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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epia
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Epia may refer to:
Aipeia, a town in Messenia, Greece
EPIA, a PC platform from VIA Technologies
European Photovoltaic Industry Association
Epia (moth)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kruskal%E2%80%93Katona%20theorem
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In algebraic combinatorics, the Kruskal–Katona theorem gives a complete characterization of the f-vectors of abstract simplicial complexes. It includes as a special case the Erdős–Ko–Rado theorem and can be restated in terms of uniform hypergraphs. It is named after Joseph Kruskal and Gyula O. H. Katona, but has been independently discovered by several others.
Statement
Given two positive integers N and i, there is a unique way to expand N as a sum of binomial coefficients as follows:
This expansion can be constructed by applying the greedy algorithm: set ni to be the maximal n such that replace N with the difference, i with i − 1, and repeat until the difference becomes zero. Define
Statement for simplicial complexes
An integral vector is the f-vector of some -dimensional simplicial complex if and only if
Statement for uniform hypergraphs
Let A be a set consisting of N distinct i-element subsets of a fixed set U ("the universe") and B be the set of all -element subsets of the sets in A. Expand N as above. Then the cardinality of B is bounded below as follows:
Lovász' simplified formulation
The following weaker but useful form is due to . Let A be a set of i-element subsets of a fixed set U ("the universe") and B be the set of all -element subsets of the sets in A. If then .
In this formulation, x need not be an integer. The value of the binomial expression is .
Ingredients of the proof
For every positive i, list all i-element subsets a1 < a2 < … ai of
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MINQUE
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In statistics, the theory of minimum norm quadratic unbiased estimation (MINQUE) was developed by C. R. Rao. Its application was originally to the problem of heteroscedasticity and the estimation of variance components in random effects models.
The theory involves three stages:
defining a general class of potential estimators as quadratic functions of the observed data, where the estimators relate to a vector of model parameters;
specifying certain constraints on the desired properties of the estimators, such as unbiasedness;
choosing the optimal estimator by minimising a "norm" which measures the size of the covariance matrix of the estimators.
References
Estimation theory
Statistical deviation and dispersion
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line%20search
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In optimization, the line search strategy is one of two basic iterative approaches to find a local minimum of an objective function . The other approach is trust region.
The line search approach first finds a descent direction along which the objective function will be reduced and then computes a step size that determines how far should move along that direction. The descent direction can be computed by various methods, such as gradient descent or quasi-Newton method. The step size can be determined either exactly or inexactly.
Example use
Here is an example gradient method that uses a line search in step 4.
Set iteration counter , and make an initial guess for the minimum
Repeat:
Compute a descent direction
Choose to 'loosely' minimize over
Update , and
Until < tolerance
At the line search step (4) the algorithm might either exactly minimize h, by solving , or loosely, by asking for a sufficient decrease in h. One example of the former is conjugate gradient method. The latter is called inexact line search and may be performed in a number of ways, such as a backtracking line search or using the Wolfe conditions.
Like other optimization methods, line search may be combined with simulated annealing to allow it to jump over some local minima.
Algorithms
Direct search methods
In this method, the minimum must first be bracketed, so the algorithm must identify points x1 and x2 such that the sought minimum lies between them. The interval is then
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intercellular%20adhesion%20molecule
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In molecular biology, intercellular adhesion molecules (ICAMs) and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) are part of the immunoglobulin superfamily. They are important in inflammation, immune responses and in intracellular signalling events. The ICAM family consists of five members, designated ICAM-1 to ICAM-5. They are known to bind to leucocyte integrins CD11/CD18 such as LFA-1 and Macrophage-1 antigen, during inflammation and in immune responses. In addition, ICAMs may exist in soluble forms in human plasma, due to activation and proteolysis mechanisms at cell surfaces.
Mammalian intercellular adhesion molecules include:
ICAM-1
ICAM2
ICAM3
ICAM4
ICAM5
References
Cell biology
Protein families
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MV%20Do%C3%B1a%20Paz
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MV Doña Paz was a Japanese-built and Philippine-registered passenger ferry that sank after it collided with the oil tanker Vector on December 20, 1987. Built by Onomichi Zosen of Hiroshima, Japan, the ship was launched on April 25, 1963 as the Himeyuri Maru with a passenger capacity of 608. In October 1975, the Himeyuri Maru was bought by Sulpicio Lines and renamed the Don Sulpicio. After a fire on board in June 1979, the ship was refurbished and renamed Doña Paz.
Traveling from Leyte Island to the Philippine capital, Manila, the vessel was seriously overcrowded, with at least 2,000 passengers not listed on the manifest. It has also been claimed that the ship did not have a radio and that the life jackets were locked away. However, official blame was directed at the tanker Vector, which collided with the Doña Paz and was found to be unseaworthy and to be operating without a license, a lookout, or a qualified master. With an estimated death toll of 4,385 people and only 26 survivors, it remains the deadliest peacetime maritime disaster in history.
Service history
Doña Paz was built in 1963 by Onomichi Zosen of Onomichi, Hiroshima, Japan. It was originally named the Himeyuri Maru. During the time she travelled Japanese waters, she had a passenger capacity of 608. In October 1975, she was sold to Sulpicio Lines, a Filipino operator of a fleet of passenger ferries, and was renamed Don Sulpicio. She served the Manila to Cebu sector as her primary route. The vessel became one of
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Descent%20direction
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In optimization, a descent direction is a vector that points towards a local minimum of an objective function .
Computing by an iterative method, such as line search defines a descent direction at the th iterate to be any such that , where denotes the inner product. The motivation for such an approach is that small steps along guarantee that is reduced, by Taylor's theorem.
Using this definition, the negative of a non-zero gradient is always a
descent direction, as .
Numerous methods exist to compute descent directions, all with differing merits, such as gradient descent or the conjugate gradient method.
More generally, if is a positive definite matrix, then
is a descent direction at . This generality is used in preconditioned gradient descent methods.
See also
Directional derivative
References
Mathematical optimization
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matrix%20chain%20multiplication
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Matrix chain multiplication (or the matrix chain ordering problem) is an optimization problem concerning the most efficient way to multiply a given sequence of matrices. The problem is not actually to perform the multiplications, but merely to decide the sequence of the matrix multiplications involved. The problem may be solved using dynamic programming.
There are many options because matrix multiplication is associative. In other words, no matter how the product is parenthesized, the result obtained will remain the same. For example, for four matrices A, B, C, and D, there are five possible options:
((AB)C)D = (A(BC))D = (AB)(CD) = A((BC)D) = A(B(CD)).
Although it does not affect the product, the order in which the terms are parenthesized affects the number of simple arithmetic operations needed to compute the product, that is, the computational complexity. The straightforward multiplication of a matrix that is by a matrix that is requires ordinary multiplications and ordinary additions. In this context, it is typical to use the number of ordinary multiplications as a measure of the runtime complexity.
If A is a 10 × 30 matrix, B is a 30 × 5 matrix, and C is a 5 × 60 matrix, then
computing (AB)C needs (10×30×5) + (10×5×60) = 1500 + 3000 = 4500 operations, while
computing A(BC) needs (30×5×60) + (10×30×60) = 9000 + 18000 = 27000 operations.
Clearly the first method is more efficient. With this information, the problem statement can be refined as "how to determin
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complex%20vector%20bundle
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In mathematics, a complex vector bundle is a vector bundle whose fibers are complex vector spaces.
Any complex vector bundle can be viewed as a real vector bundle through the restriction of scalars. Conversely, any real vector bundle E can be promoted to a complex vector bundle, the complexification
whose fibers are Ex ⊗R C.
Any complex vector bundle over a paracompact space admits a hermitian metric.
The basic invariant of a complex vector bundle is a Chern class. A complex vector bundle is canonically oriented; in particular, one can take its Euler class.
A complex vector bundle is a holomorphic vector bundle if X is a complex manifold and if the local trivializations are biholomorphic.
Complex structure
A complex vector bundle can be thought of as a real vector bundle with an additional structure, the complex structure. By definition, a complex structure is a bundle map between a real vector bundle E and itself:
such that J acts as the square root i of −1 on fibers: if is the map on fiber-level, then as a linear map. If E is a complex vector bundle, then the complex structure J can be defined by setting to be the scalar multiplication by . Conversely, if E is a real vector bundle with a complex structure J, then E can be turned into a complex vector bundle by setting: for any real numbers a, b and a real vector v in a fiber Ex,
Example: A complex structure on the tangent bundle of a real manifold M is usually called an almost complex structure. A theorem of Ne
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid%20and%20digits
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Liquid and digits is a type of gestural, interpretive, rave and urban street dance that sometimes involve aspects of pantomime. The term invokes the word liquid to describe the fluid-like motion of the dancer's body and appendages and digits to refer to illusions constructed with the dancer's fingers. Liquid dancing has many moves in common with popping and waving. ("Waving" is a style of dance where the dancer tries to make it appear that waves are rolling through their body.) The exact origins of the dances are uncertain, although they came out of either popping, raves, or both sometime from the 1970s to 1990s. The dance is typically done to a variety of electronic dance music genres from trance to drum and bass to glitch hop, depending on the dancer's musical taste.
References
External links
Liquid & Digitz Dance Repository: A collection of liquid and digits tutorials.
popular video of LPEric liquid dancing
Syllabus-free dance
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thickened%20fluids
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Thickened fluids and thickened drinks are often used for people with dysphagia, a disorder of swallowing function. The thicker consistency makes it less likely that individuals will aspirate while they are drinking. Individuals with difficulty swallowing may find that liquids cause coughing, spluttering, or even aspiration, and that thickening drinks enables them to swallow safely. Patients may be advised to consume thickened liquids after being extubated. Liquid thickness may be measured by two methods, with a viscometer or by line spread test.
There are several levels of consistency/viscosity and these have historically varied by country, although the launch of the International Dysphagia Diet Standardisation Initiative (IDDSI) aims to remove this variation. According to the IDDSI, the thickness of a drink can be tested by measuring the amount that pours out of a 10ml syringe in 10 seconds.
0 – Thin liquids: Unthickened, such as water or juice. Common thin liquids include coffee, tea, clear broth, clear juice, skim milk, 2% milk, and whole milk.
1 – Slightly thick (between 9 and 6 ml pour out of a 10ml syringe in 10 seconds)
2 – Mildly thick (between 6 and 2 ml pour out)
3 – Moderately thick (2 or less ml pour out)
4 – Extremely thick – drinks of this stage should require a spoon to drink and are comparable to pureed foods.
Patients who have a restriction on thin liquids should avoid milk shakes, ice cream, popsicles, and Jell-O as these melt into thin liquids in the mo
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob%20Palis
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Jacob Palis Jr. (born 15 March 1940) is a Brazilian mathematician and professor. Palis' research interests are mainly dynamical systems and differential equations. Some themes are global stability and hyperbolicity, bifurcations, attractors and chaotic systems.
Biography
Jacob Palis was born in Uberaba, Minas Gerais. His father was a Lebanese immigrant, and his mother was a Syrian immigrant. The couple had eight children (five men and three women), and Jacob was the youngest. His father was a merchant, owner of a large store, and supported and funded the studies of his children. Palis said that he already enjoyed mathematics in his childhood.
At 16, Palis moved to Rio de Janeiro to study engineering at the University of Brazil – now UFRJ. He was approved in first place in the entrance exam, but was not old enough to be accepted; he then had to take the university's entry exam again a year later, at which again he obtained first place. He completed the course in 1962 with honours and receiving the award for the best student.
In 1964, he moved to the United States. In 1966 he obtained his master's degree in mathematics under the guidance of Stephen Smale at the University of California, Berkeley, and in 1968 his PhD, with the thesis On Morse-Smale Diffeomorphisms, again with Smale as advisor.
In 1968, he returned to Brazil and became a researcher at the Instituto Nacional de Matemática Pura e Aplicada (IMPA) in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
Since 1973 he has held a permanent pos
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal%20Planet
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Crystal Planet is the seventh studio album by the guitarist Joe Satriani, released on March 3, 1998, by Epic Records. It was his first album to be released on Epic, whereas his previous six albums were released by Relativity Records. Crystal Planet reached No. 50 on the U.S. Billboard 200 and remained on that chart for eight weeks, as well as reaching the top 100 in five other countries. "Ceremony" was released as a single, reaching No. 28 on Billboard'''s Mainstream Rock chart and featuring Satriani's first recorded use of a seven-string guitar, namely the Ibanez Universe. "A Train of Angels" was nominated for Best Rock Instrumental Performance at the 1999 Grammy Awards, Satriani's ninth such nomination.
ReissuesCrystal Planet has been reissued twice. The first was on June 16, 2008, as part of the Original Album Classics box set, and most recently as part of The Complete Studio Recordings, released on April 22, 2014, by Legacy Recordings; this is a box set compilation containing remastered editions of every Satriani studio album from 1986 to 2013.
Critical reception
Stephen Thomas Erlewine at AllMusic awarded Crystal Planet four stars out five, calling it "an instrumental record with a difference" and Satriani's "finest all-instrumental effort since Surfing With the Alien''". He praised Satriani for "taking more chances than ever" and further developing his technique, saying that it reaches "new, uncharted waters".
Track listing
Personnel
Joe Satriani – guitar, guitar
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perron%E2%80%93Frobenius%20theorem
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In matrix theory, the Perron–Frobenius theorem, proved by and , asserts that a real square matrix with positive entries has a unique eigenvalue of largest magnitude and that eigenvalue is real. The corresponding eigenvector can be chosen to have strictly positive components, and also asserts a similar statement for certain classes of nonnegative matrices. This theorem has important applications to probability theory (ergodicity of Markov chains); to the theory of dynamical systems (subshifts of finite type); to economics (Okishio's theorem, Hawkins–Simon condition);
to demography (Leslie population age distribution model);
to social networks (DeGroot learning process); to Internet search engines (PageRank); and even to ranking of football
teams. The first to discuss the ordering of players within tournaments using Perron–Frobenius eigenvectors is Edmund Landau.
