992 originally as the Jewellery Quarter Discovery Centre, as part of the city's Heritage Development Plan. It preserves this 'time capsule' of a jewellery workshop and also tells the 200-year story of the Birmingham Jewellery Quarter, the centre of the British jewellery industry, and its traditional craft skills. Collections of jewellery exhibited there include coffin fittings. The museum is the starting point of the self-guided walking tour of the Jewellery Quarter. References External links Museum of the Jewellery Quarter official website Museum of the Jewellery Quarter - Service for schools - Educational teaching sessions and resources at the jewellery museum Museums in Birmingham, West Midlands Industry museums in England Jewellery museums Fashion museums in the United Kingdom Jewellery industry in the United Kingdom Birmingham Museums Trust	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum%20of%20the%20Jewellery%20Quarter
In materials science, fast ion conductors are solid conductors with highly mobile ions. These materials are important in the area of solid state ionics, and are also known as solid electrolytes and superionic conductors. These materials are useful in batteries and various sensors. Fast ion conductors are used primarily in solid oxide fuel cells. As solid electrolytes they allow the movement of ions without the need for a liquid or soft membrane separating the electrodes. The phenomenon relies on the hopping of ions through an otherwise rigid crystal structure. Mechanism Fast ion conductors are intermediate in nature between crystalline solids which possess a regular structure with immobile ions, and liquid electrolytes which have no regular structure and fully mobile ions. Solid electrolytes find use in all solid-state supercapacitors, batteries, and fuel cells, and in various kinds of chemical sensors. Classification In solid electrolytes (glasses or crystals), the ionic conductivity σi can be any value, but it should be much larger than the electronic one. Usually, solids where σi is on the order of 0.0001 to 0.1 Ω−1 cm−1 (300 K) are called superionic conductors. Proton conductors Proton conductors are a special class of solid electrolytes, where hydrogen ions act as charge carriers. One notable example is superionic water. Superionic conductors Superionic conductors where σi is more than 0.1 Ω−1 cm−1 (300 K) and the activation energy for ion transport Ei is small (about 0.1 eV), are called advanced superionic conductors. The most famous example of advanced superionic conductor-solid electrolyte is RbAg4I5 where σi > 0.25 Ω−1 cm−1 and σe ~10−9 Ω−1 cm−1 at 300 K. The Hall (drift) ionic mobility in RbAg4I5 is about 2 cm2/(V•s) at room temperatures. The σe – σi systematic diagram distinguishing the different types of solid-state ionic conductors is given in the figure. No clear examples have been described as yet, of fast ion conductors in the hypothetical advanced superionic conductors class (areas 7 and 8 in the classification plot). However, in crystal structure of several superionic conductors, e.g. in the minerals of the pearceite-polybasite group, the large structural fragments with activation energy of ion transport Ei < kBT (300 К) had been discovered in 2006. Examples Zirconia-based materials A common solid electrolyte is yttria-stabilized zirconia, YSZ. This material is prepared by doping Y2O3 into ZrO2. Oxide ions typically migrate only slowly in solid Y2O3 and in ZrO2, but in YSZ, the conductivity of oxide increases dramatically. These materials are used to allow oxygen to move through the solid in certain kinds of fuel cells. Zirconium dioxide can also be doped with calcium oxide to give an oxide conductor that is used in oxygen sensors in automobile controls. Upon doping only a few percent, the diffusion constant of oxide increases by a factor of ~1000. Other conductive ceramics function as ion conductors. One example is NASICON, (Na3Zr2Si2PO12), a sodium super-ionic conductor beta-Alumina Another example of a popular fast ion conductor is beta-alumina solid electrolyte. Unlike the usual forms of alumina, this modification has a layered structure with open galleries separated by pillars. Sodium ions (Na+) migrate through this material readily since the oxide framework provides an ionophilic, non-reducible medium. This material is considered as the sodium ion conductor for the sodium–sulfur battery. Fluoride ion conductors Lanthanum trifluoride (LaF3) is conductive for F− ions, used in some ion selective electrodes. Beta-lead fluoride exhibits a continuous growth of conductivity on heating. This property was first discovered by Michael Faraday. Iodides A textbook example of a fast ion conductor is silver iodide (AgI). Upon heating the solid to 146 °C, this material adopts the alpha-polymorph. In this form, the iodide ions form a rigid cubic framework, and the Ag+ centers are molten. The electrical conductivity of the solid increases by 4000x. Similar behavior is observed for copper(I) iodide (CuI), rubidium silver iodide (RbAg4I5), and Ag2HgI4. Other Inorganic materials Silver sulfide, conductive for Ag+ ions, used in some ion selective electrodes Lead(II) chloride, conductive at higher temperatures Some perovskite ceramics – strontium titanate, strontium stannate – conductive for O2− ions Zr(HPO4)2.\mathit{n}H2O – conductive for H+ ions UO2HPO4.4H2O (hydrogen uranyl phosphate tetrahydrate) – conductive for H+ ions Cerium(IV) oxide – conductive for O2− ions Organic materials Many gels, such polyacrylamides, agar, etc. are fast ion conductors A salt dissolved in a polymer – e.g. lithium perchlorate in polyethylene oxide Polyelectrolytes and Ionomers – e.g. Nafion, a H+ conductor History The important case of fast ionic conduction is one in a surface space-charge layer of ionic crystals. Such conduction was first predicted by Kurt Lehovec. As a space-charge layer has nanometer thickness, the effect is directly related to nanoionics (nanoionics-I). Lehovec's effect is used as a basis for developing nanomaterials for portable lithium batteries and fuel cells. See also Mixed conductor References Electric and magnetic fields in matter Electrochemical concepts	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fast-ion%20conductor
This is a list of singles which topped the Irish Singles Chart in 1962. Until 1992 the Irish singles chart was compiled from trade shipments from the labels to record stores, rather than from consumer sales. See also 1962 in music Irish Singles Chart List of artists who reached number one in Ireland 1962 in Irish music 1962 record charts 1962	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20number-one%20singles%20of%201962%20%28Ireland%29
Sir Henry Spurrier (16 June 1898 – 17 June 1964) was a British engineer and industrialist, and the third generation of the Spurrier family to head Leyland Motors. Biography Spurrier's grandfather, also Henry, was one of the two Spurrier brothers who founded a company in 1896 to produce steam powered, and later petrol powered, commercial vehicles. The company was renamed Leyland Motors in 1907. In 1919 Spurrier's father, another Henry, took charge of the company. Spurrier (Henry III) was educated at Repton School, and started working life as an apprentice in his grandfather's firm. During World War I he was a pilot lieutenant with the Royal Flying Corps, and served in Mesopotamia and India. Immediately after the war Spurrier involved himself in car development, working with the chief engineer at Leyland Motors, J.G. Parry-Thomas and with his assistant Reid Railton. They produced a luxury touring car the Leyland Eight, with which they intended to compete with Rolls-Royce. It was exhibited at the 1920 London motor show, only eight however, were ever built. In World War II, Leyland Motors manufactured tanks, including the Centaur tank. Spurrier and W. A. Robotham of Rolls-Royce agreed in 1940 that the current Nuffield Liberty L-12 tank engine was unreliable and underpowered; a Rolls-Royce team under Robotham and with three of Spurrier's best designers developed the Meteor tank engine from the Merlin aero engine. After his father's death, Spurrier progressed to become Managing Director of Leyland Motors in 1949. Spurrier was knighted in 1955. Under his leadership Leyland Motors acquired Standard Triumph in 1961 and Associated Commercial Vehicles, the parent company of major rivals AEC in 1962, the newly enlarged company became the Leyland Motor Corporation (LMC), and a car producer once again. Spurrier retired in 1963 and died twelve months later in June 1964. Donald Stokes, his appointed successor, originally a Leyland student apprentice and managing director of Leyland Motors Limited since 1962 was to take his place as chairman in 1966. References Further reading 1898 births 1964 deaths British automotive engineers Royal Flying Corps officers People educated at Repton School Leyland Motors 20th-century British businesspeople 20th-century British engineers 20th-century English businesspeople	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry%20Spurrier
(), known as , commonly referred to as MC Oran for short, is a football club based in Oran, Algeria. Founded on 1 January 1917 and formed again on 14 May 1946, the club was known as Mouloudia Chaâbia Ouahrania from 1971 to 1977, Mouloudia Pétroliers d'Oran (, MP Oran for a short) from 1977 to 1987 and Mouloudia d'Oran from 1987 to 1989. The club colours are red and white. Their home stadium, Ahmed Zabana Stadium, has a capacity of 40,000 spectators. The club is currently playing in the Algerian Ligue Professionnelle 1. Until 2008, MC Oran was the only club in Algeria to have participated in every single season of the first division since its inception in 1962. However, the club was relegated at the end of the 2007–08 season but returned after just one season in the Algerian Championnat National 1. History Foundation of the first Mouloudia (1917) The Mouloudia Club Musulman Oranais (MCM Oran) was founded and declared on 1 January 1917 in Medina Jedida but the declaration was approved by the French authorities on 4 December 1919 after changing the home place of the club. The club was named Mouloudia referring to the Mawlid (the birth of the prophet Muhammad) hence the name Mouloudia of Mawlid. In 1924, the club merged with Hamidia Club Musulman Oranais (HCM Oran), this club was founded in 1921. And in 1931, the club's name return to Mouloudia Club Musulman Oranais. In 1939, the club stopped his sport activities because the World War II until the end of the war in 1945. In 1946, Ali Bentouti a former player and member of MCM Oran decided to form the club under the name of Mouloudia Club Oranais on 14 May 1946. Formation (1946–1962) The Mouloudia Club Oranais began on May 14, 1946, when nationalists activists formed the team of Mouloudia Club Oranais, a Muslim club in the district of El Hamri (former Lamur) in Oran to compete with European clubs at a time when Algeria was a French district (French Algeria). Mohamed Bessol, one of the founding members was a player, coach, and general secretary of the club until 1967. Other founding members were Ali Bentouti, Omar Abouna, Redouane Serik Boutaleb, and also Mohamed Serradj, Ali Tounsi, Belaid Bachir, Bensenouci Mahi, Bloufa Benhadad, Mahmoud Benahmed, Miloud Bendraou, Miloud Cherigui, Ali Aroumia, Kada Fali. The founding ceremony of Mouloudia was assisted by Cheïkh Saïd Zamouchi, delegated by Sheikh Si Tayeb Al Mahaji (imam, writer and member of the Association of Algerian Muslim Ulema) led by Sheikh Abdelhamid Ben Badis. Mouloudia Club Oranais began his first competition, in the 1946–47 season in the third division of the regional championship of the League of Oran (3F/O) after inscription in the France Football Federation. The course of the club from 1946 to 1956 is unknown. And from 1956 to 1962 (the independence year of Algeria), MC Oran block all its sports activities by order of the FLN because Algerian War. After independence (1962–1977) The Mouloudia Club Oranais start in the first competition of Algeria independent in 1962–63 season on high level, it qualified for the final tournament of the championship of the first two seasons, 1962–63 and 1963–64 which were composed of three groups (Algiers, Oran and Constantine). It finished second in the group of Oran in both seasons, unfortunately not a qualifying place for the semi-finals, but this place already earned the team a status of a great club. In the following seasons, it will be runner-up twice consecutively in 1968 and 1969 were the legendary striker Abdelkader Fréha was Algerian championship top scorer in both seasons. In the 1970s and with more experienced players such as Abdelkader Fréha, Abdellah Kechra, Lahouari Beddiar and Miloud Hadefi, the Mouloudia d'Oran will bring back for the season 1970–71 the famous Portuguese coach Carlos Gomes who will say a phrase that will remain famous in the annals of the national football "Give me the MCO and Fréha and I will be champion of Algeria". The Mouloudia will win its first title of its history, the supreme title of champion of Algeria for the season 1970–71. Abdelkader Fréha and Noureddine "Mehdi" Hamel will finish top scorers each one this year and the club will finish with the best attack of the championship, a total dominance for this season. Four years later after winning the first Algeria title in 1971, MC Oran won the first Algerian Cup in 1975, beating the MO Constantine in the final on 19 June in Algiers at the Stade du 5 Juillet in front of 70,000 spectators, It finish the competition with a record of the best attack of the time in the cup competition. Sport reform and the era of the great MP Oran (1977–1989) In 1977, Algerian government decided to reform national sports, it was applied throughout the country, the sports clubs are supported by the national societies and become semi-professionals. Naftal (National Society of Marketing and Distribution of Petroleum Products) sponsors the club. Mouloudia changed its name and became Mouloudia Pétroliers d'Oran (MP Oran). Under the leadership of coach Saïd Amara, and in addition to grandiose players like Sid Ahmed Belkedrouci (top scorer in the championship in 1975), the team is reinforced by talented players like Lakhdar Belloumi or Tedj Bensaoula and finished third in 1979. She is also semi-finalist of the Algerian Cup in 1978 and 1979 and Lakhdar Belloumi was elected top scorer of the championship in 1979. During the 1980s, and particularly from 1983 onwards, a new generation of players such as Benyagoub Sebbah, Habib Benmimoun, Mourad Meziane, Bachir Mecheri, Tahar Chérif El-Ouazzani, wins the Algerian Cup on two consecutive occasions in 1984 and 1985, which will open the doors to the African Cup Winners' Cup in 1985 and 1986. And with the reinforcement of the team by Nacerdine Drid (1986), Karim Maroc (1987) and the return of Lakhdar Belloumi in 1987, the team becomes more stronger and become semi-finalist of Algerian Cup in 1986, 1988 and 1989 and Algerian Championship runners-up in 1987 but in 1988, the team wins the supreme title of champion of Algeria. Favour to this title, the Mouloudia takes part in the African Cup of champions clubs in 1989 and loses a final on penalties well-deserved after a total domination of the competition to the return match at the Stade Ahmed Zabana against Raja Casablanca in front of 40,000 spectators. National domination (1990–2000) The early 1990s marked the end of the sport reform. Consequently, Naftal ceases to sponsor the club which takes its former name of Mouloudia Club Oranais. The club has always played the leading roles at national and international level since 1962, but in the 1990s he dominated national football with a new generation, Abdelhafid Tasfaout, Sid Ahmed Zerrouki, Ali Meçabih supported by experienced players such as Tahar Chérif El-Ouazzani or Omar Belatoui. The decade begins with the two championships won consecutively in 1992 and 1993 with Abdelhafid Tasfaout best scorer in both seasons. The Mouloudia will be four times Algerian championship runners-up in 1995, 1996, 1997 and 2000 and will win in 1996 an historic double Algerian Cup and League Cup. It will also be a finalist in the Algerian Supercup in 1992, the Algeria Cup in 1998 and the League Cup in 2000. At the international level, the club will win the Arab Cup Winners' Cup twice in 1997 and 1998, once the Arab Super Cup in 1999 and will be semi-finalist of the African Cup of Champions in 1994 and quarter-finalist twice in the CAF Cup in 1996 and the African Cup Winners' Cup in 1997. The great depression (2000–2010) The decade of the 2000s will be the worst in the history of MC Oran. In addition a lot of conflicts especially in administration and management when the club has not won any title and he often plays the maintenance against relegation, this decade will be marked by two major milestones. First fact is the Conflict of Elimam-Djebbari of 9 October 2003 in Sidi Bel Abbès during a match of the 2002-2003 Algeria Championship between MC Oran and NA Hussein Dey. The Mouloudia arrived at the stadium with two teams, two technical staff and two coaches, presided by two presidents Kacem Elimam and Youcef Djebbari, the match was canceled and the victory was returned to NA Hussein Dey. The second fact was the Relegation in D2 in 2008. The club relegated for the first time in its history in Division 2 during the 2007–2008 season. This relegation was a shock to the entire population of Oran, and riots broke out in the city for three days, causing considerable material damage estimated at 7.5 billion centimes of DA, hundreds of arrests and hospitalizations that forced the authorities to use the great means to stop this tragedy. But the club accedes after only one year in D1 at the 2008–09 season. The Mouloudia still holds the national record of presence in the first division. Professionalism with failure in managements (2010–2023) The year 2010 will be marked by the launch of the first professional championship encompassing the first and second divisions. On 27 September 2012, the National Society of Marketing and Distribution of Petroleum Products Naftal decided to a probable return to sponsoring the MC Oran after an absence of 24 years. As past, Naftal will sponsoring the all sport's sections of the Mouloudia Club Oranais. This initiative is a part of the development of national sport, especially that MC Oran is one of the largest national and continental omnisports club. However the agreement was not concluded. In 2014 Ahmed "Baba" Belhadj is elected new president of the club but five years passed without any title for the club. On 6 January 2019, the Hyproc Shipping Company, a firm of the petroleum company Sonatrach based in Arzew signed a protocol and became the club's sponsor. This initiative became after a long time of waiting the petroleum firm Naftal it's nine years ago. However same as Naftal, no final contract was concluded and Hyproc same as Naftal became a minor sponsors only. A new era of the club (2023-present) A new appeal has been launched by the Wali of Oran Saïd Sayoud to the shareholders of the société sportive par actions (SSPA) of MC Oran in order to withdraw their share in the said company in favor of the club sportif amateur (CSA) to overcome the crisis that smolders. According to the same official, the SSPA/MCO is already in a “bankruptcy situation”, deploring the attitude of the shareholders who have completely abandoned the club, showing no desire to help it get out of the chaotic situation in which it is struggling. for quite some time. On 16 January 2023, Youcef Djebbari resigned as club president during the extraordinary general meeting (AGEX) of the sports company by shares (SSPA) of the club. On February 5, during a meeting at the headquarters of the wilaya with the shareholders of the club, the wali Saïd Sayoud asks shareholders to give up their shares and leave the club. He also asks to appoint Bachir Sebaâ at the head of the CSA / MCO and also to temporarily chair the SSPA / MCO. On February 6, Bachir Sebaâ takes up his post as manager of the club. On 21 February 2023, in a statement made public on the official page of “the wilaya of Oran”, the wali declared his official withdrawal and his non-interference in the affairs of the MCO team. Despite the efforts and sincere intentions he has deployed, he has not, however, seen any real and serious will on the part of the club's leaders leading to a professional sporting project which reflects the ambitions of the supporters to see their club heart managed mat a national enterprise. However, on March 1, the temporary manager of the club, Bachir Sebaâ, declared that the wali Saïd Sayoud will never abandon the club until all the shareholders have left and he is out of his crisis. And on March 7, the wali declared the club will have a national company before the end of the season. On 14 March 2023, during the 7th Symposium of the Algerian Gas Industry Association in the prestigious Meridian Hostel in Oran, with the presence of the wali M. Saïd Sayoud, M. Mohamed Hamel, Secretary General of the Gas Exporting Countries Forum and M. Toufik Hakkar, the chief executive officer of Sonatrach, and also some members of the club such as Bachir Sebaâ the president of the CSA/MCO and Omar Belatoui the coach of the team. It was declared officially that Hyproc Shipping Company, a subsidiary of sonatrach which is a company specializing in the maritime transport of hydrocarbons based in Oran will become the majority shareholder and the owner of the club. On 17 March 2023, the wali Saïd Sayoud declared the cessation of all the shareholders of their shares for the benefit of the sport amateur club (CSA) and the club will enter in a new era with a new owner, Hyproc Shipping Company. On 17 August 2023, Hyproc Shipping Company became the new owner of MC Oran buying (90.34%) of shares. The meeting was held at the headquarter of Oran Province and the documents were signed by the acting director of Hyproc Abdennacer Bahlouli and The President Of the CSA Chemsseddine Bensnouci. Crests and kits Historical crests MC Oran has had several crests in its history. The first, adopted in the 70th. The second crest was used from the 1977 reform when the national companies took the different Algerians clubs from 1977 to 1988, MC Oran was taken by Naftal company and was called MP Oran (Mouloudia Pétrolière d'Oran), From 1988, the national companies retired from the Clubs, the club took its old name MC Oran (Mouloudia Club Oranais), however there were various crests from this year until now but only one crest was more famous and more credible. Historical kits MC Oran play with white kits with a few red color at home, and with red kits with a few white color at away games. Grounds The club, one of the most popular in Algeria, plays at the Ahmed Zabana Stadium (40,000 capacity), in the popular district of El Hamri. Sometimes the team play in Habib Bouakeul Stadium with a capacity of 20,000. Since the 2023-24 season the club receive mathes in the new Miloud Hadefi Stadium with a capacity of more than 40,000. Supports MC Oran is one of the most popular club of the country, it fans are called Hamraoua in reference to the historical Neighborhoods El Hamri that saw the foundation of the club. There are also some associations of fans and there are called Ultras Red Castle, Ultras Leones Rey and Ultras Red King. Rivalries ASM Oran Before independence in 1962, Oran was known by several big derbies because there were several big clubs as CAL Oran, CDJ Oran, USM Oran, AS Marine d'Oran, FC Oran. After independence, other clubs began to dominate the Oranese and Algerian football as MC Oran, ASM Oran, SCM Oran and RCG Oran and many derbies appeared. The most famous is called Oran derby or Mouloudia & Jamîiya derby, it's the biggest rivalry of Oran since independence in 1962 played between MC Oran and ASM Oran. CR Belouizdad Algerian Clasico It's the rivalry of all the records and it's called the MCO CRB Clasico or the Division one Clasico. First between two clubs holding the record of seasons played (one season only missed each), record of number of matches played between them (more than 100 games in Ligue 1), record of goals scored and many other records. MC Alger This rivalry is between the greatest club of the capital Algiers and the greatest club of the second city Oran. It's called the Mouloudia clasico. ES Sétif Big rivalry between two Algerian big teams since independence. It's called MCO ESS rivalry or East West rivalry. Ownership and finances On 6 January 2019, the Algerian petroleum firm Hyproc Shipping Company signed a primary contract to become the principal sponsor of the club but no final contract was concluded and Hyproc remains a simple sponsor of the club. Current kit supplier, shirt sponsors and sponsor The principal sponsors of the club during the current season are: Historical kit suppliers, shirt sponsors and sponsors Players Algerian teams are limited to three foreign players. The squad list includes only the principal nationality of each player; Current squad . Reserve Squad Notable players MC Oran have many notable former players who have represented MC Oran in league and international competition since the club's foundation in 1946. To appear in the section below, a player must have played in at least 100 official matches for the club or represented the national team for which the player is eligible during his stint with MC Oran or following his departure. For notable players see List of MC Oran players. For details on former players see :Category:MC Oran players. Personnel Current staff Current technical and medical staff Current reserve (U-21) technical and medical staff Managerial history Presidents On 8 October 2012, Larbi Abdelilah is named temporary president of SSPA MC Oran. Abdelilah will manage the administrative affairs of the club until the supposal arrival of officials Naftal. On 3 June 2014, Ahmed "Baba" Belhadj is named a new president of the club, he succeeded Youcef Djebbari. On 10 September 2023, Chakib Ghomari was declared the first president of the club by it new owner Hyproc Shipping Company. Honours MC Oran is one of the most successful teams of Algeria. Domestic competitions Algerian Ligue 1 Winners (4): 1970–71, 1987–88, 1991–92, 1992–93 Runners-up (9): 1967–68, 1968–69, 1984–85, 1986–87, 1989–90, 1994–95, 1995–96, 1996–97, 1999–00 Algerian Cup Winners (4): 1974–75, 1983–84, 1984–85, 1995–96 Runners-up (2): 1997–98, 2001–02 Algerian Super Cup Runners-up (1): 1992 Algerian League Cup Winners (1): 1995–96 Runners-up (1): 1999–00 International competitions African Cup of Champions Clubs / CAF Champions League Runners-up (1): 1989 Regional competitions Arab Cup Winners' Cup Winners (2): 1997, 1998 Arab Super Cup Winners (1): 1999 Arab Cup of Champions Clubs / Arab Club Championship Runners-up (1): 2001 Performance in CAF competitions African Cup of Champions Clubs / CAF Champions League: 3 appearances The club have 3 appearances in African Cup of Champions Clubs from 1989 to 1994. 1989 – Finalist 1993 – Quarter-finals 1994 – Semi-finals CAF Confederation Cup: 2 appearances 2005 – Second round 2016 – Second round CAF Cup: 2 appearances 1996 – Quarter-finals 1998 – First round African Cup Winners' Cup: 3 appearances 1985 – Second round 1986 – Second round 1997 – Quarter-finals International statistics CAF statistics UAFA statistics IFFHS rankings African club of century ranking MC Oran was ranked by IFFHS at the 50th best African club of the 20th century. Multisports club MC Oran is also a multisports club, which in the past has had many sport sections such as Athletics, Basketball, Boxing, Cycling, Judo, Swimming, and many other sports. Today, only football and handball exist. See also List of football clubs in Algeria Notes & references Notes References External links Football clubs in Algeria Football clubs in Oran Association football clubs established in 1917 Algerian Ligue Professionnelle 1 clubs 1917 establishments in Algeria Sports clubs and teams in Algeria	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MC%20Oran
