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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randy%20Schekman
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Randy Wayne Schekman (born December 30, 1948) is an American cell biologist at the University of California, Berkeley, former editor-in-chief of Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences and former editor of Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology. In 2011, he was announced as the editor of eLife, a new high-profile open-access journal published by the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, the Max Planck Society and the Wellcome Trust launching in 2012. He was elected to the National Academy of Sciences in 1992. Schekman shared the 2013 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine with James Rothman and Thomas C. Südhof for their ground-breaking work on cell membrane vesicle trafficking.
Early life and education
Schekman was born in Saint Paul, Minnesota, to Alfred Schekman, an electrical engineer and computer software designer and Esther (Bader) Schekman. His family were Jewish emigrants from Russia and Bessarabia. In the late 1950s his family moved to the new suburban community of Rossmoor, located in Orange County next to Long Beach. He graduated from Western High School in Anaheim, California, in 1966. He received a BA in molecular biology from the University of California in Los Angeles (UCLA), in 1971. He spent his third year at the University of Edinburgh in Scotland, as an exchange student. He received a PhD in 1975 from Stanford University for research on DNA replication working with Arthur Kornberg. After joining the faculty at University of California Berkel
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Membrane%20gas%20separation
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Gas mixtures can be effectively separated by synthetic membranes made from polymers such as polyamide or cellulose acetate, or from ceramic materials.
While polymeric membranes are economical and technologically useful, they are bounded by their performance, known as the Robeson limit (permeability must be sacrificed for selectivity and vice versa). This limit affects polymeric membrane use for CO2 separation from flue gas streams, since mass transport becomes limiting and CO2 separation becomes very expensive due to low permeabilities. Membrane materials have expanded into the realm of silica, zeolites, metal-organic frameworks, and perovskites due to their strong thermal and chemical resistance as well as high tunability (ability to be modified and functionalized), leading to increased permeability and selectivity. Membranes can be used for separating gas mixtures where they act as a permeable barrier through which different compounds move across at different rates or not move at all. The membranes can be nanoporous, polymer, etc. and the gas molecules penetrate according to their size, diffusivity, or solubility.
Basic process
Gas separation across a membrane is a pressure-driven process, where the driving force is the difference in pressure between inlet of raw material and outlet of product. The membrane used in the process is a generally non-porous layer, so there will not be a severe leakage of gas through the membrane. The performance of the membrane depends on perm
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/As%20One%20%28musical%20duo%29
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As One () is a South Korean R&B girl group consisting of Korean-American singers Lee Min and Crystal. The group debuted in 1999 with the album Day by Day, and released five more albums before announcing their hiatus from the music industry in 2017 with the single, "Goodbye for Now".
History
Their first hit was the song "너만은 모르길" (Only You Wouldn't Know), released in 1999 by Rock Records. Between their fourth and fifth albums, their contract with Rock Records expired and they signed with EMI Music Publishing Korea; a label which also manages other K-pop stars like DJ DOC and Baby V.O.X.
In late 2006, As One released their fifth album 12 Tears of Farewell, and started their promotional activities with the lead track "십이야" (12 Nights).
They are currently under the management of Brand New Music and they host a radio show called K-Popular on TBS eFM radio.
In contrast to their usual style, As One released a 19+ rated music video ahead of their October 29, 2014 release date for the single "오늘같은 날" (For the Night). The music video featured labelmate Jae Woong from 4-member hip hop group Troy and fitness model Kim Hae Na.
On June 20, 2016, As One made a comeback with a new single titled "The Pain I Caused". The song is from their sixth album Outlast, which was released on June 21, 2016. The album features ten tracks along with the lead single, "Don't Say Anything", which was released June 21, 2016.
The pair appeared on JTBC's Sugarman 3 on December 13, 2019.
Discography
Stud
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lickey%20Incline
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The Lickey Incline, south of Birmingham, is the steepest sustained main-line railway incline in Great Britain. The climb is a gradient of 1 in 37.7 (2.65% or 26.5‰ or 1.52°) for a continuous distance of two miles (3.2 km). Constructed originally for the Birmingham and Gloucester Railway (B&GR) and opened in 1840 it is located on the Cross Country Route between and stations in Worcestershire.
In earlier times many trains required the assistance of banking locomotives with associated logistical considerations to ensure that the train reached the top; now only the heaviest of freight trains require such assistance.
History and geography
A survey by Isambard Kingdom Brunel in 1832 for a line between Birmingham and Gloucester followed a longer route well to the east with a maximum 1 in 300 gradient avoiding population centres; the plan lapsed with the cost being deemed too high. In 1836 William Moorsom was engaged on a no success - no fee to survey a suitable route; with his choice being the shortest and least cost path by avoiding high land cost population centres of Worcester, Droitwich, and Tewkesbury but with the disadvantage of needing to mount the steep Lickey Incline. The independent engineer Joseph Locke was requested to review Moorsom's work; Locke responding that the Lickey Incline would be no more dangerous than a turnpike road on an incline and he saw no reason for an alternative route. Brunel and George Stephenson declared it would be impractical for locomoti
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenotypic%20switching
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Phenotypic switching is switching between multiple cellular morphologies. David R. Soll described two such systems: the first high frequency switching system between several morphological stages and a second high frequency switching system between opaque and white cells. The latter is an epigenetic switching system
Phenotypic switching in Candida albicans is often used to refer to the epigenetic white-to-opaque switching system. C. albicans needs this switch for sexual mating.
Next to the two above mentioned switching systems many other switching systems are known in C. albicans.
A second example occurs in melanoma, where malignantly transformed pigment cells switch back-and-forth between phenotypes of proliferation and invasion in response to changing microenvironments, driving metastatic progression.
