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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XHFW-FM
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XHFW-FM/XEFW-AM is a radio station in Tampico, operating on 88.5 FM. It's owned and operated by Multimedios Radio. 810 AM is a United States clear-channel frequency; KGO and WGY share Class A status on this frequency.
History
XEFW-AM 1240 received its concession in 1932. The 70-watt station owned by José Expedito Martínez until 1937, when the Flores family entered broadcasting by way of a joint partnership with Martínez. XEFW later moved to 810 kHz and ramped up its power to 50,000 watts day and night, earning it the distinction of being a border blaster in the eyes of some.
In the 1980s, XEFW cut its power back to 10,000 watts day and a mere 250 watts at night, later boosted back to 50,000/1,000. The station was now exclusively owned by the Flores family, which had built a local cluster featuring XEFW, AM sister XETW-AM 860, XHON-FM 96.1, and XHFW-TV channel 9.
In 2011, the Flores family took advantage of the government's program to migrate AM stations to FM and converted XEFW into XHFW-FM broadcasting on 106.3 MHz. XHFW was known as La Estrella.
In 2016, the Flores family ceded operation of its radio stations to Multimedios Radio, which converted them to their own formats. XHFW was given the Hits FM pop format. On April 26, 2018, XHFW-FM moved to 88.5 MHz in order to clear 106-108 MHz for community and indigenous stations, as a condition of the renewal of its concession in 2017.
On April 25, 2018, the Federal Telecommunications Institute approved the transfer of XHFW-F
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2-4-4T
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Under the Whyte notation for the classification of steam locomotives by wheel arrangement, 2-4-4 is a steam locomotive with two unpowered leading wheels followed by four powered driving wheels and four unpowered trailing wheels. The wheel arrangement was only used for tank locomotives.
Equivalent classifications
Other equivalent classifications are:
UIC classification: 1B2 (also known as German classification and Italian classification)
French classification: 122
Turkish classification: 25
Swiss classification: 2/5
The equivalent UIC classification is 1′B2′ t (or (1′B)2′ t for a Mason Bogie).
Examples
This unusual wheel arrangement does not appear to have been used on the mainline railways in the UK. It was however one of the configurations used on the Mason Bogie articulated locomotives, in the USA during the 1870s and 1880s. Five examples were constructed at the Mason Machine Works for the narrow gauge Boston, Revere Beach and Lynn Railroad 1883–1887. The railway subsequently received twenty-one further examples between 1900 and 1914, constructed by the Taunton Locomotive Manufacturing Company, Manchester Locomotive Works, and ALCO. Developmentally, there are two logical ways of reaching this wheel formula: to add a forward axle to a Forney locomotive to improve its ability to negotiate curves, or to add a second trailing axle to a Columbia design, notably in a 2-4-4(T) configuration to expand its coal capacity.
Four 2-4-4T passenger locomotives were built by the Czec
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hector%20Ruiz
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Hector de Jesus Ruiz Cardenas (born December 25, 1945) is the chairman and CEO of Advanced Nanotechnology Solutions, Inc. and former CEO & executive chairman of semiconductor company Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. (AMD).
Ruiz is the author of Slingshot: AMD’s Fight To Free An Industry From The Ruthless Grip Of Intel, "a book that memorializes his bet-the-company decision in 2005 to file an antitrust case against its much larger rival." The book also "elaborates on his humble upbringing as well as advice and lessons learned from relatives and teachers."
Education
Ruiz was born in the border town of Piedras Negras, Coahuila, Mexico. As a teenager, he walked across the Mexico – United States border every day to attend a high school in nearby Eagle Pass, Texas, from which he graduated as valedictorian just three years after beginning to learn English. Ruiz earned a BS and MS in electrical engineering from the University of Texas at Austin in 1968 and 1970 respectively and a PhD from Rice University in 1973.
In 2012, Ruiz—along with former First Lady Laura Bush, Charles Matthews, Melinda Perrin, Julius Glickman and Admiral William H. McRaven—was named a Distinguished Alumnus of the University of Texas.
Career
Ruiz worked at Texas Instruments for six years and Motorola for 22 years, rising to become president of Motorola's Semiconductor Products Sector before being recruited in 2000 by AMD founder Jerry Sanders to serve as AMD's president and chief operating officer, and to beco
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menelaus%27s%20theorem
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In Euclidean geometry, Menelaus's theorem, named for Menelaus of Alexandria, is a proposition about triangles in plane geometry. Suppose we have a triangle , and a transversal line that crosses at points respectively, with distinct from . A weak version of the theorem states that
where "| |" denotes absolute value (i.e., all segment lengths are positive).
The theorem can be strengthened to a statement about signed lengths of segments, which provides some additional information about the relative order of collinear points. Here, the length is taken to be positive or negative according to whether is to the left or right of in some fixed orientation of the line; for example, is defined as having positive value when is between and and negative otherwise. The signed version of Menelaus's theorem states
Equivalently,
Some authors organize the factors differently and obtain the seemingly different relation
but as each of these factors is the negative of the corresponding factor above, the relation is seen to be the same.
The converse is also true: If points are chosen on respectively so that
then are collinear. The converse is often included as part of the theorem. (Note that the converse of the weaker, unsigned statement is not necessarily true.)
The theorem is very similar to Ceva's theorem in that their equations differ only in sign. By re-writing each in terms of cross-ratios, the two theorems may be seen as projective duals.
Proofs
A standard proof
Fir
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timothy%20J.%20Sullivan
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Timothy Jackson Sullivan (born April 15, 1944) was the twenty-fifth president of the College of William and Mary in Williamsburg, Virginia, United States. On July 1, 2005, he was succeeded by Gene Nichol, former dean of the law school at the University of North Carolina.
References
Living people
People from Virginia
People from Portage County, Ohio
Presidents of the College of William & Mary
College of William & Mary alumni
College of William & Mary faculty
Harvard Law School alumni
Virginia lawyers
1944 births
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anisole
|
Anisole, or methoxybenzene, is an organic compound with the formula . It is a colorless liquid with a smell reminiscent of anise seed, and in fact many of its derivatives are found in natural and artificial fragrances. The compound is mainly made synthetically and is a precursor to other synthetic compounds. Structurally, it is an ether () with a methyl () and phenyl () group attached. Anisole is a standard reagent of both practical and pedagogical value.
It can be prepared by the Williamson ether synthesis; sodium phenoxide is reacted with a methyl halide to yield anisole.
Reactivity
Anisole undergoes electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction at a faster speed than benzene, which in turn reacts more quickly than nitrobenzene. The methoxy group is an ortho/para directing group, which means that electrophilic substitution preferentially occurs at these three sites. The enhanced nucleophilicity of anisole vs. benzene reflects the influence of the methoxy group, which renders the ring more electron-rich. The methoxy group strongly affects the pi cloud of the ring as a mesomeric electron donor, more so than as an inductive electron withdrawing group despite the electronegativity of the oxygen. Stated more quantitatively, the Hammett constant for para-substitution of anisole is –0.27.
Illustrative of its nucleophilicity, anisole reacts with acetic anhydride to give
Unlike most acetophenones, but reflecting the influence of the methoxy group, methoxyacetophenone underg
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neck%20dissection
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The neck dissection is a surgical procedure for control of neck lymph node metastasis from squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the head and neck. The aim of the procedure is to remove lymph nodes from one side of the neck into which cancer cells may have migrated. Metastasis of squamous cell carcinoma into the lymph nodes of the neck reduce survival and is the most important factor in the spread of the disease. The metastases may originate from SCC of the upper aerodigestive tract, including the oral cavity, tongue, nasopharynx, oropharynx, hypopharynx, and larynx, as well as the thyroid, parotid and posterior scalp.
History of neck dissections
1906 – George W. Crile of the Cleveland Clinic describes the radical neck dissection. The operation encompasses removal of all the lymph nodes on one side of the neck, and includes removal of the spinal accessory nerve (SAN), internal jugular vein (IJV) and sternocleidomastoid muscle (SCM).
1957 – Hayes Martin describes routine use of the radical neck dissection for control of neck metastases.
1967 – Oscar Suarez and E. Bocca describe a more conservative operation that preserves SAN, IJV and SCM.
Last 3 decades – Further operations have been described to selectively remove the involved regional lymph groups.
Division of the neck into levels and sublevels
To describe the lymph nodes of the neck for neck dissection, the neck is divided into 6 areas called Levels. The levels are identified by Roman numeral, increasing towards the che
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marginal%20value%20theorem
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The marginal value theorem (MVT) is an optimality model that usually describes the behavior of an optimally foraging individual in a system where resources (often food) are located in discrete patches separated by areas with no resources. Due to the resource-free space, animals must spend time traveling between patches. The MVT can also be applied to other situations in which organisms face diminishing returns.
The MVT was first proposed by Eric Charnov in 1976. In his original formulation: "The predator should leave the patch it is presently in when the marginal capture rate in the patch drops to the average capture rate for the habitat."
Definition
All animals must forage for food in order to meet their energetic needs, but doing so is energetically costly. It is assumed that evolution by natural selection results in animals utilizing the most economic and efficient strategy to balance energy gain and consumption. The Marginal Value Theorem is an optimality model that describes the strategy that maximizes gain per unit time in systems where resources, and thus rate of returns, decrease with time. The model weighs benefits and costs and is used to predict giving up time and giving up density. Giving up time (GUT) is the interval of time between when the animal last feeds and when it leaves the patch. Giving up density (GUD) is the food density within a patch when the animal will choose to move on to other food patches.
When an animal is foraging in a system where food so
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PFD
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Science, technology, and medicine
Personal flotation device
Pelvic floor dysfunction
Phase frequency detector in electronics
Primary flight display, in an aircraft
Probability of Failure on Demand, see Safety integrity level#Certification
Process flow diagram, in process engineering
Prepared for dyeing
Professional Disc, recordable optical disc format
PFD allowance in work systems
Partial fraction decomposition
Perfluorodecalin, a molecule capable of dissolving large amounts of gas
Pediatric Feeding Disorder, A unifying diagnostic term, “pediatric feeding disorder” encompassing medical, nutrition, feeding skill, and psychosocial domains
Organizations
Philadelphia Fire Department
Pigespejdernes Fællesråd Danmark, Guiding federation of Denmark
Peters, Fraser & Dunlop, an English literary and talent agency
Other uses
Permanent Fund Dividend of Alaska Permanent Fund
See also
PDF (disambiguation)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/14-3-3%20protein
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14-3-3 proteins are a family of conserved regulatory molecules that are expressed in all eukaryotic cells. 14-3-3 proteins have the ability to bind a multitude of functionally diverse signaling proteins, including kinases, phosphatases, and transmembrane receptors. More than 200 signaling proteins have been reported as 14-3-3 ligands.
Elevated amounts of 14-3-3 proteins in cerebrospinal fluid may be a sign of Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease.
Properties
Seven genes encode seven distinct 14-3-3 proteins in most mammals (See Human genes below) and 13-15 genes in many higher plants, though typically in fungi they are present only in pairs. Protists have at least one. Eukaryotes can tolerate the loss of a single 14-3-3 gene if multiple genes are expressed, but deletion of all 14-3-3s (as experimentally determined in yeast) results in death.
14-3-3 proteins are structurally similar to the Tetratrico Peptide Repeat (TPR) superfamily, which generally have 9 or 10 alpha helices, and usually form homo- and/or hetero-dimer interactions along their amino-termini helices. These proteins contain a number of known common modification domains, including regions for divalent cation interaction, phosphorylation & acetylation, and proteolytic cleavage, among others established and predicted.
14-3-3 binds to peptides. There are common recognition motifs for 14-3-3 proteins that contain a phosphorylated serine or threonine residue, although binding to non-phosphorylated ligands has also been repor
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bekenstein%20bound
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In physics, the Bekenstein bound (named after Jacob Bekenstein) is an upper limit on the thermodynamic entropy S, or Shannon entropy H, that can be contained within a given finite region of space which has a finite amount of energy—or conversely, the maximal amount of information required to perfectly describe a given physical system down to the quantum level. It implies that the information of a physical system, or the information necessary to perfectly describe that system, must be finite if the region of space and the energy are finite. In computer science this implies that non-finite models such as Turing machines are not realizable as finite devices.
Equations
The universal form of the bound was originally found by Jacob Bekenstein in 1981 as the inequality
where S is the entropy, k is the Boltzmann constant, R is the radius of a sphere that can enclose the given system, E is the total mass–energy including any rest masses, ħ is the reduced Planck constant, and c is the speed of light. Note that while gravity plays a significant role in its enforcement, the expression for the bound does not contain the gravitational constant G, and so, it ought to apply to quantum field theory in curved spacetime.
The Bekenstein–Hawking boundary entropy of three-dimensional black holes exactly saturates the bound. The Schwarzschild radius is given by
and so the two-dimensional area of the black hole's event horizon is
and using the Planck length
the Bekenstein–Hawking entropy is
O
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clipse
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Clipse, also known as The Clipse, is an American hip hop duo, chiefly active from 1994 to 2010. It consists of brothers Gene "No Malice" and Terrence "Pusha T" Thornton. Pusha T was known as Terrar during the group's early years, while No Malice was originally known as Malicious, then changed his stage name to Malice soon after the group's formation, before changing it again to No Malice in 2012 following a conversion to Christianity. The duo were based in Virginia Beach, Virginia, and were heavily affiliated with producer and fellow Virginia Beach native, Pharrell Williams, who convinced the two in 1992 to be a rap duo instead of solo artists. Williams would go on to serve as their label head, main producer (via the production duo The Neptunes) and frequent guest artist through most of their career. The duo frequently rapped about the drug dealing they had done in their youth. Clipse was integral in establishing Virginia as one of the East Coast's strongholds in hip hop.
In 1996, with Williams' help, Clipse got a record deal with Elektra Records, and recorded what would have been their debut album, Exclusive Audio Footage. However, the album was shelved, and the duo dropped by the label, after poor sales for the album's lead single, "The Funeral". In 2001, Williams signed the duo to Arista Records as the first artists on his recently-established Star Trak imprint. The duo released their debut album, Lord Willin', in 2002. It debuted at number 4 on the Billboard 200 and rec
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structured%20program%20theorem
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The structured program theorem, also called the Böhm–Jacopini theorem, is a result in programming language theory. It states that a class of control-flow graphs (historically called flowcharts in this context) can compute any computable function if it combines subprograms in only three specific ways (control structures). These are
Executing one subprogram, and then another subprogram (sequence)
Executing one of two subprograms according to the value of a boolean expression (selection)
Repeatedly executing a subprogram as long as a boolean expression is true (iteration)
The structured chart subject to these constraints, particularly the loop constraint implying a single exit (as described later in this article), may however use additional variables in the form of bits (stored in an extra integer variable in the original proof) in order to keep track of information that the original program represents by the program location. The construction was based on Böhm's programming language P′′.
