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WCMV may refer to:
WCMV (TV), a television station (channel 34, virtual 27) licensed to serve Cadillac, Michigan, United States
WCMV-FM, a radio station (94.3 FM) licensed to serve Leland, Michigan
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WCMV
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"Marjane, Marjane" (lit. "Marjan, Marjan") is a Croatian song from Dalmatia. The name refers to the Marjan hill which overlooks the largest city of Dalmatia, Split, and on which the main (large) city flag is raised. It originates from a folk song sung in the city during the late 1930s, which was first recorded by the poet Ivo Tijardović. Its melody was also used for the Slovenian patriotic song Janez, kranjski Janez (John, John of Carniola).
During World War II the song (with somewhat expanded wording) became very popular among the Yugoslav Partisans. The original song was played on the radio of the Nazi-puppet Independent State of Croatia, the Croatian Radio (Hrvatski krugoval). The original lyrics serve as the official festive song of the city of Split. The song, being traditional, does not have a strictly defined ending, so its ending has changed through time and ideologies. Numerous artists have recorded the song. Najbolji Hrvatski Tamburaši included it in their 1989 release Hrvatska pjesmarica. Trio Gušt released a version with new lyrics in 2009.
Original (core) lyrics
Historical full versions
Partisan version
In later versions, from the beginning of the Informbiro period until the Tito–Stalin split in 1948, the stanza with the reference to Stalin was no longer popular and became used less and less. It was revived in the 1970s nationalist version, with "Jesus" replacing "Stalin" in the wording. The first two stanzas of this version are featured in the Academy Award-nominated motion picture The Battle of Neretva.
Contemporary version
This is the version more widely known in post-1989 Croatia. One of its first large scale performances was on May 30, 1990, by the Croatian singer Duško Lokin. It is often sung by Torcida, the supporters of the Split football club, HNK Hajduk.
See also
Marjan
Split
Dalmatia
Ivo Tijardović
Croatia
Music of Croatia
Flags of Croatia
History of Croatia
References
External links
Marjane, Marjane lyrics at Cro Music
Croatian folk songs
Split, Croatia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marjane%2C%20Marjane
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Farhan Nizami CBE, is a historian of South Asia.
Early life and education
Nizami is the youngest of five children of the late K. A. Nizami and late Razia Nizami.
Nizami completed his B.A. (Hons.) and M.A. in history at Aligarh Muslim University with a first class. He was awarded the University Medal, and the Khursheed Nurul Hasan Gold Medal in 1977. He was a National Scholar at the Centre for Advanced Study in History (1977–79) and the recipient of the University Medal in 1979. He completed his D.Phil. in modern history at Wadham College on an Oxford Overseas Scholarship in 1983. During 1982–83 he was elected to the Frere Exhibition.
Career
Academic
He is the founder-director of the Oxford Centre for Islamic Studies and Prince of Wales Fellow in the study of the Islamic World, Magdalen College, Oxford. From 1983 he has been a Fellow of St Cross College, where he has also been Rothman's Fellow in Muslim History, subsequently fellow in Islamic studies, and is currently emeritus fellow there. He is a member of the faculties of History and Oriental studies at the University of Oxford.
He is founder-editor of the Journal of Islamic Studies (OUP, 1990-). He is the series editor of Makers of Islamic Civilization (OUP, 2004-). He specializes in Muslim social and intellectual history.
Administrative
He is chairman of the academic council of Wilton Park, U.K, member, academic committee, Cumberland Lodge, U.K, member, steering committee C-100, World Economic Forum, Davos (2004–2007), member, international advisory panel, World Islamic Economic Forum, Malaysia (2004–08), member, Council of the Al-Falah Programme, University of California, Berkeley (2000–2005), member, advisory board, Duke University’s Islamic Studies Centre, member of the court of Oxford Brookes University, member, Christian Muslim Forum (2005–09), patron, Oxford Amnesty Lectures, director, Oxford Inspires, (2002–2003), member, advisory board, Dialogues Project, World Policy institute, New School University, NY (2003–), governor, Magdalen College School, Oxford (2005–).
Awards
Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) for services to Islamic studies, 2006.
Class IV Order of the Crown (Brunei).
External links
Oxford Centre for Islamic Studies web page
Dr Farhan Nizami Faculty of History web page
Academics of the Oxford Centre for Islamic Studies
Aligarh Muslim University alumni
Alumni of Wadham College, Oxford
Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
English Muslims
Fellows of Magdalen College, Oxford
Fellows of St Cross College, Oxford
Historians of South Asia
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farhan%20Nizami
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WCMW may refer to:
WCMW (TV), a television station (channel 20, virtual 21) licensed to serve Manistee, Michigan, United States
WCMW-FM, a radio station (103.9 FM) licensed to serve Harbor Springs, Michigan
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WCMW
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The Kansas–Oklahoma–Missouri League (or KOM League) was a name of an American minor league baseball league which was established in 1946 and played through 1952. As the name indicates, the Class D level league had franchises based in Kansas, Missouri and Oklahoma. Baseball Hall of Fame members Mickey Mantle played in the league for the 1949 Independence Yankees and Burleigh Grimes managed the 1948 Independence Yankees.
History
The Kansas–Oklahoma–Missouri League was founded after World War II and ran from 1946 through 1952 as a Class D level league. Like many post-war minor leagues, it did not last a complete decade of play. During the seven year run of the league there were nine cities that represented the league. Four were from Kansas, four from Oklahoma and one from Missouri.
E.L. Dale served as the League president for its entire seven years of operation. The Ponca City Dodgers won three of the seven league titles, winning championships in 1948, 1950 and 1951. No other team won more than one championship. The total attendance of the KOM league, in the seven year period, reached slightly over two million fans. In 1948 the league had its best year, drawing 387,980, before the league permanently folded after the 1952 season. The Kansas–Oklahoma–Missouri League League had 1,588 total players, 30 made it to the majors and one made it to the Hall of Fame. In his first professional season, Mickey Mantle played for the 1949 Independence Yankees, hitting .313 with 7 HR, 63 RBI. Just graduated from high school in Oklahoma, Mantle received a $1,100 signing bonus from the New York Yankees and a salary of $400 for the rest of the season.
Cities represented
Bartlesville, OK: Bartlesville Oilers (1946–1947); Bartlesville Pirates (1948–1952)
Blackwell, OK: Blackwell Broncos (1952)
Carthage, MO: Carthage Cardinals (1946–1948); Carthage Cubs (1949–1951)
Chanute, KS: Chanute Athletics (1946–1947, 1949–1950); Chanute Giants (1948)
Independence, KS: Independence Yankees (1947–1950); Independence Browns 1952
Iola, KS: Iola Cubs (1946-1947); Iola Indians (1948–1952)
Miami, OK: Miami Blues (1946); Miami Owls (1947-1949); Miami Eagles (1950–1952)
Pittsburg, KS:Pittsburg Browns (1946–1951); Pittsburg Pirates (1952)
Ponca City, OK: Ponca City Dodgers (1947–1952)
Standings & statistics
1946 to 1947
1946 Kansas-Oklahoma-Missouri League - schedule
The League and all of its member teams were created. Teams were formed in Bartlesville, Oklahoma, Carthage, Missouri, Chanute, Kansas, Iola, Kansas, Miami, Oklahoma, and Pittsburg, Kansas.
Playoffs: Iola 3 games, Miami 2; Chanute 3 games, Pittsburg 2. Finals: Iola 3 games, Chanute 3. Rest of playoffs called off due to rain and lack of available playing grounds.
Brooklyn assigned a few players to Miami that season but the team was actually run by Ted Vernon of Amarillo, Texas. When it was discovered that the Miami Baseball Club Inc. had turned the reigns of the operation of the club to Mr. Vernon, W. G. Bramham, the President of the National Association of Professional Baseball Leagues, sent a very stern letter to the Miami baseball officials that the rules had been violated in this matter. The next year the Dodgers moved their franchise to Ponca City, Oklahoma and Mr. Vernon returned to Amarillo.
Chanute beat Pittsburg by 3 games to 2 in the first round of the playoffs. Iola beat Miami by the same number. The championship series between Chanute and Iola ended tied at three games apiece, although Chanute won 4 games. A dispute arose between the Chanute and Iola club officials regarding Chanute selecting Dave Dennis from the Miami club for the playoffs. Although Iola owner Earl Sifers originally agreed to the arrangement he later changed his mind. By the time the dispute was settled it was too late in the fall, young men had to go back to school, the rodeo took over the ball park playing area and then the rains came.
1947 Kansas-Oklahoma-Missouri League
Teams from Independence, Kansas and Ponca City, Oklahoma joined.
Playoffs: Miami 3 games, Bartlesville 1; Iola 3 games, Pittsburg 1. Finals: Miami 4 games, Iola 1.
1948 to 1949
1948 Kansas-Oklahoma-Missouri League
Playoffs: Pittsburg 3 games, Ponca City 2; Independence 3 games, Bartlesville 2. Finals: Independence 4 games, Pittsburg 1.
1949 Kansas-Oklahoma-Missouri League schedule
Playoffs: Independence 3 games, Ponca City 1; Iola 3 games, Bartlesville 1. Finals: Independence 3 games, Iola 0.
1950 to 1952
1950 Kansas-Oklahoma-Missouri League
Playoffs: Ponca City 3 games, Pittsburg 2; Bartlesville 3 games, Carthage 1. Finals: Ponca City 3 games, Bartlesville 1.
1951 Kansas-Oklahoma-Missouri League
The teams in Chanute and Independence folded.
Playoffs: Carthage 3 games, Ponca City 2; Miami 3 games, Bartletsville 1. Finals: Carthage 3 games, Miami 0.
1952 Kansas-Oklahoma-Missouri League
The Carthage Cubs moved to Blackwell, Oklahoma. The Pittsburg Brownies moved to Independence, Kansas. The Bartlesville Pirates moved to the now-vacant Pittsburg on July 7.
Bartlesville moved to Pittsburg July 7. Playoffs: Ponca City 1 game, Iola 0; Miami 1 game, Pittsburg 0; Finals: Miami 2 games, Ponca City 0.
References
External links
Sumner, Benjamin Barrett. Minor League Baseball Standings:All North American Leagues, Through 1999. Jefferson, N.C.:McFarland.
Hall, John G. "Majoring in the Minors--a glimpse of baseball in a small town. 1996 Oklahoma Bylines. . Reprinted 2000 by Inter-State Printing. Sedalia, Missouri.
Hall, John G. "The KOM League Remembered." Arcadia Publishing. Charleston SC, Chicago IL, Portsmouth NH, San Francisco. .
Hall, John G. "Mickey Mantle Before the Glory." Leathers Publishing, Leawood, Kansas 2006. .
External links
Baseball Reference
Sports leagues established in 1946
Defunct minor baseball leagues in the United States
Baseball leagues in Missouri
Baseball in Oklahoma
Baseball leagues in Kansas
Sports leagues disestablished in 1952
Baseball leagues in Oklahoma
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas-Oklahoma-Missouri%20League
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Split single may refer to:
Split single, a single that contains two tracks, both by different artists
Split-single engine, a variant on the two-stroke engine with two cylinders sharing a single combustion chamber
Split Single (band), an indie-rock band from Chicago, Illinois
See also
"Split Single with Happy Lounge Labelmates", a track on the 1998 album Four Lads Who Shook the Wirral by Half Man Half Biscuit
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Split%20single
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Keith Carlton Fergus (born March 3, 1954) is an American professional golfer who has played on the PGA Tour, the Nationwide Tour and the Champions Tour.
Early life and amateur career
Fergus was born in Temple, Texas. He started playing golf at age 8. In high school, he played football and basketball but enjoyed practicing golf more than the other sports. He attended and was a member of the golf team at the University of Houston, where he was a 3-time All American and runner-up to Jay Haas at the 1975 NCAA Championship.
Professional career
Fergus turned pro in 1976. He had his best years on the PGA Tour in the early 1980s. During his PGA career, he had over 40 top-10 finishes and won three events. His best finish in a major was a T-3 at the 1980 U.S. Open; he also had a T-4 at the 1981 PGA Championship. He began using the long putter in 1988. Fergus took a break from the tour in 1988 when he accepted the head golf coaches job at his alma mater, the University of Houston, a position he held until 1994.
Fergus resumed tour play in the mid-1990s on both the Nationwide Tour and, on a limited basis, in PGA Tour events. In 1996, at the Nortel Open, he was attacked by a swarm of killer bees and was stung 10 to 15 times; his caddie was stung more than 50 times.
After turning 50 in March 2004, he began play on the Champions Tour. His first win was the 2007 Ginn Championship Hammock Beach Resort, where he became the second player to win on all the PGA Tour sponsored tours (PGA Tour, Nationwide Tour, and Champions Tour), the first being Ron Streck in 2005.
Fergus won the Cap Cana Championship in March 2009 where on Sunday, he shot a five-under-par 67 which included a dramatic holed out eagle 2 on the par 4 17th hole to give him the one stroke victory over Mark O'Meara and Andy Bean. It was his second Champions Tour win.
Fergus has done some course design work and starred in some television commercials. He lives in the Houston suburb of Sugar Land. In his spare time, he enjoys fishing.
Amateur wins (1)
1971 Texas State Junior
Professional wins (10)
PGA Tour wins (3)
PGA Tour playoff record (2–0)
Nike Tour wins (2)
Nike Tour playoff record (2–0)
Other wins (1)
1976 Texas State Open
Champions Tour wins (3)
*Note: The 2009 Regions Charity Classic was shortened to 36 holes due to rain.
Champions Tour playoff record (0–1)
Results in major championships
Note: Fergus never played in The Open Championship.
CUT = missed the half-way cut
"T" = tied
Summary
Most consecutive cuts made – 10 (1978 PGA – 1982 Masters)
Longest streak of top-10s – 1 (three times)
See also
Fall 1976 PGA Tour Qualifying School graduates
1994 PGA Tour Qualifying School graduates
References
External links
American male golfers
Houston Cougars men's golfers
Houston Cougars men's golf coaches
PGA Tour golfers
PGA Tour Champions golfers
Golfers from Texas
Sportspeople from Temple, Texas
Sportspeople from Sugar Land, Texas
1954 births
Living people
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keith%20Fergus
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From 1948 to 1975, the U.S. Army Chemical Corps conducted classified human subject research at the Edgewood Arsenal facility in Maryland. The purpose was to evaluate the impact of low-dose chemical warfare agents on military personnel and to test protective clothing, pharmaceuticals, and vaccines. A small portion of these studies were directed at psychochemical warfare and grouped under the prosaic title of the "Medical Research Volunteer Program" (1956–1975). The MRVP was also driven by intelligence requirements and the need for new and more effective interrogation techniques.
Overall, about 7,000 soldiers took part in these experiments that involved exposures to more than 250 different chemicals, according to the Department of Defense (DoD). Some of the volunteers exhibited symptoms at the time of exposure to these agents but long-term follow-up was not planned as part of the DoD studies. The experiments were abruptly terminated by the Army in late 1975 amidst an atmosphere of scandal and recrimination as lawmakers accused researchers of questionable ethics. Many official government reports and civilian lawsuits followed in the wake of the controversy.
The chemical agents tested on volunteers included chemical warfare agents and other related agents:
Anticholinesterase nerve agents (VX, sarin) and common organophosphorus (OP) and carbamate pesticides
Mustard agents
Nerve agent antidotes including atropine and scopolamine
Nerve agent reactivators, e.g. the common OP antidote 2-PAM chloride
Psychoactive agents including LSD, PCP, cannabinoids, and BZ
Irritants and riot control agents
Alcohol and caffeine
History
Background and rationale
After World War II, U.S. military researchers obtained formulas for the three nerve gases developed by the Nazis—tabun, soman, and sarin—and conducted studies on them at the US Army Edgewood Chemical Biological Center. These studies included a secret human subjects component at least as early as 1948, when "psychological reactions" were documented in Edgewood technicians. Initially, such studies focused solely on the lethality of the gases and its treatment and prevention. A classified report entitled "Psychochemical Warfare: A New Concept of War" was produced in 1949 by Luther Wilson Greene, Technical Director of the Chemical and Radiological Laboratories at Edgewood. Greene called for a search for novel psychoactive compounds that would create the same debilitating mental side effects as those produced by nerve gases, but without their lethal effect. In his words,Throughout recorded history, wars have been characterized by death, human misery, and the destruction of property; each major conflict being more catastrophic than the one preceding it ... I am convinced that it is possible, by means of the techniques of psychochemical warfare, to conquer an enemy without the wholesale killing of his people or the mass destruction of his property.
In the late 1940s and early '50s, the U.S. Army worked with Harvard anesthesiologist Henry K. Beecher at its interrogation center at Camp King in Germany on the use of psychoactive compounds (mescaline, LSD), including human subject experiments and the debriefing of former Nazi physicians and scientists who had worked along similar lines before the end of the war. In the 1950s, some officials in the U.S. Department of Defense publicly asserted that many "forms of chemical and allied warfare as more 'humane' than existing weapons. For example, certain types of 'psychochemicals' would make it possible to paralyze temporarily entire population centers without damage to homes and other structures." Soviet advances in the same field were cited as a special incentive giving impetus to research efforts in this area, according to testimony by Maj. Gen. Marshall Stubbs, the Army's chief chemical officer.
General William M. Creasy, former chief chemical officer, U.S. Army, testified to the U.S. House of Representatives in 1959 that "provided sufficient emphasis is put behind it, I think the future lies in the psychochemicals." This was alarming enough to a Harvard psychiatrist, E. James Lieberman, that he published an article entitled "Psychochemicals as Weapons" in The Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists in 1962. Lieberman, while acknowledging that "most of the military data" on the research ongoing at the Army Chemical Center was "secret and unpublished", asserted that "There are moral imponderables, such as whether insanity, temporary or permanent, is a more 'humane' military threat than the usual afflictions of war."
The experiments
The Edgewood Arsenal human experiments took place from approximately 1948 to 1975 at the Medical Research Laboratories—which is now known as the U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense (USAMRICD)—at the Edgewood Area, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland. The experiments involved at least 254 chemical substances, but focused mainly on midspectrum incapacitants, such as LSD, THC derivatives, benzodiazepines, and BZ. Around 7,000 US military personnel and 1,000 civilians were test subjects over almost three decades. A concrete result of these experiments was that BZ was weaponized, although never deployed.
According to a DOD FAQ, the Edgewood Arsenal experiments involved the following "rough breakout of volunteer hours against various experimental categories":
An "Independent Study Course" for continuing medical education produced by the US Department of Veterans Affairs, Health Effects from Chemical, Biological, and Radiological Weapons (October 2003), presents the following summary of the Edgewood Arsenal experiments:
The "Independent Study Course" cites mainly a three-volume study by the Institute of Medicine (1982–1985) for its data and conclusions, Possible Long-Term Health Effects of Short-Term Exposure to Chemical Agents. Some additional information in the section cited from the Course was based on a 1993 IOM study, Veterans at Risk: Health Effects of Mustard Gas and Lewisite.
A significant omission from the Course summary above is the number of subjects on which BZ and related compounds were tested. According to the memoirs of James Ketchum, who also cites the IOM study for the data, "24 belladonnoid glycolates and related compounds" were "given to 1,800 subjects". The IOM study also concluded that "available data suggest that long-term toxic effects and/or delayed sequellae are unlikely" for this type of compound.
In the mid-1970s, in the wake of many health claims made regarding exposure to the agents, the U.S. Congress began investigations of possible abuse in experiments and of inadequate informed consent given to the soldiers and civilians involved.
Scandal and termination
In September 1975, the Medical Research Volunteer Program was discontinued and all resident volunteers were removed from the Edgewood installation. The founder and director of the program, Van Murray Sim, was called before Congress and chastised by outraged lawmakers, who questioned the absence of follow-up care for the human volunteers. An Army investigation subsequently found no evidence of serious injuries or deaths associated with the MRVP, but deplored both the recruiting process and the informed consent approach, which they characterized as "suggest[ing] possible coercion".
Aftermath
Government reports
1982-85 IOM report
The Institute of Medicine (IOM) published a three-volume report on the Edgewood research in 1982–1985, Possible Long-Term Health Effects of Short-Term Exposure to Chemical Agents.
The three volumes were:
Vol. 1, "Anticholinesterases and Anticholinergics" (1982).
Vol. 2, "Cholinesterase Reactivators, Psychochemicals and Irritants and Vesicants" (1984)
Vol. 3, "Final Report: Current Health Status of Test Subjects" (1985)
The National Academy of Sciences, which oversees the IOM, sent a questionnaire to all of the former volunteers that could be located, approximately 60% of the total. The lack of a detailed record hampered the investigation. The study could not rule out long-term health effects related to exposure to the nerve agents. It concluded that "Whether the subjects at Edgewood incurred these changes [depression, cognitive deficits, tendency to suicide] and to what extent they might now show these effects are not known". With regard specifically to BZ and related compounds, the IOM study concluded that "available data suggest that long-term toxic effects and/or delayed sequellae are unlikely".
2004 GAO report
A Government Accounting Office report of May 2004, Chemical and Biological Defense: DOD Needs to Continue to Collect and Provide Information on Tests and Potentially Exposed Personnel (pp. 1, 24), stated:
[In 1993 and 1994] we [...] reported that the Army Chemical Corps conducted a classified medical research program for developing incapacitating agents. This program involved testing nerve agents, nerve agent antidotes, psycho chemicals, and irritants. The chemicals were given to volunteer service members at Edgewood Arsenal, Maryland; Dugway Proving Ground, Utah; and Forts Benning, Bragg, and McClellan. In total, Army documents identified 7,120 Army and Air Force personnel who participated in these tests. Further, GAO concluded that precise information on the scope and the magnitude of tests involving human subjects was not available, and the exact number of human subjects might never be known.
Safety debates
The official position of the Department of Defense, based on the three-volume set of studies by the Institute of Medicine mentioned above, is that they "did not detect any significant long-term health effects on the Edgewood Arsenal volunteers". The safety record of the Edgewood Arsenal experiments was also defended in the memoirs of psychiatrist and retired colonel James Ketchum, a key scientist:
As late as 2014 incomplete information due to the failure to declassify and release relevant classified documents prevented IOM from conducting adequate medical studies related to similar former US biowarfare programs.
Even a book critical of the program, written by Lynn C. Klotz and Edward J. Sylvester, acknowledges that:
Unlike the CIA program, research subjects [at Edgewood] all signed informed consent forms, both a general one and another related to any experiment they were to participate in. Experiments were carried out with safety of subjects a principal focus. [...] At Edgewood, even at the highest doses it often took an hour or more for incapacitating effects to show, and the end-effects usually did not include full incapacitation, let alone unconsciousness. After all, the Edgewood experimenters were focused on disabling soldiers in combat, where there would be tactical value simply in disabling the enemy.
Lawsuits
The U.S. Army believed that legal liability could be avoided by concealing the experiments. However once the experiments were uncovered, the US Senate also concluded questionable legality of the experiments and strongly condemned them.
In the 1990s, the law firm Morrison & Foerster agreed to take on a class-action lawsuit against the government related to the Edgewood volunteers. The plaintiffs collectively referred to themselves as the "Test Vets".
In 2009 a lawsuit was filed by veterans rights organizations Vietnam Veterans of America, and Swords to Plowshares, and eight Edgewood veterans or their families against CIA, the U.S. Army, and other agencies. The complaint asked the court to determine that defendants' actions were illegal and that the defendants have a duty to notify all victims and to provide them with health care. In the suit, Vietnam Veterans of America, et al. v. Central Intelligence Agency, et al. Case No. CV-09-0037-CW, U.S.D.C. (N.D. Cal. 2009), the plaintiffs did not seek monetary damages. Instead, they sought only declaratory and injunctive relief and redress for what they claimed was several decades of neglect and the U.S. government's use of them as human guinea pigs in chemical and biological agent testing experiments.
The plaintiffs cited:
The use of troops to test nerve gas, psychochemicals, and thousands of other toxic chemical or biological substances.
A failure to secure informed consent and other widespread failures to follow the precepts of U.S. and international law regarding the use of human subjects, including the 1953 Wilson Directive and the Nuremberg Code.
A refusal to satisfy their legal and moral obligations to locate the victims of experiments or to provide health care or compensation to them
A deliberate destruction of evidence and files documenting their illegal actions, actions which were punctuated by fraud, deception, and a callous disregard for the value of human life.
On July 24, 2013, United States District Court Judge Claudia Wilken issued an order granting in part and denying in part plaintiffs' motion for summary judgment and granting in part and denying in part defendants' motion for summary judgment. The court resolved all of the remaining claims in the case and vacated trial. The court granted the plaintiffs partial summary judgment concerning the notice claim: summarily adjudicating in plaintiffs' favor, finding that "the Army has an ongoing duty to warn" and ordering "the Army, through the DVA or otherwise, to provide test subjects with newly acquired information that may affect their well-being that it has learned since its original notification, now and in the future as it becomes available". The court granted the defendants' motion for summary judgment with respect to the other claims.
On appeal in Vietnam Veterans of America v. Central Intelligence Agency, a panel majority held in July 2015 that Army Regulation 70-25 (AR 70-25) created an independent duty to provide ongoing medical care to veterans who participated in U.S. chemical and biological testing programs. The prior finding held that the Army has an ongoing duty to seek out and provide "notice" to former test participants of any new information that could potentially affect their health.
Material Testing Program EA (Edgewood Arsenal) numbers
*EA 229 - Levinstein Mustard (H)
EA 773 - Agent TB
EA 1019 - Thiodiglycol
EA 1033 - Distilled Mustard (HD)
EA 1034 - Lewisite (L)
EA 1036 - O-mustard
EA 1152 - Diisopropyl fluorophosphate (DFP)
EA 1053 - Nitrogen mustard 3
EA 1205 - Tabun (GA)
EA 1207 - O-ethylsarin (VX-G)
EA 1208 - Sarin (GB)
EA-1209 - Ethylsarin (GE)
EA 1210 - Soman (GD)
EA-1211 - GH
EA 1212 - Cyclosarin (GF)
EA 1213 - 2,2-Dimethylpropyl methylphosphonofluoridate (dimebu, neopentyl sarin)
EA 1214 - 2-Ethylhexyl methylphosphonofluoridate
EA 1221 - O-isopentyl sarin
EA 1224 - DMMP
EA 1230 - 2-Phenoxyethyl methylphosphonofluoridate
EA 1232 - Methylsarin
EA 1244 - O-Tabun-ethylenechlorohydrin
EA-1245 - O-methyl diethyltabun
EA 1246 - G-agent S
EA 1249 - 2-Methylpropyl methylphosphonofluoridate
EA 1250 - Diisopropyl methylphosphonate (DIMP)
EA 1251 - Difluoro, Difluor, DF or DIF
EA 1253 - Dichloro, Dichlor, DC, DCl or DICl.
EA 1255 - sec-butyl sarin
EA 1256 - A organophosphonate
EA 1258 - O-butylsarin
EA 1259 - A organophosphonate
EA 1261 - O-propylsarin
EA 1262 - O-hexylsarin
EA 1263 - O-decylsarin
EA 1264 - 4-(2,6-Dimethylheptyl) methylphosphonofluoridate
EA 1274 - 2-Pentyl methylphosphonofluoridate
EA 1277 - Excelsior
EA 1285 - Tetraethyl pyrophosphate (TEPP)
EA 1296 - Tenamfetamine
EA 1297 - Methylenedioxyphenethylamine
EA 1298 - Methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA), an analogue and active metabolite of MDMA
EA 1299 - EA-1298 (S)-form
EA 1302 - 3-methoxyphenethylamine
EA 1304 - 3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl-2-butanamine
EA 1306 - Mescaline
EA 1316 - 3,4-Dimethoxyamphetamine
EA 1319 - alpha-Methylmescaline
EA 1322 - 3,4-dimethoxypropylamine
EA 1356 - (Racemic) 2-Methylcyclohexyl methylphosphonofluoridate
EA 1370 - G-agent
EA 1407 - Vomiting agent
EA 1464 - A quaternary ammonium carbamate nerve agent
EA 1465 - A THC derivative
EA 1473 - A quaternary ammonium carbamate nerve agent
EA 1475 - Methylenedioxymethamphetamine
EA 1476 - Dimethylheptylpyran
EA 1477 - A THC derivative
EA 1507 - A carbamate THC derivative
EA 1508 - VG
EA 1511 - VP
EA 1512 - A V-agent
EA 1517 - VE
EA 1518 - A V-agent
EA 1519 - A V-agent
EA 1520 - A V-agent
EA 1521 - A V-agent
EA 1522 - A V-agent
EA 1523 - A V-agent
EA 1533 - A V-agent
EA 1542 - A THC derivative
EA 1543 - A V-agent derived from THC
EA 1544 - A THC derivative
EA 1545 - A THC derivative
EA 1576 - A V-agent derived from mevinphos
EA 1599 - V-agent
EA 1622 - O-Isopropyl S-(diethylaminoethyl) methylphosphonothioate
EA 1635 - V-agent
EA 1636 - V-agent
EA 1653 - LSD in tartrate form
EA 1664 - Edemo (VM)
EA 1671 - A solid V-agent
EA 1675 - A solid V-agent
EA 1676 - V-agent
EA 1677 - VS, a "V-series" nerve agent
EA 1679 - V-agent
EA 1680 - V-agent
EA 1694 - EthylVx
EA 1695 - V-agent
EA 1697 - V-agent
EA 1698 - V-agent
EA 1699 - Vx (V5)
EA 1700 - V-agent
EA 1701 - VX
EA 1703 - V-agent
EA 1724 - QL
EA 1728 - V2
EA 1729 - LSD in free base form
EA 1763 - V1
EA 1778 - Nonanoyl morpholide
EA 1788 - Organophosphonate
EA 1779 - CS gas
EA 1811 - Quaternary oxime
EA 1813 - Quaternary oxime
EA 1814 - TMB4
EA 1821 - Pralidoxime iodide
EA 1941 - Quaternary oxime
EA 1972 - Dimethyl diglycolate (DG)
EA 2012 - bis-Quaternary ammonium phosphonate
EA 2054 - bis-Quaternary ammonium phosphonate
EA 2071 - Pralidoxime lactate
EA 2092 - Benactyzine
EA 2097 - Benzylidene malonitrile (CS14632)
EA 2098 -bis-Quaternary ammonium phosphonate
EA 2129 - Respiratory irritant
EA 2148 - Phencyclidine (PCP)
EA 2170 - Pralidoxime Chloride
EA 2172 - A incapacitating agent
EA 2192 - VX O-hydrolysis product
EA 2214 - Respiratory irritant
EA 2216 - A incapacitating agent
EA 2217 - A incapacitating agent
EA 2218 - A incapacitating agent
EA 2219 - A incapacitating agent (analgesic potency = 63.3)
EA 2221 - A incapacitating agent (analgesic potency = 158)
EA 2222 - Methylthiosarin
EA 2223 - Thiocyclosarin
EA 2227 - A incapacitating agent
EA 2228 - A incapacitating agent (analgesic potency = 200)
EA 2230 - A incapacitating agent (analgesic potency = 3125)
EA 2233 - Acetyl dimethylheptylpyran
Eight individual isomers numbered EA-2233-1 through EA-2233-8
EA 2235 - A incapacitating agent
EA 2236 - Incapacitating agent
EA 2237 - A incapacitating agent
EA 2238 - A incapacitating agent
EA 2240 - A incapacitating agent
EA 2261 - Thio-EA-1356
EA 2264 - Incapacitating agent
EA 2265 - Incapacitating agent
EA 2276 - V-agent
EA 2277 - BZ ("Substance 78" to Soviets)
EA 2284 - Lacrimatory agent
EA 2302 - Lacrimatory agent
EA 2305 - Lacrimatory agent
EA 2306 - (-)-BZ
EA 2329 - Lacrimatory agent
EA 2333 - (+)-BZ
EA 2337 - Thiosoman (GDS or TGD)
EA 2361 - TGS or GSS
EA 2362 - Incapacitating agent
EA 2363 - Incapacitating agent
EA 2364 - Incapacitating agent
EA 2366 - Lacrimatory agent
EA 2389 - Incapacitating agent
EA 2391 - Incapacitating agent
EA 2392 - Incapacitating agent
EA 2393 - Incapacitating agent
EA 2405 - Incapacitating agent
EA 2407 - Incapacitating agent
EA 2413 - Lacrimatory agent
EA 2419 - Lacrimatory agent
EA 2422 - Incapacitating agent
EA 2433 - Lacrimatory agent
EA 2442 - Incapacitating agent
EA 2464 - Incapacitating agent
EA 2475 - Incapacitating agent (analgesic potency = 17860)
EA 2535 - Incapacitating agent
EA 2542 - 2-Bromoethyl bromoacetamide
EA 2545 - Incapacitating agent
EA 2580 - A incapacitating agent
EA 2613 - bis-Quaternary ammonium phosphonate
EA 2615 - Incapacitating agent
EA 2664 - Alkoxyarylamino analog of the Etonitazene (Analgesic potency = 312.5)
EA 3000 - Botulinum toxin
EA 3148 - A "V-series" nerve agent, Cyclopentyl S-2-diethylaminoethyl methylphosphonothiolate ("Substance 100A" to Soviets)
EA 3164 - Incapacitating agent
EA 3167 - A BZ variant
EA 3171 - Incapacitating agent
EA 3176 - Lacrimatory agent
EA 3186 - Incapacitating agent
EA 3209 - A bis-quaternary ammonium phosphonate nerve agent
EA 3287 - Incapacitating agent
EA 3305 - 2,5-Dimethylcyclohexyl methylphosphonofluoridate
EA 3306 - Incapacitating agent
EA 3307 - A irritant agent
EA 3309 - Incapacitating agent
EA 3317 - V-agent
EA 3364 - Incapacitating agent
EA 3365 - Lacrimatory agent
EA 3367 - Incapacitating agent
EA 3382 - Incapacitating agent
EA 3387 - Incapacitating agent
EA 3407 - Incapacitating agent
EA 3430 - 2-Methylcyclopentyl methylphosphonofluoridate
EA 3437 - Respiratory irritant
EA 3439 - Incapacitating agent
EA 3441 - Incapacitating agent
EA 3443 - A BZ variant
EA 3473 - Quaternary ammonium analog of the Etonitazene
EA 3475 - Toxogonin
EA 3480 - Incapacitating agent
EA 3528 - LSD in maleate form
EA 3525 - Incapacitating agent
EA 3534 - G-agent
EA 3536 - Quaternary ammonium analog of the Etonitazene
EA 3547 - CR gas
EA 3561 - A blood agent
EA 3562 - A blood agent
EA 3563 - A blood agent
EA 3564 - A blood agent
EA 3565 - A blood agent
EA 3566 - A blood agent
EA 3567 - A blood agent
EA 3568 - A blood agent
EA 3569 - A blood agent
EA 3570 - A blood agent
EA 3571 - A blood agent
EA 3572 - A blood agent
EA 3580 - A BZ variant
EA 3625 - A irritant agent
EA 3631 - A incapacitating agent
EA 3632 - A blood agent
EA 3633 - A blood agent
EA 3634 - A blood agent
EA 3635 - A blood agent
EA 3636 - A blood agent
EA 3637 - A blood agent
EA 3638 - A blood agent
EA 3639 - A blood agent
EA 3640 - A blood agent
EA 3641 - A blood agent
EA 3669 - EA-1464 oxalate salt
EA 3695 - BZ analogue
EA 3729 - A blood agent
EA 3730 - A blood agent
EA 3731 - A blood agent
EA 3732 - A blood agent
EA 3733 - A blood agent
EA 3734 - A blood agent
EA 3735 - A blood agent
EA 3736 - A blood agent
EA 3737 - A blood agent
EA 3738 - A blood agent
EA 3739 - A blood agent
EA 3740 - A blood agent
EA 3741 - A blood agent
EA 3742 - A blood agent
EA 3743 - A blood agent
EA 3744 - A blood agent
EA 3745 - A blood agent
EA 3746 - A blood agent
EA 3747 - A blood agent
EA 3748 - A blood agent
EA 3749 - A blood agent
EA 3750 - A blood agent
EA 3751 - A blood agent
EA 3752 - A blood agent
EA 3753 - A blood agent
EA 3754 - A blood agent
EA 3755 - A blood agent
EA 3827 - Biphenacyl bis-Quaternary Ammonium Compound
EA 3828 - A bis-Quaternary ammonium carbamate nerve agent
EA 3831 - Polymethylene bis-Quaternary Ammonium Compound
EA 3834 - A BZ variant
EA 3859 - Phenacyl Mono-Quaternary Ammonium Compound
EA 3861 - Phenacyl Mono-Quaternary Ammonium Compound
EA 3887 - A bis-Quaternary ammonium carbamate nerve agent
EA 3887-A - A bis-Quaternary ammonium carbamate nerve agent
EA 3940 - Palytoxin
EA 3947 - Biphenacyl bis-Quaternary Ammonium Compound
EA 3948 - A bis-Quaternary ammonium carbamate nerve agent
EA 3958 - Polymethylene bis-Quaternary Ammonium Compound
EA 3966 - A bis-Quaternary ammonium carbamate nerve agent
EA 3990 - A bis-Quaternary ammonium carbamate nerve agent
EA 4026 - A bis-Quaternary ammonium carbamate nerve agent
EA 4038 - A bis-Quaternary ammonium carbamate nerve agent
EA 4046 - Biphenacyl bis-Quaternary Ammonium Compound
EA 4048 - A bis-Quaternary ammonium carbamate nerve agent
EA 4050 - Biphenacyl bis-Quaternary Ammonium Compound
EA 4056 - A bis-Quaternary ammonium carbamate nerve agent
EA 4057 - A bis-Quaternary ammonium carbamate nerve agent
EA 4059 - alpha-methylene analog of the Etonitazene
EA 4067 - Phenacyl Mono-Quaternary Ammonium Compound
EA 4075 - Decamethylene-2,9-Dione bis-Quaternary Ammonium Compound
EA 4076 - Decamethylene-2,9-Dione bis-Quaternary Ammonium Compound
EA 4079 - Biphenacyl bis-Quaternary Ammonium Compound
EA 4080 - Biphenacyl bis-Quaternary Ammonium Compound
EA 4081 - Biphenacyl bis-Quaternary Ammonium Compound
EA 4082 - Phenacyl Mono-Quaternary Ammonium Compound
EA 4113 - A analog of the Etonitazene
EA 4129 - Dialkylamino analog of the Etonitazene
EA 4165 - alpha-Hydroxy analog of the Etonitazene
EA 4177 - A analog of the Etonitazene
EA 4181 - A bis-Quaternary ammonium carbamate nerve agent
EA 4196 - bis(diisopropylaminoethyl) disulfide
EA 4232 - Etonitazene precursor
EA 4243 - V-agent
EA 4245 - A analog of the Etonitazene
EA 4349 - Cyclooctyl methylphosphonofluoridate (Candidate G-agent S No.1)
EA 4352 - G-agent
EA 4557 - A analog of the Etonitazene
EA 4684 - Decamethylene-2,9-Dione bis-Quaternary Ammonium Compound
EA 4691 - Decamethylene-2,9-Dione bis-Quaternary Ammonium Compound
EA 4718 - Decamethylene-2,9-Dione bis-Quaternary Ammonium Compound
EA 4719 - Decamethylene-2,9-Dione bis-Quaternary Ammonium Compound
EA 4720 - Biphenacyl bis-Quaternary Ammonium Compound
EA 4789 - Phenacyl Mono-Quaternary Ammonium Compound
EA 4831 - Decamethylene-2,9-Dione bis-Quaternary Ammonium Compound
EA 4832 - Decamethylene-2,9-Dione bis-Quaternary Ammonium Compound
EA 4833 - Decamethylene-2,9-Dione bis-Quaternary Ammonium Compound
EA 4858 - Phenacyl Mono-Quaternary Ammonium Compound
EA 4859 - Phenacyl Mono-Quaternary Ammonium Compound
EA 4870 - A bis-Quaternary ammonium carbamate nerve agent
EA 4873 - Phenacyl Mono-Quaternary Ammonium Compound
EA 4874 - A bis-Quaternary ammonium carbamate nerve agent
EA 4879 - Phenacyl Mono-Quaternary Ammonium Compound
EA 4881 - Biphenacyl bis-Quaternary Ammonium Compound
EA 4882 - Phenacyl Mono-Quaternary Ammonium Compound
EA 4883 - Phenacyl Mono-Quaternary Ammonium Compound
EA 4885 - Phenacyl Mono-Quaternary Ammonium Compound
EA 4910 - Metonitazene precursor
EA 4913 - Decamethylene-2,9-Dione bis-Quaternary Ammonium Compound
EA 4916 - Alkoxyarylamino analog of the Etonitazene
EA 4919 - Biphenacyl bis-Quaternary Ammonium Compound
EA 4920 - Biphenacyl bis-Quaternary Ammonium Compound
EA 4921 - CHT inert isomer
EA 4922 - CHT inert isomer
EA 4923 - CHT gas
EA 4929 - Benzetimide
EA 4937 - Alkoxyarylamino analog of the Etonitazene (Analgesic potency = 55)
EA 4941 - Etonitazene (free base)
EA 4977 - Phenyl-Phenacyl Mono-Quaternary Ammonium Compound
EA 4978 - Phenyl-Phenacyl Mono-Quaternary Ammonium Compound
EA 4979 - Phenyl-Phenacyl Mono-Quaternary Ammonium Compound
EA 4980 - Phenyl-Phenacyl Mono-Quaternary Ammonium Compound
EA 4981 - Phenacyl Mono-Quaternary Ammonium Compound
EA 4984 - Phenyl-Phenacyl Mono-Quaternary Ammonium Compound
EA 4985 - Phenyl-Phenacyl Mono-Quaternary Ammonium Compound
EA 4986 - Alkoxyarylamino analog of the Etonitazene
EA 4987 - Phenyl-Phenacyl Mono-Quaternary Ammonium Compound
EA 4988 - Phenacyl Mono-Quaternary Ammonium Compound
EA 4989 - Phenacyl Mono-Quaternary Ammonium Compound
EA 4992 - Phenacyl Mono-Quaternary Ammonium Compound
EA 4993 - Phenacyl Mono-Quaternary Ammonium Compound
EA 4994 - Phenyl-Phenacyl Mono-Quaternary Ammonium Compound
EA 4995 - Phenacyl Mono-Quaternary Ammonium Compound
EA 4996 - Phenacyl Mono-Quaternary Ammonium Compound
EA 4997 - Phenacyl Mono-Quaternary Ammonium Compound
EA 5006 - alpha-Hydroxy analog of the Etonitazene (Analgesic potency = 17)
EA 5011 - Phenyl-Phenacyl Mono-Quaternary Ammonium Compound
EA 5014 - Phenyl-Phenacyl Mono-Quaternary Ammonium Compound
EA 5015 - Phenacyl Mono-Quaternary Ammonium Compound
EA 5016 - Phenacyl Mono-Quaternary Ammonium Compound
EA 5019 - Phenyl-Phenacyl Mono-Quaternary Ammonium Compound
EA 5020 - Phenacyl Mono-Quaternary Ammonium Compound
EA 5033 - alpha-Hydroxy analog of the Etonitazene
EA 5049 - Biphenacyl bis-Quaternary Ammonium Compound
EA 5094 - Phenyl-Phenacyl Mono-Quaternary Ammonium Compound
EA 5147 - Polymethylene bis-Quaternary Ammonium Compound
EA 5155 - alpha-Hydroxy analog of the Etonitazene
EA 5167 - Neuroleptic agent
EA 5194 - Neuroleptic agent
EA 5195 - Phenacyl Butanone bis-Quaternary Ammonium Compound
EA 5199 - Polymethylene bis-Quaternary Ammonium Compound
EA 5202 - Neuroleptic agent
EA 5211 - Neuroleptic agent
EA 5225 - Neuroleptic agent
EA 5236 - Phenacyl Butanone bis-Quaternary Ammonium Compound
EA 5243 - Phenacyl Butanone bis-Quaternary Ammonium Compound
EA 5244 - Phenacyl Butanone bis-Quaternary Ammonium Compound
EA 5245 - Phenacyl Butanone bis-Quaternary Ammonium Compound
EA 5265 - 2,4-Dimethylcyclohexyl methylphosphonofluoridate
EA 5270 - alpha-Hydroxy analog of the Etonitazene (Analgesic Potency = 1000)
EA 5298 - Phenacyl Butanone bis-Quaternary Ammonium Compound
EA 5299 - Phenylenediacetyl bis-Quaternary Ammonium Compound
EA 5302 - 33% EA-3834B and 67% EA-4923
EA 5309 - Neuroleptic agent
EA 5310 - Neuroleptic agent
EA 5320 - Neuroleptic agent
EA 5340 - Neuroleptic agent
EA 5345 - Unsymmetrical bis-Quaternary Ammonium Compound
EA 5352 - Unsymmetrical bis-Quaternary Ammonium Compound
EA 5355 - Neuroleptic agent
EA 5360 - Neuroleptic agent
EA 5365 - G-agent V
EA 5366 - GV methylated to iodide salt
EA 5371 - Phenylenediacetyl bis-Quaternary Ammonium Compound
EA 5382 - Phenylenediacetyl bis-Quaternary Ammonium Compound
EA 5389 - Thio-EA 5265
EA 5398 - Unsymmetrical bis-Quaternary Ammonium Compound
EA 5400 - G-agent X
EA 5403 - 1,1-Dimethylamino-2-propyl N,N-dimethylphosphoramidofluoridate
EA 5410 - GV-agent
EA 5414 - GV4
EA 5432 - Neuroleptic agent
EA 5443 - A bis-unsymmetrical isoquinoline carbamate
EA 5444 - Neuroleptic agent
EA 5448 - Unsymmetrical bis-Quaternary Ammonium Compound
EA 5458 - GVX
EA 5471 - A bis-unsymmetrical isoquinoline carbamate
EA 5474 - A bis-symmetrical isoquinoline carbamate
EA 5475 - A bis-symmetrical isoquinoline carbamate
EA 5476 - A bis-symmetrical isoquinoline carbamate
EA 5478 - V-sub agent T
EA 5479 - A bis-symmetrical isoquinoline carbamate
EA 5480 - A bis-symmetrical isoquinoline carbamate
EA 5481 - A bis-symmetrical isoquinoline carbamate
EA 5482 - A bis-symmetrical isoquinoline carbamate
EA 5483 - A bis-symmetrical isoquinoline carbamate
EA 5484 - A bis-symmetrical isoquinoline carbamate
EA 5485 - A bis-symmetrical isoquinoline carbamate
EA 5488 - GV-O-Quinuclidinyl
EA 5490 - Unsymmetrical bis-Quaternary Ammonium Compound
EA 5492 - A bis-unsymmetrical isoquinoline carbamate
EA 5493 - A bis-unsymmetrical isoquinoline carbamate
EA 5494 - A bis-unsymmetrical isoquinoline carbamate
EA 5502 - A GV agent derivative
EA 5506 - A bis-unsymmetrical isoquinoline carbamate
EA 5511 - GV-agent
EA 5533 - V-agent
EA 5540 - Tetra-quaternary ammonium isoquinoline carbamate
EA 5579 - Tetra-quaternary ammonium isoquinoline carbamate
EA 5581 - Tetra-quaternary ammonium isoquinoline carbamate
EA 5582 - Tetra-quaternary ammonium isoquinoline carbamate
EA 5583 - Tetra-quaternary ammonium isoquinoline carbamate
EA 5584 - Tetra-quaternary ammonium isoquinoline carbamate
EA 5585 - Tetra-quaternary ammonium isoquinoline carbamate
EA 5586 - Octa-quaternary ammonium isoquinoline carbamate
EA 5615 - EA-5365 precursor candidate
EA 5636 - EA-5365 precursor candidate
EA 5696 - Morphine related compound
EA 5752 - IR metallic smoke
EA 5753 - IR metallic smoke
EA 5753D - Dedusted IR metallic smoke
EA 5755 - IR metallic smoke
EA 5761 - Organophosphonate binary
EA 5763 - IR metallic smoke
EA 5763D - Dedusted IR metallic smoke
EA 5768 - IR graphite smoke
EA 5769 - IR metallic smoke
EA 5774 - Soman binary
EA 5774-T - Thickened soman binary
EA 5823 - Sarin (GB) as a binary agent from mixing OPA (isopropyl alcohol+isopropyl amine) + DF
EA 5824 - EA-1356 binary
EA 5824-T - EA-1356 binary PMMA thickened
EA 5825 - Organophosphonate binary.
EA 5826 - Organophosphonate binary.
EA 5830 - EA 1699 binary.