Faustus of Riez was an early Bishop of Riez (Rhegium) in Southern Gaul (Provence), the best known and most distinguished defender of Semipelagianism. Biography Faustus was born between 400 and 410, and his contemporaries, Avitus of Vienne and Sidonius Apollinaris, say that he was born in Britain. In his youth he was devoted to the study of elocution and Christian philosophy. He is thought by some to have been a lawyer but owing to the influence of his mother, famed for her sanctity, he abandoned secular pursuits as a young man and entered the monastery of Lérins. Here he was soon ordained to the priesthood and after about eight years, because of his extraordinary piety was chosen in 432 to be head of the monastery, in succession to Maximus who had become Bishop of Riez. His career as abbot lasted about twenty or twenty-five years during which he attained a high reputation for his wonderful gifts as an extempore preacher and for his stern asceticism. After the death of Maximus he became Bishop of Riez. This elevation did not make any change in his manner of life; he continued his ascetic practices, and frequently returned to the monastery of Lérins to renew his fervour. He was a zealous advocate of monasticism and established many monasteries in his diocese. In spite of his activity in the discharge of his duties as bishop, he participated in all the theological discussions of his time and became known as a stern opponent of Arianism in all its forms. For this, and as is said for his view, stated below, of the corporeity of the human soul, he incurred the enmity of the Arian Euric, King of the Visigoths, who had gained possession of a large portion of Southern Gaul, and was banished from his see. His exile lasted eight years, during which time he was aided by loyal friends. On the death of Euric he resumed his labours at the head of his diocese and continued there until his death between 490 and 495. His own diocesan flock considered him a saint and erected a basilica in his honour. Works and theological position Throughout his life Faustus was an uncompromising adversary of Pelagius, whom he styled pestifer ('plague bringer'), and equally decided in his opposition to the doctrine of predestination which he styled "erroneous, blasphemous, heathen, fatalistic, and conducive to immorality". This doctrine in its strongest form had been expounded by a presbyter named Lucidus and was condemned by two synods, at Arles and Lyons (475). At the request of the bishops who composed these synods, and especially Leontius of Arles, Faustus wrote the Libri duo de Gratia Dei et humanae mentis libero arbitrio, in which he argued against the doctrines of the predestinarians as well as those of Pelagius. The work was marked by Semipelagianism, and for several years was bitterly attacked. It was condemned by the Second Synod of Orange in 529. Faustus maintained that the human soul is in a certain sense corporeal, God alone being a pure spirit. The opposition to Faustus was not fully developed in his lifetime and he died with a reputation for sanctity. Faustus wrote also: Libri duo de Spiritu Sancto (P.L., LXII, 9), wrongly ascribed to the Roman deacon Paschasius. His Libellus parvus adversus Arianos et Macedonianos, mentioned by Gennadius of Massilia, seems to be lost. His feast day is 28 September. Notes Sources His correspondence (epistulae) and sermons are found in: External links Opera Omnia by Migne Patrologia Latina with analytical indexes 5th-century births 5th-century deaths 5th-century bishops in Gaul Bishops of Riez 5th-century Christian saints	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faustus%20of%20Riez
The Bezdna peasant revolt, also known as the Bezdna unrest () was an uprising organised by former serfs after the 1861 Russian Emancipation Reform.The event took place in the Spassky Uyezd of Kazan Governorate, specifically in a village of Bezdna (Russian: Бездна, Biznä Tatar Cyrillic: Бизнә). The leader of the unrest was a literate peasant Anton Petrov. He began convincing his neighbours that the local officials were misinterpreting new reforms brought about by the 1861 Russian Emancipation Reform. The insurgents believed that the tsar had granted them total freedom and declared that they would refuse to continue to pay payments to their landlords and suspend all works on their lots. Thousands of peasants joined the unrest. The unrest was put down by Major General Count Apraksin and a group of military troops who opened fire on the peasants. Between one hundred and three hundred peasants were either wounded or killed. Russia after serfdom With the Emancipation Reform of 1861 in Russia, Tsar Alexander II abolished serfdom throughout the Russian Empire. He reportedly echoed: The manifesto in Bezdna The Emancipation act reached Kazan province in late March to early April 1861. Peasants expected the tsar to grant them full freedom (volia) from any obligations to landowners. When the manifesto was read out loud by various estate officials, the peasants realized the terms of the emancipation favored the landowners over themselves. The peasants charged the officials with misrepresenting the content of the act and sought out various people in their own ranks to read the document to them. The most prominent of these peasant readers was Anton Petrov, a literate peasant from the village of Bezdna. Aton interpreted the document to mean that peasants were free from obligation to any authority but the tsar's. He "mistook a figure meaning 10 per cent for the seal of St. Anne, and ... decided that this was the sign granting liberty." The local officials attempted and failed to persuade the peasants that Petrov's rendering of the text was not true. Days leading up to the revolt During the days leading up to the revolt, the peasants in Bezdna had been asserting their freedom and refusing to work. Count Apraksin noted that he had been receiving messages from the landowners in the region complaining about the situation. He petitioned for two companies of soldiers from "the commander of Fourth Reserve Battalion of the Taruntino Infantry Regiment." Apraksin reached the area on April 9. On April 10, Apraksin was given an overview of the situation by the marshal of the mobility. The marshal informed Apraksin that peasants from other areas were coming to Bezdna to hear Petrov and that the peasants were guarding his house to prevent his arrest. A large uprising was possible and no capable reserve troops were in the district. Apraksin attempted to convince the peasants to assemble stating that he would "clear up any misunderstandings that had arisen," but they did not agree to this. In an official report written by Apraksin after the revolt, he stated the peasants were bold and defiant. Apraksin then went to a nearby village while he waited for military reinforcement. By the 11th Apraksin had 231 soldiers to restore order in the region. The governor of Kazan Province had sent an additional two companies of soldiers but they did not arrive on time. Day of revolt (April 12) News of Anton Petrov and his interpretation of the manifesto had spread. By April 12, a group of peasants from other villages and provinces had converged on Bezdna. There is debate regarding the number of peasants who had converged at Bezdna. Apraksin had first estimated the amount to the 5,000. Afterwards, he wrote that 10,000 peasants had gathered in Bezdna by April 12. An enquiry carried out by a civilian commission estimated the number to be around 4,000. The situation seemed critical and Apraksin decided to confront the peasants with his soldiers. On the morning of the 12th of April, Apraksin entered the village of Bezdna with his military troops. Apraksin and the troops went to the group of peasants surrounding Petrov's house. Apraksin ordered the arrest of Petrov. The peasants refused this order. According to Apraksin, the peasants were bold and defiant. Apraksin ordered his men to shoot several volleys. Between 100 -300 peasants were either killed or wounded. Anton Petrov was arrested and taken to the fortress in Spassk. Aftermath Anton Petrov Petrov was tried by a field court martial in Bezdna on the 16th of April. On April 17, Petrov was found guilty of inciting the uprising and was sentenced to death by shooting. He was executed on the 19th of April. Order was predominantly restored in the area. Kazan service Students at Kazan University arranged a requiem service for the slain peasants. The service was held a few days after the massacre. Afanasy Shchapov, a historian at Kazan University, gave the eulogy. Shchapov portrayed Anton Petrov as a prophet who was to liberate the peasant. His speech was thought to be too inflammatory and almost revolutionary in nature by the imperial government. Shchapov's address was written down and spread throughout the populace. Alexander II ordered Shchapov to be arrested and taken to St. Petersburg. In the capital, Shchapov and his eulogy were investigated. He was eventually pardoned by the tsar as it was difficult for the government to sentence Shchapov due to lack of hard evidence. Shchapov was eventually exiled to Siberia in 1862. Explanations for the uprising Peasant monarchism Historians and contemporaries of the uprising have explained the revolt as a result of peasant or popular monarchism. This monarchism was the belief that the tsar was the benevolent father of the peasantry and would favor them if he knew of their sufferings. The elites were blamed as the one who blacked the tsar's true will and were the enemies of the peasants. This concept had existed in Russia for centuries and was connected to Orthodoxy and culture. Religion In his address after the massacre, Shchapov identified Petrov as the head of a religious sect called the Khlysty. This group, originally called Khristy (Christs), “believed in multiple reincarnations of Christs and saw their leaders as such[.]” The Orthodox Christians, who were suspicious of this sect, called them khlysty (flagellants). In his eulogy, Shchapov referred to the slain peasants as “democratic Christs,” using the language of the sect. Legacy The Bezdna Unrest is considered one of the greatest peasant uprisings in the wake of the 1861 reforms. "The events in Bezdna produced a tremendous impression on Russian society, which was enhanced by A. P. Shchapov's speech at the funeral mass for the peasant victims. Hand-written manuscripts of the speech circulated widely, while Herzen's Kolokol discussed both the revolt and Shchapov's speech." According to his writings in the London Russian language magazine, The Bell, Alexander Herzen criticizes the Russian government for their complete disregard for human life and the fact that the government did not publicly acknowledge the unrest until a month after it had occurred. References History of Tatarstan Serfdom Conflicts in 1861 Rebellions against the Russian Empire 19th-century rebellions 1861 in the Russian Empire	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bezdna%20unrest
Voice is the sixth solo studio album by English singer Alison Moyet, released by Sanctuary Records on 6 September 2004 in the United Kingdom and on 12 October 2004 in the United States. It is a covers album, featuring slow-tempo, classic songs from a number of different genres, designed to showcase the singer's voice, with orchestral backing. A deluxe edition of Voice was released by Cooking Vinyl on 2 October 2015. Background After a performance with the BBC Concert Orchestra in 2003, Moyet approached conductor Anne Dudley with the idea of recording a "collection of classic song". In light of her appreciation of Moyet's distinctive vocal style, Dudley later described the offer of working with her as "irresistible". For her official website, she commented: "We spent many happy hours playing songs on the piano, minutely adjusting keys to suit her voice. We chose a wonderful selection and recorded them organically." The material was recorded at Angel Studios, London, with Dudley as producer and arranger. Voice was released in September 2004 and reached 7 in the UK, spending 12 weeks on the chart. Preceding the album was the single "Windmills of Your Mind", which failed to make a chart appearance. The second and final single, released in December 2004, was a double release of "Almost Blue" and "Alfie". It reached No. 99 in the UK. Speaking to the BBC News in 2004, Moyet commented: "As a 43-year-old I'm finding that reflective, beautiful songs appeal to me. I am quite a prolific singer, in the sense that I have a versatility and I don't want to be limited purely to the songs that I can write." Track listing Personnel Musicians Alison Moyet – lead vocals Anthony Pleeth – cello (tracks: 1 to 9, 11) Dave Daniels – cello (tracks: 6, 7, 9) Martin Loveday – cello (tracks: 6, 7, 9) Paul Kegg – cello (tracks: 1, 2, 4, 6 to 9) Nicholas Bucknall – clarinet (tracks: 1, 4, 11) Chris Laurence – double bass (tracks: 1, 2, 4 to 9) Ralph Salmins – drums (tracks: 2, 3, 5 to 7, 10) John Parricelli – guitar (tracks: 2, 4 to 7, 10) Anne Dudley – piano (tracks: 1 to 7, 9 to 10), electric piano (tracks: 2, 5), glockenspiel (track: 4), organ (track: 6) Derek Watkins – trumpet (tracks: 3, 6, 10) Andy Parker – viola (tracks: 6, 7, 9) Bruce White – viola (tracks: 1, 2, 4, 6 to 9) Peter Lale – viola (tracks: 1 to 9, 11) Vicci Wardman – viola (tracks: 1, 2, 4, 6, to 9) Boguslaw Kostecki – violin (tracks: 1, 2, 4, 6 to 9) Gordon Buchan – violin (tracks: 6, 7, 9) John Bradbury – violin (tracks: 6, 7, 9) Julian Leaper – violin (tracks: 1, 2, 4, 6 to 9) Maciej Rakowski – violin (tracks: 6, 7, 9) Patrick Kiernan – violin (tracks: 6, 7, 9) Paul Willey – violin (tracks: 6, 7, 9) Rita Manning – violin (tracks: 1, 2, 4, 6 to 9) Roger Garland – violin (tracks: 1, 2, 4 to 9, 11) Rolf Wilson – violin (tracks: 1 to 8) Simon Baggs – violin (tracks: 6, 7, 9) Rolf Wilson – violin (leader) (tracks: 1, 2, 4, 6 to 9) Derek Watkins – flugelhorn (tracks: 2, 6) Alasdair Malloy – harmonica (glass), percussion (track: 8) Victoria Walpole – Cor Anglais (track: 4) Alasdair Mallory – marimba (track: 4) Steve Pearce – bass (track: 6) Jamie Talbot – saxophone (tracks: 6, 10) Julian Jackson – harmonica (track: 10) Production Anne Dudley – producer, arranger Mat Bartram – sound engineer Steve Price – sound engineer Roger Dudley – sound engineer, sound mixing Charts References 2004 albums Alison Moyet albums Covers albums Sanctuary Records albums	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voice%20%28Alison%20Moyet%20album%29
University of Oklahoma Westheimer Airport (Max Westheimer Airport) is a public use airport in Norman, in Cleveland County, Oklahoma. It is owned by the University of Oklahoma. The National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems for 2021–2025 categorized it as a reliever airport. The Cleveland County Composite Squadron of Civil Air Patrol meets on Tuesday evenings in a hangar provided by the City of Norman, east of the terminal. University of Oklahoma Westheimer Airport is important to the local economy as the aerospace and aviation industries are significant sectors to Oklahoma's economy. The $43.7 billion in yearly aviation and aerospace spending benefits the Oklahoma economy. History The airport was built as a civil airport on land donated by the Neustadt family in the name of World War I pilot Max Westheimer to the University of Oklahoma and land from the city of Norman, Oklahoma. It was taken over by the U.S. Navy in 1941 and expanded as a training field; it was then called the Naval Air Station Norman. It was transferred back to the University after the war. Facilities The airport covers 727 acres (294 ha) at an elevation of 1,182 feet (360 m) above sea level. It has two asphalt runways: 18/36 is 5,199 by 100 feet (1,585 x 30 m) and 3/21 is 4,748 by 100 feet (1,447 x 30 m). In the year ending January 1, 2018, the airport had 48,733 aircraft operations, an average of 134 per day: 97% general aviation, 2% military and 1% air taxi. In May 2022, there were 107 aircraft based at this airport: 80 single-engine, 16 multi-engine, 5 jet and 6 helicopter. See also List of airports in Oklahoma References External links University of Oklahoma - Max Westheimer Airport University of Oklahoma Westheimer Airport (OUN) at Oklahoma Aeronautics Commission Cleveland County Composite Squadron - Civil Air Patrol University of Oklahoma LAAS & WAAS Testing Aerial image as of February 1995 from USGS The National Map Airports in Oklahoma Norman, Oklahoma University of Oklahoma Buildings and structures in Cleveland County, Oklahoma University and college airports	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University%20of%20Oklahoma%20Westheimer%20Airport
The Zamfira monastery is a monastery of Eastern Orthodox nuns, located in the Lipănești commune, Prahova County, Romania. History The church was erected in 1743, at the initiative of Zamfira Apostoli, the widow of a wealthy Wallachian salesman. As the church was damaged by earthquakes in 1802 and 1838; a newer one was built in 1858. The consecration of the church took place on 8 September 1857. Architecture The compound is of a quadrilateral shape, with the new church in its center. The old church is outside the compound, near the cemetery. The new church was painted in 1856-1857 by Nicolae Grigorescu, at the age of 18. Another painted involved was Master Cheladec. Renovation The monastery suffered significant damage in the two earthquakes of 10 November 1940 and 4 March 1977. The monastery saw major restoration in 1941 and 1942. Then in 1950 further renovations were made, followed by still more in 1960, overseen by Patriarch Justinian. In 1986 and 1989, following the earthquake, there were further repairs and restorations to the buildings, under the supervision of Patriarch Teoctist. Gallery References România - Harta mănăstirilor, Amco Press, 2000 External links www.ortodox.ro - Zamfira Monastery Romanian Orthodox monasteries of Prahova County Churches completed in 1858 Historic monuments in Prahova County 1743 establishments in Europe	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zamfira%20Monastery
"Made-Up Lovesong #43" is a song by Guillemots, from their album, Through the Windowpane. It was released as a single; their first to be chart-eligible, reaching number 23 in the UK Singles Chart. An older version of the song appears on I Saw Such Things in My Sleep EP and From the Cliffs. Track listing CD single "Made-Up Lovesong #43" "Woody Brown River" (demo) "The Dormouse & The Meerkat" "Made-Up Lovesong #43" (Video) 7-inch Picture Disc "Made-Up Lovesong #43" "Parafuso" "Atina" 7-inch single "Made-Up Lovesong #43" "Dunes " References 2006 singles Guillemots (band) songs 2006 songs Polydor Records singles	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Made-Up%20Lovesong%2043
("The School of the Willow Heart") is a common name for one of several different martial traditions founded in Japan during the Edo period. The most popular and well-known was the Yōshin-ryū founded by physician Akiyama Shirōbei Yoshitoki at Nagasaki Kyushu in 1642. The Akiyama line of Yōshin-ryū is perhaps the most influential school of jūjutsu to have existed in Japan. By the late Edo Period, Akiyama Yōshin-ryū had spread from its primary base in Fukuoka Prefecture Kyushu throughout Japan. By the Meiji era, Yōshin-ryū had spread overseas to Europe and North America, and to Australia and South Africa by the late Shōwa era. Together with the Takenouchi-ryū (竹内流), and the Ryōi Shintō-ryū (良移心当流), the Yōshin-ryū (楊心流), was one of the three largest, most important and influential Jūjutsu schools of the Edo period (江戸時代 Edo jidai 1603 - 1868) before the rise of Judo. Curriculum and brief history Akiyama Yōshin-ryū is noted for a very broad curriculum, which originally included jujutsu and torite (grappling and arresting methods), bukijutsu (weapons methods), hyoho (battlefield strategy), to the development of internal energy, or nairiki. It is believed several of these teachings were eventually absorbed by other jujutsu traditions, notable among them being methods of kyusho atemi (the manipulation of pressure points). Prior to his death in 1680, Akiyama Shirōbei Yoshitoki (秋山四郎兵衛芳年) passed the tradition to Ōe Senbei Hirotomi (大江千兵衛広富), the man largely responsible for codifying the 303 kata that comprise the jujutsu curriculum. Ōe (died 1696) trained and qualified scores of students who subsequently spread the art throughout Japan. Historically, there were three predominant mainline branch houses (honke/seito) commencing with the third generation: the Miura line under Miura Sadaemon (三浦定右衛門), the Iwanaga line under Iwanaga Sennojō Yoshishige (岩永千之亟義重), and the Hano line under Hano Shinkurō (羽野新九郎). A majority of subsequent minor branch houses (bunke/baike) descend from these principal lineages. A sub-branch of the Miura line has survived with an unbroken transmission of headmasters to the current day: the Yōshin-ryū bukijutsu / naginata school in Hiroshima, headed by Koyama Noriko (小山宜子). Koyama traces her lineage to Akiyama through a sixth generation headmaster, Hotta Magoemon (堀田孫右衛門). Hotta separated the bukijutsu and jujutsu transmissions, awarding the former to Hoshino Kakūemon (星野角右衛門), and the latter to Kumabe Sessui (隈部節水). A parallel lineage that passed through nine generations of the Hoshino family continues in Kumamoto City on the island of Kyushu, and is currently headed by 13th generation inheritor Masuda Kōichi (舛田紘一). This line of Yōshin-ryū specialises in the use of the hanbo or 'half staff' (半棒). Masuda is also a seventh generation shihan in Negishi-ryū shurikenjutsu (根岸流手裏剣術). The jujutsu transmission of the Miura mainline lineage is believed to have become extinct with the death of the 13th generation inheritor, Era Sajuro (恵良佐十郎). Notably, several minor houses of the Miura line were extinguished in the early twentieth century, among them was the branch established by Satō Jirō Nagamasa (佐藤次郎) in 1728. It survived until the death of the eighth generation headmaster, Kaiga Itsuki Nomiya (海賀齊宮) in 1903. The Iwanaga mainline eventually passed to Shiota Jindayū (塩田甚太夫), who in 1780 combined its teachings with the Suzuki-ryu (鈴木流) and Nanba Ippo-ryû (難波一甫流) to create the Kurama Yōshin-ryū (鞍馬楊心流). This tradition continues to be practised in Kagoshima city on the island of Kyushu, and is under the supervision of the twelfth generation headmaster, Shiota Tetsuya (塩田哲也). An alternate lineage is active on Kamikoshiki Island, and is under the supervision of thirteenth generation headmaster, Shiota Jinhide (塩田甚英). Hano line The Hano mainline transmission survived into the early 20th century through the eighth generation headmaster, Santō Shinjūrō Kiyotake (山東新十郎清武) of Kumamoto Kyushu. Santō was perhaps better known as the seventh generation Headmaster of Miyamato Musashi's (宮本武蔵) famed Hyoho Niten Ichi-ryu (兵法二天一流) school of swordsmanship, and while he is known to have awarded complete transmission of Yōshin-ryū to at least five students, he did not name an inheritor to the tradition prior his death in 1909. Contemporary mainline Yōshin-ryū jujutsu dojo led by shihan who trace their legacies through Santō's fully licensed students can be found in Osaka and Nagasaki, while a dojo in Nara traces its descent through Ishii Riko Osamu (石井理子治). Ishii (died 1897) was the inheritor of the minor branch house of the Hano lineage established by Akasumi Tokuzenji Hakumine (赤住徳禪寺伯嶺) in 1753. These dojo practice the received jujutsu and bukijutsu curricula (including battojutsu and kenjutsu, bojutsu and hanbojutsu, naginatajutsu and sojutsu, and kusarigamajutsu). In common with other koryū, the curriculum is contained in a series of mokuroku (目録) or 'catalog' scrolls, presented when the practitioner achieves an appropriate level of technical and moral proficiency. The Hano lineage provides four levels of technical transmission: Shoden (初伝), chuden (中伝), joden (上伝) and kaiden (皆伝), which are distributed across six licenses. While several of the transmission scrolls and documents are common to all lineages, others are unique to specific lines of transmission. In the Hano lineage the first license to be awarded is the kirigami menjo (切り紙免状), and the last is the menkyo kaiden-no-maki (免許皆伝之巻). Fuzoku (auxiliary) bukijutsu methods are addressed in the betsuden mokuroku (別伝目録), while a range of esoteric knowledge inclusive of religious teachings or shinpi (神秘), and hyoho (兵法), are recorded in manuals known collectively as densho (傳書). A defining characteristic of historic Yōshin-ryū makimono is the finely detailed artwork they incorporate, marking them as excellent examples of the Japanese emakimono (絵巻物) or "picture scroll" tradition. Descendants Schools with varying degrees of descent from Akiyama Yōshin-ryū jūjutsu include: Danzan ryu, Shin Yōshin-ryū, Shinshin-ryū, Sakkatsu Yōshin-ryū, Shin-no-Shindō ryū, Tenjin Shin'yō-ryū, Shindō Yōshin-ryū, Wadō-ryū karatedo, Ryushin Katchu-ryū, Ito-ha Shin'yō-ryū, Kurama Yōshin-ryū, Kodokan Judo, and Fudoshin-ryu. Hontai Yōshin ryū – Takagi ryū Lineage The schools of Hontai Yōshin-ryū – Takagi-ryū are not a part of the Akiyama Yōshin-ryū lineage, but are instead descended from Takenouchi-ryū. See also Ryōi Shintō-ryū Notes Jujutsu Ko-ryū bujutsu Japanese martial arts	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y%C5%8Dshin-ry%C5%AB