Statement
Let positive and non-negative respectively describe matrices with exclusively positive real numbers as elements and matrices with exclusively non-negative real numbers as elements. The eigenvalues of a real square matrix A are complex numbers that make up the spectrum of the matrix. The exponential growth rate of the matrix powers Ak as k → ∞ is controlled by the eigenvalue of A with the largest absolute value (modulus). The Perron–Frobenius theorem describes the properties of the leading eigenvalue and of the corresponding eigenvectors when A is a non-negative real square matrix. Early results were due
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equation%20of%20state%20%28cosmology%29
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In cosmology, the equation of state of a perfect fluid is characterized by a dimensionless number , equal to the ratio of its pressure to its energy density :
It is closely related to the thermodynamic equation of state and ideal gas law.
The equation
The perfect gas equation of state may be written as
where is the mass density, is the particular gas constant, is the temperature and is a characteristic thermal speed of the molecules. Thus
where is the speed of light, and for a "cold" gas.
FLRW equations and the equation of state
The equation of state may be used in Friedmann–Lemaître–Robertson–Walker (FLRW) equations to describe the evolution of an isotropic universe filled with a perfect fluid. If is the scale factor then
If the fluid is the dominant form of matter in a flat universe, then
where is the proper time.
In general the Friedmann acceleration equation is
where is the cosmological constant and is Newton's constant, and is the second proper time derivative of the scale factor.
If we define (what might be called "effective") energy density and pressure as
and
the acceleration equation may be written as
Non-relativistic particles
The equation of state for ordinary non-relativistic 'matter' (e.g. cold dust) is , which means that its energy density decreases as , where is a volume. In an expanding universe, the total energy of non-relativistic matter remains constant, with its density decreasing as the volume increases.
Ultra-relativistic p
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phantom%20energy
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Phantom energy is a hypothetical form of dark energy satisfying the equation of state with . It possesses negative kinetic energy, and predicts expansion of the universe in excess of that predicted by a cosmological constant, which leads to a Big Rip. The idea of phantom energy is often dismissed, as it would suggest that the vacuum is unstable with negative mass particles bursting into existence. The concept is hence tied to emerging theories of a continuously-created negative mass dark fluid, in which the cosmological constant can vary as a function of time.
Big Rip mechanism
The existence of phantom energy could cause the expansion of the universe to accelerate so quickly that a scenario known as the Big Rip, a possible end to the universe, occurs. The expansion of the universe reaches an infinite degree in finite time, causing expansion to accelerate without bounds. This acceleration necessarily passes the speed of light (since it involves expansion of the universe itself, not particles moving within it), causing more and more objects to leave our observable universe faster than its expansion, as light and information emitted from distant stars and other cosmic sources cannot "catch up" with the expansion. As the observable universe expands, objects will be unable to interact with each other via fundamental forces, and eventually, the expansion will prevent any action of forces between any particles, even within atoms, "ripping apart" the universe, making distances b
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Bromyard
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John Bromyard (d. c. 1352) was an influential English Dominican friar and prolific compiler of preaching aids.
Life
Little is known of his personal life. Two dates can be cited: in 1326, he was granted a licence to hear confessions in the diocese of Hereford, and in 1352, that licence was granted to another Dominican, presumably after Bromyard's death. There is evidence in his works that he had served in the diocese of Llandaff in South Wales, and he shows familiarity with customs and circumstances in France and Italy. But because the Dominicans were an international order with lively internal communication, this cannot be taken as proof that he had travelled abroad. He was evidently trained in canon law, perhaps at Oxford.
He spent most of his career at the newly founded Dominican priory at Hereford. The Dominicans had been fighting for a foothold here for eighty years against the resistance of the Dean and Chapter, before they were finally established under the patronage of Edward II in 1322. Bromyard must therefore have been among the first friars to join the fledgeling priory. In an age when manuscript books were prohibitively expensive, it is likely that he embarked on the task of compiling preaching aids as a means of providing the priory with a library to support its preaching mission. The sheer volume of his work suggests that it may well have been produced by a collaborative process involving the other friars at the Hereford priory, with Bromyard acting as editor
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darboux%27s%20theorem
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In differential geometry, a field in mathematics, Darboux's theorem is a theorem providing a normal form for special classes of differential 1-forms, partially generalizing the Frobenius integration theorem. It is named after Jean Gaston Darboux who established it as the solution of the Pfaff problem.
It is a foundational result in several fields, the chief among them being symplectic geometry. Indeed, one of its many consequences is that any two symplectic manifolds of the same dimension are locally symplectomorphic to one another. That is, every -dimensional symplectic manifold can be made to look locally like the linear symplectic space with its canonical symplectic form.
There is also an analogous consequence of the theorem applied to contact geometry.
Statement
Suppose that is a differential 1-form on an -dimensional manifold, such that has constant rank . Then
if everywhere, then there is a local system of coordinates in which
if everywhere, then there is a local system of coordinates in which
Darboux's original proof used induction on and it can be equivalently presented in terms of distributions or of differential ideals.
Frobenius' theorem
Darboux's theorem for ensures the any 1-form such that can be written as in some coordinate system .
This recovers one of the formulation of Frobenius theorem in terms of differential forms: if is the differential ideal generated by , then implies the existence of a coordinate system where is actually gen
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolic%20typing
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Metabolic typing is a pseudoscience whose proponents believe that each person has a unique metabolism, and that the proportion of macromolecules (proteins, carbohydrates and fats) which are optimal for one person may not be for a second, and could even be detrimental to them.
Metabolic typing uses common visible symptoms related to the skin, eyes, and other parts of the body to assess different aspects of a person's metabolism and categorize them into broad metabolic types. In addition, some proponents of metabolic typing use tests such as hair analysis to determine a person's metabolic type.
A number of somewhat different metabolic typing diet plans are currently marketed, though the validity and effectiveness of metabolic typing have yet to be established.
Background
Metabolic typing was introduced by William Donald Kelley, a dentist, in the 1960s. Kelley advocated basing dietary choices on the activity of one's sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. In 1970, Kelley was convicted of practicing medicine without a license, as he had diagnosed a patient with lung cancer based on a fingerstick blood test and prescribed nutritional therapy. He continued to promote a metabolic typing diet through the 1980s. The practice has been further developed by others including Harold J. Kristal and William Wolcott.
Effectiveness
Some metabolic typing companies use a battery of blood and urine tests performed by reputable laboratories, but interpret the results in an unconv
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matrix%20norm
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In mathematics, a matrix norm is a vector norm in a vector space whose elements (vectors) are matrices (of given dimensions).
Preliminaries
Given a field of either real or complex numbers, let be the -vector space of matrices with rows and columns and entries in the field . A matrix norm is a norm on .
This article will always write such norms with double vertical bars (like so: ). Thus, the matrix norm is a function that must satisfy the following properties:
For all scalars and matrices ,
(positive-valued)
(definite)
(absolutely homogeneous)
(sub-additive or satisfying the triangle inequality)
The only feature distinguishing matrices from rearranged vectors is multiplication. Matrix norms are particularly useful if they are also sub-multiplicative:
Every norm on can be rescaled to be sub-multiplicative; in some books, the terminology matrix norm is reserved for sub-multiplicative norms.
Matrix norms induced by vector norms
Suppose a vector norm on and a vector norm on are given. Any matrix induces a linear operator from to with respect to the standard basis, and one defines the corresponding induced norm or operator norm or subordinate norm on the space of all matrices as follows:
where denotes the supremum. This norm measures how much the mapping induced by can stretch vectors.
Depending on the vector norms , used, notation other than can be used for the operator norm.
Matrix norms induced by vector p-norms
If the p-norm for vectors (
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National%20Human%20Genome%20Research%20Institute
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The National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI) is an institute of the National Institutes of Health, located in Bethesda, Maryland.
NHGRI began as the Office of Human Genome Research in The Office of the Director in 1988. This Office transitioned to the National Center for Human Genome Research (NCHGR), in 1989 to carry out the role of the NIH in the International Human Genome Project (HGP). The HGP was developed in collaboration with the United States Department of Energy (DOE) and began in 1990 to sequence the human genome. In 1993, NCHGR expanded its role on the NIH campus by establishing the Division of Intramural Research (DIR) to apply genome technologies to the study of specific diseases. In 1996, the Center for Inherited Disease Research (CIDR) was also established (co-funded by eight NIH institutes and centers) to study the genetic components of complex disorders.
In 1997 the United States Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) renamed NCHGR the National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI), officially elevating it to the status of research institute – one of 27 institutes and centers that make up the NIH.
The institute announced the successful sequencing of the human genome in April 2003, but there were still gaps remaining until the release of T2T-CHM13 by the Telomere-to-Telomere Consortium.
Organizational structure
NHGRI is organized into seven divisions and the Office of the Director. Four of these divisions support extramural research (the
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RSA%20problem
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In cryptography, the RSA problem summarizes the task of performing an RSA private-key operation given only the public key. The RSA algorithm raises a message to an exponent, modulo a composite number N whose factors are not known. Thus, the task can be neatly described as finding the eth roots of an arbitrary number, modulo N. For large RSA key sizes (in excess of 1024 bits), no efficient method for solving this problem is known; if an efficient method is ever developed, it would threaten the current or eventual security of RSA-based cryptosystems—both for public-key encryption and digital signatures.
More specifically, the RSA problem is to efficiently compute P given an RSA public key (N, e) and a ciphertext C ≡ P e (mod N). The structure of the RSA public key requires that N be a large semiprime (i.e., a product of two large prime numbers), that 2 < e < N, that e be coprime to φ(N), and that 0 ≤ C < N. C is chosen randomly within that range; to specify the problem with complete precision, one must also specify how N and e are generated, which will depend on the precise means of RSA random keypair generation in use.
The most efficient method known to solve the RSA problem is by first factoring the modulus N, a task believed to be impractical if N is sufficiently large (see integer factorization). The RSA key setup routine already turns the public exponent e, with this prime factorization, into the private exponent d, and so exactly the same algorithm allows anyone who f
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solid-state%20nuclear%20track%20detector
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A solid-state nuclear track detector or SSNTD (also known as an etched track detector or a dielectric track detector, DTD) is a sample of a solid material (photographic emulsion, crystal, glass or plastic) exposed to nuclear radiation (neutrons or charged particles, occasionally also gamma rays), etched, and examined microscopically. The tracks of nuclear particles are etched faster than the bulk material, and the size and shape of these tracks yield information about the mass, charge, energy and direction of motion of the particles. The main advantages over other radiation detectors are the detailed information available on individual particles, the persistence of the tracks allowing measurements to be made over long periods of time, and the simple, cheap and robust construction of the detector.
The basis of SSNTDs is that charged particles damage the detector within nanometers along the track in such a way that the track can be etched many times faster than the undamaged material. Etching, typically for several hours, enlarges the damage to conical pits of micrometer dimensions, that can be observed with a microscope. For a given type of particle, the length of the track gives the energy of the particle. The charge can be determined from the etch rate of the track compared to that of the bulk. If the particles enter the surface at normal incidence, the pits are circular; otherwise the ellipticity and orientation of the elliptical pit mouth indicate the direction of inciden
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genotype%20frequency
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Genetic variation in populations can be analyzed and quantified by the frequency of alleles. Two fundamental calculations are central to population genetics: allele frequencies and genotype frequencies. Genotype frequency in a population is the number of individuals with a given genotype divided by the total number of individuals in the population.
In population genetics, the genotype frequency is the frequency or proportion (i.e., 0 < f < 1) of genotypes in a population.
Although allele and genotype frequencies are related, it is important to clearly distinguish them.
Genotype frequency may also be used in the future (for "genomic profiling") to predict someone's having a disease or even a birth defect. It can also be used to determine ethnic diversity.
Genotype frequencies may be represented by a De Finetti diagram.
Numerical example
As an example, consider a population of 100 four-o-'clock plants (Mirabilis jalapa) with the following genotypes:
49 red-flowered plants with the genotype AA
42 pink-flowered plants with genotype Aa
9 white-flowered plants with genotype aa
When calculating an allele frequency for a diploid species, remember that homozygous individuals have two copies of an allele, whereas heterozygotes have only one. In our example, each of the 42 pink-flowered heterozygotes has one copy of the a allele, and each of the 9 white-flowered homozygotes has two copies. Therefore, the allele frequency for a (the white color allele) equals
This r
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanoruler
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A nanoruler is a ruler of tiny proportions, made of a silicon crystal lattice structure. Since it can accurately measure fractions of nanometers, it could help standardize the future nanotechnology industry. Since the characteristics of silicon are well understood, the distance between one crystal lattice line to another is well known. Therefore, counting these lines can reveal a fairly accurate measurement.
The ruler was developed by the National Institute of Standards and Technology, and unveiled in 2005.
Nanoruler also is the name of a machine to produce large (greater than 300 mm x 300 mm) grating patterns with nanometer precision, based on the principle of Scanning Beam Interference Lithography. Instead of the traditional technique to produce gratings through mechanical ruling, this approach rules gratings through the interference of light beams. The Nanoruler was developed in the Space Nanotechnology Laboratory of the Kavli Institute for Astrophysics and Space Research at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
References
Nanotechnology
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MRA
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MRA may refer to:
Medicine and science
Magnetic resonance angiography
Mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist
Monoamine releasing agent
Multiresolution analysis
Organisations
Madison-Ridgeland Academy
Maharashtra Rationalist Association, an organisation in India
Marketing Research Association
Mauritius Revenue Authority
Metal Roofing Alliance
Metropolitan Redevelopment Authority of Western Australia
Microcredit Regulatory Authority
Monland Restoration Army
Moral Re-Armament
Motorcycle Roadracing Association
Mountain Rescue Association
Mugi Rekso Abadi, a media company in Indonesia
Myanmar Restaurant Association
Royal Museum of the Armed Forces and Military History (abbreviated MRA in French), a museum in Belgium
Other
Mail retrieval agent
Market reduction approach
Member's Representational Allowance in the United States House of Representatives
Men's Rights Activist (or men's rights activism)
Minimum reception altitude
Mutant registration acts (comics)
Mutual recognition agreement
Northern Mariana Islands, US territory, ITU country code
See also
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lifeline%20%28ship%29
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Lifeline is a small rescue boat, formerly an inshore fisheries research vessel of the Fisheries Research Services currently seized by Maltese authorities due to disputed ownership, ship classification, home port documentation and flag registration.