The theorem forms the basis of structured programming, a programming paradigm which eschews goto commands and exclusively uses subroutines, sequences, selection and iteration.
Origin and variants
The theorem is typically credited to a 1966 paper by Corrado Böhm and Giuseppe Jacopini. David Harel wrote in 1980 that the Böhm–Jacopini paper enjoyed "universal popularity", particularly with proponents of structured programming. Harel also noted that "due to its rather technical style [the 1966
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tellurite%20%28mineral%29
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Tellurite is a rare oxide mineral composed of tellurium dioxide (TeO2).
It occurs as prismatic to acicular transparent yellow to white orthorhombic crystals. It occurs in the oxidation zone of mineral deposits in association with native tellurium, emmonsite and other tellurium minerals. Its name comes from Tellus, which is the Latin name for the planet Earth.
It was first described in 1842 because of an occurrence in Faţa Băii, Zlatna, Alba County, Romania.
References
Oxide minerals
Tellurite and selenite minerals
Orthorhombic minerals
Minerals in space group 61
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SSD%20%28disambiguation%29
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A solid-state drive is a type of data storage device which uses semiconductor memory rather than magnetic media.
SSD may also refer to:
Science and technology
Saturated-surface-dry, aggregate or porous solid condition
Biology and medicine
Schizophrenia spectrum disorders
Signal-sensing domain, in molecular biology
Sterol-sensing domain, a protein domain
Speech sound disorder
Sexual size dimorphism
Single-sided deafness
Somatic symptom disorder
A brand name for Silver sulfadiazine antibacterial
Computing
Server-side decoration of windows, an alternative to client-side decoration
Single-shot multibox detection, computer vision object detection
System sequence diagram in software engineering
Mathematics
Schwartz sequential dropping, an electoral system
Other uses
Sardar Sarovar Dam, Gujarat, India
Scalextric Sport Digital, toy cars
Singapore School for the Deaf
South Sudan (ISO 3166-1 alpha-3 code: SSD)
SSD (band), Boston, US, 1981–1985
Siroi language (ISO code: ssd), of Papua New Guinea
Special School District of St. Louis County
Stansted Airport railway station (National Rail code: SSD)
Social Security Disability Insurance (SSD or SSDI), US
State Security Department, North Korean secret police
United States–Russia Strategic Stability Dialogue, meetings to reduce the risk of US–Russia nuclear war
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic%20lattice
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Atomic lattice may refer to:
In mineralogy, atomic lattice refers to the arrangement of atoms into a crystal structure.
In order theory, a lattice is called an atomic lattice if the underlying partial order is atomic.
In chemistry, atomic lattice refers to the arrangement of atoms in an atomic crystalline solid.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geometrical%20frustration
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In condensed matter physics, the term geometrical frustration (or in short: frustration) refers to a phenomenon where atoms tend to stick to non-trivial positions or where, on a regular crystal lattice, conflicting inter-atomic forces (each one favoring rather simple, but different structures) lead to quite complex structures. As a consequence of the frustration in the geometry or in the forces, a plenitude of distinct ground states may result at zero temperature, and usual thermal ordering may be suppressed at higher temperatures. Much studied examples are amorphous materials, glasses, or dilute magnets.
The term frustration, in the context of magnetic systems, has been introduced by Gerard Toulouse in 1977. Frustrated magnetic systems had been studied even before. Early work includes a study of the Ising model on a triangular lattice with nearest-neighbor spins coupled antiferromagnetically, by G. H. Wannier, published in 1950. Related features occur in magnets with competing interactions, where both ferromagnetic as well as antiferromagnetic couplings between pairs of spins or magnetic moments are present, with the type of interaction depending on the separation distance of the spins. In that case commensurability, such as helical spin arrangements may result, as had been discussed originally, especially, by A. Yoshimori, T. A. Kaplan, R. J. Elliott, and others, starting in 1959, to describe experimental findings on rare-earth metals. A renewed interest in such spin syste
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hementin
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Hementin is an anticoagulant protease (fibrinogen lytic enzyme) from the salivary glands of the giant Amazon leech (Haementeria ghilianii). Hementin is a calcium-dependent protease with a molecular weight of 80-120 kDa, and it contains 39 amino acid sequences. Hementin is present in both the anterior and posterior salivary glands, however it is mostly produced from certain cells in the anterior glands. The secretion of hementin is limited to the lumen of the proboscis, which the Amazon leech inserts into the host to suck blood. Hementin dissolves platelet-rich blood clots and lets the blood flow through the proboscis. Hementin is able to dissolve a type of blood clots that cannot be dissolved by other compounds, such as streptokinase and urokinase.
The processes of blood anticoagulation by hementin includes the degradation of fibrinogen. It is capable of disrupting the function of fibrinogen, a glycoprotein responsible for blood clotting, by cleaving three peptide bonds in its structure. Hementin is also capable of segregating platelets by cleaving the fibrinogen cross-link amongst the platelets. Fibrinogen acts as a substrate for thrombin, which converts this protein into its functional form, fibrin. Cleavage of fibrinogen in its native conformation at AαAsn102-Asn103, BβLys130-Gln131, and ϓPro76-Asn77 yield three sets of products. Hementin may also cause platelet deaggregation, although not under all circumstances. Because of its anticoagulant effects, Hementin can be desc
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montel%27s%20theorem
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In complex analysis, an area of mathematics, Montel's theorem refers to one of two theorems about families of holomorphic functions. These are named after French mathematician Paul Montel, and give conditions under which a family of holomorphic functions is normal.
Locally uniformly bounded families are normal
The first, and simpler, version of the theorem states that a family of holomorphic functions defined on an open subset of the complex numbers is normal if and only if it is locally uniformly bounded.
This theorem has the following formally stronger corollary. Suppose that
is a family of
meromorphic functions on an open set . If is such that
is not normal at , and is a neighborhood of , then is dense
in the complex plane.
Functions omitting two values
The stronger version of Montel's Theorem (occasionally referred to as the Fundamental Normality Test) states that a family of holomorphic functions, all of which omit the same two values is normal.
Necessity
The conditions in the above theorems are sufficient, but not necessary for normality. Indeed,
the family is normal, but does not omit any complex value.
Proofs
The first version of Montel's theorem is a direct consequence of Marty's Theorem (which
states that a family is normal if and only if the spherical derivatives are locally bounded)
and Cauchy's integral formula.
This theorem has also been called the Stieltjes–Osgood theorem, after Thomas Joannes Stieltjes and William Fogg Osgood.
The Corollary st
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robbie%20McEwen
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Robbie McEwen (born 24 June 1972) is an Australian former professional road cyclist. McEwen is a three-time winner of the Tour de France points classification and, at the peak of his career, was considered the world's fastest sprinter.
He last rode for on the UCI World Tour.
A former Australian BMX champion, McEwen switched to road cycling in 1990 at 18 years of age. He raced as a professional from 1996 until 2012.
McEwen retired from the World Tour after riding the 2012 Tour of California and is now a cycling broadcast commentator on the Tour Down Under and the Tour de France.
Career
McEwen was born in Brisbane. After four years of moving through the regional, state and national levels of cycling, he started at the Australian Institute of Sport in Canberra under road cycling coach Heiko Salzwedel. The first signs of his sprinting prowess on the international stage were at the Peace Race, winning three stages for the Australian national team.
McEwen competed in the road race at the 1996 Atlanta Olympic Games (23rd) and the 2000 Sydney Olympic Games (19th). He was also included on the Australian team for the 1994 UCI Road Cycling World Championship in Italy, and the 2002 UCI Road Cycling World Championship in Belgium, where he won a silver medal. McEwen was again selected for Australia at the 2004 Athens Olympic Games (11th) as part of the road race team.
McEwen was named 2002 Australian Cyclist of the Year, 2002 Male Road Cyclist of the Year and 1999 Male Road Cyclis
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cysteine%20dioxygenase
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Cysteine dioxygenase (CDO) is a non-heme iron enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of L-cysteine to cysteine sulfinic acid (cysteine sulfinate). CDO plays an important role in cysteine catabolism, regulating intracellular levels of cysteine and responding changes in cysteine availability. As such, CDO is highly regulated and undergoes large changes in concentration and efficiency. It oxidizes cysteine to the corresponding sulfinic acid by activation of dioxygen, although the exact mechanism of the reaction is still unclear. In addition to being found in mammals, CDO also exists in some yeast and bacteria, although the exact function is still unknown. CDO has been implicated in various neurodegenerative diseases and cancers, which is likely related to cysteine toxicity.
Function
CDO is responsible for the first major step in metabolism of cysteine. CDO oxidizes to cysteine sulfinic acid (which exists predominantly in the anionic sulfinate form in vivo). Overall, CDO catalyzes the addition of dioxygen (O2) to a thiol, producing a sulfinic acid. More specifically, CDO is part of the group of non-heme iron oxygenases that employ oxygen as an electron acceptor. Cysteine sulfinic acid is then metabolized further via two divergent pathways: decarboxylated to hypotaurine by sulfinoalanine decarboxylase and oxidized to taurine by hypotaurine dehydrogenase; or transaminated to a putative 3-sulfinylpyruvate intermediate, which decomposes spontaneously into pyruvate and sulfite. Sulfit
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primer%20walking
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Primer walking is a technique used to clone a gene (e.g., disease gene) from its known closest markers (e.g., known gene). As a result, it is employed in cloning and sequencing efforts in plants, fungi, and mammals with minor alterations. This technique, also known as "directed sequencing," employs a series of Sanger sequencing reactions to either confirm the reference sequence of a known plasmid or PCR product based on the reference sequence (sequence confirmation service) or to discover the unknown sequence of a full plasmid or PCR product by designing primers to sequence overlapping sections (sequence discovery service).
Primer walking: a DNA sequencing method
Primer walking is a method to determine the sequence of DNA up to the 1.3–7.0 kb range whereas chromosome walking is used to produce the clones of already known sequences of the gene. Too long fragments cannot be sequenced in a single sequence read using the chain termination method. This method works by dividing the long sequence into several consecutive short ones. The DNA of interest may be a plasmid insert, a PCR product or a fragment representing a gap when sequencing a genome. The term "primer walking" is used where the main aim is to sequence the genome. The term "chromosome walking" is used instead when the sequence is known but there is no clone of a gene. For example, the gene for a disease may be located near a specific marker such as an RFLP on the sequence. Chromosome walking is a technique used to cl
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnaud%20Denjoy
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Arnaud Denjoy (; 5 January 1884 – 21 January 1974) was a French mathematician.
Biography
Denjoy was born in Auch, Gers. His contributions include work in harmonic analysis and differential equations. His integral was the first to be able to integrate all derivatives. Among his students is Gustave Choquet. He is also known for the more general broad Denjoy integral, or Khinchin integral.
Denjoy was an Invited Speaker of the ICM with talk Sur une classe d'ensembles parfaits en relation avec les fonctions admettant une dérivée seconde généralisée in 1920 at Strasbourg and with talk Les equations differentielles periodiques in 1950 at Cambridge, Massachusetts. In 1931 he was the president of the Société Mathématique de France. In 1942 he was elected a member of the Académie des sciences and was its president in 1962.
Denjoy married in 1923 and was the father of three sons. He died in Paris in 1974. He was an atheist with a strong interest in philosophy, psychology, and social issues.
The asteroid (19349) Denjoy is named in his honor.
Selected publications
Une extension de l'intégrale de Lebesgue, Académie des Sciences, pp. 859–862 (1912)
Les continus cycliques et la représentation conforme, Bulletin de la Société Mathématique de France, pp. 97-124 (1942)
Sur les fonctions dérivées sommables., Bulletin de la Société Mathématique de France, pp. 161-248 (1915)
Introduction à la théorie de fonctions de variables réelles, vol. 1, Hermann 1937
Aspects actuels de la pensée mathémat
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaroslav%20Kurzweil
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Jaroslav Kurzweil (, 7 May 1926, Prague – 17 March 2022) was a Czech mathematician.
Biography
Born in Prague, Czechoslovakia, he was a specialist in ordinary differential equations and defined the Henstock–Kurzweil integral in terms of Riemann sums, first published in 1957 in the Czechoslovak Mathematical Journal. Kurzweil has been awarded the highest possible scientific prize of Czechia, the "Czech Brain" of the year 2006, as an acknowledgement of his life achievements.
With limited opportunities of contact between mathematicians within the Iron Curtain and those from the West, Kurzweil and Ivo Babuška founded a series of international scientific conferences named EQUADIFF, being held every four years since 1962 alternately in Prague, Bratislava, and Brno. He was chief editor of Mathematica Bohemica (then called Časopis pro pěstování matematiky) from 1956 to 1970 and was in its editorial board until 2007. In 2007, Kurzweil delivered a New Year's toast on Czech Television.
See also
Henstock–Kurzweil integral
References
Kurzweil, Jaroslav (2012). Generalized Ordinary Differential Equations: Not Absolutely Continuous Solutions. Series in Real Analysis. 11. World Scientific Publishing Company. .
Jiří Jarník; Štefan Schwabik; Milan Tvrdý; Ivo Vrkoč, Sixty years of Jaroslav Kurzweil. Czechoslovak Mathematical Journal, Vol. 36 (1986), No. 1, 147–166
Kurzweil J.. Generalized ordinary differential equations and continuous dependence on a parameter. Czechoslovak Mathe. Journ
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical%20Reviews
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Mathematical Reviews is a journal published by the American Mathematical Society (AMS) that contains brief synopses, and in some cases evaluations, of many articles in mathematics, statistics, and theoretical computer science. The AMS also publishes an associated online bibliographic database called MathSciNet which contains an electronic version of Mathematical Reviews and additionally contains citation information for over 3.5 million items
Reviews
Mathematical Reviews was founded by Otto E. Neugebauer in 1940 as an alternative to the German journal Zentralblatt für Mathematik, which Neugebauer had also founded a decade earlier, but which under the Nazis had begun censoring reviews by and of Jewish mathematicians. The goal of the new journal was to give reviews of every mathematical research publication. As of November 2007, the Mathematical Reviews database contained information on over 2.2 million articles. The authors of reviews are volunteers, usually chosen by the editors because of some expertise in the area of the article. It and Zentralblatt für Mathematik are the only comprehensive resources of this type. (The Mathematics section of Referativny Zhurnal is available only in Russian and is smaller in scale and difficult to access.) Often reviews give detailed summaries of the contents of the paper, sometimes with critical comments by the reviewer and references to related work. However, reviewers are not encouraged to criticize the paper, because the author does no
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizen%20Information%20Project
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In the United Kingdom, the Citizen Information Project (CIP) was a plan by the Office for National Statistics to build a national population register.