See also
Polyphenism
References
External links
Cell biology
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C3
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C3, C-3, C.3, C03, C.III or C-III may refer to:
Life and biology
C3 carbon fixation in plants
C3-convertase, an enzyme
Complement component 3, a protein of the innate immune system
Apolipoprotein C3, a human very low density lipoprotein
ATC code C03 Diuretics, a subgroup of the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System
Castavinol C3, a natural phenolic compound found in red wines
Cytochrome-c3 hydrogenase, an enzyme
Haplogroup C-M217, called C3 in older publications
In human anatomy, C3 may refer to:
Cervical vertebra 3, one of the cervical vertebrae of the vertebral column
Cervical spinal nerve 3
Clinical Cell Culture, a medical technology company
C03, Malignant neoplasm of gum ICD-10 code
C3 Collaborating for Health, a health-promotion NGO
C3: an EEG electrode site according to the 10-20 system
Military
C3, Command, control, and communications, a military concept
C-3 (plastic explosive), a plastic explosive related to C4
C-3, a United States military designation for the Ford Trimotor
the designation for several German World War I and World War II armed reconnaissance aircraft
AEG C.III
AGO C.III, a reconnaissance biplane of World War I
Albatros C.III
DFW C.III, a DFW aircraft
NAG C.III, an engine powering the Gotha G.IV aircraft
C-3, a U.S. military transport version of the Martin 4-0-4
Type C3 submarine (disambiguation), a World War II Imperial Japanese Navy cargo carrier submarine
Spanish submarine C-3
HMS C3, a 1906 British C cl
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mr.%20%26%20Mrs.%20Smith%20%281941%20film%29
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Mr. & Mrs. Smith is a 1941 American screwball comedy film directed by Alfred Hitchcock, written by Norman Krasna, and starring Carole Lombard and Robert Montgomery. It also features Gene Raymond, Jack Carson, Philip Merivale, and Lucile Watson.
Although Mr. & Mrs. Smith was the only pure comedy Hitchcock made in America, he later claimed that he agreed to do it only as a favor to Lombard. However, the files at RKO Radio Pictures show that Hitchcock himself actually pursued the project.
Plot
Ann (Carole Lombard) and David Smith (Robert Montgomery) are a married couple living in New York City who, though in love, have disagreements that last for days before they reconcile.
One morning, Ann asks David if he would marry her again if he had it to do over. Although he says he is very happy with her now and would not marry anyone else, he says he would not, because it meant the loss of his freedom and independence.
Later that day, Harry Deever (Charles Halton), an Idaho county official, informs David at work that due to a jurisdictional mishap, their three-year-old marriage in Idaho was not valid. Since Deever is a family acquaintance of Ann's from Idaho, he stops by their apartment to tell Ann and her mother (Esther Dale) the same thing. Ann does not mention this to David. She believes he will remarry her that very night when he invites her to a romantic dinner at the restaurant they frequented before they were married.
When they arrive at the restaurant, it has declined in q
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-frequency%20network
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Data networks, such as wireless communication networks, have to trade off between services customized for a single terminal and services provided to a large number of terminals. For example, the distribution of multimedia content to a large number of resource limited portable devices (subscribers) is a complicated problem. Therefore, it is important for network operators, content retailers, and service providers to have a way to distribute content and/or other network services in a fast and efficient manner and in such a way as to increase bandwidth utilization and power efficiency.
Description
A multi-frequency network (MFN) is a network in which multiple radio frequencies (RFs) (or RF channels) are used to transmit media content. One type of MFN is a horizontal multi-frequency network (HMFN) where a distribution waveform is transmitted over different RF channels in different local areas. The same or different content may be transmitted as part of distribution waveforms carried over different RF channels in such local areas. Another type of MFN is a vertical multi-frequency network (VMFN) in which multiple radio frequency (RF) channels are used in a given local area to transmit independent distribution waveforms with an aim to increase the capacity of the network (in terms of the ability to deliver more content to a device/end user). An MFN deployment may also consist of VMFN in certain areas and HMFN in certain other areas.
In a typical VMFN, a local operations infrastru
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condensation%20algorithm
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The condensation algorithm (Conditional Density Propagation) is a computer vision algorithm. The principal application is to detect and track the contour of objects moving in a cluttered environment. Object tracking is one of the more basic and difficult aspects of computer vision and is generally a prerequisite to object recognition. Being able to identify which pixels in an image make up the contour of an object is a non-trivial problem. Condensation is a probabilistic algorithm that attempts to solve this problem.
The algorithm itself is described in detail by Isard and Blake in a publication in the International Journal of Computer Vision in 1998. One of the most interesting facets of the algorithm is that it does not compute on every pixel of the image. Rather, pixels to process are chosen at random, and only a subset of the pixels end up being processed. Multiple hypotheses about what is moving are supported naturally by the probabilistic nature of the approach. The evaluation functions come largely from previous work in the area and include many standard statistical approaches. The original part of this work is the application of particle filter estimation techniques.
The algorithm’s creation was inspired by the inability of Kalman filtering to perform object tracking well in the presence of significant background clutter. The presence of clutter tends to produce probability distributions for the object state which are multi-modal and therefore poorly modeled by the
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2-6-2
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Under the Whyte notation for the classification of steam locomotives, represents the wheel arrangement of two leading wheels, six coupled driving wheels and two trailing wheels. This arrangement is commonly called a Prairie.
Overview
The majority of American 2-6-2s were tender locomotives, but in Europe tank locomotives, described as , were more common. The first 2-6-2 tender locomotives for a North American customer were built by Brooks Locomotive Works in 1900 for the Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad, for use on the Midwestern prairies. The type was thus nicknamed the Prairie in North American practice. This name was often also used for British locomotives with this wheel arrangement.
As with the 2-10-2, the major problem with the 2-6-2 is that these engines have a symmetrical wheel layout, with the centre of gravity almost over the centre driving wheel. The reciprocation rods, when working near the centre of gravity, induce severe side-to-side nosing which results in intense instability if unrestrained either by a long wheelbase or by the leading and trailing trucks. Though some engines, like the Chicago and Great Western of 1903, had the connecting rod aligned onto the third driver, most examples were powered via the second driver and were prone to the nosing problem.
Usage
Australia
Queensland Railways operated one 2-6-2 tender engine of the B16 1/2 class. It was built in August 1918 by the North Ipswich Railway Workshops as an experimental engine burning co
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/6-8-6
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Under the Whyte notation for the classification of steam locomotives by wheel arrangement, represents the arrangement of six unpowered leading wheels arranged into a three-axle leading truck, eight powered driving wheels, and six unpowered trailing wheels arranged into a three-axle trailing truck.
Other equivalent classifications are:
UIC classification: 3D3 (also known as German classification and Italian classification)
French classification: 343
Turkish classification: 410
Swiss classification: 4/10.
The only known example of the 6-8-6 wheel arrangement is the experimental Pennsylvania Railroad S2 steam turbine locomotive.
Notes
References
8,6-8-6
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quanto
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A quanto is a type of derivative in which the underlying is denominated in one currency,
but the instrument itself is settled in another currency at some rate. Such products are attractive for speculators and investors who wish to have exposure to a foreign asset, but without the corresponding exchange rate risk.
Quantos are attractive because they shield the purchaser from exchange rate fluctuations. If a US investor were to invest directly in the Japanese stocks that comprise the Nikkei, he would be exposed to both fluctuations in the Nikkei index and fluctuations in the USD/JPY exchange rate. Essentially, a quanto has an embedded currency forward with a variable notional amount. It is that variable notional amount that give quantos their name—"quanto" is short for "quantity adjusting option".