The captain, appeared in a Maltese court charged with commanding an improperly registered ship and was released on a 10,000-euro bail.
History
Clupea was commissioned in 1968. Measuring 32 m (100 ft) and drawing 3.5 m (11 ft 6 in), she is a good size for conducting research inside the constricted space of a sea loch. For research in offshore areas and the North Sea, the larger, more modern, was used.
Clupea was replaced by after the latter's launch in 2008. She has been sold to a private company.
Clupea
As Clupea she was equipped with winches, reel drums and an A-frame, allowing her to tow a range of fishing gear. Deck cranes allow the deployment of water sampling equipment and benthic grabs.
She was based at the port of Fraserburgh and operated mainly on the Scottish west coast on behalf of the Scottish Executive.
As a small vessel requiring space for equipment and laboratories, Clupea had only accommodation for four officers, six crew and six scientists.
As Sea-Watch 2
In 2015 Clupea was sold to the German NGO Sea-Watch, who started a civil sea rescue service for refugees and migrants in the Mediterranean. The vessel was renamed Sea-Watch 2 in March 2016 and has been used for search and rescue (SAR) missions.
As Life
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham%20Rees
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Abraham Rees (1743 – 9 June 1825) was a Welsh nonconformist minister, and compiler of Rees's Cyclopædia (in 45 volumes).
Life
He was the second son of Esther, daughter of Abraham Penry, and her husband Lewis Rees, and was born in Llanbrynmair, Montgomeryshire. Lewis Rees (1710-1800) was independent minister at Llanbrynmair (1734–1759) and Mynyddbach, Glamorganshire (1759–1800). Rees was educated for the ministry at Coward's academy in Wellclose Square, near London, under David Jennings, entering in 1759. In 1762 he was appointed assistant tutor in mathematics and natural philosophy; on the move of the academy to Hoxton after Jennings's death in 1762 he became resident tutor, a position which he held till 1785, his colleagues being Andrew Kippis and Samuel Morton Savage; subsequently he was tutor in Hebrew and mathematics in the New College at Hackney (1786–96).
His first ministerial engagement was in the independent congregation at Clapham, where he preached once a fortnight, as assistant to Philip Furneaux. In 1768 he became assistant to Henry Read (1686–1774) in the presbyterian congregation at St Thomas's, Southwark, and succeeded him as pastor in 1774. He moved to the pastorate of the Old Jewry congregation in 1783, and retained this charge till his death, being both morning and afternoon preacher (unusual then, among London presbyterians); he shared also (from 1773) a Sunday-evening lecture at Salters' Hall, and was one of the Tuesday-morning lecturers at Salters' Hal
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph%20L.%20Doob
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Joseph Leo Doob (February 27, 1910 – June 7, 2004) was an American mathematician, specializing in analysis and probability theory.
The theory of martingales was developed by Doob.
Early life and education
Doob was born in Cincinnati, Ohio, February 27, 1910, the son of a Jewish couple, Leo Doob and Mollie Doerfler Doob. The family moved to New York City before he was three years old. The parents felt that he was underachieving in grade school and placed him in the Ethical Culture School, from which he graduated in 1926. He then went on to Harvard where he received a BA in 1930, an MA in 1931, and a PhD (Boundary Values of Analytic Functions, advisor Joseph L. Walsh) in 1932. After postdoctoral research at Columbia and Princeton, he joined the department of mathematics of the University of Illinois in 1935 and served until his retirement in 1978. He was a member of the Urbana campus's Center for Advanced Study from its beginning in 1959. During the Second World War, he worked in Washington, D.C., and Guam as a civilian consultant to the Navy from 1942 to 1945; he was at the Institute for Advanced Study for the academic year 1941–1942 when Oswald Veblen approached him to work on mine warfare for the Navy.
Work
Doob's thesis was on boundary values of analytic functions. He published two papers based on this thesis, which appeared in 1932 and 1933 in the Transactions of the American Mathematical Society. Doob returned to this subject many years later when he proved a probabil
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fana
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{{Historical populations
|footnote = Source: Statistics Norway.
|shading = off
|1980|25050
|1990|27163
|2001|32393
|2013|40087
}}
Fana is a borough of the city of Bergen in Vestland county, Norway. The borough makes up the southeastern part of the municipality of Bergen. The borough was once part of the historic municipality of Fana which was incorporated into Bergen in 1972. The old municipality was much larger than the present-day borough of Fana. It also included all of the present-day boroughs of Ytrebygda and Fyllingsdalen as well as the southern part of the present-day boroughs of Årstad. As of 1 January 2012, Fana had a population of 39,216.
Toponymy
"The name is really [a] farm name, in Old Norse fani, which probably means swampland or myrlende" (or fen), according to the Store norske leksikon.
Geography
Fana is the geographically largest of the city's boroughs, with an area of . Most major industries in Fana are located near the neighborhood of Nesttun (which was the administrative centre of the old Fana municipality). The northeastern part is dominated by residential areas, being home to the majority of the borough's population, while the rest of the borough contains mostly forest, mountains, some farmland, in addition to a few settlements. The mountain Livarden lies along the northeastern boundary of the borough.
Villages and neighborhoods
The villages and neighborhoods in the borough include: Fanahammeren, Nattland, Nesttun, Paradis, No
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Identity%20by%20type
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Alleles have identity by type (IBT) when they have the same phenotypic effect or, if applied to a variation in the composition of DNA such as a single nucleotide polymorphism, when they have the same DNA sequence.
Alleles that are identical by type fall into two groups; those that are identical by descent (IBD) because they arose from the same allele in an earlier generation; and those that are non-identical by descent (NIBD) because they arose from separate mutations. NIBD can also be identical by state (IBS) though, if they share the same mutational expression but not through a recent common ancestor. Parent-offspring pairs share 50% of their genes IBD, and monozygotic twins share 100% IBD.
See also
Population genetics
External links
https://web.archive.org/web/20060309055031/http://darwin.eeb.uconn.edu/eeb348/lecture-notes/identity.pdf
http://zwets.com/pedkin/thompson.pdf
Classical genetics
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Identity%20by%20descent
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A DNA segment is identical by state (IBS) in two or more individuals if they have identical nucleotide sequences in this segment. An IBS segment is identical by descent (IBD) in two or more individuals if they have inherited it from a common ancestor without recombination, that is, the segment has the same ancestral origin in these individuals. DNA segments that are IBD are IBS per definition, but segments that are not IBD can still be IBS due to the same mutations in different individuals or recombinations that do not alter the segment.
Theory
All individuals in a finite population are related if traced back long enough and will, therefore, share segments of their genomes IBD. During meiosis segments of IBD are broken up by recombination. Therefore, the expected length of an IBD segment depends on the number of generations since the most recent common ancestor at the locus of the segment. The length of IBD segments that result from a common ancestor n generations in the past (therefore involving 2n meiosis) is exponentially distributed with mean 1/(2n) Morgans (M). The expected number of IBD segments decreases with the number of generations since the common ancestor at this locus. For a specific DNA segment, the probability of being IBD decreases as 2−2n since in each meiosis the probability of transmitting this segment is 1/2.
Applications
Identified IBD segments can be used for a wide range of purposes. As noted above the amount (length and number) of IBD sharing depen
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fractional-order%20integrator
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A fractional-order integrator or just simply fractional integrator is an integrator device that calculates the fractional-order integral or derivative (usually called a differintegral) of an input. Differentiation or integration is a real or complex parameter. The fractional integrator is useful in fractional-order control where the history of the system under control is important to the control system output.
Overview
The differintegral function,
includes the integer order differentiation and integration functions, and allows a continuous range of functions around them. The differintegral parameters are a, t, and q. The parameters a and t describe the range over which to compute the result. The differintegral parameter q may be any real number or complex number. If q is greater than zero, the differintegral computes a derivative. If q is less than zero, the differintegral computes an integral.
The integer order integration can be computed as a Riemann–Liouville differintegral, where the weight of each element in the sum is the constant unit value 1, which is equivalent to the Riemann sum. To compute an integer order derivative, the weights in the summation would be zero, with the exception of the most recent data points, where (in the case of the first unit derivative) the weight of the data point at t − 1 is −1 and the weight of the data point at t is 1. The sum of the points in the input function using these weights results in the difference of the most recent data poin
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poxviridae
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Poxviridae is a family of double-stranded DNA viruses. Vertebrates and arthropods serve as natural hosts. There are currently 83 species in this family, divided among 22 genera, which are divided into two subfamilies. Diseases associated with this family include smallpox.
Four genera of poxviruses may infect humans: Orthopoxvirus, Parapoxvirus, Yatapoxvirus, Molluscipoxvirus. Orthopoxvirus: smallpox virus (variola), vaccinia virus, cowpox virus, monkeypox virus; Parapoxvirus: orf virus, pseudocowpox, bovine papular stomatitis virus; Yatapoxvirus: tanapox virus, yaba monkey tumor virus; Molluscipoxvirus: molluscum contagiosum virus (MCV). The most common are vaccinia (seen on the Indian subcontinent) and molluscum contagiosum, but monkeypox infections are rising (seen in west and central African rainforest countries). The similarly named disease chickenpox is not a true poxvirus and is caused by the herpesvirus varicella zoster.
Etymology
The name of the family, Poxviridae, is a legacy of the original grouping of viruses associated with diseases that produced poxes on the skin. Modern viral classification is based on phenotypic characteristics; morphology, nucleic acid type, mode of replication, host organisms, and the type of disease they cause. The smallpox virus remains the most notable member of the family.
History
Diseases caused by pox viruses, especially smallpox, have been known about for centuries. One of the earliest suspected cases is that of Egyptian phara
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaplasia
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Metaplasia () is the transformation of one differentiated cell type to another differentiated cell type. The change from one type of cell to another may be part of a normal maturation process, or caused by some sort of abnormal stimulus. In simplistic terms, it is as if the original cells are not robust enough to withstand their environment, so they transform into another cell type better suited to their environment. If the stimulus causing metaplasia is removed or ceases, tissues return to their normal pattern of differentiation. Metaplasia is not synonymous with dysplasia, and is not considered to be an actual cancer. It is also contrasted with heteroplasia, which is the spontaneous abnormal growth of cytologic and histologic elements. Today, metaplastic changes are usually considered to be an early phase of carcinogenesis, specifically for those with a history of cancers or who are known to be susceptible to carcinogenic changes. Metaplastic change is thus often viewed as a premalignant condition that requires immediate intervention, either surgical or medical, lest it lead to cancer via malignant transformation.
Causes
When cells are faced with physiological or pathological stresses, they respond by adapting in any of several ways, one of which is metaplasia. It is a benign (i.e. non-cancerous) change that occurs as a response to change of milieu (physiological metaplasia) or chronic physical or chemical irritation. One example of pathological irritation is cigaret
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quinacridone
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Quinacridone is an organic compound used as a pigment. Numerous derivatives constitute the quinacridone pigment family, which finds extensive use in industrial colorant applications such as robust outdoor paints, inkjet printer ink, tattoo inks, artists' watercolor paints, and color laser printer toner. As pigments, the quinacridones are insoluble. The development of this family of pigments supplanted the alizarin dyes.
Synthesis
The name indicates that the compounds are a fusion of acridone and quinoline, although they are not made that way. Classically the parent is prepared from the 2,5-dianilide of terephthalic acid (C6H2(NHPh)2(CO2H)2). Condensation of succinosuccinate esters with aniline followed by cyclization affords dihydroquinacridone, which are readily dehydrogenated. The latter is oxidized to quinacridone. Derivatives of quinacridone can be readily obtained by employing substituted anilines. Linear cis-Quinacridones can be prepared from isophthalic acid.
Derivatives
Quinacridone-based pigments are used to make high performance paints. Quinacridones were first sold as pigments by Du Pont in 1958. Quinacridones are considered "high performance" pigments because they have exceptional color and weather fastness. Major uses for quinacridones include automobile and industrial coatings. Nanocrystalline dispersions of quinacridone pigments functionalized with solubilizing surfactants are the most common magenta printing ink.
Typically deep red to violet in colo
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar-powered%20watch
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A solar-powered watch or light-powered watch is a watch that is powered entirely or partly by a solar cell.
History
A model produced from 1978 by the Riehl Time Corporation was simply described as running on solar power, but having "silicon power cells" that "absorb energy from natural sunlight, daylight, or an ordinary light bulb".
Some of the early solar watches of the 1970s had innovative and unique designs to accommodate the array of photovoltaic solar cells needed to power them (Synchronar, Nepro, Sicura and some models by Cristalonic, Alba, Rhythm, Seiko and Citizen). In 1996, Citizen started to sell analog light-powered watches under the Eco-Drive name. Since their introduction, photovoltaic devices have greatly improved their efficiency and thereby their capacity. Watchmakers have developed their technology such that solar-powered watches had by 2009 become a major part of their range. Several other watch manufacturers also use solar technology, such as Orient. Junghans, Casio, and Seiko.
Inexpensive solar-powered watches were first sold in the 1980s and were popular amongst children, often featuring famous fictional characters such as Transformers or G.I. Joe.
Technological details
Typically, sunlight and artificial light are absorbed by a solar panel behind the crystal. The dial is either on a layer above or actually on the solar panel. This solar panel converts the light into electrical energy to power the watch. The watch will usually store energy in a rech
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SAX%20J1808.4%E2%88%923658
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A transient X-ray source first discovered in 1996 by the Italian-Dutch BeppoSAX satellite, SAX J1808.4−3658 revealed X-ray pulsations at the 401 Hz neutron star spin frequency when it was observed during a subsequent outburst in 1998 by NASA's RXTE satellite. The neutron star is orbited by a brown dwarf binary companion with a likely mass of 0.05 solar masses, every 2.01 hours. X-ray burst oscillations and quasi-periodic oscillations in addition to coherent X-ray pulsations have been seen from SAX J1808.4-3658, making it a Rosetta stone for interpretation of the timing behavior of low-mass X-ray binaries.
These accreting millisecond X-ray pulsars are thought to be the evolutionary progenitors of recycled radio millisecond pulsars. A total of thirteen accreting millisecond X-ray pulsars have been discovered as of January 2011. Three of them are Intermittent millisecond X-ray pulsars (HETE J1900.1-2455, Aql X-1 and SAX J1748.9-2021), i.e. they emit pulsations sporadically during the outburst.