On 18 April 2006 it was announced that instead of continuing as a separate project, it would be integrated into the National Identity Register, the database behind the proposed national identity cards. It has been estimated that this might add £200 million to the cost of the identity cards. The National Identity Register was destroyed as the Identity Cards Act 2006 was repealed in 2011.
Scope and purpose
The register was to have been used as a single reference point for government contact, for the exchange of personal contact data, and for the collection of statistics, so reducing duplication in government departments and agencies. Government databases would have been linked together using National Insurance or other personal numbers.
In late 2003 the project moved into a definition phase. It was hoped that the CIP would be able to use data from the proposed National Identity Register.
A report on preliminary testing was due in April 2005, and it had been expected that it would have been implemented before the end of 2007 if approval had been given by Government. Initial estimates in 2004 suggested that the costs might have been £1.2 - £2.4 billion (240 million annually for a period of 5 to 10 years).
References
External links
Citizen Information Project
Testing of technology involved in a UK population register is soon
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multicollinearity
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In statistics, multicollinearity (also collinearity) is a phenomenon in which one predictor variable in a multiple regression model can be perfectly predicted from the others. In this situation, the coefficient estimates of the multiple regression may change erratically in response to small changes in the data or the procedure used to fit the model.
Contrary to popular belief, including collinear variables does not reduce the predictive power or reliability of the model as a whole, nor does it reduce how accurately coefficients are estimated. In fact, high collinearity indicates that it is exceptionally important to include all variables, as excluding any variable will cause strong confounding.
Note that in statements of the assumptions underlying regression analyses such as ordinary least squares, the phrase "no multicollinearity" usually refers to the absence of multicollinearity, which is an exact (non-stochastic) linear relation among the predictors. In such a case, the design matrix has less than full rank, and therefore the moment matrix cannot be inverted. Under these circumstances, for a general linear model , the ordinary least squares estimator does not exist.
Definition
Multicollinearity refers to a situation in which explanatory variables in a multiple regression model are highly linearly related. Mathematically, a set of variables is perfectly multicollinear if there exist one or more exact linear relationships among some of the variables. That is, for al
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TI%20InterActive%21
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TI InterActive! is a Texas Instruments computer program which combines the functionality of all of the TI graphing calculators with extra features into a text editor which allows you to save equations, graphs, tables, spreadsheets, and text onto a document. TI InterActive! also includes a web browser, but it is just an embedded version of Internet Explorer. It also works with TI Connect to share data with the TI Graphing Calculators.
References
Computer algebra systems
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20neighborhoods%20in%20San%20Francisco
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San Francisco, in the US state of California, has both major, well-known neighborhoods and districts as well as smaller, specific subsections and developments. While there is considerable fluidity among the sources, one guidebook identifies five major districts, corresponding to the four quadrants plus a south central district. These five broad districts, counterclockwise are: Central/downtown, Richmond, Sunset, Upper Market and beyond (south central) and Bernal Heights/Bayview and beyond (southeast). Within each of these five districts are located major neighborhoods, and again there is considerable fluidity seen in the sources. The San Francisco Planning Department officially identifies 36 neighborhoods. Within these 36 official neighborhoods are a large number of minor districts, some of which are historical, and some of which are overlapping.
Some of San Francisco's neighborhoods are also officially designated as "cultural districts".
Alamo Square
Alamo Square is a subset of the Western Addition neighborhood. Its boundaries are not well-defined, but are generally considered to be Webster Street on the east, Golden Gate Avenue on the north, Divisadero Street on the west, and Oak Street on the south. It is characterized by Victorian architecture that was left largely untouched by the urban renewal projects in other parts of the Western Addition. On a clear day, the Transamerica Pyramid building and the tops of the Golden Gate Bridge and Bay Bridge can be seen from the pa
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poincar%C3%A9%20metric
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In mathematics, the Poincaré metric, named after Henri Poincaré, is the metric tensor describing a two-dimensional surface of constant negative curvature. It is the natural metric commonly used in a variety of calculations in hyperbolic geometry or Riemann surfaces.
There are three equivalent representations commonly used in two-dimensional hyperbolic geometry. One is the Poincaré half-plane model, defining a model of hyperbolic space on the upper half-plane. The Poincaré disk model defines a model for hyperbolic space on the unit disk. The disk and the upper half plane are related by a conformal map, and isometries are given by Möbius transformations. A third representation is on the punctured disk, where relations for q-analogues are sometimes expressed. These various forms are reviewed below.
Overview of metrics on Riemann surfaces
A metric on the complex plane may be generally expressed in the form
where λ is a real, positive function of and . The length of a curve γ in the complex plane is thus given by
The area of a subset of the complex plane is given by
where is the exterior product used to construct the volume form. The determinant of the metric is equal to , so the square root of the determinant is . The Euclidean volume form on the plane is and so one has
A function is said to be the potential of the metric if
The Laplace–Beltrami operator is given by
The Gaussian curvature of the metric is given by
This curvature is one-half of the Ricci scalar c
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwarz%E2%80%93Ahlfors%E2%80%93Pick%20theorem
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In mathematics, the Schwarz–Ahlfors–Pick theorem is an extension of the Schwarz lemma for hyperbolic geometry, such as the Poincaré half-plane model.
The Schwarz–Pick lemma states that every holomorphic function from the unit disk U to itself, or from the upper half-plane H to itself, will not increase the Poincaré distance between points. The unit disk U with the Poincaré metric has negative Gaussian curvature −1. In 1938, Lars Ahlfors generalised the lemma to maps from the unit disk to other negatively curved surfaces:
Theorem (Schwarz–Ahlfors–Pick). Let U be the unit disk with Poincaré metric ; let S be a Riemann surface endowed with a Hermitian metric whose Gaussian curvature is ≤ −1; let be a holomorphic function. Then
for all
A generalization of this theorem was proved by Shing-Tung Yau in 1973.
References
Hyperbolic geometry
Riemann surfaces
Theorems in complex analysis
Theorems in differential geometry
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theory%20of%20the%20second%20best
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In welfare economics, the theory of the second best (also known as the general theory of second best or the second best theorem) concerns the situation when one or more optimality conditions cannot be satisfied. The economists Richard Lipsey and Kelvin Lancaster showed in 1956, that if one optimality condition in an economic model cannot be satisfied, it is possible that the next-best solution involves changing other variables away from the values that would otherwise be optimal. Politically, the theory implies that if it is infeasible to remove a particular market distortion, introducing one or more additional market distortions in an interdependent market may partially counteract the first, and lead to a more efficient outcome.
Implications
In an economy with some uncorrectable market failure in one sector, actions to correct market failures in another related sector with the intent of increasing economic efficiency may actually decrease overall economic efficiency. In theory, at least, it may be better to let two market imperfections cancel each other out rather than making an effort to fix either one. Thus, it may be optimal for the government to intervene in a way that is contrary to usual policy. This suggests that economists need to study the details of the situation before jumping to the theory-based conclusion that an improvement in market perfection in one area implies a global improvement in efficiency.
Application
Even though the theory of the second best was d
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamental%20theorems%20of%20welfare%20economics
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There are two fundamental theorems of welfare economics. The first states that in economic equilibrium, a set of complete markets, with complete information, and in perfect competition, will be Pareto optimal (in the sense that no further exchange would make one person better off without making another worse off). The requirements for perfect competition are these:
There are no externalities and each actor has perfect information.
Firms and consumers take prices as given (no economic actor or group of actors has market power).
The theorem is sometimes seen as an analytical confirmation of Adam Smith's "invisible hand" principle, namely that competitive markets ensure an efficient allocation of resources. However, there is no guarantee that the Pareto optimal market outcome is socially desirable, as there are many possible Pareto efficient allocations of resources differing in their desirability (e.g. one person may own everything and everyone else nothing).
The second theorem states that any Pareto optimum can be supported as a competitive equilibrium for some initial set of endowments. The implication is that any desired Pareto optimal outcome can be supported; Pareto efficiency can be achieved with any redistribution of initial wealth. However, attempts to correct the distribution may introduce distortions, and so full optimality may not be attainable with redistribution.
The theorems can be visualized graphically for a simple pure exchange economy by means of the Edg
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lateral%20ventricles
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The lateral ventricles are the two largest ventricles of the brain and contain cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Each cerebral hemisphere contains a lateral ventricle, known as the left or right lateral ventricle, respectively.
Each lateral ventricle resembles a C-shaped cavity that begins at an inferior horn in the temporal lobe, travels through a body in the parietal lobe and frontal lobe, and ultimately terminates at the interventricular foramina where each lateral ventricle connects to the single, central third ventricle. Along the path, a posterior horn extends backward into the occipital lobe, and an anterior horn extends farther into the frontal lobe.
Structure
Each lateral ventricle takes the form of an elongated curve, with an additional anterior-facing continuation emerging inferiorly from a point near the posterior end of the curve; the junction is known as the trigone of the lateral ventricle. The centre of the superior curve is referred to as the body, while the three remaining portions are known as horns (cornua in Latin); they are usually referred to by their position relative to the body (anterior, posterior, or inferior), or sometimes by the lobe of the cerebral cortex into which they extend. Though somewhat flat, the lateral ventricles have a vaguely triangular cross-section. Ependyma, which are neuroepithelial cells, line the ventricular system including the lateral ventricles.
Between the inferior horn and the main body of the ventricle is the putamen, which
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No-communication%20theorem
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In physics, the no-communication theorem or no-signaling principle is a no-go theorem from quantum information theory which states that, during measurement of an entangled quantum state, it is not possible for one observer, by making a measurement of a subsystem of the total state, to communicate information to another observer. The theorem is important because, in quantum mechanics, quantum entanglement is an effect by which certain widely separated events can be correlated in ways that, at first glance, suggest the possibility of communication faster-than-light. The no-communication theorem gives conditions under which such transfer of information between two observers is impossible. These results can be applied to understand the so-called paradoxes in quantum mechanics, such as the EPR paradox, or violations of local realism obtained in tests of Bell's theorem. In these experiments, the no-communication theorem shows that failure of local realism does not lead to what could be referred to as "spooky communication at a distance" (in analogy with Einstein's labeling of quantum entanglement as requiring "spooky action at a distance" on the assumption of QM's completeness).
Informal overview
The no-communication theorem states that, within the context of quantum mechanics, it is not possible to transmit classical bits of information by means of carefully prepared mixed or pure states, whether entangled or not. The theorem is only a sufficient condition that states that if th
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proprietary%20trading
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Proprietary trading (also known as prop trading) occurs when a trader trades stocks, bonds, currencies, commodities, their derivatives, or other financial instruments with the firm's own money (instead of using depositors' money) in order to make a profit for itself. Proprietary trading can create potential conflicts of interest such as insider trading and front running.
Proprietary traders may use a variety of strategies such as index arbitrage, statistical arbitrage, merger arbitrage, fundamental analysis, volatility arbitrage, or global macro trading, much like a hedge fund. Many reporters and analysts believe that large banks purposely leave ambiguous the proportion of proprietary versus non-proprietary trading, because it is felt that proprietary trading is riskier and results in more volatile profits.
Arbitrage
One of the main strategies of trading, traditionally associated with banks, is arbitrage. In the most basic sense, arbitrage is defined as taking advantage of a price discrepancy through the purchase or sale of certain combinations of securities to lock in a market-neutral profit. The trade will remain subject to various non-market risks, such as settlement risk and other operational risks. Investment banks, which are often active in many markets around the world, constantly watch for arbitrage opportunities.
One of the more-notable areas of arbitrage, called risk arbitrage or merger arbitrage, evolved in the 1980s. When a company plans to buy another company,
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homodyne%20detection
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In electrical engineering, homodyne detection is a method of extracting information encoded as modulation of the phase and/or frequency of an oscillating signal, by comparing that signal with a standard oscillation that would be identical to the signal if it carried null information. "Homodyne" signifies a single frequency, in contrast to the dual frequencies employed in heterodyne detection.
When applied to processing of the reflected signal in remote sensing for topography, homodyne detection lacks the ability of heterodyne detection to determine the size of a static discontinuity in elevation between two locations. (If there is a path between the two locations with smoothly changing elevation, then homodyne detection may in principle be able to track the signal phase along the path if sampling is dense enough). Homodyne detection is more readily applicable to velocity sensing.
In optics
In optical interferometry, homodyne signifies that the reference radiation (i.e. the local oscillator) is derived from the same source as the signal before the modulating process. For example, in a laser scattering measurement, the laser beam is split into two parts. One is the local oscillator and the other is sent to the system to be probed. The scattered light is then mixed with the local oscillator on the detector. This arrangement has the advantage of being insensitive to fluctuations in the frequency of the laser. Usually the scattered beam will be weak, in which case the (nearly)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flavin%20adenine%20dinucleotide
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In biochemistry, flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) is a redox-active coenzyme associated with various proteins, which is involved with several enzymatic reactions in metabolism. A flavoprotein is a protein that contains a flavin group, which may be in the form of FAD or flavin mononucleotide (FMN). Many flavoproteins are known: components of the succinate dehydrogenase complex, α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase, and a component of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex.
FAD can exist in four redox states, which are the flavin-N(5)-oxide, quinone, semiquinone, and hydroquinone. FAD is converted between these states by accepting or donating electrons. FAD, in its fully oxidized form, or quinone form, accepts two electrons and two protons to become FADH2 (hydroquinone form). The semiquinone (FADH·) can be formed by either reduction of FAD or oxidation of FADH2 by accepting or donating one electron and one proton, respectively. Some proteins, however, generate and maintain a superoxidized form of the flavin cofactor, the flavin-N(5)-oxide.
History
Flavoproteins were first discovered in 1879 by separating components of cow's milk. They were initially called lactochrome due to their milky origin and yellow pigment. It took 50 years for the scientific community to make any substantial progress in identifying the molecules responsible for the yellow pigment. The 1930s launched the field of coenzyme research with the publication of many flavin and nicotinamide derivative structures and the
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TNR
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TNR may refer to:
TNR, the gene that encodes the protein Tenascin-R
Ivato International Airport, Antananarivo, Madagascar, IATA code
The New Republic, an American magazine of politics and the arts
Times New Roman, a popular typeface installed on most desktop computers
Train Navette Rapide, an express train service in Morocco
Trap-neuter-return, a method for managing feral cats
T.N.Rajarathnam Pillai (1898-1956), Indian musician
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston%20Cellular
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Houston Cellular was a Houston-based cell phone company which provided AMPS and D-AMPS (TDMA) service in the Greater Houston area. It was formed in 1983 and was operated as a partnership between LIN Broadcasting Corp., Mobile Communication Corp. of America and BellSouth Co. Its headquarters were located in Houston, Texas.