Quanto options have both the strike price and underlier denominated in the foreign currency. At exercise, the value of the option is calculated as the option's intrinsic value in the foreign currency, which is then converted to the domestic currency at the fixed exchange rate.
Another type of structure is called Quanto in the weather/energy markets. In these markets, a Quanto is a weather-contingent energy (or commodity) derivative. Weather contingent means that a payoff is triggered if some weather variable (typically temperature, but also precipitation or any other weather variable) crosses (from above or from below) a specified strike value. For the structure to be called Quanto
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don%20Misener
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Don Misener (A.D. Misener) (1911–1996) was a physicist. Along with Pyotr Leonidovich Kapitsa and John F. Allen, Misener discovered the superfluid phase of matter in 1937.
Misener was a graduate student at the University of Toronto in 1935. He joined Allen at Cambridge University in about 1937. Misener later returned to Canada to work at the University of Western Ontario.
Journal references
E. F. Burton, J. O. Wilhelm, and A. D. Misener, Trans. Roy. Soc. Can. 28(111) p. 65 (1934)
J. F. Allen and A. D. Misener, Flow of Liquid Helium II, Nature 141(3558) p. 75 (8 Jan 1938)
A. D. Misener, The Specific Heat of Superconducting Mercury, Indium and Thallium, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Mathematical and Physical Sciences, 174(957) pp. 262–272 (1940)
See also
Timeline of low-temperature technology
Allan Griffin A Brief History of Our Understanding of BEC: From Bose to Beliaev arXiv:cond-mat/9901123 p. 5
References
External links
U of T and the Discover of Superfluidity
Reference to the late Don Misener
Canadian physicists
University of Toronto alumni
Superfluidity
1911 births
1996 deaths
Presidents of the Canadian Association of Physicists
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-protein%20diet
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A high-protein diet is a diet in which 20% or more of the total daily calories comes from protein. Most high protein diets are high in saturated fat and severely restrict intake of carbohydrates.
Example foods in a high-protein diet include lean beef, chicken or poultry, pork, salmon and tuna, eggs, and soy. High-protein diets have been criticized as a type of fad diet and for promoting misconceptions about carbohydrates, insulin resistance and ketosis.
A 2017 review indicated that a high-protein diet may contribute to life-long risk of kidney damage, including chronic kidney disease. High-protein diets may increase the risk of coronary artery disease and cancer. A 2020 review found that a high-protein diet does not significantly improve blood pressure and glycemic control in people with diabetes.
The American Heart Association’s Nutrition Committee have issued a strong recommendation against high-protein diets such as Protein Power and the Atkins diet. The committee noted potential health risks of high-protein diets and how there are no long-term scientific studies to support their efficacy and safety.
The following high-protein diets have been criticized as fad diets:
Atkins diet
Dukan Diet
Montignac diet
Protein Power
Scarsdale diet
Stillman diet
Sugar Busters!
Zone diet
See also
List of foods by protein content
Bodybuilding supplement
Dietary supplement
Human nutrition
List of diets
Low-protein diet
Nutrition
References
Further reading
Kamyar Kalantar-Zad
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilya%20Gruzinov
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Ilya Gruzinov was professor of anatomy and physiology at Imperial Moscow University. He discovered in 1812 that the actual source for a deep and pleasant vocal sound is the membrane, which is a posterior wall of trachea and bronchi.
Career
Gruzinov was born to a family of an ethnic Georgian priest of Russian orthodox Church. He received Christian education, then studied at Imperial Moscow University and Saint Petersburg Academy of Physicians and Surgeons followed by studies in Western Europe. He worked as adjunct professor of anatomy (from 1809) and professor of anatomy and physiology (from 1811) at the Medical Department of Moscow University. After Napoleon's invasion of Russia in 1812 he began to help wounded soldiers in the Russian Army.
Gruzinov made his discovery while dissecting dead bodies during and after the Battle of Borodino, and first described the audible properties of the membrane. Blowing air through, he found it to produce the sound, very similar to human voice. He described this best himself: "Anatomizing the dead bodies, by inflating the windpipe and stretching the membranous posterior wall of trachea, I have managed to produce a perfect vocal sound without engaging the vocal cords..." "Human voice is formed in the chest - in the bottom end of the windpipe (trachea), by means of the posterior membrane, attached to the cartilaginous cells..."
Gruzinov died from typhus in January 1813.
References
External links
Buchel V. The Unknown discovery by a Russia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20Ferman
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James Alan Ferman (11 April 1930 – 24 December 2002) was an American television and theatre director. He was the Secretary (later termed Director) of the British Board of Film Classification from 1975 to 1999.
Career
Ferman started at Great Neck High School, New York in 1941. He received an English degree from Cornell University in 1951, where he was a member of the Pi Lambda Phi fraternity. He originally went to the United Kingdom while serving in the United States Air Force stationed at Bentwaters Air Force Base. He studied at King's College, Cambridge. Before his time at the BBFC, Ferman worked on TV series such as Armchair Theatre, and after moving from ABC to ATV, Emergency Ward 10 and many documentaries. He also wrote the libretto for the musical Zuleika.
At the BBFC, Ferman oversaw extensive liberalization of censorship standards and fronted a successful campaign for the Home Office to prohibit common law private prosecutions against films, which were being used extensively during the 1970s. In the late 1980s he faced criticism by some media outlets who accused him of allowing videos to pass which they blamed for real-life violence. This led him to take caution over violent and sexually violent works, but his continued liberalization led to an anti-BBFC campaign run by the Daily Mail. He later faced criticism for refusing to allow several films from the 1970s to be released following the introduction of video censorship under the Video Recordings Act 1984 and the med
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LDK
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LDK may refer to:
Ceritinib or LDK378, a drug used for the treatment non-small cell lung cancer
L.D.K. Lounge Designers Killer, a 2005 album by Japanese band Capsule.
LDK, an abbreviation for Living room, Dining room, Kitchen for housing options in Japan.
L DK, a romantic comedy manga series by Ayu Watanabe.
LDK Solar Co, a Chinese company that manufactures crystalline solar wafers
Campus Dakwah Institute (Lembaga Dakwah Kampus), a term for Islamic student organization in Indonesia
Democratic League of Kosovo (Lidhja Demokratike e Kosovës), a political party in Kosovo
Lidköping-Hovby Airport, IATA airport code
Grand Duchy of Lithuania (Lietuvos Didžioji Kunigaikštystė), a medieval state in Eastern Europe
Lycée de Kigali, a secondary school in Kigali, Rwanda
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nile%20blue
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Nile blue (or Nile blue A) is a stain used in biology and histology. It may be used with live or fixed cells, and imparts a blue colour to cell nuclei.