Fenethylline (BAN, USAN) is a codrug of amphetamine and theophylline and a prodrug to both. It is also spelled phenethylline and fenetylline (INN); other names for it are amphetaminoethyltheophylline and amfetyline. The drug was marketed for use as a psychostimulant under the brand names Captagon, Biocapton, and Fitton. It is now illegal in most countries and is produced primarily for illicit use. Syria is considered to be the world's largest producer of the drug, contributing 80% of its global supplies. History Fenethylline was first synthesized by the German Degussa AG in 1961 and used for around 25 years as a milder alternative to amphetamine and related compounds. Although there are no FDA-approved indications for fenethylline, it was used in the treatment of "hyperkinetic children", in what would now be called attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, and, less commonly, for narcolepsy and depression. One of the main advantages of fenethylline was that it does not increase blood pressure to the same extent as an equivalent dose of amphetamine and so could be used in patients with cardiovascular conditions. Fenethylline was considered to have fewer side effects and less potential for abuse than amphetamine. Nevertheless, fenethylline was listed in 1981 as a schedule I controlled substance in the United States, and it became illegal in most countries in 1986 after being listed by the World Health Organization for international scheduling under the Convention on Psychotropic Substances, even though the actual incidence of fenethylline abuse was quite low. Pharmacology The fenethylline molecule results when theophylline is covalently linked with amphetamine by an alkyl chain. Fenethylline is metabolized by the body to form two drugs, amphetamine (24.5% of oral dose) and theophylline (13.7% of oral dose), both of which are active stimulants. The physiological effects of fenethylline therefore seem to result from a combination of these two compounds, although how is not entirely clear, and seems to involve a synergistic effect between amphetamine and theophylline produced following metabolism. The pharmacological actions of fenethylline before cleavage also remain poorly established, though it appears to act directly at several serotonin receptors. Abuse and illegal trade Abuse of fenethylline of the brand name Captagon is common in the Middle East, and counterfeit versions of the drug continue to be available despite its illegality. Captagon is much less common outside of the Middle East, to the point that police may not recognize the drug. Captagon production and export has become a big industry sponsored by the Syrian government, with revenue from its exports contributing to more than 90% of its foreign currency. The Assad regime's annual Captagon merchandise is estimated to have been worth US$57 billion in 2022, about three times the total trade of all Mexican drug barons. Many of these counterfeit "Captagon" tablets contain other amphetamine derivatives that are easier to produce, but are pressed and stamped to look like Captagon pills. Some counterfeit Captagon pills analysed do contain fenethylline, indicating that illicit production of this drug continues to take place. These illicit pills often contain "a mix of amphetamines, caffeine[,] and various fillers", which are sometimes referred to as "captagon" (with a lowercase "c"). Fenethylline is a popular drug in Western Asia, and American media outlet CNN reported in 2015 that it is allegedly used by militant groups in Syria. Later research demonstrated that it was the Syrian government of Bashar al-Assad that has been financing Captagon production and sponsoring networks of its drug dealers in coordination with the Syrian intelligence. It is manufactured locally by a cheap and simple process. In July 2019 in Lebanon, captagon was sold for $1.50 to $2.00 a pill. In 2021 in Syria, low-quality pills were sold locally for less than $1, while high-quality pills are increasingly smuggled abroad and may cost upwards of $14 each in Saudi Arabia. According to some leaks, militant groups export the drug in exchange for weapons and cash. According to Abdelelah Mohammed Al-Sharif, secretary general of the National Committee for Narcotics Control and assistant director of Anti-Drug and Preventative Affairs, forty percent of users between the ages of twelve and twenty-two in Saudi Arabia are addicted to fenethylline. Increasing usage and seizures According to United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC), Saudi Arabia received seven tonnes of Captagon in 2010, a third of the world supply. In 2017, Captagon was the most popular recreational drug in the Arabian Peninsula. In October 2015, a member of the Saudi royal family, Prince Abdel Mohsen Bin Walid Bin Abdulaziz, and four others were detained in Beirut on charges of drug trafficking after airport security discovered two tons of Captagon (fenethylline) pills and some cocaine on a private jet scheduled to depart for Riyadh, the Saudi capital. The following month, Agence France-Presse reported that the Turkish authorities had seized two tonnes of Captagon — about eleven million pills — during raids in the Hatay region on the Syrian border. The pills had been produced in Syria and were being shipped to countries in the Arab states of the Persian Gulf. In December 2015, the Lebanese Army announced that it had discovered two large-scale drug production workshops in the north of the country and seized large quantities of Captagon pills. Two days earlier, three tons of Captagon and hashish were seized at Beirut Airport, concealed in school desks being exported to Egypt. References to the drug were found on a mobile phone used by Mohamed Lahouaiej Bouhlel, a French-Tunisian who killed eighty-four civilians in Nice on Bastille Day 2016. In May 2017, French customs at Charles de Gaulle Airport seized seven hundred fifty thousand Captagon pills being transported from Lebanon to Saudi Arabia. In 2017, two other consignments of pills were found at Charles de Gaulle Airport: in January, heading for the Czech Republic, and in February, hidden in steel moulds. Further investigation showed that the seized products mainly contained a mixture of amphetamine and theophylline. In January 2018, Saudi Arabia seized 1.3 million Captagon pills at the Al-Haditha crossing near the border with Jordan. In December 2018, Greece intercepted a Syrian ship sailing for Libya, carrying six tonnes of processed cannabis and three million Captagon pills. In July 2019, a shipment of thirty-three million Captagon pills, weighing 5.25 tonnes, was seized in Greece coming from Syria. In July 2019, eight hundred thousand Captagon pills were found on a boat in the United Arab Emirates. In August 2019, Saudi customs at Al-Haditha seized 2,579,000 Captagon pills found inside a truck and a private vehicle. In February 2020, the UAE found thirty-five million Captagon pills in a shipment of electric cables from Syria to Jebel Ali. In April 2020, Saudi Arabia seized 44.7 million Captagon pills smuggled from Syria, and citing drug smuggling concerns, imposed an import ban on fruits and vegetables from Lebanon, causing the price of Lebanese lettuce to plummet. On 1 July 2020, an anti-drug operation coordinated in Italy by the Italian Guardia di Finanza and Customs and Monopolies Agency seized fourteen tonnes of amphetamines, labeled as Captagon, smuggled from Syria and initially thought by the Italian authorities to have been produced by ISIS, which were found in three shipping containers filled with around 84 million pills, in the southern port of Salerno. In November 2020, Egypt seized two shipments of Captagon pills at Damietta port coming from Syria. The first had 3,251,500 tablets, while the second contained 11 million tablets. In December 2020, Italian authorities seized about 14 tonnes of Captagon arriving from Latakia, Syria, and heading towards Libya, numbering about 85 million pills, worth around $1 billion. In January 2021, Egyptian authorities seized eight tons of Captagon and another eight tons of hashish at Port Said, from a shipment that arrived from Lebanon. In February 2021, Lebanese customs seized at Beirut port a shipment of 5 million Captagon pills hidden in a tile-making machine, intended for Greece and Saudi Arabia. In April 2021, Saudi authorities discovered 5.3 million Captagon pills hidden in fruits imported from Lebanon. Production in Syria The drug is playing a role in the Syrian civil war. The production and sale of fenethylline generates large revenues which are likely used to fund weapons, and fenethylline is used as a stimulant by combatants. Poverty and international sanctions that limit legal exports are contributing factors. In May 2021, the UK newspaper The Guardian described the effects of Captagon production in Syria on the economy as a dirty business that is creating a near-narco-state. Drug money flowing into Syria is destabilizing legitimate businesses, positioning it as the global centre of Captagon production, with increased industrialization, adaptation, and technical sophistication. In June 2021, Saudi authorities at Jeddah port seized fourteen million Captagon tablets hidden inside a shipment of iron plates coming from Lebanon. In the same month, Saudi authorities seized a shipment of 4.5 million Captagon pills, smuggled inside several orange cartons, at Jeddah port. In July 2021, Saudi customs discovered 2.1 million Captagon pills at Al-Haditha hidden in a tomato paste shipment. The New York Times reported in December 2021 that the Syrian Army's elite 4th Armoured Division, commanded by Maher al-Assad, whose brother Bashar al-Assad is the ruler of Syria, oversees much of the production and distribution of Captagon, among other drugs. The unit controls manufacturing facilities, packing plants, and smuggling networks all across Syria, and had started to deal in crystal meth. The division's security bureau, headed by Maj. Gen. Ghassan Bilal, provides protection for factories and along smuggling routes to the port city Latakia and to border crossings with Jordan and Lebanon. In the wake of sanctions against the Assad government, Jihad Yazigi, editor of The Syria Report, reported that Captagon is now "Syria's most important source of foreign currency". Synthesis Reaction mechanism Theophylline (1) is alkylated using 2-bromochloroethane (2) in a substitution reaction to give 7-(2-Chloroethyl)theophylline (aka Benaphyllin, Eupnophile) (3). 7-(2-Chloroethyl)theophylline forms a three-carbon ring substructure by displacing the remaining halogen leaving group in an intramolecular substitution reaction. The three-carbon ring substructure is deformed by the primary amine in amphetamine (4), giving fenethylline (5). Reaction conditions Theophylline (1) is allowed to react with 2-bromochloroethane (2) by refluxing both compounds at 90°C for 18h. The produced 7-(2-Chloroethyl)theophylline (3) is filtered and purified. After purification, compound 3 is mixed with amphetamine (4) in a mixture at 100°C for 17 hours to produce fenethylline (5). Compound identification Since fenethylline is a highly controlled drug, a variety of identification methods are needed in order to regulate it. Many identification methods with different samples have been tested. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) has been proven as an accurate tool to identify fenethylline in solid samples, as well as in urine and hair samples. See also Amfecloral Cafedrine Famprofazone Fencamine Theodrenaline ZDCM-04 References Substituted amphetamines Xanthines Codrugs Adenosine receptor antagonists Norepinephrine-dopamine releasing agents Stimulants 1961 introductions Illegal drug trade	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenethylline
Akatuy may refer to: Akatuy (village), a village in Siberia (Борзинский район Читинской области), a place of the Akatuy katorga Akatuy katorga of Russian Empire Akatuy, Chuvash festival of land fertility (see Sabantuy)	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akatuy
Bjarne Tromborg (born 1940) is a Danish physicist, best known for his work in particle physics and photonics. Biography Tromborg was born in Give, Denmark. In 1968, he received the M.Sc. degree in physics and mathematics from the Niels Bohr Institute, in Copenhagen, Denmark. He was a university researcher studying high-energy particle physics from 1968 to 1978. In 1979, he joined the research laboratory of the Danish Teleadministrations in Copenhagen. He was Head of Optical Communications Department at Tele Danmark Research, Horsholm, Denmark from 1987 to 1995. He was an adjunct professor at the Niels Bohr Institute from 1991 to 2001. In 1997, he took a leave of absence at the Technion - Israel Institute of Technology. Until his retirement at the end June 2006, he was a research professor at COM•DTU, Department of Communications, Optics and Materials (which became DTU Fotonik, Department of Photonics Engineering, in 2008 and DTU Electro, Department of Electrical and Photonics Engineering, in 2022), Technical University of Denmark. Research Tromborg co-authored a research monograph and approximately one hundred journal and conference publications, mostly on physics and optoelectronics. At the Niels Bohr Institute, he carried out research in elementary particle physics, particularly analytic S-matrix theory and electromagnetic corrections to hadron scattering. He coauthored a research monograph on dispersion theory. In the early 1980s, he switched to photonics. Tromborg was one of the first to develop advanced theoretical models for complex semiconductor laser structures such as external laser cavities and distributed feedback lasers in the beginning of the 1980s. Computer simulations and measurements confirmed the validity of the theoretical models and their predictions. Several co-workers including Henning Olesen, Gunnar Jacobsen, Jens Henrik Osmundsen, Finn Mogensen, Kristian Stubkjær, Jesper Mørk, Xing Pan, Hans Erik Lassen and Björn Jónsson contributed to this work over a period of almost 15 years until 1995. At TeleDanmark Research in the late 1980s and early 1990s Tromborg and colleagues worked to study the dynamics of active semiconductor materials in order to understand the physical relaxation processes at play, their strength and characteristic time scales. A pump-probe set-up employing femtosecond lasers was established and modeling efforts were initialized. Tromborg led the effort to identify this as a topic that would remain important for many years and argued that Denmark should work to lead in the field. He also proposed theoretical methods that could be used to estimate the size of these ultrafast dynamical effects and their role in understanding the origin of nonlinear gain suppression in semiconductor lasers. From 1999 to his retirement at the end of June 2006, Tromborg was with the Department of Communications, Optics and Materials (COMDTU) at the Technical University of Denmark. In this period, he worked in both research and education, as well as in securing several European Union research projects for COMDTU. Tromborg took up the field of photonic crystals and initiated and contributed himself to activities within the theory of photonic crystals. He also applied general techniques within stochastic theory and signal analysis to develop improved descriptions of noise spectra in nonlinear semiconductor optical amplifiers. Awards and recognition Tromborg received the Electro-prize from the Danish Society of Engineers in 1981. He was Chairman of the Danish Optical Society from 1999 to 2002. He has been Associate Editor of the IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics since 2003. At his retirement, a symposium on photonics was held in his honor on 22 June 2006 at the Technical University of Denmark. References External links Publications Danish physicists Particle physicists 1940 births Living people People from Vejle Municipality	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bjarne%20Tromborg
Ispat English Medium School is an English medium school in Sector 20 of the Rourkela Steel Township in Rourkela, Odisha, India. The school follows the syllabus prescribed by the CISCE. History Ispat English Medium School, the only Indian Certificate of Secondary Education institution under the Steel Authority of India (SAIL), Rourkela Steel Plant was founded in 1961 with 27 students, five teachers and two classrooms. It ran on the Indian Public School (IPS) system. The school has been affiliated with the Council for the Indian School Certificate Examinations, New Delhi since May 1964. It is one of the first schools established in Rourkela and the first to have English as the medium of instruction. Admission is only to children of parents working for SAIL, CISF, CRPF and other Central Government undertakings and REC. About In 1982 the institution started a Junior College (ISC +2) with a Science Stream. Its academic activities expanded with the new addition of a +2 Commerce stream from 2004. In 2011, the school celebrated the 50th anniversary of its founding. Facilities The school is a co-educational day-school and is run by the education department of SAIL. The school currently has 1500 students and sixty teachers. Housing The school is set up according to a house system. The four houses are: References External links Official website List of top 100 schools in India Council for Indian School Certificate Examinations Primary schools in India High schools and secondary schools in Odisha Schools in Rourkela Educational institutions established in 1961 1961 establishments in Orissa	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ispat%20English%20Medium%20School
Galam Cennalath (died 580) was a king of the Picts from 550 to 555. The Pictish Chronicle king lists have him reign for between two and four years, with one year being jointly with Bridei son of Maelchon according to some versions. Some variants place his reign between Gartnait and Drest son of Girom which may be a copyist's error, or alternatively he may have had two reigns. The death of "Cennalath, King of the Picts" is reported by the Annals of Ulster and the Annals of Tigernach for 580. References Anderson, Alan Orr, Early Sources of Scottish History A.D 500–1286, volume 1. Reprinted with corrections. Paul Watkins, Stamford, 1990. External links CELT: Corpus of Electronic Texts at University College Cork includes the Annals of Ulster, Tigernach, the Four Masters and Innisfallen, the Chronicon Scotorum, the Lebor Bretnach (which includes the Duan Albanach), Genealogies, and various Saints' Lives. Most are translated into English, or translations are in progress. Pictish Chronicle 6th-century births 580 deaths Pictish monarchs 6th-century Scottish monarchs	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galam%20Cennalath
This is a list of singles which topped the Irish Singles Chart in 1963. Note that prior to 1992, the Irish singles chart was compiled from trade shipments from the labels to record stores, rather than on consumer sales. See also 1963 in music Irish Singles Chart List of artists who reached number one in Ireland 1963 in Irish music 1963 record charts 1963	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20number-one%20singles%20of%201963%20%28Ireland%29
Stillwater Regional Airport is in Payne County, Oklahoma, United States, three miles (4.8 km) northwest of Stillwater. History After World War II the airfield was one of six locations in the nation that stored surplus military aircraft; about 475 were flown to the airport starting in 1945. In 1946 Paul Mantz bought them all, keeping 12 for use as stunt planes and camera ships and selling the rest for scrap. One of the aircraft at Stillwater – purchased by Mantz – was B-17 41-24577 "Hells Angels," the first B-17 to complete 25 missions (even before the Memphis Belle). Historical airline service Central Airlines Douglas DC-3s landed at Stillwater beginning in 1953 with flights to Oklahoma City and Tulsa. Central merged with the original Frontier Airlines in 1967, and service was then provided with flights between Kansas City and Dallas/Fort Worth that stopped at Stillwater and many other points. Frontier upgraded service using the Convair 580 aircraft until flights ended in late 1975. Stillwater then went without commercial air service until 1980. Metro Airlines began serving Stillwater in 1980 with flights to Oklahoma City using de Havilland Canada DHC-6 Twin Otters. Service continued until 1985 when Exec Express, Inc. took over servicing Stillwater with flights to Tulsa, using Piper PA-31 Navajo commuter planes. Stillwater was the home for Exec Express, but their service was short-lived, ending within one year as the airline focused on providing Essential Air Service to the nearby communities of Enid and Ponca City, Oklahoma. Stillwater then went without commercial air service. After thirty years with no airline flights, local efforts landed American Airlines regional partner Envoy Air to Stillwater, operating as American Eagle. Service began on August 23, 2016, using Embraer-145 regional jets nonstop to Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport. Two daily flights are operated, with a third flight during busier periods. Many Oklahoma State University teams and those who visit the Cowboys fly into Stillwater on small chartered planes. The Cowboy football team and opponents also frequently fly in and out of the airport. Facilities The airport covers at an elevation of 1,000 feet (305 m). It has two runways: 17/35 is 7,401 by 100 feet (2,256 x 30 m) concrete; 4/22 is 5,002 by 75 feet (1,525 x 23 m) asphalt. In the year ending March 31, 2022 the airport had 81,858 aircraft operations, an average of 224 per day: 91% general aviation, 6% military, 3% air taxi and less than 1% commercial airline. In October 2023, there were 90 aircraft based at this airport: 85 single-engine and 5 multi-engine. The airport is home to the Oklahoma State University Flight Center, which trains students majoring or minoring in Aerospace Administration and Operations with a concentration in professional pilot. Their fleet consists of 5 Cessna 152s, 17 Cessna 172s, a Cessna 182, 14 Cirrus SR-20s, and 4 Piper PA-44s. The airport is home to the Stillwater Airport Memorial Museum. Airlines and destinations Statistics See also List of airports in Oklahoma References External links Stillwater Regional Airport Stillwater Flight Center, the fixed-base operator (FBO) Stillwater Composite Squadron Civil Air Patrol, the Civil Air Patrol Unit on the airport Airports in Oklahoma Searcy Field, OK Buildings and structures in Payne County, Oklahoma	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stillwater%20Regional%20Airport
A generalized compound is a mixture of chemical compounds of constant composition, despite possible changes in the total amount. The concept is used in the Dynamic Energy Budget theory, where biomass is partitioned into a limited set of generalised compounds, which contain a high percentage of organic compounds. The amount of generalized compound can be quantified in terms of weight, but more conveniently in terms of C-moles. The concept of strong homeostasis has an intimate relationship with that of generalised compound. References Metabolism	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generalised%20compound
The Wiener Markt is a daily food market in Haidhausen, a district of Munich. The market at Wiener Platz forms the centre of the district of Haidhausen. History In 1891 "Wiener Platz" was named after the Austrian city of Vienna (Wien). This name was chosen because the "Innere-Wiener-Straße" which runs alongside the market used to be the link road to Vienna. The history of the "market at Wiener Platz", the smallest of Munich’s permanent grocery markets is long and eventful. On 1. November 1889, the market that had hitherto been held in the Preysingstraße was moved to its current location. An "announcement of the municipal authorities of Munich, Capital of Bavaria and Royal Residence on 25. October 1889", which was signed by the mayor, Dr. von Widenmeyer, is the "birth certificate" of the market. During World War II the market was severely damaged but was reconstructed in the post-war years. With the end of the renovation at Wiener Platz in October 2002, both Wiener Platz and Wiener Markt once again became jewels in the crown of the Haidhausen district. The grand May Day festival on 1. May 2003 and the putting up of the maypole, donated by the Friends of Haidhausen, clearly showed the central significance of the square and the market for Haidhausen. Administration The Wiener Markt is organized by the Wholesale Market Munich. The Wholesale Market Munich, together with Wiener Markt, Viktualienmarkt, Pasing Viktualienmarkt, Elisabethmarkt and the Weekly Markets in Munich, are operated by Munich Markets, a municipal company run by the City of Munich. External links Homepage Retail markets in Munich Tourist attractions in Munich	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiener%20Markt