Through a series of acquisitions and mergers, within 10 years, the company consisted of a two-way partnership between BellSouth and AT&T Wireless. This partnership was also known as BellSouth Mobility, LLC. Houston Cellular began providing service in May 1986.
History
Houston Cellular was formed as a result of the October 1983 Federal Communications Commission's ruling that set aside sufficient frequencies for the operation of two cellular systems in each metropolitan area. In the early 1990s, this ruling was expanded with the advent of the 800 and 1900 MHz protocols, which are also known as PCS). The ruling reserved one system for application by local phone companies. In Houston, the competing non-local company service was applied by GTE Mobilnet.
In June 2000, the above-mentioned FCC ruling was repealed and GTE merged with Bell Atlantic to form Verizon Wireless. At that time, AT&T Wireless sold its 55% stake in Houston Cellular to BellSouth. AT&T Wireless then bought 20 MHz of the CDMA spectrum owned by the outgoing PrimeCo (which was swallowed in the formation of Verizon Wireless). This purchase of frequencies was used to directly compete in the Houst
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primosome
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In molecular biology, a primosome is a protein complex responsible for creating RNA primers on single stranded DNA during DNA replication.
The primosome consists of seven proteins: DnaG primase, DnaB helicase, DnaC helicase assistant, DnaT, PriA, Pri B, and PriC. At each replication fork, the primosome is utilized once on the leading strand of DNA and repeatedly, initiating each Okazaki fragment, on the lagging DNA strand. Initially the complex formed by PriA, PriB, and PriC binds to DNA. Then the DnaB-DnaC helicase complex attaches along with DnaT. This structure is referred to as the pre-primosome. Finally, DnaG will bind to the pre-primosome forming a complete primosome. The primosome attaches 1-10 RNA nucleotides to the single stranded DNA creating a DNA-RNA hybrid. This sequence of RNA is used as a primer to initiate DNA polymerase III. The RNA bases are ultimately replaced with DNA bases by RNase H nuclease (eukaryotes) or DNA polymerase I nuclease (prokaryotes). DNA Ligase then acts to join the two ends together.
Assembly of the Escherichia coli primosome requires six proteins, PriA, PriB, PriC, DnaB, DnaC, and DnaT, acting at a primosome assembly site (pas) on an SSBcoated single-stranded (8s) DNA. Assembly is initiated by interactions of PriA and PriB with ssDNA and the pas. PriC, DnaB, DnaC, and DnaT then act on the PriAPriB- DNA complex to yield the primosome.
Primosomes are nucleoproteins assemblies that activate DNA replication forks. Their primary role i
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HSLS
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HSLS refer to:
Hazy Sighted Link State Routing Protocol, a wireless network routing algorithm
Slovak People's Party (Slovak: )
Croatian Social Liberal Party (Croatian: )
See also
HSL (disambiguation)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual%20colonoscopy
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Virtual colonoscopy (VC, also called CT colonography or CT pneumocolon) is the use of CT scanning or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to produce two- and three-dimensional images of the colon (large intestine), from the lowest part, the rectum, to the lower end of the small intestine, and to display the images on an electronic display device. The procedure is used to screen for colon cancer and polyps, and may detect diverticulosis. A virtual colonoscopy can provide 3D reconstructed endoluminal views of the bowel. VC provides a secondary benefit of revealing diseases or abnormalities outside the colon.
Procedure
While preparations for VC vary, the patient will usually be asked to take laxatives or other oral agents at home the day before the procedure to clear stool from the colon. A suppository is also used to cleanse the rectum of any remaining fecal matter. The patient may also be given a solution designed to coat any residual faeces which may not have been cleared by the laxative, called 'faecal tagging'. This allows the physician (usually a consultant radiologist), viewing the 3D images to effectively subtract the left-over faeces, which may otherwise give false positive results.
VC takes place in the radiology department of a hospital or medical center. The examination takes about 10 minutes and does not require sedatives.
During the procedure:
The patient is placed in a supine position on the examination table
The patient may be given a dosage of Butylscopolam
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methuselah%20%28cellular%20automaton%29
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In cellular automata, a methuselah is a small "seed" pattern of initial live cells that take a large number of generations in order to stabilize. More specifically, Martin Gardner defines them as patterns of fewer than ten live cells which take longer than 50 generations to stabilize, although some patterns that are larger than ten cells have also been called methuselahs. Patterns must eventually stabilize to be considered methuselahs. The term comes from the Biblical Methuselah, who lived for 969 years.
In Conway's Game of Life
In Conway's Game of Life, one of the smallest methuselahs is the R-pentomino, a pattern of five cells first considered by Conway himself, that takes 1103 generations before stabilizing with 116 cells. The acorn, a pattern of only seven live cells developed by Charles Corderman, takes 5206 generations to stabilize and produce a 633-cell pattern referred to as its "oak". Some other examples of methuselahs are called bunnies and rabbits.
References
External links
List of longest-lived methuselahs at LifeWiki
Cellular automaton patterns
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DCLS
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DCLS may refer to:
Doctor Clinical Laboratory Science
Direct Current Level Shift, a modulation type in the IRIG timecode system
Dauphin County Library System, in Dauphin County, Pennsylvania
Doctorate of Clinical Laboratory Science. The DCLS is an advanced professional doctorate designed for practicing CLSs who wish to further their level of clinical expertise and to develop leadership and management skills
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krabbe%20disease
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Krabbe disease (KD) (also known as globoid cell leukodystrophy or galactosylceramide lipidosis) is a rare and often fatal lysosomal storage disease that results in progressive damage to the nervous system. KD involves dysfunctional metabolism of sphingolipids and is inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern. The disease is named after the Danish neurologist Knud Krabbe (1885–1961).
Signs and symptoms
Symptoms in asymptomatic infantile-onset (<12 months after birth) and later-onset Krabbe disease present themselves differently. Of individuals with infantile-onset Krabbe disease, 85–90% display progressive neurologic deterioration in infancy and death before the age of two. Symptoms include irritability, fevers, limb stiffness, seizures, feeding difficulties (like GERD), vomiting, staring episodes, and slowing of mental and motor development. In the first stages of the disease, doctors often mistake the symptoms for those of cerebral palsy. Other symptoms include muscle weakness, spasticity, deafness, optic atrophy, optic nerve enlargement, blindness, paralysis, and difficulty when swallowing. Prolonged weight loss may also occur.
10–15% of individuals with later-onset Krabbe disease have a much slower disease progression. These individuals may also display symptoms such as esotropia, slurred speech, and slow development or loss of motor milestones.
Causes
Krabbe disease is caused by mutations in the GALC gene located on chromosome 14 (14q31), which is inherited in an aut
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tgif%20%28program%29
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Tgif (pronounced t-g-i-f) is an Xlib-based interactive 2-D drawing tool (using vector graphics) under X11 on Linux and most UNIX platforms (including Mac OS X and cygwin on Windows). It was developed since 1990 and is free software released under the QPL license.
Quirks
Because Tgif was developed long before a standard way for drawing programs to work, one might find it unfamiliar to use in a number of ways:
Although Tgif mention point sizes, it uses a unit that is 1/128 of an inch for point sizes.
While there is an option to display font sizes in points, the sizes are still subject to rounding to the nearest 1/128".
Unlike modern drawing programs, Tgif uses spline curves instead of Bézier curves.
Also unlike modern drawing programs, Tgif does not allow the user to select a colour from a color wheel or through controls that allow the user to adjust colour values. Instead, Tgif provides a list with a short list of colours. If the user wishes to use a colour that is not in the list, they would need to add their desired colour to the list. This list is then saved with the currently-open drawing.
Usable fonts are listed in a configuration file. If the user wishes to use fonts that are not on the list, they would have to change the configuration file.
Only fonts in the ISO 8859-1 encoding (i.e. "square") CJK fonts and symbols or dingbat fonts can be used.
Rescaling can lead to ugly defect, which is most likely due to both the use of integer coordinates and roundoff errors.
Beca
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pappus%27s%20hexagon%20theorem
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In mathematics, Pappus's hexagon theorem (attributed to Pappus of Alexandria) states that
given one set of collinear points and another set of collinear points then the intersection points of line pairs and and and are collinear, lying on the Pappus line. These three points are the points of intersection of the "opposite" sides of the hexagon .
It holds in a projective plane over any field, but fails for projective planes over any noncommutative division ring. Projective planes in which the "theorem" is valid are called pappian planes.
If one restricts the projective plane such that the Pappus line is the line at infinity, one gets the affine version of Pappus's theorem shown in the second diagram.
If the Pappus line and the lines have a point in common, one gets the so-called little version of Pappus's theorem.
The dual of this incidence theorem states that given one set of concurrent lines , and another set of concurrent lines , then the lines defined by pairs of points resulting from pairs of intersections and and and are concurrent. (Concurrent means that the lines pass through one point.)
Pappus's theorem is a special case of Pascal's theorem for a conic—the limiting case when the conic degenerates into 2 straight lines. Pascal's theorem is in turn a special case of the Cayley–Bacharach theorem.
The Pappus configuration is the configuration of 9 lines and 9 points that occurs in Pappus's theorem, with each line meeting 3 of the points and each poi
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International%20Nucleotide%20Sequence%20Database%20Collaboration
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The International Nucleotide Sequence Database Collaboration (INSDC) consists of a joint effort to collect and disseminate databases containing DNA and RNA sequences. It involves the following computerized databases: NIG's DNA Data Bank of Japan (Japan), NCBI's GenBank (USA) and the EMBL-EBI's European Nucleotide Archive (UK). New and updated data on nucleotide sequences contributed by research teams to each of the three databases are synchronized on a daily basis through continuous interaction between the staff at each the collaborating organizations.
All of the data in INSDC is available for free and unrestricted access, for any purpose, with no restrictions on analysis, redistribution, or re-publication of the data. This policy has been a foundational principle of the INSDC since its inception. The official policy statement can be found at http://www.insdc.org/. Since the 1990s, most of the world's major scientific journals have required that sequence data be deposited in an INSDC database as a pre-condition for publication.
The DDBJ/EMBL/GenBank synchronization is maintained according to a number of guidelines which are produced and published by an International Advisory Board. The guidelines consist of a common definition of the feature tables for the databases, which regulate the content and syntax of the database entries, in the form of a common DTD (Document Type Definition).
The syntax is called INSDSeq and its core consists of the letter sequence of the gene
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intracellular%20pH
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Intracellular pH (pHi) is the measure of the acidity or basicity (i.e., pH) of intracellular fluid. The pHi plays a critical role in membrane transport and other intracellular processes. In an environment with the improper pHi, biological cells may have compromised function. Therefore, pHi is closely regulated in order to ensure proper cellular function, controlled cell growth, and normal cellular processes. The mechanisms that regulate pHi are usually considered to be plasma membrane transporters of which two main types exist — those that are dependent and those that are independent of the concentration of bicarbonate (). Physiologically normal intracellular pH is most commonly between 7.0 and 7.4, though there is variability between tissues (e.g., mammalian skeletal muscle tends to have a pHi of 6.8–7.1). There is also pH variation across different organelles, which can span from around 4.5 to 8.0. pHi can be measured in a number of different ways.
Homeostasis
Intracellular pH is typically lower than extracellular pH due to lower concentrations of HCO3−. A rise of extracellular (e.g., serum) partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2) above 45 mmHg leads to formation of carbonic acid, which causes a decrease of pHi as it dissociates:
H2O + CO2 H2CO3 H+ + HCO3–
Since biological cells contain fluid that can act as a buffer, pHi can be maintained fairly well within a certain range. Cells adjust their pHi accordingly upon an increase in acidity or basicity, usually with th
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generalized%20extreme%20value%20distribution
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In probability theory and statistics, the generalized extreme value (GEV) distribution is a family of continuous probability distributions developed within extreme value theory to combine the Gumbel, Fréchet and Weibull families also known as type I, II and III extreme value distributions. By the extreme value theorem the GEV distribution is the only possible limit distribution of properly normalized maxima of a sequence of independent and identically distributed random variables. Note that a limit distribution needs to exist, which requires regularity conditions on the tail of the distribution. Despite this, the GEV distribution is often used as an approximation to model the maxima of long (finite) sequences of random variables.
In some fields of application the generalized extreme value distribution is known as the Fisher–Tippett distribution, named after Ronald Fisher and L. H. C. Tippett who recognised three different forms outlined below. However usage of this name is sometimes restricted to mean the special case of the Gumbel distribution. The origin of the common functional form for all 3 distributions dates back to at least Jenkinson, A. F. (1955), though allegedly it could also have been given by von Mises, R. (1936).
Specification
Using the standardized variable where the location parameter, can be any real number, and is the scale parameter; the cumulative distribution function of the GEV distribution is then
where the shape parameter, can be any real numb
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-M%C3%BCllerian%20hormone
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Anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH), also known as Müllerian-inhibiting hormone (MIH), is a glycoprotein hormone structurally related to inhibin and activin from the transforming growth factor beta superfamily, whose key roles are in growth differentiation and folliculogenesis. In humans, it is encoded by the gene, on chromosome 19p13.3, while its receptor is encoded by the gene on chromosome 12.
AMH is activated by SOX9 in the Sertoli cells of the male fetus. Its expression inhibits the development of the female reproductive tract, or Müllerian ducts (paramesonephric ducts), in the male embryo, thereby arresting the development of fallopian tubes, uterus, and upper vagina. AMH expression is critical to sex differentiation at a specific time during fetal development, and appears to be tightly regulated by nuclear receptor SF-1, transcription GATA factors, sex-reversal gene DAX1, and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). Mutations in both the AMH gene and the type II AMH receptor have been shown to cause the persistence of Müllerian derivatives in males that are otherwise normally masculinized.
AMH is also a product of granulosa cells of the preantral and small antral follicles in women. As such, AMH is only present in the ovary until menopause. Production of AMH regulates folliculogenesis by inhibiting recruitment of follicles from the resting pool in order to select for the dominant follicle, after which the production of AMH diminishes. As a product of the granulosa cells, which
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3Dc
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3Dc (FourCC : ATI2), also known as DXN, BC5, or Block Compression 5 is a lossy data compression algorithm for normal maps invented and first implemented by ATI. It builds upon the earlier DXT5 algorithm and is an open standard. 3Dc is now implemented by both ATI and Nvidia.