On 21 August 2019 (UTC; 20 August in the US), Neutron Star Interior Composition Explorer (NICER) spotted the brightest X-ray burst so far observed. It came from SAX J1808.4−3658.
References
Accreting millisecond pulsars
Sagittarius (constellation)
Sagittarii, V4580
?
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coahuiltecan%20languages
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Coahuiltecan was a proposed language family in John Wesley Powell's 1891 classification of Native American languages. Most linguists now reject the view that the Coahuiltecan peoples of southern Texas and adjacent Mexico spoke a single or related languages. Coahuiltecan continues to be a convenient collective term for the languages and people of this region.
Language relationships
Similarities among the cultures among the indigenous people and the physical setting of south Texas led linguists to believe that the languages of the region were also similar. The Coahuiltecan language family was proposed to include all the languages of the region, including Karankawa and Tonkawa. Linguistic connections were proposed with Hokan, a language family of several Native American peoples living in California, Arizona, and Baja California.
Most modern linguists, by contrast, see the Coahuiltecan region as one of linguistic diversity. A few words are known from seven different languages: Comecrudo, Cotoname, Aranama, Solano, Mamulique, Garza, and Coahuilteco or Pakawa. Coahuilteco or Pakawa seems to have been a lingua franca of Texas Coahuiltecans living at or near the Catholic Missions established at San Antonio in the 18th century. Almost certainly, many more languages were spoken, but numerous Coahuiltecan bands and ethnic groups became extinct between the 16th and 19th century and their languages were unrecorded. In 1886, ethnologist Albert Gatschet found perhaps the last su
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index%20calculus%20algorithm
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In computational number theory, the index calculus algorithm is a probabilistic algorithm for computing discrete logarithms.
Dedicated to the discrete logarithm in where is a prime, index calculus leads to a family of algorithms adapted to finite fields and to some families of elliptic curves. The algorithm collects relations among the discrete logarithms of small primes, computes them by a linear algebra procedure and finally expresses the desired discrete logarithm with respect to the discrete logarithms of small primes.
Description
Roughly speaking, the discrete log problem asks us to find an x such that , where g, h, and the modulus n are given.
The algorithm (described in detail below) applies to the group where q is prime. It requires a factor base as input. This factor base is usually chosen to be the number −1 and the first r primes starting with 2. From the point of view of efficiency, we want this factor base to be small, but in order to solve the discrete log for a large group we require the factor base to be (relatively) large. In practical implementations of the algorithm, those conflicting objectives are compromised one way or another.
The algorithm is performed in three stages. The first two stages depend only on the generator g and prime modulus q, and find the discrete logarithms of a factor base of r small primes. The third stage finds the discrete log of the desired number h in terms of the discrete logs of the factor base.
The first stage consi
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear%20complex%20structure
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In mathematics, a complex structure on a real vector space V is an automorphism of V that squares to the minus identity, −I. Such a structure on V allows one to define multiplication by complex scalars in a canonical fashion so as to regard V as a complex vector space.
Every complex vector space can be equipped with a compatible complex structure, however, there is in general no canonical such structure. Complex structures have applications in representation theory as well as in complex geometry where they play an essential role in the definition of almost complex manifolds, by contrast to complex manifolds. The term "complex structure" often refers to this structure on manifolds; when it refers instead to a structure on vector spaces, it may be called a linear complex structure.
Definition and properties
A complex structure on a real vector space V is a real linear transformation
such that
Here means composed with itself and is the identity map on . That is, the effect of applying twice is the same as multiplication by . This is reminiscent of multiplication by the imaginary unit, . A complex structure allows one to endow with the structure of a complex vector space. Complex scalar multiplication can be defined by
for all real numbers and all vectors in . One can check that this does, in fact, give the structure of a complex vector space which we denote .
Going in the other direction, if one starts with a complex vector space then one can define a complex st
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9-Louis%20Baire
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René-Louis Baire (; 21 January 1874 – 5 July 1932) was a French mathematician most famous for his Baire category theorem, which helped to generalize and prove future theorems. His theory was published originally in his dissertation Sur les fonctions de variables réelles ("On the Functions of Real Variables") in 1899.
Education and career
The son of a tailor, Baire was one of three children from a poor working-class family in Paris. He started his studies when he entered the Lycée Lakanal through the use of a scholarship. In 1890, Baire completed his advanced classes and entered the special mathematics section of the Lycée Henri IV. While there, he prepared for and passed the entrance examination for the École Normale Supérieure and the École Polytechnique. He decided to attend the École Normale Supérieure in 1891. After receiving his three-year degree, Baire proceeded toward his agrégation. He did better than all the other students on the writing portion of the test but he did not pass the oral examination due to a lack of explanation and clarity in his lesson. After retaking the agrégation and passing, he was assigned to teach at the secondary school (lycée) in Bar-le-Duc. While there, Baire researched the concept of limits and discontinuity for his doctorate. He presented his thesis on March 24, 1899 and was awarded his doctorate. He continued to teach in secondary schools around France but was not happy teaching lower level mathematics. In 1901 Baire was appointed to the
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerocalexico
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Aerocalexico is a 2001 Calexico album that was only available on their 2001 tour or on their website.
Track listing
"All the Pretty Horses"
"Blacktop"
"'64 Ford Fairlane"
"Transistorites"
"Clothes of Sand" (by Nick Drake)
"Train of Thought"
"Redwood"
"Gift X-Change"
"TV Room"
"Inch by Inch"
"Reverse Ranch"
"Crooked Road and the Briar"
"Impromptu for Piano and Contrabass"
"6 White Horses"
"Sequoia"
"Crawlspace"
"Humano (instrumental)"
"At the Table He Sat Alone with a Glass and Bottle of Wine"
"AZ Room"
"Bees and the Flies"
"Crystal Frontier (original version)"
"Hush A-Bye"
"Singing Wind Ranch"
Calexico (band) albums
2001 albums
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pancreatic%20enzymes%20%28medication%29
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Pancreatic enzymes, also known as pancreases or pancrelipase and pancreatin, are commercial mixtures of amylase, lipase, and protease. They are used to treat malabsorption syndrome due to certain pancreatic problems. These pancreatic problems may be due to cystic fibrosis, surgical removal of the pancreas, long term pancreatitis, pancreatic cancer, or MODY 5, among others. The preparation is taken by mouth.
Common side effects include vomiting, abdominal pain, constipation, and diarrhea. Other side effects include perianal irritation and high blood uric acid. The enzymes are from pigs. Use is believed to be safe during pregnancy. The components are digestive enzymes similar to those normally produced by the human pancreas. They help the person digest fats, starches, and proteins.
Pancreatic enzymes have been used as medications since at least the 1800s. They are on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. In 2020, it was the 262nd most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 1million prescriptions.
Medical uses
Pancrelipases are generally a first line approach in treatment of exocrine pancreatic insufficiency and other digestive disorders, accompanying cystic fibrosis, complicating surgical pancreatectomy, or resulting from chronic pancreatitis. The formulations are generally hard capsules filled with gastro-resistant granules. Pancrelipases and pancreatins are similar, except pancrelipases has an increased lipase component.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zymase
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Zymase is an enzyme complex that catalyzes the fermentation of sugar into ethanol and carbon dioxide. It occurs naturally in yeasts. Zymase activity varies among yeast strains.
Zymase is also the brand name of the drug pancrelipase.
Cell-free fermentation experiment
Zymase was first isolated from the yeast cell in 1897 by a German chemist named Eduard Buchner who fermented sugar in the laboratory without living cells, leading to 1907 Nobel Prize in Chemistry.
The experiment for which Buchner won the Nobel Prize consisted of producing a cell-free extract of yeast cells and showing that this "press juice" could ferment sugar. This dealt yet another blow to vitalism by showing that the presence of living yeast cells was not needed for fermentation. The cell-free extract was produced by combining dry yeast cells, quartz and Diatomaceous earth and then pulverizing the yeast cells with a mortar and pestle. This mixture would then become moist as the yeast cells' contents would come out of the cells. Once this step was done, the moist mixture would be put through a press and when this resulting "press juice" had glucose, fructose, or maltose added, carbon dioxide was seen to evolve, sometimes for days. Microscopic investigation revealed no living yeast cells in the extract.
Buchner hypothesized that yeast cells secrete proteins into their environment in order to ferment sugars. It was later shown that fermentation occurs inside the yeast cells.
British chemist Sir Arthur Harde
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas%20Medication%20Algorithm%20Project
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The Texas Medication Algorithm Project (TMAP) is a decision-tree medical algorithm, the design of which was based on the expert opinions of mental health specialists. It has provided and rolled out a set of psychiatric management guidelines for doctors treating certain mental disorders within Texas' publicly funded mental health care system, along with manuals relating to each of them. The algorithms commence after diagnosis and cover pharmacological treatment (hence "Medication Algorithm").
History
TMAP was initiated in the fall of 1997 and the initial research covered around 500 patients.
TMAP arose from a collaboration that began in 1995 between the Texas Department of Mental Health and Mental Retardation (TDMHMR), pharmaceutical companies, and the University of Texas Southwestern. The research was supported by the National Institute of Mental Health, the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, the Meadows Foundation, the Lightner-Sams Foundation, the Nanny Hogan Boyd Charitable Trust, TDMHMR, the Center for Mental Health Services, the Department of Veterans Affairs, the Health Services Research and Development Research Career Scientist Award, the United States Pharmacopoeia Convention Inc. and Mental Health Connections.
Numerous companies that invent and develop antipsychotic medications provided use of their medications and furnished funding for the project. Companies did not participate in the production of the guidelines.
In 2004 TMAP was mentioned as an example of a suc
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lufkin%20Industries
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Lufkin Industries is an American manufacturing company founded in 1902 and headquartered in Missouri City, Texas. Lufkin is a provider of rod lift products, automated control and optimization equipment and software for rod lift equipment to the oil and gas industry. It was an independent company until being acquired by GE Oil & Gas in July 2013, which later merged with Baker Hughes to create Baker Hughes, a GE Company (BHGE). On June 30, 2020, KPS Capital Partners, LP completed its previously announced acquisition of Lufkin from Baker Hughes.
History
In 1902, The Lufkin Foundry and Machine Company was founded in Lufkin, Texas in 1902 to operate a machine shop to repair sawmill machinery. The company soon began manufacturing sawmill equipment and repairing locomotives. As the lumber industry declined in East Texas, the company expanded into the manufacture of oil drilling and refinery equipment. In the 1930s the company established an iron foundry and began manufacturing truck trailers and gears for industrial equipment. During World War II, the company specialized in manufacturing gears for use in military vehicles. After the war, sales of oil equipment slowed, but sales of trailers and industrial gears did better. The company had conflicts with organized labor in the 1950s and much of the 1960s. In 1970 the company's name was changed to Lufkin Industries, and three divisions were established: Machinery, Trailer, and Automotive/Industrial Supplies. The company prospered in
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATP-binding%20cassette%20transporter
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The ATP-binding cassette transporters (ABC transporters) are a transport system superfamily that is one of the largest and possibly one of the oldest gene families. It is represented in all extant phyla, from prokaryotes to humans. ABC transporters belong to translocases.
ABC transporters often consist of multiple subunits, one or two of which are transmembrane proteins and one or two of which are membrane-associated AAA ATPases. The ATPase subunits utilize the energy of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) binding and hydrolysis to provide the energy needed for the translocation of substrates across membranes, either for uptake or for export of the substrate.
Most of the uptake systems also have an extracytoplasmic receptor, a solute binding protein. Some homologous ATPases function in non-transport-related processes such as translation of RNA and DNA repair. ABC transporters are considered to be an ABC superfamily based on the similarities of the sequence and organization of their ATP-binding cassette (ABC) domains, even though the integral membrane proteins appear to have evolved independently several times, and thus comprise different protein families. Like the ABC exporters, it is possible that the integral membrane proteins of ABC uptake systems also evolved at least three times independently, based on their high resolution three-dimensional structures. ABC uptake porters take up a large variety of nutrients, biosynthetic precursors, trace metals and vitamins, while exporters
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical%20algorithm
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A medical algorithm is any computation, formula, statistical survey, nomogram, or look-up table, useful in healthcare. Medical algorithms include decision tree approaches to healthcare treatment (e.g., if symptoms A, B, and C are evident, then use treatment X) and also less clear-cut tools aimed at reducing or defining uncertainty. A medical prescription is also a type of medical algorithm.
Scope
Medical algorithms are part of a broader field which is usually fit under the aims of medical informatics and medical decision-making. Medical decisions occur in several areas of medical activity including medical test selection, diagnosis, therapy and prognosis, and automatic control of medical equipment.
In relation to logic-based and artificial neural network-based clinical decision support systems, which are also computer applications used in the medical decision-making field, algorithms are less complex in architecture, data structure and user interface. Medical algorithms are not necessarily implemented using digital computers. In fact, many of them can be represented on paper, in the form of diagrams, nomographs, etc.
Examples
A wealth of medical information exists in the form of published medical algorithms. These algorithms range from simple calculations to complex outcome predictions. Most clinicians use only a small subset routinely.
Examples of medical algorithms are:
Calculators, e.g. an on-line or stand-alone calculator for body mass index (BMI) when stature and
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langerhans%20cell
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A Langerhans cell (LC) is a tissue-resident macrophage of the skin once thought to be a resident dendritic cell. These cells contain organelles called Birbeck granules. They are present in all layers of the epidermis and are most prominent in the stratum spinosum. They also occur in the papillary dermis, particularly around blood vessels, as well as in the mucosa of the mouth, foreskin, and vaginal epithelium. They can be found in other tissues, such as lymph nodes, particularly in association with the condition Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH).
Function
In skin infections, the local Langerhans cells take up and process microbial antigens to become fully functional antigen-presenting cells.
Generally, tissue-resident macrophages are involved in immune homeostasis and the uptake of apoptotic bodies. However, Langerhans cells can also take on a dendritic cell-like phenotype and migrate to lymph nodes to interact with naive T-cells.