The Saskatoon Hilltops are a junior Canadian football team based in Saskatoon, Saskatchewan. The Hilltops play in the six-team Prairie Football Conference, which is part of the Canadian Junior Football League (CJFL) and compete annually for the Canadian Bowl. The team was founded in 1921 as a senior team in the Saskatchewan Rugby Football Union, which it played in until 1936. Two years after WWII the team reorganized in 1947. Beginning in 1953, the Hilltops have won 22 Canadian Bowl championships. The Hilltops have won six consecutive Canadian Bowls, having done so between 2014 and 2019. Playing field The Hilltops play their home games on the Saskatoon Minor Football Field at Gordie Howe Sports Complex, and practice at Kilburn Park in the Buena Vista neighbourhood. Recent history 2014 season The Hilltops entered the playoffs with 6 wins and 2 losses which resulted in a first place standing. On October 19, 2014 their first play off game against the Winnipeg Rifles was finalized with a 43 to 13 score in favour of the Hilltops. The Hilltops proceeded to the Prairie Football Conference finals on Sunday October 26, 2014, defeating the Calgary Colts 27–7 at Saskatoon Minor Football Field. On Nov 8, 2014 the Hilltops completed their successful playoff run with a victory over the Langley Rams at MacLeod Stadium with a final score of 39–14. This was the first of six consecutive Canadian Bowls. 2017 & 2018 record-breaking seasons The Hilltops entered the 2017 season having completed their third "threepeat": the first being three consecutive Canadian Bowl Championships in 2001, 2002 and 2003; the second 2010, 2011 and 2012; and the most recent 2014, 2015 and 2016. Only three other teams in Canadian Bowl history had the opportunity to win four championships in a row: the Regina Rams (1993, 1994 and 1995); the Edmonton Huskies (1962, 1963 and 1964); and the Montreal AAAs (1925, 1926 and 1927). The Hilltops only loss during the 2017 season came mid-season, in the last two minutes 29-26 at the hands of the Regina Thunder. Their final regular season win over the undefeated Edmonton Huskies earned the Hilltops a matching 7–1 record, but the head-to-head victory gave the Hilltops first place in the PFC and home field advantage for three consecutive playoff games. The Hilltops defeated the Winnipeg Rifles and the Regina Thunder before managing a convincing 48–0 win over the Vancouver Island Raiders to make it to their fourth consecutive Canadian Bowl, which was played on Nov 11th in Windsor against the Windsor AKO Fratmen, the oldest CJFL team in continuous operation. The Hilltops emerged victorious in this historic game, winning 56-11, finally achieving the "fourpeat". The Hilltops completed the 2018 regular season with a perfect 8-0 record scoring 402 points while yielding only 70. Throughout the entire regular season the Hilltops trailed only once, in the fifth game 17-16 to the Regina Thunder with 2:28 left in the first half, regaining the lead before the half ended, and going on to a 48-24 victory. In the playoffs, the Hilltops silenced the Winnipeg Rifles 58-5 and defeated the Edmonton Huskies 28-9. The 111th Canadian Bowl championship game was played in Saskatoon on November 17th, between the Hilltops and the British Columbia Football Conference Champion Langley Rams. The Hilltops led from start to finish with a balanced passing and running attack, winning 58-21. The Hilltops finished the season with a perfect 11-0 record, outscoring the opposing teams 546-105; and Head Coach Tom Sargeant also claimed his 12th Canadian Bowl championship. 2019 season The Hilltops finished the season with a perfect 12-0 record, defeating the Langley Rams 11-6 in a hard fought defensive struggle for the Canadian Bowl at MacLeod Stadium in Langley. In getting to the championship game they beat the London Beefeaters 51-1 in the Interprovincial playoff, the Edmonton Huskies 30 - 14 in the Prairie Conference Final, and the Edmonton Wildcats 31 - 7 in the semi-final. The Toppers finished the regular season with a perfect record, but had to mount 4th quarter comebacks against the Edmonton Huskies and the Regina Thunder. At the end of the 2019 season 15 players graduated from the Hilltops, among them ten PFC all-stars, five of whom were named CJFL all-stars. Two Hilltops won CJFL Outstanding Player Awards. Canadian Junior Football League Championships The Hilltops have won 22 of the 25 Canadian Junior Football Championship Games they have played in, the most recent being the 2019 Canadian Bowl versus the Langley Rams. Throughout the 2017, 2018 and 2019 seasons combined, the Hilltops lost only one game, in mid-season of 2017. Finishing their 2019 season at 12-0, the Hilltops completed their fifth perfect season in team history, going 11-0 in 2018, 12-0 in 2003, 12-0 in 1978 and 11-0 in 1958. They won eight Canadian Bowls during the 2010s. Canadian Bowl Championships Armadale Cup Championships Leader-Post Trophy Championships Executive committee members and directors Coaching staff References External links Official website Canadian Junior Football League Canadian Junior Football League teams Sport in Saskatoon Canadian football teams in Saskatchewan Sports clubs and teams established in 1947 1947 establishments in Saskatchewan	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saskatoon%20Hilltops
The Catholic Church in England and Wales (; ) is part of the worldwide Catholic Church in full communion with the Holy See. Its origins date from the 6th century, when Pope Gregory I through the Roman monk and Benedictine missionary, Augustine, later Augustine of Canterbury, intensified the evangelization of the Kingdom of Kent linking it to the Holy See in 597 AD. This unbroken communion with the Holy See lasted until King Henry VIII ended it in 1534. Communion with Rome was restored by Queen Mary I in 1555 following the Second Statute of Repeal and eventually finally broken by Elizabeth I's 1559 Religious Settlement, which made "no significant concessions to Catholic opinion represented by the church hierarchy and much of the nobility." For 250 years, the government forced members of the pre-Reformation Catholic Church known as recusants to go underground and seek academic training in Catholic Europe, where exiled English clergy set up schools and seminaries for the sons of English recusant families. The government also placed legislative restrictions on Catholics, some continuing into the 20th century, while the ban on Catholic worship lasted until the Catholic Relief Act 1791. The ban did not, however, affect foreign embassies in London, although serving priests could be hounded. During this time, the English Catholic community was divided between the upper classes, aristocracy and gentry, and the working class. At the 2001 United Kingdom census, there were 4.2 million Catholics in England and Wales, some 8% of the population. One hundred years earlier, in 1901, they represented only 4.8% of the population. In 1981, 8.7% of the population of England and Wales were Catholic. In 2009, post the 2004 enlargement of the European Union, when thousands of Central Europeans (mainly heavily Catholic Poles, Lithuanians, Slovakians and Slovenians) came to England, an Ipsos Morioka poll found that 9.6%, or 5.2 million people, were Catholics in England and Wales. In the 2021 census, 81.7% of the population of the two countries were white, down from 86% in 2011, with the Christian population (of Catholic, Anglican, non-Conformists, and unaffiliated Christians together) dropping to 46% (about 27.6 million people, the majority of whom were not of the established church). In North West England one in five are Catholic, a result of large-scale Irish migration in the nineteenth century as well as the high number of English recusants in Lancashire. History Roman Britons and early Christianity Much of Great Britain was incorporated into the Roman Empire in during the Roman conquest of Britain, starting in AD 43, conquering lands inhabited by Celtic Britons. The indigenous religion of the Britons under their priests, the Druids, was suppressed; most notably, Gaius Suetonius Paulinus launched an attack on Anglesey (or Ynys Môn) in 60 AD and destroyed the shrine and sacred groves there. In the following years, Roman influence saw the importation of several religious cults into Britain, including Roman mythology, Mithraism and the imperial cult. One of these sects, then disapproved by the Roman authorities, was the Levantine-originated religion of Christianity. While it is unclear exactly how it arrived, the earliest British figures considered saints by the Christians are St. Alban followed by SS Julius and Aaron, all in the 3rd century. Eventually, the position of the Roman authorities on Christianity moved from hostility to toleration with the Edict of Milan in 313 AD, and then enforcement as state religion following the Edict of Thessalonica in 380 AD, becoming a key component of Romano-British culture and society. Records note that Romano-British bishops, such as Restitutus, attended the Council of Arles in 314, which confirmed the theological findings of an earlier convocation held in Rome (the Council of Rome) in 313. The Roman departure from Britain in the following century and the subsequent Germanic invasions sharply decreased contact between Britain and Continental Europe. Christianity, however, continued to flourish in the Brittonic areas of Great Britain. During this period certain practices and traditions took hold in Britain and in Ireland that are collectively known as Celtic Christianity. Distinct features of Celtic Christianity include a unique monastic tonsure and calculations for the date of Easter. Regardless of these differences, historians do not consider this Celtic or British Christianity a distinct church separate from general Western European Christianity. Conversion of the Anglo-Saxons During the Heptarchy, the English people (referred to as the Anglo-Saxons) were converted to Christianity from Anglo-Saxon paganism, from two main directions: Iona, through its subordinate house Lindisfarne (founded by Aidan of Lindisfarne), linking the Northumbrian element of the Church (and subsequently Mercia through Chad of Mercia) to the culture of the Church in Ireland; and in the south, first through Kent and then spreading out to Wessex, the Gregorian mission of the late 6th century, when Pope Gregory the Great sent Augustine of Canterbury (at the time, Prior of the Abbey of St. Andrew or San Gregorio Magno al Celio) and 40 missionaries directly from Rome. This element, linked to the Continent through marriage alliances, had more of a Romano-Frankish orientation. Although the Celtic Britons (known mainly from the Middle Ages onwards as the Welsh) de facto retained their Christian religion even after the Romans pulled out, unlike the Gaels and the Romans the Welsh did not make any significant effort to evangelise the pagan Anglo-Saxons and indeed greatly resented them, as is related by Bede in his Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum. The Gregorian mission, as it is known, is of particular interest in the Catholic Church as it was the first official Papal mission to found a church. With the help of Christians already residing in Kent, particularly Bertha, the Merovingian Frankish consort of the then pagan King Æthelberht, Augustine established an archbishopric in Canterbury, the old capital of Kent. Having received the pallium earlier (linking his new diocese to Rome), Augustine became the first in the series of Catholic archbishops of Canterbury, four of whom (Laurence, Mellitus, Justus and Honorius) were part of the original band of Benedictine missionaries. (The last Catholic archbishop of Canterbury was Reginald Pole, who died in 1558.) During this time of mission, Rome looked to challenge some different customs which had been retained in isolation by the Celts (the Gaels and the Britons), due in part to their geographical distance from the rest of Western Christendom. Of particularly importance was the Easter controversy (on which date to celebrate it) and the manner of monastic tonsure. Columbanus, his fellow countryman and churchman, had asked for a papal judgement on the Easter question, as did abbots and bishops of Ireland. This was particularly important in Northumbria, where the issue was causing factionalism. Later, in his Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum, Bede explained the reasons for the discrepancy: "He [Columba] left successors distinguished for great charity, Divine love, and strict attention to the rules of discipline following indeed uncertain cycles in the computation of the great festival of Easter, because far away as they were out of the world, no one had supplied them with the synodal decrees relating to the Paschal observance." A series of synods were held to resolve the matter, culminating with the Synod of Whitby in 644. The missionaries also introduced the Rule of Benedict, the continental rule, to Anglo-Saxon monasteries in England. Wilfrid, a Benedictine consecrated archbishop of York (in 664), was particularly skilled in promoting the Benedictine Rule. Over time, the Benedictine continental rule became grafted upon the monasteries and parishes of England, drawing them closer to the Continent and Rome. As a result, the pope was often called upon to intervene in quarrels, affirm monarchs, and decide jurisdictions. In 787, for example, Pope Adrian I elevated Lichfield to an archdiocese and appointed Hygeberht its first archbishop. Later, in 808, Pope Leo III helped restore King Eardwulf of Northumbria to his throne; and in 859, Pope Leo IV confirmed and anointed Alfred the Great king, according to Anglo-Saxon Chronicle. Individual Benedictines seemed to play an important role throughout this period. For example, before Benedictine monk St. Dunstan was consecrated archbishop of Canterbury in 960; Pope John XII had him appointed legate, commissioning him (along with Ethelwold and Oswald) to restore discipline in the existing monasteries of England, many of which were destroyed by Danish invaders. Norman Conquest of England and part of Wales Control of the English Church passed from the Anglo-Saxons to the Normans following the Norman conquest of England. The two clerics most prominently associated with this change were the continental-born Lanfranc and Anselm, both Benedictines. Anselm later became a Doctor of the Church. A century later, Pope Innocent III had to confirm the primacy of Canterbury over four Welsh churches for many reasons, but primarily to sustain the importance of the Gregorian foundation of Augustine's mission. During mediaeval times, England and Wales were part of western Christendom: monasteries and convents, such as those at Shaftesbury and Shrewsbury, were prominent institutions, and provided lodging, hospitals and education. Likewise, centres of education like Oxford University and Cambridge University were important. Members of religious orders, notably the Dominicans and Franciscans, settled in both universities and maintained houses for students. Archbishop Walter de Merton founded Merton College, Oxford and three different popes – Gregory IX, Nicholas IV, and John XXII – gave Cambridge the legal protection and status to compete with other European medieval universities. Augustinians also had a significant presence at Oxford. Osney Abbey, the parent house of the college, lay on a large site to the west, near the current railway station. Another Augustinian house, St Frideswide's Priory, later became the basis for Christ Church, Oxford. Pilgrimage was a prominent feature of mediaeval Catholicism, and England and Wales were amply provided with many popular sites of pilgrimage. The village of Walsingham in Norfolk became an important shrine after a noblewoman named Richeldis de Faverches reputedly experienced a vision of the Virgin Mary in 1061, asking her to build a replica of the Holy House at Nazareth. Some of the other holiest shrines were those at Holywell in Wales which commemorated St Winefride, and at Westminster Abbey to Edward the Confessor. In 1170, Thomas Becket, Archbishop of Canterbury, was murdered in his cathedral by followers of King Henry II and was quickly canonised as a martyr for the faith. This resulted in Canterbury Cathedral attracting international pilgrimage and inspired the Canterbury Tales by Geoffrey Chaucer. An Englishman, Nicholas Breakspear, became Pope Adrian IV, reigning from 1154 to 1159. Fifty-six years later, Cardinal Stephen Langton, the first of English cardinals and later Archbishop of Canterbury (1208–28), was a pivotal figure in the dispute between King John and Pope Innocent III. This critical situation led to the signing and later promulgation of the Magna Carta in 1215, which, among other things, insisted that the English church should be free of ecclesiastical appointments fixed by the king. Tudor period and Catholic resistance The dynamics of the pre-Reformation bond between the Catholic Church in England and the Apostolic See remained in effect for nearly a thousand years. That is, there was no doctrinal difference between the faith of the English and the rest of Catholic Christendom, especially after calculating the date of Easter at the Council of Whitby in 667 and formalizing other customs according to the See of Rome. The designation "English Church" (Ecclesia Anglicana in Latin) was made, but always in the sense of the term as indicating that it was part of one Catholic Church in communion with the Holy See and localised in England. Other regions of the church were localised in Scotland (Ecclesia Scotticana), France (Ecclesia Gallicana), Spain (Ecclesia Hispanica), etc. These regional cognomens or designations were commonly used in Rome by officials to identify a locality of the universal church but never to imply any breach with the Holy See. When King Henry VIII "suddenly became alerted to the supposedly ancient truth" that he was truly the "Supreme Head of the Church within his dominions", he backed a series of legislative acts through the English Parliament between 1533 and 1536 that initiated an attack on papal authority and English Catholics. "The centrepiece of the new legislation was an Act of Supremacy of 1534." In some cases those adhering to Catholicism faced capital punishment. In 1534, during the reign of Henry VIII, the English church became independent of the Holy See for a period owing to "continued" innovations with Henry declaring himself its Supreme Head. This breach was in response to the Pope's refusal to annul Henry's marriage to Catherine of Aragon. Although Henry did not himself accept Protestant innovations in doctrine or liturgy, he nevertheless extended toleration, and even promotion, to clergy with Protestant sympathies in return for support for his break with Rome. On the other hand, failure to accept this break, particularly by prominent persons in church and state, was regarded by Henry as treason, resulting in the execution of Thomas More, former Lord Chancellor, and John Fisher, Bishop of Rochester, among others. The See of Rome Act 1536 legitimised the separation from Rome, while the Pilgrimage of Grace of 1536 and Bigod's Rebellion of 1537, risings in the North against the religious changes, were bloodily repressed. All through 1536–41, Henry VIII engaged in a large-scale dissolution of the Monasteries in order to gain control of most of the wealth of the church and much of the richest land. He disbanded monasteries, priories, convents and friaries in England, Wales and Ireland, appropriated their income, disposed of their assets, sold off artefacts stolen from them, and provided pensions for the robbed monks and former residents. He did not turn these properties over to his local Church of England. Instead, they were sold, mostly to pay for the wars. The historian G. W. Bernard argues that the dissolution of the monasteries in the late 1530s was one of the most revolutionary events in English history. There were nearly 900 religious houses in England, around 260 for monks, 300 for regular canons, 142 nunneries and 183 friaries; some 12,000 people in total, 4,000 monks, 3,000 canons, 3,000 friars and 2,000 nuns. One adult man in fifty was in religious orders in a country of two and one half million. In the Catholic narrative, Henry's action was sacrilegious, a national violation of things consecrated to God, and evil. The fate of the English Carthusians was one of the worst of the period. Thomas Cromwell had them "savagely punished" with their leaders "hanged and disembowelled at Tyburn in May 1535, still wearing their monastic habits." Even today, Henry's act is still considered controversial. Anglicans like Giles Fraser have noted that the property "was stolen" from the Roman Catholic Church and that "this theft of land is the really dirty stuff – the original sin of the Church of England." Nevertheless, Henry maintained a strong preference for traditional Catholic practices and, during his reign, Protestant reformers were unable to make more radical changes to the practices and the "continued innovation" of his own "personally devised religious 'middle way.'" Indeed, Henry "cruelly emphasized his commitment" to his innovations "by executing three papal loyalists and burning three evangelicals." The 1547 to 1553 reign of the boy King Edward VI saw the Church of England become more influenced by Protestantism in its doctrine and worship. In 1550, John Laski—a Polish ex-Catholic cleric and nephew of the Polish primate, whose Catholic career came "to an abrupt end in 1540 when he married", and who later become a Calvinist—arrived in London and became superintendent of the Strangers' Church of London. He, among other Protestants, became an associate of Thomas Cranmer and of John Hooper. He had some influence on ecclesiastical affairs during the reign of Edward VI. For instance, the Tridentine Mass was replaced by the (English) Book of Common Prayer, representational art and statues in church buildings destroyed, and Catholic practices which had survived during Henry's reign, such as public prayers to the Virgin Mary, e.g. the Salve Regina, ended. In 1549 the Western Rising in Cornwall and Devon broke out to protest against the abolition of the Mass – the rebels called the 1549 Holy Communion Service, "commonly called the Mass", a Christian game. The rebellion—resistance to Protestantism—was put down ruthlessly. Reign of Mary I Under Queen Mary I, in 1553, the fractured and discordant English Church was linked again to continental Catholicism and the See of Rome through the doctrinal and liturgical initiatives of Reginald Pole and other Catholic reformers. Mary was determined to return the whole of England to the Catholic faith. This aim was not necessarily at odds with the feeling of a large section of the populace; Edward's Protestant reformation had not been well received everywhere, and there was ambiguity in the responses of the parishes. Mary also had some powerful families behind her. The Jerningham family together with other East Anglian Catholic families such as the Bedingfelds, Waldegraves, Rochesters together with the Huddlestons of Sawston Hall were "the key to Queen Mary's successful accession to the throne. Without them she would never have made it." However, Mary's execution of 300 Protestants by burning them at the stake proved counterproductive as this measure was extremely unpopular with the populace. For example, instead of executing Archbishop Cranmer for treason for supporting Queen Jane, she had him tried for heresy and burned at the stake. Foxe's Book of Martyrs, which glorified the Protestants killed at the time and vilified Catholics, ensured her a place in popular memory as Bloody Mary, though some recent historians have noted that most of the Protestants Foxe highlights in his book, who were tried for heresy, were primarily Anabaptists, which explains why mainstream Protestants like Stephen Gardiner and William Paget (who were members of Philip's "consejo codigo") went along with it. These historians also note that it was Bartolome Carranza, an influential Spanish Dominican of Philip II's workforce, who insisted that Thomas Cranmer's sentence be put into effect. "It was Carranza, not Mary, who insisted that the sentence against Cranmer be carried out." For centuries after, the idea of another reconciliation with Rome was linked in many English people's minds with a renewal of Mary's fiery stakes. Ultimately, her alleged harshness was a success but at the cost of alienating a fairly large section of English society which had been moving away from some traditional Catholic devotional practices. These English were neither Calvinist nor Lutheran, but certainly leaning towards Protestant reformation (and by the late sixteenth century, were certainly Protestant). Reign of Elizabeth I When Mary died and Elizabeth I became queen in 1558, the religious situation in England was confused. Throughout the alternating religious landscape of the reigns of Henry VIII, Edward VI, and Mary I, a significant proportion of the population (especially in the rural and outlying areas of the country) were likely to have continued to hold Catholic views, or were conservative. Nevertheless, Elizabeth was a Protestant and the "very rituals with which the parish had celebrated her accession would be swept away". Thus Elizabeth's first act was to reverse her sister's re-establishment of Catholicism by Acts of Supremacy and Uniformity. The Act of Supremacy of 1558 made it a crime to assert the authority of any foreign prince, prelate, or other authority, and was aimed at abolishing the authority of the Pope in England. A third offence was high treason became punishable by death. The Oath of Supremacy, imposed by the Act of Supremacy 1558, provided for any person taking public or church office in England to swear allegiance to the monarch as Supreme Governor of the Church of England. Failure to so swear was a crime, although it did not become treason until 1562, when the Supremacy of the Crown Act 1562 made a second offence of refusing to take the oath treason. During the first years of her reign from 1558 to 1570 there was relative leniency towards Catholics who were willing to keep their religion private, especially if they were prepared to continue to attend their parish churches. The wording of the official prayer book had been carefully designed to make this possible by omitting aggressively "heretical" matter, and at first many English Catholics did in fact worship with their Protestant neighbours, at least until this was formally forbidden by Pope Pius V's 1570 bull, Regnans in Excelsis, which also declared that Elizabeth was not a rightful queen and should be overthrown. It formally excommunicated her and any who obeyed her and obliged all Catholics to attempt to overthrow her. In response, the "Act to retain the Queen's Majesty's subjects in their obedience", passed in 1581, made it high treason to reconcile anyone or to be reconciled to "the Romish religion", or to procure or publish any papal Bull or writing whatsoever. The celebration of Mass was prohibited under penalty of a fine of two hundred marks and imprisonment for one year for the celebrant, and a fine of one hundred marks and the same imprisonment for those who heard the Mass. This act also increased the penalty for not attending the Anglican service to the sum of twenty pounds a month, or imprisonment until the fine was paid or until the offender went to the Protestant Church. A further penalty of ten pounds a month was inflicted on anyone keeping a schoolmaster who did not attend the Protestant service. The schoolmaster himself was to be imprisoned for one year. England's wars with Catholic powers such as France and Spain, culminated in the attempted invasion by the Spanish Armada in 1588. The Papal bull had unleashed nationalistic feelings which equated Protestantism with loyalty to a highly popular monarch and made Catholics "vulnerable to accusations of being traitors to the crown." The Rising of the North, the Throckmorton plot and the Babington plot, together with other subversive activities