It may also be used in conjunction with fluorescence microscopy to stain for the presence of polyhydroxybutyrate granules in prokaryotic or eukaryotic cells. Boiling a solution of Nile blue with sulfuric acid produces Nile red (Nile blue oxazone).
Chemical and physical properties
Nile blue is a fluorescent dye. The fluorescence shows especially in nonpolar solvents with a high quantum yield.
The absorption and emission maxima of Nile blue are strongly dependent on pH and the solvents used:
The duration of Nile blue fluorescence in ethanol was measured as 1.42 ns. This is shorter than the corresponding value of Nile red with 3.65 ns. The fluorescence duration is independent on dilution in the range 10−3 to 10−8 mol/L.
Nile blue staining
Nile blue is used for histological staining of biological preparations. It highlights the distinction between neutral lipids (triglycerides, cholesteryl esters, steroids) which are stained pink and acids (fatty acids, chromolipids, phospholipids) which are stained blue.
The Nile blue staining, according to Kleeberg, uses the following chemicals:
Nile Blue A
1% acetic acid
Glycerol or glycerol gelatin
Workflow
The sample or frozen sections is/are fixated in formaldehyde, then immersed for 20 minutes in the Nile blue solution or 30 sec in nile blue A (1% w/v in distilled water) and rinse
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman%20L.%20Bowen
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Norman Levi Bowen FRS (June 21, 1887 – September 11, 1956) was a Canadian geologist. Bowen "revolutionized experimental petrology and our understanding of mineral crystallization". Beginning geology students are familiar with Bowen's reaction series depicting how different minerals crystallize under varying pressures and temperatures."
Career
Bowen conducted experimental research at the Geophysical Laboratory, Carnegie Institution for Science of Washington from 1912 to 1937. He published The Evolution of the Igneous Rocks in 1928. This book set the stage for a geochemical and geophysical foundation for the study of rocks and minerals.
Personal life
Born in Kingston, Ontario, Canada, Bowen married Mary Lamont in 1911, and they had a daughter, Catherine.
Awards and honours
Bowen was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1921, the American Philosophical Society in 1930, and the United States National Academy of Sciences in 1935. He was awarded the Penrose Medal of the Geological Society of America in 1941 and served as their president in 1945. He was elected a Foreign Member of the Royal Society (ForMemRS) in 1949.
The Norman L. Bowen Award, awarded annually by the American Geophysical Union, is named in his honour.
The astronauts of Apollo 17 named a small lunar crater after him.
References
Further reading
Norman L. Bowen, science.ca Profile. Available from: http://www.science.ca/scientists/scientistprofile.php?pID=271
Yoder, H. S., Jr. Norman L. Bow
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur%20Lyon%20Bowley
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Sir Arthur Lyon Bowley, FBA (6 November 1869 – 21 January 1957) was an English statistician and economist who worked on economic statistics and pioneered the use of sampling techniques in social surveys.
Early life
Bowley's father, James William Lyon Bowley, was a minister in the Church of England. He died at the age of 40 when Arthur was one, leaving Arthur's mother as mother or stepmother to seven children. Arthur was educated at Christ's Hospital, and won a scholarship to Trinity College, Cambridge to study mathematics. He graduated as Tenth Wrangler.
At Cambridge Bowley had a short course of study with the economist Alfred Marshall who had also been a Cambridge wrangler. Under Marshall's influence Bowley became an economic statistician. His Account of England's Foreign Trade won the Cobden Essay Prize and was published as a book. Marshall watched over Bowley's career, recommending him for jobs and offering him advice. Most notoriously Marshall told him the Elements of Statistics contained "too much mathematics."
Academic career
After leaving Cambridge Bowley taught mathematics at St John's School in Leatherhead from 1893 to 1899. Meanwhile, he was publishing in economic statistics; his first article for the journal of the Royal Statistical Society) appeared in 1895. In that year the London School of Economics opened. Bowley was appointed as a part-time lecturer and he would be connected with the School until he retired in 1936. He can be considered one of the School's
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein%20Z-related%20protease%20inhibitor
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Protein Z-dependent protease inhibitor (ZPI) is a protein circulating in the blood which inhibits factors Xa and XIa of the coagulation cascade. It is a member of the class of the serine protease inhibitors (serpins). Its name implies that it requires protein Z, another circulating protein, to function properly, but this only applies to its inhibition of factor X.
It is about 72 kDa heavy and 444 amino acids large. It is produced by the liver.
Role in disease
Water et al. found deficiency of ZPI in 4.4% of a cohort of patients with thrombophilia (a tendency to thrombosis).
History
Han et al. first described ZPI in 1998. The same group further characterised it in 2000.
References
External links
The MEROPS online database for peptidases and their inhibitors: I04.005
Coagulation system
Serine protease inhibitors
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZPI
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ZPI may refer to:
Protein Z-related protease inhibitor, a protein circulating in the blood
Zero Point Interchange, a cloverleaf interchange in Islamabad, Pakistan
Pinner tube station, a London Underground station in London, England (National Rail station code ZPI)
Zampini railway station, India (Indian Railways station code ZPI)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein%20Z
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Protein Z (PZ or PROZ) is a mammalian protein which is encoded by the PROZ gene.
Protein Z is a member of the coagulation cascade, the group of blood proteins that leads to the formation of blood clots. It is a glycoprotein. Protein Z functions to inhibit blood coagulation by binding to an inhibitor. It is a GLA domain protein and thus Vitamin K-dependent, and its functionality is therefore impaired in warfarin therapy.
Physiology
Although it is not enzymatically active, it is structurally related to several serine proteases of the coagulation cascade: Factors VII, IX, X and Protein C. The carboxyglutamate residues (which require Vitamin K) bind Protein Z to phospholipid surfaces.
The main role of Protein Z appears to be the degradation of Factor Xa. This is done by Protein Z-related protease inhibitor (ZPI), but the reaction is accelerated 1000-fold by the presence of Protein Z. Oddly, ZPI also degrades Factor XI, but this reaction does not require the presence of Protein Z. ZPI activated by Protein Z does not appear to happen because of its conformation, but proximity to each other. When Protein Z in bound to ZPI, it will bind to the same phospholipid surface as Factor Xa. This is what promotes the inhibition of Factor Xa.