Langerhans cells derive from primitive erythro-myeloid progenitors that arise in the yolk sac outside the embryo in the first trimester of pregnancy, and under normal circumstances persist throughout life, being replenished by local proliferation as necessary. If the skin becomes severely inflamed, perhaps because of infection, blood monocytes are recruited to the affected region and differentiate into replacement LCs.
Langerin is a protein found in Langerhans cells, and dendritic cells.
LCs contain a large amount of cannabinoid receptor type
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NAIC
|
NAIC may refer to:
The National Astronomy and Ionosphere Center
The North American Industry Classification System
The National Association of Insurance Commissioners
The National Air Intelligence Center, the former name of National Air and Space Intelligence Center, a USAF intelligence unit
The National Automotive Innovation Centre
Places
Naic, Cavite, Philippines
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P-glycoprotein
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P-glycoprotein 1 (permeability glycoprotein, abbreviated as P-gp or Pgp) also known as multidrug resistance protein 1 (MDR1) or ATP-binding cassette sub-family B member 1 (ABCB1) or cluster of differentiation 243 (CD243) is an important protein of the cell membrane that pumps many foreign substances out of cells. More formally, it is an ATP-dependent efflux pump with broad substrate specificity. It exists in animals, fungi, and bacteria, and it likely evolved as a defense mechanism against harmful substances.
P-gp is extensively distributed and expressed in the intestinal epithelium where it pumps xenobiotics (such as toxins or drugs) back into the intestinal lumen, in liver cells where it pumps them into bile ducts, in the cells of the proximal tubule of the kidney where it pumps them into urinary filtrate (in the proximal tubule), and in the capillary endothelial cells composing the blood–brain barrier and blood–testis barrier, where it pumps them back into the capillaries.
P-gp is a glycoprotein that in humans is encoded by the ABCB1 gene. P-gp is a well-characterized ABC-transporter (which transports a wide variety of substrates across extra- and intracellular membranes) of the MDR/TAP subfamily. The normal excretion of xenobiotics back into the gut lumen by P-gp pharmacokinetically reduces the efficacy of some pharmaceutical drugs (which are said to be P-gp substrates). In addition, some cancer cells also express large amounts of P-gp, further amplifying that effect an
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abderhalden%20reaction
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The Abderhalden reaction was a blood test for pregnancy developed by Emil Abderhalden.
In 1909 Abderhalden found that on identification of a foreign protein in the blood, the body reacts with a "defensive fermentation" (in modern terms, a protease reaction) that causes disintegration of the protein. He developed the test in 1912. This test became a subject of contention soon after its development, and a significant body of work was published both in support of and refuting the test's reliability. One such publication concluded "...the individual variations of both pregnant and non-pregnant sera make the results from both overlap so completely as to render the reaction, even with quantitative technique, absolutely indecisive for either positive or negative diagnosis of pregnancy." (Van Slyke et al. 1915). The test's overall unreliability led to its being superseded in 1928 by the Aschheim-Zondek test. Due to Abderhalden's high reputation, it was not internationally acknowledged until long after his death that the underlying theory of "defensive enzymes" (Abwehrfermente) was entirely fraudulent (Deichmann & Müller-Hill 1998).
References
Deichmann, U. & Müller-Hill, B. (1998): The fraud of Abderhalden's enzymes. Nature 393:109-111. HTML abstract
Firkin, B. G. & Whitworth, J. A. (1987): Dictionary of Medical Eponyms. Parthenon Publishing.
Van Slyke, Donald D.; Vinograd-Villchur, Mariam; and Losee, J.R. (1915): The Abderhalden Reaction. Journal of Biological Chemistry 23(
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fimbrin
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Fimbrin also known as is plastin 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PLS1 gene. Fimbrin is an actin cross-linking protein important in the formation of filopodia.
Structure
Fimbrin belongs to the calponin homology (CH) domain superfamily of actin cross-linking proteins. Like other members of this superfamily, which include α-actinin, β-spectrin, dystrophin, ABP-120 and filamin, it has a conserved 27 kDa actin-binding domain that contains a tandem duplication of a sequence that is homologous to calponin. In addition to cross-linking actin filaments into bundles and networks, CH domains also bind intermediate filaments and some signal transduction proteins to the actin cytoskeleton. Structural comparison of actin filaments and fimbrin CH domain-decorated actin filaments has revealed changes in the actin structure due to fimbrin-mediated cross-linking that may affect the actin filaments' affinity for other actin-binding proteins and may be part of the regulation of the cytoskeleton itself.
In humans, three highly homologous, strictly tissue and locale specific isoforms have been identified: I-, T- and L-fimbrin. L-fimbrin is found in only normal or transformed leukocytes where it becomes phosphorylated in response to other factors such as interleukin-1. I-fimbrin is expressed by intestine and kidney epithelial cells. T-fimbrin is found in epithelial and mesenchymal cells derived from solid tissue where it does not become phosphorylated. Differences in expression,
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brianchon%27s%20theorem
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In geometry, Brianchon's theorem is a theorem stating that when a hexagon is circumscribed around a conic section, its principal diagonals (those connecting opposite vertices) meet in a single point. It is named after Charles Julien Brianchon (1783–1864).
Formal statement
Let be a hexagon formed by six tangent lines of a conic section. Then lines (extended diagonals each connecting opposite vertices) intersect at a single point , the Brianchon point.
Connection to Pascal's theorem
The polar reciprocal and projective dual of this theorem give Pascal's theorem.
Degenerations
As for Pascal's theorem there exist degenerations for Brianchon's theorem, too: Let coincide two neighbored tangents. Their point of intersection becomes a point of the conic. In the diagram three pairs of neighbored tangents coincide. This procedure results in a statement on inellipses of triangles. From a projective point of view the two triangles and lie perspectively with center . That means there exists a central collineation, which maps the one onto the other triangle. But only in special cases this collineation is an affine scaling. For example for a Steiner inellipse, where the Brianchon point is the centroid.
In the affine plane
Brianchon's theorem is true in both the affine plane and the real projective plane. However, its statement in the affine plane is in a sense less informative and more complicated than that in the projective plane. Consider, for example, five tangent lines to a p
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phanerite
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A phanerite is an igneous rock whose microstructure is made up of crystals large enough to be distinguished with the unaided human eye. In contrast, the crystals in an aphanitic rock are too fine-grained to be identifiable. Phaneritic texture forms when magma deep underground in the plutonic environment cools slowly, giving the crystals time to grow.
Phanerites are often described as coarse-grained or macroscopically crystalline.
References
Phaneritic rocks
Petrology
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Factor%20X
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Factor X, also known by the eponym Stuart–Prower factor, is an enzyme () of the coagulation cascade. It is a serine endopeptidase (protease group S1, PA clan). Factor X is synthesized in the liver and requires vitamin K for its synthesis.
Factor X is activated, by hydrolysis, into factor Xa by both factor IX (with its cofactor, factor VIII in a complex known as intrinsic tenase) and factor VII with its cofactor, tissue factor (a complex known as extrinsic tenase). It is therefore the first member of the final common pathway or thrombin pathway.
It acts by cleaving prothrombin in two places (an arg-thr and then an arg-ile bond), which yields the active thrombin. This process is optimized when factor Xa is complexed with activated co-factor V in the prothrombinase complex.
Factor Xa is inactivated by protein Z-dependent protease inhibitor (ZPI), a serine protease inhibitor (serpin). The affinity of this protein for factor Xa is increased 1000-fold by the presence of protein Z, while it does not require protein Z for inactivation of factor XI. Defects in protein Z lead to increased factor Xa activity and a propensity for thrombosis.
The half life of factor X is 40–45 hours.
Structure
The first crystal structure of human factor Xa was deposited in May 1993. To date, 191 crystal structures of factor Xa with various inhibitors have been deposited in the protein data bank. The active site of factor Xa is divided into four subpockets as S1, S2, S3 and S4. The S1 subpocket dete
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tipu%27s%20Tiger
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Tipu's Tiger or Tippu's Tiger is an 18th-century automaton or mechanical toy created for Tipu Sultan, the ruler of the Kingdom of Mysore (present day Bengaluru) in India. The carved and painted wood casing represents a tiger
mauling a near life-size European man. Mechanisms inside the tiger and the man's body make one hand of the man move, emit a wailing sound from his mouth and grunts from the tiger. In addition a flap on the side of the tiger folds down to reveal the keyboard of a small pipe organ with 18 notes.
As a gift for Tipu the automaton makes use of his personal emblem of the tiger and expresses his hatred of his enemy, the British of the East India Company. The tiger was taken from his summer palace when East India Company troops stormed Tipu's capital in 1799. The Governor General, Lord Mornington, sent the tiger to Britain initially intending it to be an exhibit in the Tower of London. First exhibited to the London public in 1808 in East India House, then the offices of the East India Company in London, it was later transferred to the Victoria and Albert Museum (V&A) in 1880 (accession number 2545(IS)). It now forms part of the permanent exhibit on the "Imperial courts of South India". From the moment it arrived in London to the present day, Tipu's Tiger has been a popular attraction to the public.
Background
Tipu's Tiger was originally made for Tipu Sultan (also referred to as Tippoo Sahib, Tippoo Sultan and other epithets in nineteenth-century literature) i
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwinger
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Schwinger can refer to:
Gene Schwinger (1932–2020), American basketball player
Julian Schwinger (1918–1994), a physicist
the Schwinger model, which he created
a song by the German band Seeed, from their album Next!
a participant in schwingen wrestling
See also
Swinger (disambiguation)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphatidic%20acid
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Phosphatidic acids are anionic phospholipids important to cell signaling and direct activation of lipid-gated ion channels. Hydrolysis of phosphatidic acid gives rise to one molecule each of glycerol and phosphoric acid and two molecules of fatty acids. They constitute about 0.25% of phospholipids in the bilayer.
Structure
Phosphatidic acid consists of a glycerol backbone, with, in general, a saturated fatty acid bonded to carbon-1, an unsaturated fatty acid bonded to carbon-2, and a phosphate group bonded to carbon-3.
Formation and degradation
Besides de novo synthesis, PA can be formed in three ways:
By phospholipase D (PLD), via the hydrolysis of the P-O bond of phosphatidylcholine (PC) to produce PA and choline.
By the phosphorylation of diacylglycerol (DAG) by DAG kinase (DAGK).
By the acylation of lysophosphatidic acid by lysoPA-acyltransferase (LPAAT); this is the most common pathway.
The glycerol 3-phosphate pathway for de novo synthesis of PA is shown here:
In addition, PA can be converted into DAG by lipid phosphate phosphohydrolases (LPPs) or into lyso-PA by phospholipase A (PLA).
Roles in the cell
The role of PA in the cell can be divided into three categories:
PA is the precursor for the biosynthesis of many other lipids.
The physical properties of PA influence membrane curvature.
PA acts as a signaling lipid, recruiting cytosolic proteins to appropriate membranes (e.g., sphingosine kinase 1).
PA plays very important role in phototransduction in Droso
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positive%20and%20negative%20predictive%20values
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The positive and negative predictive values (PPV and NPV respectively) are the proportions of positive and negative results in statistics and diagnostic tests that are true positive and true negative results, respectively. The PPV and NPV describe the performance of a diagnostic test or other statistical measure. A high result can be interpreted as indicating the accuracy of such a statistic. The PPV and NPV are not intrinsic to the test (as true positive rate and true negative rate are); they depend also on the prevalence. Both PPV and NPV can be derived using Bayes' theorem.
Although sometimes used synonymously, a positive predictive value generally refers to what is established by control groups, while a post-test probability refers to a probability for an individual. Still, if the individual's pre-test probability of the target condition is the same as the prevalence in the control group used to establish the positive predictive value, the two are numerically equal.
In information retrieval, the PPV statistic is often called the precision.
Definition
Positive predictive value (PPV)
The positive predictive value (PPV), or precision, is defined as
where a "true positive" is the event that the test makes a positive prediction, and the subject has a positive result under the gold standard, and a "false positive" is the event that the test makes a positive prediction, and the subject has a negative result under the gold standard. The ideal value of the PPV, with a perfec
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictator%20game
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The dictator game is a popular experimental instrument in social psychology and economics, a derivative of the ultimatum game. The term "game" is a misnomer because it captures a decision by a single player: to send money to another or not. Thus, the dictator has the most power and holds the preferred position in this “game.” Although the “dictator” has the most power and presents a take it or leave it offer, the game has mixed results based on different behavioral attributes. The results – where most "dictators" choose to send money – evidence the role of fairness and norms in economic behavior, and undermine the assumption of narrow self-interest when given the opportunity to maximise one's own profits.
Description
The dictator game is a derivative of the ultimatum game, in which one player (the proposer) provides a one-time offer to the other (the responder). The responder can choose to either accept or reject the proposer's bid, but rejecting the bid would result in both players receiving a payoff of 0. In the dictator game, the first player, "the dictator", determines how to split an endowment (such as a cash prize) between themselves and the second player (the recipient). The dictator's action space is complete and therefore is at their own will to determine the endowment, which ranges from giving nothing to giving all the endowment. The recipient has no influence over the outcome of the game, which means the recipient plays a passive role.
While the ultimatum game is
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long-chain%203-hydroxyacyl-coenzyme%20A%20dehydrogenase%20deficiency
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Long-chain 3-hydroxyacyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase deficiency is a rare autosomal recessive fatty acid oxidation disorder that prevents the body from converting certain fats into energy. This can become life-threatening, particularly during periods of fasting.
Symptoms and signs
Typically, initial signs and symptoms of this disorder occur during infancy or early childhood and can include feeding difficulties, lethargy, hypoglycemia, hypotonia, liver problems, and abnormalities in the retina. Muscle pain, a breakdown of muscle tissue, and abnormalities in the nervous system that affect arms and legs (peripheral neuropathy) may occur later in childhood. There is also a risk for complications such as life-threatening heart and breathing problems, coma, and sudden unexpected death. Episodes of LCHAD deficiency can be triggered by periods of fasting or by illnesses such as viral infections.