of supporters of Mary, Queen of Scots, all reinforced the association of Catholicism with treachery in the minds of many, notably in middle and southern England. The climax of Elizabeth's anti-Catholic legislation was in 1585, two years before the execution of Mary, Queen of Scots, with the Act against Jesuits, Seminary priests and other such like disobedient persons. This statute, under which most of the English Catholic martyrs were executed, made it high treason for any Jesuit or any seminary priest to be in England at all, and a felony for any one to harbour or relieve them. The last of Elizabeth's anti-Catholic laws was the Act for the Better Discovery of Wicked and Seditious Persons Terming Themselves Catholics, but Being Rebellious and Traitorous Subjects. Its effect was to prohibit all recusants from going more than five miles from their place of abode, and to order all persons suspected of being Jesuits or seminary priests, and not answering satisfactorily, to be imprisoned until they did so. However, Elizabeth did not believe that her anti-Catholic policies constituted religious persecution, though "she strangled, disembowelled, and dismembered more than 200" English Catholics and "built on the actions of Mary." In the context of the uncompromising wording of the Papal Bull against her, she failed to distinguish between those Catholics in conflict with her from those with no such designs. The number of English Catholics executed under Elizabeth was significant, including Edmund Campion, Robert Southwell, and Margaret Clitherow. Elizabeth herself signed the regicidal death warrant of her cousin, Mary, Queen of Scots, after 19 years as Elizabeth's prisoner. As MacCulloch has noted, "England judicially murdered more Roman Catholics than any other country in Europe, which puts English pride in national tolerance in an interesting perspective." So distraught was Elizabeth over Catholic opposition to her throne, she was secretly reaching out to the Ottoman Sultan Murad III, "asking for military aid against Philip of Spain and the 'idolatrous princes' supporting him." Because of the persecution in England, Catholic priests were trained abroad at the English College in Rome, the English College in Douai, the English College at Valladolid in Spain, and at the English College in Seville. Given that Douai was located in the Spanish Netherlands, part of the dominions of Elizabethan England's greatest enemy, and Valladolid and Seville in Spain itself, they became associated in the public eye with political as well as religious subversion. It was this combination of nationalistic public opinion, sustained persecution, and the rise of a new generation which could not remember pre-Reformation times and had no pre-established loyalty to Catholicism, that reduced the number of Catholics in England during this period – although the overshadowing memory of Queen Mary I's reign was another factor that should not be underestimated (the population of the country was 4.1 million). Nevertheless, by the end of Elizabeth's reign probably 20% of the population were still Catholic, with 10% dissident "Puritan" Protestants and the remainder more or less reconciled to the Anglican church as "parish Anglicans". By then most English people had largely been de-catholicised but were not Protestant. Religious "uniformity," however, "was a lost cause," given the presence of Dissenting, Nonconformist Protestants, and Catholic minorities. Stuart period The reign of James I (1603–1625) was marked by a measure of tolerance, though less so after the discovery of the Gunpowder Plot conspiracy of a small group of Catholic conspirators who aimed to kill both King and Parliament and establish a Catholic monarchy. A mix of persecution and tolerance followed: Ben Jonson and his wife, for example, in 1606 were summoned before the authorities for failure to take communion in the Church of England, yet the King tolerated some Catholics at court; for example George Calvert, to whom he gave the title Baron Baltimore, and the Duke of Norfolk, head of the Howard family. The reign of Charles I (1625–49) saw a small revival of Catholicism in England, especially among the upper classes. As part of the royal marriage settlement Charles's Catholic wife, Henrietta Maria, was permitted her own royal chapel and chaplain. Henrietta Maria was in fact very strict in her religious observances, and helped create a court with continental influences, where Catholicism was tolerated, even somewhat fashionable. Some anti-Catholic legislation became effectively a dead letter. The Counter-Reformation on the continent of Europe had created a more vigorous and magnificent form of Catholicism (i.e., Baroque, notably found in the architecture and music of Austria, Italy and Germany) that attracted some converts, like the poet Richard Crashaw. Ironically, the explicitly Catholic artistic movement (i.e., Baroque) ended up "providing the blueprint, after the fire of London, for the first new Protestant churches to be built in England". While Charles remained firmly Protestant, he was personally drawn towards a consciously "High Church" Anglicanism. This affected his appointments to Anglican bishoprics, in particular the appointment of William Laud as Archbishop of Canterbury. How many Catholics and Puritans there were is still open to debate. Religious conflict between Charles and other "High" Anglicans and Calvinists – at this stage mostly still within the Church of England (the Puritans) – formed a strand of the anti-monarchical leanings of the troubled politics of the period. The religious tensions between a court with "Papist" elements and a Parliament in which the Puritans were strong was one of the major factors behind the English Civil War, in which almost all Catholics supported the King. The victory of the Parliamentarians meant a strongly Protestant, anti-Catholic regime, content for the English Church to become "little more than a nationwide federation of Protestant parishes." The restoration of the monarchy under Charles II (1660–85) also saw the restoration of a Catholic-influenced court like his father's. However, although Charles himself had Catholic leanings, he was first and foremost a pragmatist and realised the vast majority of public opinion in England was strongly anti-Catholic, so he agreed to laws such as the Test Act requiring any appointee to any public office or member of Parliament to deny Catholic beliefs such as transubstantiation. As far as possible, however, he maintained tacit tolerance. Like his father, he married a Catholic, Catherine of Braganza. (He would become Catholic himself on his deathbed.) Charles' brother and heir James, Duke of York (later James II), converted to Catholicism in 1668–1669. When Titus Oates in 1678 alleged a (totally imaginary, a hoax) "Popish Plot" to assassinate Charles and put James in his place, he unleashed a wave of parliamentary and public hysteria which led to the execution of 17 Catholics on the scaffold, and the death of many more over the next two years, which Charles was either unable or unwilling to prevent. Throughout the early 1680s the Whig element in Parliament attempted to remove James as successor to the throne. Their failure saw James become, in 1685, Britain's first openly Catholic monarch since Mary I (and last to date). He promised religious toleration for Catholic and Protestants on an equal footing, but it is in doubt whether he did this to gain support from Dissenters or whether he was truly committed to tolerance (seventeenth century Catholic regimes in Spain and Italy, for example, were hardly tolerant of Protestantism, while those in France and Poland had practiced forms of toleration). James earnestly tried "to improve the position of his fellow Catholics" and did so "in such an inept way that he aroused the fears of both the Anglican establishment and the Dissenters. In the process, he encouraged converts like the poet John Dryden, who wrote "The Hind and the Panther", to celebrate his conversion. Protestant fears mounted as James placed Catholics in the major commands of the existing standing army, dismissed the Protestant Bishop of London and dismissed the Protestant fellows of Magdalen College and replaced them with a wholly Catholic board. The last straw was the birth of a Catholic heir in 1688, portending a return to a pre-Reformation Catholic dynasty. Observing this was Princess Mary, James' daughter by his first wife, and her husband "'Stadhouder Willem,' whose wife stood to lose her future thrones through this new arrival." William and Mary and the Catholic Church In what came to be known as the Glorious Revolution, Parliament deemed James to have abdicated (effectively deposing him, though Parliament refused to call it that) in favour of his Protestant daughter and son-in-law and nephew, Mary II and William III. Although this affair is celebrated as solidifying both English liberties and the Protestant nature of the kingdom, some argue that it was "fundamentally a coup spearheaded by a foreign army and navy". James fled into exile, and with him many Catholic nobility and gentry. The Act of Settlement 1701, which remains in operation today, established the royal line through Sophia, Electress of Hanover, and specifically excludes any Catholic or anyone who marries a Catholic from the throne. In 2013, this law was partially changed when the disqualification of the monarch marrying a Catholic was eliminated (along with male preference in the line of succession). The law was also changed to limit the requirement that the monarch "must give permission to marry to the six persons next in line to the throne." Still, Catholics today once again are permitted to hold Wolsey and More's office of Lord Chancellor as did Catholics before the Reformation. Cardinal Henry Benedict Stuart, the last Jacobite heir to publicly assert a claim to the thrones of England, Scotland, and Ireland, died in Rome in 1807. A monument to the Royal Stuarts exists today at Vatican City. In the 21st century, Franz, Duke of Bavaria, head of the Wittelsbach family, is the most senior descendant of King Charles I and is considered by Jacobites to be heir of the Stuarts. Though direct descendant of the House of Stuart, Franz has said being king is not a claim he wishes to pursue. Recusants and moves towards Emancipation The years from 1688 to the early 19th century were in some respects the lowest point for Catholicism in England. Deprived of their dioceses, four Apostolic Vicariates were set up throughout England until the re-establishment of the diocesan episcopacy in 1850. Although the persecution was not violent as in the past, Catholic numbers, influence and visibility in English society reached their lowest point. The percentage of the population that was Catholic may have declined from 4% in 1700 (population 5.2 millions) to 1% 1800 (population of 7.25 million) with absolute numbers halved. By 1825, however, the Bishop of Chester estimated that there were "about a half a million Catholics in England." Their civil rights were severely curtailed: their right to own property or inherit land was greatly limited, they were burdened with special taxes, they could not send their children abroad for Catholic education, they could not vote, and priests were liable to imprisonment. Writing about the Catholic Church during this time, historian Antonia Fraser notes: The harsh laws and the live-and-let-live reality were two very different things. This world was divided into the upper classes, the aristocracy and the gentry, and what were literally the working classes. Undoubtedly, the survival of Catholicism in the past [up until 1829] was due to the dogged, but hopefully inconspicuous, protection provided by the former to the latter. Country neighbours, Anglicans and Catholics, lived amicably together in keeping with this "laissez-faire" reality. There was no longer, as once in Stuart times, any notable Catholic presence at court, in public life, in the military or professions. Many of the Catholic nobles and gentry who had preserved on their lands among their tenants small pockets of Catholicism had followed James into exile, and others, at least outwardly in cryptic fashion, conformed to Anglicanism, meaning fewer such Catholic communities survived intact. For "obvious reasons", Catholic aristocracy at this time was heavily intermarried. Their great houses, however, still had chapels called "libraries", with priests attached to these places (shelved for books) who celebrated Mass, which worship was described in public as "Prayers". Interestingly, one area where the sons of working class Catholics could find religious tolerance was in the army. Generals, for example, did not deny Catholic men their Mass and did not compel them to attend Anglican services, believing that "physical strength and devotion to the military struggle was demanded of them, not spiritual allegiance". Fraser also notes that the role of the working class among themselves was important: ...servants of various degrees and farm workers, miners, mill workers and tradesmen, responded with loyalty, hard work and gratitude for the opportunity to practice the faith of their fathers (and even more importantly, in many cases, their mothers). Their contributions should not be ignored, even if it is for obvious reasons more difficult to uncover than that of their theoretical superiors. The unspoken survival of the Catholic community in England, despite Penal laws, depended also on these loyal families unknown to history whose existence is recorded as Catholics in Anglican parish registers. That of Walton-le-Dale parish church, near Preston in Lancashire in 1781, for example, records 178 families, with 875 individuals as 'Papists'. Where baptisms are concerned, parental occupations are stated as weaver, husbandman and labourer, with names such as Turner, Wilcock, Balwin and Charnley. A bishop at this time (roughly from 1688 to 1850) was called a vicar apostolic. The officeholder was a titular bishop (as opposed to a diocesan bishop) through whom the pope exercised jurisdiction over a particular church territory in England. English-speaking colonial America came under the jurisdiction of the Vicar Apostolic of the London District. As titular bishop over Catholics in British America, he was important to the government not only in regard to its English-speaking North American colonies, but made more so after the Seven Years' War when the British Empire, in 1763, acquired the French-speaking (and predominantly Catholic) territory of Canada. Only after the Treaty of Paris in 1783, and in 1789 with the consecration of John Carroll, a friend of Benjamin Franklin, did the U.S. have its own diocesan bishop, free of the Vicar Apostolic of London, James Robert Talbot. The introduction of Vicars Apostolic or titular bishops in 1685 was very important at the time and ought not be misprized. For example, when John Leyburn, formerly of the English College, Douai, was appointed as Vicar Apostolic of England, it was the first time a Catholic bishop had been present in England for nearly sixty years. Up until that time, Archpriests were overseeing the church. In Leyburn's combined tour north and visitation to administer Confirmation, in 1687, some 20,859 Catholics received the sacrament. Most Catholics, it could be said, retreated to relative isolation from a popular Protestant mainstream, and Catholicism in England in this period was politically invisible to history. However, culturally and socially, there were notable exceptions. Alexander Pope, owing to his literary popularity, was one memorable English Catholic of the 18th century. Other prominent Catholics were three remarkable members of the Catholic gentry: Baron Petre (who wined and dined George III and Queen Charlotte at Thorndon Hall), Thomas Weld the bibliophile, (and friend of George III) who in 1794 donated his Stonyhurst estate to the Jesuits to establish a college, along with 30 acres of land, and the Duke of Norfolk, the Premier Duke in the peerage of England and as Earl of Arundel, the Premier Earl. In virtue of his status and as head of the Howard family (which included some Church of England, though many Catholic members), the Duke was always at Court. It seemed the values and worth of aristocracy "trumped those of the illegal religion". Pope, however, seemed to benefit from the isolation. In 1713, when he was 25, he took subscriptions for a project that filled his life for the next seven years, the result being a new version of Homer's Iliad. Samuel Johnson pronounced it the greatest translation ever achieved in the English language. Over time, Pope became the greatest poet of the age, the Augustan Age, especially for his mock-heroic poems, Rape of the Lock and The Dunciad. Around this time, in 1720, Clement XI proclaimed Anselm of Canterbury a Doctor of the Church. In 1752, mid-century, Great Britain adopted the Gregorian calendar decreed by Pope Gregory XIII in 1582. Later in the century there was some liberalization of the anti-Catholic laws on the basis of Enlightenment ideals. In 1778 the Catholic Relief Act allowed Catholics to own property, inherit land and join the army, provided they swore an oath of allegiance. Hardline Protestant mobs reacted in the Gordon Riots in 1780, attacking any building in London which was associated with Catholicism or owned by Catholics. The Catholic Relief Act 1791 provided further freedoms on condition of swearing an additional oath of acceptance of the Protestant succession in the Kingdom of Great Britain. This allowed Catholic schooling and clergy to operate openly and thus allowed permanent missions to be set up in the larger towns. Stonyhurst College, for example, was able to be established in 1794, as the successor establishment for the fleeing English Jesuits, previously at the Colleges of St Omer, Bruges and Liège, due to a timely and generous donation by a former pupil, Thomas Weld (of Lulworth), as Europe became engulfed in war. This act was followed in Ireland with the Roman Catholic Relief Act 1793, an Act of the Irish Parliament with some local provisions such as allowing Catholics to vote in elections to the Irish House of Commons and to take degrees at Trinity College Dublin. In 1837, James Arundell, 10th Baron Arundell of Wardour, bequeathed to Stonyhurst the Arundel Library, which contained the vast Arundel family collection, including some of the school's most important books and manuscripts such as a Shakespeare First Folio and a manuscript copy of Froissart's Chronicles, looted from the body of a dead Frenchman after the Battle of Agincourt. Yet Catholic recusants as a whole remained a small group, except where they stayed the majority religion in various pockets, notably in rural Lancashire and Cumbria, or were part of the Catholic aristocracy and squirearchy. Finally, the famous recusant Maria Fitzherbert, who during this period secretly married the Prince of Wales, prince regent, and future George IV in 1785. The British Constitution, however, did not accept it and George IV later moved on. Cast aside by the establishment, she was adopted by the town of Brighton, whose citizens, both Catholic and Protestant, called her "Mrs. Prince". According to journalist Richard Abbott, "Before the town had a [Catholic] church of its own, she had a priest say Mass at her own house, and invited local Catholics", suggesting the recusants of Brighton were not very undiscovered. In a 2009 study of the English Catholic community, 1688–1745, Gabriel Glickman notes that Catholics, especially those whose social position gave them access to the courtly centres of power and patronage, had a significant part to play in 18th-century England. They were not as marginal as one might think today. For example, Alexander Pope was not the only Catholic whose contributions (especially, Essays on Man) help define the temper of an early English Enlightenment. In addition to Pope, Glickman notes a Catholic architect, James Gibbs, who built Radcliffe Camera and returned baroque forms to the London skyline, and a Catholic composer, Thomas Arne, who composed "Rule Britannia". According to reviewer Aidan Bellenger, Glickman also suggests that "rather than being the victims of the Stuart failure, 'the unpromising setting of exile and defeat' had 'sown the seed of a frail but resilient English Catholic Enlightenment'." University of Chicago historian Steven Pincus likewise argues in his book, 1688: The First Modern Revolution, that Catholics under William and Mary and their successors experienced considerable freedom. Nineteenth century and Irish immigration After this moribund period, the first signs of a revival occurred as thousands of French Catholics fled France during the French Revolution. The leaders of the Revolution were virulently anti-Catholic, even singling out priests and nuns for summary execution or massacre, and England was seen as a safe haven from Jacobin violence. Also around this time (1801), a new political entity was formed, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, which merged the Kingdom of Great Britain with the Kingdom of Ireland, thus increasing the number of Catholics in the new state. Pressure for abolition of anti-Catholic laws grew, particularly with the need for Catholic recruits to fight in the Napoleonic Wars. Despite the resolute opposition of George IV, which delayed fundamental reform, 1829 brought a major step in the liberalisation of most anti-Catholic laws, although some aspects were to remain on the statute book into the 21st century. Parliament passed the Roman Catholic Relief Act 1829, giving Catholic men almost equal civil rights, including the right to hold most public offices. If Catholics were rich, however, exceptions were always made, even before the changes. For example, American ministers to the Court of St. James's were often struck by the prominence of wealthy American-born Catholics, titled ladies among the nobility, like Louisa (Caton), granddaughter of Charles Carroll of Carrollton, and her two sisters, Mary Ann and Elizabeth. After Louisa's first husband (Sir Felton Bathurst-Hervey) died, Louisa later married the son of the Duke of Leeds, and had the Duke of Wellington as her European protector. Her sister Mary Ann married the Marquess of Wellesley, the brother of the Duke of Wellington; and her other sister Elizabeth (Lady Stafford) married another British nobleman. Although British law required an Anglican marriage service, each of the sisters and their Protestant spouses had a Catholic ceremony afterwards. At Louisa's first marriage, the Duke of Wellington escorted the bride. In the 1840s and 1850s, especially during the Great Irish Famine, while much of the large outflow of migration from Ireland was headed to the United States to seek work, hundreds of thousands of Irish people also migrated across the channel to England and Scotland and established communities in cities there, including London, Liverpool, Manchester and Glasgow, but also in towns and villages up and down the country, thus giving Catholicism in England a numerical boost. Re-established dioceses At various points after the 16th century hopes have been entertained by many English Catholics that the "reconversion of England" was at hand. Additionally, with the arrival of Irish Catholic migrants (Ireland was part of the UK until the partition, in 1922), some considered that a "second spring" of Catholicism across Britain was developing. Rome responded by re-establishing the Catholic hierarchy in 1850, creating 12 Catholic dioceses in England from existing apostolic vicariates and appointing diocesan bishops (to replace earlier titular bishops) with fixed sees on a more traditional Catholic pattern. The Catholic Church in England and Wales had had 22 dioceses immediately before the Reformation, but none of the current 22 bear close resemblance (geographically) to the 22 earlier pre-Reformation dioceses. The re-established Catholic episcopacy specifically avoided using places that were sees of the Church of England, in effect temporarily abandoning the titles of Catholic dioceses before Elizabeth I because of the Ecclesiastical Titles Act of 1851, which in England favoured a state church (i.e., Church of England) and denied arms and legal existence to territorial Catholic sees on the basis that the state could not grant such "privileges" to "entities" that allegedly did not exist in law. Some of the Catholic dioceses, however, took the titles of bishoprics which had previously existed in England but were no longer used by the Anglican Church (e.g. Beverley – later divided into Leeds and Middlesbrough, Hexham – later changed to Hexham and Newcastle). In the few cases where a Catholic diocese bears the same title as an Anglican one in the same town or city (e.g., Birmingham, Liverpool, Portsmouth, and Southwark), this is the result of the Church of England ignoring the prior existence there of a Catholic see and of the technical repeal of the Ecclesiastical Titles Act in 1871. The Act applied only to England and Wales, not Scotland or Ireland; thus official recognition afforded by the grant of arms to the Archdiocese of St Andrews and Edinburgh, brought into being by Lord Lyon in 1989, relied on the fact that the Ecclesiastical Titles Act of 1851 never applied to Scotland. In recent times, the former Conservative Cabinet Minister John Gummer, a prominent convert to Catholicism and columnist for the Catholic Herald in 2007, objected to the fact that no Catholic diocese could have the same name as an Anglican diocese (such as London, Canterbury, Durham, etc.) "even though those dioceses had, shall we say, been borrowed". Converts A proportion of the Anglicans who were involved in the Oxford Movement or "Tractarianism" were ultimately led beyond these positions and converted to the Catholic Church, including, in 1845, the movement's principal intellectual leader, John Henry Newman. More new Catholics would come from the Anglican Church, often via high Anglicanism, for at least the next hundred years, and something of this continues. As anti-Catholicism declined sharply after 1910, the church grew in numbers, grew rapidly in terms of priests and sisters, and expanded their parishes from inner city industrial areas to more salubrious suburbs. Although underrepresented in the higher levels of the social structure, apart from a few old aristocratic Catholic families, Catholic talent was emerging in journalism, literature, the arts, and diplomacy. A striking development was the surge in highly publicised conversion of intellectuals and writers including most famously G. K. Chesterton, as