EA 5852 - EA 1210 + EA 1356 binary
EA 5864 - Irritant agent
EA 5874 - Carbamate nerve agent
EA 5928 - Isopropyl tert-butylphosphonofluoridate
EA 5944 - G-agent simulant
EA 5945 - G-agent simulant
EA 5957 - A mustard agent
EA 5968 - A IR graphite smoke
EA 5978 - Incapacitating agent
EA 5983 - A mustard agent
EA 5992 - A mustard agent
EA 5995 - Incapacitating agent
EA 5999 - Titanium dioxide smoke
EA 6030 - G-agent
EA 6043 - V-agent
EA 6095 - A mercaptan related compound
See also
THC-O-acetate
CB military symbol
United States chemical weapons program
Edgewood Chemical Biological Center
Human experimentation in the United States
Swords to Plowshares
United States v. Stanley
References
General sources
Two autobiographical books from psychiatrists conducting human experiments at Edgewood have been self-published:
Men and Poisons: The Edgewood Volunteers and the Army Chemical Warfare Research Program (2005), Xlibris Corporation, 140pp, was written by Malcolm Baker Bowers Jr, who went on to become a prof of psychiatry at Yale. Bowers' book is a "fictionalized" account with names changed.
Chemical Warfare Secrets Almost Forgotten, A Personal Story of Medical Testing of Army Volunteers with Incapacitating Chemical Agents During the Cold War (1955–1975) (2006, 2nd edition 2007), foreword by Alexander Shulgin, ChemBook, Inc., 360 pp, was written by Ketchum who was a key player after 1960 and went on to become a professor at the University of California, Los Angeles.
The Vanderbilt University Television News Archive has two videos about the experiments, both from a July 1975 NBC Evening News segment.
NBC newsman John Chancellor reported on how Norman Augustine, then-acting Secretary of Army, ordered a probe of Army use of LSD in soldier and civilian experiments.
Correspondent Tom Pettit reported on Major General Lloyd Fellenz, from Edgewood Arsenal, who explained how the experiments there were about searching for humane weapons, adding that the use of LSD was unacceptable.
Journalist Linda Hunt, citing records from the U.S. National Archives, revealed that eight German scientists worked at Edgewood, under Project Paperclip. Hunt used this finding to assert that in this collaboration, US and former Nazi scientists "used Nazi science as a basis for Dachau-like experiments on over 7,000 U.S. soldiers".
A The Washington Post article, dated July 23, 1975, by Bill Richards ("6,940 Took Drugs") reported that a top civilian drug researcher for the Army said a total of 6,940 servicemen had been involved in Army chemical and drug experiments, and that, furthermore, the tests were proceeding at Edgewood Arsenal as of the date of the article.
Two TV documentaries, with different content but confusingly similar titles were broadcast:
Bad Trip to Edgewood (1993) on ITV Yorkshire
Bad Trip to Edgewood (1994) on A&E Investigative Reports.
In 2012, the Edgewood/Aberdeen experiments were featured on CNN and in The New Yorker magazine.
Citations
External links
Edgewood Test Vets: Vietnam Veterans of America, et al. v. Central Intelligence Agency, et al. Case No. CV-09-0037-CW, U.S.D.C. (N.D. Cal. 2009), Morrison & Foerster LLP, August 7, 2013
Hunt, Secret Agenda: The U.S. Government, Nazi Scientists and Project Paperclip 1945-1991.
Secrets of Edgewood, The New Yorker, December 26, 2012
Edgewood/Aberdeen Experiments, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs
David S. Martin, Vets feel abandoned after secret drug experiments, CNN, March 1, 2012
Tom Bowman, Former sergeant seeks compensation for LSD testing at Edgewood Arsenal , July 11, 1991, The Baltimore Sun
Central Intelligence Agency operations
Chemical warfare
History of the government of the United States
Human subject research in the United States
20th-century military history of the United States
Military psychiatry
Mind control
Psychedelic drug research
Cannabis research
Cannabis and the United States military
Articles containing video clips
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgewood%20Arsenal%20human%20experiments
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Greater Tuna is the first in a series of four comedic plays (followed by A Tuna Christmas, Red, White and Tuna, and Tuna Does Vegas), each set in the fictional town of Tuna, Texas, the "third-smallest" town in the state. The series was written by Jaston Williams, Joe Sears, and Ed Howard. The plays are at once an affectionate comment on small-town, Southern life and attitudes but also a withering satire of same. Of the four plays, Greater Tuna is the darkest in tone, as it follows the news of the death (and possible murder) of Judge Buckner.
The plays are notable in that two men play the entire cast of over twenty eccentric characters of both genders and various ages. Greater Tuna debuted in Austin, Texas, in the fall of 1981, and had its off-Broadway premiere in 1982. St. Vincent Summer Theatre produced the play in 2000, and No Name Players produced it in 2002.
Charles H. Duggan produced national tours of "Greater Tuna", "A Tuna Christmas" and "Red, White & Tuna" for twenty-six years. Williams and Sears regularly tour the country to perform all four plays, with Howard directing.
An HBO Special of Greater Tuna, produced by Embassy Television and Norman Lear, was aired in 1984. However, due to copyright conflicts between Embassy Television and the original copyright claimants (Joe Sears, Jaston Williams & Ed Howard) the broadcast was limited to only 3 months in 1984. It has never been broadcast again. Rare VHS taped copies have been sold on eBay in excess of $100.
Sears and Williams did command performances of both Greater Tuna and A Tuna Christmas at the White House for President George H. W. Bush and Barbara Bush.
According to the play's official web site, by 1985, Greater Tuna was the most-produced play in the United States. A videotaped performance of Greater Tuna (but not the Lear HBO production) is available on VHS and DVD.
Partial cast of characters
Performed by Williams
Charlene Bumiller - Daughter of Hank and Bertha Bumiller, and sister to Stanley and Jody
Jody Bumiller - Youngest child of Bertha Bumiller, followed constantly by "eight to ten dogs"
Stanley Bumiller - fresh from reform school; twin to Charlene
Vera Carp - Town snob and vice president of the Smut-Snatchers of the New Order
Petey Fisk - Employee of the Greater Tuna Humane Society
Didi Snavely - Owner of Didi's Used Weapons ("If we can't kill it, it's immortal")
Arles Struvie - A disc jockey at radio station OKKK
Chad Hartford- A reporter from Houston who comes to interview Bertha
Phinas Blye- A politician from Indiana who runs for City Council every election
Harold Dean Lattimer- OKKK's weatherman
Performed by Sears
Bertha Bumiller - wife of Hank and mother to Jody, Stanley, and Charlene; member of the Smut Snatchers of the New Order
Hank Bumiller- Husband of Bertha
Pearl Burras - Aunt to Bertha, who is, as Petey Fisk claims, addicted to killing dogs (in the play, called canicidal thumbitus)
Leonard Childers - Station Manager of OKKK for his talk show, "Leonard on the Line"
Sheriff Givens- Believes in old-fashioned jails
Elmer Watkins, head of the local chapter of the KKK, dedicated to making the town safe "for the right kind of people"
Yippy the dog- Pet of the month for five weeks in a row, yips a lot, and no one wants to adopt him
R.R. Snavely - UFOlogist, town drunk, and husband to Didi
The Reverend Spikes, president of the Smut Snatchers of the New Order
Thurston Wheelis - A disc jockey at radio station OKKK
Honors for Greater Tuna
Joe Sears
Following a December 1994 run of A Tuna Christmas on Broadway, Joe Sears received a 1995 Tony Award nomination for best actor in a play.
Nominee, Outstanding Lead Actor in a Touring Production, Helen Hayes Awards Non-Resident Acting, 1985, 1987
Jaston Williams
San Francisco Bay Area Critics Award
L.A. Dramalogue Award
References
External links
Official website
A Secret History of Tuna
Interview with Jaston Williams, June 18, 1995. University of Texas at San Antonio: Institute of Texan Cultures: Oral History Collection, UA 15.01, University of Texas at San Antonio Libraries Special Collections.
American plays
1981 plays
Off-Broadway plays
Plays set in Texas
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater%20Tuna
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A fermentation crock, also known as a gärtopf crock or Harsch crock, is a crock for fermentation. It has a gutter in the rim which is then filled with water so that when the top is put on an airlock is created, which prevents the food within from spoiling due to the development of surface molds. Ceramic weights may also be used to keep the fermenting food inside submerged.
See also
Sauerkraut
External links
Image with cross-section through crock
Cooking vessels
Crock
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermentation%20crock
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Lloyd N. Morrisett (June 23, 1892 – November 25, 1981) was an American educator.
Born in Barretville, Tennessee, he graduated from high school in Edmond, Oklahoma, and received an A.B. degree from the University of Oklahoma in 1917. He earned an A.M. degree (1930) and Ph.D. degree (1934) from Columbia University.
Morrisett married Jessie Ruth Watson on February 18, 1920. They had one son, Lloyd Jr. During the 1930s, he was the Assistant Superintendent of Schools in Yonkers, New York.
In 1941 he accepted an invitation to become the first professor of educational administration at UCLA, where he developed a graduate program in the School of Education for the education and improvement of administrators in a variety of levels of education. As a result, he served as sponsor or committee chairman for 144 candidates for the (Ed.D.), 24 masters (M.A.), and 177 (M.Ed.) degrees.
His first wife, Ruth, died in 1964, and he decided to retire as a professor in the same year. He became a top level consultant to the California Superintendent of Public Instruction. He returned to Oklahoma for a class reunion and again met a woman named Stella Jo Wantland, whom he had dated while attending Oklahoma State Teachers' College (sic) in 1911-13. Their mutual attraction flourished and they married on February 8, 1966. Thereafter they made West Los Angeles their home until his death.
Notes
References
1892 births
1981 deaths
20th-century American educators
Columbia University alumni
People from Yonkers, New York
People from Shelby County, Tennessee
People from Edmond, Oklahoma
Academics from Los Angeles
UCLA Graduate School of Education and Information Studies faculty
University of Oklahoma alumni
Burials at Westwood Village Memorial Park Cemetery
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lloyd%20N.%20Morrisett%20Sr.
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Squares have long been a feature of London and come in numerous identifiable forms. The landscaping spectrum of squares stretches from those with more hardscape, constituting town squares (also known as city squares)—to those with communal gardens, for which London is a major international exponent, known as garden squares.
A few in the capital of the United Kingdom, such as Trafalgar Square, began as public open spaces in the same way as other city squares worldwide, typically a plaza, piazza and a platz in Spain, Italy and Germany. Most, however, began as garden squares i.e. private communal gardens for the inhabitants of surrounding houses. All types of the space are more prevalent in parts of London with high (urban) density. Some of these gardens are now open to the public, while others, for example around Notting Hill, are railed (a form of fencing) and private.
The terminology has been loosely applied for over a century. Some "squares" are irregularly shaped—including five triangles, a pentagon, hexagon, octagon, and two ovals among those officially named Square. Approbative and technical studies of garden squares commonly cover equivalent landscaped communal gardens not named as a Square many of which have become small public parks. A diversity of descriptive names features in the list of London's "garden squares".
Name and shape
"Square" is a generic term for neat, planned or set aside urban open spaces larger than a verge or pavement overlooked by buildings. In London, elements of fields were set aside, a fact reflected in the name of the square London Fields and two later examples: Coram's Fields and Lincoln's Inn Fields. Some are not actually square, or even rectangular. One reason for this is the use of a local nickname for the street, park or garden in question. Another is that some older squares were irregularly shaped to begin with, or lost their original layout due to the city's many transformations, not least following the Great Fire of London and The Blitz.
The street naming (or streetnaming) authority of each London Borough and the City of London Corporation by authority of an Act of 1939 imposes rules to authorise appropriate street names for new developments and for owners wishing to rename features. Commercial building and retained historic names apart, new residential squares must in many boroughs be "for a square only" — considered not well elongated but rectangular and to some extent open. Billiter Square, EC3 and Millennium Square, SE1 in districts dominated by retail, commerce and offices are among many modern buildings (not beside a visible rectangular open space) that include alternative, higher built density, square features to their design—such as a courtyard or a square footprint.
Some squares such as Granary Square are paved; others like Russell Square have grass and trees; many others have diverse communal gardens. Most of those that are actually square have the word in their name, and these are listed below. Others more flexibly identified do not. Such notable lists are commonly identified as list of garden squares or estate gardens, communal gardens, formal gardens, about which many books have been written. Increasingly, spaces are being constructed that are legally private, though in practice open to the public (Paternoster Square).
The Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea contains over a hundred garden squares whose use is restricted to residents, almost all share a name with their directly adjoining road. Residents may contract with private contractors or with the council, in which case the council charges those residents, typically at the same time as council tax. One instance is a lens (pointed oval), The Boltons.
Toward the public end of the public/private continuum, London's growth has taken in village greens. A minority of these partly or wholly survive such as Newington Green to form council-run open spaces breaking up housing, road networks and/or retail streets. The categories of greens and garden squares become more well-visited where larger than an informal scale. These are mainly government-run, characteristic parks and open spaces in London. By subtle distinction their less urban equivalent amounts to London's 26 commons most of which were diminished in the period of legal inclosure and/or the city/county's 16 country parks.
History
Development of squares
The making of residential squares fell into decline in the early 20th century, one of the last notable such squares having been designed by Edwin Lutyens for Hampstead Garden Suburb. Numerous squares were in danger of filling in for further building. This was banned by the London Squares Act of 1931. In the last quarter of the 20th century a fashion for making office squares developed, a trend led by the Broadgate development. Developers such as London Square, Berkeley Homes and Taylor Wimpey (in the first two instances through their London subsidiaries) have built and set aside land in more than one of their 21st century London developments to create those of the residential type. More broadly, mixed-use squares to give a focal area have become a resurgent planning design, reflected for instance in Times Square, Sutton and Canada Square, Canary Wharf.
Viewings and events in private communal gardens
Since 1998 many private squares (which term in that context takes in many other shapes of gardens between houses) temporarily open to the paying public: London's "Open Garden Squares Weekend", founded by Caroline Aldiss, takes place on the second weekend in June. The event is organised by the London Parks and Garden Trust. In 2013 over 200 gardens took part, including the garden of the prime minister at 10 Downing Street and the Gardens of HM Prison Wormwood Scrubs. Other events in keynote squares coincide such as a World Archaeology Festival, Gordon Square, Bloomsbury run by UCL Institute of Archaeology.
The parks can be categorised as public garden squares, private garden squares or other squares.
Social importance
The local proliferation relative to other UK cities coupled with, since the early 20th century, their widespread opening up has similarly made squares broadly cited in portrayals of London. Initially cultural use was mainly confined to novels and, to a lesser degree, fine art.
"It's a Long Way to Tipperary" is a 1910s song featuring the line "Farewell Leicester Square". "A Nightingale Sang in Berkeley Square" is a romantic hit of 1940 with lyrics by Eric Maschwitz and music by Manning Sherwin, sang that year separately by Ray Noble and Vera Lynn and a theme of a film the next year, by Fritz Lang., Man Hunt. In the 1956 song "Why Can't The English?" from the musical My Fair Lady, Professor Henry Higgins laments, "Hear them down in Soho Square/Dropping H's everywhere."
Drama most notably includes the high-audience soap opera broadcast by the BBC running since 1985, EastEnders based on a semi-permanent set north of London's border, Albert Square. It had pre-release titles Square Dance, Round the Square, Round the Houses, London Pride and East 8.
Soho Square garden contains a bench that commemorates the singer Kirsty MacColl, who wrote the song "Soho Square" for her album Titanic Days. After her death in 2000, fans bought a memorial bench in her honour, inscribing the lyrics: "One day I'll be waiting there / No empty bench in Soho Square". The Lindisfarne album Elvis Lives On the Moon also includes a song named after that square.
Notable communal gardens surrounded by buildings
Arundel Gardens
Bedford Square
Belgrave Square
Berkeley Square
Clapton Square
Egerton Gardens
Finsbury Circus
Golden Square
Grosvenor Square
Hans Place
Harrington Gardens
Kensington Square
Kensington Park Gardens
Lennox Gardens, London
Park Crescent
Royal Crescent
Russell Square
St George's Square
St. James's Square
Sloane Square
Soho Square
The Boltons
Wilton Crescent
Most notable town squares
Trafalgar Square
Leicester Square
Parliament Square
List of Greater London squares
This list comprises places bearing the word Square. The tables state if each has an open-air space exceeding a double-size pavement or the provision of parking spaces. Those marked mainly (due to a building, typically a church, school or community hall in the space) or yes have a clear, open space. Those marked No include streets of any shape including those with vestigial names (throwbacks) to open spaces that lay there (or adjacent) before.
Demolished squares are listed in a table at the end of this section.
Approximate area, in square metres, includes hardscapes and roads.
London's squares are arranged by postcode, see the map below of postcodes.
Centremost postcodes
Inner
North and northwest
West and southwest
South
East
Renamed squares note:
Albert Gardens
Trafalgar Gardens
These two 19th century built Squares are officially renamed as shown. This avoids confusion with other squares in London.
Outer
East
West
(the London Boroughs of Hillingdon, Hounslow and Ealing, exc. Harefield, Isleworth and Feltham)
South West
Royal/London Boroughs of Kingston upon Thames, Richmond upon Thames and Wandsworth, excluding Battersea, Norwood, Clapham and Balham.
South East
Royal/London Boroughs of Greenwich, Lewisham, Bexley and Bromley (plus Norwood and Dulwich)
North
South
North west
Demolished
Angel Square, EC1
Billiter Square, EC3
Holford Square
Harewood Square
Pancras Square
See also
List of garden squares in London
Parks and open spaces in London
Notes and references
Notes
References
External links
London squares
London Parks and Gardens Trust
London Squares by 1799
Squares, London
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squares%20in%20London
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A Girl Like Me: The Gwen Araujo Story is a 2006 American biographical drama television film directed by Agnieszka Holland and starring J. D. Pardo, Mercedes Ruehl, and Avan Jogia. It premiered on Lifetime in the United States on June 19, 2006. The film dramatizes the events surrounding the 2002 murder of Gwen Araujo, a transgender teenager who was murdered after acquaintances discovered that she had male genitalia.
In 2007, the film won the GLAAD Media Award for Outstanding Television Movie or Miniseries at the 18th GLAAD Media Awards.
Plot
Sylvia Guerrero is a young single mother looking to make a fresh start for her three young children. Having escaped an abusive relationship at the hands of the children's father, Sylvia has moved back home to California to live closer to her tight-knit Latin American family. Her father's birthday party is the first big family gathering since her return, and when she arrives, she encounters mixed reactions about her decision to leave her husband. After dinner, the children at the party decide to play a prank by putting Sylvia's son Eddie in a frilly pink dress. Eddie and the other children stand smiling; the adults at the party appear unamused and some look on with disdain.
The film alternates between the family's story and the future trial of two men charged with Gwen's murder. As the prosecutor's witness, a medical examiner testifies that the victim was beaten, strangled, wrapped in a shower curtain, and dumped in the woods. When asked about the victim's gender, she states, “it was that of a normally developed male”.
After the party, Sylvia's sister confronts her about the incident with the dress. Sylvia denies that it is an issue and tells her that Eddie is the best-behaved of all her children. Sylvia says that she is more worried about finding a job to support her children than she is about the fact that Eddie is a little bit different from other seven-year-old boys. Several days later, Sylvia comes home to celebrate her success at getting a job, and finds Eddie wearing a bra and makeup. Her older daughter Chita insists that it is just a game, but Sylvia makes Eddie promise that it will not happen again.
The movie cuts forward and Eddie is now a teenager, starting his first day at a new high school. Although Sylvia encourages her child to act “normal”, after he is dropped off, Eddie makes a last-minute decision to wear lipstick. When Sylvia realizes what has happened, the two have an intense fight and Sylvia begins removing all the traditionally female items from Eddie's room. However, after talking to a counselor at the Gender Identity Project and coming home to find Eddie in tears over being “a freak”, Sylvia has a moment of acceptance and tells Eddie that they need to get him waterproof mascara. At school, a friendly girl named Lisa White compliments Eddie's makeup, and he introduces himself as Gwen for the first time.
At the trial, the defense attorney asks Lisa questions about Gwen. He strongly implies that she was sexually promiscuous and into drugs at the time of her death, which Lisa vehemently denies. Lisa describes herself as Gwen's best friend and constantly corrects the defense attorney when he refers to Gwen using the incorrect pronouns.
Basking in her now openly expressed gender identity, Gwen grows out her hair and wears a dress to Chita's wedding, which shocks and displeases her extended family. At the wedding, she meets Joey Marino, a former Marine who is new to the area. The two hit it off and eventually begin dating. Worried about the relationship, Sylvia eventually outs Gwen to Joey, who breaks things off. Distraught, Gwen agrees to go to a party with Tamara, a female friend of Joey's. The next morning, Gwen's aunt wakes up to find her passed out on the front lawn. Jealous that the group of boys at the party paid so much attention to Gwen, Tamara begins to suggest that Gwen is actually a male. The group makes a plan to find out the truth. Tamara lures Gwen to another party, promising that Joey will be there. When Gwen arrives, one of the boys forces her into a closet and pulls down her pants, discovering that she has male genitalia. The boys' initial shock quickly turns to rage, and they begin to viciously beat Gwen to death. Tamara realizes what she's done and screams for the boys to stop. She is told to leave. She leaves crying and ashamed for what she did. Sylvia immediately reports Gwen missing, and when her body is found, the entire family comes together to pay their respects, even in the face of protesters picketing the funeral.
In the final scene of the trial, the defense attempts to blame society for the boys’ actions, saying that discovering Gwen's biological sex challenged their sexual identity in a way that made them “go crazy”. On the witness stand, Sylvia rejects this idea completely, telling the courtroom that the killers’ decision to take her daughter’s life was theirs alone and that she blames them every day of her life; the boys become remorseful as a result of her words. As Sylvia walks out of the courtroom, the people observing the trial begin to clap.
Cast
J. D. Pardo as Gwen Araujo
Mercedes Ruehl as Sylvia Guerrero
Leela Savasta as Chita Araujo
Avan Jogia as Danny Araujo
Lupe Ontiveros as Mami
Henry Darrow as Papi
Corey Stoll as Joey Marino
Vanesa Tomasino as Tamara Jones
Greyston Holt as Jaron Nabors
Nolan Gerard Funk as Michael Magidson
Neil Denis as Jose Merel
Jorge Vargas as Jason Cazares
Ivan De Leon as Berto
Nicole Muñoz as Chita Araujo (age 10)
Michael Dillman as Eddie Araujo (age 7)
See also
Boys Don't Cry (1999)
Soldier's Girl (2003)
Transgender in film and television
Trans bashing
Transphobia
Intersectionality
References
External links
2006 biographical drama films
2006 LGBT-related films
2006 television films
2006 films
2000s English-language films
American biographical drama films
American drama television films
American LGBT-related television films
Biographical films about LGBT people
Biographical television films
Crime films based on actual events
Films about murder
Films about trans women
Films directed by Agnieszka Holland
Films set in the San Francisco Bay Area
LGBT-related drama films
Lifetime (TV network) films
Newark, California
Violence against trans women
2000s American films
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%20Girl%20Like%20Me%3A%20The%20Gwen%20Araujo%20Story
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The Charge of the Light Brigade is a 1936 American historical adventure film from Warner Bros., starring Errol Flynn and Olivia de Havilland. It was directed by Michael Curtiz and produced by Samuel Bischoff, with Hal B. Wallis as the executive producer. The film's screenplay is by Michael Jacoby and Rowland Leigh, from a story by Michael Jacoby, and based on the 1854 poem "The Charge of the Light Brigade" by Alfred, Lord Tennyson. The music score was composed by Max Steiner, his first for Warner Bros., and the cinematography was by Sol Polito. Scenes were shot at the following California locations: Lone Pine, Sherwood Lake, Lasky Mesa, Chatsworth, and Sonora. The Sierra Nevada mountains were used for the Khyber Pass scenes.
The filming of the charge sequence led to the death of 25 horses, which led to legislative action by the U.S. Congress and action by the ASPCA to prevent further cruelty by film directors and producers.
The film's screenplay is very loosely based on the famous Charge of the Light Brigade that occurred during the Crimean War (1853–56). Additionally, the storyline includes an event similar to the Siege of Cawnpore during the Indian Rebellion of 1857.
This was the second of eight films in which Errol Flynn and Olivia de Havilland costar.
The supporting cast features Flynn look-alike Patric Knowles as Flynn's character's brother, David Niven, Nigel Bruce, Henry Stephenson, Donald Crisp, Robert Barrat, Spring Byington, J. Carrol Naish and E. E. Clive.
Plot
In 1854, Captain Geoffrey Vickers (Errol Flynn) and his brother, Captain Perry Vickers (Patric Knowles), are stationed in India, with the 27th Lancers of the British Army. It is during the period of East India Company dominance over the Indian subcontinent. Perry has secretly betrayed Geoffrey by stealing the love of his fiancée Elsa (Olivia de Havilland).
During an official visit to local tributary rajah, Surat Khan (C. Henry Gordon), Geoffrey saves the rajah's life while hunting, for which the rajah promises eternal gratitude. Later, Geoffrey Vickers (now a major) is stationed at the British garrison of (fictional) Chukoti, along with British military families, within the part the North-Western Frontier controlled by Surat Khan. A British miscalculation leads to premature withdrawal of troops to (fictional) Lohora, unnecessarily exposing Chukoti. Faced with an overwhelming siege, the British commander, Col. Campbell (Donald Crisp), surrenders Chukoti to Surat Khan, who then massacres the inhabitants, including the British families. Surat Khan spares Maj. Vickers and Elsa as they flee the slaughter and this repays his debt to Geoffrey. Soon afterwards, Surat Khan has to flee from the vengeful British counter-attack and allies himself with Imperial Russia who had supported Surat Khan’s attack on the British. The Russians in turn find themselves at war with the British in Crimea.
The love triangle and the quest for vengeance resolve at the Battle of Balaclava. Aware that Surat Khan is inspecting Russian positions opposite the 27th Lancers, Maj. Vickers secretly replaces written orders by Sir Charles Macefield (Henry Stephenson) to the commander of the Light Brigade, Sir Benjamin Warrenton (Nigel Bruce), to withdraw from the Balaclava Heights. Vickers instead orders the famous suicidal attack so the lancers can avenge the Chukoti massacre. Before the charge, Maj. Vickers reminds troops of the Chukoti Massacre and directs their anger: "Our objective is Surat Khan!" Although the 27th Lancers and the other Light Cavalry units lose nearly all their 600 strength, they successfully breach Russian artillery positions. There, Vickers finds and kills Surat Khan with a lance, at the cost of his own life.
Later, it emerges that Maj. Vickers wrote a letter to Sir Charles Macefield explaining his actions, which he forced Perry to deliver under threat of court martial, sparing his brother almost certain death during the 27th's charge. After receiving Maj. Vickers' explanation of why he defied orders and the charge happened, Macefield takes responsibility and burns the letter to protect Vickers and to honor him for his conspicuous gallantry in avenging the Chukoti Massacre.
Cast
Production
Development
The charge had been previously portrayed in a British film, The Jaws of Death (1930).
Warner Bros. was inspired to make the film after Lives of a Bengal Lancer (1935) had been released to great popularity, ushering in a series of British Empire adventure tales. Michel Jacoby had developed a story based on the famous charge but, although Warners bought Jacoby's script, the final script was closer to Lives of a Bengal Lancer.
An original working title for the film was The Charge of the 600.
Warner Bros. wanted an all-British cast. Errol Flynn (Tasmanian, but initially ballyhooed by the studio publicity department as Irish) had made such a strong impression in Captain Blood that he was removed from supporting Fredric March in Anthony Adverse to play the lead in Charge of the Light Brigade. Ian Hunter was connected to the film early on. Anita Louise was announced as the female lead.
Patric Knowles had just joined Warner Bros. at the recommendation of Irving Asher in London, the same man who recommended Errol Flynn. He was given the crucial supporting role of Flynn's brother, which was perfect since Flynn and Knowles looked almost exactly alike at the time.
The film provides an early, important supporting role for David Niven.
Edward G. Robinson tested for the role as the lead villain Surat Khan. Basil Rathbone was also considered before C. Henry Gordon was finally cast.
Shooting
Principal photography began in April 1936.
During filming on location at Lone Pine California, the studio's camera unit helped put out a fire that started at a restaurant across the road from where the actors were staying.
Some of the location shooting was done in Mexico where there were fewer restrictions on harming animals during production.
The Charge sequence
The film comes to a climax at the Battle of Balaclava, subject of Lord Tennyson's poem. The lancers charge into the valley, braving the heavy Russian cannon fire, and many are killed. Text from Tennyson's poem is superimposed on screen, coupled with Max Steiner's musical score. Director Michael Curtiz, who did not have an excellent command of English, shouted "Bring on the empty horses," meaning the "riderless horses"; David Niven used this as the title of his second autobiographical memoir about the Golden Age of Hollywood.
The battlefield set was lined with tripwires to trip the charging cavalry horses. For the filming of this climax, 125 horses were tripped; of those, 25 were killed or had to be put down afterward. Errol Flynn, an accomplished horseman, was outraged by the animal cruelty and by director Michael Curtiz's seeming indifference. He attacked Curtiz, but they were pulled apart before any serious damage was done. The film's charge sequence later forced the U.S. Congress to ensure the safety of animals in future motion pictures; the ASPCA followed suit and banned tripwires from all films. Unlike Flynn's other blockbusters, because of the number of horses killed during the charge sequence, the film was never re-released by Warner Bros. It would not be seen again until 1956, when the company sold the rights to it and other pre-1950 films to Associated Artists Productions, after which it subsequently premiered on television. This scene was later used in the music video for the hit song The Trooper by Iron Maiden which was famously banned by MTV.
Stylized as a cenotaph in opening credits
"QUIS SUPERABIT
WHO SHALL EXCEL THEM
Dedication
To the officers and men
Of the Light Brigade who
Died victorious in a gallant
Charge at Balaklava for
Queen and Country
A.D. 1856"
"The world is indebted to Alfred,
Lord Tennyson, Poet Laureate to
Her Majesty, Queen Victoria of
Great Britain, for perpetuating
in an epic poem one of the most
distinguished events in history
conspicuous for sheer valor…"
Disclaimer at the end of opening credits
"This production has its basis in history.
The historical basis, however, has been
fictionalized for the purposes of this picture
and the names of many characters, many
characters themselves, the story, incidents
and institutions, are fictitious. With the
exception of known historical characters,
whose actual names are herein used, no
identification with actual persons, living
or dead, is intended or should be inferred".
Reception
Box Office
The film was a massive hit in Japan.
According to Warner Bros.' accounts, the film was the studio's most expensive and most popular film of 1936, earning $1,454,000 domestically and $1,928,000 in foreign markets.
Critical
Filmink magazine wrote that "If you think that story sounds silly, you’d be right and it doesn’t come across any less so on screen" but thought the film was redeemed by Flynn and its action sequences.
Awards
Jack Sullivan won the Academy Award for Best Assistant Director for his work on the film, and it was also nominated for the Academy Award for Sound (Nathan Levinson) and the Academy Award for Original Music Score.
See also
List of American films of 1936
References
External links
1936 films
American black-and-white films
British Empire war films
1930s English-language films
Crimean War films
Films scored by Max Steiner
Films based on poems
Films based on works by Alfred, Lord Tennyson
Films directed by Michael Curtiz
Films set in the British Raj
Films set in 1854
War films based on actual events
Warner Bros. films
Animal cruelty incidents in film
1930s war films
Films produced by Samuel Bischoff
Films produced by Hal B. Wallis
American historical films
1930s historical films
Films set in Kolkata
1930s American films
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Charge%20of%20the%20Light%20Brigade%20%281936%20film%29
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Elections to Rochdale Council were held on 7 May 1998. One third of the council was up for election and the Labour Party kept overall control of the council where they defeated the Liberal Democrats in 1996.
After the election, the composition of the council was:
Labour 36
Liberal Democrat 18
Conservative 6
Election result
References
"Council poll results", The Guardian 9 May 1998 page 16
1998 English local elections
1998
1990s in Greater Manchester
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998%20Rochdale%20Metropolitan%20Borough%20Council%20election
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The Privilege of Koszyce or Privilege of Kassa was a set of concessions made by Louis I of Hungary to the Polish szlachta (nobility) in 1374. The privileges were granted in Kassa, Kingdom of Hungary (; now Košice, Slovakia). In exchange, one of Louis's daughters (Catherine, Mary or Jadwiga) was to ascend the throne of Poland after his death.
The szlachta obtained the following privileges:
release from the obligation to pay tribute, with the exception of a nominal or token of two groschen from one field, to the monarch;
release from the duty to build and repair castles, except for those nobles holding territory in eastern Poland, where the threat from Russia was significant;
the restriction of eligibility for certain offices to persons of Polish (as opposed to Lithuanian, Hungarian, or other) ethnicity;
payment of soldiers' wages to the szlachta who personally fought in military campaigns;
release from the duty to build towns and bridges;
release from the duty to provide food, lodging, and other accommodations for the king and his court when he was traveling within the kingdom.
Louis's promising of the privileges was a success, as his youngest daughter Jadwiga eventually succeeded her father as monarch of Poland after the Greater Poland Civil War. Hungarian influence in Poland waned, as one of the conditions for Jadwiga's ascention to the Polish throne was the end of the Polish-Hungarian Union. Louis might have intended for the privileges to be rescindend, but his death prevented that from happening.
The privileges gave a significant power boost to the szlachta and influenced the Polish government for centuries.
References
External links
Multi-language translation of the document
History of Košice
1370s in law
1374 in Europe
14th century in Poland
14th century in Hungary
Legal history of Poland
Succession acts
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privilege%20of%20Koszyce
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Crock is an American comic strip created by Bill Rechin and Brant Parker depicting the French Foreign Legion. Distributed by King Features Syndicate, the strip began in 1975 and ended in May 2012. , it appeared in 250 newspapers in 14 countries.
Don Wilder took over the writing duties in 1976 as Parker returned his focus to The Wizard of Id. Following the death of Bill Rechin in May 2011, the strip was drawn by Kevin Rechin and written by Bob Morgan, who is Rechin's brother-in-law. Publication of new Crock strips ended with the May 20, 2012, Sunday comic, though reprints of older strips by Bill Rechin have continued to run.
Characters and story
King Features describes Crock as "the greatest and longest-running parody of the Foreign Legion classic, Beau Geste," written in 1924 by P. C. Wren and filmed several times. The comic strip is set in the middle of a barren desert at a desolate fort, where the tyrannical and corrupt Commandant Vermin P. Crock rules over a curious group of beleaguered legionnaires. The characters include:
the cowardly Captain Poulet (French for chicken),
the simple-minded Maggot who digs and digs,
Figowitz (who just wants a kind word),
Le Cesspool owner Grossie (Le Cesspool is a favorite, though dilapidated hangout for the characters) who is married to Maggot,
the narcissistic Preppie,
Mario the Bartender,
Jules Schmesse who is always about to be executed,
the Arab horde and their stone god Nebookanezzer, who resembles a moai,
the ancient sage, never seen, who lives in a cave and dispenses wisdom and sarcasm,
the men of Outpost 5,
the Bookmobile,
the men being punished in the heat boxes,
Quench the ever-dry camel,
the Lost Patrol who have been wandering the desert for 20 years, trying to find their way back to the fort.
TV appearance
A live action Crock sketch was included in the special Mother's Day Sunday Funnies broadcast May 8, 1983 on NBC.
Theme park
Crock is featured in the Universal Studios Florida theme park Islands of Adventure, where Crock's fort is part of Toon Extra in Toon Lagoon.
References
American comic strips
Gag-a-day comics
1975 comics debuts
2012 comics endings
French Foreign Legion in popular culture
Military comics
Parody comics
Parodies of films
Parodies of literature
Comics set in Africa
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crock%20%28comic%20strip%29
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The Best Of is a compilation album by Delerium, released on Nettwerk in 2004. The album collects most of the band's singles up to this point. In addition, it contains the album tracks "Terra Firma", "Run for It" (never released as a single, but included as a radio edit), and "Remembrance", as well as the previously unreleased songs "Paris" and "You & I".
A new remix of "Silence" served as the new single released from the album.
Track listing
"Flowers Become Screens" (edit) (featuring Kristy Thirsk)
"Silence" (radio edit) (featuring Sarah McLachlan)
"Paris" (featuring Aude)
"Truly" (The Wise Radio Edit) (featuring Nerina Pallot)
"Terra Firma" (featuring Aude)
"Incantation" (edit) (featuring Kristy Thirsk)
"After All" (radio edit) (featuring Jaël of Lunik)
"Underwater" (Above & Beyond's 21st Century Remix) (featuring Rani)
"Run for It" (radio edit) (featuring Leigh Nash)
"Remembrance" (edit)
"You & I" (featuring Zoë Johnston)
"Innocente" (edit) (featuring Leigh Nash)
"Euphoria (Firefly)" (radio edit) (featuring Jacqui Hunt)
"Silence" (Above & Beyond's 21st Century Remix) (featuring Sarah McLachlan)
References
Nettwerk Records Delerium discography (no longer found) (The Internet Archive's last archive as of 2007/10/14)
2004 compilation albums
Delerium albums
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Best%20Of%20%28Delerium%20album%29
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This is a list of schools with dedicated or teaching programs in diplomacy
Africa
Cameroon
University of Yaoundé: International Relations Institute of Cameroon located in Yaoundé
University of Yaounde 2 : International relations and strategic studies
Egypt
Cairo University: Faculty of Economics and Political Science located in Giza
Mansoura University: located in Mansoura
American University in Cairo: Political Science Department and the School of Global Affairs and Public Policy located in Cairo
Helwan University: Faculty of Commerce and Business Administration Department of International Relations located in Cairo
Pharos University in Alexandria: Faculty of Legal Studies and International Relations ions located in Alexandria
British University in Cairo: Political Science Department located in Cairo
Future University: Political Science Department located in Cairo
Ghana
Ridgeway School of Diplomacy: located in Accra Ghana.
University of Ghana: Legon Center for International Affairs and Diplomacy located in Accra
Kenya
United States International University: school of humanities and social sciences, Bachelor of Arts in international relations
University of Nairobi: Institute of Diplomacy and International Studies located in Nairobi
Maseno University: School of Development and Strategic Studies, Bachelor of Arts in International Relations and Diplomacy, with IT located in Kisumu
Liberia
University of Liberia: Ibrahim B. Babangida Graduate School of International Relations located in Monrovia
Morocco
Al Akhawayn University: School of Humanities and Social Sciences located in Ifrane
Mozambique
Higher Institute of International Relations: Located in Maputo, www.isri.co.mz
South Africa
Rhodes University: Faculty of Humanities located in Grahamstown
Stellenbosch University: Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences located in Stellenbosch
University of Cape Town: Faculty of Humanities located in Cape Town
University of KwaZulu-Natal: School of Politics located in Pietermaritzburg
University of Pretoria: Faculty of Humanities located in Pretoria
University of the Witwatersrand: School of Social Sciences located in Johannesburg
Sudan
University of Khartoum: Faculty of Economic and Social Studies located in Khartoum
Asia
Bangladesh
Bangladesh University of Professionals, Dhaka
Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Science and Technology University Gopalganj, Dhaka
Jahangirnagar University, established 1999, Savar, Dhaka, founder: Ataur Rahman Khan
University of Chittagong
University of Dhaka established the first department of international relations in South Asia, in the academic year 1947–48.
University of Rajshahi has Bangladesh's second oldest department of international relations, established in 1998.
China
China Foreign Affairs University (formerly Foreign Affairs College)
City University of Hong Kong
Fudan University - School of International and Public Affairs
Hopkins-Nanjing Center
Peking University - Department of International Relations
Renmin University - Department of International Relations
Shanghai International Studies University
Tsinghua University - Department of International Relations
University of International Relations
Guangdong University of Foreign Studies
Beijing International Studies University
Sichuan International Studies University
Xi'an International Studies University
Dalian University of Foreign Languages
Nepal
Tribhuvan University, Master's Programme in International Relations and Diplomacy (MIRD)
Mid-Western University
India
Symbiosis School of International Studies,(Symbiosis International University) Pune
Jamia Millia Islamia, MMAJ Academy of International Studies
Aligarh Muslim University, Faculty of International Studies
Annamalai University, Tamil Nadu
Central University of Gujarat
Central University of South Bihar
Central University of Jharkhand Center For International Relations
Central University of Punjab
Centre for International Relations, Islamic University of Science and Technology, Jammu and Kashmir.
Jadavpur University
Jawaharlal Nehru University, School of International Studies
Jindal School of International Affairs, National Capital Region of Delhi
Mahatma Gandhi University
Manipal University
Pondicherry University
School of Global Studies, Department of International Relations, Central University of Kerala, Kasargod
School of Liberal Studies, Pandit Deendayal Petroleum University
Sikkim University (central university), Sikkim
South Asian University, New Delhi
Stella Maris College, Chennai, Tamil Nadu
Symbiosis School for Liberal Arts, (Symbiosis International University) Pune
University of Madras, School of Politics and International Studies
Christ University Bengaluru, M.A. International Studies
M.A. in International Relations, Maharaja's College, Mysore
University of Rajasthan - Main Website
S.S. Jain Subodh P.G. (Autonomous) College Jaipur
Indonesia
Airlangga University, Faculty of Politics and Social Science Studies
Andalas University, Faculty of Politics and Social Science Studies
Bakrie university, Faculty of Economics and Social Sciences
Bina Nusantara University, Faculty of Humanities
Diponegoro University, Faculty of Political and Social Sciences
Gadjah Mada University, Faculty of Political and Social Science Studies
Hasanuddin University, Faculty of social sciences
Jenderal Ahmad Yani University, Faculty of Politics and Social Sciences
Jenderal Soedirman University, Faculty of Politics and Social Science Studies
Muhammadiyah University of Yogyakarta, Faculty of Political and Social Science Studies
Mulawarman University, Faculty of politics and social science studies
National Development University "Veteran" Yogyakarta, Faculty of Social and Political Sciences
Padjajaran University, Faculty of Politics and Social Science
Parahyangan Catholic University, Faculty of Politics and Social Science Studies
Paramadina University, Faculty of Philosophy and Civilization
Pasundan University, Faculty of Politics and Social Science Studies
Pelita Harapan University, Faculty of Social and Political Sciences Studies
Pertamina University, Faculty of Communication and Diplomacy
President University, Faculty of Business Administration and International Relations
Respati University of Yogyakarta, Faculty of Social Sciences and Economics
State Islamic University, Syarif Hidayatullah, Faculty of Social and Political Sciences
University of Indonesia, Faculty of Politics and Social Science Studies
University of Jember, Faculty of Political and Social Science Studies
Udayana University, Faculty of Social and Political Sciences
Japan
Asia University
International Christian University
International University of Japan
National Graduate Institute for Policy Studies
Nihon University
Ritsumeikan University
University of Tsukuba
Malaysia
International Islamic University Malaysia, PhD in Political Science
National University of Malaysia, Institute for Malaysian and International Studies
National University of Malaysia, School of History, Politics and Strategic Studies
University of Malaya, Department of International and Strategyc Studies
Universiti Malaysia Sabah, School of Social Science
Universiti Utara Malaysia, Kedah, School of International Studies
Monash University Malaysia, School of Arts and Social Sciences
Pakistan
Department of International Relations, Bahria University, Islamabad
Institute of Business Management Karachi School of International Relations
International Islamic University, Islamabad Department of International Relations
Iqra University
Kinnaird College Department of International Relations
Lahore College for Women University, Lahore Department of International Relations
National Defence University, Islamabad Department of International Relations, Faculty of Contemporary Studies
National University of Modern Languages Department of International relations
Preston University Islamabad
Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, School of Politics and International Relations
University of Karachi Department of International Relations and Political Science
University of Peshawar Department of International relations
Philippines
Ateneo de Davao University
Ateneo School of Social Sciences and Ateneo School of Government
Cavite State University
Centro Escolar University
College of the Holy Spirit
De La Salle – College of Saint Benilde – School of Multidisciplinary Studies
De La Salle University College of Liberal Arts
Far Eastern University
Liceo de Cagayan University
Lyceum of the Philippines University – College of International Relations (AB Foreign Service major in Diplomacy/International Trade)
Manuel L. Quezon University
Mindanao State University – Main Campus, Marawi City
Miriam College
New Era University
Philippine Women's University
RC Al-Khwarizmi International College – College of Diplomacy and International Relations, Marawi City
University of Asia and the Pacific-Political Economy Program with Specialization in International Relations and Development
University of Manila – Department of Foreign Service
University of St. La Salle
University of San Agustin
University of San Jose – Recoletos
University of Santo Tomas Faculty of Arts and Letters
University of Southern Mindanao
University of the East – College of Arts and Science
University of the Philippines College of Social Sciences and Philosophy
Xavier University – Ateneo de Cagayan
Singapore
Lee Kuan Yew School of Public Policy, National University of Singapore
S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies, Nanyang Technological University
South Korea
Ewha Womans University
Hankuk University of Foreign Studies
Korea University
Kyunghee University
Sogang University
Yonsei University
Sri Lanka
Bandaranaike International Diplomatic Training Institute
Lakshman Kadirgamar Institute of International Relations and Strategic Studies
Taiwan
Department of Political Science, National Taiwan University (國立臺灣大學)
College of International Affairs, National Chengchi University (國立政治大學)
Institute of Political Science, National Sun Yat-sen University (國立中山大學)
Graduate Institute of International Politics, National Chung Hsing University (國立中興大學)
Institute of Strategy and International Affairs, National Chung Cheng University (國立中正大學)
Graduate School of International Affairs, Ming Chuan University (銘傳大學)
Graduate Institute of International Affairs and Strategic Studies, Tamkang University (淡江大學)
Tajikistan
Tajik National University
Russian-Tajik Slavonic University
Lomonosov Moscow State University branch
University of Central Asia
Tajikistan Humanitarian International University
Technological University of Tajikistan
Thailand
Mahidol University (Department of International Relations and Global Affairs)
College of Politics and Governance, Mahasarakham University (The Department of International Relations)
Faculty of Political Science, Chulalongkorn University (The Department of International Relations)
International College, Khonkaen University (The Department of International Relations)
Faculty of Political Science, Ramkhamheang University (The Department of International Relations)
Faculty of Political Science, Thammasat University (The Department of International Relations)
Kasetsart University
Srinakharinwirot University
Turkmenistan
Institute of International Relations
International University of Humanities and Development
Vietnam
Diplomatic Academy of Vietnam
University of Social Sciences and Humanities - Vietnam National University
Hanoi University
Ho Chi Minh City University of Foreign Languages and Information Technology (HUFLIT)
Ho Chi Minh City University of Social Sciences and Humanities
University of Economy and Finance- UEF
Europe
Austria
Diplomatic Academy of Vienna (DA)
Belgium
College of Europe, Bruges
Saint-Louis University, Brussels, Brussels
UCLouvain, Louvain-la-Neuve
UCLouvain FUCaM Mons, Mons
University of Liège, Liège
University of Antwerp, Antwerp
Vesalius College, Brussels
KU Leuven, Leuven
Belarus
Belarusian State University, Minsk
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Faculty of Political Science, University of Sarajevo
Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences, International University of Sarajevo
Faculty of Political Science, University of Banja Luka
Bulgaria
Sofia University, Sofia
University of National and World Economy, Sofia
South-West University "Neofit Rilski", Blagoevgrad
Croatia
Dubrovnik International University, Dubrovnik,
University College of International Relations and Diplomacy Dag Hammarskjöld, Zagreb,
Czech Republic
Charles University, Prague
Masaryk University, Brno
Metropolitan University Prague
Palacky University, Olomouc
University of Economics, Prague
Denmark
Aarhus University
Estonia
Tallinn University
Tallinn University of Technology
University of Tartu
France
American Graduate School in Paris (AGS), Paris
Centre d'Etudes Diplomatiques et Stratégiques (CEDS), Paris
Écoles des Hautes Études Internationales et Politiques,(HEI-HEP) Paris
École Nationale d'Administration (ÉNA), Strasbourg
, (IRIS) Paris.