In some studies, deficiency states have been associated with a propensity to thrombosis. Others, however, link it to bleeding tendency; there is no clear explanation for this, as it acts physiologically as an inhibitor, and deficiency would logicall
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass%20flow%20meter
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A mass flow meter, also known as an inertial flow meter, is a device that measures mass flow rate of a fluid traveling through a tube. The mass flow rate is the mass of the fluid traveling past a fixed point per unit time.
The mass flow meter does not measure the volume per unit time (e.g. cubic meters per second) passing through the device; it measures the mass per unit time (e.g. kilograms per second) flowing through the device. Volumetric flow rate is the mass flow rate divided by the fluid density. If the density is constant, then the relationship is simple. If the fluid has varying density, then the relationship is not simple. For example, the density of the fluid may change with temperature, pressure, or composition. The fluid may also be a combination of phases such as a fluid with entrained bubbles. Actual density can be determined due to dependency of sound velocity on the controlled liquid concentration.
Operating principle of a Coriolis flow meter
There are two basic configurations of Coriolis flow meter: the curved tube flow meter and the straight tube flow meter. This article discusses the curved tube design.
The animations on the right do not represent an actually existing Coriolis flow meter design. The purpose of the animations is to illustrate the operating principle, and to show the connection with rotation.
Fluid is being pumped through the mass flow meter. When there is mass flow, the tube twists slightly. The arm through which fluid flows away from th
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperbolic%20partial%20differential%20equation
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In mathematics, a hyperbolic partial differential equation of order is a partial differential equation (PDE) that, roughly speaking, has a well-posed initial value problem for the first derivatives. More precisely, the Cauchy problem can be locally solved for arbitrary initial data along any non-characteristic hypersurface. Many of the equations of mechanics are hyperbolic, and so the study of hyperbolic equations is of substantial contemporary interest. The model hyperbolic equation is the wave equation. In one spatial dimension, this is
The equation has the property that, if and its first time derivative are arbitrarily specified initial data on the line (with sufficient smoothness properties), then there exists a solution for all time .
The solutions of hyperbolic equations are "wave-like". If a disturbance is made in the initial data of a hyperbolic differential equation, then not every point of space feels the disturbance at once. Relative to a fixed time coordinate, disturbances have a finite propagation speed. They travel along the characteristics of the equation. This feature qualitatively distinguishes hyperbolic equations from elliptic partial differential equations and parabolic partial differential equations. A perturbation of the initial (or boundary) data of an elliptic or parabolic equation is felt at once by essentially all points in the domain.
Although the definition of hyperbolicity is fundamentally a qualitative one, there are precise criteria t
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silica%20fume
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Silica fume, also known as microsilica, (CAS number 69012-64-2, EINECS number 273-761-1) is an amorphous (non-crystalline) polymorph of silicon dioxide, silica. It is an ultrafine powder collected as a by-product of the silicon and ferrosilicon alloy production and consists of spherical particles with an average particle diameter of 150 nm. The main field of application is as pozzolanic material for high performance concrete.
It is sometimes confused with fumed silica (also known as pyrogenic silica, CAS number 112945-52-5). However, the production process, particle characteristics and fields of application of fumed silica are all different from those of silica fume.
History
The first testing of silica fume in Portland-cement-based concretes was carried out in 1952. The biggest drawback to exploring the properties of silica fume was a lack of material with which to experiment. Early research used an expensive additive called fumed silica, an amorphous form of silica made by combustion of silicon tetrachloride in a hydrogen-oxygen flame. Silica fume on the other hand, is a very fine pozzolanic, amorphous material, a by-product of the production of elemental silicon or ferrosilicon alloys in electric arc furnaces. Before the late 1960s in Europe and the mid-1970s in the United States, silica fumes were simply vented into the atmosphere.
With the implementation of tougher environmental laws during the mid-1970s, silicon smelters began to collect the silica fume and search f
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B6ssler%20attractor
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The Rössler attractor is the attractor for the Rössler system, a system of three non-linear ordinary differential equations originally studied by Otto Rössler in the 1970s. These differential equations define a continuous-time dynamical system that exhibits chaotic dynamics associated with the fractal properties of the attractor. Rössler interpreted it as a formalization of a taffy-pulling machine.
Some properties of the Rössler system can be deduced via linear methods such as eigenvectors, but the main features of the system require non-linear methods such as Poincaré maps and bifurcation diagrams. The original Rössler paper states the Rössler attractor was intended to behave similarly to the Lorenz attractor, but also be easier to analyze qualitatively. An orbit within the attractor follows an outward spiral close to the plane around an unstable fixed point. Once the graph spirals out enough, a second fixed point influences the graph, causing a rise and twist in the -dimension. In the time domain, it becomes apparent that although each variable is oscillating within a fixed range of values, the oscillations are chaotic. This attractor has some similarities to the Lorenz attractor, but is simpler and has only one manifold. Otto Rössler designed the Rössler attractor in 1976, but the originally theoretical equations were later found to be useful in modeling equilibrium in chemical reactions.
Definition
The defining equations of the Rössler system are:
Rössler studied the
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decile
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In descriptive statistics, a decile is any of the nine values that divide the sorted data into ten equal parts, so that each part represents 1/10 of the sample or population. A decile is one possible form of a quantile; others include the quartile and percentile. A decile rank arranges the data in order from lowest to highest and is done on a scale of one to ten where each successive number corresponds to an increase of 10 percentage points.
Special Usage: The decile mean
A moderately robust measure of central tendency - known as the decile mean - can be computed by making use of a sample's deciles to ( = 10th percentile, = 20th percentile and so on). It is calculated as follows:
Apart from serving as an alternative for the mean and the truncated mean, it also forms the basis for robust measures of skewness and kurtosis, and even a normality test.
See also
Summary statistics
Socio-economic decile (for New Zealand schools)
References
Summary statistics
de:Quantil#Dezil
ru:Квантиль#Дециль
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis%20classification%20in%20the%20United%20Kingdom
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Cannabis classification in the United Kingdom refers to the class of drugs, as determined by the Misuse of Drugs Act 1971, that cannabis is placed in. Between 1928 and 2004 and since 2009, it has been classified as a class B drug. From 2004 to 2009, it was a class C drug. At present, it is a class B, with very limited exceptions.
Drug policy (including Cannabis classification) has been a contentious subject in UK politics. A number of senior Scientific advisors have objected the transfer back to class B, notably Professor David Nutt and John Beddington considered the move politically motivated rather than scientifically justified.