well as Robert Hugh Benson and Ronald Knox, Maurice Baring, Christopher Dawson, Eric Gill, Graham Greene, Manya Harari, David Jones, Sheila Kaye-Smith, Arnold Lunn, Rosalind Murray, Alfred Noyes, William E. Orchard, Frank Pakenham, Siegfried Sassoon, Edith Sitwell, Muriel Spark, Graham Sutherland, Oscar Wilde, Ford Madox Ford, and Evelyn Waugh. Pre-1900 famous converts included Cardinals Newman and Henry Edward Manning, the less famous like Ignatius Spencer as well as the leading architect of the Gothic Revival, Augustus Pugin, historian Thomas William Allies, and Jesuit poet Gerard Manley Hopkins. G. E. M. Anscombe was also a notable convert during the early 20th century. Prominent cradle Catholics included the film director Alfred Hitchcock, writers such as Hilaire Belloc, Lord Acton and J. R. R. Tolkien and the composer Edward Elgar, whose oratorio The Dream of Gerontius was based on a 19th-century poem by Newman. Contemporary English Catholicism English Catholicism continued to grow throughout the first two-thirds of the 20th century, when it was associated primarily with elements in the English intellectual class and the ethnic Irish population. Numbers attending Mass remained very high in contrast with some Protestant churches (though not the Church of England). Clergy numbers, which began the 20th century at under 3,000, reached a high of 7,500 in 1971. By the latter years of the twentieth century low numbers of vocations also affected the church with ordinations to the priesthood dropping from the hundreds in the late 20th century into the teens in 2006–2011 (16 in 2009 for example) and a recovery into the 20s thereafter, with a prediction for 2018 of 24. As in other English-speaking countries such as the United States and Australia, the movement of Irish Catholics out of the working-class into the middle-class suburban mainstream often meant their assimilation with broader, secular English society and loss of a separate Catholic identity. The Second Vatican Council has been followed, as in other Western countries, by divisions between Traditionalist Catholicism and a more liberal form of Catholicism claiming inspiration from the council. This caused difficulties for not a few pre-conciliar converts, though others have still joined the Church in recent decades (for instance, Malcolm Muggeridge, Alec Guinness, and Joseph Pearce). And public figures (often descendants of the recusant families) include Timothy Radcliffe, former Master of the Order of Preachers (Dominicans) and writer. Radcliffe is related to three late cardinals – Weld, Vaughan and Hume (the last because his cousin Lord Hunt is married to Hume's sister) – and his family is connected to many of the great recusant English Catholic families, the Arundels, Tichbournes, Talbots, Stourtons, Stonors, Welds and Blundells. There were also the families whose male line has died out such as the Grimshaws, the de la Barre Bodenhams or the Lubienski-Bodenhams. Among others in this group are Paul Johnson; Peter Ackroyd; Antonia Fraser; Mark Thompson, Director-General of the BBC; Michael Martin, first Catholic to hold the office of Speaker of the House of Commons since the Reformation; Chris Patten, first Catholic to hold the post of Chancellor of Oxford since the Reformation; Piers Paul Read; Helen Liddel, Britain's High Commissioner to Australia; and former Prime Minister's wife, Cherie Blair, These have no difficulty making their Catholicism known in public life. The former Prime Minister, Tony Blair, was received into full communion with the Catholic Church in 2007. Catherine Pepinster, editor of Tablet, notes: "The impact of Irish immigrants is one. There are numerous prominent campaigners, academics, entertainers (like Danny Boyle the most successful Catholic in showbiz owing to his film, Slumdog Millionaire), politicians and writers. But the descendants of the recusant families are still a force in the land." Since the Second Vatican Council (Vatican II) the Church in England has tended to focus on ecumenical dialogue with the Anglican Church rather than winning converts from it as in the past. However, the 1990s have seen a number of conversions from Anglicanism to the Catholic Church, largely prompted by the Church of England's decision to ordain women as priests (among other moves away from traditional doctrines and structures). The resultant converts included members of the Royal Family (Katharine, Duchess of Kent, her son Lord Nicholas Windsor and her grandson Baron Downpatrick), Graham Leonard (former Anglican Bishop of London), Frances Shand Kydd (maternal grandmother of Prince William, Duke of Cambridge and Prince Harry, Duke of Sussex), and a number of Anglican priests. Converts to Catholicism in Britain occur for any number of reasons, not least from "the mystical buoyant instinct" within each person to grow toward a profounder expression of what they believe. In 2019, Charles Moore, former editor of The Spectator, The Daily Telegraph, and authorized biographer of Margaret Thatcher, noted that his conversion in 1994 to Catholicism followed the Church of England's decision to ordain women, "unilaterally." The Church of England's "determination to do this," he said, "willy-nilly, come what may, meant that they weren't serious about Christian unity, because the Catholic and Orthodox had a different view." This view seems to match Graham Leonard's view and many other former Anglican clerics who, according to John Jay Hughes, have noted: "It is about authority, or lack of it, of the Church of England unilaterally to initiate a radical change in the priesthood, since it does not have its own, but only the priesthood of the whole Catholic church of which it had always claimed to be a part." The spirit of ecumenism fostered by Vatican II resulted in 1990 with the Catholic Church in England, Wales, Scotland and Ireland joining Churches Together in Britain and Ireland as an expression of the churches' commitment to work ecumenically. In 2006, for example, a memorial was put up to St John Houghton and fellow Carthusian monks martyred at the London Charterhouse, 1535. Anglican priest Geoffrey Curtis campaigned for it with the current archbishop of Canterbury's blessing. Also, in another ecumenical gesture, a plaque in Holywell Street, Oxford, now commemorates the Catholic martyrs of England. It reads: "Near this spot George Nichols, Richard Yaxley, Thomas Belson, and Humphrey Pritchard were executed for their Catholic faith, 5 July 1589." This action, however, did not please some Catholics, as the chair of the Latin Mass Society, Joseph Shaw, noted in a letter dated 2020: "As Mgr. Ronald Knox pointed out: 'Each of them [martyrs] died in the belief that he was bearing witness to the truth; and if you accept both testimonies undiscriminately, then you are making nonsense of them both.'" And at Lambeth Palace, in February 2009, the Archbishop of Canterbury hosted a reception to launch a book, Why Go To Church?, by Fr Timothy Radcliffe OP, one of Britain's best known religious and the former master of the Dominican Order. A large number of young Dominican friars attended. Fr Radcliffe said, "I don't think there have been so many Dominicans in one place since the time of Robert Kilwardby, the Dominican Archbishop of Canterbury in the 13th century." Currently, along with the 22 Latin Church dioceses, there are two dioceses of the Eastern Catholic Churches: the Ukrainian Catholic Eparchy of Holy Family of London and the Syro-Malabar Catholic Eparchy of Great Britain. The Personal Ordinariate of Our Lady of Walsingham, for Anglican-tradition converts to Catholicism, was erected by Pope Benedict XVI in 2011. Social action The Church's principles of social justice influenced initiatives to tackle the challenges of poverty and social inclusion. In Southampton, Fr Pat Murphy O'Connor founded the St Dismas Society as an agency to meet the needs of ex-prisoners discharged from Winchester prison. Some of St Dismas Society's early members went on to help found the Simon Community in Sussex then in London. Their example gave new inspiration to other clergy, such as the Revd Kenneth Leech (CofE) of St Anne's Church, Soho, who helped found the homeless charity Centrepoint, and the Revd Bruce Kenrick (Church of Scotland) who helped found the homeless charity Shelter. In 1986 Cardinal Basil Hume established the Cardinal Hume Centre to work with homeless young people, badly housed families and local communities to access accommodation, support and advice, education, training and employment opportunities. In 2006 Cardinal Cormac Murphy-O'Connor instituted an annual Mass in Support of Migrant Workers at Westminster Cathedral in partnership with the ethnic chaplains of Brentwood, Southwark and Westminster. Adoption controversy On 3 November 2016, John Bingham, Head of Media at the Church of England, reported in The Daily Telegraph that Cardinal Vincent Nichols officially acknowledged that the Catholic Church in England and Wales had pressured young unmarried mothers in the country to put their children up for adoption in agencies linked to the Catholic Church throughout the decades following World War II and offered an apology. Child abuse scandal In November 2020 the Independent Inquiry into Child Sexual Abuse reported that between 1970 and 2015, the church in England and Wales had received more than 900 complaints involving more than 3,000 instances of child sexual abuse, made against almost 1,000 individuals, including priests, monks and church associates. In light of such serious and persistent allegations over decades, the Inquiry had hoped to gain the cooperation of the Vatican. In the event its repeated requests were thwarted. As a result, there have been calls for resignations of prelates in leadership roles both from victims, their families and supporters. The inquiry has not spared criticism of the church for prioritising its reputation over the suffering of victims. Cardinal Nichols was singled out in the inquiry report for lack of personal responsibility, or of compassion towards victims. However he has indicated he would not be resigning as he was "determined to put it right". In another article by Pepinster, she notes that the late Cardinal Basil Hume was "remembered for showing empathy to survivors but offered only pastoral care and kindness." Organisation The Catholic Church in England and Wales has five provinces: Birmingham, Cardiff, Liverpool, Southwark and Westminster. There are 22 dioceses which are divided into parishes (for comparison, the Church of England and Church in Wales currently have a total of 50 dioceses). In addition to these, there are four dioceses covering England and Wales for specific groups which are the Bishopric of the Forces, the Eparchy for Ukrainians, the Syro-Malabar Catholic Eparchy of Great Britain and the Personal Ordinariate for former Anglicans. The Catholic bishops in England and Wales come together in a collaborative structure known as the Catholic Bishops' Conference of England and Wales. Currently the Archbishop of Westminster, Vincent Gerard Nichols, is the president of the Bishops' Conference. For this reason in the global Catholic Church (outside England), he is de facto Primate of England though not in the eyes of English law and the established Church of England. Historically, the avoidance of the title of "Primate" was to eschew whipping up anti-Catholic tension, in the same way the bishops of the restored hierarchy avoided using current titles of Anglican sees (Archbishop of Westminster rather than "Canterbury" or "London"). However, the Archbishop of Westminster had certain privileges: he was the only metropolitan in the country until 1911 (when the archdioceses of Birmingham and Liverpool were created) and he has always acted as leader at meetings of the English bishops. Although the bishops of the restored hierarchy were obliged to take new titles, such as that of Westminster, they saw themselves very much in continuity with the pre-Reformation Church. Westminster in particular saw itself as the continuation of Canterbury, hence the similarity of the coat of arms of the two sees (with Westminster believing it has more right to it since it features the pallium, no longer given to Anglican archbishops). At the back of Westminster Cathedral is a list of Popes and, alongside this, a list of Catholic Archbishops of Canterbury beginning with Augustine of Canterbury and the year they received the pallium. After Cardinal Pole, the last Catholic incumbent of Canterbury, the names of the Catholic vicars apostolic or titular bishops (from 1685) are recorded and then the Archbishops of Westminster, in one unimpaired line, from 597 to the present, according to the Archdiocese of Westminster. To highlight this historical continuity, dating back to Pope Gregory I's appointment of Augustine and his sequent bestowal of the pallium on the appointee, the installation rites of pre-Reformation Catholic Archbishops of Canterbury and earlier Archbishops of Westminster were used at the installation of the current Cardinal Archbishop of Westminster, Vincent Gerard Nichols. He also became the forty-third of the English cardinals since the 12th century. Hierarchy Chaplaincies Youth services Many dioceses operate specialist youth service provision, such as the Youth Service of the Diocese of Leeds, the Youth Ministry Team in the Diocese of Hexham and Newcastle, and the Youth Service in the Diocese of Arundel and Brighton. Ordinariate of Our Lady of Walsingham In October 2009, following closed-circuit talks between some Anglicans and the Holy See, Pope Benedict made a relatively unconditional offer to accommodate disaffected Anglicans in the Church of England, enabling them, for the first time, to retain parts of their liturgy and heritage under Anglicanorum coetibus, while being in full communion with Rome. By April 2012 the UK ordinariate numbered about 1200, including five bishops and 60 priests. The ordinariate has recruited a group of aristocrats as honorary vice-presidents to help out. These include the Duke of Norfolk, the Countess of Oxford and Asquith and the Duchess of Somerset. Other vice-presidents include Lord Nicholas Windsor, Sir Josslyn Gore-Booth and the Squire de Lisle, whose ancestor Ambrose de Lisle was a 19th-century Catholic convert who advocated the corporate reunion of the Anglican Church with Rome. According to the first Ordinary, Mgr Keith Newton, the ordinariate will "work on something with an Anglican flavour, but they are not bringing over any set of Anglican liturgy". The director of music at Westminster Abbey (Anglican), lay Catholic James O'Donnell, likens the ordinariate to a Uniate church or one of the many non-Latin Catholic rites, saying: "This is a good opportunity for us to remember that there isn't a one size fits all, and that this could be a good moment to adopt the famous civil service philosophy – 'celebrating diversity'." In May 2013 a former Anglican priest, Alan Hopes, was appointed the new bishop of East Anglia, whose diocese includes the Shrine of Our Lady of Walsingham. In 2021, the former Anglican bishop of Rochester, Michael Nazir-Ali, joined the Ordinariate, noting: "I believe that the Anglican desire to adhere to apostolic, patristic and conciliar teaching can now best be maintained in the Ordinariate." Nazir-Ali also shared with Dr. Foley Beach, chairman of the Global Anglican Future Conference, "his willingness to continue to assist" that movement "in any way that might be suitable." In April 2022, Pope Francis granted Nazir-Ali the title "Prelate of Honour." He may now be addressed as "Monsignor." Eastern Catholic Churches There exists the Apostolic Exarchate for Ukrainians which serves the 15,000 Ukrainian Greek Catholics in Great Britain, with a cathedral and various churches across the country. The Maronite Church in the United Kingdom is under the jurisdiction of the Maronite Eparchy of Europe. The Lebanese Maronite Order (OLM) is in charge of serving the Maronite Catholics in the UK and it is a registered Charity in England and Wales. The OLM is an order of the Maronite Catholic Church. Father Fadi KMEID is the parish priest for Maronites. The OLM runs a few churches, for example Our Lady of Lebanon in Paddington serving the Lebanese Maronite community and the church of The Holy Family of Nazareth serving the Cypriot Maronite community. There are also Catholic chaplains involved in the ministries of Eastern Catholic Churches (of Eritrean, Chaldean, Syriac, Syro-Malabar, Syro-Malankara, and Melkite communities). For information about the Syro-Malabar chaplaincy within the Diocese of Westminster in London, see Syro-Malabar Catholic Church of London. Demography General statistics At the 2001 United Kingdom census, there were 4.2 million Catholics in England and Wales, some eight per cent of the population. One hundred years earlier, in 1901, they represented only 4.8 per cent of the population. In 1981, 8.7 per cent of the population of England and Wales were Catholic. In 2009, an Ipsos Mori poll found that 9.6 per cent, or 5.2 million persons of all ethnicities were Catholic in England and Wales. Sizeable populations include North West England where one in five is Catholic, a result of large-scale Irish immigration in the nineteenth century as well as the high number of English recusants in Lancashire. Migration from Ireland in the 19th and 20th centuries and more recent Eastern European migration have significantly increased the numbers of Catholics in England and Wales, although Pew Research data and stats of 2018 point to other factors at work. According to Pew researchers, 19% of UK adults identify as Catholic. The Eastern European members are mainly from Poland, with smaller numbers from Lithuania, Latvia, and Slovakia. According to the World Factbook , the ethnic/racial composition of UK was "white": 87.2%; "non-white": 12.8%. A 2022 report, however, noted the "white" population of England and Wales had dropped from 86% in 2011 to 81.7% in 2021. Polish Catholic immigration The spiritual needs of migrating Catholic Poles in England and Wales over the past two centuries have been tied inexorably to the changing geo-political fate of their homeland. Most of the arrivals up to the 21st century were escaping political and other repressions. They were not all Catholics. On the accession of Poland to the European Union in 2004 there has been large-scale Polish immigration to the UK, up to 900 000 people as of 2017 have come. The Polish Catholic Mission reports that only about 10% of the newly arrived Poles attend church regularly. For those it has around 219 branches and pastoral centres with 114 priests. The Vicars Delegate who manage the "chaplaincy" of the Polish Catholic Mission since then have been Mgr. Tadeusz Kukla up to 2010, succeeded by the Mgr. Stefan Wylężek. In Poland, the Polish Bishops Conference has a bishop Delegate, with special responsibility for the spiritual needs of émigré Poles. The postholder since 2011 has been Bishop Wiesław Cichowski. The Tablet reported in December 2007 that the Polish Catholic Mission as stating that its branches follow a pastoral programme set by the Polish conference of bishops and are viewed as "an integral part of the Polish church". History Polish-speaking Catholics first arrived in the United Kingdom in some numbers after the 19th century national insurgencies in 1831 and 1863 which had arisen, especially in the Russian sector, in the wake of the Partitions of the Lithuanian - Polish commonwealth during the late 18th century. In 1864 through the efforts of general Zamoyski and Cardinal Wiseman, Rev. Chwaliszewski was invited to come to London and lead services in the Polish chapel at St. Peter's Hatton Garden. Worthy of note in this period was the Polish figure of The Venerable Bernard Łubieński (1846-1933) closely associated with Bishop Robert Coffin and who, after an education at Ushaw College, in 1864 entered the Redemptorists at Clapham and spent some years as a missionary in the British Isles, before returning to his native land. The Polish Catholic Mission was placed on a permanent footing in 1894 by Cardinal Vaughan, the then Archbishop of Westminster. The nucleus of the mission and its chaplaincy was formed by Blessed Franciszka Siedliska (1842-1902), founder of the Congregation of the Holy Family of Nazareth and its spiritual director, rev. Lechert CR. Sr. Siedliska and two sisters started a Polish language primary school. From then on Polish services were regularly held in a chapel first in Globe Street, then in Cambridge Heath Road in Bethnal Green in the East End of London, where most exiled Poles were living at the time. After World War I, the Polish chaplaincy was in the rented Polish church in Mercer Street in North London. In 1928 the local authority condemned the building as unsafe. That same year the exiled community was visited by cardinal Aleksander Kakowski with bishop Przeździeński from the diocese of Siedlce and Polish ambassador, Konstanty Skirmunt. After an extended search, a building was bought from the Swedenborg Society in Devonia Road, Islington. Cardinal Bourne of Westminster, helped the mission with a £1000 loan for refurbishment. It became the first Polish-owned ecclesiastical building in the British Isles. It was consecrated on 30 October 1930 by cardinal August Hlond, primate of Poland in the presence of cardinal Bourne. In 1938 rev. Władysław Staniszewski became chaplain to the mission. After World War II, the pastoral task had swelled to almost 200,000 displaced people - mainly soldiers. Many Polish servicemen were unable to return to their homeland following the annexation of half of Poland's territory by the USSR and the imposition of a communist regime in the newly reconfigured Poland. The Polish Resettlement Corps was formed by the British government to ease their transition into British life. They were joined by several thousand Displaced Persons (DPs), many of whom were their family members. This influx of Poles gave rise to the Polish Resettlement Act 1947 which allowed approximately 250,000 Polish Servicemen and their dependents to settle in Britain. Many assimilated into existing Catholic congregations. Among them were also 120 Military chaplains and priests, along with a minority of Orthodox, Lutheran and Armenian Christians with their own chaplains. There was also a minority Jewish contingent and a handful of Muslims among the soldiers. In 1948, following a visit to Poland the previous year for talks with cardinal Hlond, and after consulting with the Catholic episcopate of England and Wales, Cardinal Bernard Griffin nominated the rector of the Polish Catholic Mission, rev. Staniszewski as Vicar delegate for civilian Poles in England and Wales, with the powers of an Ordinariate. Around this time Archbishop Hlond had nominated Bishop Józef Gawlina, also a Divisional general and based in Rome, to be responsible overall for the Polish diaspora. Between them, this enabled the then rector in England to engage priests and organize regular pastoral care across 18 dioceses in England and Wales. The Catholic hierarchy in England and Wales agreed to the appointment of a Vicar Delegate, nominated by the Polish Episcopate, with ordinary power over the Polish clergy throughout England and Wales, with certain exceptions relating to marriage. On the pastoral front, the temporary Polish parish hosted in Central London by the fathers of Brompton Oratory was able to be moved westward in 1962 to the newly acquired St Andrew Bobola church in Shepherd's Bush, the second Polish owned church in London since 1930. It is regarded as an unofficial garrison church with memorials to many historical Polish Army regiments. The Mission was boosted by the integration of male religious orders, the Polish Jesuits in Willesden, north-west London, the Marian fathers in Ealing and formerly the college at Fawley Court. Latterly, these have been joined by the Society of Christ Fathers, dedicated to minister to the Polish diaspora, who run a parish in Putney in London. Anomalous Polish "parishes" Since the original agreement between the English and Polish church hierarchies in 1948, whenever a Polish Catholic community emerges within England and Wales, the vicar delegate appoints a Polish priest to organise a local branch of the Polish Catholic Mission. A priest thus appointed is the Catholic version of a "priest in charge", but he is not actually a parish priest. There are strictly no Polish parishes or quasiparishes in England and Wales (in accordance with Canons 515 §1 and 516 §1) with the exception of the original church on Devonia Road in Islington. A Polish community is sometimes referred to as a "parish", but is not a parish in the canonical sense. Hence the Polish community attending a "Polish church" is not a "judicial person". The canonical judicial person which represents the interests of all Polish communities of worship is vested in the Polish Catholic Mission. In December 2007, Cardinal Cormac Murphy-O'Connor said: "I'm quite concerned that Poles are creating a separate Church in Britain – I would want them to be part of the Catholic life of this country. I would hope those responsible for the Polish Church here, and the Poles themselves, will be aware that they should become a part of local parishes as soon as possible when they learn enough of the language." Mgr Kukla stressed that the Polish Catholic Mission continues to have a "good relationship" with the hierarchy in England and Wales and said "Integration is a long process". The Polish Catholic Mission co-operated with the English hierarchy's 2008 research inquiry into the needs of migrants in London's Catholic community. The inquiry had been commissioned by the Archdiocese of Westminster, Archbishop Kevin McDonald of Southwark and Bishop Thomas McMahon of Brentwood. Around 1000 people attending Mass in three London dioceses were surveyed using anonymous questionnaires available in Polish, Lithuanian, Chinese, French, Spanish, Portuguese and English. The congregations were drawn from mainstream diocesan parishes, ethnic chaplaincies and churches of the Polish vicariate. The report findings described how 86% of eastern Europeans said the availability of Mass in their mother-tongue was a reason for their choosing to worship in a particular church. One of the report's recommendations emphasised cooperation with key overseas bishops conferences, dioceses and religious institutes on the recruitment and appointment of ethnic chaplains. Miracles A number of events which Catholics hold to be miracles are associated with England. Marian apparitions A number of Marian apparitions are