Institut libre d'étude des relations internationales,(ILERI), Paris
Institute of Higher International Studies, Paris
Sciences Po Paris (formally known as Institut d'Études Politiques de Paris), Paris, and in particular its specific department, the Paris School of International Affairs
Institut d'Etudes Politiques de Lyon (Sciences Po Lyon)
Sciences Po Strasbourg
Sciences Po Lille
Sciences Po Grenoble
Université Lyon 3
Schiller International University (SIU), Paris
The American University of Paris (AUP), Paris
Germany
Hochschule Rhein-Waal, Cleves
Ostbayerische Technische Hochschule Regensburg (OTH), Regensburg
School of International Studies of the Dresden University of Technology
Schiller International University (SIU), Heidelberg
Universität Erfurt, Erfurt
Hungary
Andrássy Gyula German Language University of Budapest, Budapest
Central European University (CEU), Budapest
Corvinus University of Budapest, Budapest
Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest
University of Szeged, Szeged
Italy
Bologna Center of the Johns Hopkins University Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies (SAIS)
Ca' Foscari University of Venice – School of International Relations
European University Institute (EUI), Florence
Institute for International Political Studies (ISPI), Milan
Italian Society for International Organizations (SIOI), Rome
Luiss School of Government, Rome
NATO Defense College (NDC), Rome
St. John's University MA in Government and Politics - International Affairs, Rome
United Nations System Staff College (UNSSC), Turin
University of Bologna – School of Political Science "R. Ruffilli", Forlì Campus
University of Florence – School of Political Science "Cesare Alfieri"
University of Milan – School of Political Science
University of Padua – School of Political Science
University of Pavia – School of Political Science
University of Salento – Faculty of Education, Political and Social sciences
University of Trieste – School of International and Diplomatic Studies (SID), Gorizia Campus
University of Trento – School of International Studies
Lithuania
Vilnius University Institute of International Relations and Political Science (TSPMI), Vilnius
Vytautas Magnus University Faculty of Political Science and Diplomacy (PMDF), Kaunas
The Netherlands
University of Groningen, Groningen
University of Leiden, Leiden
Netherlands Institute of International Relations Clingendael, The Hague
Poland
College of Europe, Natolin Campus
Collegium Civitas
Maria Curie-Skłodowska University
Jagiellonian University
University of Warsaw
University of Wrocław
Lazarski University
Portugal
Catholic University of Portugal, Lisbon
- Institute of Political Studies
University of Coimbra, Coimbra
- Faculty of Economics
University of Évora, Évora
- School of Social Sciences
University of Lisbon, Lisbon
- School of Social and Political Sciences
University of Porto, Porto
- Faculty of Arts and Humanities
New University of Lisbon, Lisbon
- Faculty of Social and Human Sciences
University of Minho, Braga
University of Beira Interior, Covilhã
Autonomous University of Lisbon, Lisbon
Lusíada University, Lisbon
Lusíada University of Porto, Porto
Lusophone University of Humanities and Technologies, Lisbon
Portucalense University Infante D. Henrique, Porto
Fernando Pessoa University, Porto
Russia
Diplomatic Academy of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation
Far Eastern Federal University
Moscow State Institute of International Relations
Moscow State Linguistic University
N. I. Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod
People's Friendship University of Russia
Saint Petersburg State University, School of International Relations
Tomsk State University, Department of International Relations
Serbia
Academy of Diplomacy and Security, Belgrade
University of Belgrade, Faculty of Political Sciences located in Belgrade
Slovakia
Faculty of International Relations, University of Economics in Bratislava, Bratislava
Matej Bel School of Political Sciences and International Relations, Banská Bystrica
Slovenia
Faculty of Social Sciences: Ljubljana
Spain
Diplomatic School of Spain, Madrid
IE School of International Relations, Madrid
Institut Barcelona d'Estudis Internacionals, Barcelona
Schiller International University (SIU), Madrid
Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona
Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Madrid
Universidad Europea, Madrid & Valencia
Universidad Loyola de Andalucía, Andalucía
Universidad de Deusto, Bilbao & San Sebastián
Switzerland
Geneva School of Diplomacy and International Relations
Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies (IHEID), Geneva
University of Geneva
University of St. Gallen
Webster University Geneva
Turkey
Ankara University
Bilkent University
Galatasaray University
Istanbul Bilgi University
Koç University
Middle East Technical University: Department of International Relations located in Ankara
Özyeğin University
United Kingdom
Aberystwyth University
Durham University, School of Government and International Affairs
Exeter University
Goldsmiths, University of London
Keele University
Lancaster University
London School of Economics and Political Science
Loughborough University
Nottingham Trent University
Oxford University
Richmond, The American International University in London
Royal Holloway College
Schiller International University (SIU), London
School of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS)
Swansea University
University of Aberdeen
University of Birmingham
University of Bristol
University of Cambridge
University of Edinburgh
University of Derby
University of East Anglia
University of Essex
University of Kent
University of Leeds
University of Leicester
University of London
University of Manchester
University of Northampton
University of Plymouth
University of Portsmouth
University of St. Andrews
University of Sussex
University of York
University of Warwick
University of Westminster
Nottingham Trent University
London Metropolitan University
Oxford Brookes University
Americas
Argentina
Pontificia Universidad Católica Argentina located in Buenos Aires
Universidad Nacional de San Martín located in San Martín, Buenos Aires
Universidad del Salvador located in Buenos Aires
Brazil
Bahia
Universidade Salvador (UNIFACS) in Salvador
Distrito Federal
Institute of International Relations at University of Brasília in Brasília
Rio Branco Institute (IRBr) in Brasília
Uniprojeção Brasilia
Universidade Católica de Brasília (UCB) in Brasília
Goiás
Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Goiás (PUC-Goiás) in Goiânia
Mato Grosso do Sul
Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados (UFGD) in Dourados
Minas Gerais
Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Minas Gerais (PUC-MG) in Belo Horizonte
Universidade Federal de Uberlândia (UFU) in Uberlândia
Paraíba
Centro de Ciências Biológicas e Sociais Applicadas (CCBSA) at State University of Paraíba (UEPB) in João Pessoa
Federal University of Paraíba (UFPB) in João Pessoa
Pernambuco
Faculdade Damas da Instrução Cristã (FADIC) in Recife
Rio de Janeiro
Instituto Brasileiro de Mercado de Capitais (Ibmec) in Rio de Janeiro
Universidade Cândido Mendes (UCAM) in Rio de Janeiro
Universidade Estácio de Sá (Estácio, S.A.) in Rio de Janeiro
Centro Federal de Educação Tecnológica (CEFET-RJ) in Rio de Janeiro
Centro Universitário IBMR (IBMR) in Rio de Janeiro
Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro (PUC-Rio) in Rio de Janeiro
Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro (UFRRJ) in Seropédica
Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ) in Rio de Janeiro
Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UERJ) in Rio de Janeiro
Rio Grande do Sul
Núcleo PRISMA - International Relations Research Center at Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM) in Santa Maria
Mercosur's Integration Center at Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPEL) in Pelotas
Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul in Porto Alegre
Universidade La Salle (Unilasalle) in Canoas
Universidade Federal do Rio Grande (FURG) in Santa Vitória do Palmar
Roraima
Universidade Federal de Roraima (UFRR) in Boa Vista
Santa Catarina
Universidade do Sul de Santa Catarina (UNISUL) in Florianópolis
Centro Universitário Curitiba (UniCuritiba) in Curitiba
Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC) in Florianópolis
Universidade do Vale do Itajaí (UNIVALI) in Itajaí
São Paulo
Centro Universitário Senac in São Paulo
Universidade Federal do ABC (UFABC) in Santo André
Fundação Armando Alvares Penteado (FAAP) in São Paulo
Fundação Escola de Comércio Álvares Penteado (FECAP) in São Paulo
Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) in Franca and Marília
Institute of International Relations and Group of International Conjuncture Analysis at University of São Paulo (USP) in São Paulo
Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo (PUC-SP) in São Paulo
Faculdades Metropolitanas Unidas (FMU) in São Paulo
Escola Superior de Propaganda e Marketing (ESPM) in São Paulo
Faculdades Integradas Rio Branco in São Paulo
Escola Paulista de Política, Economia e Negócios at Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP) in Osasco
Centro de Relações Internacionais at Faculdades Campinas (FACAMP) in Campinas
Sergipe
Universidade Federal de Sergipe (UFS) in Aracaju
Canada
Alberta
Department of Political Science - University of Calgary: BA in International Relations
British Columbia
Department of International Studies - University of Northern British Columbia: BA in International Studies; MA in International Studies
Liu Institute for Global Issues - University of British Columbia: BA in International Relations
UBC Graduate School - University of British Columbia: Master's of Public Policy and Global Affairs:
School of International Studies - Simon Fraser University: BA in International Studies; MA in International Studies
Ontario
Balsillie School of International Affairs - University of Waterloo & Wilfrid Laurier University: MA in Global Governance; MA in International Public Policy; Ph.D. in Global Governance
Glendon School of Public and International Affairs - Glendon College (autonomous college of York University): MA in Public International Affairs
Graduate School of Public and International Affairs - University of Ottawa: BSocSc in Conflict Studies and Human Rights; MA in Public and International Affairs
Department of Political Science - McMaster University: MA in International Relations; Ph.D. in International Relations
Munk School of Global Affairs and Public Policy - University of Toronto: BA in International Relations; MA in Global Affairs
Norman Paterson School of International Affairs - Carleton University: MA in International Affairs; Ph.D. in International Affairs
Department of History & Department of Political Science - University of Western Ontario: BA in International Relations
Department of Political Science - University of Windsor: BA in International Relations and Development Studies
Québec
Institute for Advanced International Studies - Université Laval: MA in International Studies; Ph.D. in International Studies
Centre for International Studies (CÉRIUM) - Université de Montréal: BA in International Studies;
The Montreal Institute of International Studies - Université du Québec à Montréal: BA in International Relations and International Law
Saskatchewan
Department of Political Science and the International Studies - University of Regina: BA in International Studies
Colombia
Universidad Jorge Tadeo Lozano (Faculty of International Relations) Located in Bogotá.
Universidad Externado de Colombia Government and International Relations faculty in Colombia. Located in Bogotá, Colombia.
Universidad Externado de Colombia (Faculty of Finance, Public Affairs and International Relations) located in Bogotá
Pontificia Universidad Javeriana (Faculty of Social Sciences, International Relations) located in Bogotá
Universidad del Rosario (Faculty of International Relations) Located in Bogotá
Universidad Militar Nueva Granada (Faculty of Internacional Relations and Political Studies) located in Bogotá.
Costa Rica
United Nations University for Peace
Universidad Nacional, School for International Relations
Mexico
Oaxaca
Institute of International Relations Isidro Fabela at Universidad del Mar
Mexico City
Centre of International Studies at El Colegio de México
Department of International Studies at Monterrey Institute of Technology and Higher Education, Campus Ciudad de México
Bachelor in International Relations at Universidad del Valle de Mexico
Department of International Relations at Universidad Iberoamericana
Bachelor in International Relations at Centro de Investigación y Docencia Económicas
School of International Relations at Universidad Anáhuac del Norte
International Relations Centre, at Political and Social Sciences School (CRI-FCPyS) at National Autonomous University of Mexico
Department of International Studies Instituto Tecnológico Autónomo de México
Jalisco
Department of International Studies (Centro Universitario de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades) at University of Guadalajara located in Guadalajara
Department of Asia-Pacific Studies (Centro Universitario de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades) at University of Guadalajara located in Guadalajara
Department of Latin American Studies (Centro Universitario de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades) at University of Guadalajara located in Guadalajara
Division of Social Sciences and Humanities at Monterrey Institute of Technology and Higher Education, Campus Guadalajara
Bachelor in International Relations at Western Institute of Technology and Higher Education
Bachelor in International Relations at Universidad Autónoma de Guadalajara
Bachelor in International Relations at Universidad del Valle de Mexico
Nuevo León
Department of International Relations and Political Science at Monterrey Institute of Technology and Higher Education, Campus Monterrey
Faculty of Political Science and Public Administration at Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León
Puebla
Department of International Relations and Political Science (DRICP) at Universidad de las Américas Puebla
Faculty of Law and Social Sciences at Autonomous University of Puebla
Panamá
Universidad de Panamá located in Panama City
Perú
Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú located in Lima
Academia Diplomática del Perú located in Lima
Universidad San Ignacio de Loyola located in Lima
Uruguay
Universidad de la Republica
United States
Venezuela
Universidad Central de Venezuela, School of International Studies located in Caracas
Universidad Santa María:, School of International Studies located in Caracas
Middle East
Iran
School of International Relations
Iraq
American University of Iraq located in Sulaymaniyah
University of Baghdad: College of Political Sciences located in Baghdad
University of Mosul: College of Political Sciences located in Mosul
plaestine
Jerusalem Faculty of Political Science
Haifa Diplomatic University
Jordan
University of Jordan: Faculty of International Studies located in Amman
Kuwait
American University of Kuwait located in Kuwait City
Lebanon
Lebanese American University: School of Arts and Sciences located in Beirut and Byblos
Notre Dame University - Louaize: Faculty of Political Science, Public Administration & Diplomacy located in Zouk Mosbeh
University of Balamand: Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences located in El-Koura
Palestine
Al-Quds University: The Al Quds Bard Honors College located in Jerusalem
Qatar
Qatar University: College of Arts and Sciences located in Doha
Georgetown University School of Foreign Service in Qatar located in Doha
Syria
University of Kalamoon: Faculty of Diplomatic Sciences and International Relations located in Damascus
United Arab Emirates
American University of Sharjah: College of Arts and Sciences located in Sharjah
Paris-Sorbonne University Abu Dhabi located in Abu Dhabi
Zayed University: College of Arts and Sciences located in Abu Dhabi and Dubai
University of Sharjah: College of Arts, Humanities and Social Sciences.
American University Of Dubai
Oceania
Australia
Australian Capital Territory
Australian National University: School of Politics and International Relations located in Canberra
Australian National University: Asia-Pacific School of Diplomacy located in Canberra
Australian National University: ANU College of Asia and the Pacific located in Canberra
Australian National University: ANU Centre for Arab and Islamic Studies located in Canberra
New South Wales
Macquarie University: Macquarie University Faculty of Arts located in Sydney
University of New South Wales: School of Social Sciences and International Studies located in Sydney
University of Sydney: School of Social and Political Sciences located in Sydney
Queensland
University of Queensland: Faculty of Social and Behavioural Sciences located in Brisbane
Tasmania
University of Tasmania: School of Government located in Hobart
Victoria
La Trobe University: School of Social Sciences located in Melbourne
Monash University: Monash University Faculty of Arts located in Melbourne
RMIT University: School of Global, Urban and Social Studies located in Melbourne
University of Melbourne: School of Social and Political Sciences located in Melbourne
South Australia
University of Adelaide: Faculty of Humanities & Social Science located in Adelaide
Western Australia
University of Western Australia: School of Social and Cultural Studies located in Perth
New Zealand
University of Auckland: University of Auckland Faculty of Arts located in Auckland
University of Canterbury: School of Social and Political Sciences located in Christchurch
Victoria University of Wellington, located in the country's capital, Wellington
See also
Association of Professional Schools of International Affairs
References
International relations
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20schools%20of%20international%20relations
|
Gerda Weissmann Klein (May 8, 1924 – April 3, 2022) was a Polish-born American writer and human rights activist. Her autobiographical account of the Holocaust, All But My Life (1957), was adapted for the 1995 short film, One Survivor Remembers, which received an Academy Award and an Emmy Award, and was selected for the National Film Registry. She married Kurt Klein (1920–2002) in 1946.
The Kleins became advocates of Holocaust education and human rights, dedicating most of their lives to promoting tolerance and community service. A naturalized U.S. citizen, Gerda Weissmann Klein also founded Citizenship Counts, a nonprofit organization that champions the value and responsibilities of American citizenship. She has served on the governing board of the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, which features her testimony in a permanent exhibit.
On February 15, 2011, Klein was presented with the Presidential Medal of Freedom, the highest civilian award in the United States.
Early life
Gerda Weissmann, the second child of manufacturing executive Julius Weissmann and Helene (née Mueckenbrunn) Weissmann, was born May 8, 1924, in Bielsko (now Bielsko-Biała), Poland. She attended Notre Dame Gymnasium in Bielsko until the Germans invaded Poland in 1939. Both of her parents and her older brother Arthur (b. 1919) were murdered in the Holocaust.
Life under the Nazis
On September 3, 1939, German troops invaded fifteen-year-old Weissmann's home in Bielsko, Poland. Shortly after the invasion began, the family received a telegram from Gerda's uncle saying the Germans were advancing quickly, and the family should leave Poland immediately. They stayed because Gerda's father had suffered a heart attack. His doctors advised that he not be moved or subjected to undue stress.
In 1942, Julius Weissmann was sent to a death camp where he was murdered. Not long afterwards, the ghetto where Weissmann Klein and her mother lived was liquidated. Helene Weissman was forced into a group slated for a death camp; Gerda, deemed fit for work, was sent to a labor camp. As she and others boarded trucks, Gerda jumped out in a frantic effort to reunite with her mother. According to Weissmann Klein's account, Moshe Merin, head of the local Jewish Council Judenrat, threw her back in her truck, saying "You are too young to die."
Liberation
In May 1945, Weissmann was liberated by forces of the United States Army in Volary, Czechoslovakia; these forces included Lieutenant Kurt Klein, who was born in Germany. A teenage Klein immigrated to the United States in 1937 to escape Nazism. Klein's parents were murdered at Auschwitz concentration camp. When Kurt Klein first encountered Gerda Weissmann, who was one day short of her 21st birthday, she was white-haired, weighed 68 pounds, and dressed in rags. When she hesitantly informed Klein she was a Jew, he emotionally revealed that he was Jewish as well. After a courtship of several months, Gerda and Kurt were engaged in September 1945. Diplomatic and immigration restrictions delayed their wedding for a year, but Kurt finally returned to Europe from the U.S. in 1946 and they were married in Paris.
Life after the war
After the war, the Kleins moved to and raised three children in Buffalo, New York, where Kurt ran a printing business and Gerda became a writer and spent 17 years as a columnist for The Buffalo News.
The documentary, One Survivor Remembers, (1995) based on Gerda Klein's autobiography, All But My Life, produced and directed by Kary Antholis, and distributed by HBO Films, won the 1995 Academy Award for Best Documentary (Short Subject). After Antholis delivered his acceptance speech, Weissmann Klein stepped up to the podium and delivered her own set of remarks:
I have been in a place for six incredible years where winning meant a crust of bread and to live another day. Since the blessed day of my liberation I have asked the question, why am I here? I am no better. In my mind's eye I see those years and days and those who never lived to see the magic of a boring evening at home. On their behalf I wish to thank you for honoring their memory, and you cannot do it in any better way than when you return to your homes tonight to realize that each of you who know the joy of freedom are winners.
Weissmann Klein has published several memoirs and children's stories, including The Windsor Caper (2013), a weekly serial in The Buffalo News during the 1980s, about two American girls who have a night-time adventure in Windsor Castle, England. Weissmann Klein describes it as her only work that is "not rooted in pain".
Weissmann Klein lived in Buffalo for several decades until her husband Kurt retired and they moved to Arizona in 1985 to be closer to their children and grandchildren. She died in Phoenix on April 3, 2022, at the age of 97.
Awards and recognition
Presidential Medal of Freedom
On February 15, 2011, President Barack Obama presented Weissmann Klein and 14 other recipients with the 2010 Presidential Medal of Freedom, the highest civilian award in the United States. At the ceremony in the East Room of the White House, President Obama announced, "This year's Medal of Freedom recipients reveal the best of who we are and who we aspire to be." He stated the following as Klein was presented with her Presidential Medal of Freedom:
By the time she was 21, Gerda Klein had spent six years living under Nazi rule—three of them in concentration camps. Her parents and brother had been taken away. Her best friend had died in her arms during a death march. And she weighed only when she was found by American forces in an abandoned bicycle factory. But Gerda survived. She married the soldier who rescued her. And ever since—as an author, a historian, and a crusader for tolerance—she has taught the world that it is often in our most hopeless moments that we discover the extent of our strength and the depth of our love.
President Obama then read a statement from Weissmann Klein: "I pray you never stand at any crossroads in your own lives, but if you do, if the darkness seems so total, if you think there is no way out, remember, never ever give up."
Additional recognition
Weissmann Klein was selected to be the keynote speaker at the United Nations' first annual International Holocaust Remembrance Day in January 2006. She spoke to school children and traveled the world to spread her message of tolerance and hope, meeting with world leaders. In 1996, Weissmann Klein received the international Lion of Judah award in Jerusalem. She received an honorary doctorate in Humane Letters from Rosary Hill College in 1975.
In 1997, President Bill Clinton appointed Weissmann Klein to the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum's Governing Council. In 2007, the museum bestowed Weissmann Klein with its highest honor at The Arizona Biltmore before 1,000 guests. She was inducted into the Arizona Women's Hall of Fame in 2021.
Bibliography
1957: All But My Life. New York: Hill & Wang, 1957, expanded edition 1995. .
1974: The Blue Rose. Photographs by Norma Holt. New York: L. Hill, 1974. .
1981: Promise of a New Spring: The Holocaust and Renewal. Illustrated by Vincent Tartaro. Chappaqua, N.Y.: Rossel Books, 1981. .
1984: A Passion for Sharing: The Life of Edith Rosenwald Stern. Chappaqua, N.Y.: Rossel, 1984. .
1986: Peregrinations: Adventures with the Green Parrot. Illustrations by Chabela. Buffalo, N.Y.: Josephine Goodyear Committee, 1986. .
2000: The Hours After: Letters of Love and Longing in the War's Aftermath. Written with Kurt Klein. New York: St. Martin's Press, 2000. .
2004: A Boring Evening at Home. Washington, D.C.: Leading Authorities Press, 2004. .
2007: Wings of EPOH. Illustrated by Peter Reynolds. [S.l.]: FableVision Press, 2007. .
2009: One Raspberry. Illustrated by Judy Hodge. Klein, 2009. .
2013: The Windsor Caper. Illustrated by Tim Oliver. Martin Good, 2013. .
Filmography
1995: One Survivor Remembers
1996: 60 Minutes: "One Survivor Remembers" CBS
2005: About Face: The Story of the Jewish Refugee Soldiers of World War II
References
External links
Citizenship Counts official site
Gerda Weissmann and Kurt Klein Papers 1940s–2011 (bulk 1940s-2001). ASU Libraries, Arizona State University.
Gerda Weissmann at the USHMM Holocaust Encyclopedia
The Shoah Foundation
1924 births
2022 deaths
Polish emigrants to the United States
Jewish American writers
Gross-Rosen concentration camp survivors
People from Bielsko
20th-century Polish Jews
20th-century Polish women writers
Presidential Medal of Freedom recipients
Naturalized citizens of the United States
21st-century American Jews
American people of Polish-Jewish descent
21st-century Polish women writers
20th-century American women writers
21st-century American women writers
American human rights activists
Women human rights activists
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerda%20Weissmann%20Klein
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Olbernhau is a town in the district Erzgebirgskreis, in Saxony, Germany. It is situated in the Ore Mountains, 35 km southeast of Chemnitz, and 23 km north of Chomutov, Czech Republic.
History
Presumably, the town's name arose from the old German name Albert (Albernhaw, Alberthau, Albernhau, Albretshain). Olbernhau has its origins back in the 13th century. Encouraged by Archbishop Albert I. of Meissen, the so-called White Monks (Cistercians) from Osek founded the first settlement in the upper Flöha valley, shortly after ore was found here. Olbernhau was first mentioned in records in 1434 (as "Albernaw") in a contract documenting the sale of Olbernhau to the patritian Caspar von Berbisdorf.
Ore mining started in 1511. In the course of the Protestant reformation Olbernhau became a parish in 1539. A school is mentioned for the first time in 1556. The solidly built church was consecrated in 1590. About 1684 the industrial art of gunsmithing was introduced in Olbernhau. In 1690, Olbernhau's first barrel forge was erected in the Rungstock valley, and in 1708 the gun manufactory delivered 12,000 guns to the Saxonian Army. In 1815, a gunpowder mill was founded, which was partly destroyed by explosions in the years 1835, 1850 and 1865. The last gun left the Olbernhau factory in 1854.
The launch of the Pockau-Lengefeld–Neuhausen railway (also known as the Flöhatalbahn—Flöha Valley Railway) in May 1875 linked Olbernhau to the railway network. A Kindergarten was built in 1878. In the 1880es, Olbernhau gained a hospital, gasworks and gas street lights, and in 1892 Saxony's very first electric power station began operation in Olbernhau. From 1895, steam trains ran on the section of line between Olbernhau and Neuhausen.
On 1 January 1902 Olbernhau received town privileges. In 1906, the beautiful art deco Concert and Ball Hall "Tivoli" was inaugurated. A public swimming bath opened in 1930. In 2002, one of the worst Flöha floods in history destroyed parts of the town centre and many houses on the river's banks. Thanks to many private donations from all over Germany, most of the enormous damages (amounting to several million Euros) was repaired within one year.
Tourism
Olbernhau is a popular tourist destination. Among the town's major sights are:
the Copper Hammer Mill "Althammer" on which the Russian tzar Peter the Great once rode
the open-air museum "Saigerhütte" (founded in 1493, ore processing technology + tiny workmen's houses)
the museum, located in a former manor, offering a wide range of information about local traditions
the "Tanz- und Ballhaus Tivoli", a ballroom with beautiful Art Deco glass window
the pittoresque Oberneuschönberg church (consecrated in 1695).
Snuggled in the Flöha Valley with its six sub-valleys, Olbernhau offers scenic views and paths for hiking and winter sports.
References
External links
Erzgebirgskreis
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olbernhau
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Maula Jatt (), is a 1979 Pakistani Punjabi-language action, musical film directed by Yunus Malik and produced by Sarwar Bhatti. The film is an unofficial sequel to 1975's Wehshi Jatt, starring Sultan Rahi as Maula Jatt and Mustafa Qureshi as his arch-rival Noori Natt.
This film belongs to a genre which represents the rural culture of Punjab. Its success set the trend of action films being popular in Pakistan and cemented Sultan Rahi as Lollywood's main hero. The film was inspired by Ahmed Nadeem Qasmi's short story "Gandasa" which described the culture of Gujranwala's rural areas. It received positive reviews from critics. An unofficial sequel titled Maula Jatt in London, also directed by Malik, was released in 1981.
Plot
The story is set in a village near the town of Mamdal, near Kabirwala. Following the settlement of Maula Jatt's family feud, Maula has renounced violence and is in charge of administering the peace of 25 villages.
A member of the Natt clan, Maakha, chases a girl, who is given protection by Maula's Bhabi Daani. When Maakha refuses to retreat, Maula's friend Moodha beats up Maakha and leaves a scar on his nose. Maula decrees that if Maakha wants to avoid the fate of being killed by his 'Gandasa', he should marry the girl whom he has dishonoured and marry his sister off to her brother. As the girl has no family, so Maula orders Maakha to marry his sister to Moodha. When Makha returns home, his sister Daaro kills him for cowardice. Daaro then goes to kill Maula, but is arrested on the way for Maakha's murder. However she is bailed out by a man who calls her sister, who is actually Maula.
When Noori Natt gets out of jail, he tells the police that he has run out of competition and he wants a worthy opponent. The police direct him to Malik Haaku, whose clan Maula had slaughtered. Haku doesn't tell Noori the name of his old rival and warns him not to get in his way if he ever finds out about him. On returning home, Daaro tells him of Maakha's defeat and Maula's judgement that she should marry Moodha. Noori comes to Maula's village seeking revenge while Maula is away, and breaks Moodha's leg. When Maula returns, he vows to take Noori's leg in return and recovers his Gandasa.
Maula then rides to find Noori and defeats many of Natt's men. Maula and Noori finally face off but police stop them from killing each other. In the meantime, Noori's brother-in-law Akku Qatil kills many of Maula's villagers in revenge. Finally a judge decrees that both Maula and Noori should be sent back to their villages under house arrest. However, soon both Jatt and Natt are provoked and ride against each other, although by the time they reach each other for a fight both have been shot several times by the police guarding them. In the hospital, Daaro realizes Maula had called her sister.
After Maula and Noori pretend to reconcile, the police lift the blockade from both villages. Immediately, Akku goes to attack Maula's village, but is himself killed. Maula sends Akku's body and other wedding gifts to Daaro, telling them the wedding procession is coming now, and Noori swears revenge on Maula's village.
As the groom's procession sets out for Daaro's village, Noori leads many Natt clansmen to attack the procession. Maula defeats all the Natt men, and then also Noori himself. Just as he is about to deliver the final blow, Daaro, comes to the rescue and requests Maula to spare Noori and considering that Maula had called her his sister. Maula agrees but Noori amputates his own leg so Maula's revenge is completed. The film ends with Daaro agreeing to marry Moodha and their rivalry resolved forever. Maula immediately throws away his Gandasa and makes an impassioned plea to the audience to choose seeking justice over revenge.
Cast
Sultan Rahi as Maula
Mustafa Qureshi as Noori
Aasia as Mukkho Jatti
Kaifee as Moodha Gaadi
Chakori as Daaro Nattni
Adeeb as Maakha Natt
Aliya Begum
Asad Bukhari as Akku Natt
Seema as Daani
Shakeel as Jailor
Rangeela
Albela
Ilyas Kashmiri as Malik Haku
Khalid Saleem Mota
Legacy
Film Maula Jatt was commercially successful in the 1980s and celebrated its Diamond Jubilee at the cinemas and the box office. Over the years, the movie has been able to attain cult status. It spawned a number of sequels, becoming the first-ever successful unofficial franchise for a Lollywood title. It was also remade in Hindi as Jeene Nahi Doonga.
Remake
Bilal Lashari, the director of Waar (2013) expressed interest in directing a remake of Maula Jatt. On the remake, he commented, "My version of Maula Jatt will be a visual epic, with less dialogue and many captivating moments. It will be a dark but stylised take on Pakistan’s original film genre." The Legend of Maula Jatt, set to release in 2019, was delayed to October 2022 due to COVID-19.
Banning of the film by the government
It is said that this film was banned because of violence, but later this ban was lifted.
Soundtracks
The songs were composed by Master Inayat Hussain. These were sung by singers: Noor Jehan, Mehnaz, Inayat Hussain Bhatti, Alam Lohar, Shaukat Ali and Ghulam Ali.
The soundtrack consisted of the following songs:
Nashe diye botlay, na aini att chukk ni... Inayat Hussain Bhatti
Jhanjhar kare teinu pyar we, main mar gayi Mehnaz
Rowe maan te gharoor, ajj hasse majboor Noor Jehan
Dildar mere pyar kolun bach ke te kithe Noor Jehan
A te wela aap dasse ga, kon maarda ae maidan pehle halle Alam Lohar, Shaukat Ali and others (a Punjabi bhangra song)
Notes
References
Further reading
Ayres, Alyssa. 2009. Speaking Like a State. Language and Nationalism in Pakistan''. Cambridge University Press. (Chapter 5: The case of Punjab, part II: popular culture, pp. 87–104).
External links
1979 films
Punjabi-language Pakistani films
Pakistani crime action films
1970s crime action films
Punjabi films remade in other languages
1970s Punjabi-language films
Pakistani films about revenge
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maula%20Jatt
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Associations
Association of Professional Schools of International Affairs (APSIA)
Global Studies Consortium
International Studies Association
The Jadavpur Association of International Relations
Swedish Association of International Affairs
Institutes
Institute of Security and Global Affairs, Leiden University, Netherlands
Institut Barcelona d'Estudis Internacionals (Catalonia, Spain)
The European Institute for International Law and International Relations (Brussels)
ISPI Istituto per gli Studi di Politica Internazionale (Italian Institute for International Political Studies), Milan, Italy
Institute of World Politics (Washington, D.C.)
International Institute for Strategic Studies (IISS), UK
The Australian Institute of International Affairs (Deakin, ACT, Australia)
The Canadian Institute of International Affairs, Toronto, ON, Canada
The Finnish Institute of International Affairs
The Nigerian Institute of International Affairs
The Norwegian Institute of International Affairs
The New Zealand Institute of International Affairs, Wellington, New Zealand
The Pakistan Institute of International Affairs, (PIIA) Karachi, Pakistan
The Royal Institute of International Affairs, Chatham House, London, United Kingdom
Geneva School of Diplomacy and International Relations, Geneva, Switzerland
Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, Geneva, Switzerland
International Strategic Research Organization (ISRO/USAK)
EGMONT – The Royal Institute for International Relations, Brussels, Belgium
University of Florida International Center
Center for International Affairs, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
South American Institute for Policy and Strategy Porto Alegre, Brazil
Politics, Administration & International Relations at Zeppelin University, Germany
University of Guadalajara located in Guadalajara, Mexico
Department of International Studies (Centro Universitario de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades)
Department of Asia-Pacific Studies (Centro Universitario de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades)
Department of Latin American Studies (Centro Universitario de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades)
Networks and think tanks
Henry Jackson Society - Cambridge and London based think tank.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20international%20relations%20institutes%20and%20organisations
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His First Crush is an EP recorded by Hardcore band The Bled. It was released after only two months of the band being together, on a friend's record company, Rocket Records. Only 1,000 copies were pressed, which sold quickly as interest in the band grew.
Track listing
All songs written by The Bled
"His First Crush" – 3:08
"Anvil Piñata" – 3:38
"Swatting Flies with a Wrecking Ball" – 2:22
"Glitterbomb" – 3:58
"F Is for Forensics" – 4:27
Reissue
All of the songs from this album were re-released on Pass the Flask (Reissue).
Credits
Adam Goss - vocals
Mike Celi - bass
Ross Ott - guitar
Jeremy Ray Talley - guitar, vocals
Mike Pedicone - drums
Rosshole666 - Cover photo, layout
References
The Bled albums
2001 debut EPs
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/His%20First%20Crush
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One alternative to mammography, breast MRI or contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), has shown substantial progress in the detection of breast cancer.
Uses
Some of the uses of MRI of the breasts are: screening for malignancy in women with greater than 20% lifetime risk of breast cancer (especially those with high risk genes such as BRCA1 and BRCA2), evaluate breast implants for rupture, screening the opposite side breast for malignancy in women with known one sided breast malignancy, extent of disease and the presence of multifocality and multicentricity in patients with invasive carcinoma and ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS), and evaluate response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy.
MRI breasts has the highest sensitivity to detect breast cancer when compared with other imaging modalities such as breast ultrasound or mammography. In the screening for breast cancer for high-risk women, sensitivity of MRI range from 83 to 94% while specificity (the confidence that a lesion is cancerous and not a false positive) range from 75.2% to 100%.
Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis
The systemic disease nephrogenic systemic fibrosis (NSF), caused by exposure to gadolinium in MRI contrast agents, resembles scleromyxedema and to some extent scleroderma. It may occur months after contrast has been injected. Patients with poorer kidney function are more at risk for NSF, with dialysis patients being more at risk than patients with chronic kidney disease. After several years of controversy during which up to 100 Danish patients have been gadolinium poisoned (and some died) after use of the contrast agent Omniscan, the Norwegian medical company Nycomed admitted that they were aware of some dangers of using gadolinium-based agents for their product. At present, NSF has been linked to the use of four gadolinium-containing MRI contrast agents.
References
Magnetic resonance imaging
Breast imaging
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breast%20MRI
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Elton Britt (born James Elton Baker; June 27, 1913 – June 22, 1972) was an American country music singer, songwriter, and musician, who was best known for his western ballads and yodelling songs.
Biography
Britt was born on a farm near Marshall, Arkansas. His father was James Baker, and he had two sisters, Gretta Sanders and Druse Baker, and a brother Arl Baker.
Britt recorded over 600 sides and 60 albums for RCA Victor and other labels in more than a 30-year span, and is best known for such hit songs (several of which he wrote or co-wrote) as "Someday (You'll Want Me to Want You)", "Detour", "Chime Bells", "Maybe I'll Cry Over You", "Pinto Pal", and the million-selling wartime hit "There's a Star-Spangled Banner Waving Somewhere". The recording had sold a million discs by 1944 and it was awarded a gold disc by the RIAA. Britt became the first country artist to be awarded a gold disc.
A singer, bandleader, radio and television performer, songwriter and yodeler, he starred in at least two films in the late 1940s, and had hit records as late as 1968 with "The Jimmie Rodgers Blues". In 1960, as part of a publicity stunt, Britt briefly ran for the Democratic presidential nomination.
On June 22, 1972, five days before his 59th birthday, Britt suffered a heart attack while driving his car and died in a McConnellsburg, Pennsylvania, hospital the next day. He was buried in the Odd Fellows Cemetery in Broad Top, Pennsylvania.
In popular culture
His song "Uranium Fever" is featured in the Bethesda Softworks video game Fallout 4 on the in-game radio.
Discography
Albums
Singles
References
External links
1913 births
1972 deaths
American country singer-songwriters
Singer-songwriters from Arkansas
People from Searcy County, Arkansas
RCA Victor artists
Yodelers
Place of death missing
20th-century American singer-songwriters
Country musicians from Arkansas
Bluebird Records artists
ABC Records artists
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elton%20Britt
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Jouko Hassi (born November 19, 1959 in Rantsila) is a Finnish former sprinter. His club team was Oulun Pyrintö.
He competed in 100 metres and 4 x 100 metres relay at the 1983 World Championships, but was eliminated in the heats on both occasions.
Personal bests
100m: 10.45 in Ylivieska, 1984
200m: 21.26 in Budapest, 1981
Progression 100m
References
Tilastopaja Oy
1959 births
Living people
People from Siikalatva
Finnish male sprinters
Sportspeople from North Ostrobothnia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jouko%20Hassi
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Monbazillac is an Appellation d'Origine Contrôlée (AOC) for sweet white wine produced in the village of Monbazillac on the left bank of the Dordogne just across from the town of Bergerac in South West France. The appellation covers almost of vineyards.
AOC zone
The AOC of Monbazillac was first established in 1936, but the area has a long history of sweet wine production. Only wine made from grapes grown in Monbazillac that are affected by the "noble rot" (Botrytis cinerea) can be sold under the Monbazillac designation. (Dry white wines from the same area are sold as Bergerac sec.) The grape varieties Sémillon, Sauvignon blanc and Muscadelle are used for Monbazillac, and the permitted base yield is 40 hectoliter per hectare, although actual yields are lower for many producers.
Wines
Monbazillac wines are broadly similar to Sauternes, but a difference is that Monbazillac often has a significantly higher proportion of Muscadelle in the blend, which can lead to slightly different aromas. While Monbazillac in former times could be a simpler semi-sweet wine, the style in more recent years has been that of a fully botrytized wine, since 1993 no mechanical harvesting is allowed and harvesting in several tries is required.
Some wines with exceptionally high residual sugar may be designated Sélection de Grains Nobles; in these, chaptalization (the addition of sugar to be fermented) is not allowed.
References
South West France AOCs
Dordogne
Noble rot wines
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monbazillac%20AOC
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Families of the Fallen for Change is a US anti-Iraq War group which now has over 1,000 members. It was founded by Paul Schroeder and Rosemary Palmer.
The group formed in response to the deaths of fourteen United States Marines from Columbus, Ohio's Lima Company in August 2005 due to a roadside bomb.
References
External links
Veterans' organizations opposed to the Iraq War
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Families%20of%20the%20Fallen%20for%20Change
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A crock is a pottery container sometimes used for food and water, synonymous with the word pot, and sometimes used for chemicals. Derivative terms include crockery and crock-pot.
Crocks, or "preserving crocks", were used in household kitchens before refrigeration to hold and preserve foods such as butter, salted meats, and pickled vegetables. Crocks are made from stoneware, which is a nonporous ceramic that is water-tight, even without glaze.
Larger crocks (20-30 gallons) are used for curing meats. The meat is covered with a brine made of water, sugar, salt, and a small amount of sodium nitrate or salt peter. The meat is kept submerged in the brine by two semicircle weights designed to fit inside the crock. The crocks are then topped with a lid and stored in a cool, dry location.
Smaller crocks (1-10 gallons) are commonly used for preserving vegetables such as cucumbers for pickles, and cabbage for sauerkraut. Preserving food in this manner allows people to keep summer vegetables throughout the winter months when gardens and crops are not producing.
Vintage crocks can still be found and purchased. Aside from food storage, they're commonly used for decorative purposes, or storage containers, in interior design.
Crocks of all sizes are still produced and sold today.
A gypsy's crock is a (traditionally three-legged) cooking pot.
See also
Beanpot
Cassole
Harsch crock
Stoneware
Cazuela
References
Cooking vessels
Pottery shapes
Serving vessels
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crock%20%28dishware%29
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Werner Hug (born 10 September 1952 in Feldmeilen) is a Swiss chess player. Hug was World Junior Chess Champion in 1971 and was Switzerland's leading player of the early 1970's. After Victor Korchnoi settled down in Switzerland, Hug remained number 2 a further decade.
In 1968 Hug won the Swiss Junior Championship. He was awarded the title of International Master (IM) in 1971, when he became World Junior Champion in Athens. He won the Swiss Championship in 1975.
Hug has played on the Swiss team in the Chess Olympiads eleven times, playing first board in 1972, 1974, 1976, 1980, and 1984.
He also played first board in the World Student Olympiad in 1972 and 1976.
References
External links
1952 births
Living people
Swiss chess players
Chess International Masters
Chess Olympiad competitors
World Junior Chess Champions
People from Meilen District
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werner%20Hug
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The Center for Union Facts (CUF) is an American interest group that is critical of labor unions. It is one of several advocacy and public relations groups founded by Richard Berman, whose Washington, D.C.-based public affairs firm, Berman and Company, specializes in research, communications and advertising. The Washington Post describes CUF as "part of a constellation of nonprofit groups Berman created to carry out corporate messages."
CUF has commissioned studies about workers and unionization and has been a key supporter of legislation aimed at curbing the influence of unions, such as the Employee Rights Act, while also lobbying against union-backed legislation like the Employee Free Choice Act. It has placed advertisements around the US that have been critical of unions. Its representatives have appeared on major broadcast and cable channels to discuss labor issues, and have written commentaries in leading newspapers and on news and opinion websites.
In recent years, CUF has made a major point of the decline in union membership and the waning enthusiasm of union members for organized representation. CUF has been especially critical of teachers' unions, which in response have mounted campaigns to counter CUF's messaging.
Advertisements
CUF was launched in February 2006 via full-page advertisements in major U.S. newspapers, including The New York Times, The Washington Post and The Wall Street Journal. In May 2006, the organization aired its first television advertisement. The 30-second spot, running on Fox News Channel and local markets, featured "actors posing as workers" saying "what they 'love' about unions", like paying dues, union leaders' "fat-cat lifestyles" and discrimination against minorities. The advertising campaign cost US$3 million, raised "from companies, foundations and individuals that Mr. Berman won't identify".
Another TV advertisement (aired on CNN and other stations) shows actors posing as large, burly "union leaders" muscling their way into a worker's home and "intimidating" him into joining the union. the labor and economics professor Harley Shaiken said the effort "to create an antiunion atmosphere" more generally, as opposed to business-funded advertising against a particular union organizing drive or strike, "is a new wrinkle". An AFL-CIO spokesperson called the advertisement's accusations "unfounded and outrageous".
In August 2006, the CUF ran a series of advertisements in Montana, Oregon, Michigan and Nevada attacking public employee unions. It appears that this may have been connected with ballot initiatives in those states proposing public spending caps.
The CUF ran an ad in 2008 noting that the Service Employees International Union had been the largest contributor to the 2006 gubernatorial campaign of corrupt Illinois Gov. Rod Blagojevich, who, after his election, had signed the state's first-ever contract with the SIEU. The ad also noted the SEIU's donations to Barack Obama's 2008 presidential campaign and its ties to ACORN.
Database
The CUF describes itself as having “compiled the single most comprehensive database of information about labor unions in the United States. The database contains more than 100 million facts, ranging from basic union finances and leader salaries, to political operations, to strikes and unfair labor practices, and much more. The data comes from various local, state, and federal government agencies that track labor union operations.” Among the material available at the website is information about various unions' finances, political and lobbying activity, and criminal history.
Websites
A page on the CUF website explains how to decertify a union, a process that workers can opt for if they “no longer want a union to represent them — whether it's because the union is undemocratic, corrupt, violent, or just plain inept.”
The website also provides information about the assets, number of employees, and number of members of several dozen U.S. unions, including the Teamsters, AFL-CIO, Writers Guild West, and United Auto Workers.
Laborpains.org
In addition, CUF publishes a blog at laborpains.org that discusses news developments involving unions around the U.S. and labor-related legislation. In January 2015, for example, the blog covered the indictment of ten people affiliated with Ironworkers Local Union 401 (Philadelphia) in connection with “RICO crimes” including the “burning of a Quaker meetinghouse being built by a non-union contractor,” the arrest of a union official on charges of physically assaulting New York police officers, an unacknowledged change in policy by the Center for Media and Democracy in regard to accepting union donations, and the “radical path” taken by the Detroit teachers' union.
Other websites
CUF has created a number of websites that describe particular unions in negative terms including:
teachersunionexposed.com
seiuexposed.com
subwayscam.com
workercenters.com
Media
Representatives of the CUF have discussed issues on Fox Business, CNN, CNBC, and other cable news networks.
Unions' political activism
An NBC News story about the high level of union involvement in the 2012 election campaign cited Justin Wilson of the CUF, who said that in a time when the labor movement is shrinking, “the unions are working overtime to try to maintain a degree of relevancy inside the Democratic Party.” Although as a rule “political power folks try to downplay their role in an election,” the unions, this time around,
“decided that they wanted to telegraph to the administration that they spend much more than the administration probably knew.”
Action on legislation
Employee Free Choice Act
The Center for Union Facts was active in fighting the passage of the Employee Free Choice Act, which would let workers decide on unionization by signing cards, without their employers' knowledge, instead of by casting secret ballots.
Employee Rights Act
CUF pledged in December 2011 to spend $10 million promoting the so-called Employee Rights Act sponsored by Utah Senator Orrin Hatch and South Carolina Congressman Tim Scott. The ERA’s provisions, wrote In These Times, “are an anti-union wish list, including restricting 'non-representation' spending by unions, banning any union recognition process other than an NLRB election, and requiring members to vote every three years on whether to eliminate their union.”
In an op-ed that appeared in The Washington Times in August 2012, Berman championed the Employee Rights Act, which, he noted, “extends guarantees to union members in the private sector to decide whether their dues money is spent for political purposes, otherwise known as 'paycheck protection.'” He also noted that union leaders had “partially boycott[ed] the Democratic National Convention,” angered over the decision to hold it in North Carolina, “a right-to-work state that is proudly the least unionized in the country.”
Scott Walker recall effort
CUF played a role in supporting Wisconsin governor Scott Walker against the unsuccessful 2012 effort to recall him over the issue of public-employee unions. A CUF spokesperson said in early March that it was spending “just over a million dollars” on running TV ads in Wisconsin, and “may do more in the coming weeks.” After the controversy over Walker, Berman exposed an internal Wisconsin Education Association Council document instructing teachers in the “do's” and “don't's” of winning public sympathy.
Teachers' unions
The CUF runs a website called AFTFacts.com, which seeks to expose and counter teachers' unions' efforts to block reform and to prevent the firing of bad teachers. The website also features statistics from the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development.
In 2008, the CUF held a nationwide contest for the Ten Worst Union-Protected Teachers in America. Americans aged 13 and older were invited to nominate candidates. Over 600 nominations were received, and ten winners chosen, each of whom “was offered $10,000 to quit the profession forever.”
None took CUF up on its offer, and so the winners' names were not revealed, although CUF did publish details about them: one had been jailed for waving a gun at a fast-food waitress, another was a sexual molester, a third “had sex with two of her male teen students.” The goal of the contest “was to illustrate how difficult unions have made it to get rid of bad teachers.”
In August 2010, the CUF ran an ad in the Washington, D.C., area about the Washington Teachers' Union (WTU). “D.C.'s teachers union has failed our kids, played politics and now is threatening to file a lawsuit to block recent progress,” said the ad's voice-over. Sarah Longwell of the CUF said the ad campaign had been launched in response to recent threats by the WTU to sue to prevent the firing of bad teachers. “As soon as we saw that they were threatening to file a lawsuit, we thought a response was necessary,” Longwell said.
The Washington Post ran an article on September 24, 2014, headlined “Center for Union Facts says Randi Weingarten is ruining nation’s schools.” The article, by Lyndsey Layton, cited a mailing by CUF in which Berman spoke of the “terrible impact” that Weingarten, president of the American Federation of Teachers, had had “on America’s educational system.” The mailing called Weingarten “a vicious individual” who was “on a crusade to stymie school reform and protect the jobs of incompetent teachers — the bad apples that drain so much of our tax resources and sabotage the efforts of parents and caring teachers.”
The Washington Times article
The Washington Times published an article in 2012 about Berman and CUF, noting Berman's desire to “have a regular vote” to determine whether union members, 90 percent of whom never had a chance to vote for or against organizing, actually want to be union members. CUF supported the Employee Rights Act, which “would require workers to reauthorize their unions every three years. With a vote, they could move forward with the union, disband it or form a new one.” Berman argued: “If a congressman has to stand for re-election every two years and the president every four years, why should the unions be basically given lifetime status in that workforce?” His larger goal, said the times, was to change “the cultural mindset toward the labor movement in America.”
Chicago Tribune ad
The Chicago Tribune refused in August 2012 to run an ad by the CUF on the grounds that it had “racial undertones.” The ad featured a famous image of George Wallace blocking a door at the University of Alabama, and said that teachers unions now, like Wallace back then, are blocking the door to real school reform. Berman said that “the message of the ad has nothing to do with race--only with the efforts of teachers unions to block students from getting a good education.”
In an op-ed that appeared in The Wall Street Journal on February 25, 2013, Berman wrote that many labor unions supported a minimum-wage hike because those unions “peg their base-line wages to the minimum wage” or have job contracts stipulating that “following a minimum-wage increase, the union and the employer reopen wage talks.” He added that such hikes also “restrict the ability of businesses to hire low-skill workers who might gladly work for lower wages in order to gain experience,” thus preventing “competition from workers who might threaten union jobs.” He cited a 2004 study showing that “lower-wage union workers typically see a boost in employment and earned income following a mandated wage hike,” even as nonunion minimum-wage workers experience a “corresponding drop in jobs and earned income.”