Transfer to class C
As Home Secretary in Tony Blair's Labour government, David Blunkett announced in 2001 that cannabis would be transferred from class B of the Act to class C, resulting in a penalty of up to 2 years in prison for possession. The penalty for possession would be up to 5 years in prison if it is decided that there was an intent to supply. Reclassification had the support of a plurality of the public, with surveys at the time finding that 49% of British adults supported cannabis decriminalisation, 36% were against, and 15% were undecided. The transfer eventually happened in January 2004, after class C penalties for distribution had been stiffened. The Advisory Council on the Misuse of Drugs had recommended such a reclassification as early as 1979, a view endorsed by the Runciman Report in 1999.
The change was designed to enable pol
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hille%E2%80%93Yosida%20theorem
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In functional analysis, the Hille–Yosida theorem characterizes the generators of strongly continuous one-parameter semigroups of linear operators on Banach spaces. It is sometimes stated for the special case of contraction semigroups, with the general case being called the Feller–Miyadera–Phillips theorem (after William Feller, Isao Miyadera, and Ralph Phillips). The contraction semigroup case is widely used in the theory of Markov processes. In other scenarios, the closely related Lumer–Phillips theorem is often more useful in determining whether a given operator generates a strongly continuous contraction semigroup. The theorem is named after the mathematicians Einar Hille and Kōsaku Yosida who independently discovered the result around 1948.
Formal definitions
If X is a Banach space, a one-parameter semigroup of operators on X is a family of operators indexed on the non-negative real numbers
{T(t)} t ∈ [0, ∞) such that
The semigroup is said to be strongly continuous, also called a (C0) semigroup, if and only if the mapping
is continuous for all x ∈ X, where [0, ∞) has the usual topology and X has the norm topology.
The infinitesimal generator of a one-parameter semigroup T is an operator A defined on a possibly proper subspace of X as follows:
The domain of A is the set of x ∈ X such that
has a limit as h approaches 0 from the right.
The value of Ax is the value of the above limit. In other words, Ax is the right-derivative at 0 of the function
The infinitesimal
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WCUA%20%28Catholic%20University%20of%20America%29
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WCUA is the college radio station broadcast from The Catholic University of America. Due to a lack of a license to broadcast at their designated frequency at 97.5 MHz FM and how the antenna is located at a building different from the studio, the station currently only broadcasts over the internet at their website.
Much of the programming consists of talk and rock/jazz/country music. Breaks between and during shows are done through a preset playlist by either the station producer or the station manager.
History
1920-1958: WQAW and WGIB
As a university with an electrical engineering school, students expressed interest in varied aspects of radio broadcasting. In 1921, the Electrical Engineering Department successfully built a working radio transmitter. In December, 1922, a CUA Tower article reports, "Installation of the radio experimental station in the Engineering Building has been completed and is now in operation. The call for this station is 3-X-I."
Based on these successes, the university applied for and received a broadcast license on February 23, 1923. Called WQAW, the station broadcast at 834 kHz (AM) at five watts power on "unlimited time."
"Broadcast was begun immediately, the programs consisting of phonograph records, occasional "live" talent, talks and discussions. Considerable interest was shown in the station. However, with the growth of commercial broadcasting, the University authorities felt that station WQAW was "hopelessly outclassed."...
Consequently, wh
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir%20John%20Sinclair%2C%201st%20Baronet
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Colonel Sir John Sinclair, 1st Baronet, (10 May 1754 – 21 December 1835), was a Scottish politician, military officer, planter and writer who was one of the first people to use the word "statistics" in the English language in his pioneering work, Statistical Accounts of Scotland, which was published in 21 volumes.
Life
Sinclair was the eldest son of George Sinclair of Ulbster (d. 1770), a member of the family of the earls of Caithness, and his wife Lady Janet Sutherland. He was born at Thurso Castle, Caithness. He was educated at the High School in Edinburgh.
After studying law at the universities of Edinburgh and Glasgow and Trinity College, Oxford, he completed his legal studies at Lincoln's Inn in London in 1774. He was admitted to the Faculty of Advocates in Scotland in 1775, and also called to the English bar, although he never practised. He had inherited his father's estates in 1770 and had no financial need to work.
In 1780, he was returned to the House of Commons for the Caithness constituency, and subsequently represented several English constituencies, his parliamentary career extending, with few interruptions, until 1811. Sinclair established at Edinburgh a society for the improvement of British wool, and was mainly instrumental in the creation of the Board of Agriculture, of which he was the first president.
In 1788 he played a leading part in the formation of the African Association, founded to promote knowledge of Africa.
In 1794, Sinclair raised the Roth
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian%20Seward
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Julian Seward is a British compiler writer and Free Software contributor who lives in Stuttgart. He is commonly known for creating the bzip2 compression tool in 1996, as well as the valgrind memory debugging toolset founded in 2000. In 2006, he won a second O'Reilly Open Source Award for his work on Valgrind.
Julian currently works at Mozilla.
Contributions
bzip2 (1996), a data compressor
cacheprof (1999), a tool for locating the sources of D-cache misses
Valgrind, a memory debugger
Awards
July 2006 – Julian Seward won a Google-O'Reilly Open Source Award for "Best Toolmaker" for his work on Valgrind
References
External links
Interview with Valgrind Author Julian Seward on techrepublic.com, January 2004.
Interview with Valgrind Author Julian Seward on kde.org, February 2006.
English computer programmers
Living people
Free software programmers
Open source people
Year of birth missing (living people)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistical%20classification
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In statistics, classification is the problem of identifying which of a set of categories (sub-populations) an observation (or observations) belongs to. Examples are assigning a given email to the "spam" or "non-spam" class, and assigning a diagnosis to a given patient based on observed characteristics of the patient (sex, blood pressure, presence or absence of certain symptoms, etc.).
Often, the individual observations are analyzed into a set of quantifiable properties, known variously as explanatory variables or features. These properties may variously be categorical (e.g. "A", "B", "AB" or "O", for blood type), ordinal (e.g. "large", "medium" or "small"), integer-valued (e.g. the number of occurrences of a particular word in an email) or real-valued (e.g. a measurement of blood pressure). Other classifiers work by comparing observations to previous observations by means of a similarity or distance function.
An algorithm that implements classification, especially in a concrete implementation, is known as a classifier. The term "classifier" sometimes also refers to the mathematical function, implemented by a classification algorithm, that maps input data to a category.
Terminology across fields is quite varied. In statistics, where classification is often done with logistic regression or a similar procedure, the properties of observations are termed explanatory variables (or independent variables, regressors, etc.), and the categories to be predicted are known as outcom
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reaction%20quotient
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In chemical thermodynamics, the reaction quotient (Qr or just Q) is a dimensionless quantity that provides a measurement of the relative amounts of products and reactants present in a reaction mixture for a reaction with well-defined overall stoichiometry, at a particular point in time. Mathematically, it is defined as the ratio of the activities (or molar concentrations) of the product species over those of the reactant species involved in the chemical reaction, taking stoichiometric coefficients of the reaction into account as exponents of the concentrations. In equilibrium, the reaction quotient is constant over time and is equal to the equilibrium constant.