Genetics
Mutations in the HADHA gene lead to inadequate levels of an enzyme called long-chain 3-hydroxyacyl-coenzyme A (CoA) dehydrogenase, which is part of a protein complex known as mitochondrial trifunctional protein. Long-chain fatty acids from food and body fat cannot be metabolized and processed without sufficient levels of this enzyme. As a result, these fatty acids are not converted to energy, which can lead to characteristic features of this disorder, such as lethargy and hypoglycemia. Long-chain fatty acids or partially metabolized fatty acids may build up in tissues and damage the
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jikes
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Jikes is an open-source Java compiler written in C++. It is no longer being updated.
The original version was developed by David L. "Dave" Shields and Philippe Charles at IBM but was quickly transformed into an open-source project contributed to by an active community of developers. Initially hosted by IBM, the project was later transferred to SourceForge. Among its accomplishments, it was much faster in compiling small projects than Sun's own compiler, and provided more helpful warnings and errors.
Project status
the project is no longer being actively developed. The last 1.22 version was released in October 2004 and partially supports Java 5.0 (with respect to new classes, but not new language features). As no further versions were released since, Java SE 6 is not supported.
While the free software community needed free Java implementations, the GNU Compiler for Java became the most commonly used compiler.
See also
Jikes RVM
References
External links
Jikes Archives, hosted by David Shields on WordPress.com
Discontinued development tools
Free compilers and interpreters
Java compilers
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles%20Yanofsky
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Charles Yanofsky (April 17, 1925 – March 16, 2018) was an American geneticist on the faculty of Stanford University who contributed to the establishment of the one gene-one enzyme hypothesis and discovered attenuation, a riboswitch mechanism in which messenger RNA changes shape in response to a small molecule and thus alters its binding ability for the regulatory region of a gene or operon.
Education and early life
Charles Yanofsky was born on April 17, 1925, in New York. He was one of the earliest graduates of the Bronx High School of Science, then studied at the City College of New York and completed his degree in biochemistry in spite of having had his education interrupted by military service in World War II including participation in the Battle of the Bulge. In 1948, having returned and completed college, he took up graduate work towards his master's degree and PhD, both granted by Yale University. He pursued postdoctoral work at Yale for a time, completing work started during his PhD training.
Career and research
Yanofsky joined the Case Western Reserve Medical School faculty in 1954. He moved to the faculty at Stanford University as an Associate Professor in 1958. In 1964, Yanofsky and colleagues established that gene sequences and protein sequences are colinear in bacteria. Yanofsky showed that changes in DNA sequence can produce changes in protein sequence at corresponding positions. His work is considered the best evidence in favor of the one gene-one enzyme
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Factor%20V
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Factor V (pronounced factor five) is a protein of the coagulation system, rarely referred to as proaccelerin or labile factor. In contrast to most other coagulation factors, it is not enzymatically active but functions as a cofactor. Deficiency leads to predisposition for hemorrhage, while some mutations (most notably factor V Leiden) predispose for thrombosis.
Genetics
The gene for factor V is located on the first chromosome (1q24). It is genomically related to the family of multicopper oxidases, and is homologous to coagulation factor VIII. The gene spans 70 kb, consists of 25 exons, and the resulting protein has a relative molecular mass of approximately 330kDa.
Structure
Factor V protein consists of six domains: A1-A2-B-A3-C1-C2.
The A domains are homologous to the A domains of the copper-binding protein ceruloplasmin, and form a triangular as in that protein. A copper ion is bound in the A1-A3 interface, and A3 interacts with the plasma.
The C domains belong to the phospholipid-binding discoidin domain family (unrelated to C2 domain), and the C2 domain mediates membrane binding. The B domain C-terminus acts as a cofactor for the anticoagulant protein C activation by protein S.
Activation of factor V to factor Va is done by cleavage and release of the B domain, after which the protein no longer assists in activating protein C. The protein is now divided to a heavy chain, consisting of the A1-A2 domains, and a light chain, consisting of the A3-C1-C2 domains. Both for
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caco
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Caco or CACO may refer to:
Central Asian Cooperation Organization
Cacos (military group), groups of Haitian armed individuals in the 19th and 20th century
Caco-2 cell line
Casualty Assistance Calls Officer, in Casualty notification
Qaqun, a Palestinian Arab village depopulated in 1948
Caco, a common nickname for the Portuguese given name Carlos
Caco is the nickname of Mušan Topalović, Bosnian war commander
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Other%20Backward%20Class
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The Other Backward Class (OBC) is a collective term used by the Government of India to classify castes which are educationally or socially backward. It is one of several official classifications of the population of India, along with general castes, Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes (SCs and STs). The OBCs were found to comprise 52% of the country's population by the Mandal Commission report of 1980, and were determined to be 41% in 2006 when the National Sample Survey Organisation took place. There is substantial debate over the exact number of OBCs in India; it is generally estimated to be sizable, but many believe that it is higher than the figures quoted by either the Mandal Commission or the National Sample Survey.
In the Indian Constitution, OBCs are described as socially and educationally backward classes (SEBC), and the Government of India is enjoined to ensure their social and educational development — for example, the OBCs are entitled to 27% reservations in public sector employment and higher education. The list of OBCs maintained by the Indian Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment is dynamic, with castes and communities being added or removed depending on social, educational and economic factors. In a reply to a question in Lok Sabha, Union Minister Jitendra Singh informed that as in January 2016, the percentage of OBCs in central government services is 21.57% and has shown an increasing trend since September 1993. Likewise, in 2015, at educational inst
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Factor%20XI
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Factor XI or plasma thromboplastin antecedent is the zymogen form of factor XIa, one of the enzymes of the coagulation cascade. Like many other coagulation factors, it is a serine protease. In humans, Factor XI is encoded by the F11 gene.
Function
Factor XI (FXI) is produced by the liver and circulates as a homo-dimer in its inactive form. The plasma half-life of FXI is approximately 52 hours. The zymogen factor is activated into factor XIa by factor XIIa (FXIIa), thrombin, and FXIa itself; due to its activation by FXIIa, FXI is a member of the "contact pathway" (which includes HMWK, prekallikrein, factor XII, factor XI, and factor IX).
Factor XIa activates factor IX by selectively cleaving arg-ala and arg-val peptide bonds. Factor IXa, in turn, forms a complex with Factor VIIIa (FIXa-FVIIIa) and activates factor X.
Physiological inhibitors of factor XIa include protein Z-dependent protease inhibitor (ZPI, a member of the serine protease inhibitor/serpin class of proteins), which is independent of protein Z (its action on factor X, however, is protein Z-dependent, hence its name).
Structure
Although synthesized as a single polypeptide chain, FXI circulates as a homodimer. Every chain has a relative molecular mass of approximately 80000. Typical plasma concentrations of FXI are 5 μg/mL, corresponding to a plasma concentration (of FXI dimers) of approximately 30 nM.
The FXI gene is 23kb in length, has 15 exons, and is found on chromosome 4q32-35.
Factor XI consists of
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oral%20rehydration%20therapy
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Oral rehydration therapy (ORT) is a type of fluid replacement used to prevent and treat dehydration, especially due to diarrhea. It involves drinking water with modest amounts of sugar and salts, specifically sodium and potassium. Oral rehydration therapy can also be given by a nasogastric tube. Therapy should routinely include the use of zinc supplements. Use of oral rehydration therapy has been estimated to decrease the risk of death from diarrhea by up to 93%.
Side effects may include vomiting, high blood sodium, or high blood potassium. If vomiting occurs, it is recommended that use be paused for 10 minutes and then gradually restarted. The recommended formulation includes sodium chloride, sodium citrate, potassium chloride, and glucose. Glucose may be replaced by sucrose and sodium citrate may be replaced by sodium bicarbonate, if not available, although the resulting mixture is not shelf stable in high-humidity environments. It works as glucose increases the uptake of sodium and thus water by the intestines, and the potassium chloride and sodium citrate help prevent hypokalemia and acidosis, respectively, which are both common side effects of diarrhea. A number of other formulations are also available including versions that can be made at home. However, the use of homemade solutions has not been well studied.
Oral therapy was developed in the 1940s using electrolyte solutions with or without glucose on an empirical basis chiefly for mild or convalescent patients, but
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multipolar%20neuron
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A multipolar neuron is a type of neuron that possesses a single axon and many dendrites (and dendritic branches), allowing for the integration of a great deal of information from other neurons. These processes are projections from the neuron cell body. Multipolar neurons constitute the majority of neurons in the central nervous system. They include motor neurons and interneurons/relaying neurons are most commonly found in the cortex of the brain and the spinal cord. Peripherally, multipolar neurons are found in autonomic ganglia.
See also
Dogiel cells
Ganglion cell
Purkinje cell
Pyramidal cell
Additional images
References
External links
Diagram
Diagram
Image
Central nervous system neurons
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fast%20wavelet%20transform
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The fast wavelet transform is a mathematical algorithm designed to turn a waveform or signal in the time domain into a sequence of coefficients based on an orthogonal basis of small finite waves, or wavelets. The transform can be easily extended to multidimensional signals, such as images, where the time domain is replaced with the space domain. This algorithm was introduced in 1989 by Stéphane Mallat.
It has as theoretical foundation the device of a finitely generated, orthogonal multiresolution analysis (MRA). In the terms given there, one selects a sampling scale J with sampling rate of 2J per unit interval, and projects the given signal f onto the space ; in theory by computing the scalar products
where is the scaling function of the chosen wavelet transform; in practice by any suitable sampling procedure under the condition that the signal is highly oversampled, so
is the orthogonal projection or at least some good approximation of the original signal in .
The MRA is characterised by its scaling sequence
or, as Z-transform,
and its wavelet sequence
or
(some coefficients might be zero). Those allow to compute the wavelet coefficients , at least some range k=M,...,J-1, without having to approximate the integrals in the corresponding scalar products. Instead, one can directly, with the help of convolution and decimation operators, compute those coefficients from the first approximation .
Forward DWT
For the discrete wavelet transform (DWT),
one compute
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiazole
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Thiazole, or 1,3-thiazole, is a 5-membered heterocyclic compound that contains both sulfur and nitrogen. The term 'thiazole' also refers to a large family of derivatives. Thiazole itself is a pale yellow liquid with a pyridine-like odor and the molecular formula C3H3NS. The thiazole ring is notable as a component of the vitamin thiamine (B1).
Molecular and electronic structure
Thiazoles are members of the azoles, heterocycles that include imidazoles and oxazoles. Thiazole can also be considered a functional group when part of a larger molecule.
Being planar thiazoles are characterized by significant pi-electron delocalization and have some degree of aromaticity, moreso than the corresponding oxazoles. This aromaticity is evidenced by the 1H NMR chemical shift of the ring protons, which absorb between 7.27 and 8.77 ppm, indicating a strong diamagnetic ring current. The calculated pi-electron density marks C5 as the primary site for electrophilic substitution, and C2-H as susceptible to deprotonation.
Occurrence of thiazoles and thiazolium salts
Thiazoles are found in a variety of specialized products, often fused with benzene derivatives, the so-called benzothiazoles. In addition to vitamin B1, the thiazole ring is found in epothilone. Other important thiazole derivatives are benzothiazoles, for example, the firefly chemical luciferin. Whereas thiazoles are well represented in biomolecules, oxazoles are not. It is found in naturally occurring peptides, and utilised in
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian%20Global%20Almanac
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The Canadian Global Almanac is a Canadian reference book containing a large collection of facts and statistics. It grew out of the American World Almanac and Book of Facts when in 1986 an all-Canadian version was published, edited by John Filion and published by Susan Yates. John Robert Columbo later became its editor. While it was being published, a new edition was released each year in November. The almanac has not been published since 2005.
Almanacs
Canadian non-fiction books
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Active-set%20method
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In mathematical optimization, the active-set method is an algorithm used to identify the active constraints in a set of inequality constraints. The active constraints are then expressed as equality constraints, thereby transforming an inequality-constrained problem into a simpler equality-constrained subproblem.
An optimization problem is defined using an objective function to minimize or maximize, and a set of constraints
that define the feasible region, that is, the set of all x to search for the optimal solution. Given a point in the feasible region, a constraint
is called active at if , and inactive at if Equality constraints are always active. The active set at is made up of those constraints that are active at the current point .
The active set is particularly important in optimization theory, as it determines which constraints will influence the final result of optimization. For example, in solving the linear programming problem, the active set gives the hyperplanes that intersect at the solution point. In quadratic programming, as the solution is not necessarily on one of the edges of the bounding polygon, an estimation of the active set gives us a subset of inequalities to watch while searching the solution, which reduces the complexity of the search.
Active-set methods
In general an active-set algorithm has the following structure:
Find a feasible starting point
repeat until "optimal enough"
solve the equality problem defined by the active set
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variance%20swap
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A variance swap is an over-the-counter financial derivative that allows one to speculate on or hedge risks associated with the magnitude of movement, i.e. volatility, of some underlying product, like an exchange rate, interest rate, or stock index.
One leg of the swap will pay an amount based upon the realized variance of the price changes of the underlying product. Conventionally, these price changes will be daily log returns, based upon the most commonly used closing price. The other leg of the swap will pay a fixed amount, which is the strike, quoted at the deal's inception. Thus the net payoff to the counterparties will be the difference between these two and will be settled in cash at the expiration of the deal, though some cash payments will likely be made along the way by one or the other counterparty to maintain agreed upon margin.
Structure and features
The features of a variance swap include:
the variance strike
the realized variance
the vega notional: Like other swaps, the payoff is determined based on a notional amount that is never exchanged. However, in the case of a variance swap, the notional amount is specified in terms of vega, to convert the payoff into dollar terms.
The payoff of a variance swap is given as follows:
where:
= variance notional (a.k.a. variance units),
= annualised realised variance, and
= variance strike.
The annualised realised variance is calculated based on a prespecified set of sampling points over the period. It does not
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synthetic%20membrane
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An artificial membrane, or synthetic membrane, is a synthetically created membrane which is usually intended for separation purposes in laboratory or in industry. Synthetic membranes have been successfully used for small and large-scale industrial processes since the middle of twentieth century. A wide variety of synthetic membranes is known. They can be produced from organic materials such as polymers and liquids, as well as inorganic materials. The most of commercially utilized synthetic membranes in separation industry are made of polymeric structures. They can be classified based on their surface chemistry, bulk structure, morphology, and production method. The chemical and physical properties of synthetic membranes and separated particles as well as a choice of driving force define a particular membrane separation process. The most commonly used driving forces of a membrane process in industry are pressure and concentration gradients. The respective membrane process is therefore known as filtration. Synthetic membranes utilized in a separation process can be of different geometry and of respective flow configuration. They can also be categorized based on their application and separation regime. The best known synthetic membrane separation processes include water purification, reverse osmosis, dehydrogenation of natural gas, removal of cell particles by microfiltration and ultrafiltration, removal of microorganisms from dairy products, and Dialysis.