Decline in union membership
A Detroit News editorial published on January 30, 2015, attributed the widespread decline in U.S. union membership in large part to “the quality of union services” and cited the CUF's view that unions are “used to monopoly status and now they have to deal with competition.” The editorial also expressed agreement with CUF's argument that “right to work doesn't mean unions have to throw up their hands in despair,” as demonstrated by “effective unions in right-to-work states like Texas and Virginia,” which “have retooled to focus more on member concerns and less on ideological and political battles.”
In a February 2015 op-ed, Berman dismissed the notion that labor unions were undergoing a renaissance, stating that they were, rather, experiencing “a temporary boost thanks to a Labor Board that’s operating as the legal wing of the AFL-CIO,” even as worker interest in unionization was at a historic low. “Though unions refuse to acknowledge it,” he wrote, “the reality is that employees are rejecting them because they’re still peddling the same industrial warfare rhetoric to a workforce for whom it’s no longer relevant. It’s as if Kodak was still trying to sell 35mm cameras in an age of smart phones — they might have been popular and even necessary at one point, but the world has moved on.”
He also cited “the sizable (and growing) political disconnect between many current union members and their leaderships: While roughly 40 percent of union members vote Republican, up to 99 percent of union dues used to support ideological organizations are given to Democrat-aligned left-wing groups.”
Criticism of CUF
The Chicago Tribune ran a story on the Ten Worst Teachers campaign, in which it quoted Berman as saying he wanted to “jump-start a conversation” about the fact that many children “can't read or do math and are well behind in science” and that many teachers “say their colleagues are not competent to teach kids,” the teachers' unions responded by calling him “a paid attack dog who won't disclose the sources of funding for his work.” Chuck Porcari of the American Federation of Teachers said: “[Berman] tries to make a splash, then disappears into the ether until someone writes him a check....Teachers and the public deserve to know who's bankrolling this effort. Who's paying to attack teachers?” Similarly, AFT president Randi Weingarten, in response to CUF's above-cited criticism of her in 2014, said Berman “won’t disclose who is funding his efforts.”
After the CUF ran an ad during the 2012 Super Bowl in which it was stated that "Only ten percent of people in unions today actually voted to join the union," Glenn Kessler, author of the “Fact Checker” column in The Washington Post, called this a “nonsense fact," given that most employees of unionized companies joined those firms after the firms were unionized and have never had a chance to vote on that status. Mark Hemingway of the conservative Weekly Standard rejected this view, noting Kessler's acknowledgment that CUF's charge “may be technically correct."
Finances
Funding
In 2006, Berman said that he had raised about $2.5 million "from companies, trade organizations and individuals", whom he declined to identify.
Sarah Longwell, a CUF spokeswoman, said that "The reason we don't disclose supporters is because unions have a long history of targeting anyone who opposes them, whether it be in a threatening way or by lodging campaigns against them." Longwell is also associated with the PETA Kills Animals campaign, is listed as director of communications for the Center for Consumer Freedom, Managing Director of the American Beverage Institute, and a spokeswoman for the Indoor Tanning Association, all run by Berman & Co.
Retailer Wal-Mart has denied funding the group, but has said that it has a relationship in which it exchanges union information with Berman.
Expenses
Charity Navigator has voiced concern about the substantial share of CUF expenses that go to Berman and Company, Richard Berman's PR firm. Charity Navigator stated that it finds "the practice of a charity contracting for management services with a business owned by that charity's CEO atypical" and noted that the practice continued in fiscal years 2011 through 2014.
See also
Center for Organizational Research and Education
Notes
External links
UnionFacts.com website
Center for Union Facts at SourceWatch
Organizational Profile – National Center for Charitable Statistics (Urban Institute)
Articles
"Anti-union group launches media campaign", United Press International, February 13, 2006
Amy Joyce, "Full-Page Ads Launch Anti-Union Drive - Lobbyist Aims to Show Labor Groups to be 'Duplicitous'", The Washington Post, February 14, 2006.
Steven Greenhouse, "Group Starts Anti-Union Campaign", The New York Times, February 14, 2006.
Kim Chapman, "New group launches anti-union drive", Seattle Post Intelligencer, February 14, 2006.
Kris Maher, "Taking on the AFL-CIO", The Wall Street Journal, February 13, 2006.
Kortney Stringer, "Antiunion ad campaign in Detroit's face today", Detroit Free Press, May 24, 2006.
"New evidence shows Wal-Mart working closely with right wing attack group", WakeupWalmart.com, May 26, 2006.
Marcus Kabel, "Wal-Mart denies funding anti-union ads", Businessweek, May 26, 2006.
American lobbyists
Anti-unionism
Political organizations based in the United States
Organizations established in 2006
Trade unions in the United States
Conservative organizations in the United States
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center%20for%20Union%20Facts
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The coat of arms of Kurdistan Region is a Republican Eagle holding a sun on his wings and used by Kurdistan Region.
See also
Eagle of Saladin
References
External links
Print versions
Vector version of KRG Emblem (PDF, CMYK, 285 KB)
Vector version of KRG Emblem (PDF, RGB, 298 KB)
Kurdistan
Kurdish culture
Kurdistan
Kurdistan
Kurdish nationalist symbols
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coat%20of%20arms%20of%20the%20Kurdistan%20Region
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Wetzel County Schools is the school district within Wetzel County, West Virginia, United States.
Divisions
Wetzel County Schools is divided into four attendance areas: the Hundred area, the New Martinsville area, the Paden City area, and the Short Line area.
In the Hundred and Short Line areas one school serves Pre-Kindergarten through eighth grade and another school serves ninth through twelve. In New Martinsville, one school serves kindergarten through eighth grade and another school serves nine through twelve. In Paden City, one school serves kindergarten through sixth and another school serves seven through twelve. New Martinsville and Paden City share a pre-kindergarten facility that is located near New Martinsville. Wetzel County Schools is governed by the Wetzel County Board of Education.
Schools
Pre-kindergarten facility
Wetzel County Center for Children and Families (Pre-K) (near New Martinsville)
Elementary and middle schools
Long Drain School, Pre-K through grade 8, Hundred
New Martinsville School, K through grade 8, New Martinsville
Paden City Elementary School, K through grade 6, Paden City
Short Line School, Pre-K through grade 8, Reader
High schools
Hundred High School, grades 9–12, Hundred
Magnolia High School, grades 9–12, New Martinsville
Paden City High School, grades 7–12, Paden City
Valley High School, grades 9–12, Pine Grove
School districts in West Virginia
Education in Wetzel County, West Virginia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wetzel%20County%20Schools
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"The Happy Organ" is an instrumental composition made famous by Dave "Baby" Cortez in 1959. Cortez co-composed it with noted celebrity photographer James J. Kriegsmann and frequent collaborator Ken Wood. A significant portion of the tune bears a strong resemblance to the traditional "Shortnin' Bread" tune. The record topped the Billboard Hot 100 on 11 May 1959 and also reached #5 on Billboard's R&B chart. In Canada, the song reached #6.
"The Happy Organ" originally featured lyrics and was intended to be sung accompanied by a piano and an organ. Cortez recorded a vocal for it, but was unhappy with the result. He spotted a Hammond B3 organ in the studio and decided to play the song's melody on it. He also brought in studio drummer, Gary Hammond, to provide percussion. The guitar solo is by session musician Wild Jimmy Spruill. Hearing an organ on a rock or R&B song at the time was unusual, but Cortez helped popularize its use outside of the jazz field.
The piece was Cortez' second single for Clock Records, a New York indie launched in 1958. The next week, the Hot 100's #1 was Wilbert Harrison's cover of "Kansas City", which also included Spruill's guitar. Doug Moody soon left Clock to start up Mystic Records in Hollywood, and Cortez took his next hit, "Rinky Dink", to Chess Records.
See also
List of Billboard Hot 100 number ones of 1959
References
1959 singles
Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles
Cashbox number-one singles
Pop instrumentals
Rock instrumentals
1959 songs
1950s instrumentals
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Happy%20Organ
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Fray José Servando Teresa de Mier Noriega y Guerra (October 18, 1765 – December 3, 1827) was a Roman Catholic priest, preacher, and politician in New Spain. He was imprisoned several times for his controversial beliefs, and lived in exile in Spain, France and England. His sermons and writings presented revisionist theological and historical opinions that supported republicanism.
Mier worked with Francisco Javier Mina during the Mexican War of Independence and, as a deputy in independent Mexico's constituent Congress, opposed Agustín de Iturbide's claim to imperial rule. He is honored for his role in Mexican independence.
Education
Mier was born in Monterrey, Nuevo León, in the colony of New Spain (in modern-day Mexico). He was a descendant of the Dukes of Granada and conquistadors of Nuevo León. At the age of 16, he entered the Dominican Order in Mexico City. He studied philosophy and theology in the College of Porta Coeli, and was ordained a priest. By the age of 27, he had earned his doctorate and was a noted preacher.
The sermon
On December 12, 1794, during the commemorations of the Virgin of Guadalupe apparition, in the presence of Viceroy Miguel de la Grúa Talamanca y Branciforte, marqués de Branciforte, Archbishop Manuel Omaña y Sotomayor and the members of the Audiencia of New Spain, Mier preached a sermon affirming that the apparitions of the Virgin of Guadalupe had happened 1750 years before, and not in 1531. He argued that the original painting of Our Lady of Guadalupe was on the cloak of Saint Thomas the Apostle, who had preached in the Americas long before Spanish conquest, and this had been re-discovered by Juan Diego. This sermon, with its bold revision of Mexican history and identity, was seen as a provocation. Our Lady of Guadalupe represented an intense and highly localized religious sensibility that Creole leaders, such as Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla, would later use in their opposition to Spanish rule as a symbol of Mexico.
In exile
The sermon initially drew no attention but one week later, Archbishop Nuñez de Haro condemned Mier to 10 years' exile in the convent of Las Caldas del Besaya in Cantabria, Spain; a perpetual ban from teaching, preaching, or hearing confessions; and the loss of his doctoral degree.
In 1796, he was granted permission to present his case to the Council of the Indies. However, on his return from the Council, he took the wrong road and was arrested again. This time, he was confined to the Franciscan convent in Burgos. In 1801, he escaped and took refuge in Bayonne, France. From Bayonne, he passed to Bordeaux and later to Paris. There he was interpreter for the rich Peruvian José Sarea, Count of Gijón.
Together with Simón Rodríguez, Simón Bolívar's former teacher, he opened an academy in Paris to teach Spanish and to translate the Atala of François-René de Chateaubriand. (The Atala was set in Louisiana, with an Indian heroine.) Mier also wrote a dissertation against Constantin-François de Chasseboeuf, comte de Volney.
In Paris, he came to know Chateaubriand; Lucas Alamán, then traveling as a student but later an important conservative politician in Mexico; Baron Alexander von Humboldt; and the Duke of Montmorency. In 1802, he left the Dominican Order and became a secular priest in Rome.
When he returned to Madrid, he was again apprehended, this time for a satire he had written supporting Mexican independence. He was sent to the reformatory in Seville, from which he escaped in 1804. However, he was again arrested and returned to prison, where he spent three years. Then the Pope named him his domestic prelate, because he had converted two rabbis to Catholicism.
In the war between France and Spain, he returned to Spain as military chaplain of the Volunteers of Valencia. He was present at many battles. In Belchite, he was taken prisoner by the French, but he was able to escape again (for the fifth time). He presented himself to General Blake, who recommended him to the Junta of Seville for his services. The Regency in Cádiz granted him an annual pension of 3,000 pesos.
He moved to London, where he collaborated with José María Blanco on El Español, a newspaper that supported the independence movements in Latin America.
Expedition to New Spain
In London, he met the Spanish revolutionary Francisco Javier Mina. Mina convinced him to join an expedition to New Spain to fight for its independence. They sailed for the United States on May 15, 1816, arriving in Norfolk, Virginia. Mier became friends with New Granadan exile Manuel Torres while Torres and other Spanish American agents helped organize Mina's expedition. The expedition left for New Spain in September, with disastrous results. With the capture of the insurgents' fort at Soto la Marina on June 13, 1817, Mier was taken prisoner again, this time by the royalists. He was sent to the castle of San Carlos de Perote, thence to the dungeons of the Inquisition, and finally, in 1820, to Havana—where he escaped for a sixth time.
In Philadelphia
After this escape Mier returned to the United States again in June 1821, where lived in Manuel Torres' home in Philadelphia for three months along with Vicente Rocafuerte. Torres was now acting as the Colombian representative in the U.S. Though opposites in demeanor, Mier and Torres shared a fanatical anti-monarchism and had a close friendship.
Through Torres, Mier contacted Colombian secretary of foreign relations Pedro José Gual to encourage him to send a diplomat to Mexico to counter the monarchist movement there, which he did the next year. Mier published several works while in Philadelphia, including a new edition of A Brief Account of the Destruction of the Indies and the anti-monarchical tract . Historian Charles Bowman suggested one pamphlet bearing Mier's name, , was uncharacteristically moderate for Mier—and was actually Torres' work.
The priest involved himself in a controversy surrounding St. Mary's Church, to which he was connected through Torres and merchant Richard W. Meade, another acquaintance. Mier defended the parish's excommunicated priest William Hogan, who had offended Bishop Henry Conwell. The trustees of St. Mary's defied the bishop by keeping Hogan as their priest. For Mier this was a matter of control over what the American form of the Church should be, and he became central to the debate. In a dialog of pamphlets "Servandus Mier" made vigorous assertions and was vigorously condemned; in one response he wrote, "It is true that I was a prisoner of the inquisition ... but I would think citizens in the United States and every civilized country would consider this honourable." He left the U.S. with a Colombian passport issued by Torres.
Return to independent Mexico
In February 1822, he returned to Mexico, at Veracruz, but was again taken prisoner and held at the castle of San Juan de Ulúa, still in control of the Spanish. The first Mexican constituent congress was able to secure his release; he became a deputy for Nuevo León.
He opposed the Mexican Empire under Agustín de Iturbide, and was arrested again. He was imprisoned in the convent of Santo Domingo, but on January 1, 1823, he escaped again, for the seventh and last time.
As a member of the constituent congress
He was elected a deputy to the second constituent congress. On December 13, 1823, he delivered his famous speech (loosely translated, "Prophetic Discourse"). In this speech he argued for a centralized republic or in the event of a federal system being adopted, for its being in moderation. He was among the signers of the Act Constituting the Federation and of the Federal Constitution of the United States of Mexico. Mexico's first president, Guadalupe Victoria, invited him to live in the palace.
Death and legacy
In 1797, he wrote a letter where he confirms that the original date of the apparition of the Virgen de Guadalupe was celebrated by the Mexica natives on September 8 (of the Julian calendar), and by the Spanish on December 12.
Nearing death, he invited his friends to a party to bid him farewell on November 16, 1827. He gave a speech justifying his life and opinions, and died on December 3, 1827. He was interred with great honor in the church of Santo Domingo in Mexico City. In 1861, his body was exhumed, together with 12 others. All the bodies were mummified.
The mummies were exhibited under the claim they were victims of the Inquisition. Some of the mummies, including Mier's, were sold to an Italian who accepted the claim. His mummy was later shown in Brussels, but what became of his remains after that is unknown.
Mier's name is inscribed in letters of gold on the Wall of Honor of the Legislative Palace of San Lázaro, the building that today houses the Chamber of Deputies in Mexico City.
Writings
Mier published many speeches, sermons and letters on religion and politics, including the following:
Cartas de un americano al español (Letters from an American to the Spaniard), 1811–13.
Historia de la revolución de Nueva España (New Spain Revolution History), 2 vols., London: 1813. 2nd ed., Mexico City: 1922.
Apología y relaciones de su vida bajo el título de Memorias (His life's apology and relations under memoirs title), Madrid: 1924. 2nd ed., Mexico City: 1946.
The Memoirs of Fray Servando Teresa de Mier (Library of Latin America), New York: Oxford University Press, 1998.
Notes
References
Bowman, Charles H. Jr. "Manuel Torres in Philadelphia and the Recognition of Colombian Independence, 1821–1822". Records of the American Catholic Historical Society of Philadelphia 80, no. 1 (March 1969): 17–38. .
———. "Manuel Torres, a Spanish American Patriot in Philadelphia, 1796–1822". Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography 94, no. 1 (January 1970): 26–53.
"Mier Noriega y Guerra, José Servando Teresa de". Enciclopedia de México, vol. 9. Mexico City: 1987.
Warren, Richard A. "Displaced 'Pan-Americans' and the Transformation of the Catholic Church of Philadelphia, 1789–1850". Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography 128, no. 4 (October 2004): 343–366.
1765 births
1827 deaths
Escapees from Mexican detention
Members of the Chamber of Deputies (Mexico)
Mexican people of Spanish descent
Mexican philosophers
Mexican Roman Catholic priests
Mexican soldiers
Mummies
Politicians from Monterrey
Mexican independence activists
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Servando%20Teresa%20de%20Mier
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The Souders Historical Museum is located 1/2 mile southwest of Cheney, Kansas, United States on MacArthur Road (39th St. S.) and depicts what life was like in Cheney and rural Kansas in the late 1880s and early 1900s.
There are a number of buildings at the museum, including a Main Street, several businesses, a school, a church, a homesteaders cabin, and train depots from both Cheney and neighboring Garden Plain. The buildings contain a variety of artifacts, historical photos and educational materials.
Built by Floyd and Norma Souders, the Museum was built up over several years. Some of the buildings are re-creations while others, such as the Dewey School, are historical structures that have been moved to the Museum. The Dewey School was a one-room school located in Kingman County just a few miles west of Cheney, and was in operation from 1880 until 1944.
The museum is open only by appointment.
External links
Souders Historical Museum
Museums in Sedgwick County, Kansas
Open-air museums in Kansas
History museums in Kansas
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Souders%20Historical%20Museum
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Gary Miller (born ) is an American sportscaster and radio host, best known for his tenure at ESPN from 1990 to 2004.
Early life and education
Miller is a native of Naperville, Illinois and a graduate of Southern Illinois University.
Career
WSAV-TV, CNN and Headline News
From 1978–82, he was the Sports Director at WSAV-TV in Savannah, Georgia. Before Miller came to ESPN, he spent eight years at CNN and Headline News as part of their sports coverage.
ESPN
From 1990 to 2004, Miller worked at ESPN. He was an anchor at SportsCenter, the host of ESPN's Baseball Tonight, and the last host of the sports interview show Up Close before it was canceled in 2001. Miller also occasionally did play-by-play of Major League Baseball games, and was the primary dugout reporter on Monday Night baseball broadcasts, as well as ESPN Daygame. Other play-by-play assignments during this period included games of the College World Series and the Little League World Series.
West Coast Bias
Until November 2006, he was host of West Coast Bias, a daily sports talk show on KSPN radio in Los Angeles, along with former National Football League athlete D'Marco Farr. The show, which airs at 1 p.m. Pacific time Monday through Friday, sometimes originates at ESPN Zone in Anaheim, California. On November 10, 2006, it was reported that Miller was leaving the show, effective immediately. The program was renamed The D'Marco Farr Show with guest hosts replacing Miller.
KCBS, KCAL, and WKRC
Miller was a weekend sports anchor for the CBS Corporation-owned duopoly of KCBS and KCAL in Los Angeles until January 2017.
In August 2017, Miller joined Cincinnati's local CBS station WKRC as weeknight sports anchor.
Personal life
In 1997, Miller was arrested for public indecency at a nightclub in Cleveland, where he covered that year's American League Championship Series. Police confiscated what was described as "drug paraphernalia" and said Miller was seen urinating out of an upstairs window. Miller stated he was urinating in a bottle when he accidentally urinated on an off-duty police officer. He was fined and sentenced to community service.
References
American sports radio personalities
American television sports anchors
American television sports announcers
American television talk show hosts
ESPN people
Radio personalities from Los Angeles
Los Angeles Dodgers announcers
Major League Baseball broadcasters
People from Los Angeles
People from Naperville, Illinois
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary%20Miller%20%28sportscaster%29
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The Brindley is a theatre in the town of Runcorn, Cheshire, England. Located by the Bridgewater Canal, the centre is named after the canal's engineer, James Brindley. It opened in autumn 2004; the architects were John Miller and Partners. The building is owned and operated by Halton Borough Council.
Design and construction
Halton Borough Council were concerned about the building's impact on the environment and about its energy requirements. Therefore "low energy, high efficiency techniques" were used in its construction. These include a TermoDeck slab system, a storage technique for controlling the environment within large and medium-sized buildings using hollow cores within pre-cast concrete floor slabs as ventilation ducts.
Facilities
The venue consists of a 420-seat main auditorium playing host to touring productions, a professional pantomime each Christmas season, local amateur shows and in-house productions, a 108-seat studio which also serves as a single screen cinema, an exhibition and gallery space, an education room, a dark room, a digital imaging room, dressing rooms, a meeting room, a bar and a café overlooking the Bridgewater Canal.
Awards
The centre has won several awards for its architecture: The Centre Vision Award from The Civic Trust in 2005, the Excellence in Access award from the ADAPT Trust (Access for Disabled People to Arts Premises Today), and the Architectural Award from the Royal Institute of British Architects. RIBA praised the building for fitting into its context, using the canal-side location to give views, and making good use of its budget. It also won the Open Award for Technical Excellence in Architectural Technology 2008.
For its community activities, The Brindley won the title Best Arts Project in the UK at The National Lottery Awards in 2007. In May 2008, the theatre won the Best Performance Venue Award at the Mersey Partnership Tourism Awards 2008.
References
External links
The Brindley Arts Centre (RIBA) (with photograph from the canal side)
Buildings and structures in Runcorn
Theatres in Cheshire
Arts centres in England
Tourist attractions in Cheshire
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Brindley
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The Lord Will Make a Way is the 14th studio album by Al Green and his first gospel album, released in 1980.
Critical reception
The album won a Grammy in the category of Best Soul Gospel Performance, Traditional. The title track was also Grammy nominated in the category of Best Soul Gospel Performance, Contemporary.
Track listing
"The Lord Will Make A Way" - 3:39
"Pass Me Not" - 3:10
"Too Close" (Alex Bradford) - 3:49
"Highway to Heaven" - 2:56
"Saved" (Aaron Purdie) - 3:47
"None But the Righteous" - 3:24
"In The Holy Name Of Jesus" (Aaron Purdie) - 3:24
"I Have a Friend Above All Others" - 3:02
"Highway to Heaven (Reprise)" - 1:32
Personnel
Al Green – vocals, lead guitars, arrangements (1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 9)
Jesse Butler – acoustic piano
Johnny Brown – organ
Reuben Fairfax Jr. – bass
John Toney – drums
Andrew Love – saxophones
Jack Hale – trombone
Ben Cauley – trumpet
Edgar Matthews – trumpet
Fred Jordan – string arrangements
Production
Al Green – producer
Stroud – photography
Dennis Hill – cover design
References
Al Green albums
1980 albums
Gospel albums by American artists
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Lord%20Will%20Make%20a%20Way
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Not for Threes is the second studio album by English electronic music duo Plaid. It was released on 27 October 1997 by Warp. The album was released in the United States on 28 April 1998 by Nothing Records.
Critical reception
In 2017, Pitchfork ranked Not for Threes at number 36 on its list of the 50 best IDM albums of all time.
Track listing
Personnel
Credits are adapted from the album's liner notes.
Plaid
Ed Handley – production
Andy Turner – production, vocals (on "Ladyburst")
Additional musicians
Benet – guitar (on "Kortisin", "Rakimou" and "Lilith"), violin (on "Rakimou" and "Lilith")
Björk – vocals (on "Lilith")
Coba – accordion (on "Rakimou" and "Lilith")
Mara – vocals (on "Myopia", "Ladyburst" and "Rakimou")
Nicolette – vocals (on "Extork")
Design
Robert Clifford – photography
Think 1 – design
Charts
References
External links
Not for Threes at Warp
1997 albums
Plaid (band) albums
Warp (record label) albums
Nothing Records albums
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Not%20for%20Threes
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The Paralyzed Veterans of America was established in 1946 to serve the needs of disabled veterans. The organization was created to allow its members, veterans of the armed forces living with spinal cord injuries or diseases like multiple sclerosis (MS) and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), to live with independence, dignity, and as productive members of society.
PVA is a Congressionally-chartered organization under Title 36 of the United States Code, headquartered in Washington, D.C. It has 33 chapters and 70 National Service Offices across the US and Puerto Rico. Its mission is to help paralyzed veterans and all people with disabilities live fuller, more productive lives.
Programs and services
The Paralyzed Veterans of America (PVA) provides integrative programs and services to severely disabled veterans. Its offerings include medical services and health policy, research and education, veterans benefits, government advocacy and legislation, architecture, Veterans Career Program, and sports and recreation. The primary focus of PVA services is veterans with spinal cord injuries and diseases; it extends support to able-bodied, ill, wounded, and injured veterans of all branches, conflicts, and eras, as well as to dependents, survivors, and caregivers in the global disability community.
PVA services are provided free of charge to veterans and their families. The organization is primarily funded through individual donations and corporate sponsors.
Veterans benefits
PVA offers assistance with VA claims and appeals to any veteran, family member, or caregiver – not just individuals who have sustained a spinal cord injury.
Shortly after a veteran is injured, a PVA National Service Officer comes to their bedside to assist them with filing for VA benefits, so that the veteran can focus solely on their health and recovery. NSO’s are experts in veterans’ law and VA regulations, and know how to apply that knowledge to fight for the benefits a veteran has earned. This includes claims for service-connected compensation, non-service-connected pensions, home health care, specially adapted housing, automobile grants and adaptive equipment, and more.
Medical services and health policy
PVA’s medical services team strives to ensure the Department of Veterans Affairs is implementing best practices to improve quality of care in VA Spinal Cord Injury and Disorders Centers (SCI/D) across the country. During annual site visits to VA SCI/D and long-term care centers, PVA inspects facilities, confers with staff, ensures problems have been corrected, and speaks directly to patients about their needs. PVA’s site visit team is composed of physicians, nurses, staff, architects, and a field advisory committee who are paralyzed veterans themselves.
PVA’s medical services department also operates a SCI/D hotline and develops consumer and clinical practice guidelines widely considered to set the standard of care.
Veterans Career Program
PVA’s Veterans Career Program provides career assistance and vocational counseling to transitioning service members, veterans, military spouses, and caregivers. The program operates through eight locations nationwide: Atlanta, Long Beach, Minneapolis, Philadelphia, Richmond, San Antonio, San Diego, and Washington, D.C.
Clients receive one-on-one engagement on their path toward meaningful employment. Support is focused on the unique needs of each client, and can range from in-depth vocational rehabilitation, to developing a resume or practicing interviewing skills. The program has strong relationships with key employers, and PVA is able to provide needed support to these employers so they can successfully integrate Veterans into their organizations.
PAVE staff work with any Veteran who needs help, but they specialize in those with barriers to employment, such as catastrophic injury or illness. This commitment was recognized by the U.S. Chamber of Commerce Foundation’s Hiring Our Heroes program, when PVA was a finalist for their Wounded Veteran and Military Caregiver Employment Award.
Veterans Career Live
Veterans Career Live is a virtual engagement initiative that reaches Veterans who do not have the time, means, or ability to attend traditional employment or educational events.
With Veterans Career Live, veterans can:
Interact with PVA employment experts through virtual meetings.
Access an online library of timely, relevant career information — on their schedule and from any device.
View recorded presentations and other tools and resources on demand.
Discover a wide range of meaningful education, volunteer, and employment opportunities.
Meet companies and organizations eager to hire from the military and veteran community.
Architecture
PVA promotes state-of-the-art healing facilities for spinal cord injured veterans at VA hospitals, as well as barrier-free environments around the country for all people with disabilities. To accomplish this, PVA employs on-staff architects who work directly the VA and design teams.
PVA is also a strong advocate for accessible design in the building and construction industries. PVA architects are frequently asked to consult on accessibility standards and building codes, and to work with cities and municipalities to improve access to facilities and transportation systems. They help advance accessible design through teaching, public speaking, seminars, and publications that deal with accessibility issues.
Some of PVA’s notable achievements include advising on the accessibility of:
Washington Nationals (Nationals Park) Ballpark
Virginia Governor’s Executive Mansion
Dwight D. Eisenhower Memorial
Minnesota Vikings (U.S. Bank) Stadium
REACH, a unique expansion of the John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts
The Air Carrier Access Act of 1986 prohibits commercial airlines from discriminating against passengers with disabilities. The act was passed by the U.S. Congress in direct response to a narrow interpretation of Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 by the U.S. Supreme Court in U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT) v. Paralyzed Veterans of America (PVA) (1986). In this case, the Supreme Court held that private, commercial air carriers are not liable under Section 504 because they are not "direct recipients" of federal funding to airports.
Research and education
PVA supports research, educational programs, and other initiatives that unite people and activities toward a single mission: improved quality of life for everyone with spinal cord injury or disorders SCI/D, and diseases like MS and ALS.
The PVA Research Foundation funds scientists who conduct research to improve the lives of veterans and others living with SCI/D, as well as diseases like MS and ALS. These scientists address significant problems that impact our lives and develop new strategies to ameliorate them. Some strategies become clinical protocols and guide best practices, others are used to guide additional research efforts. All have the potential to be life changing for veterans and others living with SCI/D, their caregivers and health care partners.
Sports and recreation
From handcycling, bass fishing, bowling and billiards, to boccia, shooting sports, and an annual quad rugby tournament, PVA provides a wide variety of sports and recreation opportunities to enhance the fitness and quality of life for veterans with disabilities. It is often through participating in adaptive sports that many disabled veterans realize they can still live an active lifestyle in spite of their injuries.
Ratings
PVA received a Gold Star rating from GuideStar based on organizational mission, impact, financial data, and commitment to transparency in accordance with GAAP. PVA has also earned GuideStar's Platinum Seal of Transparency by voluntarily sharing the measures of progress and results they use to pursue their mission.
In 2019, PVA was named one of the Top 5 Veterans Nonprofits by Impact Matters, a new charity rating system that measures the impact of contributions.
Presidents
Gilford S. Moss: 1947
Robert Moss: 1948
Bernard Shufelt: 1948–1950
Patterson Grissom: 1950-1951
Stanley Reese: 1951-1952
William P. Green: 1952–1954
Robert Frost: 1954–1956
Raymond Conley: 1956–1957
Harry A. Schweikert, Jr.: 1958-1959
Dwight D. Guilfold, Jr.: 1959-1960
Robert Classon: 1960–1962
John J. Farkas: 1962–1964
Harold L. Stone, Jr.: 1964
Harold W. Wagner: 1964–1966
Leslie P. Burghoff, Jr.: 1966–1968
Wayne L. Capson: 1968–1970
Carlos Rodriguez: 1970–1972
Frank R. DeGeorge: 1972–1974
Donald H. Broderick: 1974–1976
Edward R. Jasper: 1976–1978
Joseph M. Romagnano: 1978–1980
Michael F. Delaney: 1980–1982
Paul M. Cheremeta: 1982–1984
Richard D. Hoover: 1984–1987
John H. Michaels: 1987–1989
F. David Parker: 1989-1990
Victor S. McCoy, Sr.: 1990–1992
Richard F. Johnson: 1992–1994
Richard Grant: 1994–1996
Kenneth C. Huber: 1996-1998
Homer S. Townsend, Jr.: 1998-2000
Joseph L. Fox, Sr.: 2000-2004
Randy L. Pleva, Sr.: 2004-2009
Gene A. Crayton: 2009-2010
Bill Lawson: 2010-2014
Albert Kovach, Jr.: 2014-2016
David Zurfluh: 2017-2020
Charles Brown: 2020-
See also
American Theater (1939–1945)
Birmingham General Hospital, California
California during World War II
Ernest Bors
United States home front during World War II
References
(source of past PVA presidents)
External links
Veterans' affairs in the United States
Organizations established in 1946
Patriotic and national organizations chartered by the United States Congress
Disability organizations based in the United States
American veterans' organizations
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paralyzed%20Veterans%20of%20America
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The A666 is a major road in Greater Manchester and Lancashire, England.
Route
The road runs from its junction with the A6, and A580 at the Irlams o' th' Height boundary with Pendlebury near Manchester, through Pendlebury, Clifton, Kearsley, Farnworth, Bolton, Darwen and Blackburn before meeting the A59 at Langho. Along the route are the West Pennine Moors, the Turton and Entwistle reservoir and the Entwistle reservoir forest.
Road names
Most common names
The road is mostly known as Manchester Road, Bolton Road, or Blackburn Road, depending on which area it is in.
Devil's Highway
It is sometimes referred to as the Devil's Highway or the Devil's Road because of Biblical associations of its number 666, and its high accident rate on the moors between Egerton and Darwen.
St Peter's Way
Officially, a short length from the A666(M) motorway and bypassing Farnworth to central Bolton is called St. Peter's Way.
Crash rate
Because of a crash rate that was three times higher than motorways in the borough, with 26 vehicle collisions and crashes a year and 40 people injured, road works and other changes were introduced, including the speed limit changed from 70 mph to 50 mph, speed cameras, better safety fencing, banning cyclists from the road, and slip road changes. Finished at the start of 2000, these reduced road accidents by 60%.
See also
List of highways numbered 666
References
External links
SABRE A666 page
6-0666
6-0666
6-0666
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A666%20road
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Harry Joe Brown (September 22, 1890 – April 28, 1972) was an American film producer, and earlier a theatre and film director.
Biography
Harry Joe Brown was born in 1890 in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. As a producer, he had a partnership with director Budd Boetticher, actor Randolph Scott and screenwriter Burt Kennedy, which generated a series of five westerns between 1957 and 1960 (The Tall T, Decision at Sundown, Buchanan Rides Alone, Ride Lonesome, Comanche Station) via a company he created with Scott which eventually became known as Ranown Pictures Corp. He produced the American debut films of both Errol Flynn in Captain Blood and Sean Flynn in Son of Captain Blood.
Brown earlier directed a number of films, among them Knickerbocker Holiday, Sitting Pretty and Madison Square Garden.
Personal life
He was married to actress Sally Eilers. They resided in a mansion located at 625 Mountain Drive, Beverly Hills, California.
Brown died of a heart attack on April 28, 1972, aged 81, in Palm Springs, California.
Selected filmography
North of Nevada (1924)
Galloping Gallagher (1924)
The Mask of Lopez (1924)
The Silent Stranger (1924)
The Dangerous Coward (1924)
The Fighting Sap (1924)
Bashful Buccaneer (1925)
The Fear Fighter (1925)
Youth's Gamble (1925)
Fighting Fate (1925)
Goat Getter (1925)
The Patent Leather Pug (1925)
Rapid Fire Romance (1926)
Moran of the Mounted (1926)
The High Flyer (1926)
Racing Romance (1926)
The Night Owl (1926)
Kentucky Handicap (1926)
The Winner (1926)
Broadway Billy (1926)
Stick to Your Story (1926)
The Self Starter (1926)
One Punch O'Day (1926)
The Dangerous Dude (1926)
Gun Gospel (1927)
The Scorcher (1927)
The Royal American (1927)
The Racing Fool (1927)
The Lost Limited (1927)
Romantic Rogue (1927)
The Wagon Show (1928)
The Glorious Trail (1928)
The Code of the Scarlet (1928)
The Squealer (1930)
References
External links
Harry Joe Brown filmography, tcmdb.com; accessed February 5, 2016
1890 births
1972 deaths
Businesspeople from Pittsburgh
Film producers from Pennsylvania
American film directors
20th-century American businesspeople
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry%20Joe%20Brown
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The colony of South Australia began issuing postage stamps in 1855, and continued until the first stamps of the Australian Commonwealth were issued in 1913. Many of these stamps were intended for use on official mail by government departments, and were overprinted with various initials to prevent unofficial usage by staff and to identify the department concerned. The overprints were in use from 1 April 1868 until 1874, when they were replaced by the letters "O.S." which was then used on official mail of South Australia. Red and black were the most common colours for overprints, but blue was also used.
List of overprints
The initials and the relevant departments were:
A. Architect
A.G. Attorney General
A.O. Audit Office
B.D. Barracks Department
B.G. Botanical Gardens
B.M. Bench of Magistrates
C. Customs
C.D. Convict Department
C.L. Crown Lands
C.O. Commissariat Office
C.P. Commissioner of Police
C.S. Chief Secretary
C.Sgn. Colonial Surgeon
D.B. Destitute Board
D.R Deeds Registration
E. Engineer
E.B. Education Board
G.F. Gold Fields
G.P. Government Printer
G.S. Government Storekeeper
G.T. Goolwa Tramway
H. Hospitals
H.A. House of Assembly
I.A. Immigration Agent
I.E. Intestate Estates
I.S. Inspector of Sheep
L.A. Lunatic Asylum
L.C. Legislative Council
L.L. Legislative Librarian
L.T. Land Titles
M. Military
M.B. Marine Board
M.R. Manager of Railways
M.R.G. Main Roads, Gambiertown
N.T. Northern Territory
O.A. Official Assignee
P. Police
P.A. Protector of Aborigines
P.O. Post Office
P.S. Private Secretary
P.W. Public Works
R.B. Road Board
R.G. Registrar General
S. Sheriff
S.C. Supreme Court
S.G. Surveyor General
S.M. Stipendiary Magistrate
S.T. Superintendent of Telegraphs
T. Treasury
T.R. Titles Registration
V. Volunteers
VA. Valuer of Runs
Vn. Vaccination
W. Waterworks
See also
Postage stamps and postal history of South Australia
Sources
The Australian Stamp Catalogue, 1976, Stamp Publications, Dubbo, NSW, Australia.
Stamps of the World, 1980. Stanley Gibbons, London, UK.
South Australia Study Circle
Postage stamps of Australia
History of South Australia
Australia philately-related lists
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South%20Australian%20stamp%20overprints
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Satannish is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics.
Publication history
Satannish first appeared in Doctor Strange #174 and was created by Roy Thomas and Gene Colan.
Fictional character biography
Satannish is a very powerful extra-dimensional demon who has clashed with Doctor Strange. Satannish is known for granting mortals mystical power in exchange for their souls. He has been referred to as a creation and agent of Dormammu, and the father of Daimon Hellstrom and Satana (though the latter was later retconned).
He has granted power to his cult, the Sons of Satannish, and struck a pact with the human sorcerer Lord Nekron, first encountering Doctor Strange during this affair. Satannish made a bargain with the human sorcerer Asmodeus, and then encountered the Defenders. Satannish also bargained with Baron Mordo during the "Faust Gambit" incident. He battled Mephisto in New York City, and briefly merged with Mephisto as a result of Doctor Strange's spell, revealing that the two demons had once been part of the same demonic energies. Satannish was revealed to have hidden in the shadow of Mephista, daughter of Mephisto, in order to be taken into Mephisto's domain. There, he battled Mephisto, Mephista, and Doctor Strange, and was vanquished when Strange mystically connected Mephisto's and Satannish's life essences. Satannish also once empowered the Night Shift.
During the Secret Invasion storyline, Satannish is one of many dark powers imprisoned within Avalon. He is freed, along with all the others, when Pete Wisdom releases Merlin. After hearing the invading Skrulls boast that they will subjugate all magical beings, Satannish and the others kill the Skrull forces invading Avalon.
He then offers Wisdom a boon, because the laws of magic insist that since Wisdom freed him, he must be repaid. Wisdom's request is "No more Skrulls" and Satannish honors this, using his powers to immediately kill every Skrull within Avalon and the United Kingdom. It is stated that Satannish's gift also means that any Skrull entering the United Kingdom immediately dies.
While in Limbo, the recently resurrected Illyana Rasputin attacks various other demons looking for her soulsword and the original bloodstone amulet. This does not go unnoticed by Satannish, Mephisto, Blackheart, Dormammu and Hela. When Mephisto asks why they should concern themselves with a minor annoyance, Satannish reveals he is quite impressed by Illyana.
Along with the other Lords of Hell, he passed judgement on Meggan; he was also amused to hear of the Duke of Hell, Doctor Plokta, being defeated.
During the Fear Itself storyline, Satannish appeared at the Devil's Advocacy where they talked about the Serpent's threat on Earth.
In the pages of Avengers Undercover, Satannish appears as a member of the Shadow Council's Masters of Evil. He is shown to have taken up residence in Bagalia's Hell Town district.
Powers and abilities
Satannish is a demonic being of pure mystical energy, an embodiment of evil. The guise he most often employs around human sorcerers is that of a green-skinned, horned being with a second face in his stomach. Satannish is more akin to a supernatural force of nature than a being; as such he possesses "virtually unlimited" mystic power which can be used for a variety of effects, including (but not limited to) inter-dimensional teleportation, manipulation of time, space, and matter, size transformations, casting bolts of mystic energy as destructive force, demonic possession, and physical strength and durability. The character's extent of power has been shown as equal to that of Mephisto. Satannish's ability to manifest in the dimension of Earth is, in some unknown way, limited by mystic factors and he frequently makes use of pawns native to Earth for his purposes. He also proved to be powerful enough to easily kill all the invading Skrulls who attempted to take Avalon's magic, which no other magical being in Avalon was able to do.
In other media
Satannish appears in the ending of Morrigan Aensland in the video game Marvel vs. Capcom 3: Fate of Two Worlds. He is seen with Mephisto once again.
References
External links
Satannish at Marvel.com
Characters created by Gene Colan
Characters created by Roy Thomas
Comics characters introduced in 1968
Demon supervillains
Marvel Comics devils
Marvel Comics supervillains
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satannish
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Meconopsis simplicifolia is a perennial in the poppy family, sometimes monocarpic, with a taproot, rosette of leaves with bristly hairs, and blue or purple flowers on leafless stems, native to altitudes of in central Nepal and southeastern Tibet.
References
External links
simplicifolia
Taxa named by Wilhelm Gerhard Walpers
Flora of Nepal
Flora of Tibet
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meconopsis%20simplicifolia
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Russell Norman Adam (born May 5, 1961) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey player who played eight games in the National Hockey League for the Toronto Maple Leafs. Russ is the father of current hockey player Luke Adam.
Playing career
Born in Windsor, Ontario, Adam was drafted in the seventh round, 137th overall, by the Toronto Maple Leafs in the 1980 NHL Entry Draft. He played a total of eight games in the NHL, all for the Leafs. He managed 1 goal, 3 points, and 11 penalty minutes in the 1982–83 season. Adam ended his playing days in St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador in the Newfoundland Senior Hockey League. He resides in St. John's to this day with his wife Paula. Russ's son Luke was drafted 44th overall by the Buffalo Sabres in the 2008 NHL Entry Draft in Ottawa.
Career statistics
Regular season and playoffs
References
Sources
1961 births
Living people
Canadian expatriate ice hockey players in the United States
Canadian ice hockey centres
Fort Wayne Komets players
Kitchener Rangers players
New Brunswick Hawks players
Ice hockey people from Windsor, Ontario
St. Catharines Saints players
Toronto Maple Leafs draft picks
Toronto Maple Leafs players
Windsor Spitfires players
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russ%20Adam
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WLCU-CD, virtual channel 4 (UHF digital channel 15), a low-powered, Class A educational independent television station licensed to Campbellsville, Kentucky, United States. The station is owned by Campbellsville University. It airs religious services as well as local sports, music, and public affairs programming. On cable, the station is mostly carried on channel 22 in the Campbellsville area.
History
The station's construction permit was granted by the FCC on May 30, 1984, under the callsign W04BP. More than two years later, the station was officially licensed on June 6, 1986, and it then signed on shortly after. It was originally under ownership of Heartland Communications, Inc., and initially aired a mixture of programming from CMT and Tempo Television, and also periodically aired college football and basketball games involving the University of Louisville Cardinals athletic programs. Unlike Campbellsville's other television outlet at the time, WGRB-TV (later WBKI-TV, channel 34, now defunct), the station also opened a news department that aired at least two newscasts every day. W04BP used its radio sister stations to promote the television outlet.
Sometime between 1987 and 1990, Tempo and CMT were dropped by the station in favor of becoming a FamilyNet affiliate on a secondary basis, but becoming a religious independent station on a primary basis. In 1990, the station was sold to the mass media department of Campbellsville University. In 2007, the station's callsign was changed to WLCU-CA.
In 2015, the station filed an application to switch to digital as it was required for low-power analog stations to convert to digital by the original deadline of September 2015, which was moved down to Spring 2021. The station was licensed for digital operation on May 28, 2015, moving from analog VHF channel 4 to digital UHF channel 23. Upon the conversion, the station's callsign was changed to the current WLCU-CD. Just before FamilyNet ceased operations prior to their rebranding as the Cowboy Channel, the station then became an educational independent station in 2018.
On October 18, 2019, the station reallocated its digital signal to UHF channel 15 as part of the station's participation in the 2016-17 FCC broadcast spectrum repacking auction.
Coverage area and market status
WLCU's signal can be received in good portions of Taylor and Green Counties, along with good portions of Adair, Marion, and southern Nelson Counties, all of which are located within the southeastern fringes of the Louisville DMA.
References
External links
Official website
LCU-CD
Television channels and stations established in 1986
Independent television stations in the United States
Low-power television stations in Kentucky
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WLCU-CD
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is a video game that was published in 1992 by Telenet Japan and developed by their Wolfteam subsidiary. It was released on the NEC PC-98 in the same year. The game was later ported to the Super Famicom in 1994. Its subtitle could be translated as "Legend of the Scarlet King".
The main character of Hiouden is Richard A. MacIntyre, the titular Scarlet King. His castle has been taken over by the Macaulays, and everyone in the castle was executed except him. He fled to the hanging gardens in the castle to regroup. There he discovers Beatrix, a dryad, who grants him the ability to summon demons. Thus begins his quest to retake his home.
The game can be played using the SNES mouse or a normal controller.
Music
The game's music was composed by Motoi Sakuraba, Hiroya Hatsushiba and Shinji Tamura. Hatsushiba was also the sound programmer.
Trivia
This game is also noted as Yoshiharu Gotanda's first work as the lead programmer.
It is the second to last game Wolfteam developed before the big staff breakup.
Richard A. MacIntyre makes a cameo appearance in Harmel Village in the game Tales of Phantasia as the city mayor and store owner.
References
1992 video games
NEC PC-9801 games
Super Nintendo Entertainment System games
Japan-exclusive video games
Telenet Japan games
Video games developed in Japan
Video games scored by Motoi Sakuraba
Video games set in castles
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hi%C5%8Dden%3A%20Mamono-tachi%20tono%20Chikai
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The Magician is a novel by Sol Stein. It has sold more than a million copies.
Plot introduction
The Magician was published in 1971 and uses a violent incident in a high school to explore the wider issues of the time. It challenges the view that America is a classless society, and suggests racism was still prevalent in a decade that would see momentous change and decay. It is also a bitter critique of the justice system.
Plot summary
The story takes place in Ossining, New York. Ed Japhet is sixteen years old, and he is a bright, articulate boy. His father Terence teaches at his school. Ed's hobby is performing magic tricks, hence he is the "magician" of the title.
One evening, Ed performs in front of the school on prom night, and aggravates school hoodlum Urek. Urek and his gang wait for Ed that night as he is about to go home with his dad and girlfriend. Urek attacks Ed and nearly kills him. Urek is eventually arrested on a charge of serious assault.
At first this looks like a straightforward case. But Urek's dad happens to have a lawyer named Thomassy, who has made it his life's work to defend the low-lifes and the criminals of the area - and to get them off the hook.
When Thomassy started his promising career as a lawyer he joined a firm with WASP surnames deliberately. They took him on and he became their most brilliant lawyer. However, the senior partner told him that as an Armenian he would never get promoted, at least while he was alive. Thomassy, stung, left and decided to follow a controversial path defending the most undesirable characters in society. He sends a birthday card every year to the old senior partner, as if to say, "You still alive?"
As the story unfolds, the reader becomes uncomfortably aware of how an event can be interpreted by the law. It seems as though Ed has the advantage, he is talented, with a nice family and girlfriend, horribly attacked and nearly killed by a brute. But Thomassy manages to play the attack down: he discredits witnesses, intimidates others, and portrays Urek as acting only in self-defense. Now the reader is unsure who the actual "magician" of the title really is.
Also involved is German Jewish Psychiatrist Koch, who has taken an interest in the case. His involvement gives the reader an opportunity to see Urek in more depth, as previously he is portrayed as a mindless, violent and inarticulate monster.
Nothing can excuse what he has done, but Koch offers more insight as to why he did it. The book ends on a violent note. Urek walks free from the assault charge and proceeds to attack Ed again, this time by hiding in Terence's car and leaping out at Ed. Ed, newly trained in Karate, can now defend himself against the thuggish Urek, with devastating results. Terence Japhet knows exactly whom to call. The book is written in the third person narrative style, but interspersed at intervals throughout the story are "comments" provided by the key characters. They are written in the style of statements, but the reader never knows to whom they are directed.
Major themes
Although this is a story about high school kids, it represents America at the tail end of the 1960s and the beginning of the 1970s. Racism appears rife, for example the treatment of Thomassy by the Law firm, but Thomassy himself is guilty of assessing whether a character has "a little bit of black somewhere along the line". Urek is described as Slavic in appearance. During the trial Thomassy calls him "Stanley", the prosecution calls him "Stanislaus" as if to emphasize his Slavic (and therefore undesirable) background. Terence Japhet thinks America is at war with itself.