A general chemical reaction in which α moles of a reactant A and β moles of a reactant B react to give ρ moles of a product R and σ moles of a product S can be written as
\it \alpha\,\rm A{} + \it \beta\,\rm B{} <=> \it \rho\,\rm R{} + \it \sigma\,\rm S{}.
The reaction is written as an equilibrium even though in many cases it may appear that all of the reactants on one side have been converted to the other side. When any initial mixture of A, B, R, and S is made, and the reaction is allowed to proceed (either in the forward or reverse direction), the reaction quotient Qr, as a function of time t, is defined as
where {X}t denotes the instantaneous activity of a species X at time t.
A compact general definition is
where Пj denotes the product across all j-indexed variables, aj(t) is the activity of species j at t
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impeller
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An impeller or impellor is a driven rotor used to increase the pressure and flow of a fluid. It is the opposite of a turbine, which extracts energy from, and reduces the pressure of, a flowing fluid.
Strictly speaking, propellers are a sub-class of impellers where the flow both enters and leaves axially, but in many contexts the term "impeller" is reserved for non-propellor rotors where the flow enters axially and leaves radially, especially when creating suction in a pump or compressor.
In pumps
An impeller is a rotating component of a centrifugal pump that accelerates fluid outward from the center of rotation, thus transferring energy from the motor that drives the pump to the fluid being pumped. The velocity achieved by the impeller transfers into pressure when the outward movement of the fluid is confined by the pump casing. An impeller is usually a short cylinder with an open inlet (called an eye) to accept incoming fluid, vanes to push the fluid radially, and a splined, keyed, or threaded bore to accept a drive shaft.
It can be cheaper to cast an impeller and its spindle as one piece, rather than separately. This combination is sometimes referred to simply as the "rotor."
Types
Open
An open impeller has a hub with attached vanes and is mounted on a shaft. The vanes do not have a wall, making open impellers slightly weaker than closed or semi-closed impellers. However, as the side plate is not fixed to the inlet side of the vane, the blade stresses are significant
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CompStat
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CompStat—or COMPSTAT, short for Computer Statistics—is a computerization and quantification program used by police departments. It was originally set up by the New York City Police Department in the 1990s. Variations of the program have since been used in police departments across the world. According to a 2022 podcast by Peter Moskos with John Yohe and Billy Gorta, the name CompStat was suggested by detective Richard Mahere for the computer file name of the original program to comply with 8.3 filename conventions, short for "Comparative Statistics" and "Computer Statistics.".
Origins
CompStat was started under the direction of Jack Maple when he was a transit police officer in New York City. The system was called Charts of the Future and was simple: it tracked crime through pins stuck in maps. Charts of the Future is credited with cutting subway crime by 27 percent.
The original commanding officer of the Transit Police Crime Analysis Unit was Lieutenant Richard Vasconi. Chief of New York City Transit Police William J. Bratton was later appointed police commissioner by Rudolph Giuliani, and he brought Maple's Charts of the Future with him. Maple eventually made the NYPD adopt it after it was rebranded as CompStat, and it was credited with helping to bring down crime by around 60%. There was a CompStat meeting every month, and it was mandatory for police officials to attend. The year after CompStat was adopted, 1995, murders dropped to 1,181. By 2012, there were 417 murders—
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacSpeech
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MacSpeech, Inc. was a New Hampshire-based technology company that produced software-based speech recognition and voice dictation solutions for the Apple ecosystem. The company's products included iListen, MacSpeech Dictate, MacSpeech Dictate Medical, MacSpeech Dictate Legal, MacSpeech Dictate International, and MacSpeech Scribe. On February 12, 2010, Nuance Communications, Inc. acquired MacSpeech.
History
The first commercial voice dictation product for Mac OS X was IBM's ViaVoice, but ScanSoft, the company that had exclusive global distribution rights to ViaVoice, merged with Nuance and stopped developing ViaVoice for Macintosh. (The first dictation software for Mac OS 9 was Articulate System's PowerSecretary.) Seeing a continued need for a Mac-based speech-to-text solution, MacSpeech was founded in 1996 by Andrew Taylor, a former employee of Articulate Systems experienced with software-based speech recognition technologies.
iListen
MacSpeech's first product, iListen, was developed in partnership with Philips Speech Processing using its "FreeSpeech 2000" speech engine. First released in 2000, by 2006 iListen was the only third-party software product that allowed voice-to-text input on the newer MacIntosh models requiring OSX. Its competitors at the time were Apple's own speech recognition software (built into Mac OS X); Dragon Naturally Speaking for PC by Nuance, running under a Windows virtualization software solution such as Parallels Desktop for Mac or VMware Fusion;
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earnest%20Hooton
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Earnest Albert Hooton (November 20, 1887 – May 3, 1954) was an American physical anthropologist known for his work on racial classification and his popular writings such as the book Up From The Ape. Hooton sat on the Committee on the Negro, a group that "focused on the anatomy of blacks and reflected the racism of the time."
Biography
Earnest Albert Hooton was born in Clemansville, Wisconsin, the third child and only son of an English-born Methodist minister married to a Canadian-born woman of Scotch-Irish ancestry. He was educated at Lawrence University in Appleton, Wisconsin. After earning his BA there in 1907, he won a Rhodes Scholarship to Oxford University, which he deferred in order to continue his studies in the United States. He pursued graduate studies in classics at the University of Wisconsin–Madison, where he received an MA in 1908 and a Ph.D. in 1911 on "The Pre-Hellenistic Stage of the Evolution of the Literary Art at Rome", and then continued on to England. He applied for and was awarded a Rhodes scholarship, electing to study at Oxford. There he assisted in the excavation of Viking boat burials. Studying with R.R. Marett, he received a diploma in 1912 and with Marett's strong support he secured a teaching position at Harvard for the next four decades. During this time, he was also Curator of Somatology at the nearby Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology.
With the beginning of the First World War, he was disqualified from military service due to the ne
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzyme%20immunoassay
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An enzyme immunoassay is any of several immunoassay methods that use an enzyme bound to an antigen or antibody. These may include:
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)
Enzyme multiplied immunoassay technique (EMIT)
Fluorescent enzyme immunoassays (FEIAs)
Chemiluminescent immunoassays (CLIAs)
Radioimmunoassays (RIAs)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ross%20River%20virus
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Ross River virus (RRV) is a small encapsulated single-strand RNA Alphavirus endemic to Australia, Papua New Guinea and other islands in the South Pacific. It is responsible for a type of mosquito-borne non-lethal but extremely debilitating tropical disease known as Ross River fever, previously termed "epidemic polyarthritis". There is no known cure, and it can last in the system of the host for up to 20 years. The virus is suspected to be enzootic in populations of various native Australian mammals, and has been found on occasion in horses.