Target application
The target application, normal mapping, is an extension of bump mapping that simulates lighting on geometric surfaces by reading surface normals from a rectilinear grid analogous to a texture map - giving simple models the impression of increased complexity. This additional channel however increases the load on the graphics system's memory bandwidth. Pre-existing lossy compression algorithms implemented on consumer 3D hardware lacked the precision necessary for reproducing normal maps without excessive visible artefacts, justifying the development of 3Dc.
Algorithm
Surface normals are three-dimensional vectors of unit length. Because of the length constraint only two elements of any normal need to be stored. The input is therefore an array of two-dimensional values.
Compression is performed in 4×4 blocks. In each block the two components of each value are compressed separately. For each block, each of the two components have a palette of 8 values to choose from. The palettes are generated from two values representing the start and end of a line and the other six values being generated as linear combinations of the start and end values.
Compression is natively achieved by finding
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intrinsic%20equation
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In geometry, an intrinsic equation of a curve is an equation that defines the curve using a relation between the curve's intrinsic properties, that is, properties that do not depend on the location and possibly the orientation of the curve. Therefore an intrinsic equation defines the shape of the curve without specifying its position relative to an arbitrarily defined coordinate system.
The intrinsic quantities used most often are arc length , tangential angle , curvature or radius of curvature, and, for 3-dimensional curves, torsion . Specifically:
The natural equation is the curve given by its curvature and torsion.
The Whewell equation is obtained as a relation between arc length and tangential angle.
The Cesàro equation is obtained as a relation between arc length and curvature.
The equation of a circle (including a line) for example is given by the equation where is the arc length, the curvature and the radius of the circle.
These coordinates greatly simplify some physical problem. For elastic rods for example, the potential energy is given by
where is the bending modulus . Moreover, as , elasticity of rods can be given a simple variational form.
References
External links
Curves
Equations
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20census%20divisions%20of%20Saskatchewan
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The province of Saskatchewan, Canada is divided into 18 census divisions according to Statistics Canada. Unlike in some other provinces, census divisions do not reflect the organization of local government in Saskatchewan. These areas exist solely for the purposes of statistical analysis and presentation; they have no government of their own.
Saskatchewan's census divisions consist of numerous census subdivisions which include subdivisions such as:
Urban municipalities (cities, towns, villages, and resort villages);
Rural municipalities;
Northern municipalities (northern towns, northern villages, and northern hamlets); and
Indian reserves
List of census divisions
See also
Administrative divisions of Canada
List of communities in Saskatchewan
List of cities in Saskatchewan
List of Indian reserves in Saskatchewan
List of resort villages in Saskatchewan
List of rural municipalities in Saskatchewan
List of towns in Saskatchewan
List of villages in Saskatchewan
Notes
References
Census divisions
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar%20vehicle
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A solar vehicle or solar electric vehicle is an electric vehicle powered completely or significantly by direct solar energy. Usually, photovoltaic (PV) cells contained in solar panels convert the sun's energy directly into electric energy.
The term "solar vehicle" usually implies that solar energy is used to power all or part of a vehicle's propulsion. Solar power may also be used to provide power for communications or controls or other auxiliary functions.
Solar vehicles are not sold as practical day-to-day transportation devices at present, but are primarily demonstration vehicles and engineering exercises, often sponsored by government agencies. However, indirectly solar-charged vehicles are widespread and solar boats are available commercially.
Land
Solar cars
Solar cars are electric cars that use photovoltaic (PV) cells to convert sunlight into electrical power to charge the car's battery and to power the car's electric motors.
Solar cars have been designed for solar car races and for public use. Solar vehicles must be light and efficient to get the best range from their limited captured power. pound or even vehicles would be less practical because the limited solar power would not take them as far. Most student built solar cars lack the safety and convenience features of conventional vehicles and are thus not street legal.
The first solar family car, Stella, was built in 2013 by students in the Netherlands. This vehicle is capable of on one charge during sunl
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaprekar%27s%20routine
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In number theory, Kaprekar's routine is an iterative algorithm named after its inventor, Indian mathematician D. R. Kaprekar. Each iteration starts with a number, sorts the digits into descending and ascending order, and calculates the difference between the two new numbers.
As an example, starting with the number 8991 in base 10:
6174, known as Kaprekar's constant, is a fixed point of this algorithm. Any four-digit number (in base 10) with at least two distinct digits will reach 6174 within seven iterations. The algorithm runs on any natural number in any given number base.
Definition and properties
The algorithm is as follows:
Choose any natural number in a given number base . This is the first number of the sequence.
Create a new number by sorting the digits of in descending order, and another number by sorting the digits of in ascending order. These numbers may have leading zeros, which can be ignored. Subtract to produce the next number of the sequence.
Repeat step 2.
The sequence is called a Kaprekar sequence and the function is the Kaprekar mapping. Some numbers map to themselves; these are the fixed points of the Kaprekar mapping, and are called Kaprekar's constants. Zero is a Kaprekar's constant for all bases , and so is called a trivial Kaprekar's constant. All other Kaprekar's constant are nontrivial Kaprekar's constants.
For example, in base 10, starting with 3524,
with 6174 as a Kaprekar's constant.
All Kaprekar sequences will eith
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consistent%20estimator
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In statistics, a consistent estimator or asymptotically consistent estimator is an estimator—a rule for computing estimates of a parameter θ0—having the property that as the number of data points used increases indefinitely, the resulting sequence of estimates converges in probability to θ0. This means that the distributions of the estimates become more and more concentrated near the true value of the parameter being estimated, so that the probability of the estimator being arbitrarily close to θ0 converges to one.
In practice one constructs an estimator as a function of an available sample of size n, and then imagines being able to keep collecting data and expanding the sample ad infinitum. In this way one would obtain a sequence of estimates indexed by n, and consistency is a property of what occurs as the sample size “grows to infinity”. If the sequence of estimates can be mathematically shown to converge in probability to the true value θ0, it is called a consistent estimator; otherwise the estimator is said to be inconsistent.
Consistency as defined here is sometimes referred to as weak consistency. When we replace convergence in probability with almost sure convergence, then the estimator is said to be strongly consistent. Consistency is related to bias; see bias versus consistency.
Definition
Formally speaking, an estimator Tn of parameter θ is said to be weakly consistent, if it converges in probability to the true value of the parameter:
i.e. if, for all ε > 0
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylvania%20Electric%20Products
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Sylvania Electric Products Inc. was an American manufacturer of diverse electrical equipment, including at various times radio transceivers, vacuum tubes, semiconductors, and mainframe computers such as MOBIDIC. They were one of the companies involved in the development of the COBOL programming language.
History
The Hygrade Sylvania Corporation was formed when NILCO, Sylvania and Hygrade Lamp Company merged into one company in 1931.
In 1939, Hygrade Sylvania started preliminary research on fluorescent technology, and later that year, demonstrated the first linear, or tubular, fluorescent lamp. It was featured at the 1939 New York World's Fair. Sylvania was also a manufacturer of both vacuum tubes and transistors. In 1942, the company changed its name to Sylvania Electric Products Inc.
During World War II, Sylvania was chosen from among several competing companies to manufacture the miniature vacuum tubes used in proximity fuze shells due to its quality standards and mass production capabilities.
In 1959, Sylvania Electronics merged with General Telephone to form General Telephone and Electronics (GTE).
Sylvania developed the earliest flash cubes for still cameras, later selling the technology to Eastman Kodak Company, and later a 10-flash unit called FlipFlash, as well as a line of household electric light bulbs, which continued during GTE's ownership, later sold off to the German manufacturer Osram, and is today marketed as Osram Sylvania.
In June 1964, Sylvania unve
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consortium%20for%20the%20Barcode%20of%20Life
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The Consortium for the Barcode of Life (CBOL) was an international initiative dedicated to supporting the development of DNA barcoding as a global standard for species identification. CBOL's Secretariat Office is hosted by the National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, in Washington, DC. Barcoding was proposed in 2003 by Prof. Paul Hebert of the University of Guelph in Ontario as a way of distinguishing and identifying species with a short standardized gene sequence. Hebert proposed the 658 bases of the Folmer region of the mitochondrial gene cytochrome-C oxidase-1 as the standard barcode region. Hebert is the Director of the Biodiversity Institute of Ontario, the Canadian Centre for DNA Barcoding, and the International Barcode of Life Project (iBOL), all headquartered at the University of Guelph. The Barcode of Life Data Systems (BOLD) is also located at the University of Guelph.
CBOL was created in May 2004 with support of the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation, following two meetings in 2003, also funded by the Sloan Foundation, at the Banbury Center, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory. Since then, more than 200 organizations from more than 50 countries have joined CBOL and agreed to put their barcode data in a public database. CBOL promotes DNA barcoding through workshops, working groups, international conferences, outreach meetings to developing countries, planning meetings for barcoding projects, and production of outreach material to raise awareness of bar
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mellin%20inversion%20theorem
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In mathematics, the Mellin inversion formula (named after Hjalmar Mellin) tells us conditions under
which the inverse Mellin transform, or equivalently the inverse two-sided Laplace transform, are defined and recover the transformed function.
Method
If is analytic in the strip ,
and if it tends to zero uniformly as for any real value c between a and b, with its integral along such a line converging absolutely, then if
we have that
Conversely, suppose is piecewise continuous on the positive real numbers, taking a value halfway between the limit values at any jump discontinuities, and suppose the integral
is absolutely convergent when . Then is recoverable via the inverse Mellin transform from its Mellin transform . These results can be obtained by relating the Mellin transform to the Fourier transform by a change of variables and then applying an appropriate version of the Fourier inversion theorem.
Boundedness condition
The boundedness condition on can be strengthened if
is continuous. If is analytic in the strip , and if , where K is a positive constant, then as defined by the inversion integral exists and is continuous; moreover the Mellin transform of is for at least .
On the other hand, if we are willing to accept an original which is a
generalized function, we may relax the boundedness condition on
to
simply make it of polynomial growth in any closed strip contained in the open strip .
We may also define a Banach space version of this theorem.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20C.%20Hull%20%28economist%29
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John C. Hull is a Professor of Derivatives and Risk Management at the Rotman School of Management at the University of Toronto.
He is a respected researcher in the academic field of quantitative finance (see for example the Hull-White model) and is the author of two books on financial derivatives that are widely used texts for market practitioners: "Options, Futures, and Other Derivatives" and "Fundamentals of Futures and Options Markets". He has also written "Risk Management and Financial Institutions" and "Machine Learning in Business: An Introduction to the World of Data Science"
He studied Mathematics at Cambridge University (B.A. & M.A.), and holds an M.A. in Operational Research from Lancaster University and a Ph.D. in Finance from Cranfield University. In 1999, he was awarded the Financial Engineer of the Year Award, by the International Association of Financial Engineers. He has also won many teaching awards, such as the University of Toronto's prestigious Northrop Frye award.
He has twin sons named Peter and David, and a wife named Michelle.
Selected publications
A Neural Network Approach to Understanding Implied Volatility Movements" Quantitative Finance, 2020, forthcoming (with Jay Cao and Jacky Chen)
Funding Long Shots" Journal of Investment Management, 17, 4, 2019 : 1-33 (with Andrew Lo and Roger Stein)
Interest Rate Trees: Extensions and Applications, Quantitative Finance, 18, 7 (2018): 1199-1209 (with Alan White)
Optimal Delta Hedging for Options, Journal
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amobarbital
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Amobarbital (formerly known as amylobarbitone or sodium amytal as the soluble sodium salt) is a drug that is a barbiturate derivative. It has sedative-hypnotic properties. It is a white crystalline powder with no odor and a slightly bitter taste. It was first synthesized in Germany in 1923. It is considered a short to intermediate acting barbiturate. If amobarbital is taken for extended periods of time, physiological and psychological dependence can develop. Amobarbital withdrawal mimics delirium tremens and may be life-threatening. Amobarbital was manufactured by Eli Lilly and Company in the US under the brand name Amytal in bright blue bullet shaped capsules (known as Pulvules) or pink tablets (known as Diskets) containing 50, 100, or 200 milligrams of the drug. The drug was also manufactured generically. Amobarbital was widely misused, known as "Blue Heavens" on the street. Amytal, as well as Tuinal, a combination drug containing equal quantities of secobarbital and amobarbital, were both manufactured by Eli Lilly until the late-1990s. However, as the popularity of benzodiazepines increased, prescriptions for these medications became increasingly rare beginning in the mid to late-1980s.
Pharmacology
In an in vitro study in rat thalamic slices, amobarbital worked by activating GABAA receptors, which decreased input resistance, depressed burst and tonic firing, especially in ventrobasal and intralaminar neurons, while at the same time increasing burst duration and mean c
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardy%27s%20theorem
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In mathematics, Hardy's theorem is a result in complex analysis describing the behavior of holomorphic functions.
Let be a holomorphic function on the open ball centered at zero and radius in the complex plane, and assume that is not a constant function. If one defines
for then this function is strictly increasing and is a convex function of .
See also
Maximum principle
Hadamard three-circle theorem
References
John B. Conway. (1978) Functions of One Complex Variable I. Springer-Verlag, New York, New York.
Theorems in complex analysis
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20enzymes
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Enzymes are listed here by their classification in the International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology's Enzyme Commission (EC) numbering system:
:Category:Oxidoreductases (EC 1) (Oxidoreductase)
Dehydrogenase
Luciferase
DMSO reductase
:Category:EC 1.1 (act on the CH-OH group of donors)
:Category:EC 1.1.1 (with NAD+ or NADP+ as acceptor)
Alcohol dehydrogenase (NAD)
Alcohol dehydrogenase (NADP)
Homoserine dehydrogenase
Aminopropanol oxidoreductase
Diacetyl reductase
Glycerol dehydrogenase
Propanediol-phosphate dehydrogenase
glycerol-3-phoshitiendopene dehydrogenase (NAD+)
D-xylulose reductase
L-xylulose reductase
Lactate dehydrogenase
Malate dehydrogenase
Isocitrate dehydrogenase
HMG-CoA reductase
:Category:EC 1.1.2 (with a cytochrome as acceptor)
:Category:EC 1.1.3 (with oxygen as acceptor)
Glucose oxidase
L-gulonolactone oxidase
Thiamine oxidase
Xanthine oxidase
Category:EC 1.1.4 (with a disulfide as acceptor)
:Category:EC 1.1.5 (with a quinone or similar compound as acceptor)
:Category:EC 1.1.99 (with other acceptors)
:Category:EC 1.2 (act on the aldehyde or oxo group of donors)
:Category:EC 1.2.1 (with NAD+ or NADP+ as acceptor)
Acetaldehyde dehydrogenase
Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase
Pyruvate dehydrogenase
:Category:EC 1.2.4
Oxoglutarate dehydrogenase
:Category:EC 1.3 (act on the CH-CH group of donors)
:Category:EC 1.3.1 (with NAD+ or NADP+ as acceptor)
Biliverdin reductase
:Category:EC 1.3.2 (with a cytochrome as acceptor)
:
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadamard%20three-circle%20theorem
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In complex analysis, a branch of mathematics, the
Hadamard three-circle theorem is a result about the behavior of holomorphic functions.