The book highlights too the attitudes of both the kids and the parents to their peers. Thomassy has a stool pigeon in the bowling alley because he knows there will be more trouble brewing there than at the golf club. Resentful working class fathers plot to destroy the garages of the more snooty dads. Small town America is seething with violence. But perhaps it is Thomassy who is the most compelling character, driven as he is by his need to win seemingly hopeless cases, letting the criminal element continue to disrupt the lives of the white middle class. As a weary Ed Japhet says to his parents- "Who's worse, Thomassy or Urek?"
Critical reception
The New York Times deemed the novel "superior fiction ... a spectacular read."
References
1971 American novels
Novels set in New York (state)
Delacorte Press books
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Magician%20%28Stein%20novel%29
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Billie Anthony (born Philomena McGeachie Levy; 11 October 1932 – 5 January 1991) was a Scottish female singer. She is best known for her Top 10 hit version of "This Ole House", which despite chart competition from other versions of the same song, reached No. 4 in the UK chart.
Early life
Born Philomena McGeachie Levy in Glasgow, Scotland, her mother, Lily, was a talented dancer, whilst her father was a song and dance man, and stage manager at the Glasgow Empire. Levy's godmother was Gracie Fields. Although her parents divorced when she was eighteen days old, she spent her entire childhood in and around the theatre, and wanted a career on the stage as a dancer. Initially, her mother was against her going into show business, so upon leaving school, she reluctantly agreed to train as a dressmaker. However, her affinity with the theatre proved too powerful.
In 1946, when still only fourteen, she ran away from home and joined the chorus of a touring show as one of "May Moxon's Young Ladies". Five years later she met Peter Elliott, who was part of a famous show business family called The Musical Elliotts. They developed an instant friendship and, due to their mutual love of dancing, decided on the formation of their own double act. As Phil and Peter Elliott, they successfully toured variety theatres as "The Debonair Dancers – Four Educated Feet". They toured continuously throughout 1952 but, in 1953, were compelled to abandon their act when Peter was called up to do his national service with the Royal Air Force.
Singing career
During their time on the variety circuit, Elliott and Levy had met and become friends with singer Tony Brent, who had several hit records to his name. It was Brent who first recognised Levy's vocal potential and, acting on his advice, she decided to go solo in an effort to try to make a living as a singer while Elliott was away. Brent introduced her to his own manager, Don Agness, and he arranged for her to do a trial recording. Then, in October 1953, after months of voice training and with her name changed to Billie Anthony, she recorded and released her first single for Columbia Records called "I'd Rather Take My Time" coupled with "Things Go Wrong". However, it failed to make any impression.
On 20 February 1954, Anthony and Elliott got married. However, the marriage did not last, as they realised that their lives were no longer going in the same direction. By the time Elliott had completed his service in the RAF, Anthony had attained quite a high level of popularity as a vocalist, and Elliott decided that he wanted to explore other possibilities. Thus, they went their separate ways, and eventually divorced in the early 1960s.
January 1954 saw the release of her second record, "Ricochet", followed in March by, "Bell Bottom Blues", both of which did well for Alma Cogan, Teresa Brewer and Joan Regan. Both sides of her next release "Cross Over The Bridge" and "I Get So Lonely" were recorded in April as duets with Tony Brent.
Her sixth record release in October finally made the charts. The song was "This Ole House". Several other singers recorded the same song, including Alma Cogan and Joan Regan, but it was Rosemary Clooney who jockeyed with Anthony for the highest chart position. Clooney, in the charts for eighteen weeks, finally won the battle for the coveted number one spot both in the UK and America. Anthony reached No. 4 in the UK and remained in the UK Singles Chart for sixteen weeks.
With the success of "This Ole House", she became known as "Britain's Blonde Bombshell". However, despite Anthony's good looks and voice, no other record of hers ever made the UK chart, leaving her with the unfortunate one hit wonder tag. Her two follow up discs, "Teach Me Tonight" and "No More", went almost unnoticed.
In January 1955, Stuart Hamblin, the American country and western singer-songwriter and composer of "This Ole House", came to London and, because he was so impressed with Anthony's version of his song, met her and presented her with the choice of another number from the material he had not yet published. She chose "Shake The Hand of a Stranger", a song that many people consider to be the best of her career. Recorded and released in April, it failed to take off. Every song she recorded after that seemed to eclipse the preceding one but, although they sold in sizeable numbers, songs such as "Boom Boom Boomerang", "Ten Little Kisses" and "The Old Pianna Rag" did not take Anthony back to the charts.
During 1955, she toured relentlessly around the UK, and while appearing in a jazz concert at London's Royal Albert Hall, she was visited in her dressing room by Gene Kelly, who had been in the audience. He discussed ideas regarding a part for her in a musical film, but this proved to be without foundation, and a movie part was never offered.
1955 to 1957 were Anthony's busiest years. Due to ever increasing demand, her fan club was formed, and besides touring she made regular radio and television appearances, not only in Britain but also on the continent. The greater part of 1957 was spent on the road with Harry Secombe in the variety show Rocking The Town. Anthony spent a hectic eight weeks in the early part of 1958, entertaining the forces in Cyprus, Malta and North Africa. After returning to London, she spent the remainder of the year touring in variety, doing one-night stands and the occasional service camp dates. This similar routine of one-night stands continued throughout 1959, interrupted only by a summer season at the Great Yarmouth's Regal Theatre with Hughie Green's Double Your Money show.
By 1960, her recording career, which had been slowly declining, ground to a halt after six and a half years. "A Handful of Gold", coupled with "Sure Fire Love", released in January 1960, were Anthony's last offerings on record. She was quoted as saying, "I'll let the rock 'n' roll boys come and go and then I'll be back".
Later years
Anthony eventually withdrew from show business, and with the birth of her daughter Jessica in 1968, she decided to concentrate on full-time motherhood. From then on she chose to live quietly in Hornsey, north London.
In early 1991, Anthony lost consciousness after suffering a series of strokes and never recovered. She died in London's Whittington Hospital, Archway, on 5 January 1991, at the age of 58.
References
External links
Billie Anthony website
1932 births
1991 deaths
20th-century Scottish women singers
Singers from Glasgow
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billie%20Anthony
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ATCO Electric Yukon, formerly Yukon Electrical Company Limited (YECL), is a private electrical utility based in Whitehorse, Yukon, serving most Yukon communities and Lower Post, British Columbia. The company, founded in 1901, is owned by ATCO of Alberta. Through mergers and acquisitions, Yukon Electrical extended to serve most communities in Yukon.
Though it owns one hydro-electric and a number of diesel generating facilities of its own, it purchases most of its power wholesale from the Yukon Energy Corporation and distributes it to consumers. From 1987 to 1997, it operated the services of Yukon Energy under contract, but in 1997, the Yukon government chose not to renew the arrangement; Yukon Energy established its own offices for management and customer service, while YECL continued to operate its own facilities.
The activities of ATCO Electrical Yukon are as follows:
Distribution only
Whitehorse (also has a small hydro-electric generating facility at Fish Lake)
Marsh Lake, Yukon
Tagish, Yukon
Carcross, Yukon
Keno City, Yukon
Distribution and back-up generation
Teslin, Yukon
Haines Junction, Yukon
Carmacks, Yukon
Ross River, Yukon
Diesel generation and distribution
Old Crow, Yukon
Pelly Crossing, Yukon
Stewart Crossing, Yukon
Beaver Creek, Yukon
Destruction Bay, Yukon
Upper Liard, Yukon
Lower Post, British Columbia
Burwash Landing, Yukon
Watson Lake, Yukon
Swift River, Yukon
The only Yukon communities not served by ATCO are Dawson City, Faro, Mayo and Champagne.
See also
List of Canadian electric utilities
External links
Companies based in Whitehorse
Electric power companies of Canada
ATCO
Canadian companies established in 1901
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATCO%20Electric%20Yukon
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Western law comprises the legal traditions of Western culture, with roots in Roman law and canon law. As Western culture shares a Graeco-Roman Classical and Renaissance cultural influence, so do its legal systems.
History
The rediscovery of the Justinian Code in the early 10th century rekindled a passion for the discipline of law, initially shared across many of the re-forming boundaries between East and West. Eventually, it was only in the Catholic or Frankish west that Roman law became the foundation of all legal concepts and systems. Its influence can be traced to this day in all Western legal systems, although differing in kind and degree between the common (Anglo-American) and the civil (continental European) legal traditions.
The study of canon law, the legal system of the Catholic Church, fused with that of Roman law to form the basis for the refounding of Western legal scholarship. It was the first modern Western legal system and is the oldest continuously functioning legal system in the West. Its principles of civil rights, equality before the law, equality of women, procedural justice, and democracy as the ideal form of society formed the basis of modern Western culture.
Western legal culture
Western culture, sometimes equated with Western civilization, Western lifestyle or European civilization, is a term used very broadly to a heritage of social norms, ethical values, traditional customs, belief systems, political systems, and specific artifacts and technologies that have some origin or association with Europe.
Western legal culture is unified in the systematic reliance on legal constructs. Such constructs include corporations, contracts, estates, rights and powers to name a few. These concepts are not only nonexistent in primitive or traditional legal systems but they can also be which form the basis of such legal cultures.<ref
name= "Smith"
>J.C. Smith (1968)
'The Unique Nature of the Concepts of Western Law'
The Canadian Bar Review
(46: 2 pp. 191-225)
in Csaba Varga (ed) (1992)
Comparative Legal Cultures
(Dartmouth: England).</ref
>
As a general proposition, the concept of legal culture depends on language and symbols and any attempt to analyse non western legal systems in terms of categories of modern western law can result in distortion attributable to differences in language.<ref
name="Smith"
/> So while legal constructs are unique to classical Roman, modern civil and common law cultures, legal concepts or primitive and archaic law get their meaning from sensed experience based on facts as opposed to theory or abstract. Legal culture therefore in the former group is influenced by academics, learned members of the profession and historically, philosophers. The latter group's culture is harnessed by beliefs, values and religion at a foundation level.
See also
Legal systems of the world
Legal culture
Byzantine law
Canon law
Germanic law
Roman law
Western culture
References
Western culture
Comparative law
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western%20law
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Thomas Edward Brown (January 6, 1913 – June 3, 1990) was an American actor and model.
Biography
Brown was born in New York City, the son of William Harold "Harry" Brown and Marie Francis Brown. As a child model from the age of two years, Brown posed as Buster Brown, the Arrow Collar Boy and the Buick boy. Brown was educated at the New York Professional Children's School. He was carried on stage in his mother's arms when he was only six months old.
As an actor, he is probably best remembered for playing the title role in The Adventures of Smilin' Jack and as Gilbert Blythe in Anne of Green Gables (1934). Later he appeared on the television shows Gunsmoke, Mr. Adams and Eve, General Hospital and Days of Our Lives. He also had a recurring role as Lt. Rovacs in Mr. Lucky.
He enlisted in the United States Army in World War II where in three years he rose from private to lieutenant serving in France as a paratrooper where he was awarded a French Croix de Guerre and a Bronze Star Medal. He was promoted to captain with the 40th Infantry Division. He served during the Korean War with the 40th Infantry Division where he reached the rank of lieutenant colonel.
Brown died in Woodland Hills, Los Angeles, aged 77.
For his contributions to the film industry, Brown was inducted into the Hollywood Walk of Fame in 1960, with a motion pictures star located at 1648 Vine Street.
Filmography
The Hoosier Schoolmaster (1924) as Shocky Thompson (film debut)
The Wrongdoers (1925) as Little Jimmy
Syncopation (1929) as Bellhop (uncredited)
The Lady Lies (1929) as Bob Rossiter
Queen High (1930) as Jimmy
The Famous Ferguson Case (1932) as Bruce Foster
Fast Companions (1932) as Marty Black
Tom Brown of Culver (1932) as Tom Brown
Hell's Highway (1932) as Johnny Ellis
Laughter in Hell (1933) as Barton
Destination Unknown (1933) as Johnny
Central Airport (1933) as Neil 'Bud' Blaine
Three-Cornered Moon (1933) as Eddie Rimplegar
Two Alone (1934) as Adam
This Side of Heaven (1934) as Seth Turner
The Witching Hour (1934) as Clay Thorne
Judge Priest (1934) as Jerome Priest
Anne of Green Gables (1934) as Gilbert Blythe
Bachelor of Arts (1934) as Alec Hamilton
Sweepstake Annie (1935) as Bill Enright
Mary Jane's Pa (1935) as King Wagner
Black Sheep (1935) as Fred Curtis
Annapolis Farewell (1935) as Morton 'Click' Haley
Freckles (1935) as Freckles
Gentle Julia (1936) as Noble Dill
And Sudden Death (1936) as Jackie Winslow
I'd Give My Life (1936) as Nickie Elkins
Rose Bowl (1936) as Paddy O'Riley
Her Husband Lies (1937) as 'Chick' Thomas
Maytime (1937) as Kip Stuart
Jim Hanvey, Detective (1937) as Don Terry
That Man's Here Again (1937) as Jimmy Whalen
The Man Who Cried Wolf (1937) as Tommy Bradley
Navy Blue and Gold (1937) as Richard Arnold 'Dick' Gates Jr.
In Old Chicago (1938) as Bob O'Leary
Merrily We Live (1938) as Kane Kilbourne
Goodbye Broadway (1938) as Chuck Bradford
Swing That Cheer (1938) as Bob Potter
The Storm (1938) as Jim Roberts - Bob's Brother
The Duke of West Point (1938) as Sonny Drew
Sergeant Madden (1939) as Albert 'Al' Boylan, Jr.
Big Town Czar (1939) - Danny Daley
Ex-Champ (1939) as Bob Hill
These Glamour Girls (1939) as Homer Ten Eyck
Oh Johnny, How You Can Love (1940) - Johnny Sandham
Ma! He's Making Eyes at Me (1940) as Tommy Shaw
Sandy Is a Lady (1940) as Joe Phillips
Margie (1940) as Bret
Hello, Sucker (1941) as Bob Wade
Three Sons o' Guns (1941) as Eddie Patterson
Niagara Falls (1941) as Tom Wilson
Sleepytime Gal (1942) as Chick Patterson
Hello, Annapolis (1942) as Bill Arden
Let's Get Tough! (1942) as Phil
There's One Born Every Minute (1942) as Jimmy Hanagan
Youth on Parade (1942) as Bingo Brown
The Payoff (1942) as Guy Norris
The Adventures of Smilin' Jack (1943, Serial) as Jack Martin
Buck Privates Come Home (1947) as Bill Gregory
Slippy McGee (1948) as Father Shanley
Duke of Chicago (1949) as Jimmy Brody
Ringside (1949) as Joe O'Hara
Operation Haylift (1950) as Tom Masters
I Killed Wild Bill Hickok (1956) as Wild Bill Hickok
Naked Gun (1956) as Sonny Glenn
The Quiet Gun (1957) as John Reilly
The Notorious Mr. Monks (1958) as Payson, Defense Attorney
The Choppers (1961) as Tom Hart
Cutter's Trail (1970, TV) as Orville Mason (final film)
Television
The Life and Legend of Wyatt Earp (1956-1958) as Bill Slocum/Frank Burroughs
Mr. Adams and Eve (1957) as Harry (Episode: "You Can't Go Home Again")
Circus Boy (1957) as Ned Bailey
The Lone Ranger (1957)
“Outlaws in Grease Paint,” as De Witt Faversham
The Adventures of Jim Bowie (1958) as Jeff Purky
Have Gun - Will Travel (1958) as Bob Pelley
Sugarfoot (1959) as Sheriff Pete Rayle
Perry Mason (1959) as Assistant District Attorney Jarvis
Colt .45 (1959) as Sheriff Frank Willis
Mr. Lucky (1959-1960) as Lieutenant Rovacs
Gunsmoke (1959-1974) as Major/Ed O'Connor
Lassie (1960) as Joe Morgan
77 Sunset Strip (1961) as Lou Maxton
The Rifleman (1962) as Sheriff
The Untouchables (1962) as Police Captain Bellows
General Hospital (1965) as Al Weeks #2
Mister Roberts (1966) as Admiral Morrison
Cimarron Strip (1967-1968) as Sheriff Phillips/Charlie Ives
The High Chaparral (1970) as Spokes
The Jeffersons (1975-1979) as Radio Announcer/Emcee
Ellery Queen (1976) as Marvin - The Broadcaster
Days of Our Lives (1976) as Nathan Curtis
References
Further reading
Holmstrom, John (1996). The Moving Picture Boy: An International Encyclopaedia from 1895 to 1995, Norwich, Michael Russell, p. 58.
Dye, David (1988). Child and Youth Actors: Filmography of Their Entire Careers, 1914-1985. Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Co., 1988, p. 28-29.
External links
1913 births
1990 deaths
20th-century American male actors
American male child actors
American male film actors
American male television actors
United States Army personnel of World War II
United States Army personnel of the Korean War
United States Army officers
United States Army soldiers
Recipients of the Croix de Guerre (France)
Deaths from lung cancer in California
Male actors from New York City
Warner Bros. contract players
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom%20Brown%20%28actor%29
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The National Justice Party (Spanish: Partido Justicia Nacional) was a Peruvian political party. At the legislative elections held on 9 April 2006, the party won 1.4% of the popular vote but no seats in the Congress of the Republic. The party subsequently lost its registration.
Currently, the party is not registered in the National Jury of Elections, therefore it is not officially considered a political party and cannot participate in any election. Therefore, the party is considered as defunct since 2007.
References
Liberal parties in Peru
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National%20Justice%20Party%20%28Peru%29
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, also known as Udo, is a Japanese musician and comedian. He used to be a member of the Japanese band UltraCats and is a member of the owarai group .
See also
List of Japanese comedians
References
External links
The Kyai information at Asaikikaku Co.Ltd.
1970 births
Japanese male comedians
Japanese male musicians
Japanese musicians
Living people
Musicians from Yamagata Prefecture
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udo%20Suzuki
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Tinker Bell is a 2008 American animated film and the first installment in the Disney Fairies franchise produced by DisneyToon Studios. It is about Tinker Bell, a fairy character created by J. M. Barrie in his 1904 play Peter Pan, or The Boy Who Wouldn't Grow Up, and featured in the 1953 Disney animated film, Peter Pan and its 2002 sequel Return to Neverland. Unlike Disney's two Peter Pan films featuring the character, which were produced primarily using traditional animation, Tinker Bell was produced using digital 3D modeling. The film was released on DVD and Blu-ray by Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment on October 28, 2008. A sequel, Tinker Bell and the Lost Treasure, was released in 2009.
Tinker Bell is the first Disney film to feature Tinker Bell in a speaking role. Actress Brittany Murphy was originally selected for the part before the role went to Mae Whitman. The film follows Tinker Bell’s origin story, before she met Peter Pan, as she works out her place in Pixie Hollow and struggles with what her “talent” is.
Plot
Tinker Bell (Mae Whitman) is born from the first laugh of a baby and is brought by the winds to Pixie Hollow (which is part of the island of Neverland), and Queen Clarion (Anjelica Huston) welcomes her. She learns that her talent is to be one of the tinkers, the fairies who make and fix things. Two other tinker fairies, Bobble (Rob Paulsen) and Clank (Jeff Bennett) show her around Pixie Hollow, teach her their craft and show her her house.
While out working, the trio are hit by sprinting thistles, a type of menacing weed. Tinker Bell meets Silvermist (Lucy Liu), a water fairy; Rosetta (Kristin Chenoweth), a garden fairy; Iridessa (Raven-Symoné), a light fairy; and Fawn (America Ferrera), an animal fairy. They tell her about the fairies who visit the mainland to bring each season. Tinker Bell is thrilled and cannot wait to go to the mainland for spring. After meeting them, she notices Vidia (Pamela Adlon), a fast-flying fairy who immediately dislikes her because of her unusually strong talent. Vidia challenges her to prove she will be able to go to the mainland, and Tinker Bell creates several inventions but messes up with them while showing them to the Minister of Spring (Steve Valentine). Tinker Bell then learns from Queen Clarion that only nature-talent fairies visit the mainland. She talks with Fairy Mary (Jane Horrocks), the tinker fairy overseer, who tries to please her with who she is, but instead inspires her to "switch her talent".
She tries her hand at nature skills; making dewdrops with Silvermist, lighting fireflies with Iridessa, and trying with Fawn to teach baby birds to fly, but she fails miserably at all of these. Meanwhile, Bobble and Clank cover for Tinker Bell when questioned by Fairy Mary. When Tinker Bell returns, she tries to explain, but Mary simply responds that she knows, and expresses her disappointment with Tinker Bell's actions.
On the beach, Tinker Bell finds parts of a music box and figures out how to put them together. Iridessa, Fawn, Silvermist, and Rosetta witness her doing this, then tell her that she should be proud of her talent — if this is what she's good at, the mainland should not matter. But Tinker Bell still wants to go to the mainland. She asks Rosetta if she will still teach her to be a garden fairy, to which she doesn't respond any differently.
As a last resort, Tinker Bell asks Vidia to teach her how to be a fast-flying fairy, then explains that her friends gave up on her. Vidia craftily tells her that capturing the sprinting thistles would prove her worth as a garden fairy. However, once she sees Tinker Bell making progress, she lets the captured thistles loose, and in attempting to recapture them, they destroy all the preparations for spring. Tinker Bell decides to leave, but after talking with Terence (Jesse McCartney), a dust-keeper fairy, about how important his job is, she realizes the importance of a tinker.
Tinker Bell redeems herself by inventing machines that quicken the process of decorating flowers, ladybugs, etc. This allows the other fairies to get back on schedule, thus saving the arrival of spring. Vidia is punished for prompting her to cause the chaos, and Queen Clarion allows Tinker Bell to join the nature-talent fairies when they bring spring to the mainland, which she declines having realised her talent. However, Fairy Mary arrives with the music box Tinker Bell fixed and gives her the task of delivering it to its original owner, who is shown to be Wendy Darling. The narrator ends by saying that when lost toys are found or a broken clock starts to work, "it all means that one very special fairy might be near."
Cast
Mae Whitman as Tinker Bell, a tinker fairy born of a baby's first laugh. She is fascinated by stories about the mainland and is thus discouraged to learn that tinkers do not go there. She tries to learn various other skills before finally accepting, with the help of her friends, that she truly is a tinker. She helps to repair the massive damage she created and is rewarded, as she is allowed to join the nature fairies on their trip, where she delivers Wendy her lost toy.
Kristin Chenoweth as Rosetta, a garden fairy who at first agrees to teach Tinker Bell how to garden, but later changes her mind after seeing Tinker Bell fix a music box.
Raven-Symoné as Iridessa, a light fairy who tries to teach Tinker Bell to light fireflies. She is often the first to voice discomfort about Tinker Bell not wanting to accept her job as a tinker.
Lucy Liu as Silvermist, a water fairy who tries to teach Tinker Bell to make dewdrops. She is possessed of a sassy sense of humor.
America Ferrera as Fawn, an animal fairy who tries to teach Tinker Bell to get baby birds to fly. She is the closest to Tinker Bell and expresses her desire for her to be happy, which she suggests is in tinkering.
Jane Horrocks as Fairy Mary, the overseer of the tinker fairies, who expresses high hope for Tinker Bell. She is greatly disappointed to learn that Tinker Bell does not like being a tinker, but is pleased to see her accept her job and help repair the damage caused to Spring. Mary charges her with delivering the toy she repaired after she becomes a nature fairy.
Jesse McCartney as Terence, the pixie-dust keeper, who is surprised to find out that Tinker Bell knows his name. In mentioning how his job is unimportant, he causes Tinker Bell to remark just how important it is, and realize her own importance.
Jeff Bennett as Clank, a large tinker fairy with a booming voice. He is usually found with Bobble or Tinker Bell.
Rob Paulsen as Bobble, a wispy tinker fairy with large glasses who helps Tink out; he is usually found with Clank or with Cheese, a mouse.
Pamela Adlon as Vidia, a fast-flying fairy, Tinker Bell's rival and the film's main antagonist. She is humiliated by Tinker Bell when they both choose the same hiding space from a hawk, and Vidia has a load of berries fall on her. When Tinker Bell comes to her for help, Vidia craftily suggests that Tink capture sprinting thistles. Vidia is later punished for her part in this.
Anjelica Huston as Queen Clarion, the queen of all Pixie Hollow, who gives Tinker Bell her job and oversees the four seasons. Queen Clarion is wary of Tinker Bell's eagerness; she is proved correct when Tinker Bell accidentally destroys the preparations for spring after being sabotaged by Vidia. Queen Clarion nevertheless forgives Tinker Bell after Tinker Bell helps repair the damage done. Queen Clarion then rewards Tinker Bell by allowing her to go to the mainland.
Loreena McKennitt as The Narrator, who relates the importance of fairies as it applies to reality.
Steve Valentine as The Minister of Spring, the grand master of spring, who makes sure everything is finished in time.
Kathy Najimy as The Minister of Summer
Richard Portnow as The Minister of Autumn
Gail Borges as The Minister of Winter
America Young as Wendy Darling, the girl whose toy Tinker Bell repaired. She is given it back at the end of the film.
Kat Cressida as Mrs. Darling
Bob Bergen as Fireflies
Production
The film went through two dozen script versions and multiple directors. The movie was produced with animation firm Prana Studios from their India location in CGI.
Planned for release in fall 2007, the movie experienced delays in connection with personnel changes in Disney management. According to a June 2007 article in Variety, Sharon Morrill, the head of DisneyToons direct-to-DVD division since 1994, was removed from this position due to problems with the film, including a budget that had expanded to almost $50 million. Pixar Animation Studios executives John Lasseter and Ed Catmull were given leadership of Walt Disney Feature Animation after Disney purchased Pixar in early 2006, and although DisneyToons is not under their management, "they are said to have gotten increasingly involved in the unit's operations." Lasseter reportedly said that the film was at that time "virtually unwatchable" and that it would hurt both Walt Disney Feature Animation and the Disney Consumer Products line it was meant to support. Morill was moved to "special projects" and the status of the movie was seriously in doubt. Disney observer Jim Hill reported at the time that the complications surrounding this film had resulted in a decision that Disney would no longer produce straight-to-DVD sequels to its feature films.
Music
The score to the film was composed by Joel McNeely, who recorded the music with an 88-piece ensemble of the Hollywood Studio Symphony and Celtic violin soloist Máiréad Nesbitt at the Sony Scoring Stage.
Soundtrack
The movie's soundtrack was released on October 14, 2008, a week before the DVD release and contains songs from and inspired by the film. Other than the score suite, the only tracks in the film are both parts of "To the Fairies They Draw Near," "Fly to Your Heart" and "Fly With Me."
"To the Fairies They Draw Near" – Loreena McKennitt
"Fly to Your Heart" – Selena Gomez
"How to Believe" – Ruby Summer
"Let Your Heart Sing" – Katharine McPhee
"Be True" – Jonatha Brooke
"To the Fairies They Draw Near, Part II" – Loreena McKennitt
"Shine" – Tiffany Giardina
"Fly With Me" – Kari Kimmel
"Wonder of It All" – Scottie Haskell
"End Credit Score Suite" – Joel McNeely
Score
An album of Joel McNeely's score from the film was released on July 22, 2013, through Intrada Records as part of a co-branding arrangement with Walt Disney Records.
Prologue
To the Fairies They Draw Near – Loreena McKennitt
A Child's Laughter / Flight to Pixie Hollow
Choosing a Talent
Tink Tours Pixie Hollow
Welcome to Tinker's Nook
Tinker Bell's New Home
Tink Meets the Other Fairies
The Lost Things Theme
Tink Meets Vidia and Finds Lost Things
Tinkering
Your Place is Here
Making Things
Tink Tries to be a Light Fairy
Teaching a Baby Bird to Fly
Hawk!
Tink Finds the Magic Box
Searching for Answers
Sprinting Thistles
Tink Feels Lost
Spring is Ruined
Rebuilding Spring
The Music Box Restored
To the Fairies They Draw Near, Part II – Loreena McKennitt
Tink Meets Wendy
Fly to Your Heart – Selena Gomez
Marketing
The digitally animated character of Tinker Bell and other fairies appearing in the film were featured in Disney Channel bumpers in which they would draw the channel's logo with their wands. Rosetta's represents her webisode. Marketing efforts for the film included a tie-in with Southwest Airlines, decorating and naming a Boeing 737 "Tinker Bell One". Flight attendants wore fairy wings and awarded prizes to passengers who correctly answered trivia questions about the Tinker Bell character.
Frank Nissen, the director of Cinderella III: A Twist in Time directed a series of webisodes to promote the film on the "Fairies" channel of the Disney XD web site. Except for a few vocal effects, only one contains dialogue.
Video game
Disney Fairies: Tinker Bell is an adventure game for the Nintendo DS. The game begins with Tinker Bell's arrival in Pixie Hollow, preparing for each season. As the seasons progress, more areas of the game become accessible. After all four seasons are completed, every area may be visited and season preparations become optional and vary each time. Various different tasks must be accomplished, which are bestowed upon the player by other characters. Such tasks include deliveries, item repairs, requests for items and searching for insects.
The player plays as Tinker Bell in a free-roaming Pixie Hollow, using the touch screen to maneuver the character, move to other maps and play various minigames. The player must, for example, touch an arrow on the screen to move to another map or characters to speak to them. The touch screen is used in the item repair minigames as well. For example, the player must trace the pattern of a groove to clear it or rub the item to clean stains. The DS microphone is used to create wind to loosen leaves and petals or blow dust from an item being repaired. The highest rank on 'Tinker bell' is Champion of the Craft.
Different gameplay mechanics can also be acquired in-game, which require specific use of the touch screen. These include:
the ability to glow by holding the stylus directly above Tinker Bell. This can be used to reveal hidden items.
drawing a circle on-screen to perform a somersault. Used to collect falling items.
drawing a triangular shape on-screen to awaken plants throughout the game.
petting or tickling insects. Used to collect lost insects and awaken sleeping insects. Can also be used on random insects that roam about the maps. Items will be awarded.
Also present in the game is a "Friendship Meter", which serves as an indicator to measure the player's relationship with other characters. It can be filled by presenting the respective character with their favorite item, accomplishing tasks or even simply speaking to them. The meter can also be depleted, however, by not speaking to the character for extended periods of time, giving an unwanted gift or missing a repair deadline.
Features:
Create unique dresses, outfits and accessories
Mini-games, such as catching dew drops, painting ladybugs and collecting threads from sleeping silkworms
Multiplayer modes
Includes DGamer. Create unique 3-D avatars, create a persistent profile, chat with friends in a Disney Fairies chat room, earn in-game honors, Disney Fairies-themed accessories and unlock exclusive Disney and ESPN content, including streaming audio from Radio Disney and live coverage of the NBA on ESPN Radio.
Reception
The film saw a brief theatrical release at the El Capitan Theatre between September 19 and October 2. It was shown on Disney Channel on November 30 as part of "New in November".
, the film holds a 90% approval rating Rotten Tomatoes, based on ten reviews with an average rating of 6.53 out of 10. The film was released on DVD and Blu-ray Disc on October 28, 2008. In North America, 668,000 copies were sold on its first day of release, about 22 percent above previous estimations.
DVD sales brought in $52,201,882 in revenue for 3,347,686 units sold.
Sequels
Five sequels have been released: Tinker Bell and the Lost Treasure (2009), Tinker Bell and the Great Fairy Rescue (2010), Pixie Hollow Games (2011), Secret of the Wings (2012), and The Pirate Fairy (2014). One additional film Tinker Bell and the Legend of the NeverBeast, was released in Spring 2015.
References
External links
Scoring Session Photo Gallery at ScoringSessions.com
2008 direct-to-video films
2008 films
2000s English-language films
American animated fantasy films
2008 computer-animated films
Disney direct-to-video animated films
DisneyToon Studios animated films
Tinker Bell (film series)
Films scored by Joel McNeely
2000s children's animated films
2000s children's fantasy films
2000s American films
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinker%20Bell%20%28film%29
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Umiujaq () is a northern village (Inuit community) near the eastern shore of Hudson Bay in Nunavik in northern Quebec, Canada. The village was established in 1986 by Inuit from Kuujjuarapik, 160 km to the south, who decided to relocate away from the area affected by the James Bay Hydro-electric Project. The population in the Canada 2021 Census was 541.
Umiujaq is the closest community to Tursujuq National Park, which was officially opened on July 18, 2013, and covers . The park headquarters is located in the village, from which the park is accessible by an unpaved road.
Umiujaq, meaning "which resembles a boat" in the Inuttitut language, is located at the foot of a hill resembling an overturned umiaq, a traditional Inuit walrus-skin boat. The village is located west of Richmond Gulf (French: Lac Guillaume-Delisle; Inuttitut: Tasiujaq (which resembles a lake)), an immense inland bay which is joined with Hudson Bay by a rocky gulch.
Inaccessible by road, Umiujaq is served by the small Umiujaq Airport.
As other villages in the Kativik region, the police services in Umiujaq are provided by the Kativik Regional Police Force.
History
The Inuit negotiated a clause into the 1975 James Bay and Northern Quebec Agreement that provided for the relocation of the Inuit from Kuujjuarapik to a new settlement unaffected by hydro-electric development. Following a referendum, in 1982 the Inuit opted to create a new community where they could preserve their traditional lifestyle in an area where fish and game were not threatened by hydro-electric development. After extensive studies a location was selected, and construction of the new village was completed in 1986.
Demographics
In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Umiujaq had a population of living in of its total private dwellings, a change of from its 2016 population of . With a land area of , it had a population density of in 2021.
Education
The Kativik School Board operates the Kiluutaq School.
References
External links
Website of the village of Umiujaq
Demographic and other information from the Department of Indian and Northern Affairs Canada
Weather Forecast for Umiujaq from Environment Canada
Inuit communities in Quebec
Populated places on Hudson Bay
Road-inaccessible communities of Quebec
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umiujaq
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The New Left Movement (Spanish: Movimiento Nueva Izquierda) is a Peruvian political party. At the legislative elections held on 9 April 2006, the party won 1.2% of the popular vote but no seats in the Congress of the Republic. The party ran Alberto Moreno for the presidency in 2006 gaining 0.3% of the popular vote.
Political parties in Peru
Socialist parties in Peru
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New%20Left%20Movement%20%28Peru%29
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Advance Country – Social Integration Party () is a Peruvian political party. Founded in the northern city of Santiago de Chuco, La Libertad in 2000, the party nominated Ulises Humala, brother of future President Ollanta Humala, for the presidency in the 2006 general election, in the election, the party won 1.1% of the popular vote but no seats in the Congress of the Republic. The presidential ticket itself attained 0.2%, placing fourteenth nationally and subsequently lost its registration.
In 2020, almost 15 years since its last participation in a general election, economist Hernando de Soto registered in the party in order to run for the presidency at the 2021 general election. He placed fourth in the election.
History
In early 2005, the party registered in the National Elections Jury and participated in the 2006 general election, launching Ulises Humala as its presidential nominee. At the legislative elections held on 9 April 2006, the party won 1.1% of the popular vote but no seats in the Congress of the Republic. The presidential ticket itself attained 0.2%, placing fourteenth nationally.
After losing its formal registration as a political organization, the party began a re-founding stage on May 10, 2017, culminating in a new registration on the same year.
In the legislative election held on 26 January 2020, the party won 2.5% of the popular vote but no seats in the Congress of the Republic, as it failed to pass once again the 5% electoral threshold. In the legislative election held on 11 April 2021, the party won 7.5% of the popular vote and 7 seats in the Congress of the Republic.
In December 2021, Hernando de Soto left the party following a dispute for its control between Aldo Borrero Rojas, the leader of the party, and Edwin de la Cruz Ponce, the general secretary, who was previously removed but continued to denounce his removal. Following his departure, De Soto described the party as being far-right after members of Advance Country supported amnesty for authorities following massacres in Ayacucho and Juliaca during the widespread protests against President Dina Boluarte.
Ideology
Advance Country described itself as a centrist party in support of social democracy and social conservatism upon its founding, while Infobae described it as ultranationalist in 2006. More recently, the party has been described as a supporter of far-right politics, though some media in Peru describe the party as center-right. Its members in the Congress of Peru have been described as being part of a "far-right" bloc allied with Popular Force and Popular Renewal.
Representatives of the party signed the Madrid Charter, an anti-leftist manifesto organized by the conservative Spanish party Vox. Economically, the party embraces classical liberalism and economic liberalism, generally supporting free markets.
The party does not have an official stance on social issues as it once did, as can be evidenced by the fact that the respective leading figures for de Soto's presidential campaign, Instituto Político para la Libertad Peru (IPL) vice president, Beltrán Gomez Hijar, and IPL member and congressman Alejandro Cavero, have supported pro-LGBT and pro-choice causes, whereas congresswoman Adriana Tudela, daughter of former Vice President Francisco Tudela, is opposed to abortion.
Under de Soto's leadership, the party is described by analysts and pundits as right-leaning on the political spectrum. According to Georgetown University political scientist Eliana Carlín, de Soto was the one who chose the party for his election run, and the party welcomed him due to his international prominence in the economic academia. In Carlin's opinion, the party is an "electoral vehicle" that reached an agreement with de Soto and that "they are not interested in ideology".
Controversies
Avanza País, in a journalistic column of RPP, was accused of surrogacy due to the incorporation of members who had no relationship with the party months prior. Despite this, party president Pedro Cenas rejected the notion of his party functioning as a surrogate and stated that "politics is not a commodity, but an act of faith and integration".
Election results
Presidential election
Elections to the Congress of the Republic
Regional and municipal elections
References
Liberal parties in Peru
Neoliberal parties
Conservative parties in Peru
Political parties established in 2000
2000 establishments in Peru
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advance%20Country
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Route 120 or Highway 120 can refer to multiple highways:
Argentina
National Route 120
Australia
Hopkins Highway
Brazil
BR-120
Canada
New Brunswick Route 120
Prince Edward Island Route 120
Saskatchewan Highway 120
Costa Rica
National Route 120
Finland
National Highway 120 (Finland)
India
National Highway 120 (India)
Japan
Japan National Route 120
Korea, South
Gyeongin Expressway
Mexico
Mexican Federal Highway 120
United States
U.S. Route 120 (former)
Alabama State Route 120
Arkansas Highway 120
California State Route 120
Colorado State Highway 120
Connecticut Route 120
Florida State Road 120
County Road 120 (Alachua County, Florida)
County Road 120 (Baker County, Florida)
County Road 120 (Levy County, Florida)
County Road 120 (Liberty County, Florida)
Georgia State Route 120
Hawaii Route 120 (former)
Illinois Route 120
Indiana State Road 120
K-120 (Kansas highway)
Kentucky Route 120
Louisiana Highway 120
Maine State Route 120
Maryland Route 120 (former)
Massachusetts Route 120
M-120 (Michigan highway)
Minnesota State Highway 120
Missouri Route 120
Nevada State Route 120
New Hampshire Route 120
New Jersey Route 120
County Route 120 (Bergen County, New Jersey)
New Mexico State Road 120
New York State Route 120
New York State Route 120A
County Route 120 (Cortland County, New York)
County Route 120 (Herkimer County, New York)
County Route 120 (Jefferson County, New York)
County Route 120 (Monroe County, New York)
County Route 120 (Montgomery County, New York)
County Route 120 (Niagara County, New York)
County Route 120 (Rensselaer County, New York)
County Route 120 (Seneca County, New York)
County Route 120 (Steuben County, New York)
County Route 120 (Wayne County, New York)
North Carolina Highway 120
Ohio State Route 120
Oklahoma State Highway 120
Oregon Route 120
Pennsylvania Route 120
Rhode Island Route 120
South Carolina Highway 120
Tennessee State Route 120
Texas State Highway 120 (former)
Texas State Highway Loop 120
Farm to Market Road 120
Utah State Route 120
Vermont Route 120
Virginia State Route 120
Virginia State Route 120 (1928-1933) (former)
Virginia State Route 120 (1933-1940) (former)
Washington State Route 120 (former)
Wisconsin Highway 120
Wyoming Highway 120
Territories
Puerto Rico Highway 120
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20highways%20numbered%20120
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Neuhof is a municipality in the district of Fulda, in Hesse, Germany. It is situated 15 km southwest of Fulda.
Villages in Neuhof
Dorfborn
Giesel (Neuhof)
Hattenhof (Neuhof)
Hauswurz
Kauppen (Neuhof)
Rommerz
Tiefengruben (Neuhof)
People
Wilhelm Diegelmann (1861-1934), German actor
References
External links
Neuhof municipality
Fulda (district)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuhof%2C%20Hesse
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The Civil Air Operations Officers' Association of Australia (CAOOAA), known as Civil Air, is a trade union in Australia. It was founded in 1948 and represents over 1100 air traffic controllers, System Support Officers (SSO), Flight Data Coordinators (FDC) and other support specialists.
Civil Air is affiliated with the Australian Council of Trade Unions, and internationally with the International Federation of Air Traffic Controllers' Associations.
References
External links
Civil Air official site.
Trade unions in Australia
Air traffic controllers' trade unions
Trade unions established in 1948
1948 establishments in Australia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil%20Air%20Operations%20Officers%27%20Association%20of%20Australia
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Tex is a novel by S. E. Hinton, published in 1979. It was adapted as a film in 1982, which starred Matt Dillon. The book (like Rumble Fish and That Was Then, This Is Now) takes place in the same universe as Hinton's first book The Outsiders, but in a rural town called Garyville, Oklahoma, a fictional suburb of Tulsa.
Tex and his older brother Mason live by themselves while their father tours the rodeo circuit. Tex is blissfully happy with his life. He likes simple things and taking it easy. Mason, on the other hand, must step into a parental role when their father is gone for five months touring rodeos. Their mother is dead, so the two of them must fight to meet their financial obligations. The boys' lives are slowly being disrupted.
A film adaptation was released in 1982 by Disney, starring Matt Dillon, Jim Metzler, and Meg Tilly.
Plot
The book opens with Tex McCormick, a 15-year-old who loves horses, and his brother Mason (Mace), living in a country home in a small town. Jamie is the girl next door. Their mother died years before, and their father goes off for months at a time leaving Mace, a high school senior and a star basketball player, and Tex at home.
Tex comes home to find the two brothers' horses sold. Tex considered his horse Negrito a friend, but Mace had to sell the horses to ensure they would have enough to eat through the winter. This action sets Tex against his brother for most of the book.
Living in the larger ranch house next door are the Collinses, who include Mace’s best friend Bob, Tex's best friend Johnny, and the younger sister whom Tex loves, Jamie. The children are forbidden to see Mason and Tex because the Collins patriarch, Cole, thinks they are a bad influence.
After a turn of events involving Tex and Mace's father, Tex runs away to the city with a family friend. He eventually learns that just living life and staying with his brother is the best thing for him.
Characters
Tex McCormick: A fifteen-year-old boy. He loves horses, especially his horse Negrito. He is faithful to his father and his brother Mason. His best friend is Johnny Collins.
Mason McCormick: A seventeen-year-old boy, and Pop's only biological child. He loves to fish, play basketball, and serves as a father figure to Tex. Tex says he looks like "a proud hawk." (p. 86)
Jamie Collins: Johnny's younger sister. She has a reputation for being mean, rarely going a week without being grounded or spanked. She uses threats and controlling behaviour to get her way. She is also flirty and believes passionately in women's rights.
Johnny Collins: Tex's best friend, from the richer Collins family. They get into trouble a lot, including with Johnny's motorcycle when attempting to jump over a ditch.
Cole Collins: Father of Blackie, Charlie, Robert (Bob), Johnny, and Jamie Collins; married to Mona Collins. He is a strict and controlling father and spanks his children. When Johnny and Tex get drunk at Charlie's party, he blames Tex. After they get in trouble at school, Mason and Cole have an argument and Mason wins Cole's respect.
Bob Collins: Son of Cole. Brother of Jamie and Johnny. He is Mason's best friend and a good basketball player.
Pop McCormick: Father of Mason, whom he leaves in charge of Tex. Tex is the son of another man with whom his wife had an affair. They are now divorced. Pop stays away from his family a lot because of the rodeo tour, forcing him to stay away for five months.
Lem Peters: Immature friend of the family.
Mrs. Johnson: Tex's principal. Tex constantly gets in trouble with her, but she later promises him she will give him a job caring for horses.
Cathy Carlson: Tex's English teacher. She is revealed to be the sister of M&M from That Was Then, This is Now as she shows up at Mark's funeral.
The Hitchhiker: A dangerous drug dealer who has killed several other people before kidnapping Tex and Mason. Tex gets the attention of a police officer, and they shoot him dead. He is revealed to be Mark from That Was Then, This is Now after escaping from prison.
Mrs. Barnes: A typing teacher who works at Tex's school. She is played by Hinton in the film.
Kelly: A drug addict who acts up after a drug deal with Lem goes wrong. He holds Tex hostage until he escapes.
Negrito: Tex's horse until Mason sells him along with his horse Red. Tex tries to buy him back when Pop returns but fails. He was renamed as "Rowdy" in the film.
Clare McCormick: Tex's mother. She had a fight with Pop when Tex was 2 years old and walked out in the snow without her shoes on. Tex tried to stop her, but he couldn't reach the doorknob, and she later died of pneumonia.
Red: Mason's horse until he sells him along with Negrito. He was renamed as "Toyota" in the film. Although he didn't appear in the film, Toyota is also the name of Rowdy's actor.
1979 American novels
Novels by S. E. Hinton
American young adult novels
American novels adapted into films
Novels set in Oklahoma
Culture of Tulsa, Oklahoma
Novels set in Tulsa, Oklahoma
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tex%20%28novel%29
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Corina Belcea (born 1975) is a Romanian violinist who resides in Basel, Switzerland.
Biography
She started violin lessons at the age of six. Her teachers in Romania were Radu Bozgan and Ştefan Gheorghiu. In 1991, she took part in the Yehudi Menuhin International Competition for Young Violinists. Yehudi Menuhin then invited her to study at the Yehudi Menuhin School. Her teacher there was Natalia Boyarskaya. She continued her studies at the Royal College of Music. Her teacher there was Felix Andrievsky.
In 1994, while she was studying at the Royal College of Music she founded the Belcea Quartet.
She has also performed as a soloist in venues such as St John's, Smith Square, Queen Elizabeth Hall, Barbican Hall, Purcell Room, Théâtre du Châtelet and Théâtre des Champs-Élysées. She was awarded the Cobbett Medal for services to chamber music in 2021.
Belcea plays a Pietro Guarneri of Venice violin and owns a contemporary violin made by Felix Daniel Rotaru in 2016.
Competitions and awards
Joint First Prize, Kloster Schöntal International Competition, Schöntal Abbey, Germany, 1990
Second Prize, Menuhin Competition, Folkestone, Great Britain. 1995
Second Prize, International Competition for Young Violinists in Honour of Karol Lipinski and Henryk Wieniawski, Lublin, Poland, 1994
First Prize, Bromsgrove Festival, 1997
LASMO Staffa Music Award, 1998
References
External links
Biography at the Belcea Quartet official website
Interview in german at Classicpoint.net
1975 births
Living people
Romanian classical violinists
Romanian women violinists
Alumni of the Royal College of Music
People educated at Yehudi Menuhin School
21st-century classical violinists
Women classical violinists
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corina%20Belcea
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William James Burrud (January 12, 1925 – July 12, 1990) was a child actor and a television host and producer best known for his travel programs.
Biography
Born in Hollywood, California, Burrud was a son of Leland Burrud, who had produced one of the earliest known travel films in 1913. Burrud made his first film appearance at the age of 7 in Music in the Air. He also appeared in Captains Courageous with Spencer Tracy and in several films starring John Wayne. Burrud served in the U.S. Navy during World War II, then graduated from Harvard University.
In 1950 Burrud turned his attention to television. He coined the word "traventure" to describe the programs he intended to produce. The following year station KTTV in Los Angeles purchased his series The Open Road. In 1954 he founded Bill Burrud Productions, which would produce programs that included True Adventure, Vagabond, Wanderlust, Animal World, Islands in the Sun, Wonderful World of Women, Safari to Adventure, Treasure, and Natural Wonders. His company also produced numerous television specials.
Death
Burrud died from a heart attack in Sunset Beach, California in 1990 at the age of 65. He was buried at Riverside National Cemetery in Riverside, California. His son John Burrud now heads the company.
Legacy
For his many contributions to television entertainment, Burrud received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame in 1977. Burrud's star is next to Elvis Presley's.