Membrane types and st
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psyco
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Psyco is an unmaintained specializing just-in-time compiler for pre-2.7 Python originally developed by Armin Rigo and further maintained and developed by Christian Tismer. Development ceased in December, 2011.
Psyco ran on BSD-derived operating systems, Linux, Mac OS X and Microsoft Windows using 32-bit Intel-compatible processors. Psyco was written in C and generated only 32-bit x86-based code.
Although Tismer announced on 17 July 2009 that work was being done on a second version of Psyco, a further announcement declared the project "unmaintained and dead" on 12 March 2012 and pointed visitors to PyPy instead. Unlike Psyco, PyPy incorporates an interpreter and a compiler that can generate C, improving its cross-platform compatibility over Psyco.
Speed enhancement
Psyco can noticeably speed up CPU-bound applications. The actual performance depends greatly on the application and varies from a slight slowdown to a 100x speedup.
The average speed improvement is typically in the 1.5-4x range, making Python performance close to languages such as Smalltalk and Scheme, but still slower than compiled languages such as Fortran, C or some other JIT languages like C# and Java.
Psyco also advertises its ease of use: the simplest Psyco optimization involves adding only two lines to the top of a script:
import psyco
psyco.full()
These commands will import the psyco module, and have Psyco optimize the entire script. This approach is best suited to shorter scripts, but demonstrates th
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contorsion%20tensor
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The contorsion tensor in differential geometry is the difference between a connection with and without torsion in it. It commonly appears in the study of spin connections. Thus, for example, a vielbein together with a spin connection, when subject to the condition of vanishing torsion, gives a description of Einstein gravity. For supersymmetry, the same constraint, of vanishing torsion, gives (the field equations of) 11-dimensional supergravity. That is, the contorsion tensor, along with the connection, becomes one of the dynamical objects of the theory, demoting the metric to a secondary, derived role.
The elimination of torsion in a connection is referred to as the absorption of torsion, and is one of the steps of Cartan's equivalence method for establishing the equivalence of geometric structures.
Definition in metric geometry
In metric geometry, the contorsion tensor expresses the difference between a metric-compatible affine connection with Christoffel symbol and the unique torsion-free Levi-Civita connection for the same metric.
The contorsion tensor is defined in terms of the torsion tensor as (up to a sign, see below)
where the indices are being raised and lowered with respect to the metric:
.
The reason for the non-obvious sum in the definition of the contorsion tensor is due to the sum-sum difference that enforces metric compatibility. The contorsion tensor is antisymmetric in the first two indices, whilst the torsion tensor itself is antisymmetric in it
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FM4%20Frequency%20Festival
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The FM4 Frequency Festival, also Frequency Festival or just Frequency, formerly Vienna City Festival, is a music festival. Until 2008, it took place near Salzburg Austria, usually every August. In 2009, the Festival moved to St. Pölten. It is promoted by one of Austria's national radio stations, FM4, and is generally associated with the alternative part of mainstream music. The lineups accumulate acts of various genres such as rock, electronica and hip hop, usually covering great parts of the German and Austrian alternative, indie and guitar pop scenes, but also featuring well-known international top acts.
History
The festival was established in 2001. The first year it took place as a rather small event featuring six artists on each of the two days of the festival.
For 2002's festival the Salzburgring, normally used as a motor-bike racetrack, was selected.
The 2003 festival was both a success and a disappointment. One of the major Austrian concert organizers–promoters and business rivals of Musicnet, Wiesen, who are also in charge of famous Austrian festivals like the Jazz Fest, Forestglade and Two Days A Week, decided to have Metallica perform in the stadium of Salzburg, only about 20 km away from the Salzburgring, on the second day of the Frequency festival. Musicnet feared loss of audience due to the Metallica concert and after several days of negotiation, Metallica were booked to headline the second day of the FM4 Frequency festival. Organization was devastating as t
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shekel%20function
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The Shekel function is a multidimensional, multimodal, continuous, deterministic function commonly used as a test function for testing optimization techniques.
The mathematical form of a function in dimensions with maxima is:
or, similarly,
Global minima
Numerically certified global minima and the corresponding solutions were obtained using interval methods for up to .
References
Shekel, J. 1971. "Test Functions for Multimodal Search Techniques." Fifth Annual Princeton Conference on Information Science and Systems.
See also
Test functions for optimization
Mathematical optimization
Functions and mappings
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene%20Tenace
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Fury Gene Tenace (; born Fiore Gino Tenacci; October 10, 1946), better known as Gene Tenace, is an American former professional baseball player and coach. He played as a catcher and first baseman in Major League Baseball from through , most notably as a member of the Oakland Athletics dynasty that won three consecutive World Series championships between 1972 and 1974.
Tenace was drafted by the Kansas City Athletics from Valley High School in Lucasville, Ohio, and played for the Oakland Athletics, San Diego Padres, St. Louis Cardinals and the Pittsburgh Pirates. He batted and threw right-handed. Despite his low career batting average of .241, his career on-base percentage of .388 is the fourth-highest all-time among qualifying catchers, and his .429 slugging percentage was considerably above the average in the era he played. His 46.8 Baseball Reference Wins Above Replacement (WAR) ranks 13th all-time among catchers, and his 7-year peak WAR is tied with Roy Campanella for 12th all-time among catchers. Also of note is that his career rWAR is fifth highest among all sub .250 hitters. Tenace's career 140 Weighted Runs Created Plus (wRC+) are tied with Mike Piazza for the highest all-time among catchers. Tenace won the 1972 World Series Most Valuable Player Award.
After his playing days ended, Tenace coached for several organizations, most notably for the Toronto Blue Jays.
Playing career
Oakland Athletics (1969–76)
Tenace was selected in baseball's first entry draft, being ta
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency%20%28disambiguation%29
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Frequency refers to how often an event occurs within a given period.
Frequency may also refer to:
Entertainment
Frequency (2000 film), a film starring Jim Caviezel and Dennis Quaid
Frequency (2019 film), a Burmese horror film
Frequency (TV series), a 2016 TV series starring Peyton List and Riley Smith
Frequency (Nick Gilder album), 1979
Frequency (Frequency album), 2006
Frequency (IQ album), 2009
"Frequency" (song), a 2016 song by Kid Cudi from Passion, Pain & Demon Slayin
"Frequency", a song by Feeder from their 2005 album Pushing the Senses
"Frequency", a song by The Jesus and Mary Chain from Honey's Dead
"Frequency", a 1991 song by Altern-8 also featured on the album Full On... Mask Hysteria
"Frequency", a song by Super Furry Animals from their album Love Kraft
Frequency (record producer) (born 1983), American music producer and musician
Frequency (video game), a 2001 music video game
Frequencies (album) by LFO, 1991
FreQuency, a band composed of members of FromSoftware's sound team.
Other
Frequency (gene), a specific gene named "frequency"
Frequency (statistics), the number of occurrences of an event
FM4 Frequency Festival, an Austrian music festival
See also
Aperiodic frequency
Periodicity (disambiguation)
Rate (disambiguation)
Rate of change (disambiguation)
Quefrency
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ville
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Ville is a French word meaning "city" or "town", but its meaning in the Middle Ages was "farm" (from Gallo-Romance VILLA < Latin villa rustica) and then "village". The derivative suffix -ville is commonly used in names of cities, towns and villages, particularly throughout France, Canada and the United States.
Usage in France
In France, after the 6th Century, especially in the North, first of all Normandy (20% of the communes end with -ville), Beauce and French speaking part of Lorraine. In the Southeast, they are exceptional and modern. In the Southwest, -ville is very often a translation of the Occitan -viala (Gascon -viela), sometimes ill gallicized in -vielle (variant -fielle). There are almost all combined with the landowner's name. f. e : Colleville, Normandy, with Colle- that represents the Old Norse personal name Koli. The oldest recorded example of a -ville place-name in Normandy is Bourville as Bodardi villa in 715. Other rates indicate that there are only 1 068 -ville communes out of 36 591 communes in France (if we exclude the -viale, -viel[l]e, -fielle variant forms of the Southwest), but 460 out of 1 068 are located in Normandy (more than 1/3) for a total number of 3 332 communes in Normandy (36 591 in France).
In England, after the Norman Conquest in 1066, some names of individuals gained -ville endings, but not many place names did, Bournville in Birmingham that came to use in the late 19th century was more for standing out than historic. These names are ho
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Shanghai%20Gesture
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The Shanghai Gesture is a 1941 American film noir directed by Josef von Sternberg and starring Gene Tierney, Walter Huston, Victor Mature, and Ona Munson. It is based on a Broadway play of the same name by John Colton, which was adapted for the screen by Sternberg and produced by Arnold Pressburger for United Artists. It was the last Hollywood film Sternberg ever completed: Howard Hughes fired him halfway through production of Macao in 1951, as well as from Jet Pilot the year prior.
Boris Leven received an Academy Award nomination for Best Art Direction, while Richard Hageman was nominated for Best Original Music Score.
Plot
Gigolo "Doctor" Omar (Victor Mature) bribes the Shanghai police not to jail the broke American showgirl Dixie Pomeroy (Phyllis Brooks); he invites her to seek a job at the casino owned by Dragon-lady "Mother" Gin Sling (Ona Munson), his boss.
In the casino, Omar attracts the attention of a beautiful, privileged young woman (Gene Tierney), fresh from a European finishing school. She is out for some excitement. When asked, she gives her name as "Poppy" Smith.
Meanwhile, Gin Sling is informed that she must move her establishment to the much less desirable Chinese sector. She is given five or six weeks, until Chinese New Year, to comply. Gin Sling is confident that she can thwart this threat to her livelihood, and orders her minions to find out everything they can about the man behind it, Englishman Sir Guy Charteris (Walter Huston), a wealthy entrepren
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cramer%E2%80%93Shoup%20cryptosystem
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The Cramer–Shoup system is an asymmetric key encryption algorithm, and was the first efficient scheme proven to be secure against adaptive chosen ciphertext attack using standard cryptographic assumptions. Its security is based on the computational intractability (widely assumed, but not proved) of the decisional Diffie–Hellman assumption. Developed by Ronald Cramer and Victor Shoup in 1998, it is an extension of the ElGamal cryptosystem. In contrast to ElGamal, which is extremely malleable, Cramer–Shoup adds other elements to ensure non-malleability even against a resourceful attacker. This non-malleability is achieved through the use of a universal one-way hash function and additional computations, resulting in a ciphertext which is twice as large as in ElGamal.
Adaptive chosen ciphertext attacks
The definition of security achieved by Cramer–Shoup is formally termed "indistinguishability under adaptive chosen ciphertext attack" (IND-CCA2). This security definition is currently the strongest definition known for a public key cryptosystem: it assumes that the attacker has access to a decryption oracle which will decrypt any ciphertext using the scheme's secret decryption key. The "adaptive" component of the security definition means that the attacker has access to this decryption oracle both before and after he observes a specific target ciphertext to attack (though he is prohibited from using the oracle to simply decrypt this target ciphertext). The weaker notion of s
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryoglobulinemia
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Cryoglobulinemia is a medical condition in which the blood contains large amounts of pathological cold sensitive antibodies called cryoglobulins – proteins (mostly immunoglobulins themselves) that become insoluble at reduced temperatures. This should be contrasted with cold agglutinins, which cause agglutination of red blood cells.
Cryoglobulins typically precipitate (clumps together) at temperatures below normal body temperatureand will dissolve again if the blood is heated. The precipitated clump can block blood vessels and cause toes and fingers to become gangrenous. While this disease is commonly referred to as cryoglobulinemia in the medical literature, it is better termed cryoglobulinemic disease for two reasons: 1) cryoglobulinemia is also used to indicate the circulation of (usually low levels of) cryoglobulins in the absence of any symptoms or disease and 2) healthy individuals can develop transient asymptomatic cryoglobulinemia following certain infections.
In contrast to these benign instances of circulating cryoglobulins, cryoglobulinemic disease involves the signs and symptoms of precipitating cryoglobulins and is commonly associated with various pre-malignant, malignant, infectious, or autoimmune diseases that are the underlying cause for production of the cryoglobulins.
Classification
Since the first description of cryoglobulinemia in association with the clinical triad of skin purpura, joint pain, and weakness by Meltzer et al. in 1967, the percentage of
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ground%20resonance
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Ground resonance is an imbalance in the rotation of a helicopter rotor when the blades become bunched up on one side of their rotational plane and cause an oscillation in phase with the frequency of the rocking of the helicopter on its landing gear. The effect is similar to the behavior of a washing machine when the clothes are concentrated in one place during the spin cycle. It occurs when the landing gear is prevented from freely moving about on the horizontal plane, typically when the aircraft is on the ground.
Causes and consequences
Articulated rotor systems with drag hinges allow each individual blade to advance or lag in its rotation to compensate for stress on the blade caused by the acceleration and deceleration of the rotor hub (due to momentum conservation). When the spacing of the blades becomes irregular, it shifts the rotor's center of mass from the axis of rotation, which causes an oscillation. When the airframe begins to rock back and forth from the oscillation, the oscillations can reinforce each other and cause the rotor's center of gravity to spiral away from the axis of rotation to a point beyond the compensating ability of the damping system.
Ground resonance is usually precipitated by a hard landing or an asymmetrical ground contact, and is more likely to occur when components of the landing gear or damping system are improperly maintained, such as the drag hinge dampers, oleo struts, or wheel tire pressure. Under extreme conditions, the initial shock
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estimation%20theory
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Estimation theory is a branch of statistics that deals with estimating the values of parameters based on measured empirical data that has a random component. The parameters describe an underlying physical setting in such a way that their value affects the distribution of the measured data. An estimator attempts to approximate the unknown parameters using the measurements.