Let be a holomorphic function on the annulus
Let be the maximum of on the circle Then, is a convex function of the logarithm Moreover, if is not of the form for some constants and , then is strictly convex as a function of
The conclusion of the theorem can be restated as
for any three concentric circles of radii
History
A statement and proof for the theorem was given by J.E. Littlewood in 1912, but he attributes it to no one in particular, stating it as a known theorem. Harald Bohr and Edmund Landau attribute the theorem to Jacques Hadamard, writing in 1896; Hadamard published no proof.
Proof
The three circles theorem follows from the fact that for any real a, the function Re log(zaf(z)) is harmonic between two circles, and therefore takes its maximum value on one of the circles. The theorem follows by choosing the constant a so that this harmonic function has the same maximum value on both circles.
The theorem can also be deduced directly from Hadamard's three-lines theorem.
See also
Maximum principle
Logarithmically convex function
Hardy's theorem
Hadamard three-lines theorem
Borel–Carathéodory theorem
Phragmén–Lindelöf principle
Notes
References
E. C. Titchmarsh, The theory of the Riemann Zeta-Function, (1951) Oxford at the Clarendon Press, Oxford. (See chapter 14)
External links
"proof of Hadamard three-
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Projection-slice%20theorem
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In mathematics, the projection-slice theorem, central slice theorem or Fourier slice theorem in two dimensions states that the results of the following two calculations are equal:
Take a two-dimensional function f(r), project (e.g. using the Radon transform) it onto a (one-dimensional) line, and do a Fourier transform of that projection.
Take that same function, but do a two-dimensional Fourier transform first, and then slice it through its origin, which is parallel to the projection line.
In operator terms, if
F1 and F2 are the 1- and 2-dimensional Fourier transform operators mentioned above,
P1 is the projection operator (which projects a 2-D function onto a 1-D line),
S1 is a slice operator (which extracts a 1-D central slice from a function),
then
This idea can be extended to higher dimensions.
This theorem is used, for example, in the analysis of medical
CT scans where a "projection" is an x-ray
image of an internal organ. The Fourier transforms of these images are
seen to be slices through the Fourier transform of the 3-dimensional
density of the internal organ, and these slices can be interpolated to build
up a complete Fourier transform of that density. The inverse Fourier transform
is then used to recover the 3-dimensional density of the object. This technique was first derived by Ronald N. Bracewell in 1956 for a radio-astronomy problem.
The projection-slice theorem in N dimensions
In N dimensions, the projection-slice theorem states that the
Fourier tr
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperbolic%20motion%20%28relativity%29
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Hyperbolic motion is the motion of an object with constant proper acceleration in special relativity. It is called hyperbolic motion because the equation describing the path of the object through spacetime is a hyperbola, as can be seen when graphed on a Minkowski diagram whose coordinates represent a suitable inertial (non-accelerated) frame. This motion has several interesting features, among them that it is possible to outrun a photon if given a sufficient head start, as may be concluded from the diagram.
History
Hermann Minkowski (1908) showed the relation between a point on a worldline and the magnitude of four-acceleration and a "curvature hyperbola" (). In the context of Born rigidity, Max Born (1909) subsequently coined the term "hyperbolic motion" () for the case of constant magnitude of four-acceleration, then provided a detailed description for charged particles in hyperbolic motion, and introduced the corresponding "hyperbolically accelerated reference system" (). Born's formulas were simplified and extended by Arnold Sommerfeld (1910). For early reviews see the textbooks by Max von Laue (1911, 1921) or Wolfgang Pauli (1921). See also Galeriu (2015) or Gourgoulhon (2013), and Acceleration (special relativity)#History.
Worldline
The proper acceleration of a particle is defined as the acceleration that a particle "feels" as it accelerates from one inertial reference frame to another. If the proper acceleration is directed parallel to the line of motion, it is re
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glass%20electrode
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A glass electrode is a type of ion-selective electrode made of a doped glass membrane that is sensitive to a specific ion. The most common application of ion-selective glass electrodes is for the measurement of pH. The pH electrode is an example of a glass electrode that is sensitive to hydrogen ions. Glass electrodes play an important part in the instrumentation for chemical analysis and physicochemical studies. The voltage of the glass electrode, relative to some reference value, is sensitive to changes in the activity of a certain type of ions.
History
The first studies of glass electrodes (GE) found different sensitivities of different glasses to change the medium's acidity (pH), due to the effects of the alkali metal ions.
In 1906, M. Cremer, the father of Erika Cremer, determined that the electric potential that arises between parts of the fluid, located on opposite sides of the glass membrane is proportional to the concentration of acid (hydrogen ion concentration).
In 1909, S. P. L. Sørensen introduced the concept of pH, and in the same year F. Haber and Z. Klemensiewicz reported results of their research on the glass electrode in The Society of Chemistry in Karlsruhe.
In 1922, W. S. Hughes showed that the alkali-silicate GE are similar to hydrogen electrodes, reversible concerning H+.
In 1925, P.M. Tookey Kerridge developed the first glass electrode for analysis of blood samples and highlighted some of the practical problems with the equipment such as t
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bass%20Islands%20%28French%20Polynesia%29
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The Bass Islands ( or ) consist primarily of Rapa Iti () and Marotiri (). They are usually considered to be the southernmost of the Austral Islands, although this classification is more one of geographic and political expediency than because of similarities between them and the rest of the Austral Islands. The Bass Islands, lying several degrees outside the tropics, are the southernmost islands in French Polynesia.
Culturally, the Bass Islands appear to have been colonized about the same time as Tahiti and the Marquesas, and the culture and language (Rapan) appear to have diverged about the same time as well, indicating that they developed in relative isolation almost from the time of first settlement.
Geography
It has an area of approximately 40.6 square kilometers. Geologically, the Bass Islands are distinguished from the Austral Islands in that their vulcanism appears to be much more recent.
Rapa, sometimes called Rapa Iti (Little Rapa, to distinguish it from "Rapa Nui" (Big Rapa), a name for Easter Island), is the largest and only inhabited island of the Bass Islands. An older name for the island is Oparo. Its area is 38.5 km2 with a population of 530 and a max elevation of 650 m. Its main town is Ahuréi.
Marotiri, with an area of 0,043 km2, is a group of four uninhabited volcanic rocks protruding from the sea (and several submerged rocks), forming the southeastern end of the Austral Islands of French Polynesia. Marotiri is also known as Bass Rocks (Îlots de Bass i
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retail%20Price%20Index
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In the United Kingdom, the Retail Prices Index or Retail Price Index (RPI) is a measure of inflation published monthly by the Office for National Statistics. It measures the change in the cost of a representative sample of retail goods and services.
As the RPI was held not to meet international statistical standards, since 2013, the Office for National Statistics no longer classifies it as a "national statistic", emphasising the Consumer Price Index instead. However, as of 2018, the UK Treasury still uses the RPI measure of inflation for various index-linked tax rises.
History
RPI was first introduced in 1956, replacing the previous Interim Index of Retail Prices that had been in use since June 1947. It was once the principal official measure of inflation. It has been superseded in that regard by the Consumer Price Index (CPI).
The RPI is still used by the government as a base for various purposes, such as the amounts payable on index-linked securities, including index-linked gilts, and social housing rent increases. Many employers also use it as a starting point in wage negotiation. Since 2003, it is no longer used by the government for the inflation target for the Bank of England's Monetary Policy Committee nor, from April 2011, as the basis for the indexation of pensions of former public sector employees. , the UK state pension is indexed by the highest of the increase in average earnings, CPI or 2.5% ("the triple lock").
The highest annual inflation since the introdu
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20European%20countries%20by%20membership%20in%20international%20organisations
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This list depicts the membership of European countries in selected international organisations and treaties.
Table
Classification of countries according to the United Nations:
Classification of countries according to the World Bank:
Classification of countries according to the IMF:
1 These countries are currently not participating in the EU's single market (EEA), but the EU has common external Customs Union agreements with Turkey (EU-Turkey Customs Union in force since 1995), Andorra (since 1991) and San Marino (since 2002). Monaco participates in the EU customs union through its relationship with France; its ports are administered by the French. Vatican City has a customs union in effect with Italy.
2 Monaco, San Marino and Vatican City are not members of Schengen, but act as such via their open borders with France and Italy, respectively.
3 Switzerland is not an official member of EEA but has bilateral agreements largely with the same content, making it virtually a member.
4 Andorra, Monaco, San Marino and Vatican City are using the euro as their currency through a monetary agreement with the EU.
5 Montenegro and Kosovo unilaterally adopted the euro as their currency and, therefore, have no issuing rights.
6 Currency included in the ERM II mechanism.
Euler diagram
Maps
Notes
See also
Co-ordinated organisations
Euronest Parliamentary Assembly
European integration
International organization
List of countries in Europe
List of European countries by life expectancy
Lis
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coefficient%20of%20determination
|
In statistics, the coefficient of determination, denoted R2 or r2 and pronounced "R squared", is the proportion of the variation in the dependent variable that is predictable from the independent variable(s).
It is a statistic used in the context of statistical models whose main purpose is either the prediction of future outcomes or the testing of hypotheses, on the basis of other related information. It provides a measure of how well observed outcomes are replicated by the model, based on the proportion of total variation of outcomes explained by the model.
There are several definitions of R2 that are only sometimes equivalent. One class of such cases includes that of simple linear regression where r2 is used instead of R2. When only an intercept is included, then r2 is simply the square of the sample correlation coefficient (i.e., r) between the observed outcomes and the observed predictor values. If additional regressors are included, R2 is the square of the coefficient of multiple correlation. In both such cases, the coefficient of determination normally ranges from 0 to 1.
There are cases where R2 can yield negative values. This can arise when the predictions that are being compared to the corresponding outcomes have not been derived from a model-fitting procedure using those data. Even if a model-fitting procedure has been used, R2 may still be negative, for example when linear regression is conducted without including an intercept, or when a non-linear function is u
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elastic%20fiber
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Elastic fibers (or yellow fibers) are an essential component of the extracellular matrix composed of bundles of proteins (elastin) which are produced by a number of different cell types including fibroblasts, endothelial, smooth muscle, and airway epithelial cells. These fibers are able to stretch many times their length, and snap back to their original length when relaxed without loss of energy. Elastic fibers include elastin, elaunin and oxytalan.
Elastic fibers are formed via elastogenesis, a highly complex process involving several key proteins including fibulin-4, fibulin-5, latent transforming growth factor β binding protein 4, and microfibril associated protein 4. In this process tropoelastin, the soluble monomeric precursor to elastic fibers is produced by elastogenic cells and chaperoned to the cell surface. Following excretion from the cell, tropoelastin self associates into ~200 nm particles by coacervation, an entropically driven process involving interactions between tropoelastin's hydrophobic domains, which is mediated by glycosaminoglycans, heparan, and other molecules. These particles then fuse to give rise to 1-2 micron spherules which continue to grow as they move down from the cells surface before being deposited onto fibrillin microfibrillar scaffolds.
Following deposition onto microfibrils tropoelastin is insolubilized via extensive crosslinking by members of the lysyl oxidase and lysyl oxidase like family of copper-dependent amine oxidases into amorpho
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K-space
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K-space or k-space can refer to:
Another name for the spatial frequency domain of a spatial Fourier transform
Reciprocal space, containing the reciprocal lattice of a spatial lattice
Momentum space, or wavevector space, the vector space of possible values of momentum for a particle
k-space (magnetic resonance imaging)
Another name for a compactly generated space in topology
K-space (functional analysis) is an F-space such that every twisted sum by the real line splits
K-Space (band), a British-Siberian music ensemble
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montmorillonite
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Montmorillonite is a very soft phyllosilicate group of minerals that form when they precipitate from water solution as microscopic crystals, known as clay. It is named after Montmorillon in France. Montmorillonite, a member of the smectite group, is a 2:1 clay, meaning that it has two tetrahedral sheets of silica sandwiching a central octahedral sheet of alumina. The particles are plate-shaped with an average diameter around 1 μm and a thickness of 0.96 nm; magnification of about 25,000 times, using an electron microscope, is required to resolve individual clay particles. Members of this group include saponite, nontronite, beidellite, and hectorite.
Montmorillonite is a subclass of smectite, a 2:1 phyllosilicate mineral characterized as having greater than 50% octahedral charge; its cation exchange capacity is due to isomorphous substitution of Mg for Al in the central alumina plane. The substitution of lower valence cations in such instances leaves the nearby oxygen atoms with a net negative charge that can attract cations. In contrast, beidellite is smectite with greater than 50% tetrahedral charge originating from isomorphous substitution of Al for Si in the silica sheet.
The individual crystals of montmorillonite clay are not tightly bound hence water can intervene, causing the clay to swell, hence montmorillonite is a characteristic component of swelling soil. The water content of montmorillonite is variable and it increases greatly in volume when it absorbs water. Che
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal%20momentum
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In solid-state physics crystal momentum or quasimomentum is a momentum-like vector associated with electrons in a crystal lattice. It is defined by the associated wave vectors of this lattice, according to
(where is the reduced Planck's constant).
Frequently, crystal momentum is conserved like mechanical momentum, making it useful to physicists and materials scientists as an analytical tool.
Lattice symmetry origins
A common method of modeling crystal structure and behavior is to view electrons as quantum mechanical particles traveling through a fixed infinite periodic potential such that
where is an arbitrary lattice vector. Such a model is sensible because crystal ions that form the lattice structure are typically on the order of tens of thousands of times more massive than electrons,
making it safe to replace them with a fixed potential structure, and the macroscopic dimensions of a crystal are typically far greater than a single lattice spacing, making edge effects negligible. A consequence of this potential energy function is that it is possible to shift the initial position of an electron by any lattice vector without changing any aspect of the problem, thereby defining a discrete symmetry. Technically, an infinite periodic potential implies that the lattice translation operator commutes with the Hamiltonian, assuming a simple kinetic-plus-potential form.
These conditions imply Bloch's theorem, which states
,
or that an electron in a lattice, which can be mod
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Receptor-mediated%20endocytosis
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Receptor-mediated endocytosis (RME), also called clathrin-mediated endocytosis, is a process by which cells absorb metabolites, hormones, proteins – and in some cases viruses – by the inward budding of the plasma membrane (invagination). This process forms vesicles containing the absorbed substances and is strictly mediated by receptors on the surface of the cell. Only the receptor-specific substances can enter the cell through this process.