associated with England, the best known are the following; Our Lady of Mount Carmel, associated with Simon Stock at Aylesford Our Lady of Walsingham, associated with Richeldis de Faverches at Walsingham Our Lady of the Immaculate Conception, associated with Helsim the Abbot in the North Sea Our Lady of Evesham, associated with Egwin of Evesham at Evesham Our Lady of Canterbury, associated with Dunstan and Anselm at Canterbury Our Lady of London, associated with Thomas Becket and Hildegard von Bingen at London Our Lady of Jervaulx, associated with Abbot John Kingston of Byland at Jervaulx Our Lady of Durham, associated with Godric of Finchale at Durham Our Lady of Ipswich, associated with Anne Wentworth at Ipswich Pilgrimages Augustine Camino, ending at Pugin's Church and Shrine of St. Augustine, Ramsgate Incorruptibility A number of cases of alleged incorruptibility of some Catholic saints are associated with England; Æthelthryth of Ely, hand discovered in 1811 Cuthbert of Lindisfarne, relics destroyed under Henry VIII Werburgh of Chester, relics destroyed under Henry VIII Now believed to be buried beneath her shrine in Chester cathedral. Wihtburh of East Anglia, relics destroyed under Henry VIII Winibald of Wessex, tomb found empty in 1968 Guthlac of Crowland, relics destroyed by Vikings Ælfheah of Canterbury, buried at Canterbury Cathedral Edward the Confessor, bodily allegedly intact in 1269, skeleton by 1685 Hugh of Lincoln, tomb pillaged in 1364, shrine destroyed under Henry VIII Edmund of Abingdon, taken to Pontigny Abbey in France John Southworth, returned to Westminster Cathedral in 1927 Stigmata Two cases of alleged stigmata are associated with England, neither have been approved by the Vatican; 1880: Teresa Helena Higginson, Servant of God, at Gainsborough, Lincolnshire 1986: Patricia de Menezes, at Surrey Catholic saints associated with England See Catholic Church in the United Kingdom for English Saints, English Catholics declared Blessed, Venerable, and Servants of God, past and present. The list includes Welsh, Scot, Irish, and English saints. See also Agatha Christie indult Carthusian Martyrs Catholic Church by country Catholic Church in Ireland Catholic Church in Scotland Catholic Church in the United Kingdom Catholic National Library Catholic schools in the United Kingdom Colleges of St Omer, Bruges and Liège Council of London in 1102 English College, Rome Forty Martyrs of England and Wales Latin Mass Society of England and Wales List of Catholic churches in the United Kingdom List of Catholic martyrs of the English Reformation List of English cardinals Priest hole The Stripping of the Altars Sources Footnotes References Peter Ackroyd Albion: The origins of the English Imagination (New York: Anchor Random, 2002) Virginia Blanton Signs of Devotion: The Cult of St. AEthelthryth in Medieval England, 695–1615 (University Park: Penn State University, 2007) John Bossy The English Catholic Community 1570-1850 (London: Darton, Longman and Todd Company, 1975) Michael Burleigh Sacred Causes (New York: HarperCollins, 2007) Thomas Clancy, S.J., English Catholic Books, 1641–1700 (Cambridge: Scolar Press, 1996) Thomas Clancy, S.J., English Catholic Books, 1701–1800 (Cambridge: Scolar Press, 1996) Eamon Duffy The Stripping of the Altars: Traditional Religion in England 1400-1580 2nd ed. (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2005) . Eamon Duffy The Voices of Morebath (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2001) Eamon Duffy Marking the Hours: English People and their Prayers 1240–1570 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2007) Eamon Duffy Fires of Faith: Catholic England under Mary Tudor (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2009) Excellent for background and policies of Cardinal Pole. Eamon Duffy A People's Tragedy: Studies in Reformation (London: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2020) Mark Turnham Elvins, Old Catholic England (London: Catholic Truth Society, 1978) Antonia Fraser Mary Queen of Scots (New York: Delta Random, 1993) Antonia Fraser Faith and Treason: The Story of the Gunpowder Plot (New York: Anchor Books, 1996) Howard Esksine-Hill Alexander Pope: World and Word (Oxford: Oxford University Press for the British Academy, 1998) Gabriel Glickman The English Catholic Community 1688-1745: Politics, Culture, and Ideology (Baydell Press, 2009) Gordon-Gorman, William James. Converts to Rome: a biographical list of the more notable converts to the Catholic Church in the United Kingdom (1910) online. Greenblatt, Stephen. Will in the World (New York: W.W.Norton, 2004) John Guy A Daughter's Love: Thomas and Margaret More (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2009) 0618499156 Alana Harris Faith in the Family: a lived religious history of English Catholicism, 1945–82 (Manchester: University of Manchester:2014) Roy Hattersley The Catholics (Chatto and Windus, 2017) NSBN-10: 178474152 Clare Haynes Pictures and Popery: Art and Religion in England, 1660–1760 (Burlington, Vt.: Ashgate, 2006) Robert Hutchinson House of Treason: the Rise and Fall of the Tudor Dynasty (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 2009) Emilia Jamroziak and Janet Burton, eds. Religious and Laity in Western Europe, 1000–1400 (Europa Scra 2.Turnhout: Brepols, 2006) Julie Kerr Monastic Hospitality: Benedictines in England, c.1070-c.1250, Studies in the history of Medieval Religion 32. (Woodbridge, U.K.: Boydell, 2007) K.J. Kesselring The Northern Rebellion of 1569: Faith, Politics, and Protest in Elizabethan England (London: Palgrave MacMillan, 2007) Peter Lake and Michael Questier The Trials of Margaret Clitherow: Persecution, Martyrdom and the Politics of Sanctity in Elizabethan England (Bloomsbury, 2011) Peter Marshall Religious Identities in Henry VIII's England (London: Ashgate, 2006) Peter Marshall and Alex Ryrie, Eds The Beginnings of English Protestantism (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002) Thomas McCoog And Touching Our Society: Jesuit Identity in Elizabethan England Geoffrey Moorhouse The Pilgrimage of Grace: the Rebellion that Shook Henry VIII's Throne (London: Weidenfeld and Moorhouse, 2003) Edward Norman The English Catholic Church in the Nineteenth Century (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1985) Hazel Pierce Margaret Pole, Countess of Salisbury 1473–1541: Loyalty, Lineage and Leadership (University of Wales Press, 2009) Linda Porter The First Queen of England: The Myth of "Bloody Mary" (New York: St. Martin Press, 2008) Michael C. Questier Catholicism and Community in Early Modern England: Politics, Aristocratic Patronage and Religion, c. 1550–1640 Cambridge Studies in Early Modern British History (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2006). This re-evaluates post-Reformation Catholicism through windows of the wider Catholic community in England and through aristocratic patronage. John Saward, John Morrill, and Michael Tomko (eds), Firmly I Believe and Truly: The spiritual tradition of Catholic England 1483–1999 (Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2011). Nicholas Schofield and Gerard Skinner The English Vicars Apostolic 1688-1850 (Family Publications, 2009) Karen Stober Late Medieval Monasteries and their Patrons: England and Wales, c.1300–1540 Studies in the History of Medieval Religion. (Woodbridge, U.K.: Boydell, 2007) Charles E. Ward The Life of John Dryden (Chapel Hill, North Carolina: University of North Carolina Press, 1961) James Anderson Winn John Dryden and His World (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1987) Barbara Yorke The Conversion of Britain 600-800 (New York: Routledge, 2014) Further reading Altholz, Josef L. "The Political Behavior of the English Catholics, 1850-1867." Journal of British Studies, vol. 4, no. 1, 1964, pp. 89–103. online Beck, George Andrew, ed. The English Catholics, 1850–1950 (1950), scholarly essays British Catholic History biennial journal of the Catholic Record Society published by Cambridge University Press Corrin, Jay P. Catholic Progressives in England After Vatican II (University of Notre Dame Press; 2013) 536 pages; Dures, Alan. English Catholicism, 1558–1642: Continuity and Change (1983) Glickman, Gabriel. The English Catholic Community 1688–1745: politics, culture and ideology (2009) Harris, Alana. Faith in the Family: A Lived Religious History of English Catholicism, 1945–1982 (2013); the impact of the Second Vatican Council on the ordinary believer Heimann, Mary. Catholic Devotion in Victorian England (1995) online Hughes, Philip. The Catholic Question, 1688–1829: A Study in Political History (1929) McClain, Lisa. "On a Mission: Priests, Jesuits," Jesuitresses," and Catholic Missionary Efforts in Tudor-Stuart England." Catholic Historical Review 101.3 (2015): 437–462. McClelland, Vincent Alan. Cardinal Manning: the Public Life and Influences, 1865–1892 (1962) Mathew, David. Catholicism in England: the portrait of a minority: its culture and tradition (1955) Mourret, Fernand. History of the Catholic Church (8 vol, 1931) comprehensive history to 1878. country by country. online free; by French Catholic priest. Mullet, Michael. Catholics in Britain and Ireland, 1558–1829 (1998) 236pp Watkin, E. I Roman Catholicism in England from the Reformation to 1950 (1957) Primary sources Mullet, Michael. English Catholicism, 1680–1830 (2006) 2714 pages Newman, John Henry. Lectures on the Present Position of Catholics in England (University of Notre Dame Press, 2000) 585pp; based on 6th edition of 1889 External links The Catholic Church in England and Wales English Catholic History Association The Catholic Record Society Directory of Catholic Churches, Schools, Dioceses, Religious Houses, Chaplaincies and Organisations in England and Wales Taking Stock: Catholic Churches Who Were the Nuns? Society of St. Augustine of Canterbury	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic%20Church%20in%20England%20and%20Wales
François Laruelle (; ; born 22 August 1937) is a French philosopher, formerly of the Collège international de philosophie and the University of Paris X: Nanterre. Laruelle has been publishing since the early 1970s and now has around twenty book-length titles to his name. Alumnus of the École normale supérieure, Laruelle is notable for developing a science of philosophy that he calls non-philosophy. He currently directs an international organisation dedicated to furthering the cause of non-philosophy, the Organisation Non-Philosophique Internationale. Work Laruelle divides his work into five periods: Philosophy I (1971–1981), Philosophy II (1981–1995), Philosophy III (1995–2002), Philosophy IV (2002–2008), and Philosophy V (2008–present). The work comprising Philosophy I finds Laruelle attempting to subvert concepts found in Nietzsche, Heidegger, Deleuze and Derrida. Even at this early stage one can identify Laruelle's interest in adopting a transcendental stance towards philosophy. With Philosophy II, Laruelle makes a determined effort to develop a transcendental approach to philosophy itself. However, it is not until Philosophy III that Laruelle claims to have started the work of non-philosophy. Non-philosophy Laruelle claims that all forms of philosophy (from ancient philosophy to analytic philosophy to deconstruction and so on) are structured around a prior decision, but that all forms of philosophy remain constitutively blind to this decision. The 'decision' that Laruelle is concerned with here is the dialectical splitting of the world in order to grasp the world philosophically. Laruelle claims that the decisional structure of philosophy can only be grasped non-philosophically. In this sense, non-philosophy is a science of philosophy. Laruellean (non)ethics is "radically de-anthropocentrized, fundamentally directed towards a universalized, auto-effective set of generic conditions." Reception and influence A decade ago, he was described by Scottish philosopher Ray Brassier as "the most important unknown philosopher working in Europe today" and was described by Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari as "engaged in one of the most interesting undertakings of contemporary philosophy." The first English-language reception of his work (Brassier's account of Laruelle in Radical Philosophy in 2003) has been followed with a slew of introductions from John Ó Maoilearca (Mullarkey), Anthony Paul Smith, Rocco Gangle, Katerina Kolozova, and Alexander R. Galloway, as well as Brassier's own subsequent book, Nihil Unbound. Today, Laruelle's international reception is growing with dozens of titles a year translated and published in English by such publishing houses as Polity Books, Edinburgh University Press, Continuum, Palgrave Macmillan, Columbia University Press, Urbanomic/Sequence and others. Bibliography Books Philosophie I Phénomène et différence. Éssai sur l'ontologie de Ravaisson [Phenomenon and Difference. An Essay on the Onology of Ravaisson], Klinskieck, Paris, 1971. Phenomenon and Difference: Essay on the Ontology of Ravaisson. trans. Lindsay Lerman, &&& Publishing, 2023 Machines textuelles. Déconstruction et libido d'écriture [Textual Machines: Deconstruction and Libido of Writing], Seuil, Paris, 1976. Nietzsche contra Heidegger. Thèses pour une politique nietzschéenne [Nietzsche contra Heidegger: Theses for a Nietzschean Politics], Payot, Paris, 1977. Le Déclin de l’écriture, suivi d'entretiens avec J-L Nancy, S. Kofman, J. Derrida et P. Lacoue-Labarthe [The Decline of Writing. Followed by Interviews with Jean-Luc Nancy, Sarah Kofman, Jacques Derrida, and Philippe-Lacoue-Labarthe] Paris, Aubier-Flammarion, 1977. Au-delà du principe de pouvoir [Beyond the Power Principle], Paris, Payot, 1978. Philosophie II Le principe de minorité [The Minority Principle], Aubier Montaigne, Paris, 1981. Une biographie de l'homme ordinaire. Des Autorités et des Minorités, Paris, PUF, 1985. A Biography of the Ordinary Man: Of Authorities and Minorities, trans. Jessie Hock and Alex Dubilet, Medford, Polity Press, 2018 Les Philosophies de la différence. Introduction critique, Paris, PUF, 1986. Philosophies of Difference: A Critical Introduction to Non-Philosophy, trans. Rocco Gangle, New York, Continuum 2010. Philosophie et non-philosophie, Mardaga, Liège/Brussels, 1989. Philosophy and Non-Philosophy, trans. Taylor Adkins, Minneapolis, Univocal, 2013 En tant qu'un. La non-philosophie éxpliquée au philosophes [As One: Non-Philosophy Explained to Philosophers], Aubier, Paris, 1991. Théorie des identités. Fractalité généralisée et philosophie artificielle, Paris, PUF, 1992. Theory of Identities: Generalized Fractality and Artificial Philosophy, trans. Alyosha Edlebi, New York, Columbia University Press, 2016. Philosophie III Théorie des Étrangers. Science des hommes, démocratie, non-psychoanalyse [Theory of Strangers: Science of Men, Democracy, Non-Psychoanalysis], Kimé, Paris, 1995. Principes de la non-philosophie, PUF, Paris, 1996. Principles of Non-Philosophy, trans. Nicola Rubczak and Anthony Paul Smith, New York, Bloomsbury 2013 Dictionnaire de la non-philosophie, François Laruelle et Collaborateurs, Kimé, Paris, 1998. Dictionary of Non-Philosophy, trans. Taylor Adkins, Minneapolis, Univocal, 2013. Éthique de l'Étranger. Du crime contre l'humanité [Ethics of the Stranger: Of The Crime Against Humanity], Kimé, Paris, 2000. Introduction au non-marxisme, PUF, Paris, 2000. Introduction to Non-Marxism, trans. Anthony Paul Smith, Univocal Publishing, 2015. Philosophie IV Le Christ futur, une leçon d'hérésie, Exils, Paris 2002. Future Christ: A Lesson in Heresy, trans. Anthony Paul Smith, New York, Continuum 2010. L'ultime honneur des intellectuels, Textuel, Paris 2003. Intellectuals and Power, trans. Anthony Paul Smith, Malden, MA, Continuum, 2014. La Lutte et l'Utopie à la fin des temps philosophiques, Kimé, Paris 2004. Struggle and Utopia at the End Times of Philosophy, trans. Drew S. Burk and Anthony Paul Smith, Univocal 2012. Mystique non-philosophique à l’usage des contemporains [Non-Philosophical Mysticism for Contemporary Use], L'Harmat, Paris 2007. Philosophie V Introduction aux sciences génériques [Introduction to Generic Science], Pétra, Paris 2008. Philosophie non-standard: générique, quantique, philo-fiction [Non-Standard Philosophy: Generic, Quantum, Philo-Fiction], Paris, Kimé, 2010. Anti-Badiou: sur l'introduction du maoïsme dans la philosophie, Paris, Kimé, 2011. Anti-Badiou: The Introduction of Maoism in Philosophy, trans. Robin Mackay, New York, Bloomsbury, 2013. Théorie générale des victimes, Paris, Mille et une nuits, 2012. General Theory of Victims, trans. Jessie Hock and Alex Dubilet, Malden, MA, Polity, 2015. Christo-fiction: Les ruines d'Athènes et de Jérusalem, Paris, Fayard, 2014 Christo-Fiction: The Ruins of Athens and Jerusalem, trans. Robin Mackay, New York: Columbia University Press, 2015. En dernière humanité: la nouvelle science écologique [In The Last Humanity: The New Ecological Science], Paris, Cerf, 2015 Tetralogos. Un opéra de philosophies [Tetralogos. An Opera of Philosophies], Paris, Editions du Cerf , 2019. Théologie clandestine pour les sans-religion: une confession de foi du non-philosophe [Clandestine Theology for those without religion: a confession of faith of the non-philosopher], Paris, Kimé, 2019. Le nouvel esprit technologique [The new technological spirit], Paris, Les Belles Lettres, 2020. Selected Articles translated into English François Laruelle, 'A Summary of Non-Philosophy' in Pli: The Warwick Journal of Philosophy. Vol. 8. Philosophies of Nature, 1999. François Laruelle, 'Identity and Event' in Pli: The Warwick Journal of Philosophy. Vol. 9. Parallel Processes, 2000. François Laruelle, 'The Decline of Materialism in the Name of Matter' in Pli: The Warwick Journal of Philosophy. Vol. 12. What Is Materialism? 2001. François Laruelle, 'The Truth According to Hermes: Theorems on the Secret and Communication' in Parrhesia 9 (2010): 18–22. François Laruelle, 'The End Times of Philosophy' in continent. 2.3 (2012): 160–166. See also Speculative realism Notes Further reading Brassier, Ray, 'Axiomatic Heresy: The Non-Philosophy of Francois Laruelle', Radical Philosophy 121, Sep/Oct 2003. Brassier, Ray, Nihil Unbound. Enlightenment and Extinction. Edinburgh University Press, 2007. Erkan, Ekin, 'François Laruelle, A Biography of Ordinary Man: On Authorities and Minorities', Cincinnati Romance Review 46, Spring 2019. Galloway, Alexander, Laruelle: Against the Digital. University of Minnesota Press, 2014. Gangle, Rocco. François Laruelle's Philosophies of Difference: A Critical Introduction and Guide. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2013. Rocco Gangle (Editor), Julius Greve (Editor), Superpositions: Laruelle and the Humanities, Rowman & Littlefield 2017. James, Ian. The New French Philosophy. Cambridge: Polity, 2012. Kolozova, Katerina. Cut of the Real: Subjectivity in Poststructuralist Philosophy. Columbia University Press, 2014. Kolozova, Katerina. The Lived Revolution: Solidarity with the Body in Pain as the New Political Universal. Evro-Balkan Press, 2010. Mullarkey, John. Post-Continental Philosophy: An Outline. Continuum Press, 2006. Mullarkey, John, and Anthony Paul Smith, eds. Laruelle and Non-Philosophy. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2012. Ó Maoilearca, John, All Thoughts are Equal: Laruelle and Nonhuman Philosophy, University of Minnesota Press, 2015 Smith, Anthony Paul. François Laruelle's Principles of Non Philosophy: A Critical Introduction and Guide. Edinburgh University Press, 2015. Smith, Anthony Paul. Laruelle: A Stranger Thought. Polity Press, 2016. External links Organisation Non-Philosophique Internationale (ONPhI) Swami Narasimhananda, Review of Intellectuals and Power by François Laruelle, Prabuddha Bharata, 121/7 (July 2016), 578 See Pérez, Rolando, "Intellectuals in an Age of Capitalist Nihilism," review of Intellectuals and Power: The Insurrection of the Victim, François Laruelle, in conversation with Philippe Petit in Radical Philosophy 193. September/October 2015: 60-62 1937 births Living people Continental philosophers ENS Fontenay-Saint-Cloud-Lyon alumni 20th-century French philosophers French male writers Philosophers of nihilism Heidegger scholars 21st-century French philosophers École Normale Supérieure alumni	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois%20Laruelle
Jonas Ljungblad (born January 15, 1979, in Gothenburg) is a Swedish former road racing cyclist. He began his professional career with the Amore & Vita team in 2002 as a young helper, but after spending a season with Team Bianchi his career began to skyrocket with a very successful Australian excursion in 2004 winning the Tour of Queensland and the Herald Sun Tour. In 2005 he acquired his biggest victory to date, winning the Swedish national championship. This, along with his win in the Route d'Vendée, attracted the attention of Unibet.com Cycling Team who hired him to be a helper to the likes of Baden Cooke and Frank Vandenbroucke. Major results 1996 1st Time trial, National Junior Road Championships 2000 5th Road race, National Road Championships 8th Overall Flèche du Sud 9th Overall International Tour of Rhodes 2001 1st Stage 4 Okolo Slovenska 3rd Scandinavian Open Road Race 5th Road race, UCI Under-23 Road World Championships 2002 3rd Overall Herald Sun Tour 1st Stage 3 5th Scandinavian Open Road Race 8th Paris–Camembert 2003 7th Overall Ringerike GP 8th Overall Herald Sun Tour 2004 1st Overall Herald Sun Tour 1st Stage 7 1st Overall Tour of Queensland 1st Stages 5 & 7 3rd Scandinavian Open Road Race 4th Boucles de l'Aulne 10th Overall Tour de Slovénie 1st Stage 4 2005 1st Road race, National Road Championships 1st Tour du Lac Léman 1st Tour de Vendée 1st Melbourne to Warrnambool Classic 3rd Scandinavian Open Road Race 3rd E.O.S. Tallinn GP 5th Giro del Lago Maggiore 7th Tartu GP 9th Trofeo Franco Balestra 2006 3rd Grand Prix de Villers-Cotterêts 4th Overall Tour de Luxembourg 1st Stage 3 5th Tour de Vendée 6th Boucles de l'Aulne 2007 9th Cholet-Pays de Loire 2008 1st Road race, National Road Championships 1st Stage 3 Vuelta Ciclista a León 1st Stage 2 Troféu Joaquim Agostinho 1st Stage 3 Circuit des Ardennes 10th Overall 1st Points classification 1st Stage 1 2011 3rd Tartu GP 5th Ronde van Noord-Holland 9th Paris–Camembert External links 1979 births Living people Swedish male cyclists Sportspeople from Gothenburg	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonas%20Ljungblad
Red Dawn is a 1984 film by John Milius. Red dawn may also refer to: Entertainment Red Dawn (2012 film), a remake of the 1984 film "Red Dawn" (X-Men episode), an episode from the second season of the X-Men animated series "Red Dawn", a third season episode of Sealab 2021 Red Dawn (audio drama), a 2000 Doctor Who audio drama "Red Dawn", the sixth movement of the 1992 Mike Oldfield album Tubular Bells II "Red Dawn" (Supergirl), an episode of Supergirl "Red Dawn" (American Horror Story), an episode of the ninth season of American Horror Story Other Red Color, a system used to alert Israeli civilians about impending rocket attacks, known until 2007 as "Red Dawn" Operation Red Dawn, a military operation conducted by the United States armed forces resulting in the capture of Saddam Hussein Dawn Primarolo, the Labour MP for Bristol South, who is nicknamed "Red Dawn" Weather lore, for folk meaning of a red colored dawn See also Red Sky at Morning (disambiguation) Crimson Dawn (disambiguation) Krasnaya Zarya (disambiguation), for names related to its translation into Russian Rojo Amanecer, a 1989 Mexican film	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red%20Dawn%20%28disambiguation%29
The macroblock is a processing unit in image and video compression formats based on linear block transforms, typically the discrete cosine transform (DCT). A macroblock typically consists of 16×16 samples, and is further subdivided into transform blocks, and may be further subdivided into prediction blocks. Formats which are based on macroblocks include JPEG, where they are called MCU blocks, H.261, MPEG-1 Part 2, H.262/MPEG-2 Part 2, H.263, MPEG-4 Part 2, and H.264/MPEG-4 AVC. In H.265/HEVC, the macroblock as a basic processing unit has been replaced by the coding tree unit. Technical details Transform blocks A macroblock is divided into transform blocks, which serve as input to the linear block transform, e.g. the DCT. In H.261, the first video codec to use macroblocks, transform blocks have a fixed size of 8×8 samples. In the YCbCr color space with 4:2:0 chroma subsampling, a 16×16 macroblock consists of 16×16 luma (Y) samples and 8×8 chroma (Cb and Cr) samples. These samples are split into four Y blocks, one Cb block and one Cr block. This design is also used in JPEG and most other macroblock-based video codecs with a fixed transform block size, such as MPEG-1 Part 2 and H.262/MPEG-2 Part 2. In other chroma subsampling formats, e.g. 4:0:0, 4:2:2, or 4:4:4, the number of chroma samples in a macroblock will be smaller or larger, and the grouping of chroma samples into blocks will differ accordingly. In more modern macroblock-based video coding standards such as H.263 and H.264/AVC, transform blocks can be of sizes other than 8×8 samples. For instance, in H.264/AVC main profile, the transform block size is 4×4. In H.264/AVC High profile, the transform block size can be either 4×4 or 8×8, adapted on a per-macroblock basis. Prediction blocks Distinct from the division into transform blocks, a macroblock can be split into prediction blocks. In early standards such as H.261, MPEG-1 Part 2, and H.262/MPEG-2 Part 2, motion compensation is performed with one motion vector per macroblock. In more modern standards such as H.264/AVC, a macroblock can be split into multiple variable-sized prediction blocks, called partitions. In an inter-predicted macroblock in H.264/AVC, a separate motion vector is specified for each partition. Correspondingly, in an intra-predicted macroblock, where samples are predicted by extrapolating from the edges of neighboring blocks, the predicted direction is specified on a per-partition basis. In H.264/AVC, prediction partition size ranges from 4×4 to 16×16 samples for both inter-prediction (motion compensation) and intra-prediction. Bitstream representation A possible bitstream representation of a macroblock in a video codec which uses motion compensation and transform coding is given below. It is similar to the format used in H.261. +------+------+-------+--------+-----+----+----+--------+ \| ADDR \| TYPE \| QUANT \| VECTOR \| CBP \| b0 \| b1 \| ... b5 \| +------+------+-------+--------+-----+----+----+--------+ ADDR — address of block in image TYPE — identifies type of macroblock (intra frame, inter frame, bi-directional inter frame) QUANT — quantization value to vary quantization VECTOR - motion vector CBP — Coded Block Pattern, this is bit mask indicating for which blocks coefficients are present. bN — the blocks (4 Y, 1 Cr, 1 Cb) Macroblocking The term macroblocking is commonly used to refer to block coding artifacts. See also JPEG, H.261, MPEG-1 Part 2, H.262/MPEG-2 Part 2, H.263 and H.264 Coding tree unit Discrete cosine transform Video compression picture types Compression artifact Deblocking filter Pixelation References Video compression Image compression	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macroblock