Filmography
(Music in the Air) (1934) (Boy, uncredited)
(His Night Out) (1935) (Jimmie, as Billy Burrud)
(Three Kids and a Queen) (1935) (Doc, as Billy Burrud)
(Pride of the Marines (1936 film)) (Ulysses Simpson Smith, as Billy Burrud)
(Devil's Squadron) (1936) (Butch, as Billy Burrud)
(The Cowboy and the Kid) (1936) (Jimmy Thomas, as Billy Burrud)
(Postal Inspector) (1936) (Billy, as Billy Burrud)
(Two in a Crowd) (1936) (Chet, as Billy Burrud)
(The Magnificent Brute) (1936) (Pete Finney, as Billy Burrud)
(Girl Overboard (1937 film)) (Bobby Stacey, as Billy Burrud)
(Fair Warning (1937 film)) (Malcom Berkhardt, as Billy Burrud)
(Captains Courageous (1937 film)) (Charles, as Billy Burrud)
(The Man in Blue (1937 film)) (Young Frankie, as Billy Burrud)
(It Happened in Hollywood) (1937) (Billy the Kid, as Billy Burrud)
(Idol of the Crowds) (1937) (Bobby, as Billy Burrud)
(The Night Hawk (1938 film)) (Bobby McCormick, as Billy Burrud)
(Hitler's Children (1943 film)) (Prof. Nichol's Student, uncredited)
(Treasure (1958 TV series)) (Host)
(Flight to Adventure) (1960) (Host)
(Thrill Hunters) (1967) (Host)
(The Challenging Sea) (1969) (Host)
(Safari to Adventure) (1969-1975) (Host)
(The World of Reptiles) (1971) (Host/Narrator)
References
Further reading
Dye, David. Child and Youth Actors: Filmography of Their Entire Careers, 1914-1985. Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Co., 1988, p. 30.
Holmstrom, John. The Moving Picture Boy: An International Encyclopaedia from 1895 to 1995, Norwich, Michael Russell, 1996, p. 133.
External links
1925 births
1990 deaths
American male child actors
Harvard Business School alumni
People from Hollywood, Los Angeles
United States Navy personnel of World War II
Burials at Riverside National Cemetery
20th-century American male actors
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill%20Burrud
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The interwar period of Polish football began in the late fall of 1918 after First World War, when Poland regained independence, which had been lost at the end of 18th century (see: Partitions of Poland). The newly created country soon started to organize its administration and several national organizations. Among them was the PZPN – Polski Zwiazek Pilki Noznej (Polish Football Association), which was created on 20 and 21 December 1919 in Warsaw. According to some sources, several officials representing around 30 Polish Football clubs were then present in Warsaw, but the list of them has been lost.
Many Polish Football clubs were not founded in 1918, but much earlier. The first centers of Polish football were Kraków and Lwów, where a club were established as early as 1903 (Czarni Lwów, the first Polish sports club). However, before 1918 it was impossible to create an independent, uniquely Polish Federation, because Poland as such did not exist.
Humble beginnings
The freshly created Federation began, in late 1919, to organize first, historic Championships of Poland. This was a difficult task as the country's provinces had for 123 years been divided and had belonged to three different countries. Even such seemingly easy detail, as direct rail communication between main Polish cities – Warsaw, Kraków, Lwów, Wilno and Poznań, was virtually non-existent. To make matters worse, Poland was from the very beginning involved with wars with almost all neighbors (see: Polish–Soviet War, Polish–Ukrainian War, Polish–Lithuanian War, Great Poland Uprising, Silesian Uprisings, Border conflicts between Poland and Czechoslovakia). Considering those conflicts, it is not surprising that in these hectic months sports were not a priority for both fledgling government and Polish nation.
Summer 1920 – unfinished championships
However, some time in spring of 1920, officials from PZPN decided to organize first championships of the country. Firstly, the Association divided Poland (whose borders were then not yet determined) into five football districts – Warsaw, Kraków, Poznań, Łódź and Lwów. It was planned that in early summer of 1920 teams from these districts would play regional qualifying games and then, five champions would play each other in a central tournament. The last games of championships were supposed to take place some time in late October 1920.
While planning those games, PZPN's officials did not predict that in summer of 1920 Red Army would reach the outskirts of Warsaw, and Poland's fate would be in grave danger (Russian westward offensive of 1918–1919). So, under the circumstances, only Western districts of Kraków and Poznań managed to carry out its games. Kraków's champion was Cracovia, Poznań's – Warta Poznań. Needless to add – Poland national team as such did not yet exist and no international friendlies took place.
Crucial year – 1921
By mid-1921, the situation in Poland had calmed down. Conflicts were over (see: Peace of Riga) and the nation, while recuperating from all the wars, started to take interest in other activities, including sports. First, in early summer of 1921, teams from five districts played each other, in regional championships. The regional champions were: Cracovia Kraków, ŁKS Łódź, Warta Poznań, Pogoń Lwów and Polonia Warszawa.
Cracovia Kraków – first champions
During the final, nationwide games of the tournament, Cracovia proved to be the best, unbeaten team. Led by a legendary forward, Józef Kałuża, Kraków's squad won seven games, with only one draw (against Warta). The vice-champion of these historic games was Polonia Warszawa and in third place, Warta Poznań. National championships lasted for only two months, from late August until late October. The top scorer of the national games was Cracovia's forward Józef Kałuża, with 9 goals.
First international friendly
In late 1921, the freshly created Poland national team also played its first, historic, international friendly. On 18 December 1921 in Budapest, Poland lost to Hungary 0-1 (see: The first game: 18 December 1921. Hungary–Poland 1-0).
Early 1920s
Since 1922, Polish teams began regular games in championships of the country. In the years 1922–1926 the games were organized in the same fashion, as in 1921. First, regional games took place, then best teams would face each other in the national tournament. As Polish borders moved eastwards (Kresy Wschodnie) as well as westwards (Kresy Zachodnie), additional PZPN's districts were added.
In 1922, in a nationwide tournament, 8 teams participated. Five of them were champions of the districts established back in 1920 (these teams were the same as in 1921), plus champions of three new districts – Upper Silesia (Ruch Wielkie Hajduki), Lublin (Wojskowy KS Lublin) and Wilno (Strzelec Wilno).
Also, since 1922, Poland National Team started to play international games on regular basis. Back then, no FIFA World Cup existed, so the only way to prove side's quality were friendlies or Olympic Games.
National Championships 1922–1926 – dominance of Pogoń Lwów
Starting in 1922, Pogoń Lwów for four successive seasons was champion of Poland, with the exception of 1924. In this year, due to the 1924 Summer Olympics in Paris, no championships were organized. The reason for this was so that the National Team would be adequately prepared for its games in the Olympics.
Pogoń thus was the champion in the years 1922, 1923, 1925 and 1926. Lwów's squad was unequaled in the country, with its leader in excellent athlete, Wacław Kuchar, who in 1922 and 1926 was the top scorer of Poland. Another Pogoń star was Mieczysław Batsch – also a forward, who together with Kuchar and some other Lwów's players regularly represented the Poland national team. Apart from Pogoń, in 1922–1926 other important teams were: Wisła Kraków, Warta Poznań, Polonia Warszawa, Cracovia.
In 1925, another district was added to the nationwide games. This time it was Toruń, with its champion, Toruński KS. Thus, by 1927 there were 9 districts of PZPN – Warsaw, Łódź, Poznań, Kraków, Lwów, Lublin, Wilno, Upper Silesia and Toruń. Each of them sent its champion to the national tournament.
National Team 1922–1926 – First victory
Back in December 1921, just after Hungary vs. Poland friendly, officials from both federations agreed that the next game would take place in Poland. As in early 1920s, Cracovia was regarded as the most influential club, the first international on Polish soil took place on Cracovia's stadium. The Hungarians supposedly were happy with this, as Kraków is in southern Poland, quite close to Budapest.
The game occurred on 14 May 1922. Polish football fans must have been in great anticipation of this event, because they filled up the stadium, with 16,000 of them showing up. Supporters intent on seeing this historic game came not only from Kraków, but also from other parts of the country. They were disappointed – Poland lost to its renowned rival 0-3 but, according to some sources, white-reds did not deserve such harsh punishment.
Two weeks later, Polish team went a long way to Stockholm, to face Sweden. This time, at the Olympic Stadium, with 16,000 spectators, Poland won the first game in its history. The Poles beat their opponents 2–1, with goals by Józef Klotz (on a penalty kick) and Józef Garbień. It must be mentioned, that in 1922 it took almost four days for the Poles to get by trains and ferry from Kraków, via Warsaw, Berlin, Stralsund and Malmö, to the capital of Sweden.
This victory, over an experienced Swedish side, was a turning point for the Poles. The National Team quickly took advantage of it, as more nations showed interest in facing white-reds. On 3 September 1922, in Cernăuţi, Poland tied 1–1 with Romania and on October 1, in Zagreb, Poles beat Yugoslavia 3–1, with two goals by Józef Kałuża.
In 1923, the first game occurred as late as 3 June. In Kraków, the Poles lost 1–2 to Yugoslavia (goal by Kałuża). This goal is also significant – it was the first one scored on home turf. Fans had to wait for next match until 2 September, when in Lwów, on the Czarni Lwów's stadium, Poland tied 1–1 with Romania. Soon after, white-reds traveled north. On September 25 in Helsinki, Poland lost 3–5 to Finland, two days later, in Tallinn, the Poles beat Estonia 4–1. The last game in 1923 took place in Kraków. On 1 November, the Poles tied 2–2 with Sweden.
Failure at the 1924 Olympic Games
In 1924, all efforts of PZPN were directed towards one aim – the 1924 Summer Olympics in Paris. Due to this fact, games for national championships did not take place, and manager Adam Obrubański was given a free hand in choosing players that would represent the nation in France.
Obrubanski, after checking some 40 athletes, chose the roster and went to Stockholm, for the last pre-Olympic friendly. However, on 14 May 1924, Poland was routed by the Swedes 1-5 (goal by Mieczysław Batsch). With the Games approaching, fans back in the country were uneasy and their worst predictions turned out right.
Upon arriving at Paris, the Poles found out that they would face Hungary. The game, which took place on 26 May 1924 at Stade Bergeyre, was a disaster. The white-reds fought hard in the first half, which they lost 0–1. Alas, after the break, the Poles lost strength and went down by 0–5. The Olympic dream was over, with Uruguay becoming the champion.
After the Olympics, National Team until the end of 1926
In spite of defeat in Paris, Polish players, who for the first time had played in an international tournament, learned an important lesson. Also, Polish officials got acquainted with football officials from United States, who came to France with their team. So, on June 10 in Warsaw, Poland faced the Olympic Team of USA. This game was another letdown for home fans, as the hosts lost 2–3.
For the rest of the period described (1924–1926), Poland rated poorly, occasionally winning some games against such teams as Estonia, Finland or Turkey, but also losing many, with Hungary, amateur team of Czechoslovakia or Sweden.
The biggest success of these years was the routing of Finland 7–1 on 8 August 1926 in Poznań. Also, on 12 September 1926, Poland beat Turkey 6–1, this game taking place in Lwów. However, those teams were regarded as somehow "second class". Facing tougher opponents, the Poles would most likely lose (like on 1 November 1925, in Kraków, Poland – Sweden 2-6 or on 20 August 1926 in Budapest, Hungary – Poland 4–1). At the end of 1926, Poland went to Scandinavia. On October 3 in Stockholm, the Poles lost to Sweden 3-1 and a week later in Oslo, Poland beat Norway 4–3.
Among players, who would represent the country, majority of them came from Kraków's clubs, Cracovia and Wisła, Pogoń Lwów, Warta Poznań, Polonia Warszawa and ŁKS Łódź. This means that just like in the early 1920s, the same teams played key roles in Polish football. After Adam Obrubanski, Poland's managers were Tadeusz Kuchar and then Tadeusz Synowiec.
The late 1920s and early 1930s
1927 brought a major change, as the Polish football League was created. The National Team's outlook did not change significantly, without any major achievements and international successes.
Creation of the Polish Football League
In December 1926 in Warsaw, representatives from several Polish clubs met each other. The purpose of this meeting was simple – to discuss the possibility of creating a Football League. It is unclear who came up with this idea (some say this was due to numerous changes, introduced at that time in Poland, after the May Coup). Obviously, a League was a much more practical solution than hitherto practised two-stage (regional and then central) games.
To the dismay of clubs’ officials, PZPN did not like the idea of the League and the Association wanted to thwart it. However, it turned out that virtually all but one Polish club supported the League and decided to create it, no matter what PZPN's representatives thought of it. In late February 1927, at the PZPN's meeting in Warsaw, its officials openly opposed the League, but the clubs, allegedly egged on by some generals from Polish Army (which, after May Coup of 1926, played a key role in all aspects of public life), would not obey. The creation of the League was announced on March 1, 1927.
Cracovia Kraków
It has been mentioned that all clubs but one supported the League. The only opponent was Cracovia – a very influential and strong organization in Polish Football of the 1920s. Cracovia's boycott was because its director, Dr. Edward Cetnarowski, at the same time held the post of the director of PZPN.
It must be mentioned that Cetnarowski was a personality known not only in Poland, but also in other countries. It was due to his efforts that in September 1923 his beloved club, Cracovia, went on a tour to Spain. The Kraków side's results were impressive – a 1–1 tie with FC Barcelona and a 0–1 loss to Real Madrid. In October, also thanks to Cetnarowski, FC Sevilla came to Kraków and lost 2–3 to Cracovia.
Early years of the League – dominance of Wisła Kraków
The games of the first, historic League Championships started on April 3, 1927. All major teams (except for Cracovia) took part in it. This is the list of the teams (in the order given below in which the League finished in November 1927):
Wisła Kraków
1. FC Katowice (German-minority team from Katowice)
Warta Poznań
Pogoń Lwów
Legia Warszawa
Klub Turystow Łódź
ŁKS Łódź
Polonia Warszawa
Czarni Lwów
Toruński KS Toruń
Hasmonea Lwów (Jewish-minority team from Lwów)
Ruch Wielkie Hajduki
Warszawianka Warszawa
Jutrzenka Kraków (Jewish-minority team from Kraków, which finished last and was relegated)
Polish-German rivalry symbolized by Wisła Kraków and 1.FC Katowice
In this first season of the League, the fight for the Championship was decided between two powerful teams – Wisła Kraków and 1.FC Katowice. This rivalry was treated very seriously, not only by the two sides involved, but also by the whole nation. 1.FC was regarded as the team supported by German minority, while Wisła, at the end of this historic season, represented ambitions of all Poles.
Some time in Autumn 1927 in Katowice, an ill-fated game between 1.FC and Wisła took place. The stakes were very high – the winner would become the Champion. Wisła won 2–0 in Katowice.
The League in the years 1928–1932
In 1928 Cracovia finally decided to enter the League, which was gladly accepted by all fans of Football. However, Championships were once again won by Wisła, with such excellent players as Henryk Reyman, Mieczyslaw Balcer and Jan Kotlarczyk. Warta Poznań was second and Legia Warszawa third. This was also the last year of 1.FC's dominance. The team finished fifth, to be relegated forever at the end of 1929 season.
In 1929 yet another team (after Cracovia, Pogoń Lwów and Wisła) was added to the list of Champions of Poland. This time it was Warta Poznań, who finished one point ahead of Garbarnia Kraków.
However, after the last game, on December 1, 1929, it was Garbarnia Kraków that was celebrating the Championship. Two weeks later, in mid-December, PZPN's officials changed the result of the Warta – Klub Turystow Łódź game. Originally, Warta lost 1–2, but due to a walkover (it was decided that one of Łódź's players did not have all necessary documents), this was changed to 3–0 in favor of Poznań's side. As a result of the decision, Warta (with 33 points) became the Champion, Garbarnia finished second with 32 points and Klub Turystow was relegated.
In 1930, Cracovia regained the Championship, (to repeat this success in 1932) and a year later another Kraków side, Garbarnia, won the League. It is clear that the 1927–1932 period was marked by the dominance of teams from Kraków. During this time, only once (Warta Poznań, 1929) the Championship was won by a side from a different city. The 1931 Champion, Garbarnia, was unique as this was the first time that the League had been won by a side whose all players had been bought from other teams.
National Team in 1927–1932
In 1927, due to conflict between PZPN and Polish football clubs about the creation of the League, only one international game took place. On June 19, in Bucharest, Poland tied 3–3 with Romania. The new manager, Tadeusz Synowiec, faced a big problem in this match. As most teams refused to send their players, he had to get support almost solely from Cracovia. Kraków's side sent as many as 7 players, the remaining 4 came from Katowice's second-class clubs such as Pogoń Katowice and Policyjny KS. Considering this, the tie with Romania was a good result.
Polish fans had to wait for an international friendly for as long as a year. In June 1928 in Warsaw, Poland tied 3–3 with USA (the Americans came to Europe for Amsterdam's 1928 Summer Olympics), and accepted the offer. By then, the conflict between PZPN and clubs was over, so new manager Tadeusz Kuchar was able to try all the players he wanted. Poland were losing 2-3 until the 89th minute when they were awarded a penalty kick. None of the home players wanted to take the kick until eventually Zygmunt Steuermann, a forward from Jewish-minority team Hasmonea Lwów, stepped forward and scored the equalising goal.
On July 1, for the first time ever, the national team came to Katowice. Poland beat Sweden 2–1, with around 20,000 fans cheering the victory. To please Katowice's fans, Tadeusz Kuchar called up the two best players from 1. FC Katowice – forward Karol Kossok and a very talented defender Erich Heidenreich. The first one gladly accepted the offer and came out on the field, but Heidenreich wrote a letter to PZPN. The player stated that even though he was pleased and honored, he considered himself a German, thus would not play in a white-red jersey. Polish officials were not happy with this (Heidenreich was considered the best defender in the League), but had to comply with his decision.
At the end of 1928, Poland for the first time faced its immediate neighbor and one of Football powerhouses – Czechoslovakia. In Prague, on October 27, white-reds lost 2–3.
In the years 1929–1932 the national team was considered in Europe as a second-class side, which was proved by international authorities in 1929. In 1929–1930, an international competition, The Amateur Central European Cup took place. Poland was included in these games, together with the amateur teams of Hungary, Czechoslovakia and Austria. First, official teams of these nations played in the "real" Central European Cup. This was a clear sign that the European elite did not feel that playing such a weak opponent as Poland was useful. Evidence in support of this came in Budapest, when the Poles were routed 1-5 by the official Hungarian team.
As games against amateur teams are not considered official by FIFA, for several months Poland did not play any official matches. The breakthrough came at the end of September 1930, in Stockholm. The white-reds beat Sweden 3–0, but the hopes of Polish fans, augmented by a 6–0 victory over Latvia (October 1930, Warsaw), faded away on June 14, 1931, also in Poland's capital. On this day, the hosts faced Czechoslovakia, one of the best teams in the world. The Poles were routed 0–4, and the Czechoslovaks scored their first goal as early as in the 30th second.
At the end of the described period, in mid-October 1931, Poland traveled to Brussels, where they lost 1–2 to Belgium. Then, on October 25 in Poznań, the hosts beat Yugoslavia 6–3. This success was the last game of manager Stefan Loth (who died in summer of 1936). Starting in 1932, the national team was managed by former forward of Cracovia, Józef Kałuża, who would lead it to its biggest successes and who would stay on this post until September 1939.
1932–1936
The dominance of two early centers of Polish Football – Kraków and Lwów, slowly came to an end. The new manager of the National Team, Józef Kałuża, was a huge fan of teams and players from Polish Upper Silesia (see: Silesian Voivodeship (1920–1939)). Thus, more and more sportsmen from this region appeared in the national lineup, eventually dominating it. Also the League was subject to the reign of Ruch Chorzów. This team won the Championships in the years 1933, 1934, 1935 and 1936.
The Polish Football League 1932–1936
As has been said, the early 1930s marked a decline of the dominance of Kraków and Lwów as centers of Polish Football. The point of gravity slowly moved towards the west – to the Polish part of Upper Silesia, which had belonged to Poland since 1921 (see: Silesian Uprisings). In 1932 the champion was Cracovia, but starting in 1933, Ruch Chorzów (then: Ruch Wielkie Hajduki) completely dominated the league, being the champion for 4 times in a row.
Ruch, with such excellent players as Teodor Peterek, Ernest Wilimowski and Gerard Wodarz was by far the best team in those years. For example, in 1934 it finished seven points ahead of second Cracovia. Other important teams of these years were: Cracovia Kraków, Wisła Kraków, Pogoń Lwów and Warta Poznań.
In 1933 and 1934 there were 12 teams in the League. In 1935 this number was cut to 11 and in 1936 – to 10. Football officials did it on purpose – with fewer teams, the competition was supposed to be harder, which would attract fans to the stadiums. However, supporters’ turnout was not impressive, with Ruch Chorzów as the most popular team, both at home and away.
In late 1935 (the league held its games in the spring-summer-fall system) fans were shocked to find that Cracovia, the legend of this sport, was relegated to the A-class. The Kraków side's absence lasted for a year – it returned in 1937, to become the champion.
Early years of Kałuża as a manager
Józef Kałuża was one of the best players of the 1910s and 1920s Polish Football. His career in Cracovia started in 1912 and ended in 1931. Then, Kałuża started another job – that of a manager. Firstly, for a short time in Legia Warszawa, then returned to Cracovia. Even though not born in Kraków, he was a great admirer of this city, and there died in October 1944. Kałuża's post as a manager of the National Team was decided on 20–21 February 1932, during the General Meeting of PZPN. There, in the election, he beat the main rival, former star of Pogoń Lwów, Wacław Kuchar.
It must be mentioned that the post of the manager of the National Team of Poland was not well-paid in the 1930s. Clearly, Kałuża's significance was great; he was widely respected, but to support himself, he had to continue working as a teacher in Kraków's high school. Back then, PZPN was not as rich as it is today. The manager was provided with some money to cover costs of travels and accommodation, but this was not regarded a regular salary. Football officials in Poland must have been pleased with Kałuża – unlike his predecessors, who would be rotated after just a few months, he held the seat firmly until the last days of interwar Poland (see: Invasion of Poland).
Kałuża's first games
Kałuża's debut as Polish coach could not have been better. The new trainer went with his team to Zagreb, to face an always-dangerous team of Yugoslavia. On May 29, 1932, Poland, quite unexpectedly, routed the rivals 3–0. Nobody was expecting this to happen and it was a shock. Then, on July 10 at Warsaw, the white-reds beat 2-0 Sweden and fans realized that under Kałuża, the national team can finally be put together and achieve some successes.
1932 ended with yet more achievements. On October 2, a so-called double match took place (such games were popular in 1930s European Football). The reserve Poland team beat 2-1 Latvia at Warsaw, and at the same hour the first lineup faced Romania in Bucharest. Romania (with several of its starters of Hungarian nationality from Transylvania) was regarded a very strong team. The Poles, however, overwhelmed it 5-0 and this was the biggest success of Polish Football so far.
This game is significant also for another reason. In Polish lineup there were two newcomers from Upper Silesia – Ewald Urban and Gerard Wodarz. Both performed excellently, each scoring a goal. This meant that Kałuża started to notice the Upper Silesians, and after a few years players from there would totally dominate the national team. The remaining three goals were scored by Legia Warszawa's Jozef Nawrot.
FIFA World Cup 1934 – unsuccessful qualifier with Czechoslovakia
At the beginning of 1933 Polish fans, heady with successes, were full of high hopes and expectations. These feelings were blunted on June 4 at Warsaw, when white-reds were defeated 0-1 by Belgium. This was a huge setback and cold water on heads of some fans.
The game against Belgium was yet another step towards "Silesiazation" of the national team. Apart from Urban and Wodarz, two more players from this region were fielded. These were Edmund Giemsa and Karol Dziwisz. All four were from Ruch Chorzów. Fifth Silesian in the lineup was Karol Pazurek from Pogoń Katowice.
On September 10, 1933, Poland at Warsaw beat Yugoslavia 4–3, but attention of fans already turned on Czechoslovakia. To qualify to the 1934 FIFA World Cup, Poland had to beat its southern neighbors, whose team was regarded as one of the best in the world. The first leg occurred October 15 in Warsaw. The white-reds, after a fierce battle, lost 1-2 (Polish lone goal on a penalty by Legia Warszawa's Henryk Martyna). This was a huge disappointment, and facing the second leg in Prague, nobody believed in success.
At the end of 1933, due to thaw of Polish-German relations, the team headed for Berlin. On December 3 the Germans won 1–0, with the goal in the 89th minute. All throughout winter and early spring of 1934, Football fans were waiting for game with Czechoslovakia, scheduled on April 15. However, just a few days before the match, Polish Ministry of Foreign Affairs banned the team from traveling to Prague, due to tense situation between two neighbors. As a result, the Czechoslovaks qualified and during the World Cup in Italy proved their skills, becoming the runner-up.
1934–1936 Years marked by rising fame of Ernest Wilimowski
Soon after events of April 1934, the team traveled by train on a tournee to Scandinavia. From Katowice, via Berlin, they went to Copenhagen, where on May 21 the Poles lost 2–4 to Denmark. Two days later, at Stockholm, white-reds faced Sweden, also losing 2–4. These games are important for one reason. Match against Denmark was the debut of a 17-year-old Ernest Wilimowski. The young forward of Ruch Chorzów was a rising star, which was proven in Stockholm, where "Ezi" scored a goal.
The remaining games of the described period were not marked by any significant achievements. Poland lost several prestigious games (2-5 vs Germany in Warsaw, 1-4 vs. Jugoslavia in Belgrad, 1-4 vs. Romania in Bucharest or 2-5 vs. Austria in Wien). The team plunged into mediocrity, winning only 6–3 with Latvia and 1–0 with Austria (on October 6, 1935, at Warsaw, lone goal by Pogoń Lwów's Michał Matyas). This game was the only notable success of the 1934 – early 1936 period. Wilimowski played in some of these matches, but the young player needed time to establish his position.
1936 Olympic Games in Berlin
Olympic experiences of Polish football team were by 1936 few and far between. In 1920 Summer Olympics, at Antwerp, white-reds did not participate, due to Polish–Soviet War. In 1924 at Paris, Poland was routed 0-5 by Hungary. As a result of this failure, the team did not even bother itself to travel to the 1928 Summer Olympics in Amsterdam. Then, 1932 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles were too far away and too expensive for Polish football officials.
Morale among both fans and officials was at the beginning of 1936 very low. Newspapers were urging PZPN to fire Kałuża, but eventually this did not happen, as the coach was strongly supported by representatives from Upper Silesia – the strongest and richest district of PZPN.
Even though 1936 Olympics were to be held in the neighboring capital, not everyone in Poland favored the idea of National Team's participation in this event. Officials from both Kraków and Lwów rejected it, only to be convinced by an unexpected victory 2–0 over Belgium (February 16, 1936, Brussels). This was a good sign, which changed the general feelings.
In mid-June 1936, after a long discussion, PZPN officially permitted the National Team to participate in the Games. Kałuża did not have time – he quickly organized a training camp in Warsaw, calling 36 players. After a while this number was cut down to 25 and then – to 18. Among them was Ernest Wilimowski, who was regarded by the manager as a key player, essential for his plans.
A few weeks before the games, "Ezi" was disqualified for alleged excessive drinking and did not go to Berlin. This was a huge mistake of Polish officials. They recklessly got rid of a top forward, thus reducing Poland's chances for a medal. Józef Kałuża had to agree with the decision, but obviously he was very unhappy. Without Wilimowski in the lineup, white-reds lost most of their firepower.
Games vs. Hungary, Great Britain and Austria
1936 Summer Olympics was the second (after 1924 Summer Olympics) major international tournament in which the Poles participated. Considering this fact, it is understandable that both officials and players were nervous before stepping onto the field for the first game. The opponent was the amateur team of Hungary.
On August 5 at Berlin's Post-Stadion the white-reds faced Hungary. The opponents, obeying the regulations, fielded their amateur players. With Poland, the situation was more complicated. Officially, there were not any football professionals in the country. All players worked somewhere on a daily basis, so as such they were amateurs. In some cases however, these jobs were just covers and all some athletes did was playing. Thus, Polish lineup consisted of its best players from top League teams. Also, it must be mentioned that games against Hungary, Great Britain and Austria are not considered by FIFA as official, so they simply do not count in any statistics.
Poland won the first game with ease, beating the Hungarians 3-0 (two goals by Hubert Gad, one by Gerard Wodarz). Then, white-reds faced amateurs from Great Britain. This was a tougher opponent, but again – no players from English or Scottish professional teams were fielded. The only athlete who eventually turned pro was Bernard Joy, later representing Arsenal London. This game, which took place on August 8, was a show of two players – Gerard Wodarz (who scored 3 goals, with additional strikes by Hubert Gad and Ryszard Piec) and Joy, who netted twice. Poland won 5–4, but the match was very nail-biting. It is enough to say that at some point the Poles were winning 5–1, only then to let 3 goals. Fortunately, the British did not have enough time to tie.
Then, on August 11, at Berlin Olympic Stadium, in the semifinal Poland faced amateur team of Austria. Stakes were high, as the winner would qualify to the final. Perhaps because of this, white-reds were nervous and did not play their part, losing 1-3 (lone goal by Hubert Gad). Huge crowd of 80,000 was very partisan, supporting Austria, which also was a disadvantage. Chance of Olympic gold was missed.
The match against Norway
After losing to Austria, the Poles had to content themselves with the game for the bronze medal. This time, for unknown reasons, Norway fielded its first lineup, so this match is regarded as an official international game.
The angry Polish officials decided to punish some players, claiming they did not play hard enough against Austria, so the starting roster was much different. It did not help much, as morale in the team was very low. The white-reds scored the first goal (scored by Gerard Wodarz), then the opponents answered with two from Arne Brustad. Poland managed to tie (with Teodor Peterek scoring), only to let Brustad score his third goal of the day. Norway won 3-2 thus receiving bronze medals.
1936–1939: the last years of interwar Poland
During the period described, the National Team slowly recovered from the Olympic failure, eventually managing to qualify for the 1938 FIFA World Cup (see: Poland at 1938 FIFA World Cup). In the last game of interwar Poland, the white-reds in Warsaw beat 4-2 Hungary (see: The Last Game (August 27, 1939)). This was the biggest success of Polish football in the years 1918–1939.
According to some experts, had the Second World War not started, Poland would have achieved success in the planned 1942 FIFA World Cup, which was supposed to take place either in Brazil or Argentina. Manager Józef Kałuża had gathered a group of excellent, prospective players, with Ernest Wilimowski as the top star. Kałuża had plans and vision; however, on September 1, 1939, it all changed forever. Poland ceased to exist, only to return to the map of Europe in 1945. By then, however, the situation was radically different.
Polish Football League 1936–1939
Ruch Chorzów was still the dominant team, winning the Championships in 1936 and 1938. In 1937 Ruch's streak of four consecutive champions was broken by Cracovia, and in 1939 the championships were not finished. By August 31, 1939, after some 12 games, Ruch was the leader of the 10-team League. Last games of this summer occurred on August 20. Then, a break was planned, because the National Team was going to play a few international friendlies. Games were to be re-introduced on September 10.
As a result of the Second World War, borders of Poland changed significantly. Lwów, one of the centers of Polish football (with such teams as Pogoń Lwów, Czarni Lwów and Lechia Lwów) was annexed by The Soviet Union and all these teams ceased to exist. Lwów's football officials and players moved westwards, creating such clubs as Polonia Bytom, Odra Opole and Pogoń Szczecin (see: Recovered Territories). Another important center, Wilno (with the team Śmigły Wilno), was also annexed by the Soviets (see: Polish areas annexed by the Soviet Union).
This is the list of the ten teams that participated in the games for the last Championships of interwar Poland. Teams are presented according to their position on the table, as of August 31, 1939:
1. Ruch Chorzów
2. Wisła Kraków
3. Pogoń Lwów
4. AKS Chorzów
5. Warta Poznań
6. Cracovia
7. Polonia Warszawa
8. Garbarnia Kraków
9. Warszawianka Warszawa
10. Union Touring Łódź
The national Team in 1936–37
Both players and manager Kałuża did not have much time to recuperate and analyze the Olympics. League teams were waiting for their key players, and less than a month after the Berlin game vs. Norway, Poland played in another double match. On September 6, 1936, the reserve team faced Latvia in Riga, on the same day the first team went to Belgrad, to play Yugoslavia. Both matches were highly unsuccessful. In Riga, Polish second team tied 3–3 with a much-weaker opponent. However, the game in Belgrade was a real disaster. After a very poor performance, the visitors lost 3-9 (two goals by Teodor Peterek, one by Gerard Wodarz), which was a clear sign of athletic and personal slump of Polish team.
For the next months Poland was struggling to recover from this drubbing. The White-reds did not manage to beat Germany (1-1, Warsaw, September 13, 1936) or Denmark (1-2, Copenhagen, October 4, 1936, in this game Ernest Wilimowski finally returned to the team). The first signs of improvement appeared in mid-1937. On June 23 in Warsaw Poland beat Sweden 3–1, only to lose 2–4 to Romania a few days later (July 4, Łódź). A crucial game occurred on September 12, 1937, in Warsaw. The hosts beat Denmark 3-1 which brought hope and eventually started a series of great games, climaxing during the 1938 FIFA World Cup. Match after match, the performance of Polish players improved. Results were impressive.
Firstly, in a World Cup qualifier at Warsaw (see: Poland at 1938 FIFA World Cup), Poland beat Yugoslavia 4-0 (October 10, 1937). Interesting is the fact that all goals were scored by players from Chorzów's clubs – Leonard Piątek (2), Ernest Wilimowski and Gerard Wodarz. Manager Kałuża betted on players from Polish Upper Silesia (seven of them appeared in the lineup) and was not disappointed. On the same day in Katowice the reserve team beat 2-1 Latvia. These games were a huge boost for the Poles.
Winter break was marked by a great level of optimism, and quality of Polish team was assured by the invitation from then very strong team of Switzerland. White-reds faced the Swiss on March 13, 1938, in Zürich, to achieve a 3–3 tie. Again – all goals were scored by players from Chorzów (Wilimowski, Piatek, Jerzy Wostal). Also, in the lineup there were as many as eight Upper Silesians, which was a clear proof of this region's dominance in Polish football.
In spring of 1938, just before the World Cup, the Poles were in their best shape. This was proven on May 22 in Warsaw, when the hosts, playing in front of 25,000 fans, routed Ireland 6–0. This match is regarded as one of the best performances of the interwar period. Apart from Wilimowski, who again showed his extraordinary skills and scored once, virtually all players played their hearts out. Out of them, one has to single out the scorers – Jan Wasiewicz, Leonard Piątek (2) and Gerard Wodarz. The game against Ireland was the last friendly before World Cup. It raised spirits and gave hope.
1938 FIFA World Cup
It is enough to say that Poles, after an impressive game (and amazing show by Ernest Wilimowski) lost 5–6 to Brazil, which automatically eliminated them from the tournament.
Also, it is worth mentioning that seven starters (Ernest Wilimowski, Wilhelm Góra, Ewald Dytko, Gerard Wodarz, Leonard Piątek, Erwin Nyc and Ryszard Piec) were from Upper Silesia (see: Autonomous Silesian Voivodeship). Out of remaining four, three (Edward Madejski, Antoni Gałecki and Władysław Szczepaniak) came from Polish heartland and the last one, Fryderyk Scherfke, was an ethnic German from Poznań.
Last months of interwar Poland
After the loss to Brazil, the Poles needed time to recuperate and rethink the tactics. The next friendly occurred three months later, on September 18, 1938. In Chemnitz, the Germans beat their visitors 4-1 (goal by Teodor Peterek). Compared to the Strasbourg match, there was only one change in the lineup – forward Fryderyk Scherfke was replaced by Peterek. According to witnesses, Poland played a good game, but missed countless good opportunities. Germans, however, netted all their chances.
A week later, on September 25, in a double game, the first team faced Yugoslavia in Warsaw (4-4, goals by Józef Korbas, Ernest Wilimowski – 2 and Leonard Piątek), and reserves went to Riga, where they lost 1–2 to Latvia. This was a surprising defeat, but the worst was yet to come.
In the next five games Poland did not manage to beat their opponents. Firstly, on October 23 in Warsaw, the hosts tied 2–2 with Norway (goals by Wilimowski and Ryszard Piec). Then, in late November, white-reds went on a long train and ferry journey to Dublin, where they lost 2–3 to Ireland (goals by Wilimowski and Piatek).
The first game of 1939 was a disaster. On January 22, at Paris's Parc des Princes, the French routed Poland 4–0. It must be mentioned that January is the time of winter break in Polish Football League, so the players were completely unprepared for this game. However, Polish officials did not want to refuse invitation from their French counterparts, and thus the match turned out really badly for white-reds. In freezing rain, hosts were faster and stronger and ambitious Poles were no match to them.
On May 27, 1939, in Łódź, Poland faced Belgium. This time again the white-reds did not manage to win, achieving a 3–3 tie (two goals by Wilimowski, one by Jerzy Wostal). Also on June 4 in Warsaw, facing Switzerland, the hosts tied 1-1, with Poland's lone goal by Piatek.
The last game of interwar Poland took place August 27, 1939 in Warsaw. Hosts faced Hungary, beating them 4–2. This was the day of Ernest Wilimowski, who scored 3 goals and set up the 4th one. The game is described here: The last game: August 27, 1939. Poland – Hungary 4-2.
On September 3, also in Warsaw, Poland was going to face Bulgaria. Three days later, white-reds were supposed to travel to Belgrade, to play Yugoslavia. These games never took place. On September 1, 1939, Germany invaded Poland (see: Invasion of Poland). Then, on September 17, Soviet Union joined the Nazis (see: Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact). Poland disappeared from the map of Europe, and the occupiers banned Poles from practising any sports.
See also
President of Poland's Football Cup (1936–1939)
Lower Level Football Leagues in Interwar Poland
Polish Football League 1927–1939
Further reading
Encyklopedia Piłkarska Fuji. Biało-czerwoni. Dzieje reprezentacji Polski (1) (Polish Football Encyclopedia. History of the Polish National Team (1)) Katowice 1991,
Encyklopedia Piłkarska Fuji. Kolekcja klubów. Lwów i Wilno w Ekstraklasie (Polish Football Encyclopedia. The History of Polish Football in Prewar Eastern Regions of Poland), Katowice 1997,
Encyklopedia Piłkarska Fuji. Liga Polska (Polish Football Encyclopedia. History of Polish Championships), Katowice 2000, ,
External links
Extensive digital collection of Polish football posters and other documents from the interwar period
History of football in Poland
Second Polish Republic
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish%20football%20in%20the%20interwar%20period
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The Decentralist Social Force Party () also known as Social Force () was a centre-left, social democratic, Peruvian political party. Founded in 1997 as the Party for Social Democracy (), in 2007 it changed to its current name after incorporating members of the CONREDES de Junín Movement and the Cajamarca Social Force movement.
History
In 1999, in an assembly in Carabayllo, the Party for Social Democracy - Commitment for Peru was officially founded, being its first national coordinator Francisco Guerra-García. In 2000, in another assembly, Susana Villarán was elected as the national coordinator.
It was previously a member of the Concertación Descentralista, together with the Partido Movimiento Humanista Peruano (PMHP). The alliance was formally announced on 10 December 2005, two days after both parties obtained formal recognition by the Jurado Nacional de Elecciones, the election process authority. The alliance was ended the next year.
The Party Decentralist Social Force participated in the October 2010 elections in various departments and provinces of Peru, in many cases in alliances with regional movements.
In Lima, they formed a coalition with the "Movimiento Tierra y Libertad", the "Movimiento Nueva Izquierda" and the political movement "Lima Para Todos" to launch the candidacy of Susana Villarán, who obtained first place, becoming the first female elected mayor of Lima.
On December 10, 2010, Fuerza Social registered with the National Elections Jury as the Social Force Alliance to participate in the 2011 elections together with the New Left Movement and the Fonavistas of Peru. The next day, the party's legal representative re-registered the alliance but now only with the New Left Movement, excluding the Fonavista Party due to the link of one of its main leaders with the Comunicore case.
On December 18, 2010, in a party assembly, they decided the alliance with the New Left Movement, and launched the candidacy of Manuel Rodríguez Cuadros for the Presidency of the Republic in the 2011 elections, while the vice-presidential candidates They are Vladimiro Huaroc and Elva Quiñones.
On March 18, 2011, Manuel Rodríguez Cuadros and his presidential ticket resigned their candidacies, however the party's list to the Congress of the Republic and the Andean Parliament was maintained, although they did not manage to overcome the electoral threshold of 5% of the votes, the party losing its registration.
Last years
The party joined the Together for Peru coalition in May 2017, but ended up leaving in August 2019 in order to merge with Citizens for Change, a movement led by former Prime Minister Salomon Lerner Ghitis. The merger gave birth to Citizen Force, though Citizen Force was part of the Together for Peru coalition.
Electoral history
Presidential elections
Election to the Congress of the Republic
See also
:Category:Decentralist Social Force Party politicians
References
External links
Partido por la Democracia Social
1997 establishments in Peru
2019 disestablishments in Peru
Defunct political parties in Peru
Defunct social democratic parties
Democratic socialist parties in South America
Political parties disestablished in 2019
Political parties established in 1997
Social democratic parties in South America
Socialist parties in Peru
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decentralist%20Social%20Force%20Party
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The Northeast Arkansas League was the name used by a pair of American minor league baseball leagues. The first of these started operations in 1909 and continued through 1911. The second version began operations for the 1936 season. It continued through the 1941 season.
Cities represented
Batesville, AR: Batesville White Sox 1936; Batesville White Sox 1938; Batesville Pilots 1940–1941
Blytheville, AR: Blytheville 1910; Blytheville Tigers 1911; Blytheville Giants 1937–1938
Caruthersville, MO: Caruthersville 1910; Caruthersville Pilots 1936–1940
Helena, AR: Helena Hustlers 1911
Jonesboro, AR: Jonesboro Zebras 1909–1911; Jonesboro Giants 1936–1938; Jonesboro White Sox 1939–1941
Marianna, AR: Marianna Brickeys 1909
Newport, AR: Newport Cardinals 1936–1938; Newport Canners 1939; Newport Dodgers 1940–1941
Osceola, AR: Osceola Indians 1936–1937
Newport, AR: Newport Pearl Diggers 1909
Paragould, AR: Paragould Scouts 1909–1911; Paragould Rebels 1936–1938; Paragould Browns 1939–1940; Paragould Broncos 1941
West Plains, MO: West Plains Badgers 1936
Yearly standings
1909
The teams from Jonesboro, Arkansas and Newport, Arkansas left the Arkansas State League and joined. New teams were added in Marianna, Arkansas and Paragould, Arkansas.
1910
The teams in Marianna and Newport folded. New teams in Blytheville, Arkansas and Caruthersville, Missouri came into the league.
1911
The Caruthersville team folded. A new team from Helena, Arkansas came into the league.
The league, and all teams in it, folded.
1936
The league formed with new teams starting in Batesville, Arkansas, Jonesboro, Arkansas, Newport, Arkansas, Osceola, Arkansas, Paragould, Arkansas, and West Plains, Missouri. The West Plains team moved to Caruthersville, Missouri on June 11. Its record was 18-10 before the move, and 33-38 after it.
1937
Batesville folded. A new team formed in Blytheville, Arkansas.
As Blytheville won both half of the season, it was determined to be the winner.
1938
Osceola folded. A new team in Batesville, Arkansas formed.
1939
The teams in Batesville and Blytheville folded.
As Caruthersville won both halves of the season, there was no basis for a playoff.
1940
Caruthersville moved to Batesville, Arkansas on July 7.
1941
All teams and the league itself folded.
References
Sumner, Benjamin Barrett. Minor League Baseball Standings:All North American Leagues, Through 1999. Jefferson, N.C.:McFarland.
Defunct minor baseball leagues in the United States
Baseball leagues in Arkansas
1909 establishments in Arkansas
1936 establishments in Arkansas
1911 disestablishments in Arkansas
1941 disestablishments in Arkansas
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northeast%20Arkansas%20League
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Guanaceví is a town located in the northwest of the Mexican state of Durango. As of 2015, the town of Guanaceví had a population of 2,908. It serves as the municipal seat of the municipality of Guanaceví, which in the 2015 Census had a population of 9,851. It is filled with mines that contain many minerals such as gold, silver, and brass. It has many food traditions that includes sopes, enchiladas, chapaneco, tezhuino, queso, chiles rellenos, etc.
Early history of this town can be found in Perez de Ribas Paginas, book3.
References
Andres Perez de Ribas Historia de los triunfos de Nueva Santa Fe [1646] 1944 Mexico City 3vols.
External links
https://web.archive.org/web/20061124110015/http://www.e-local.gob.mx/work/templates/enciclo/durango/mpios/10009a.htm
https://web.archive.org/web/20071019234510/http://www.municipioguanacevi.gob.mx/
Populated places in Durango
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guanacev%C3%AD
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The Peruvian Humanist Party (, PHP), formerly the (Peruvian Humanist Movement Party) is a humanist political party in Peru, and a former member of the Decentralization Coalition together with the Partido por la Democracia Social - Compromiso Perú. The PMHP won the regional elections of 2002 for the northern region of Lambayeque.
In 2008, Yehude Simon of PMHP became Prime Minister of Peru under Alan García. He resigned less than a year later.
For the 2011 Peruvian general election the party was allied with the Alliance for the Great Change of Pedro Pablo Kuczynski, that won 12 seats in Congress, making Yehude Simon a congressman for Lambayeque Region.
Since 2017, the party is currently a member of the Together for Peru coalition, although its party registration was used in order to formalize the union by changing the party's name to the coalition's name. The coalition is composed by the Peruvian Communist Party, the Decentralist Social Force Party, the Communist Party of Peru – Red Fatherland, Citizens for Change, Únete por otra Democracia, and Movement Towards Socialism. At the legislative elections held on 26 January 2020, the Humanist Party, which was part of the Together for Peru coalition won 4.8% of the popular vote but no seats in the Congress of the Republic. Although, the first projections gave the coalition approximately 5.0% within the margin of error, the party failed to get past the electoral threshold in order to attain representation.
Electoral history
Presidential election
Election to the Congress of the Republic
References
External links
Official website (Spanish)
2001 establishments in Peru
Democratic socialist parties in South America
Humanist Party
Political parties established in 2001
Political parties in Peru
São Paulo Forum
Socialist parties in Peru
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peruvian%20Humanist%20Party
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Aegerten is a municipality in the Biel/Bienne administrative district of the canton of Bern in Switzerland.
History
Aegerten is first mentioned in 1225 as villa Egerdon.
There has been a village here since at least the late-Roman era. It lay on the major Roman road from Aventicum to Petinesca over the Pierre-Pertuis pass to Basel. A bridge was built across Zihl river by 368-69. The ruins of the bridge have been discovered beneath the Bürglen village church and on the banks of the Flur island in the river. Very little is known about the village after the collapse of the Roman Empire until the Late Middle Ages. By the late medieval era, Gottstatt Abbey was the major landholder in the village. In 1388, the city of Bern acquired the village and in 1393 incorporated it into the Nidau bailiwick and the Bürglen parish. Aegerten remained a small, agrarian village until the 18th century, when shipping on the Zihl river and seasonal work in the Principality of Neuchâtel began to provide additional income. Despite four bridges, the village remained isolated from the growing Swiss rail and road networks in the 19th and early 20th century. As the nearby town of Biel grew in the 1950s, Aegerten finally began to develop into a commuter town and was connected into the Swiss Federal Railways network.
Geography
Aegerten has an area of . As of 2012, a total of or 37.3% is used for agricultural purposes, while or 28.1% is forested. Of the rest of the land, or 29.0% is settled (buildings or roads), or 5.1% is either rivers or lakes.
During the same year, industrial buildings made up 2.8% of the total area while housing and buildings made up 15.2% and transportation infrastructure made up 5.5%. Power and water infrastructure as well as other special developed areas made up 1.4% of the area while parks, green belts and sports fields made up 4.1%. Out of the forested land, 26.7% of the total land area is heavily forested and 1.4% is covered with orchards or small clusters of trees. Of the agricultural land, 25.3% is used for growing crops and 9.2% is pastures, while 2.8% is used for orchards or vine crops. All the water in the municipality is flowing water.
The municipality is located on the right bank of the Nidau-Büren Canal. The municipality has grown together with Brügg and Studen. It consists of the villages of Aegerten and Bürglen along with the new housing developments of Tschannenmatte and Schüracher.
On 31 December 2009 Amtsbezirk Nidau, the municipality's former district, was dissolved. On the following day, 1 January 2010, it joined the newly created Verwaltungskreis Biel/Bienne.
Coat of arms
The blazon of the municipal coat of arms is Or a Lion rampant Sable langued and membered Gules and overall a Bendlet wavy Azure.
Demographics
Aegerten has a population () of . , 13.8% of the population are resident foreign nationals. Over the last 10 years (2001-2011) the population has changed at a rate of -0.1%. Migration accounted for -0.4%, while births and deaths accounted for 0.6%.
Most of the population () speaks German (1,512 or 90.9%) as their first language, French is the second most common (70 or 4.2%) and Italian is the third (22 or 1.3%).
, the population was 49.9% male and 50.1% female. The population was made up of 735 Swiss men (42.5% of the population) and 128 (7.4%) non-Swiss men. There were 757 Swiss women (43.8%) and 11 (0.6%) non-Swiss women. Of the population in the municipality, 327 or about 19.7% were born in Aegerten and lived there in 2000. There were 815 or 49.0% who were born in the same canton, while 298 or 17.9% were born somewhere else in Switzerland, and 174 or 10.5% were born outside of Switzerland.
, children and teenagers (0–19 years old) make up 18.4% of the population, while adults (20–64 years old) make up 60.4% and seniors (over 64 years old) make up 21.2%.