Process
Although receptors and their ligands can be brought into the cell through a few mechanisms (e.g. caveolin and lipid raft), clathrin-mediated endocytosis remains the best studied. Clathrin-mediated endocytosis of many receptor types begins with the ligands binding to receptors on the cell plasma membrane. The ligand and receptor will then recruit adaptor proteins and clathrin triskelions to the plasma membrane around where invagination will take place. Invagination of the plasma membrane then occurs, forming a clathrin-coated pit. Other receptors can nucleate a clathrin-coated pit allowing formation around the receptor. A mature pit will be cleaved from the plasma membrane through the use of membrane-binding and fission proteins such as dynamin (as well as other BAR domain proteins), forming a clathrin-coated vesicle that then uncoats of clathrin and typically fuses to a sorting endosome. Once fused, the endocytosed cargo (receptor and/or ligand) can then be sorted to lysosomal, recycling, or other trafficking pathways.
Function
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendering%20equation
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In computer graphics, the rendering equation is an integral equation in which the equilibrium radiance leaving a point is given as the sum of emitted plus reflected radiance under a geometric optics approximation. It was simultaneously introduced into computer graphics by David Immel et al. and James Kajiya in 1986. The various realistic rendering techniques in computer graphics attempt to solve this equation.
The physical basis for the rendering equation is the law of conservation of energy. Assuming that L denotes radiance, we have that at each particular position and direction, the outgoing light (Lo) is the sum of the emitted light (Le) and the reflected light (Lr). The reflected light itself is the sum from all directions of the incoming light (Li) multiplied by the surface reflection and cosine of the incident angle.
Equation form
The rendering equation may be written in the form
where
is the total spectral radiance of wavelength directed outward along direction at time , from a particular position
is the location in space
is the direction of the outgoing light
is a particular wavelength of light
is time
is emitted spectral radiance
is reflected spectral radiance
is an integral over
is the unit hemisphere centered around containing all possible values for where
is the bidirectional reflectance distribution function, the proportion of light reflected from to at position , time , and at wavelength
is the negative direction of the incoming light
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-sided%20Laplace%20transform
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In mathematics, the two-sided Laplace transform or bilateral Laplace transform is an integral transform equivalent to probability's moment generating function. Two-sided Laplace transforms are closely related to the Fourier transform, the Mellin transform, the Z-transform and the ordinary or one-sided Laplace transform. If f(t) is a real- or complex-valued function of the real variable t defined for all real numbers, then the two-sided Laplace transform is defined by the integral
The integral is most commonly understood as an improper integral, which converges if and only if both integrals
exist. There seems to be no generally accepted notation for the two-sided transform; the
used here recalls "bilateral". The two-sided transform
used by some authors is
In pure mathematics the argument t can be any variable, and Laplace transforms are used to study how differential operators transform the function.
In science and engineering applications, the argument t often represents time (in seconds), and the function f(t) often represents a signal or waveform that varies with time. In these cases, the signals are transformed by filters, that work like a mathematical operator, but with a restriction. They have to be causal, which means that the output in a given time t cannot depend on an output which is a higher value of t.
In population ecology, the argument t often represents spatial displacement in a dispersal kernel.
When working with functions of time, f(t) is called the
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logarithmically%20convex%20function
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In mathematics, a function f is logarithmically convex or superconvex if , the composition of the logarithm with f, is itself a convex function.
Definition
Let be a convex subset of a real vector space, and let be a function taking non-negative values. Then is:
Logarithmically convex if is convex, and
Strictly logarithmically convex if is strictly convex.
Here we interpret as .
Explicitly, is logarithmically convex if and only if, for all and all , the two following equivalent conditions hold:
Similarly, is strictly logarithmically convex if and only if, in the above two expressions, strict inequality holds for all .
The above definition permits to be zero, but if is logarithmically convex and vanishes anywhere in , then it vanishes everywhere in the interior of .
Equivalent conditions
If is a differentiable function defined on an interval , then is logarithmically convex if and only if the following condition holds for all and in :
This is equivalent to the condition that, whenever and are in and ,
Moreover, is strictly logarithmically convex if and only if these inequalities are always strict.
If is twice differentiable, then it is logarithmically convex if and only if, for all in ,
If the inequality is always strict, then is strictly logarithmically convex. However, the converse is false: It is possible that is strictly logarithmically convex and that, for some , we have . For example, if , then is strictly logarithmically convex, but
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DAPI
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DAPI (pronounced 'DAPPY', /ˈdæpiː/), or 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole, is a fluorescent stain that binds strongly to adenine–thymine-rich regions in DNA. It is used extensively in fluorescence microscopy. As DAPI can pass through an intact cell membrane, it can be used to stain both live and fixed cells, though it passes through the membrane less efficiently in live cells and therefore provides a marker for membrane viability.
History
DAPI was first synthesised in 1971 in the laboratory of Otto Dann as part of a search for drugs to treat trypanosomiasis. Although it was unsuccessful as a drug, further investigation indicated it bound strongly to DNA and became more fluorescent when bound. This led to its use in identifying mitochondrial DNA in ultracentrifugation in 1975, the first recorded use of DAPI as a fluorescent DNA stain.
Strong fluorescence when bound to DNA led to the rapid adoption of DAPI for fluorescent staining of DNA for fluorescence microscopy. Its use for detecting DNA in plant, metazoa and bacteria cells and virus particles was demonstrated in the late 1970s, and quantitative staining of DNA inside cells was demonstrated in 1977. Use of DAPI as a DNA stain for flow cytometry was also demonstrated around this time.
Fluorescence properties
When bound to double-stranded DNA, DAPI has an absorption maximum at a wavelength of 358 nm (ultraviolet) and its emission maximum is at 461 nm (blue). Therefore, for fluorescence microscopy, DAPI is excited with ultravi
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chebyshev%20distance
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In mathematics, Chebyshev distance (or Tchebychev distance), maximum metric, or L∞ metric is a metric defined on a vector space where the distance between two vectors is the greatest of their differences along any coordinate dimension. It is named after Pafnuty Chebyshev.
It is also known as chessboard distance, since in the game of chess the minimum number of moves needed by a king to go from one square on a chessboard to another equals the Chebyshev distance between the centers of the squares, if the squares have side length one, as represented in 2-D spatial coordinates with axes aligned to the edges of the board. For example, the Chebyshev distance between f6 and e2 equals 4.
Definition
The Chebyshev distance between two vectors or points x and y, with standard coordinates and , respectively, is
This equals the limit of the Lp metrics:
hence it is also known as the L∞ metric.
Mathematically, the Chebyshev distance is a metric induced by the supremum norm or uniform norm. It is an example of an injective metric.
In two dimensions, i.e. plane geometry, if the points p and q have Cartesian coordinates
and , their Chebyshev distance is
Under this metric, a circle of radius r, which is the set of points with Chebyshev distance r from a center point, is a square whose sides have the length 2r and are parallel to the coordinate axes.
On a chessboard, where one is using a discrete Chebyshev distance, rather than a continuous one, the circle of radius r is a square of s
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vishtaspa
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Vishtaspa ( ; ; ; ) is the Avestan-language name of a figure of Zoroastrian scripture and tradition, portrayed as an early follower of Zoroaster, and his patron, and instrumental in the diffusion of the prophet's message. Although Vishtaspa is not epigraphically attested, he is – like Zoroaster – traditionally assumed to have been a historical figure, although obscured by accretions from legend and myth.
In Zoroastrian tradition, which builds on allusions found in the Avesta, Vishtaspa is a righteous king who helped propagate and defend the faith. In the non-Zoroastrian Sistan cycle texts, Vishtaspa is a loathsome ruler of the Kayanian dynasty who intentionally sends his eldest son to a certain death. In Greco-Roman literature, Zoroaster's patron was the pseudo-anonymous author of a set of prophecies written under his name.
In scripture
Vishtaspa is referred to in the Gathas, the oldest texts of Zoroastrianism which were considered to have been composed by Zoroaster himself. In these hymns, the poet speaks of Vishtaspa as his ally (Yasna 46. 14), follower of the path of Vohu Manah (Y. 51. 16), and committed to spreading the prophet's message (Y. 51. 16, 46. 15, 53. 2). In Yasna 28. 1–28. 7, Zoroaster appeals to Mazda for several boons, including the power to vanquish their foes for Vishtaspa and himself. Considered collectively, the Gathas celebrate Vishtaspa as the "patron of Zoroaster and the establisher of the first Zoroastrian community. "
The Gathic allusions rec
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Possibility%20theory
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Possibility theory is a mathematical theory for dealing with certain types of uncertainty and is an alternative to probability theory. It uses measures of possibility and necessity between 0 and 1, ranging from impossible to possible and unnecessary to necessary, respectively. Professor Lotfi Zadeh first introduced possibility theory in 1978 as an extension of his theory of fuzzy sets and fuzzy logic. Didier Dubois and Henri Prade further contributed to its development. Earlier, in the 1950s, economist G. L. S. Shackle proposed the min/max algebra to describe degrees of potential surprise.
Formalization of possibility
For simplicity, assume that the universe of discourse Ω is a finite set. A possibility measure is a function from to [0, 1] such that:
Axiom 1:
Axiom 2:
Axiom 3: for any disjoint subsets and .
It follows that, like probability on finite probability spaces, the possibility measure is determined by its behavior on singletons:
Axiom 1 can be interpreted as the assumption that Ω is an exhaustive description of future states of the world, because it means that no belief weight is given to elements outside Ω.
Axiom 2 could be interpreted as the assumption that the evidence from which was constructed is free of any contradiction. Technically, it implies that there is at least one element in Ω with possibility 1.
Axiom 3 corresponds to the additivity axiom in probabilities. However there is an important practical difference. Possibility theory is computat
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyberpunk%20derivatives
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Since the advent of the cyberpunk genre, a number of cyberpunk derivatives have become recognized in their own right as distinct subgenres in speculative fiction, especially in science fiction. Rather than necessarily sharing the digitally and mechanically focused setting of cyberpunk, these derivatives can display other futuristic, or even retrofuturistic, qualities that are drawn from or analogous to cyberpunk: a world built on one particular technology that is extrapolated to a highly sophisticated level (this may even be a fantastical or anachronistic technology, akin to retrofuturism), a gritty transreal urban style, or a particular approach to social themes.
Steampunk, one of the most well-known of these subgenres, has been defined as a "kind of technological fantasy;" others in this category sometimes also incorporate aspects of science fantasy and historical fantasy. Scholars have written of the stylistic place of these subgenres in postmodern literature, as well as their ambiguous interaction with the historical perspective of postcolonialism.
Background
American author Bruce Bethke coined the term cyberpunk in his 1983 short story of that name, using it as a label for a generation of "punk" teenagers inspired by the perceptions inherent to the Information Age. The term was quickly appropriated as a label applied to the works of William Gibson, Bruce Sterling, John Shirley, Rudy Rucker, Michael Swanwick, Pat Cadigan, Lewis Shiner, Richard Kadrey, and others. Scien
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dale%20Connelly
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Dale Connelly (born 4 October 1955) was co-host (with Tom Keith, aka Jim Ed Poole) of The Morning Show on Minnesota Public Radio. The program was first carried on KSJN at frequency 91.1 (now KNOW-FM, later on KSJN at 99.5 and finally on KCMP 89.3 "The Current"; all in the Twin Cities and live on MPR's classical music network in outstate Minnesota. Connelly took over for Garrison Keillor, who was the original host along with Tom Keith. The show aired for more than 30 years. On October 15, 2008, Keith announced his intention to retire on December 11. The Morning Show was discontinued after a final live performance at the Fitzgerald Theater in St. Paul that morning. After the demise of the Morning Show, Connelly began hosting, directing, and producing a show in a similar genre on an Internet broadcast and HD Radio called "Radio Heartland." He also hosted Saturday evening broadcasts of recorded performances on the Minnesota News service of Minnesota Public Radio. Those programs were canceled by MPR on June 4, 2010, and Connelly was laid off as of June 30, 2010.
He authored many scripts for "advertisements", skits, and soap operas performed on The Morning Show. Among his notable creations were "The Sherpa from Intimida", "A Mighty Big Car", and Genway, "the supermarket for genetically engineered foods." Genway produced things like the Bullwinkle Salmon ("part salmon, part moose") and Chameleon Pears.
Other Connelly creations included the "Bowserbed" vibrating sleeping mattress f
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroglycopenia
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Neuroglycopenia is a shortage of glucose (glycopenia) in the brain, usually due to hypoglycemia. Glycopenia affects the function of neurons, and alters brain function and behavior. Prolonged or recurrent neuroglycopenia can result in loss of consciousness, damage to the brain, and eventual death.
Signs and symptoms
Abnormal mentation, impaired judgment
Nonspecific dysphoria, anxiety, moodiness, depression, crying, fear of dying, suicidal thoughts
Negativism, irritability, belligerence, combativeness, rage
Personality change, emotional lability
Fatigue, weakness, apathy, lethargy, daydreaming
Confusion, amnesia, dizziness, delirium
Staring, "glassy" look, blurred vision, double vision
Automatic behavior
Difficulty speaking, slurred speech
Ataxia, incoordination, sometimes mistaken for "drunkenness"
Focal or general motor deficit, paralysis, hemiparesis
Paresthesia, headache
Stupor, coma, abnormal breathing
Generalized or focal seizures
Plasma glucose 20 mg/dL (1.1 mmol/L) or lower
Not all of the above manifestations occur in every case of hypoglycemia. There is no consistent order to the appearance of the symptoms. Specific manifestations vary by age and by the severity of the hypoglycemia. In older children and adults, moderately severe hypoglycemia can resemble mania, mental illness, drug intoxication, or drunkenness. In the elderly, hypoglycemia can produce focal stroke-like effects or a hard-to-define malaise. The symptoms of a single person do tend to be similar from ep
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleiotropy
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Pleiotropy (from Greek , 'more', and , 'way') occurs when one gene influences two or more seemingly unrelated phenotypic traits. Such a gene that exhibits multiple phenotypic expression is called a pleiotropic gene. Mutation in a pleiotropic gene may have an effect on several traits simultaneously, due to the gene coding for a product used by a myriad of cells or different targets that have the same signaling function.
Pleiotropy can arise from several distinct but potentially overlapping mechanisms, such as gene pleiotropy, developmental pleiotropy, and selectional pleiotropy. Gene pleiotropy occurs when a gene product interacts with multiple other proteins or catalyzes multiple reactions. Developmental pleiotropy occurs when mutations have multiple effects on the resulting phenotype. Selectional pleiotropy occurs when the resulting phenotype has many effects on fitness (depending on factors such as age and gender).