Visa Veli Hongisto (born April 9, 1987 in Valkeala) is a Finnish sprinter. His club team is Valkealan Kajo. He is the son of Eeva Haimi. Hongisto represented Finland at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing. He competed at the 200 metres and placed fourth in his first round heat in a time of 20.62 seconds. He did not improve his time in the second round and finished in 20.76 seconds, placing sixth, which was not enough to qualify for the semi-finals. Progression 100m 200m 400m Personal bests 60m (indoor): 6,72 in Helsinki, 2006 100m: 10,45 in Tampere, 2006 200m: 20,56 in Osaka, 2007 400m: 47.02 in Dessau, 2008 Physical characteristics Height: 184 cm Weight: 77 kg References sports-reference Tilastopaja Oy 1987 births Living people People from Valkeala Sportspeople from Kouvola Finnish male sprinters Olympic athletes for Finland Athletes (track and field) at the 2008 Summer Olympics	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visa%20Hongisto
Tác is a village in Hungary. In the time of Roman Empire it was known as Gorsium-Herculia. An open-air museum presents the ruins. External links Street map Aerial photography: Gorsium - Tác - Hungary GORSIUM later HERCULIA Hungary from The Princeton Encyclopedia of Classical Sites Populated places in Fejér County Roman settlements in Hungary	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A1c
Drest son of Donuel ( or ; died 677) was king of the Picts from 663 until 672. Like his brother and predecessor Gartnait son of Donuel, and Gartnait's predecessor Talorgan son of Eanfrith, he reigned as a puppet king under the Northumbrian king Oswiu. Gartnait and Drest may have been sons of Domnall Brecc, who was king of Dál Riata from 629 until he was killed in 642. The length of Drest's reign is uncertain: the Pictish king lists give him a reign of six or seven years, while contemporary Irish annals imply a reign of eight or nine years. His accession to the kingship may be connected to the Battle of Luith Feirn recorded in the Annals of Ulster as taking place in 664, or Oswiu may have forced an interregnum on the kingdom from 663-666, after the death of Drest's brother Gartnait in 663. Drest's powerbase was probably as king of the northern Pictish kingdom of Fortriu. Drest was expelled from his kingdom in 671, an event normally connected with the failed Pictish revolt against Northumbrian rule that culminated in crushing defeat at the hands of Ecgfrith of Northumbria at the Battle of Two Rivers. Stephen of Ripon records in his Life of St Wilfrid that the Picts had "gathered together innumerable nations (gentes) from every nook and corner in the north", suggesting that Drest had joined forces with other territories which were otherwise not politically united. Drest's successor was Ecgfrith's cousin Bridei son of Beli, who would eventually defeat and kill Ecgfrith and overthrow the Northumbrian hegemony at the Battle of Dun Nechtain in 685. After his expulsion Drest continued to receive attention from Irish annals, suggesting he remained in the orbit of the Abbey of Iona, until his death in 677. Notes References Anderson, Alan Orr, Early Sources of Scottish History A.D 500–1286, volume 1. Reprinted with corrections. Paul Watkins, Stamford, 1990. External links CELT: Corpus of Electronic Texts at University College Cork includes the Annals of Ulster, Tigernach, the Four Masters and Innisfallen, the Chronicon Scotorum, the Lebor Bretnach (which includes the Duan Albanach), Genealogies, and various Saints' Lives. Most are translated into English, or translations are in progress. Pictish Chronicle 7th-century births 677 deaths Year of birth unknown Pictish monarchs 7th-century Scottish monarchs	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drest%20son%20of%20Donuel
Selja may refer to the following: People Selja Kumari (born 1962), a member of the 15th Lok Sabha of India Sirkka Selja (1920—2017), a Finnish poet and writer Places Estonia Selja, Hiiumaa Parish, village in Hiiumaa Parish, Hiiu County Selja, Lääne-Viru County, village in Viru-Nigula Parish, Lääne-Viru County Selja, Tori Parish, village in Tori Parish, Pärnu County Selja, Lääneranna Parish, village in Lääneranna Parish, Pärnu County Selja, Rapla County, village in Kehtna Parish, Rapla County Selja, Saare County, village in Saaremaa Parish, Saare County Norway Selja, Selje, an island in Selje municipality, Norway; a former Catholic bishopric and now a Latin titular see as Selia Sweden Selja, Sweden, a village area in Mora Tunisia Selja Gorges, gorges in the Gafsa valley See also Selje (disambiguation)	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selja
Black Lamb and Grey Falcon: A Journey Through Yugoslavia is a travel book written by Dame Rebecca West, published in 1941 in two volumes by Macmillan in the UK and by The Viking Press in the US. The book is over 1,100 pages in modern editions and gives an account of Balkan history and ethnography during West's six-week trip to Yugoslavia in 1937. West's objective was "to show the past side by side with the present it created". Publication of the book coincided with the Nazi Invasion of Yugoslavia, and West added a foreword highly praising the Yugoslavs for their brave defiance of Germany. The book's epigraph reads: "To my friends in Yugoslavia, who are now all dead or enslaved". The character of "Constantine" is supposedly based on Stanislav Vinaver. Anica Savić Rebac, under the name of Milica, appears not only as a new friend, but also as the intellectual guide who eventually reveals to Rebecca West the rituals which would lead the author to the title metaphor of her vision of the Balkans. Plot The book details the six-week journey West made, with her husband, to Yugoslavia in 1937. During the trip, West and her husband travelled to Croatia, Dalmatia, Herzegovina, Bosnia, Serbia, Macedonia and Montenegro. It provides a graphic account of the context of the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand. Background The book's title draws from historical symbols of the Balkans. The black lamb "is the symbol, seen in a gypsy rite in Macedonia, of false -- and thus of impious -- sacrifice" while the grey falcon "is an enigmatic figure in a Slav folksong about a military defeat in the year 1389". West's original intent was to rapidly write the work. It ended up taking five years to write beginning in 1936. West's biographer, Victoria Glendinning, called it "the central book of her life". It is "a key book about Yugoslavia" with Robert Kaplan using it heavily during his travels in that country. Style Reviewer Geoff Dyer described the book as "a work of literature". Woods said the book "is carried out with tireless percipience, nourished from almost bewildering erudition, chronicled with a thoughtfulness itself fervent and poetic". According to Dyer, a major theme was "the vexed relations of men and women". He notes her frequent forays into history and other topics throughout the work: Something catches West’s attention; the incident – a Mozart symphony coming on the radio in a restaurant on page 507, say – is conveyed with vivid immediacy. As West articulates and processes this experience, she takes us on a discursive journey into the furthest reaches of speculative thought before returning us to the exact spot or occasion from which we started. Reception According to a 1941 review in the New York Times by Katherine Woods, the work was "unique" as a travel book and "brilliantly objective". She found its historical treatment noteworthy. The book appeared at No. 18 on National Review's Best Non-Fiction Books of the 20th century. It is No. 38 on the Random House Modern Library list of the best 100 non-fiction books of the 20th century. American writer Larry McMurtry wrote in an 2005 essay that "there are only a few great travel books. Rebecca West's Black Lamb and Grey Falcon is one." In 2006, reviewer Geoff Dyer stated that the book was "one of the supreme masterpieces of the 20th century". American writer Brian Hall wrote in his book, The Impossible Country, that "after four years of writing...and 1,100 densely packed pages...she succeeded only in representing the Serb viewpoint". References Bibliography Further reading External links Review from enotes.co Online text of the book from the Atlantic Monthly online Black Lamb and Grey Falcon Black Lamb and Grey Falcon Books about Yugoslavia 1937 in Yugoslavia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black%20Lamb%20and%20Grey%20Falcon
Widad Athletic Tlemcen (), known as WA Tlemcen or WAT for short, is an Algerian football club based in Tlemcen. The club was founded in 1962 and its colours are blue and white. Their home stadium, Colonel Lotfi Stadium, has a capacity of some 18,000 spectators. The club is currently playing in the Inter-Régions Division. Honours Domestic competitions Algerian Cup Winners (2): 1997–98, 2001–02 Runners-up (3): 1973–74, 1999–00, 2007–08 Algerian League Cup Runners-up (1): 1999 Regional competitions Arab Club Champions Cup Winners (1): 1998 Performance in CAF competitions CAF Cup Winners' Cup: 2 appearances 1999 – First Round 2003 – First Round Records {\|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" \|- !Season!!Div.!!Pos.!!Pl.!!W!!D!!L!!GS!!GA!!GD!!P!!colspan=3\|Domestic cup !!colspan=1\|CAF!!colspan=1\|Other Competitions!!colspan=2\|Top scorer!! Manager \|- \|2009/10 \| bgcolor=Gold\|ACN\|\|8\|\|34\|\|12\|\|10\|\|12\|\|43\|\|43\|\|0\|\|46 \| bgcolor=Silver\|AC \| Quarterfinals \| colspan=2\| \| \| Ghazali \| 12 \| Fouad Bouali \|- \|2010/11 \| bgcolor=Gold\|LP1\|\|11\|\|30\|\|10\|\|7\|\|13\|\|35\|\|36\|\|−1\|\|37 \| bgcolor=Silver\|AC \| Round of 64 \| colspan=2\| \| \| Boudjakdji \| 7 \| Abdelkader Amrani \|- \|2011/12 \| bgcolor=Gold\|LP1\|\|8\|\|30\|\|12\|\|8\|\|10\|\|39\|\|37\|\|+2\|\|44 \| bgcolor=Silver\|AC \| Round of 32 \| colspan=2\| \| \| Andriamatsinoro \| 10 \| Abdelkader Amrani \|} Div. = Division; ACN = Algerian Championnat National; LP1 = Algerian Ligue Professionnelle 1; Pos. = Position; Pl = Match played; W = Win; D = Draw; L = Lost GS = Goal scored; GA = Goal against; GD = Goal difference P = Points AP = Algerian Cup ARCL = Arab Champions League; ARWC = Arab Cup Winners' Cup; CAFL = CAF Champions League;CAFCC= CAF Confederation Cup;CAFSC = CAF Super Cup Colors: Gold = winner; Silver = runner-up; Bronze = third, Semi-final . Notable players Below are the notable former players who have represented WA Tlemcen in league and international competition since the club's foundation in 1962. To appear in the section below, a player must have played in at least 100 official matches for the club or represented the national team for which the player is eligible during his stint with WA Tlemcen or following his departure. For a complete list of WA Tlemcen players, see :Category:WA Tlemcen players Reda Acimi Cheïkh Benzerga Ali Dahleb Sofiane Daoud Moustapha Djallit Lounès Gaouaoui Kamel Habri Samir Hadjaoui Kheireddine Kherris Hichem Mezaïr Seddik Naïr Koh Traoré Carolus Andriamatsinoro Vojislav Marković Managers Mohamed Henkouche Abdelkader Amrani (July 2011 – Oct 12) Kheireddine Kherris (interim) (Oct 2012 – Nov 12) Abdelkrim Benyellès (Nov 2012 – Jun 2013) References External links Official website Football clubs in Algeria Association football clubs established in 1962 Wa Tlemcen Algerian Ligue Professionnelle 1 clubs 1962 establishments in Algeria Sports clubs and teams in Algeria	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WA%20Tlemcen
Appleby (previously Appleby Spurling & Kempe, Appleby Spurling Hunter and Appleby Hunter Bailhache) is a leading offshore legal services provider. It has offices in offshore locations including Bermuda, the British Virgin Islands, the Cayman Islands, Isle of Man, Jersey, Guernsey, Mauritius and Seychelles as well as the financial centres of Hong Kong and Shanghai. It is referred to in the Paradise Papers, and included in the group of law firms known as the offshore magic circle. History The original firm of Appleby was founded by Reginald Appleby (1865–1948) in Bermuda in 1898. Appleby had passed his final law exams in England in 1887 and had been in partnership with Reginald Gray (later Sir) attorney-general of Bermuda, from 1893 to 1897 in Bermuda as Gray & Appleby. In 1938 Appleby and Dudley Spurling (later Sir) merged their practices to establish Appleby & Spurling. In 1949, that firm merged with William Kempe to become Appleby Spurling Kemp (or Kempe). Dudley Spurling was the senior partner of the merged firm until 1981. In 2004 they merged with Cayman Islands' law firm Hunter & Hunter and with Jersey based firm, Bailhache Labesse in September 2006. Appleby announced on 15 June 2008 that it was to merge with Isle of Man based Dickinson Cruickshank & Co., enabling it to become the largest offshore law firm in the world with 73 partners and 200 lawyers. In 2010, they opened an office in Guernsey. In 2012, they announced that they would be opening an office in Shanghai. In 2014, Appleby worked with the company Apple Inc. in a function similar to a general contractor to provide offshore offices on the island of Jersey in co-operation with the law firm Baker McKenzie. Until 2016, Appleby operated in partnership with the corporate services provider Estera until Estera split to become independent. Paradise Papers On 24 October 2017, the firm confirmed that it was subject to a "data security incident" the previous year. Appleby is identified as the source of a 2017 leak of documents known as the Paradise Papers. In December 2017, the firm announced that it intended to sue the BBC and The Guardian newspaper over its reporting of the case. The Paradise Papers revealed that Appleby provided active client services to Mukhtar Ablyazov, who at the time was charged in multiple jurisdictions for fraud and embezzlement of up to $10 billion from the bank he chaired. Rankings and recognition Appleby was ranked in Band 1 global-wide offshore in a 2015 client's guide to the legal profession. They have won multiple awards for its practice of offshore law. See also Conyers Dill & Pearman References External links Offshore law firms Law firms established in 1898 Companies of the Caribbean Offshore magic circle Paradise Papers 1898 establishments in Bermuda	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appleby%20%28law%20firm%29
The Blind Workers' Union of Victoria (BWU) is a trade union in Australia. It is affiliated with the Australian Council of Trade Unions. The union represents vision-impaired workers. References External links BWU at the ACTU. Trade unions in Victoria (state)	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blind%20Workers%27%20Union%20of%20Victoria
Elmer Drew Merrill (October 15, 1876 – February 25, 1956) was an American botanist and taxonomist. He spent more than twenty years in the Philippines where he became a recognized authority on the flora of the Asia-Pacific region. Through the course of his career he authored nearly 500 publications, described approximately 3,000 new plant species, and amassed over one million herbarium specimens. In addition to his scientific work he was an accomplished administrator, college dean, university professor and editor of scientific journals. Early life Merrill and his twin brother, Dana T. Merrill, were born and raised in the small village of East Auburn, Maine. They were the youngest of six children by Daniel C. Merrill and Mary (Noyes) Merrill. Merrill showed an early interest in natural history, collecting and identifying plants, birds' eggs, rocks, and minerals. In 1894 he entered the University of Maine with the intention of studying engineering but soon switched to a general science curriculum where he focused on the biology and classification of flowering plants. He was the valedictorian of his graduation class in 1898 and then stayed on for an additional year working as an assistant in the Department of Natural Science. During his time in college Merrill built a sizable herbarium of almost 2,000 specimens which he eventually donated to the New England Botanical Club. In 1899 Merrill accepted a position with the United States Department of Agriculture in Washington D.C. as an assistant to Frank Lamson-Scribner, an authority on the classification of grasses and a pioneer plant pathologist. At the USDA he learned the principles of plant taxonomy and became proficient in the development and management of a herbarium. His training was supplemented by fieldwork in Idaho, Montana, and Wyoming. Philippines At the end of the Spanish–American War, the United States Taft Commission established the Insular Bureau of Agriculture in Manila. Merrill was appointed to the post of botanist in the new organization and arrived in 1902 in Manila where he was to work for the next twenty-two years. Merrill was dismayed to discover that the herbarium he was expecting to find had been destroyed during the war, along with the botanical library and scientific equipment. Nevertheless, starting with just an empty building, he set out to rebuild the herbarium and library. Within a few months his role was expanded to include a joint appointment with the Bureau of Forestry. Over the years Merrill's responsibilities continued to grow until he became both the Director of the Bureau of Sciences and a Professor of Botany at the University of the Philippines. He collected and studied plants not only from the Philippines but also from the greater Asia-Pacific region including Indonesia, Malaysia, Indochina, China, and Guam. Eventually the herbarium grew to over 250,000 specimens and the botanical library was recognized as one of the best in Asia. Merrill published more than 100 taxonomic papers on Philippine flora and several additional papers on the flora of the region. Many of his papers were published in The Philippine Journal of Science, a journal he helped establish and edited from 1907 to 1918. In 1912 he published a 500-page Flora of Manila covering some 1,000 species. In 1921 he completed a Bibliographic Enumeration of Bornean Plants, a volume of 637 pages. His most ambitious work was the Enumeration of Philippine Flowering Plants published in sections between 1923 and 1926. As documented by his Enumeration the list of known Philippine species had been extended from 2,500 plants of all types in 1900 to 8,120 species of flowering plants, 1,000 species of ferns, and 3,000 species of cryptogams. University of California, Berkeley In 1924 Merrill returned to the United States to join the University of California, Berkeley. There he was appointed Dean of the College of Agriculture and Director of the Agricultural Experiment Station. At Berkeley he led a reorganization of the faculty, revised the curriculum, emphasized academic training of staff, added buildings and equipment, and stressed fundamental research. In 1925, Merrill established the journal Hilgardia, named for Eugene W. Hilgard who organized the Agriculture Department and was the founding director of the Agricultural Experiment Station. During his spare time, Merrill continued to work on systematic botany of the Asia-Pacific flora and added more than 100,000 specimens from that region to the university herbarium. In 1926 a proposal was developed to establish the California Botanic Garden in Los Angeles. Merrill took part-time leave from the college to become director of the Garden Foundation. The plan involved the purchase of at Mandeville Canyon in the Santa Monica Mountains. About 800 acres in the center of the tract were to be developed as a botanical garden financed by the sale of surrounding property for residential homes. During his short tenure as director Merrill built administrative offices and greenhouses, started a library, established an herbarium of 180,000 specimens and planted 1,200 species in the gardens. Unfortunately, not long after Merrill left, the plans collapsed when property prices plummeted as a result of the Great Depression. The herbarium was transferred to the University of California, Los Angeles and the gardens were subdivided and sold for housing. New York Botanic Garden In 1929 Merrill accepted dual appointments as Director of the New York Botanic Garden and Professor of Botany at Columbia University. He started his new job at the onset of the Great Depression and the Garden was facing severe financial constraints. Despite these difficulties, he was able to continue many of the programs by taking advantage of personnel provided by the Works Progress Administration. Up to 300 personnel were employed building walks, roads, fences and other infrastructure in the gardens; or they worked in the herbarium as mounters, artists, secretaries, librarians, clerks and technicians. The herbarium collection was completely rearranged, operations were improved, and specimens inventoried for the first time. Once the substantial backlog of unmounted material was complete, specimens were mounted for other institutions including the Arnold Arboretum and the Gray Herbarium. In 1931 Merrill established a new journal focused on systematic botany and plant geography, named Brittonia after Nathaniel Lord Britton, a co-founder of the Garden. Harvard University In 1935 Merrill left the Botanic Garden and took a job as Administrator of Botanical Collections at Harvard University, a new position created to consolidate the supervision of eight separate Harvard botanical units. A year after his arrival Merrill also became the Arnold Professor of Botany, and in 1937 the Director of the Arnold Arboretum. In his new roles Merrill devoted significant time to expanding the herbarium of the Arnold Arboretum and to research on Asiatic plants. Over the next ten years 220,000 plant specimens were acquired from all parts of Asia and the Asia-Pacific. Meanwhile, Merrill continued to publish numerous papers on Asia flora as well as articles dealing with the cultivation and dispersion of domesticated plants. During the Second World War he consulted with the United States War Department and wrote a handbook, Emergency Food Plants and Poisonous Plants of the Islands of the Pacific. In 1946, at the age of seventy Merrill retired from his administrative duties and became Professor Emeritus in 1948. He continued with his research at Harvard and traveled as much as his age and health would allow. One of his last major contributions was The Botany of Cook's Voyages and its Unexpected Significance in Relation to Anthropology, Biogeography and History, published in 1952. Merrill died on February 25, 1956, in Forest Hills, Massachusetts. His library of 2,600 titles was donated to the New York Botanical Garden and a fund was established to award an annual medal to “that individual within the entire field of botany irrespective of race, creed or nationality who was considered worthy of such an award”. Recognition and honors Merrill was widely recognized for his many accomplishments. He received honorary doctorate degrees from the University of Maine in 1926, Harvard University in 1936, the University of California in 1936, and Yale University in 1951. He was a Guggenheim Fellow for the academic year 1951–1952. At various times he served as President of the Botanical Society of America, Acting President of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, and President of the New England Botanical Club, the American Society of Plant Taxonomists, and the International Union of Biological Sciences. He was a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, the United States National Academy of Sciences, and the American Philosophical Society. Several plant genera; Merrillia (a synonym of Murraya J.Koenig ex L.), Merrillanthus (a synonym of Vincetoxicum Wolf), Merrilliobryum (a genus of moss), Merrilliodendron (the family Icacinaceae), Merrilliopanax (the family Araliaceae), Sinomerrillia (a synonym of Neuropeltis Wall.), and Elmerrillia (a synonym of Magnolia Plum. ex L.). Also over 200 species were named in his honour. Bibliography A handful of his most notable publications are listed below. A more comprehensive bibliography is contained in Robbins' Biographical Memoir. A Flora of Manila. 1912 An Interpretation of Rumphius's Herbarium Amboinense. 1917 A Bibliographic Enumeration of Bornean Plants. 1921 An Enumeration of Philippine Flowering Plants. 1923-26 An Enumeration of Hainan Plants. 1927 Polynesian Botanical Bibliography (1773-1935). 1937 Emergency Food Plants and Poisonous Plants of the Islands of the Pacific. 1943 A Botanical Bibliography of the Islands of the Pacific. 1946 Botany of Cook's Voyages and Its Unexpected Significance in Relation to Anthropology, Biogeography and History. 1954 See also :Category:Taxa named by Elmer Drew Merrill Notes References 1876 births 1956 deaths American taxonomists 20th-century American botanists Arnold Arboretum Botanical Society of America Botanists active in the Philippines Columbia University faculty Harvard University faculty Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences Members of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences People from Auburn, Maine University of California, Berkeley faculty University of Maine alumni Presidents of the International Union of Biological Sciences Members of the American Philosophical Society	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elmer%20Drew%20Merrill
The Taexali () or Taezali () were people on the eastern coast of Britannia Barbara in ancient Scotland, known only from a single mention of them by the geographer Ptolemy c. 150. From his general description and the approximate location of their town or principal place that he called 'Devana', their territory was along the northeastern coast of Scotland and is known to have included Buchan Ness, as Ptolemy refers to the promontory as 'Taexalon Promontory' (Ταίξαλον ἄκρον). See also List of Celtic tribes References Historical Celtic peoples Picts Tribes mentioned by Ptolemy	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taexali

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