In estimation theory, two approaches are generally considered:
The probabilistic approach (described in this article) assumes that the measured data is random with probability distribution dependent on the parameters of interest
The set-membership approach assumes that the measured data vector belongs to a set which depends on the parameter vector.
Examples
For example, it is desired to estimate the proportion of a population of voters who will vote for a particular candidate. That proportion is the parameter sought; the estimate is based on a small random sample of voters. Alternatively, it is desired to estimate the probability of a voter voting for a particular candidate, based on some demographic features, such as age.
Or, for example, in radar the aim is to find the range of objects (airplanes, boats, etc.) by analyzing the two-way transit timing of received echoes of transmitted pulses. Since the reflected pulses are unavoidably embedded in electrical noise, their measured values are randomly distributed, so that the transit time must be estimated.
As another example, in electrical communicati
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FM104
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FM104 is an independent local radio station broadcast across Dublin, Ireland, on the frequency 104.4 MHz. It is operated by Capital Radio Productions Limited (unconnected with, and not to be confused with, Capital Radio plc), and is a subsidiary of the Wireless Group, which itself is a subsidiary of News UK. The station broadcasts under a contract from the Broadcasting Authority of Ireland. FM104 broadcasts from Macken House in Dublin's Docklands.
History
Capital Radio, as the station was originally called, was the first Independent Local Radio contractor to take to the air on 20 July 1989. The station was owned by a consortium of Irish media and entertainment figures and managed by Mike Hogan. Although initially moderately successful, following the launch of rival 98FM, the station consistently trailed in the ratings. In May 1991, the station relaunched as Rock 104; however, this was unsuccessful and in late 1991 it underwent a restructuring under new CEO Dermot Hanrahan, who relaunched the station in April 1992 as Dublin's FM104, using the tag-line "Superstars of the 80s and 90s". This format was moderately successful allowing the station to reach financial stability. However, the station still lagged behind its competitor 98FM. A change in programming direction in 1995, together with the introduction of the highly successful Strawberry Alarm Clock, saw it finally overtake 98FM, though 98FM would itself undergo a (less radical) relaunch, dropping the "Classic Hits" monike
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GTPase-activating%20protein
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GTPase-activating proteins or GTPase-accelerating proteins (GAPs) are a family of regulatory proteins whose members can bind to activated G proteins and stimulate their GTPase activity, with the result of terminating the signaling event. GAPs are also known as RGS protein, or RGS proteins, and these proteins are crucial in controlling the activity of G proteins. Regulation of G proteins is important because these proteins are involved in a variety of important cellular processes. The large G proteins, for example, are involved in transduction of signaling from the G protein-coupled receptor for a variety of signaling processes like hormonal signaling, and small G proteins are involved in processes like cellular trafficking and cell cycling. GAP's role in this function is to turn the G protein's activity off. In this sense, GAPs function is opposite to that of guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs), which serve to enhance G protein signaling.
Mechanism
GAP are heavily linked to the G-protein linked receptor family. The activity of G proteins comes from their ability to bind guanosine triphosphate (GTP). Binding of GTP inherently changes the activity of the G proteins and increases their activity, through the loss of inhibitory subunits. In this more active state, G proteins can bind other proteins and turn on downstream signalling targets. This whole process is regulated by GAPs, which can down regulate the activity of G proteins.
G proteins can weakly hydrolyse
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physiologically%20based%20pharmacokinetic%20modelling
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Physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling is a mathematical modeling technique for predicting the absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion (ADME) of synthetic or natural chemical substances in humans and other animal species. PBPK modeling is used in pharmaceutical research and drug development, and in health risk assessment for cosmetics or general chemicals.
PBPK models strive to be mechanistic by mathematically transcribing anatomical, physiological, physical, and chemical descriptions of the phenomena involved in the complex ADME processes. A large degree of residual simplification and empiricism is still present in those models, but they have an extended domain of applicability compared to that of classical, empirical function based, pharmacokinetic models. PBPK models may have purely predictive uses, but other uses, such as statistical inference, have been made possible by the development of Bayesian statistical tools able to deal with complex models. That is true for both toxicity risk assessment and therapeutic drug development.
PBPK models try to rely a priori on the anatomical and physiological structure of the body, and to a certain extent, on biochemistry. They are usually multi-compartment models, with compartments corresponding to predefined organs or tissues, with interconnections corresponding to blood or lymph flows (more rarely to diffusions). A system of differential equations for concentration or quantity of substance on each compar
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaw%20Broadcast%20Services
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Shaw Broadcast Services (French: Services de Radiodiffusion Shaw) is the division of Canadian telecommunications company Shaw Communications that is responsible for providing and managing the distribution of television channels to cable companies via satellite. Shaw Communications also operates Shaw Direct, a Canadian direct broadcast satellite service.
It was known as Canadian Satellite Communications (Cancom) prior to its acquisition by Shaw. On October 5, 2006, Shaw announced that CANCOM would be renamed Shaw Satellite Services, with CANCOM Broadcast becoming Shaw Broadcast Services, and CANCOM Tracking becoming Shaw Tracking, in 2007.
As Cancom, the service was originally owned by a consortium of several Canadian broadcasting companies, but ownership changes eventually consolidated Shaw as the primary owner. The company was previously required by the CRTC to be operated independently of Shaw's cable holdings. However, in light of the name change, it is unclear if Shaw's satellite-based companies would remain independent from the cable division.
Canadian Satellite Communications Ltd. (CANCOM)
In 1980, the CRTC began a proceeding to expand the choice of television and radio signals available to Canadians who were then regarded as underserved, often with only CBC Television and CBC Radio available to them. Several companies filed proposals, and early in 1981, the CRTC licensed the proposal by Canadian Satellite Communications Inc, a consortium of Canadian broadcasting co
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Material%20properties%20of%20diamond
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Diamond is the allotrope of carbon in which the carbon atoms are arranged in the specific type of cubic lattice called diamond cubic. It is a crystal that is transparent to opaque and which is generally isotropic (no or very weak birefringence). Diamond is the hardest naturally occurring material known. Yet, due to important structural brittleness, bulk diamond's toughness is only fair to good. The precise tensile strength of bulk diamond is little known; however, compressive strength up to has been observed, and it could be as high as in the form of micro/nanometer-sized wires or needles (~ in diameter, micrometers long), with a corresponding maximum tensile elastic strain in excess of 9%. The anisotropy of diamond hardness is carefully considered during diamond cutting. Diamond has a high refractive index (2.417) and moderate dispersion (0.044) properties that give cut diamonds their brilliance. Scientists classify diamonds into four main types according to the nature of crystallographic defects present. Trace impurities substitutionally replacing carbon atoms in a diamond's crystal structure, and in some cases structural defects, are responsible for the wide range of colors seen in diamond. Most diamonds are electrical insulators and extremely efficient thermal conductors. Unlike many other minerals, the specific gravity of diamond crystals (3.52) has rather small variation from diamond to diamond.
Hardness and crystal structure
Known to the ancient Greeks as (, 'prope
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premenstrual%20water%20retention
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Premenstrual water retention (or premenstrual fluid retention) is the buildup of additional water or fluid in the body. This phenomenon can be seen in various forms like increasing weight gain and swollen belly, legs, or ankles. Water retention is a symptom felt by some people of all backgrounds before their menstruation onset and was listed as one of the most common premenstrual symptoms in addition to cramping and back pain. There is a study that mentions the age effect being potentially linked to the intensity of symptoms, where the maximum symptom intensity was seen around age 35. This symptom, among others, have been connected to premenstrual syndrome (PMS), which is experienced by people days before their menstrual cycle begins. However, water retention itself can cause symptoms similar to those of PMS like body aches, headaches, and nausea. The actual duration of how long symptoms can last varies in length, from a few days to two weeks.
Premenstrual water retention could be passed off as little weight gain before the start of a menstruation cycle, but should be carefully watched if weight is gained quickly within days. Water retention can cause serious consequences in people who have a kidney or cardiovascular disease and should take extra caution when experiencing this symptom.
As of now, the actual cause of water retention remains unclear. It was noted that there is no correlation to serum levels of progesterone or estradiol according to actual data, but it is tho
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GCRT%20J1745%E2%88%923009
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GCRT J1745−3009 is a Galactic Center radio transient (GCRT), or bursting low-frequency radio source which lies in the direction of the Galactic Center.
Discovery
A group of astronomers from Sweet Briar College and the Naval Research Laboratory detected transient emission from two sources in 1998 while studying the Galactic Center. They then began monitoring the region specifically looking for transient sources and detected five bursts of radio waves about 1 meter in wavelength (frequency 330 MHz) during a seven-hour period from September 30 to October 1, 2002.
The five bursts were of equal brightness, with each lasting about 10 minutes, and occurring every 77 minutes. Like an earlier low-frequency transient discovered by the same group, it was given the designation GCRT, an abbreviation for Galactic Center Radio Transient. The source was also nicknamed a burper. The group found no X-ray or γ-ray counterpart to the object.
Another burst from the source was later found in data recorded September 28, 2003, and a weaker burst was found in data recorded March 20, 2004. As of January 2007, no other bursts have been found.
Structure
The discoverers argue that if the source is further than 70 parsecs away, its high brightness temperature would require it to be powered by a coherent emission process. (If within 70 parsecs, the source could be either coherent or incoherent.) They also claim that most known coherent emission processes are unlikely explanations for the source. M
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Todd%20class
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In mathematics, the Todd class is a certain construction now considered a part of the theory in algebraic topology of characteristic classes. The Todd class of a vector bundle can be defined by means of the theory of Chern classes, and is encountered where Chern classes exist — most notably in differential topology, the theory of complex manifolds and algebraic geometry. In rough terms, a Todd class acts like a reciprocal of a Chern class, or stands in relation to it as a conormal bundle does to a normal bundle.
The Todd class plays a fundamental role in generalising the classical Riemann–Roch theorem to higher dimensions, in the Hirzebruch–Riemann–Roch theorem and the Grothendieck–Hirzebruch–Riemann–Roch theorem.
History
It is named for J. A. Todd, who introduced a special case of the concept in algebraic geometry in 1937, before the Chern classes were defined. The geometric idea involved is sometimes called the Todd-Eger class. The general definition in higher dimensions is due to Friedrich Hirzebruch.
Definition
To define the Todd class where is a complex vector bundle on a topological space , it is usually possible to limit the definition to the case of a Whitney sum of line bundles, by means of a general device of characteristic class theory, the use of Chern roots (aka, the splitting principle). For the definition, let
be the formal power series with the property that the coefficient of in is 1, where denotes the -th Bernoulli number. Consider the coeffic
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dendrite%20%28crystal%29
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A crystal dendrite is a crystal that develops with a typical multi-branching form. The name comes from the Greek word dendron (δενδρον) which means "tree", since the crystal's structure resembles that of a tree. These crystals can be synthesised by using a supercooled pure liquid, however they are also quite common in nature. The most common crystals in nature exhibit dendritic growth are snowflakes and frost on windows, but many minerals and metals can also be found in dendritic structures.
History
Maximum velocity principle
The first dendritic patterns were discovered in palaeontology and are often mistaken for fossils because of their appearance. The first theory for the creation of these patterns was published by Nash and Glicksman in 1974, they used a very mathematical method and derived a non-linear integro-differential equation for a classical needle growth. However they only found an inaccurate numerical solution close to the tip of the needle and they found that under a given growth condition, the tip velocity has a unique maximum value. This became known as the maximum velocity principle (MVP) but was ruled out by Glicksman and Nash themselves very quickly. In the following two years Glicksman improved the numerical methods used, but did not realise the non-linear integro-differential equation had no mathematical solutions making his results meaningless.
Marginal stability hypothesis
Four years later, in 1978, Langer and Müller-Krumbhaar proposed the marginal s
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casting%20%28disambiguation%29
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Casting is a manufacturing process using a fluid medium in a mould, so as to produce a casting. For casting metal, see casting (metalworking).
Casting may also refer to:
Creating a mold
Casting, forming a protective orthopedic cast
Casting, a process in sculpture of converting plastic materials into more solid form
Science and healthcare
Casting (falconry), anything given to a hawk to purge and cleanse its gorge
Casting, excretions from an earthworm
Casting, moulting or shedding of hair in most breeds of dog and other mammals
Casting, forming a protective orthopedic cast
Other uses
Casting (fishing), the process of propelling a lure to catch fish
Casting (performing arts), the process of selecting a cast of actors, or other visual talent such as models for a photo shoot
Casting or footing, in bookkeeping, a method of summing a table of numbers by column
Casting, to distribute a stream of data, images, sound, or voice, as in
Broadcasting
Podcasting
Webcasting
Screen mirroring:
Miracast
Google Cast
AirPlay
Casting, incantation of magical spells
Casting, type conversion in computer programming
Casting, propelling, as in casting off a boat or launching a rocket
See also
Cast (disambiguation)
Castang (disambiguation)
Castaing, a surname
Caster (disambiguation)
Recast (disambiguation)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20Rothman
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James Edward Rothman (born November 3, 1950) is an American biochemist. He is the Fergus F. Wallace Professor of Biomedical Sciences at Yale University, the Chairman of the Department of Cell Biology at Yale School of Medicine, and the Director of the Nanobiology Institute at the Yale West Campus. Rothman also concurrently serves as adjunct professor of physiology and cellular biophysics at Columbia University and a research professor at the UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London.
Rothman was awarded the 2013 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, for his work on vesicle trafficking (shared with Randy Schekman and Thomas C. Südhof). He received many other honors including the King Faisal International Prize in 1996, the Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize from Columbia University and the Albert Lasker Award for Basic Medical Research both in 2002.
Education
Rothman earned his high school diploma from Pomfret School in 1967, then received his B.A. in physics at Yale University in 1971 and his Ph.D. in biological chemistry at Harvard in 1976 working with Eugene Patrick Kennedy.
Career and research
Following his Ph.D., Rothman did postdoctoral research with Harvey Lodish at Massachusetts Institute of Technology working on glycosylation of membrane proteins. He moved to the Department of Biochemistry at Stanford University in 1978. He was at Princeton University, from 1988 to 1991, before coming to New York to found the Department of Cellular Biochemistry an
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