An example of pleiotropy is phenylketonuria, an inherited disorder that affects the level of phenylalanine, an amino acid that can be obtained from food, in the human body. Phenylketonuria causes this amino acid to increase in amount in the body, which can be very dangerous. The disease is caused by a defect in a single gene on chromosome 12 that codes for enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase, that affects multiple systems, such as the nervous and integumentary system.
Pleiotropic gene action can limit the rate of multivariate evolution when natural selection, s
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert%20Ammann
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Robert Ammann (October 1, 1946 – May, 1994) was an amateur mathematician who made several significant and groundbreaking contributions to the theory of quasicrystals and aperiodic tilings.
Ammann attended Brandeis University, but generally did not go to classes, and left after three years. He worked as a programmer for Honeywell. After twelve years, his position was eliminated as part of a routine cutback, and Ammann ended up working as a mail sorter for a post office.
In 1975, Ammann read an announcement by Martin Gardner of new work by Roger Penrose. Penrose had discovered two simple sets of aperiodic tiles, each consisting of just two quadrilaterals. Since Penrose was taking out a patent, he wasn't ready to publish them, and Gardner's description was rather vague. Ammann wrote a letter to Gardner, describing his own work, which duplicated one of Penrose's sets, plus a foursome of "golden rhombohedra" that formed aperiodic tilings in space.
More letters followed, and Ammann became a correspondent with many of the professional researchers. He discovered several new aperiodic tilings, each among the simplest known examples of aperiodic sets of tiles. He also showed how to generate tilings using lines in the plane as guides for lines marked on the tiles, now called "Ammann bars".
The discovery of quasicrystals in 1982 changed the status of aperiodic tilings and Ammann's work from mere recreational mathematics to respectable academic research.
After more than ten years of
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert%20Claude
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Albert Claude (; 24 August 1899 – 22 May 1983) was a Belgian-American cell biologist and medical doctor who shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1974 with Christian de Duve and George Emil Palade. His elementary education started in a comprehensive primary school at Longlier, his birthplace. He served in the British Intelligence Service during the First World War, and got imprisoned in concentration camps twice. In recognition of his service, he was granted enrolment at the University of Liège in Belgium to study medicine without any formal education required for the course. He earned his Doctor of Medicine degree in 1928. Devoted to medical research, he initially joined German institutes in Berlin. In 1929 he found an opportunity to join the Rockefeller Institute in New York. At Rockefeller University he made his most groundbreaking achievements in cell biology. In 1930 he developed the technique of cell fractionation, by which he discovered the agent of the Rous sarcoma, components of cell organelles such as mitochondrion, chloroplast, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, ribosome and lysosome. He was the first to employ the electron microscope in the field of biology. In 1945 he published the first detailed structure of cell. His collective works established the complex functional and structural properties of cells.
Claude served as director at Jules Bordet Institute for Cancer Research and Treatment and Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire et Cancérologie
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell%20407
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The Bell 407 is a four-blade, single-engine, civil utility helicopter. A derivative of the Bell 206L-4 LongRanger, the 407 uses the four-blade, soft-in-plane design rotor with composite hub developed for the United States Army's OH-58D Kiowa Warrior instead of the two-blade, semi-rigid, teetering rotor of the 206L-4.
Design and development
In 1993, Bell began the development of the New Light Aircraft as a replacement for its Model 206 series. The program resulted in the 407, a development of Bell's LongRanger. A 206L-3 LongRanger was modified to serve as the 407 demonstrator. The demonstrator used hardware for the 407 and added molded fairings to represent the 407's wider fuselage then under development.
The demonstrator was first flown in 1994, and the 407 program was publicly announced at the Heli-Expo in Las Vegas, Nevada, in January 1995. The first 407 prototype (C-GFOS) accomplished its maiden flight on June 29, 1995, and the second prototype (C-FORS) followed on July 13, 1995. After a short development program, the first production 407 (C-FWQY/N407BT) flew on November 10, 1995.
The Bell 407 features the four-blade main rotor developed for the OH-58D (Model 406). The blades and hub use composite construction without life limits, and provide better performance and a more comfortable ride. The 407's fuselage is wider, increasing internal cabin space, and includes 35% larger main cabin windows. The more powerful Rolls-Royce/Allison 250-C47 turboshaft allows an increa
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphosilicate%20glass
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Phosphosilicate glass, commonly referred to by the acronym PSG, is a silicate glass commonly used in semiconductor device fabrication for intermetal layers, i.e., insulating layers deposited between succeedingly higher metal or conducting layers, due to its effect in gettering alkali ions. Another common type of phosphosilicate glass is borophosphosilicate glass (BPSG).
Soda-lime phosphosilicate glasses also form the basis for bioactive glasses (e.g. Bioglass), a family of materials which chemically convert to mineralised bone (hydroxy-carbonate-apatite) in physiological fluid.
Bismuth doped phosphosilicate glasses are being explored for use as the active gain medium in fiber lasers for fiber-optic communication.
See also
Wafer (electronics)
References
Glass compositions
Semiconductor device fabrication
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal%20violet
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Crystal violet or gentian violet, also known as methyl violet 10B or hexamethyl pararosaniline chloride, is a triarylmethane dye used as a histological stain and in Gram's method of classifying bacteria. Crystal violet has antibacterial, antifungal, and anthelmintic (vermicide) properties and was formerly important as a topical antiseptic. The medical use of the dye has been largely superseded by more modern drugs, although it is still listed by the World Health Organization.
The name gentian violet was originally used for a mixture of methyl pararosaniline dyes (methyl violet), but is now often considered a synonym for crystal violet. The name refers to its colour, being like that of the petals of certain gentian flowers; it is not made from gentians or violets.
Production
A number of possible routes can be used to prepare crystal violet. The original procedure developed by the German chemists Kern and Caro involved the reaction of dimethylaniline with phosgene to give 4,4′-bis(dimethylamino)benzophenone (Michler's ketone) as an intermediate. This was then reacted with additional dimethylaniline in the presence of phosphorus oxychloride and hydrochloric acid.
The dye can also be prepared by the condensation of formaldehyde and dimethylaniline to give a leuco dye:
CH2O + 3 C6H5N(CH3)2 → CH(C6H4N(CH3)2)3 + H2O
Second, this colourless compound is oxidized to the coloured cationic form (hereafter with oxygen, but a typical oxidizing agent is manganese dioxide, MnO2):
CH(C6H4N
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epigenome
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An epigenome consists of a record of the chemical changes to the DNA and histone proteins of an organism; these changes can be passed down to an organism's offspring via transgenerational stranded epigenetic inheritance. Changes to the epigenome can result in changes to the structure of chromatin and changes to the function of the genome.
The epigenome is involved in regulating gene expression, development, tissue differentiation, and suppression of transposable elements. Unlike the underlying genome, which remains largely static within an individual, the epigenome can be dynamically altered by environmental conditions.
Cancer
Epigenetics is a currently active topic in cancer research. Human tumors undergo a major disruption of DNA methylation and histone modification patterns. The aberrant epigenetic landscape of the cancer cell is characterized by a global genomic hypomethylation, CpG island promoter hypermethylation of tumor suppressor genes, an altered histone code for critical genes and a global loss of monoacetylated and trimethylated histone H4.
Epigenome research projects
As a prelude to a potential Human Epigenome Project, the Human Epigenome Pilot Project aims to identify and catalogue Methylation Variable Positions (MVPs) in the human genome. Advances in sequencing technology now allow for assaying genome-wide epigenomic states by multiple molecular methodologies. Micro- and nanoscale devices have been constructed or proposed to investigate the epigenome.
An
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crazy%20Legs%20%28album%29
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Crazy Legs is a studio album by Jeff Beck and the Big Town Playboys, released on 29 June 1993. The recording is an album of Gene Vincent songs. The album is considered to be a tribute to Gene Vincent and His Blue Caps, and in particular to Vincent's early guitarist Cliff Gallup, who Beck recognized as his biggest influence.
The album peaked at No. 171 on the Billboard 200 chart.
Track listing
"Race with the Devil" (Gene Vincent, Sheriff Tex Davis) – 2:00
"Cruisin'" (Gene Vincent, Sheriff Tex Davis) – 2:22
"Crazy Legs" (Danny Wolfe, Jerry Reed) – 2:03
"Double Talkin' Baby" (Danny Wolfe, Jerry Reed) – 2:15
"Woman Love" (Jack Rhodes) – 2:35
"Lotta Lovin'" (Bernice Bedwell) – 2:04
"Catman" (Gene Vincent, Sheriff Tex Davis) – 2:24
"Pink Thunderbird" (Paul Peek, Sheriff Tex Davis) – 2:30
"Baby Blue" (Gene Vincent, Bobby Jones) – 2:36
"You Better Believe" (Cliff Gallup) – 2:09
"Who Slapped John?" (Gene Vincent, Sheriff Tex Davis) – 1:55
"Say Mama" (Johnny Earl, Johnny Meeks) – 2:13
"Red Blue Jeans and a Pony Tail" (Jack Rhodes, Sheriff Tex Davis) – 2:18
"Five Feet of Lovin'" (Buck Peddy, Mel Tillis) – 2:11
"B-I-Bickey-Bi-Bo-Bo-Go" (Don Carter, Dub Nalls, Jack Rhodes) – 2:12
"Blues Stay Away from Me" (Alton Delmore, Henry Glover, Rabon Delmore, Wayne Raney) – 2:24
"Pretty Pretty Baby" (Danny Wolfe) – 2:26
"Hold Me, Hug Me, Rock Me" (Gene Vincent, Sheriff Tex Davis) – 2:15
Personnel
Jeff Beck - lead guitars
The Big Town Playboys
Mike Sanchez - vocals, pi
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoechst%20stain
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Hoechst stains are part of a family of blue fluorescent dyes used to stain DNA. These bis-benzimides were originally developed by Hoechst AG, which numbered all their compounds so that the dye Hoechst 33342 is the 33,342nd compound made by the company. There are three related Hoechst stains: Hoechst 33258, Hoechst 33342, and Hoechst 34580. The dyes Hoechst 33258 and Hoechst 33342 are the ones most commonly used and they have similar excitation–emission spectra.
Molecular characteristics
Both dyes are excited by ultraviolet light at around 350 nm, and both emit blue-cyan fluorescent light around an emission spectrum maximum at 461 nm. Unbound dye has its maximum fluorescence emission in the 510–540 nm range. Hoechst stains can be excited with a xenon- or mercury-arc lamp or with an ultraviolet laser. There is a considerable Stokes shift between the excitation and emission spectra that makes Hoechst dyes useful in experiments in which multiple fluorophores are used. The fluorescence intensity of Hoechst dyes also increases with the pH of the solvent.
Hoechst dyes are soluble in water and in organic solvents such as dimethyl formamide or dimethyl sulfoxide. Concentrations can be achieved of up to 10 mg/mL. Aqueous solutions are stable at 2–6 °C for at least six months when protected from light. For longterm storage the solutions are instead frozen at −20 °C or below.
The dyes bind to the minor groove of double-stranded DNA with a preference for sequences rich in adenine and
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reticular%20formation
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The reticular formation is a set of interconnected nuclei that are located throughout the brainstem. It is not anatomically well defined, because it includes neurons located in different parts of the brain. The neurons of the reticular formation make up a complex set of networks in the core of the brainstem that extend from the upper part of the midbrain to the lower part of the medulla oblongata. The reticular formation includes ascending pathways to the cortex in the ascending reticular activating system (ARAS) and descending pathways to the spinal cord via the reticulospinal tracts.
Neurons of the reticular formation, particularly those of the ascending reticular activating system, play a crucial role in maintaining behavioral arousal and consciousness. The overall functions of the reticular formation are modulatory and premotor,
involving somatic motor control, cardiovascular control, pain modulation, sleep and consciousness, and habituation. The modulatory functions are primarily found in the rostral sector of the reticular formation and the premotor functions are localized in the neurons in more caudal regions.
The reticular formation is divided into three columns: raphe nuclei (median), gigantocellular reticular nuclei (medial zone), and parvocellular reticular nuclei (lateral zone). The raphe nuclei are the place of synthesis of the neurotransmitter serotonin, which plays an important role in mood regulation. The gigantocellular nuclei are involved in motor coordina
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WaveBird%20Wireless%20Controller
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The WaveBird Wireless Controller (stylized as WAVEBIRD, commonly abbreviated as WaveBird or WaveBird controller) is a radio frequency-based wireless controller manufactured by Nintendo for use with the GameCube home video game console. Its name is a reference to Dolphin, the GameCube's codename during development. The WaveBird was available for purchase separately as well as in bundles with either Metroid Prime or Mario Party 4, which were exclusive to Kmart in the US.
Development
Nintendo had attempted to create a reliable wireless controller since the development of the Famicom. Its first attempt was for the Advanced Video System (AVS), the precursor to the Nintendo Entertainment System (NES), which included two wireless controllers but was never released.
Nintendo later developed an infrared (IR) adapter called the NES Satellite for the NES. Released in 1989, it used infrared to extend the length of up to four wired controllers, which would plug into the base of the unit rather than the console. The base could then be positioned anywhere within a certain range of the NES without the need for a cable. However, the extension base still needed a direct line of sight with the NES console; line of sight is a significant limitation of IR technology, requiring a clear space between an IR port and controller.
Radio Frequency controllers were not possible in the late 1980s as the early digital RF links were bulky and used too much power to be useful in battery-powered devices. H
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MULTI-S01
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In cryptography, MULTI-S01 (pronounced multi-ess-zero-one), is an encryption algorithm based on a pseudorandom number generator (PRNG). MULTI-S01 is an encryption scheme preserving both confidentiality and data integrity. The scheme defines a pair of algorithms; the encryption, the corresponding decryption with verification. Coupling with an efficient keystream generator, such as Panama, MUGI, and RC4, the algorithm efficiently encrypts a message in the manner of a single path process, i.e. online algorithm. The decryption function cannot be used in such manner for keeping whole resultant data until successful verification.
The keysize of MULTI-S01 is determined by which keystream generator to use. MULTI-S01 takes a security parameter which determines the upperbound probability of successful forgery.
Since the calculation consists of addition and multiplication over the finite field, the algorithm is more suited to hardware implementation, although software implementation is still feasible.
MULTI-S01 with the PRNG Panama was among the cryptographic techniques recommended for Japanese government use by CRYPTREC in 2003, however, has been dropped to "candidate" by CRYPTREC revision in 2013. It has also been submitted to ISO/IEC 18033 Part 4 which defines stream-cipher standards.
The security of MULTI-S01 is based on that of underlying PRNG. If a secure PRNG is used, then the security of MULTI-S01 with respect to confidentiality and data integrity has been proven. As for the
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