, there were 606 people who were single and never married in the municipality. There were 908 married individuals, 72 widows or widowers and 77 individuals who are divorced.
, there were 263 households that consist of only one person and 37 households with five or more people. , a total of 684 apartments (90.1% of the total) were permanently occupied, while 32 apartments (4.2%) were seasonally occupied and 43 apartments (5.7%) were empty. , the construction rate of new housing units was 5.8 new units per 1000 residents. The vacancy rate for the municipality, , was 3.9%. In 2011, single family homes made up 72.3% of the total housing in the municipality.
The historical population is given in the following chart:
Heritage sites of national significance
The Goldhubel, an early medieval earthen fortress, is listed as a Swiss heritage site of national significance.
Politics
In the 2011 federal election the most popular party was the Swiss People's Party (SVP) which received 31.4% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were the Social Democratic Party (SP) (23.9%), the Conservative Democratic Party (BDP) (18.5%) and the FDP.The Liberals (7.9%). In the federal election, a total of 586 votes were cast, and the voter turnout was 45.7%.
Economy
, Aegerten had an unemployment rate of 2.54%. , there were a total of 386 people employed in the municipality. Of these, there were 17 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 3 businesses involved in this sector. 198 people were employed in the secondary sector and there were 22 businesses in this sector. 171 people were employed in the tertiary sector, with 42 businesses in this sector. There were 930 residents of the municipality who were employed in some capacity, of which females made up 43.2% of the workforce.
there were a total of 324 full-time equivalent jobs. The number of jobs in the primary sector was 8, all of which were in agriculture. The number of jobs in the secondary sector was 183 of which 159 or (86.9%) were in manufacturing and 24 (13.1%) were in construction. The number of jobs in the tertiary sector was 133. In the tertiary sector; 32 or 24.1% were in wholesale or retail sales or the repair of motor vehicles, 12 or 9.0% were in the movement and storage of goods, 18 or 13.5% were in a hotel or restaurant, 5 or 3.8% were in the information industry, 10 or 7.5% were technical professionals or scientists, 11 or 8.3% were in education and 9 or 6.8% were in health care.
, there were 263 workers who commuted into the municipality and 765 workers who commuted away. The municipality is a net exporter of workers, with about 2.9 workers leaving the municipality for every one entering. A total of 165 workers (38.6% of the 428 total workers in the municipality) both lived and worked in Aegerten. Of the working population, 18.2% used public transportation to get to work, and 57.4% used a private car.
In 2011 the average local and cantonal tax rate on a married resident, with two children, of Aegerten making 150,000 CHF was 12.6%, while an unmarried resident's rate was 18.5%. For comparison, the rate for the entire canton in the same year, was 14.2% and 22.0%, while the nationwide rate was 12.3% and 21.1% respectively. In 2009 there were a total of 815 tax payers in the municipality. Of that total, 250 made over 75,000 CHF per year. There were 6 people who made between 15,000 and 20,000 per year. The average income of the over 75,000 CHF group in Aegerten was 109,064 CHF, while the average across all of Switzerland was 130,478 CHF.
In 2011 a total of 5.7% of the population received direct financial assistance from the government.
Religion
From the , 1,119 or 67.3% belonged to the Swiss Reformed Church, while 254 or 15.3% were Roman Catholic. Of the rest of the population, there were 19 members of an Orthodox church (or about 1.14% of the population), there was 1 individual who belongs to the Christian Catholic Church, and there were 37 individuals (or about 2.22% of the population) who belonged to another Christian church. There was 1 individual who was Jewish, and 36 (or about 2.16% of the population) who were Islamic. There were 2 individuals who were Buddhist, 5 individuals who were Hindu and 1 individual who belonged to another church. 140 (or about 8.42% of the population) belonged to no church, are agnostic or atheist, and 48 individuals (or about 2.89% of the population) did not answer the question.
Education
In Aegerten about 63.3% of the population have completed non-mandatory upper secondary education, and 16.3% have completed additional higher education (either university or a Fachhochschule). Of the 183 who had completed some form of tertiary schooling listed in the census, 78.1% were Swiss men, 18.0% were Swiss women, 2.7% were non-Swiss men.
The Canton of Bern school system provides one year of non-obligatory Kindergarten, followed by six years of Primary school. This is followed by three years of obligatory lower Secondary school where the students are separated according to ability and aptitude. Following the lower Secondary students may attend additional schooling or they may enter an apprenticeship.
During the 2011-12 school year, there were a total of 122 students attending classes in Aegerten. There were 2 kindergarten classes with a total of 27 students in the municipality. Of the kindergarten students, 25.9% were permanent or temporary residents of Switzerland (not citizens) and 40.7% have a different mother language than the classroom language. The municipality had 5 primary classes and 95 students. Of the primary students, 17.9% were permanent or temporary residents of Switzerland (not citizens) and 25.3% have a different mother language than the classroom language.
, there were a total of 129 students attending any school in the municipality. Of those, 121 both lived and attended school in the municipality, while 8 students came from another municipality. During the same year, 120 residents attended schools outside the municipality.
References
External links
Official statistics for Swiss municipalities
Municipalities of the canton of Bern
Cultural property of national significance in the canton of Bern
Articles which contain graphical timelines
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aegerten
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Rosemary's Babies was an American hardcore punk band formed in Lodi, New Jersey in 1980. Its members included J.R.(Vincent C Paladino) - vocals, Post Mortem (Robert Montena) - bass, CA Richie (Craig Richardson) - guitar, and Eerie Von (Eric Stellman) - drums. The band was active until 1983 and produced a 7-inch EP titled "Blood Lust", released on the band's own Ghastly Records. A 2004 CD, Talking to the Dead included tracks from the EP, previously unreleased songs, and tracks recorded live at CBGBs NYC May 15, 1983.
The band's early musical influences included The Misfits and D.C. bands such as Minor Threat, The Bad Brains, and State of Alert (featuring vocalist Henry Rollins) as well as early British Oi! bands like Blitz, Charged GBH and Discharge. Other stylistic influences include films such as A Clockwork Orange, Caligula, and the band's namesake, Rosemary's Baby.
Rosemary's Babies was notably active in the New Jersey and New York hardcore punk scenes of the early 1980s, and all band members continued to work in the music industry after the demise of the band. Eerie Von moved on to work with Glenn Danzig in the bands Samhain and Danzig. In 2008, J.R. worked on the Septimus Orion project. Their first collaboration, a cd entitled CAGED, featured a new version of Sanctioned Violence, which was omitted on the 2004 release of Talking to the Dead because the original master tape of this the song could not be located. The band played numerous live shows, most notably opening for The Misfits, and Scream.
Eerie Von and J.R. were among the interviewees for a book titled "This Music Leaves Stains:The Complete Story of the Misfits" written by James Greene Jr. and published in 2013.
Discography
1983 - Blood Lust EP 7-inch (Ghastly Records)
2004 - Talking To The Dead
Members
Eerie Von (Eric Stellman) - drums - later of Samhain and Danzig
Post Mortem (Robert Montena) - bass - later of I'm Afraid
CA Richie (Craig Richardson) - guitar- member of When I Was Dead
J.R.(Vincent C Paladino) - vocals - later worked with Septimus Orion
External links
Rosemary's Babies on the Ghastly Records website
Rosemary's Babies on MisfitsCentral.com
Rosemary's Babies - BandToBand.com
Reviews and interviews:
Misfits Central (scroll down)
indieworkshop.com
Ghastly Records/Reviews
Hardcore punk groups from New Jersey
Horror punk groups
Musical groups from New Jersey
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosemary%27s%20Babies
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Heddesheim is a municipality in the district of Rhein-Neckar-Kreis, in Baden-Württemberg, Germany. It is situated 9 km east of Mannheim, and 7 km southwest of Weinheim.
References
Rhein-Neckar-Kreis
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heddesheim
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Katharine Lady Berkeley's School is an academy school near Wotton-under-Edge, Gloucestershire, England, for ages 11 to 18.
History
The school was founded by Katherine, Lady Berkeley for the use of six scholars in 1384 which makes it one of the oldest surviving schools in England. It is known that schools existed in the area before then, but Lady Berkeley formalised this school, gaining it a royal licence and it became a model for other schools. The first headteacher was John Stone M.A.
The old school buildings in School Lane, Wotton-under-Edge, were erected in 1726 with additions later. Shortly after the school had become co-educational, Church Mill was bought in 1908. After the First World War, Carlton House was rented from the Post Office.
New buildings
In January 1963, the school vacated the premises in Wotton and moved into a new building for 350 pupils in the Kingswood Road. The erection of the first phase of extensions to the Kingswood Road buildings began in March 1972. The extensions were completed for the start of the Autumn Term 1973, when Katharine Lady Berkeley's re-opened as a comprehensive school for 830 pupils. Wotton Secondary School closed at the end of August 1973.
In 1984 the six hundredth anniversary of the foundation of the school was celebrated with a visit from Princess Anne. In 1989, the Duke of Gloucester opened the Renishaw Centre, an IT room costing £60,000 and since then the School has installed three more computer rooms. The Renishaw Company renewed the equipment in the Renishaw Centre.
In 1992, grant-maintained (GM) status was attained, with the object of providing for the structural improvement of the buildings and a wish to be able to make independent decisions to suit the school's future. In 1996, the school achieved designation as a Language College. This enabled the school to offer a languages curriculum covering seven modern languages and Latin.
In 1994, accommodation was added to allow for the increase in numbers, from 1,010 in 1984 to 1,170 in 1994 and then to 1,340 in 1998. Further new buildings were completed in September 1997 to provide six more classrooms and the Language Centre costing £220,000 was opened in September 1996. In autumn 1999, work began on further new buildings to provide a new two storey teaching block that includes 11 classrooms, three ICT suites and a new library. In addition to this, a three-laboratory extension was added to the Science Centre. In 2007, the school gained a second DfES specialism, that of training school. The school population has stabilized at around 1500 pupils. In September 2011, the school became an academy. Since then the Science block has had 8 of its 11 rooms completely remade and several new classrooms have been added. In 2021 the school won a bid for an extensive rebuild with the designs finalised in early 2022.
Notable former pupils
William Tyndale, scholar
Edward Jenner, physician and scientist
Mathew Blagden Hale, Anglican bishop
Adjoa Andoh, Actor
Catherine Johnson, playwright
Simon Mason, England hockey goalkeeper
Sean Rigg, professional footballer
Ben Morgan, England rugby union player
References
External links
Educational institutions established in the 14th century
1384 establishments in England
Secondary schools in Gloucestershire
Academies in Gloucestershire
Training schools in England
Wotton-under-Edge
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katharine%20Lady%20Berkeley%27s%20School
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Avanza País may refer to:
Go on Country, a Peruvian political party
Avanza País, a Paraguayan political alliance
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avanza%20Pa%C3%ADs
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Doomben Racecourse is a horse racing venue in Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. It is located in the suburb of Ascot, 7 kilometres north of the Brisbane central business district. The Doomben course neighbours another thoroughbred venue called the Eagle Farm Racecourse and can be accessed via car, train or bus. Together with Eagle Farm, these courses are considered the two major racecourses in South East Queensland, and can be seen sharing irrigation systems and some of Brisbane Racings feature events.
This racecourse underwent its last major reconstruction in 1996 which primarily included major changes to the racing turf and its surrounding structures. Doomben Racecourse is currently owned and operated by the Brisbane Racing Club following various past acquisitions and mergers between competing racing organisations in Brisbane. Since its establishment in 1933 and its first race being conducted that same year, the land of Doomben Racecourse has been passed between crown title, purchasing syndicates and registered racing organisations and has been subject to the effects of world war II between the years 1941 and 1945.
Since this time, Doomben racecourse has hosted many major Australian races, including three group 1 races, these being the Doomben 10,000, the BTC Cup, and the Doomben Cup.
Location
Doomben Racecourse is located in the middle of four roads, these being; Raceview Ave (to the North), Hampden St (to the South), Southern Cross Way (to the east), and Nudgee Rd (to the West), with the entrance to the venue being located on Hampden Street. Positioned in the North-East corner of Brisbane's suburb of Ascot, this race course sits adjacent to another Race course called Eagle Farm. The two courses lie within a half a kilometre of each other and are separated by Nudgee Road with Doomben to its East and Eagle Farm to its West. Due to previous competition between the two Racecourses, Nudgee Road has often been referred to as the "Gaza Strip", to symbolise the historical rivalry between the two venues.
Transport
Transport to and from the course can be found in the form of trains, busses, taxis as well as the ability to drive yourself. Via the train, Doomben racecourse can be accessed from the Doomben Railway station which is part of the Pinkenba line and lies only a 5-minute walk (Approximately 400m) from the course's entrance. Busses can be used to reach the venue on the 301 route which runs from Adelaide St in the city to numerous stops surrounding the course. The two stops which are located closest to the main entry and members' entry at gate 4 include stops 29 (Hampden St at St Ledger) and 30 (Hampden St at Hopetoun Street). Taxi transportation can be found on Hampton Street out front of gate 4 from the specified taxi rank. If attendants are driving to the venue themselves, public parking can be located using gates 1 and 2 along Nudgee Rd which leads to the infield carpark. Members parking, however, can be found using gate 5 on Hampden Street along with disabled parking availability.
Course details
The Doomben race track completed its last major reconstruction in December 1996 at a total budget of $3.3 million. With design inputs from Robert Bird and his partners, Basic Construction were able to perform these major works on the course, which included additions such as new irrigation systems, steward towers and rails as well as the replacement of the track turf and soil around the course. Due to these modifications to the venue, Doomben's course dimensions as of 2021 include a 27 meter wide race track, with a circumference of 1715 metres. The tracks front and back straights of the track are 320 metres in length with a 2% camber, however, the turns on the course are made more steep with a 5% camber. Doomben's entire race track is soiled with a kikuyu turf-type and all races conducted on it are run in a clockwise direction, similar to most race tracks in Australia.
Doomben racecourse also maintains a number of training tracks which lie in the infield of the main race track. From infield-out, the order of these tracks are; track 3, cinder track then track 2 with circumferences of 1550m, 1600m and 1650m respectively. Tracks 2 and 3 have an average width of 14m and 17m respectively with both having the same kikuyu turf as the main race track.
Grandstand
Prior to the opening of Doomben racecourse, a grandstand was built by the Kell and Rigby construction company in 1932. Architecture services were provided by G.H.M. Addison and MacDonald with the contract price of the grandstand amounting to 23,344 pounds. Following this, new additions were made to the grandstand in 1982 costing a total of $8 million. As at 2021, this grandstand is split into a members stand and a public stand enclosing venues such as the Satchel, Chief De Beers, Vo Rogue, 10,000 and Home Return rooms which were last renovated in 2018.
Irrigation
In November 2019, Project Pumps & Irrigation completed the installation of a personally designed irrigation system for the two racecourses of Doomben and Eagle Farm. Since the major works were completed in December 1996, this installation was the first change made to the system, which involved an entire replacement of the old system followed by the integration of a centrally controlled automated system. The water source used for this new irrigation system is an 8 ML storage in the infield of Doomben racecourse, which is fed solely from an 18 ML storage dam on Eagle Farm racecourse, which is subsequently filled by stored runoff stormwater.
History
Doomben racecourse is currently owned and operated by the Brisbane Racing Club (BRC), an entity which also owns and operates the neighbouring racecourse – Eagle Farm – which together, serve as the two most prominent Racecourses in South East Queensland. The BRC has operated within and between these two courses since the club's establishment in 2009, following a merger between two clubs; the Queensland Turf Club (QTC) and the Brisbane Turf Club (BTC). The QTC, prior to the merger, had operated out of Eagle Farm Racecourse since the club's first race meeting in August 1865, with the BTC operating solely from Doomben racecourse. Although the BTC has conducted race meetings at Doomben since the course's opening and inaugural race in 1933, the BTC was formally known as the Brisbane Amateur Turf Club (BATC) which was the club that the Doomben course officially opened under. This change in club name from BATC to BTC, occurred in 1997 and remained up until the 2009 merger.
The idea for this merger had been building up throughout the 2000s, as well as the possibility to potentially close the Doomben course in its entirety. Firm motions in favour of the merger then arose in 2007 due to Queensland Racing stating that the individual clubs of the BTC and QTC could not continue operations separately. This was due to increasing competition between the two clubs, and the subsequent division of attendants which decreased overall profits. Indicative of this rivalry was the BTC's loss of over $1,000,000 in 2008. Consequently, in July 2009, this merger became official and the BRC was formed.
Ownership of land
Historically, the vast majority of land in Brisbane, known as Meanjin, has been occupied by the Turrbal clan, together with the Jagera people. First records, following colonisation, indicate that the land on which Doomben racecourse stands was property of The Crown up until October 1915 when it was purchased by a syndicate in recognition of its suitability to become a registered racecourse. In 1919, these 55.38 hectares of land were then purchased by Doomben Park Recreation Grounds Limited at a cost of 30,000 pounds. Over this time modifications were made to the property by both the syndicate and purchasing company, in order to prepare it for registered race meetings. These modifications included additions of fences, horse stables, starting lanes and a saddling paddock as well as the formation of a grass racing track with a 6-furlong straight. In 1930, the Royal Commission recommended that the Doomben land be sold or leased to an established racing club in order to facilitate registered racing, which was subsequently enacted and resulted in the BATC purchasing the land in 1933.
World War II
From 1933 onwards, Doomben racecourse conducted numerous race meetings up until 1941, in which an attack on Pearl Harbour in WWII resulted in American Military Forces being moved from Hawaii to Brisbane's suburb of Hamilton. From here, the American troops proceeded to occupy a vast majority of Brisbane suburbs, which included camps Doomben and Ascot, established respectively at both Doomben and Eagle Farm racecourse. These two camps, separated only by Nudgee road, were not enough to accommodate the approximate one million troops stationed in the suburb of Ascot between the years 1941 and 1945, and therefore an extension camp known as Camp Raceview was developed off of Camp Doomben, spanning North over Raceview Avenue. Over this period, Doomben racecourse's tracks, buildings and grandstands were all transformed into offices and accommodation to support the American Servicemen. This included modifications such as the infield of the course being covered by tents and the Members Stand being converted into an Australian Army Signals Office. The South-East extension that connects to the six furlong straight of Doomben racecourse was similarly converted into an apron for aircraft and hangars which lie in the Eagle Farm aerodrome, adjacent to the course. This provided access for the American troops to load, unload, refuel and board these aircraft. During this period of Military occupation on both racecourses, the weekly Saturday races of both clubs were moved to Albion park, which at the time was owned by the BATC, allowing for an easy transition.
Races
The first registered race meeting at Doomben racecourse was held on Saturday, 20 May 1933. This consisted of seven races throughout the day, with the main race, Doomben Newmarket Handicap, hosting 17 New South Wales horses to partake in the sprint event. This race was the first straight six furlongs sprint to be held in Queensland, which resulted in a close win from Wollun over the favorite, Closing Time.
Since 1933, Doomben racecourse has gone on to host a number of notable races under the ownership of the BTC and BRC which have been shared between the Eagle Farm and Doomben courses each year. The most significant of these races held at Doomben are the Group 1 events, which consist of the Doomben 10,000, the BTC Cup, and the Doomben Cup.
Doomben 10,000
Doomben 10,000 is a 1200m event, formerly known as the Doomben Newmarket Handicap which was first run on the day of the course's opening in 1933. After the Pacific war ended and military camps were removed from Doomben, the race became known as the Doomben 10,000 following the reopening of the course on June 1, 1946, in which the prize was increased to 10,000 pound. This made Doomben 10,000 the richest sprint race in Australia at the time, however, the total prize pool for the race in 2021 sits at $1,000,000.
BTC Cup
The BTC Cup originated in 1964 at Doomben racecourse under the name of the J. T. Delaney Quality Handicap, in which Rashlore was the first recorded winner. From 1964 onwards the BTC Cup was solely raced at Doomben up until 2013, in which the race was run at neighbouring racecourse, Eagle Farm, for the first time. The BTC Cup then continued to race at Doomben again until 2017, in which the race was permanently changed to Eagle Farm, the cup name was changed to the Kingsford-Smith Cup, and the race was extended from 1200m to 1300m.
Doomben Cup
The Doomben cup was first run on Saturday, 27 May 1933, one week after the opening of Doomben racecourse. This inaugural race was won by Pentheus, over 17 other horses including favourite Wollun, following its Doomben 10,000 win one week prior. At the time, the prize of this race was 1,000 pound and a gold cup worth 150 pound, however, this has increased to $650,000 as of 2021 and is still raced at Doomben racecourse.
The following is a list of Group races which are run at Doomben Racecourse.
References
Sources
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External links
Doomben Racecourse, Brisbane Racing Club
Horse racing venues in Australia
Sports venues in Brisbane
1933 establishments in Australia
Sports venues completed in 1933
Ascot, Queensland
Queensland in World War II
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doomben%20Racecourse
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David Butler (December 17, 1894 – June 14, 1979) was an American actor, film director, film producer, screenwriter, and television director.
Biography
Butler was born in San Francisco, California. His mother was actress Adele Belgrade, and his father was actor and director Fred J. Butler. His first acting roles were playing extras in stage plays. He later appeared in two D.W. Griffith films: The Girl Who Stayed Home and The Greatest Thing in Life. He also appeared in the 1927 Academy-Award winning film 7th Heaven.
The same year, Butler made his directorial debut with High School Hero, a comedy for Fox. During Butler's nine-year tenure at Fox, he directed over 30 films, including four Shirley Temple vehicles. Butler's last film for Fox, Kentucky, won Walter Brennan an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor.
Butler worked with Bing Crosby in Road to Morocco and If I Had My Way. He directed many films starring Doris Day, including It's a Great Feeling, Tea for Two, By the Light of the Silvery Moon, Lullaby of Broadway, April in Paris, and Calamity Jane.
During the late 1950s and 1960s, Butler directed primarily television episodes, mainly for Leave It to Beaver and Wagon Train.
Butler supported Barry Goldwater in the 1964 United States presidential election.
For his contributions to the film industry, Butler was inducted into the Hollywood Walk of Fame in 1960 with a motion pictures star located at 6561 Hollywood Boulevard.
David Butler’s 1927 Packard Six Series 426 Sedan sold on Bring a Trailer on January 6 2023.
Partial filmography
The Greatest Thing in Life (1918)
The Unpainted Woman (1919)
Better Times (1919)
Nugget Nell (1919)
The Petal on the Current (1919)
The Other Half (1919)
Bonnie Bonnie Lassie (1919)
The Pointing Finger (1919)
The Triflers (1920)
The Sky Pilot (1921)
The Wise Kid (1922)
The Village Blacksmith (1922)
Conquering the Woman (1922)
According to Hoyle (1922)
The Hero (1923)
A Noise in Newboro (1923)
Poor Men's Wives (1923)
Mary of the Movies (1923) (cameo)
Desire (1923)
Cause for Divorce (1923)
The Temple of Venus (1923)
Hoodman Blind (1923)
Arizona Express (1924)
Private Affairs (1925)
The Phantom Express (1925)
His Majesty, Bunker Bean (1925)
The Man on the Box (1925)
Wages for Wives (1925)
The People vs. Nancy Preston (1925)
Havoc (1925)
The Sap (1926)
The Blue Eagle (1926)
Meet the Prince (1926)
Oh, Baby! (1926)
The High School Hero (1927)
News Parade (1928)
Win That Girl (1928)
Prep and Pep (1928)
Sunny Side Up (1929)
Chasing Through Europe (1929)
High Society Blues (1930)
Just Imagine (1930)
Delicious (1931)
Business and Pleasure (1932)
Down to Earth (1932)
Hold Me Tight (1933)
My Weakness (1933)
Bottoms Up (1934)
Bright Eyes (1934)
The Little Colonel (1935)
The Littlest Rebel (1935)
Captain January (1936)
Dimples (1936)
Pigskin Parade (1936)
Kentucky (1938)
That's Right – You're Wrong (1939)
You'll Find Out (1940)
Road to Morocco (1942)
Thank Your Lucky Stars (1943)
Shine On, Harvest Moon (1944)
The Princess and the Pirate (1944)
San Antonio (1945)
The Time, the Place and the Girl (1946)
It's a Great Feeling (1949)
The Story of Seabiscuit (1949)
Tea for Two (1950)
Where's Charley? (1952)
April in Paris (1952)
By the Light of the Silvery Moon (1953)
Calamity Jane (1953)
King Richard and the Crusaders (1954)
The Command (1954)
Jump into Hell (1955)
The Girl He Left Behind (1956)
C'mon, Let's Live a Little (1967)
References
External links
David Butler at Virtual History
1894 births
1979 deaths
American male film actors
Film producers from California
American male screenwriters
American television directors
Male actors from San Francisco
Film directors from California
20th-century American male actors
Burials at Forest Lawn Memorial Park (Glendale)
Screenwriters from California
20th-century American screenwriters
20th-century American male writers
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20Butler%20%28director%29
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Beanite Quakerism refers to the independent tradition of Quakerism started by Quaker ministers Joel and Hannah Bean in the western United States in the late 19th century, and in a more specific sense refers to the three Western yearly meetings that spring from that tradition.
The Beans were originally from New Hampshire, but moved to Iowa and joined the Iowa Yearly Meeting (IYM) in the late 1850s. They had not intended to start a new tradition of Quakerism, but in the 1870s and 1880s, an evangelical "revival" movement spread to Iowa Quakers, who by degrees abandoned traditional Quaker beliefs and practices in favor of more charismatic, Protestant ones. The Beans eventually became alarmed by this phenomenon, and argued against it, but they preferred to work within IYM rather than splitting off as other Quakers did (forming Conservative Friends). But the new revivalist majority in IYM continued to press them, finally denouncing their views in the 1881 yearly session.
The Beans shortly moved to San Jose, California and started a meeting there; still not wanting to break fellowship with their Yearly Meeting, they retained their membership and formed the meeting under the care of Iowa Yearly Meeting. But IYM sent two revivalist ministers to California after them, who caused a split in the meeting. The Beans and their supporters withdrew again to form another meeting, in a building they built themselves, and again applied for recognition by IYM. But IYM officially disbanded the Beans' meeting, after sending them a list of doctrinal questions to which the Beans' meeting did not give satisfactory answers, and over the next few years officially purged them as ministers and then as members.
Being forced by IYM to be on their own, the Beans thus became innovators. In 1889 they reorganized their local meeting as the College Park Association of Friends, which over the following decades became the hub of otherwise-unaffiliated Quaker meetings that appeared in the West, which later grew to be what are now known as Pacific Yearly Meeting, North Pacific Yearly Meeting, and Intermountain Yearly Meeting Eventually Pacific Yearly Meeting and Intermountain Yearly Meeting joined Friends General Conference leaving North Pacific Yearly Meeting as the only remaining unaffiliated Yearly Meeting in the west. The three meetings jointly publish the magazine Western Friend.
References
External links
Pacific Yearly Meeting (Official Website)
North Pacific Yearly Meeting (Official Website)
Intermountain Yearly Meeting (Official Website)
Western Friend: – Official publication of the Beanite Quaker Yearly Meetings
Quakerism in the United States
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beanite%20Quakerism
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Hand in Hand may refer to:
Film and TV
Hand in Hand (film), a 1960 film
Hand in Hand (Ugandan TV series), a Ugandan soap opera promoting the benefits of vocational training
Hand in Hand (Singaporean TV series), a Singaporean drama series about kinship
Hand in Hand: A Benefit for Hurricane Relief, a September 2017 telethon
Music
Hand in Hand (The Winter album), a 2007 album by beFour
Hand in Hand (Mulgrew Miller album), 1992
Songs
"Hand in Hand", the anthem of football club Feyenoord
"Hand in Hand" (Olympic theme song), of the 1988 Summer Olympics
"Hand in Hand", a song by Celine Dion, being a German version of her French song "Ne partez pas sans moi"
A song on both the Kingdom Hearts Original Soundtrack, and the Kingdom Hearts II Original Soundtrack
"Hand in Hand" (Elvis Costello song), 1978
"Hand in Hand", a song by Dire Straits from Making Movies, 1980
"Hand in Hand", a song by Phil Collins from Face Value, 1981
"Hand in Hand", a song by the Vels from House of Miracles
"Hand in Hand" (Grace song), 1997
"Hand in Hand" (DJ Quik song), 1998
"Hand in Hand" (Beatsteaks song), 2004
"Hand in Hand" (beFour song), 2007
"Hand in Hand" (Julian Le Play song), 2016
"Hand in Hand", a song by Paul McCartney from Egypt Station, 2018
"Hand in Hand", a 2014 song by Kraftklub
Other uses
"Hand in Hand", a magazine of football club Feyenoord
Hand in Hand, an anthology of love poems edited by Carol Ann Duffy
The Hand in Hand Fire & Life Insurance Society, founded in London in 1696
Hand in Hand: Center for Jewish-Arab Education in Israel, a network of integrated, bilingual schools for Jewish and Arab children in Israel
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hand%20in%20Hand
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Naphthalenesulfonates are derivatives of sulfonic acid which contain a naphthalene functional unit. A related family of compounds are the aminonaphthalenesulfonic acids. Of commercial importance are the alkylnaphthalene sulfonates, which are used as superplasticizers in concrete. They are produced on a large scale by condensation of naphthalenesulfonate or alkylnaphthalenesulfonates with formaldehyde.
Examples include:
amaranth dye
amido black
armstrong's acid
congo red
Evans blue
suramin
trypan blue
References
External links
Naphthalenesulfonates
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naphthalenesulfonate
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Mau Mau may refer to:
The Kenya Land and Freedom Army, an anti-colonial force
The Mau Mau rebellion, Kenya, 1950s
Mau Mau Island or White Island, Brooklyn, New York City, US
Mau Mau (game), a card game
Gallery Mau Mau, Cape Town, South Africa
The Mau Maus, a 1950s New York City street gang
Mau Mau, a 1973 documentary film of The Black Man's Land Trilogy
In music
Mau Mau (band), Italy
The Mau-Mau's, a Hollywood, California, US, band
Mau Maus, a fictional hip hop group in the 2000 film Bamboozled
See also
Mau (disambiguation)
Radical Chic & Mau-Mauing the Flak Catchers, a 1970 book by Tom Wolfe
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mau%20Mau
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W30CV-D, virtual and UHF digital channel 30, branded on-air as WHHI-TV, is a low-power, Class A independent television station licensed to Hilton Head Island, South Carolina. The station is carried on area cable systems operated by Hargray Channel(s) 8 and 418 and Spectrum channel(s) 3 and 1230. as well as IPTV services DirecTV Stream (Formerly AT&T TV), Hulu Live, Sling and YouTube TV.
WHHI-TV is one of two TV stations owned and operated by Byrne Acquisition Group, LLC (Ion affiliate WIFS in Madison, Wisconsin is the other). WHHI-TV is the only local broadcast station in southeastern South Carolina, serving over 70,000 households in the region, including the counties of Beaufort, Jasper, and Hampton.
Programming
The WHHI-TV schedule almost exclusively consists of locally produced news, sports, and entertainment programs, including the following:
843TV — A panel discussion of community issues, businesses, and events. Filmed at different locations throughout the Hilton Head Island, Bluffton, and Beaufort areas.
Beaufort News — Hosted by Daniella Squicquero. A weekly news broadcast focusing on local events and noteworthy news items in the Beaufort, SC area. Includes headlines and interviews with local newsmakers.
Bluffton News — Hosted by Betsy McDaniel. A weekly news broadcast focusing on local events and noteworthy news items in the Bluffton, SC area. Includes headlines and interviews with local newsmakers.
Coligny Corner — Hosted by Leslie Richardson and Heather Rath. A show presented by Coligny Plaza promoting businesses in the Coligny Plaza area.
Girl Talk — A female panel discussion consisting of a wide array of topics including style, fashion, health, fitness, business/event promotion, and more.
Healthy Living — Hosted by Debi Lynes. Talk show discussing health and medicine.
High School Basketball — Local High School Basketball Game of the Week aired in its entirety. Five games each season.
High School Football — Local High School Football Game of the Week aired in its entirety. Games are covered over the course of an 11-week season.
Hilton Head News — Hosted by Bob Stevens. Formerly known as The Lowcountry Report, this news broadcast focuses on local events and noteworthy news items on Hilton Head Island. Follows the same general outline as Bluffton News and Beaufort News, with frequent on-location coverage at notable community events.
Lynes on Design — Hosted by Debi Lynes. Focuses on interior decorating, home decor, outdoor living, etc.
North of the Broad — Hosted by Kathryn Mademann. Talk show interviewing a wide array of local business owners, event coordinators, etc. Focuses primarily on businesses north of the Broad River, or northern Beaufort County. This includes Beaufort, Port Royal, and surrounding areas.
Real Estate in the Lowcountry — Hosted by Betsy McDaniel. Along with headlines, this showcases realtors in the Lowcountry area as well as updates the community on the status of the local real estate market.
Senior Network — Hosted by Gregg Fulton. A panel discussion covering topics related to senior care and living.
Talk of the Town — Talk show interviewing a wide array of local business owners, politicians, event coordinators, etc. who promote their business or upcoming event.
Timeless Interiors — Hosted by Holly Dixon. Showcases homes on-location that have been furnished and/or renovated.
Wedgeworth Update — Hosted by Ally McNair. A discussion with James Wedgeworth, local realtor, on the current state of the local real estate market.
What's Cooking in the Lowcountry — This program showcases local restaurants in the area, their menu items, recipes, and cooking tips.
References
30CV-D
Television channels and stations established in 1992
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W30CV-D
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The greenback horse mackerel or greenback scad (Trachurus declivis) is a species of jack in the family Carangidae, found around western and southern Australia, and around New Zealand, from the surface to depths of 460 m. Its length is up to 64 cm.
Its common name derives from the legend that other smaller species of fish could ride on its back over great distances. It is an important commercial fish and sports fishing quarry although it has strong tasting flesh.
Fisheries
References
Further reading
Phallomedusa solida (Martens, 1878) Australian Faunal Directory. Retrieved 2 March 2012.
Tony Ayling & Geoffrey Cox, Collins Guide to the Sea Fishes of New Zealand, (William Collins Publishers Ltd, Auckland, New Zealand 1982)
greenback horse mackerel
Marine fish of Southern Australia
Marine fish of New Zealand
Taxa named by Leonard Jenyns
greenback horse mackerel
da:Hestemakrel
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenback%20horse%20mackerel
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Rudersberg is a municipality in the Rems-Murr district, in Baden-Württemberg, Germany. It is located 10 km southeast of Backnang, and 28 km northeast of Stuttgart.
Sport
The local motocross club MSC Wieslauftal operates a track near Rudersberg which has in the past been used for Sidecarcross World Championship races. The race has been the final round of the calendar since 2005 and will do so again in 2010, on 12 September.
References
External links
MSC Wieslauftal website
Rems-Murr-Kreis
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudersberg
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Ouroboros: Seasons of Life—Women's Passages is a Neopagan oratorio by musician, author, and composer Kay Gardner. Written between 1992 and 1994, it was produced by Ladyslipper Records and recorded by an all-female group for the 1994 National Women's Music Festival. Ouroboros: Seasons of Life musically portrays a woman's life cycle from birth to death using Neopagan symbols and imagery. The Triple Goddess aspects of Maiden, Mother, and Crone are prominently featured, as are the four seasons and Neopagan holidays.
CD information: Ouroboros: Seasons of Life—Women's Passages (1994)
Ladyslipper; ASIN: B000008T5H
Movements
Beginning
Birth/Winter Solstice
Birth of the Sun-Child
Birth Interlude
Birth Chant
Childhood/Imbolic
Round Is Magic
Childhood Interlude
Childhood Chant
Puberty/Spring Equinox
My First Moontime
Puberty Interlude
Puberty Chant
Maidenhood/Beltane
May Eve
Maidenhood Interlude
Maidenhood Chant
Motherhood/Summer Solstice
So Newly Come
I Dance Yes
Motherhood Interlude
Menopause/Lammas
Blood-Rite of the Thirteenth Moon
Menopause Interlude
Elderhood/Autumn Equinox
The Crone
Elderhood Interlude
Elderhood Chant
Death-Rebirth/Samhain
Death of the Old One
Death Chant
See also
Neopagan music
References
Oratorios
Modern pagan music
Women's music
1994 oratorios
1990s in modern paganism
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ouroboros%3A%20Seasons%20of%20Life%E2%80%94Women%27s%20Passages
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The Jackson Heights–Roosevelt Avenue/74th Street station is a New York City Subway station complex served by the IRT Flushing Line and the IND Queens Boulevard Line. Located at the triangle of 74th Street, Broadway, and Roosevelt Avenue in Jackson Heights, Queens, it is served by the 7, E, and F trains at all times; the R train at all times except late nights; and the <F> train during rush hours in the reverse peak direction.
The complex consists of two stations: the elevated station at Broadway–74th Street, built for the Interborough Rapid Transit Company (IRT) and Brooklyn Rapid Transit Company (BRT), and the underground IND station at Jackson Heights–Roosevelt Avenue, built for the Independent Subway System (IND). The elevated station was built as part of the Dual Contracts and opened on April 21, 1917; the station was also served by the BRT and its successor, the Brooklyn–Manhattan Transit Corporation, until 1949. The IND station opened on August 19, 1933, and was the terminus of the Queens Boulevard Line until 1936. Escalators between the two stations were installed in the 1950s, and the complex was substantially rebuilt between 2000 and 2005.
The IRT Flushing Line station has two side platforms and three tracks; rush-hour express trains use the inner track to bypass the station. The IND Queens Boulevard Line station has two island platforms and four tracks. A third platform above the Queens Boulevard Line platforms was completed as part of the IND Second System but never opened. The station complex contains elevators, which make it compliant with the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990. There is also an at-grade bus terminal, known as the Victor A. Moore Bus Terminal, next to the station's main entrance at Broadway and Roosevelt Avenue. In , it was the second-busiest subway station in Queens and the busiest subway station in the system.
History
Development
IRT station
The 1913 Dual Contracts called for the Interborough Rapid Transit Company (IRT) and Brooklyn Rapid Transit Company (BRT; later Brooklyn–Manhattan Transit Corporation, or BMT) to build new lines in Brooklyn, Queens, and the Bronx. Queens did not receive many new IRT and BRT lines compared to Brooklyn and the Bronx, since the city's Public Service Commission (PSC) wanted to alleviate subway crowding in the other two boroughs first before building in Queens, which was relatively undeveloped. The IRT Flushing Line was to be one of two Dual Contracts lines in the borough, along with the Astoria Line; it would connect Flushing and Long Island City, two of Queens' oldest settlements, to Manhattan via the Steinway Tunnel. When the majority of the line was built in the early 1910s, most of the route went through undeveloped land, and Roosevelt Avenue had not been constructed. Community leaders advocated for more Dual Contracts lines to be built in Queens to allow development there.
The 74th Street station opened on April 21, 1917, as part of an extension of the line from Queensboro Plaza to 103rd Street–Corona Plaza. At the time, the station was known as Broadway. The IRT agreed to operate the line under the condition that any loss of profits would be repaid by the city. The opening of the line helped spur the development of Jackson Heights, Queens, which previously had been farmland. In 1923, the BMT started operating shuttle services along the Flushing Line, which terminated at Queensboro Plaza. The city government took over the IRT's operations on June 12, 1940. The IRT routes were given numbered designations in 1948 with the introduction of "R-type" rolling stock, which contained rollsigns with numbered designations for each service. The route from Times Square to Flushing became known as the 7.
IND station
The Queens Boulevard Line was one of the first built by the city-owned Independent Subway System (IND), and was planned to stretch between the IND Eighth Avenue Line in Manhattan and 178th Street and Hillside Avenue in Jamaica, Queens, with a stop at Roosevelt Avenue. The line was first proposed in 1925. Construction of the line was approved by the New York City Board of Estimate on October 4, 1928. As planned, Roosevelt Avenue was to be one of the Queens Boulevard Line's five express stops, as well as one of 22 total stops on the line between Seventh Avenue in Manhattan and 178th Street in Queens. Although the line ran along Queens Boulevard for much of its route, the segment in western Queens was diverted northward to serve Jackson Heights. The line was constructed using the cut-and-cover tunneling method. Temporary bridges were built over the trenches to allow pedestrians to cross, and Roosevelt Avenue was partially closed. Construction of the line between Manhattan and Jackson Heights was split into four phases; by late 1931, these phases were between 90% and 99% complete.
Before the IND station opened, Bickford's leased a store within a two-story building that housed one of the subway's entrances. The Roosevelt Avenue station opened on August 19, 1933, as the terminus of the first section of the line, which stretched from the connection to the Eighth Avenue Line at 50th Street. Three thousand people converged at the station's 73rd and 74th Street exits, hoping to be the first to ride. A transfer to and from the Flushing Line station at Broadway was implemented. One real-estate expert wrote that the station was "the only place in Queens where the interchange between the elevated and the subway system can be made at a common point". Initially, the line was served only by E trains, which ran local. In its first year, the IND station collected nearly two million fares, more than the IRT and BMT collected at the Broadway station. By 1938, the station recorded over five million annual entries.
The construction of the new Roosevelt Avenue complex led to increased demand for housing in the area. It also inspired plans for an unbuilt shopping mall nearby, and real-estate investors speculated that sales and rentals of real estate on Roosevelt Avenue would increase significantly. However, no large commercial developments were built around the station in the years after the IND station opened. The station was the Queens Boulevard Line's terminus from 1933 until an extension east to Union Turnpike opened on December 31, 1936. The E began making express stops on the line in 1937, and local GG trains began serving the Roosevelt Avenue station at the time. With the opening of the IND Sixth Avenue Line in 1940, F trains began running express along the Queens Boulevard Line west of 71st Avenue, stopping at the Roosevelt Avenue station.
As part of the never-completed IND Second System, announced in 1929, the Winfield Spur line would have diverged from the Queens Boulevard Line just east of the Roosevelt Avenue station. A second station was built for this line above the Queens Boulevard Line platforms; the Winfield Spur station was finished but never opened.
Station complex
1940s and 1950s
In 1940, Victor Moore, a notable Broadway performer and Freeport resident, asked the New York City Board of Estimate for permission to build a $375,000 bus terminal in his name near the station. When the Board of Estimate approved the project that December, Moore invited board members to see his musical Louisiana Purchase at the Imperial Theatre. Moore acquired all remaining lots on the block in February 1941 and began construction on the terminal that June, obtaining a $250,000 mortgage for the project. Nine businesses signed lease for the terminal in September, and the Victor Moore Arcade officially opened on December 11, 1941. It served as a hub for the operations of Triboro Coach, allowing subway passengers to transfer to and from buses for distant neighborhoods and for LaGuardia Airport,
As part of the unification of the New York City Subway system, free transfers between the BMT/IRT and IND stations commenced on July 1, 1948; initially, passengers were issued paper tickets. On October 17, 1949, the joint BMT/IRT operation of the Flushing Line ended, and the line became the responsibility of the IRT. In August 1951, the New York City Board of Transportation approved the installation of six escalators at the Roosevelt Avenue/74th Street station. The $965,000 contract called for one escalator between the IND mezzanine and either of the IND platforms; two escalators between the IND and IRT mezzanines; and one escalator between the IRT mezzanine and either of the IRT platforms. In 1956, the New York City Transit Authority announced that it would open a request for proposal for additional escalators between the IRT and IND stations. At the time, the station had six exits, but only one token booth in the IND mezzanine, which led to severe congestion during rush hours.
After the end of BMT/IRT dual service, the New York City Board of Transportation announced that the Flushing Line platforms would be lengthened to 11 IRT car lengths; the platforms were only able to fit nine 51-foot-long IRT cars beforehand. The platforms at the 74th Street station were extended in 1955–1956 to accommodate 11-car trains. However, nine-car trains continued to run on the 7 route until 1962, when they were extended to ten cars. With the opening of the 1964 New York World's Fair, trains were lengthened to eleven cars.
1960s to 1980s
On May 2, 1970, an out-of-service train collided with another GG train in revenue service on the Queens Boulevard Line. The revenue-service train was switching from the southbound express track to the local track (it had been rerouted around the out-of-service train). Two people died and 71 were injured in the worst subway collision since the 1928 Times Square derailment. Following the 1970 accident, New York Magazine highlighted the state of the subway system in a lengthy exposé, in which it concluded that the subway's condition was getting worse compared to previous years. The station remained a transfer hub for passengers traveling to LaGuardia Airport, which had no direct subway service.
To speed up passenger flow, dozens of platform conductors were assigned to direct crowds on the Queens Boulevard Line platforms during the late 1980s.
1990s and 2000s
Triboro Coach leased the Victor Moore Arcade from Arnold Gumowitz for $1 a year until 1997. The Metropolitan Transportation Authority (MTA) acquired the Victor Moore Arcade in March 1999, paying Gumowitz $9.5 million. Later that year, the MTA began buying out 25 merchants' leases within the arcade in preparation for a $90 million renovation of the station complex. The MTA planned to install four elevators, rebuild staircases, and erect the station's main entrance on the arcade's site. At the time, the station was the second-busiest in Queens, but the bus terminal was too short to fit CNG-powered buses. The arcade's layout was also inconvenient; bus passengers had to walk outside or through a bakery to access the subway, and passengers had to ascend to a mezzanine before they could access the underground Queens Boulevard Line platforms. The passageways were also narrow and convoluted, causing congestion during peak times.
The MTA proposed hiring Vollmer Associates to design the station's renovation in late 1999, and the MTA announced in 2000 that it would demolish the Victor Moore Arcade as part of the renovation. All merchants had moved out by May 2000. Advocacy group Straphangers Campaign conducted a poll the same year, in which riders ranked Jackson Heights–Roosevelt Avenue/74th Street station as the dirtiest among the city's 15 busiest stations. The MTA began restoring the bus terminal in early May 2001. The MTA approved a renovation of the station itself in September 2002; at the time, the project was slated to cost $87 million. Fox & Fowle and Vollmer Associates designed the project. The Flushing Line platforms and the bus terminal were completely rebuilt, and the canopies above the Flushing Line platforms were extended to cover the whole platform. The Queens Boulevard Line platforms were refurbished by construction firm Skanska at a total cost of $132 million. The renovation also involved adding of retail space, expanding the upper mezzanine on either side of 74th Street, and installing elevators.
Local merchants complained that the construction damaged their stores and drove away customers. As part of the renovation, the MTA had removed the complex's payphones in April 2005, prompting state senator John Sabini to request that the phones be restored. The MTA agreed to restore the phones that August after Sabini said a woman had died at the station because the lack of phones made it hard to contact paramedics. Local residents also complained that the MTA did not give them enough information about closures due to the ongoing renovation. The new station building was completed in 2005 to a design by Stantec. The Jackson Heights bus terminal opened on July 13, 2005.
2010s to present
In 2011, as part of a pilot program, the MTA installed an online interactive touchscreen kiosk called the "On The Go! Travel Station" at the Roosevelt Avenue/74th Street station. As part of a $11,2 million project, the MTA replaced two of the escalators connecting the IND and IRT mezzanines between July 2014 and early 2015. In late 2022, the MTA announced plans to replace three of the complex's elevators during 2023.
Station layout
The station complex consists of two separate stations, connected by escalators, stairs, and elevators. The main entrance, a station building bounded by Roosevelt Avenue, 75th Street, Broadway, and 74th Street, includes the Victor A. Moore Bus Terminal. The new station building is one of the first green buildings in the MTA system, which is partially powered by solar panels on the roof of the station building and above the IRT platform. The solar panels were added following the success of a similar project at the Coney Island–Stillwell Avenue station. The building is made of recycled material such as concrete consisted of 15% fly ash and steel that was prefabricated; in addition, the builders recycled 86% of the waste materials. The station building also contains some retail space at the corner of 75th Street and Broadway, and also leases a few other spaces between the fare control area and the bus terminal. Four elevators make the entire station complex ADA-accessible.
Two stairs and an elevator from each of the Flushing Line platforms, lead down to an above-ground landing, whereupon a set of stairs leads to the main station house, which also contains the station agent booth. The Flushing-bound platform's elevator leads from the Flushing-bound platform to the aboveground landing, then to the street level fare control, and finally to a landing between the street level and the belowground Queens Boulevard Line mezzanine. The full-time station agent booth, and two banks of turnstiles for fare control, are located in this station house at street level. Two escalators also lead directly from the Flushing Line landing to the Queens Boulevard Line mezzanine. From the mezzanine, various stairs lead down to each of the Queens Boulevard Line platforms, and an elevator from the belowground landing leads to the mezzanine and the Manhattan-bound platform. There is another elevator from the Forest Hills- and Jamaica-bound platform to the mezzanine. There are also some stores and an ATM lining the mezzanine within fare control. In total, the station has of storefront space.
The 2004 artwork in the station house is called Passage by Tom Patti, and was designed in conjunction with FX+FOWLE Architects. The artwork consisted of trapezoid-shaped laminated glass panels located on the upper part of the building's eastern facade. The glass panels break up light into different colors, depending on the vantage point.
Alternate exits
At 73rd Street and Broadway, on the north side of Roosevelt Avenue, a set of stairs from each of the IRT Flushing Line platforms lead down to a landing below the elevated structure. There is a connection to the Queens Boulevard Line mezzanine via three long, narrow escalators, where there are exits from the below-ground fare control points.
Exits from the underground mezzanine lead to the station building; the northeast corner of 73rd Street, 37th Road, and Broadway; the southwest corner of Broadway and 74th Street; and both eastern corners of Broadway and 75th Street. The only direct exit from the Flushing Line platforms is from the 74th Street mezzanine, which leads to the station building, with an additional side exit to the northeast corner of Roosevelt Avenue and 74th Street.
IRT Flushing Line platforms
The 74th Street–Broadway station (originally Broadway station) on the IRT Flushing Line is a local station that has three tracks and two side platforms. The center track is used by the rush hour peak direction <7> express service, but trains do not stop here, although there are track switches at either side to let express trains stop there in case of emergency or to allow transfers when work on a local track forces trains to run express. The station is between 69th Street to the west and 82nd Street–Jackson Heights to the east.
The station has two fare control areas at 73rd Street and two at 74th. The 74th Street mezzanine has a wooden floor with windscreens on the stairs, a booth, and a crossunder, with stairs to both the new station building and to the northeast corner of 74th Street and Roosevelt Avenue. The 73rd Street mezzanine contains wooden stair walls, no windows, and no booth (the booth being in the IND entrance at street level). The canopy at the west end is different, having been added later than the original canopy. Both canopies originally measured only long, but they were extended to cover the entire length of the platforms in the mid-2000s.
IND Queens Boulevard Line platforms
The Jackson Heights–Roosevelt Avenue station (signed as Roosevelt Avenue–Jackson Heights on overhead signs) is an express station on the IND Queens Boulevard Line that has four tracks and two narrow island platforms. The express tracks are served by the E and F trains at all times except nights. The local tracks are served by the R train at all times except late nights, and the E and F trains during late nights. The next stop to the west is Queens Plaza for express trains via the Queens Boulevard Line, 21st Street–Queensbridge for express trains via the 63rd Street lines, and 65th Street for local trains. The next stop to the east is Forest Hills–71st Avenue for express trains and Elmhurst Avenue for local trains.
The outer track walls have a midnight blue trim line with a black border and 2-by-10-tile white-on-black tile captions reading "ROOSEVELT" in Helvetica at regular intervals. These were installed in the renovation, and replace the original Cerulean blue trim line and 1-tile-high captions in the original IND font. The original tile band was part of a color-coded tile system used throughout the IND. The tile colors were designed to facilitate navigation for travelers going away from Lower Manhattan. As such, a different tile color is used at , the next express station to the east; the blue tiles used at the Roosevelt Avenue station were also used at all local stations between Roosevelt Avenue and 71st Avenue.
The platforms' I-beam columns are painted blue, but some columns are encased in concrete and covered with white tiles. The fare control is in the center of the full-length mezzanine above the platforms and tracks, with unmanned High Entry-Exit Turnstile (HEET) entrances at the southeast end of the mezzanine, and a exit with turnstiles and a booth at the northeast end. There is also a HEET entrance in the center of the mezzanine.
West of the station, there are switches between both westbound tracks; the corresponding switches for the eastbound tracks are east of the station. On both sides, there are also switches between both express tracks.
Unused upper level
Along the ramp leading to the southeastern fare control, there is an unused and uncompleted Roosevelt Avenue terminal station for the IND Second System directly above the Manhattan-bound platform. This terminal has an island platform with a trackway on each side. There are no rails in the trackbeds, but tiles depicting the station name on the tile walls are present. The signs hanging over the platform, however, are blank. East of the station lies a long, dark section of a 3-block-long tunnel with provisions for a crossover and a ramp down to the Manhattan-bound local track of the active mainline below. The unused tunnel has about of trackway. Along these trackways, trains from the lower level tracks can be seen. The never-used upper level platform is around , only long enough for eight cars rather than the IND maximum of 10. The platform itself has been converted to offices and storage.
There is a trackway just east of Roosevelt Avenue that diverges away from the Manhattan-bound local track. The trackway ramps up to the same level as the two trackways coming from the never-used Roosevelt Avenue Terminal, making three trackways on the upper level. The ramp flies over the mainline tracks along with the two other trackways. Between 78th and 79th Streets, the three trackways on upper level curve towards the south and ending at the wall at the edge of constructed subway. There is a diverging bellmouth next to the Jamaica-bound local track several hundred feet north of the station just at the location where the three upstairs trackways are crossing over. This bellmouth also curves towards the south and similarly ends on a concrete wall shortly after the start of the bellmouth. At the end of the unused tunnel there is an emergency exit that opens out to the south side of Broadway across the street from Elmhurst Hospital Center. The four-track subway running south was a plan for a line along the Long Island Rail Road right-of-way to Garfield Avenue and 65th Place. The line, called the Winfield Spur, would have turned along 65th Place to Fresh Pond Road and then along Fresh Pond Road to Cypress Hills Street. The line would have merged with the Myrtle–Central Avenues Line to the Rockaways proposed in 1929. All four trackways end at a concrete wall where they begin to diverge from the excavation for the existing line.
East of this station, next to the southbound track, the bellmouth with the ramp ascending to the upper level once had a layup track on it. On the Roosevelt Avenue interlocking machine in the station tower, there are spare levers for the necessary signals and switches. On the southbound local track, there is a homeball signal, "D1-1415", which has the lower portion lenses covered over and now functions as an automatic signal. The interlocking machine still shows evidence of the now-nonexistent interlocking where the Winfield spur was to have turned off from the D1 track and the D2 track.
Victor A. Moore Bus Terminal
The Victor A. Moore Bus Terminal, which replaces the earlier building known as the Victor Moore Arcade, is located within the station building at Broadway and 74th Street. It is named after actor Victor Moore, who had funded the construction of the original arcade after winning a wager. The original two-story bus terminal and arcade, located at the triangle formed by Broadway, Roosevelt Avenue, and 75th Street, featured a shopping area. The terminal, designed in the Streamline Moderne or Art Deco style, featured bus-boarding slips at ground level and offices on the second story.
The current terminal serve six bus routes. Lanes 1 through 3, which serve three of these bus routes, are located inside the terminal. Lanes 2 and 3, which serve the Q49 and northbound Q70 SBS buses respectively, can accommodate one bus each, while Lane 1, which serves the Q33, can accommodate two buses. The Q32, Q47, and southbound Q70 SBS buses stop on Roosevelt Avenue, while the Q53 SBS and southbound Q47 stop on Broadway. All buses from the terminal are operated by MTA Bus, successors to the Triboro Coach routes, except the Q32, which is operated by New York City Bus. To accommodate compressed natural gas buses, the rebuilt terminal has a higher roof than the original arcade.
Notes
References
External links
nycsubway.org — Passage Artwork by Tom Patti (2004)
Station Reporter — 74th Street/Roosevelt Avenue Complex
Abandoned Stations — Roosevelt Avenue Upper Level
The Subway Nut — Roosevelt Avenue–Jackson Heights (E,F,M,R) Pictures
The Subway Nut — 74th Street–Broadway (7) Pictures
MTA's Arts For Transit — Jackson Heights–Roosevelt Avenue/74th Street–Broadway
IRT Flushing Line stations
IND Queens Boulevard Line stations
New York City Subway transfer stations
New York City Subway stations in Queens, New York
Jackson Heights, Queens
Railway stations in the United States opened in 1917
Railway stations in the United States opened in 1933
1917 establishments in New York City
1933 establishments in New York City
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackson%20Heights%E2%80%93Roosevelt%20Avenue/74th%20Street%20station
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The following highways have been numbered 88:
Australia
Picton Road, New South Wales
Canada
Alberta Highway 88
Ontario Highway 88 (former)
France
A88 autoroute
Korea, South
National Route 88
Gukjido 88
New Zealand
New Zealand State Highway 88
United Kingdom
A88 road, Scotland
United States
Interstate 88 (Illinois)
Interstate 88 (New York)
Alabama State Route 88
Arizona State Route 88
Arkansas Highway 88
California State Route 88
Colorado State Highway 88
Florida State Road 88 (pre-1945) (former)
Georgia State Route 88
Illinois Route 88 (former)
Illinois Route 88A (former)
K-88 (Kansas highway)
Kentucky Route 88
Louisiana Highway 88
Maine State Route 88
Maryland Route 88
Massachusetts Route 88
M-88 (Michigan highway)
Minnesota State Highway 88 (former)
County Road 88 (Hennepin County, Minnesota)
County Road 88 (Ramsey County, Minnesota)
Missouri Route 88 (former)
Missouri Route 88 (1922) (former)
Nebraska Highway 88
Nebraska Recreation Road 88B
Nevada State Route 88
New Hampshire Route 88
New Jersey Route 88
New Mexico State Road 88
New York State Route 88
County Route 88 (Cattaraugus County, New York)
County Route 88 (Chautauqua County, New York)
County Route 88 (Dutchess County, New York)
County Route 88 (Monroe County, New York)
County Route 88 (Montgomery County, New York)
County Route 88 (Oneida County, New York)
County Route 88 (Orange County, New York)
County Route 88 (Saratoga County, New York)
County Route 88 (Steuben County, New York)
County Route 88 (Suffolk County, New York)
North Carolina Highway 88
Ohio State Route 88
Oklahoma State Highway 88
Pennsylvania Route 88
South Carolina Highway 88
Tennessee State Route 88
Texas State Highway 88 (former)
Texas State Highway Loop 88 (proposed)
Texas State Highway Loop 88 (1939–1990) (former)
Farm to Market Road 88
Urban Road 88 (signed as Farm to Market Road 88)
Utah State Route 88
Virginia State Route 88 (former)
West Virginia Route 88
Wisconsin Highway 88
See also
A88
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20highways%20numbered%2088
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Pradeep Seth is an Indian virologist who injected himself in 2003 with a potential vaccine he had developed for HIV. He has been working in the field of virology since 1968 and is an elected fellow of the National Academy of Medical Sciences,
He did his MBBS and Masters (MD) in Microbiology from AIIMS in 1970 and then taught at the same institute till 2005. He holds 4 Indian Patent and 4 International Patent in the field of Virology. In 1986, he was awarded the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for his contribution in Medical Sciences.
References
External links
Doctor Pradeep Seth Official Site
Indian virologists
Living people
Academic staff of the All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi
Fellows of the National Academy of Medical Sciences
Year of birth missing (living people)
Recipients of the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award in Medical Science
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pradeep%20Seth
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The first attempt at producing pre-recorded HDTV media was a scarce Japanese analog MUSE-encoded laser disc which is no longer produced (see MUSE-LD).
In the U.S. market, the first currently available prerecorded HD media was D-Theater. Comprising less than 100 titles and utilizing a 28-Mbit/s MPEG2 stream at 720p or 1080i with either Dolby Digital 5.1 or DTS encoding, D-Theater is an encrypted D-VHS format, and only D-Theater-capable D-VHS players can play back these tapes. This format is superior to broadcast HDTV due to its higher bandwidth and, of course, the ability to do non-realtime optimization of the encoding, which is not possible with broadcast HDTV. D-Theater is currently a small niche market even within the niche HDTV community, and it appears as if the final D-Theater title was published in 2005 with the 20th Century Fox release of I, Robot.
In 2006, the first pre-recorded digital optical HDTV media were introduced. There were two competing standards, Blu-ray Disc and HD DVD. The first HD DVD players and discs were released on April 18, 2006 in the United States. Blu-ray Disc was released on June 20, 2006.
HD DVD and Blu-ray
Since the DVD Forum and the Blu-ray Disc Association failed to agree on standards for high-definition 12-cm discs, a format war was under way between the DVD Forum's HD DVD (formerly "Advanced Optical Disc") standard and the Blu-ray Disc Association's Blu-ray Disc standard.
Although there was disagreement about physical format technology, both the HD DVD and Blu-ray factions selected the same three video codecs to be mandatory in their designs: specifically, MPEG-2 Part 2, VC-1, and H.264/AVC.
They were engaged in a format war up until February 2008, to determine which of the two formats will become the leading carrier for high-definition content to consumers. This situation was similar to the VHS/Betamax format war in consumer video recorders in the late 1980s. The manufacturers of HD DVD, Toshiba, announced in February 2008 that they were ceasing production of their HD DVD players indefinitely, citing low demand for HD DVD and the growing use of Blu-ray, which had become popular due to its inclusion as part of the PlayStation 3 among other things.
There are now some DVD players that will output enhanced or high-definition signals from standard-definition DVDs. This upconversion process can improve the perceived picture quality of standard-definition video.
Compression codecs
Many codecs are in contention such as Microsoft's Windows Media 9(VC1), H.264/AVC (MPEG-4 Part 10) and the VP6/VP7 codecs from On2 Technologies.
Microsoft VC-1
In an attempt to provide a bitrate-compatible high-definition format for high-definition video on standard DVD-ROMs, Microsoft introduced their Windows Media 9 Series codec with the ability to compress a high-definition bitstream into the same space as a conventional NTSC bitstream (approximately 5 to 9 megabits per second for 720p and higher). Microsoft is marketing its high-definition Windows Media 9 Series codec as WMV HD. It remains to be seen if the codec will be adopted for widespread use, if only as a Wi-Fi industry standard. As of November 2003, this format required a significant amount of processing power to encode and decode, and the only commercially available movie that used the codec was the Terminator 2: Extreme Edition DVD (see 1). Since then, more titles have become available in this format, such as the acclaimed surf documentary Step Into Liquid. As of the start of 2005, Microsoft recommends a 3.0 GHz processor with 512 MB of RAM and a 128 MB video card for 1080p playback on Windows XP, though there are now commercially available DVD players, like the KiSS DP-600, that will play back WMV HD DVD ROMs in high definition on HDTV sets. The codec has been submitted to, and approved by, SMPTE and is now officially SMPTE Standard 421M, also known as VC-1.
MPEG4/H.264
H.264 as a standard has already been selected and adopted by the biggest broadcasters in the U.S. (DirecTV, DISH Network) and Europe (BSkyB, Premiere, Canal+, TPS, ...). H.264 was chosen for several reasons: The standard was validated as an open standard at least a year before VC-1 was seriously considered as a potential open standard, and, then, there is a lot of uncertainty on the levies Microsoft may want to impose once the algorithm is adopted.
VP6
VP6 was reported by On2 to have been chosen by China for use in the Enhanced Versatile Disc (EVD) format initiative. As reported, this was a result of China's desire to avoid royalties on WM9 or AVC. As an advantage, VP6 would not require royalties on recorded media (although royalties would be charged for player devices at a similar cost as for other codecs).
As China starts to dominate manufacturing of TV and DVD units, the country's choice of standards becomes more important for everyone. A low cost for the codec itself is not a significant advantage over DVD, however, as the standalone hardware players will be incompatible with standard DVD-Video unless the manufacturer pays the royalties for the technologies necessary to make the player DVD-compatible.
Very few titles were made available in any market for this format, although it is presumed that many would be needed to drive purchase of incompatible players. Because of this, it is unlikely any major U.S. studio will commit to movies in this format without some form of copy-protection, which is not yet specified.
Soon after the announcement that VP6 would be used on EVD, negotiations between On2 and E-World (the consortium pushing EVD to become a standard) broke down. On2 filed multiple breach of contract claims for arbitration, but in March 2005 the arbitrator ruled that E-World had not broken the contract and owed nothing to On2. It was unclear to On2 and the arbitrator whether the Chinese government ever approved the EVD proposal as a standard.
HDV
The standard for consumer/prosumer HDTV acquisition is HDV (High Definition Video). It records MPEG-2 TS compressed HDTV video on standard DV media (regular DV or MiniDV cassette tape) and transfers it using FireWire. At this time all consumer/prosumer HD camcorders only record at a maximum resolution of 1440x1080. The image is then stretched from a 4:3 aspect ratio to a 16:9 aspect ratio. This means that even consumer or prosumer camcorders that claim 1080i resolution do not include the full horizontal resolution of 1,920 pixels per line. All major prosumer and consumer camcorder vendors provide cameras in this segment.
Broadcast-level HD camcorders and other cameras sometimes record to hard drives via a raw input/output or to tape or flash cards in formats that support higher bitrates than standard DV cassettes such a DVCPro HD. Recording at 100 Mbit/s, it uses a better color compression method to give better color representation than a standard MiniDV or other DV25 cassette and less compression artifacts.
Sony HDCAM tape format records 4:2:2 YPbPr 1920 x 1080P at up to 30 frame/s at 140 Mbit/s (using compression).
Sony HDCAM SR tape format records 10-bit 4:4:4 RGB 1920 x 1080P at up to 30 frame/s at 880 Mbit/s (4.2:1 compression).
Broadcasters
So far, only a handful of very minor broadcasters are seriously considering VC-1. It has been thought for a while that VC-1 was better adapted for the IPTV world than H.264, but press announcements have also already been made by some of the largest STB manufacturers like Amino, Pace, Kreatel demonstrating solutions based on H.264
standards.
The main areas of dominance of VC-1 seem to currently be in the Blu-ray Disc and, for obvious reason, the home PCs.
In fact, there is some concern in the community that Microsoft may have appropriated itself the H.264 standard, modified and improved upon it and are trying to resell the solution as VC-1, without providing dues to the MPEG LA. However, this is currently a rumor and has not yet been challenged.
Example of broadcasters concerns.
Online HD
H.264 has made significant progress towards becoming a widespread video format on the internet thanks to Apple Computer's QuickTime software supporting the format as of version 7. Since many movie trailers are released in QuickTime format, when movie distributors started releasing HD trailers on the web the format they chose was H.264. H.264 is also used by some for encoding video podcasts.
Some recorded shows, series and movies are shared via P2P-services.
References
High-definition television
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-definition%20pre-recorded%20media%20and%20compression
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The Democratic Reconstruction (Spanish: Reconstrucción Democrática) is a minor Peruvian political party. At the legislative elections held on 9 April 2006, the party won less than 1% of the popular vote and no seats in the Congress of the Republic.
Political parties in Peru
Political parties with year of establishment missing
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic%20Reconstruction
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'Peruvian Resurgence (Spanish: Resurgimiento Peruano) is a minor Peruvian political party. At the legislative elections held on 9 April 2006, the party won less than 1% of the popular vote and no seats in the Congress of the Republic.
Political parties in Peru
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peruvian%20Resurgence
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The Peru Now (Spanish: Perú Ahora) is a minor Peruvian political party. At the legislative elections held on 9 April 2006, the party won less than 1% of the popular vote and no seats in the Congress of the Republic.
Political parties in Peru
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru%20Now
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The 1982–83 UEFA Cup was the 12th edition of the UEFA Cup. It was won by Belgian club Anderlecht on 2–1 aggregate over Portuguese club Benfica.
Association team allocation
A total of 64 teams from 31 UEFA member associations participate in the 1982–83 UEFA Cup. The association ranking based on the UEFA country coefficients is used to determine the number of participating teams for each association:
Associations 1-3 each have four teams qualify.
Associations 4-9 each have three teams qualify.
Associations 10-22 (except Wales) each have two teams qualify.
Associations 23-33 (Albania did not play) each have one team qualify.
Association ranking
For the 1982–83 UEFA Cup, the associations are allocated places according to their 1981 UEFA country coefficients, which takes into account their performance in European competitions from 1976–77 to 1980–81. As Albania did not play, Italy obtained a special place.
Teams
The labels in the parentheses show how each team qualified for competition:
TH: Title holders
CW: Cup winners
CR: Cup runners-up
LC: League Cup winners
2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th, 6th, etc.: League position
P-W: End-of-season European competition play-offs winners
Bracket
First round
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First leg
Second leg
Sevilla won 6–1 on aggregate.
Bohemians won 7–1 on aggregate.
1–1 on aggregate; KSC Lokeren won on away goals.
Corvinul Hunedoara won 4–1 on aggregate.
Kaiserslautern won 6–0 on aggregate.
Saint-Étienne won 4–1 on aggregate.
FK Sarajevo won 6–4 on aggregate.
Hajduk Split won 8–1 on aggregate.
Baník Ostrava won 4–1 on aggregate.
Śląsk Wrocław won 3–2 on aggregate.
3–3 on aggregate; Viking won on away goals.
Anderlecht won 6–1 on aggregate.
IK Brage won 4–3 on aggregate.
2–2 on aggregate; IFK Norrköping won on away goals.
Bordeaux won 6–3 on aggregate.
3–3 on aggregate; Werder Bremen won on away goals.
Ferencvárosi won 3–2 on aggregate.
HFC Haarlem won 5–4 on aggregate.
2–2 on aggregate; PAOK won on away goals.
Zürich won 3–2 on aggregate.
Benfica won 4–2 on aggregate.
Roma won 4–3 on aggregate.
Rangers won 2–0 on aggregate.
Dundee United won 3–1 on aggregate.
2–2 on aggregate; Napoli won on away goals.
Servette won 4–0 on aggregate.
Spartak Moscow won 8–4 on aggregate.
Universitatea Craiova won 3–2 on aggregate.
Valencia won 2–1 on aggregate.
Porto won 3–0 on aggregate.
Shamrock Rovers won 7–0 on aggregate.
Köln won 6–0 on aggregate.
Second round
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First leg
See also Luzhniki disaster
Second leg
Universitatea Craiova won 5–0 on aggregate.FK Sarajevo won 8–4 on aggregate.Valencia won 1–0 on aggregate. Bohemians won 4–0 on aggregate.Werder Bremen won 8–2 on aggregate.1–1 on aggregate. Roma won 4–2 on penalties.Benfica won 4–1 on aggregate.Bordeaux won 5–4 on aggregate.FC Zürich won 2–1 on aggregate.Kaiserslautern won 4–1 on aggregate.Köln won 6–2 on aggregate.Spartak Moscow won 5–1 on aggregate.Dundee United won 3–1 on aggregate.Sevilla won 4–2 on aggregate.Anderlecht won 6–3 on aggregate.Servette won 7–1 on aggregate.Third round
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First leg
Second legUniversitatea Craiova won 2–1 on aggregate.Roma won 2–1 on aggregate.Anderlecht won 6–2 on aggregate.Bohemians won 4–3 on aggregate.Valencia won 2–0 on aggregate.Dundee United won 3–2 on aggregate.Kaiserslautern won 4–1 on aggregate.Benfica won 5–1 on aggregate.Quarter-finals
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First leg
Second leg3–3 on aggregate; Universitatea Craiova won on away goals.Anderlecht won 5–2 on aggregate.Bohemians won 1–0 on aggregate.Benfica won 3–2 on aggregate.Semi-finals
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First leg
Second leg1–1 on aggregate; Benfica won on away goals.Anderlecht won 4–1 on aggregateFinal
First leg
Second legAnderlecht won 2–1 on aggregate.''
Top goalscorers
References
External links
1982–83 All matches UEFA Cup – season at UEFA website
Official Site
Results at RSSSF.com
All scorers 1982–83 UEFA Cup according to protocols UEFA
1982/83 UEFA Cup - results and line-ups (archive)
2
UEFA Cup seasons
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1982%E2%80%9383%20UEFA%20Cup
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The Tridge is the formal name of a three-way wooden footbridge spanning the confluence of the Chippewa and Tittabawassee Rivers in Chippewassee Park near downtown Midland, Michigan, in the Tri-Cities region. Named as a portmanteau of "tri" and "bridge", the structure opened in 1981. It consists of one tall central pillar supporting three spokes. Each spoke is long by wide.
History
The bridge was constructed in 1981 at the instigation of the Midland Area Community Foundation (MACF). The bridge cost $732,000 to build, and took 6,400 hours of labor. Ten railroad car loads of prefabricated wood, and of concrete were used to construct three arches, which weigh apiece. Each appendage is . The Tridge was designed by Commonwealth Associates of Jackson and built for a design load of 85 pounds per square foot of deck area and to handle 1,500 people at a time. Gerace Construction Company worked on the project. As a symbol, the bridge has been popularized and is the subject, for example, of lithographs.
The Tridge was closed in November 2011 due to work on the rails-to-trails project and the construction of a new canoe launch site.
In April 2017, the Tridge was closed for renovations with all stain to be removed and restained and some board replacements. The bridge's full reopening would happen in October with a partial reopening on the Fourth of July. Rollin M. Gerstacker Foundation donated $2.5 million towards the project.
Recreation
The Tridge is a tourist attraction. It and its two surrounding parks— in Chippewassee and St. Charles parks—are one of the most popular leisure areas downtown. The Chippewa Nature Trail begins at the bridge.
The site also marks the starting point of the Pere Marquette Rail Trail, a Michigan Rails to Trails Conservancy Hall of Fame trail. Although being mainly a footbridge, bicycles, skateboards, and in-line skates are also allowed on the bridge. It is the focal point for summer evening concerts. Fishing is generally not permitted from the bridge although it does occur frequently.
The Tridge, located beside the Midland farmers market, has become an icon of the city and is the most famous landmark of the downtown area. Each year, the Tridge mimics the Mackinac Bridge to the north, in hosting a "Labor Day walk". The festive annual event is sponsored by MACF and the Chippewa Nature Center, and led by the mayor of Midland. In addition, St. Charles Park, which surrounds the Tridge, is host to many public and private events. At night, the bridge's arches are lit.
During summer evenings, the Tridge is a popular hangout spot for local teens largely because it is near the Downtown area and several popular areas. The Trilogy Skatepark is located just north of the Tridge in Chippewassee Park.
References
External links
Tridge photographs
Midland River Days poster featuring The Tridge
Bridges completed in 1981
Buildings and structures in Midland County, Michigan
Geography of Midland County, Michigan
Midland, Michigan
Pedestrian bridges in Michigan
Protected areas of Midland County, Michigan
Rail trails in Michigan
Through arch bridges in the United States
Transportation in Midland County, Michigan
Multi-way bridges
Wooden bridges in Michigan
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Tridge%20%28Midland%2C%20Michigan%29
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John Stanislaw Kubary (13 November 1846 in Warsaw, Congress Poland – 9 October 1896 in Pohnpei or Manila, Philippines) also stated as Jan Stanisław Kubary, Jan Kubary, or Johann Stanislaus Kubary, was a Polish naturalist and ethnographer.
Biography
Kubary was born in Warsaw on 13 November 1846, where he was raised by his stepfather and studied at the University of Warsaw. A participant in the January Uprising of Poles against Russian rule, Kubary ultimately fled to Germany after it failed, and in 1869 he signed a five year contract to collect for the Museum Godeffroy in Hamburg.
He first spent six months living in Apia, Samoa and making trips to Fiji and Tonga while also learning Samoan and sending items back to the museum. In 1870 he traveled to the Ellice Islands (today Tuvalu), Gilbert Islands, and Marshall Islands, where he compiled a dictionary of the dialect spoken in the Ebon Islands. He led a successful response to an influenza epidemic in Palau, which created good relations between himself and the Palauans and assisted his ethnographic research.
In 1873 he arrived in the Marshall Islands and Caroline Islands and wrote a description of the Nan Madol archaeological site. He collected a hundred crates of material, but most of it was lost in a shipwreck on Jaluit. A small amount was salvaged, and after more collecting on Jaluit and Samoa he sent 23 crates of material back to the museum.
He arrived in Australia in 1875 and quickly became a naturalized citizen. He returned to Hamburg, lectured in Lviv, and renewed his contract for another five years. He made a home on the island of Pohnpei, and used it as a base for his collecting. While collecting in Truk, he was informed that the Museum Godeffroy had released him from his contract due to a shortage of funds. He then returned to his plantation home and married Anna Yelliot. After a hurricane destroyed his home in 1882, he moved to Japan and worked for museums in Tokyo and Yokohama, along with collecting for museums in Leiden and Berlin. In 1885 he found work as an interpreter on the German warship Albatros and took over management of a plantation on Matupit.
He traveled to Europe in 1892 and again lectured in Lviv, but returned to Polynesia after he failed to find work. He died in 1896, either on his plantation in Pohnpei, or in Manila, Philippines.
Legacy
Kubary documented at least four bird species: the Samoan wood rail (Gallinula pacifica), the Mariana crow (Corvus kubaryi), the Caroline Islands ground dove (Gallicolumba kubaryi), and the Pohnpei fantail (Rhipidura kubaryi), as well as numerous insects, among them the paradise birdwing butterfly (Ornithoptera paradisea).
The peak Mount Kubari on New Guinea is named after him.
Works
Partial list:
with Alfred Tetens and Eduard Gräffe The Carolines island of Yap or Guap according to the reports of Alfred Tetens and Johann Kubary "Die Carolineninsel Yap oder Guap nach den Mittheilungen von Alf. Tetens und Johann Kubary" Microform Reprint New Haven, Conn.
Die Palau-Inseln in der Suedsee: Das Palau Geld, 49–53. Journal des Museum Godeffroy, I, 4. Hamburg (1873)
Weitere Nachrichten von der Insel Ponape (Carolinen-Archipel) Journal des Museum Godeffroy Heft VII. Hamburg, L. Friedrichsen & Co. pp. 129–135 (1875)
Ethnographische Beitraege zur Kenntnis des Karolinen Archipels, Heft 1: Ueber das Einheimische Geld auf der Insel Yap und auf den Palau-Inseln Leiden (1889)
References
External links
Biography
Dictionary of Australian Biography
Johann Schmeltz 1897. "Johann Stanislaus Kubary, der Erforscher der Südsee-Inseln, gest. im Oktober 1896 auf der Insel Ponape." [Johann Stanislaus Kubary, the researcher of the South Sea Islands, who died in October 1896 on the island of Pohnpei]. Internationales Archiv für Ethnographie 10, pp. 132–136.Long obituary of Kubary.
1846 births
1896 deaths
Polish naturalists
Polish ornithologists
Polish ethnographers
Scientists from Warsaw
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Stanislaw%20Kubary
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John Irving Whalley (September 14, 1902 – March 8, 1980) was a Republican member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Pennsylvania.
Early life and business activities
J. Irving Whalley was born in Barnesboro, Pennsylvania to Isabella (née Ashurst) and James H. Whalley, both English immigrants. He took his first job at age 10 in a Windber, Pennsylvania, grocery store. By age 14 he was working at the local Ford garage.
Twelve years later he owned the dealership, after having worked as a mechanic, salesman, bookkeeper, delivery man and driving instructor. Whalley purchased a second dealership three years later, and would open or acquire 11 more before World War II. He eventually established a chain of 13 automobile dealerships in central and western Pennsylvania.
Public service
Whalley campaigned on issues related to the automotive industry. He fought against taxes that were considered unfair to new car buyers. Whalley also secured support for improvements to the Pennsylvania turnpike and campaigned for better highways everywhere.
He was a member of advisory board of Johnstown College branch of the University of Pittsburgh. He was chairman of the Somerset County Redevelopment Authority and the Windber Planning Commission. He served as a member of the Windber School Board from 1935 to 1947. He was a member of the Pennsylvania State House of Representatives, representing one of Somerset County's at-large seats, from 1951 to 1954. He also served in the Pennsylvania State Senate from 1955 to 1960, representing the 36th district. He was appointed by President Richard Nixon to serve as delegate to United Nations for the 1969 session.
U.S. House of Representatives
He was elected as a Republican to the Eighty-sixth Congress, originally by special election to fill the vacancy caused by the death of United States Representative Doug Elliott. He was subsequently reelected to the five succeeding Congresses, and was a high-ranking member of the House Foreign Relations Committee. He retired in 1972.
The following year, Whalley was accused of taking staff salary kickbacks, but said the money was used for office purposes only. He pleaded guilty to one count of mail fraud and two counts of obstruction of justice, was fined $11,000 and served three years probation.
Later
He was inducted into the Automotive Hall of Fame in 1981.
Whalley died at the age of 77 and is buried in Grandview Cemetery, Johnstown.
See also
List of American federal politicians convicted of crimes
List of federal political scandals in the United States
References
The Political Graveyard
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1902 births
1980 deaths
20th-century American businesspeople
20th-century American politicians
American automobile salespeople
American people of English descent
Businesspeople from Pennsylvania
Republican Party members of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives
Pennsylvania politicians convicted of crimes
Republican Party Pennsylvania state senators
People convicted of obstruction of justice
Politicians from Cambria County, Pennsylvania
People from Somerset County, Pennsylvania
Politicians convicted of mail and wire fraud
Republican Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Pennsylvania
School board members in Pennsylvania
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J.%20Irving%20Whalley
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National Solidarity Party (, PSN), was a conservative Peruvian political party. Founded in 1998 for the 2000 general election to support the candidacy of Luis Castañeda Lossio, a former Lima City Council member from Popular Action. Following the end of Alberto Fujimori's regime, the party formed the National Unity coalition with the Christian People's Party and other minor parties. Led by Lourdes Flores, the coalition placed third at the 2001 and 2006 general elections, while at municipal level, it won the capital city of Lima with Castañeda as the mayoral nominee.
Throughout Castañeda's first two terms as Mayor of Lima from 2003 to 2010, National Solidarity remained a strong municipal party, while at national level in the Peruvian Congress, representation was slim as the National Unity coalition was mostly dominated by Christian People's Party. For the 2011 general election, the party left the coalition to form its own eponymous one under the name of National Solidarity Alliance, with other four minor parties. With Luis Castañeda as the presidential nominee, the won 9.8% of the popular vote, placing fifth, while in the Peruvian Congress, the alliance attained 9 representatives.
At the legislative elections held on 26 January 2020, the party won 1.5% of the popular vote but no seats in the Congress of the Republic under businessman Rafael López Aliaga's leadership. Upon the results, the party announced a restructuring process, which ended in National Solidarity's re-foundation as Popular Renewal.
History
Foundation and National Unity
National Solidarity was founded on 5 May 1998 by Luis Castañeda Lossio based on the principles of economic liberalism and republicanism. The organization was officially declared a party on 4 May 2006, by the National Elections Jury.
Although at the beginning the party emerged as an opposition party to Fujimorism, and even at one point in the early stages of the 2000 campaign, Luis Castañeda Lossio was considered a potential opposition leader to the regime, the party eventually shifted ideologically to the right-wing, which is the basis of Fujimorism historically. On December 18, 1999, National Solidarity launched the candidacy of Luis Castañeda Lossio at a rally in Chiclayo that drew 6,000 attendees for the 2000 general election, but attained only 1.8% of the popular vote, placing fifth, behind Federico Salas (Avancemos), Alberto Andrade (We are Peru), Alejandro Toledo (Peru Posible) and Alberto Fujimori (Peru 2000). In the same election, Alberto Fujimori was reelected for a third presidential term, but his regime would eventually collapse amid a corruption scandal. The party was initially represented by 5 congressmen, but 3 ended up switching to a different caucus in the opening session of Congress leaving only with 2 congressmen only.
Following the fall of the Fujimori regime and after Valentín Paniagua assumed the position of transitional President, he called for general elections for April 8, 2001.
In those new elections. National Solidarity presented for the second time the candidacy of Luis Castañeda Lossio to the Presidency of the Republic. At the beginning of January 2001, National Solidarity registered the presidential plate that it presented for the elections of that year in which Castañeda was accompanied as presidential candidate by the businessman and former Fujimorist first vice president Máximo San Román and the obstetrician Mirtha Ortiz, as first second vice president respectively.
Due to the return of the traditional parties (the APRA with Alan García and the Christian People’s Party with Lourdes Flores), the rise of Alejandro Toledo from Possible Peru and taking into account that in the last election, Castañeda Lossio only got 1.8% From the electorate's votes, National Solidarity withdrew its presidential plate a month after having registered it and decided to support the candidacy of Lourde Flores.
Afterwards, National Solidarity sealed a coalition with the Christian People's Party and National Renewal, under the name of National Unity. With former congresswoman Lourdes Flores as the presidential nominee at the 2001 general election, the coalition ended up third with 24.3% of the popular vote, but failed to qualify to the run-off. Having the coalition attained 17 congressional representatives (and mainly from Lima), National Solidarity was represented by 3, while the PPC held the majority of the caucus. Of the 3 party congressmen, César Acuña of La Libertad ended leaving the caucus only 5 months into the election in order to found his own political party, Alliance for Progress.
Lima mayoralty under Castañeda (2003-2010)
As Alejandro Toledo of Possible Peru won the presidency at the 2001 general election, National Unity and the Peruvian Aprista Party formed the main opposition caucuses in the Peruvian Congress. At municipal level, the coalition succeeded in launching National Solidarity leader Luis Castañeda Lossio for the mayorship of Lima, which ended up defeating incumbent mayor Alberto Andrade of We Are Peru who is a former member of the Christian People's Party, and winning the capital with 39.9% of the popular vote.
During his first term, Castañeda carried out successful public works such as the Metropolitano bus system, the Solidarity hospitals, the Magic Water Circuit, the solidarity stairs and the expansion of the Evitamiento road. At the 2006 municipal election, the coalition selected the incumbent Castañeda for reelection, easily winning a plurality of votes with 47.8% of the popular vote. During Castañeda's second term, almost all the city council members were from National Solidarity.
Last National Unity campaign (2005-06) and solo campaign (2010-11)
At the 2006 general election, the coalition nominated Lourdes Flores once again for the presidency, but ended up placing third again with 23.8% of the popular vote, failing to qualify for the run-off. Peruvian Aprista Party nominee and former President Alan García eventually won the election against nationalist Ollanta Humala. At congressional level, National Unity attained 17 representatives again, but coalition would formally dissolve in 2008. National Solidarity's representatives formed their own caucus for the rest of the term.
In October 2010, Castañeda formally resigned as Mayor of Lima in order to run for the presidency at the 2011 general election, under the National Solidarity Alliance. For the first months of the campaign, Castañeda polled in first place, but his support would eventually decline as more revelations on alleged corruption during his mayoral term appeared. The alliance once again placed fifth with 9.8% of the popular vote, and attained 9 congressional representatives (with the majority from National Solidarity). Likewise, National Solidarity joined forces with Union for Peru (UPP) "for the 2011 elections, where José Vega, general secretary of that party, appears with the number 7 for Lima." Other parliamentary candidacies were those of “David Waisman (number 5 on the SN list for Lima), Heriberto Benítez (head of the SN list in Ancash) and Gustavo Pacheco (number 23 in Lima), old acquaintances of Peruvian politics, who they make their debut as Castañeda collaborators ”. Ollanta Humala won the presidency against Keiko Fujimori, with the latter receiving support from Castañeda in the run-off contest. In June 2011, Renzo Reggiardo resigned from the alliance and joined the caucus made up of the 4 APRA parliamentarians and Carlos Bruce. Later, Heríberto Benitez also resigned from the alliance due to the criticism he received from his colleagues in the parliamentary group when the César Álvarez y la Centralita case broke out. During this term, the party took a more conservative stance in numerous bills, and ended up switching to the opposition in the final year, as the caucus votes were key in the vote of no confidence against Prime Minister Ana Jara in late-March 2015.
Second Lima mayoralty under Castañeda (2015-2018)
National Solidarity under José Luna as Secretary-General, sought to convert National Solidarity from a cadre party to a mass party, for which he insisted on projecting the image of an emerging provincial to attract votes and connect with the most impoverished districts by encouraging the participation of adults and youth in National Solidarity activities and meetings. This shift succeeded in bringing back Castañeda to the office of Mayor of Lima, winning more than 50% of the popular vote in the 2014 municipal election. Although, during Castañeda's third term, more corruption allegations came to light, as the party was involved in Odebrecht scandal. Following the conclusion of his term as mayor, Castañeda decided against running for reelection, and tried to maintain a low profile. The party launched as its mayoral nominee Luis Castañeda Pardo, Castañeda's son, who attained 2.6% of the popular vote, placing ninth.
Last years
At the 2016 general election, National Solidarity sealed a alliance with Union for Peru in order to launch businessman Hernando Guerra García as the presidential nominee. A month before the election, Castañeda issued a statement in which he formally retired the party's presidential ticket and congressional lists, fearing the loss of the party registration as Hernando Guerra García polled lower than 1% throughout the entire campaign.
Amid the investigations regarding the Odebrecht case in Peru, Castañeda and National Solidarity were put under scrutiny as the Public Ministry, as the former mayor was banned from leaving the country for the next eight months starting June 2019. Martin Bustamante, a former municipal operator, confessed that Castañeda received over 220,000 dollars from Odebrecht for his 2014 mayoral campaign. Upon the revelations, Castañeda publicly retired temporarily from the Presidency of National Solidarity. In this scenario, former Lima city councilman and long time member of the party, Rafael López Aliaga, was selected as party Secretary-General. Under his leadership, National Solidarity shifted to far right politics, as it publicly embraced extreme social conservatism and ultranationalism.
Under a new political platform, National Solidarity received widespread criticism for its extreme ideological shift to the far right. Participating at the 2020 snap parliamentary election following the dissolution of Congress, López Aliaga announced early in the campaign the inclusion of Rosa Bartra, Yeni Vilcatoma and Nelly Cuadros, three former Fujimorista congresswomen in the party's congressional list for the Lima constituency, in an attempt to attract support from extreme conservative circles against abortion and LGBT rights. At the election, National Solidarity received 1.5% of the popular vote, placing nineteenth out of twenty-one participating lists, thus failing to attain representation.
Dissolution
Following its poor results in the snap-election, the party underwent a formal reconstruction. During this period, Rafael López Aliaga formally announced his candidacy for the presidency in the 2021 general election, stating that he intends to gather all possible support from the country's conservative circles. Under this new platform, López Aliaga announced the dissolution of National Solidarity, re-founding the party under the name Popular Renewal, in October 2020.
Election results
Presidential election
Elections to the Congress of the Republic
Regional and municipal elections
References
Conservative parties in Peru
Defunct political parties in Peru
Political parties established in 1998
Political parties disestablished in 2020
Right-wing parties in South America
Right-wing populist parties
Defunct conservative parties
1998 establishments in Peru
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National%20Solidarity%20%28Peru%29
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"The Battle of New Orleans" is a song written by Jimmy Driftwood. The song describes the Battle of New Orleans from the perspective of an American soldier; the song tells the tale of the battle with a light tone and provides a rather comical version of what actually happened at the battle. It has been recorded by many artists, but the singer most often associated with this song is Johnny Horton. His version scored number 1 on the Billboard Hot 100 in 1959 (see 1959 in music). Billboard ranked it as the No. 1 song for 1959, it was very popular with teenagers in the late 1950s/early 1960s in an era mostly dominated by rock and roll music.
Horton's version began with the quoting of the first 12 notes of the song "Dixie," by Daniel Emmett. It ends with the sound of an officer leading a count off in marching, as the song fades out.
In Billboard magazine's rankings of the top songs in the first 50 years of the Billboard Hot 100 chart, "The Battle of New Orleans" was ranked as the 28th song overall and the number-one country music song to appear on the chart.
Members of the Western Writers of America chose it as one of the Top 100 Western songs of all time.
In 1959 at the 2nd Annual Grammy Awards, Johnny Horton won the Grammy for Best Country & Western Performance for his recording of "The Battle Of New Orleans".. In 2002, the 1959 recording of the song by Horton on Columbia Records was inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame.
History
The melody is based on a well-known American fiddle tune "The 8th of January," which was the date of the Battle of New Orleans. Jimmy Driftwood, a school principal in Arkansas with a passion for history, set an account of the battle to this music in an attempt to get students interested in learning history. It seemed to work, and Driftwood became well known in the region for his historical songs. He was "discovered" in the late 1950s by Don Warden, and eventually was given a recording contract by RCA, for whom he recorded 12 songs in 1958, including "The Battle of New Orleans."
"The Battle of New Orleans" is often played during North American sporting events.
Chart performance
Weekly charts
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Chart (1959)
!Peakposition
|-
|Australian Singles Chart
| style="text-align:center;"|1
|-
|Canadian CHUM Chart (7 weeks at #1)
| style="text-align:center;"|1
|-
|U.K. Singles Chart
| style="text-align:center;"|16
|-
|Italian Singles Chart
| style="text-align:center;"|20
|-
|U.S. Billboard Hot Country Singles
| style="text-align:center;"|1
|-
|align="left"|US Billboard Hot 100
| style="text-align:center;"|1
|-
|-
|U.S. Cash Box Top 100
|align="center"|1
|}
Year-end charts
All-time charts
Other versions
Covers and remakes
Johnny Horton's 1959 version is the best-known recording of the song, which omits the mild expletives and many of the historical references of the original. Horton also recorded an alternative version for release in British Commonwealth countries, avoiding the unfavorable lyrics concerning the British: the word "British" was replaced with "Rebels," along with a few other differences.
Many other artists have recorded this song. Notable versions include the following:
In the United States, Vaughn Monroe's 1959 single competed with Horton's but did not achieve the same degree of success and became only a minor Hot 100 hit.
In Britain, Lonnie Donegan and his Skiffle Group's 1959 version competed with Horton's and achieved greater success, peaking at number two. This version includes a spoken introduction, in which Donegan explains that the British were on the losing side.
Pete Seeger and Frank Hamilton recorded the song for their 1959 album Nonesuch and Other Folk Tunes.
The Royal Guardsmen covered the song on their 1966 album Snoopy vs. the Red Baron Harpers Bizarre had a minor Hot 100 hit with their somewhat psychedelic version from their 1968 album The Secret Life of Harpers Bizarre.
Doug Kershaw recorded the song for his third LP, Doug Kershaw in 1971
Sunny Ryder sang a version of the song in the 1971 spaghetti western A Town Called Hell Johnny Cash's version of the song is on the 1972 album America: A 200-Year Salute in Story and Song.
The Germany-based Les Humphries Singers' 1972 hit, "Mexico," used the melody and parts of the lyrics, violating copyright by crediting the song to the British-born bandleader Les Humphries. In 1982 the Les Humphries Singers re-released a remixed version "Mexico" with different lyrics, which charted in the Netherlands. Another new release in 2006 contained the original lyrics again.
Leon Russell's cover of the song is on his 1973 album Hank Wilson's Back Vol. I.
Nitty Gritty Dirt Band had a minor Hot 100 hit with their version in 1974.
Commander Cody and his Lost Planet Airmen played a cover version of the song at their performance in New York City on September 14, 1976.
Dolly Parton performed the song on her 1976/1977 variety show, Dolly.
Bill Haley recorded a version in 1979 at his final recording sessions and it was released on his final album, Everyone Can Rock and Roll.
The song features prominently in the 1982 film Veronika Voss directed by Rainer Werner Fassbinder.
Sha Na Na appropriately performed the song as a part of a War of 1812 themed skit on their show.
Cornershop covered the song as a bonus track for their 2009 album Judy Sucks a Lemon for Breakfast.
Kingfish recorded a live version at their 1976 concert at the Beacon Theatre, Kingfish in Concert, released in 1996.
Icelandic singer Erling Ágústsson recorded a cover titled Við gefumst aldrei upp ("We Never Give Up").
Les Claypool released a version on his 2014 Duo de Twang debut album Four Foot Shack with Bryan Kehoe.
Deep Purple included a version of the song on their 2021 covers album Turning to Crime.
Parodies
"The Battle of Kookamonga"
Country music parodists Homer and Jethro parodied "The Battle of New Orleans" with their song "The Battle of Kookamonga". The single was released in 1959 and featured production work by Chet Atkins. In this version, the scene shifts from a battleground to a campground, with the combat being changed to the Boy Scouts chasing after the Girl Scouts.
Other parodies
"The Battle Of Queenston Heights" by Mike Darow and the Chums, 1959. (Battle of Queenston Heights)
"The Battle of the Waikato" by Howard Morrison Quartet, 1960.
"Deer Hunter's Lament" by Stew Clayton, 1973.
The Mexican group El Tren recorded a parody titled "La Batalla del Cinco de Mayo," 1980, telling the events of Cinco de Mayo.
One verse of "The Battle of All Saints Road" by Big Audio Dynamite, 1988 (another verse parodies "Duelling Banjos").
"The White House Burned" recounts the War of 1812 by Three Dead Trolls in a Baggie, 1991.
"Ballad of Hank Williams" by Hank Williams Jr., 1981
"The New Battle of New Orleans," recounting Hurricane Katrina, by Ray Stevens, 2005.
"The Ballad of Fetteh Shmeel" by Country Yossi and the Shteeble-Hoppers, reworks the tune with a Jewish message, on the 2005 LP Break Out.
"The Falklands War Song" is a version recounting the Falklands War from the British perspective.
See also
American fiddle
References
Further reading
Collins, Ace. Songs Sung, Red, White, and Blue: The Stories Behind America's Best-Loved Patriotic Songs''. HarperResource, 2003.
External links
Tom Simon's Battle of New Orleans page
MIDI file of music (from Louisiana History, which includes Johnny Horton's lyrics)
Library of Congress page, includes a recording of "The Eighth of January"
1959 singles
Johnny Horton songs
Vaughn Monroe songs
American patriotic songs
Bill Haley songs
Songs written by Jimmy Driftwood
Nitty Gritty Dirt Band songs
Number-one singles in Australia
Number-one singles in Canada
Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles
Billboard Hot Country Songs number-one singles of the year
Cashbox number-one singles
Grammy Award for Song of the Year
Songs about the military
Songs based on American history
Grammy Hall of Fame Award recipients
Songs about New Orleans
Columbia Records singles
RCA Victor singles
1959 songs
Song recordings produced by Don Law
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Battle%20of%20New%20Orleans
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