Classification and morphology
Taxonomically, Ross River virus belongs to the virus genus Alphavirus, which is part of the family Togaviridae. The alphaviruses are a group of small enveloped single-strand positive-sense RNA viruses. RRV belongs to a subgroup of "Old World" (Eurasian-African-Australasian) alphaviruses, and is considered closely related to Sagiyama virus.
The virions (virus particles) themselves contain their genome in a protein capsid 700 Å in diameter. They are characterised by the presence of two glycoproteins (E1 and E2) embedded as trimeric dimers in a host-derived lipid envelope.
Because RRV is transmitted by mosquitos, it is considered an arbovirus, a non-taxonomic term for viruses borne by arthropod vectors.
History
In 1928, an outbreak of acute febrile arthritis was recorded in Narrandera and Hay in New South Wales, Australia. In 1943, several outbreaks of arthralgia and arthritis were described in the Northern
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estrogen%20receptor
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Estrogen receptors (ERs) are a group of proteins found inside cells. They are receptors that are activated by the hormone estrogen (17β-estradiol). Two classes of ER exist: nuclear estrogen receptors (ERα and ERβ), which are members of the nuclear receptor family of intracellular receptors, and membrane estrogen receptors (mERs) (GPER (GPR30), ER-X, and Gq-mER), which are mostly G protein-coupled receptors. This article refers to the former (ER).
Once activated by estrogen, the ER is able to translocate into the nucleus and bind to DNA to regulate the activity of different genes (i.e. it is a DNA-binding transcription factor). However, it also has additional functions independent of DNA binding.
As hormone receptors for sex steroids (steroid hormone receptors), ERs, androgen receptors (ARs), and progesterone receptors (PRs) are important in sexual maturation and gestation.
Proteomics
There are two different forms of the estrogen receptor, usually referred to as α and β, each encoded by a separate gene ( and , respectively). Hormone-activated estrogen receptors form dimers, and, since the two forms are coexpressed in many cell types, the receptors may form ERα (αα) or ERβ (ββ) homodimers or ERαβ (αβ) heterodimers.
Estrogen receptor alpha and beta show significant overall sequence homology, and both are composed of five domains designated A/B through F (listed from the N- to C-terminus; amino acid sequence numbers refer to human ER).
The N-terminal A/B domain is able to tra
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Healthy%20diet
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A healthy diet is a diet that maintains or improves overall health. A healthy diet provides the body with essential nutrition: fluid, macronutrients such as protein, micronutrients such as vitamins, and adequate fibre and food energy.
A healthy diet may contain fruits, vegetables, and whole grains, and may include little to no ultra-processed foods or sweetened beverages. The requirements for a healthy diet can be met from a variety of plant-based and animal-based foods, although additional sources of vitamin B12 are needed for those following a vegan diet. Various nutrition guides are published by medical and governmental institutions to educate individuals on what they should be eating to be healthy. Nutrition facts labels are also mandatory in some countries to allow consumers to choose between foods based on the components relevant to health.
Recommendations
World Health Organization
The World Health Organization (WHO) makes the following five recommendations with respect to both populations and individuals:
Maintain a healthy weight by eating roughly the same number of calories that your body is using.
Limit intake of fats to no more than 30% of total caloric intake, preferring unsaturated fats to saturated fats. Avoid trans fats.
Eat at least 400 grams of fruits and vegetables per day (not counting potatoes, sweet potatoes, cassava, and other starchy roots). A healthy diet also contains legumes (e.g. lentils, beans), whole grains, and nuts.
Limit the intake of s
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein%20design
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Protein design is the rational design of new protein molecules to design novel activity, behavior, or purpose, and to advance basic understanding of protein function. Proteins can be designed from scratch (de novo design) or by making calculated variants of a known protein structure and its sequence (termed protein redesign). Rational protein design approaches make protein-sequence predictions that will fold to specific structures. These predicted sequences can then be validated experimentally through methods such as peptide synthesis, site-directed mutagenesis, or artificial gene synthesis.
Rational protein design dates back to the mid-1970s. Recently, however, there were numerous examples of successful rational design of water-soluble and even transmembrane peptides and proteins, in part due to a better understanding of different factors contributing to protein structure stability and development of better computational methods.
Overview and history
The goal in rational protein design is to predict amino acid sequences that will fold to a specific protein structure. Although the number of possible protein sequences is vast, growing exponentially with the size of the protein chain, only a subset of them will fold reliably and quickly to one native state. Protein design involves identifying novel sequences within this subset. The native state of a protein is the conformational free energy minimum for the chain. Thus, protein design is the search for sequences that have the
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microviridae
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Microviridae is a family of bacteriophages with a single-stranded DNA genome. The name of this family is derived from the ancient Greek word (), meaning "small". This refers to the size of their genomes, which are among the smallest of the DNA viruses. Enterobacteria, intracellular parasitic bacteria, and spiroplasma serve as natural hosts. There are 22 species in this family, divided among seven genera and two subfamilies.
Virology
The virions are non-enveloped, round with an icosahedral symmetry (T = 1). They have a diameter between 25–27 nanometers and lack tails. Each virion has 60 copies each of the F, G, and J proteins and 12 copies of the H protein. They have 12 pentagonal trumpet-shaped pentamers (~7.1 nm wide × 3.8 nm high), each of which is composed of 5 copies of the G and one of the H protein.
Viruses in this family replicate their genomes via a rolling circle mechanism and encode dedicated RCR initiation proteins.
Although the majority of species in this family have lytic life cycles, a few may have temperate life cycles.
Genome
The genome sizes range from 4.5–6kb and is circular. It encodes 11 genes (in order: A, A*, B, C, K, D, E, J, F, G, and H), nine of which are essential. The nonessential genes are E and K. Several of the genes have overlapping reading frames. Protein A* is encoded within protein A. It lacks ~1/3 of the amino acids from the N terminal of the A protein and is encoded in the same frame as the A protein. It is translated from an internal
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geminiviridae
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Geminiviridae is a family of plant viruses that encode their genetic information on a circular genome of single-stranded (ss) DNA. There are 520 species in this family, assigned to 14 genera. Diseases associated with this family include: bright yellow mosaic, yellow mosaic, yellow mottle, leaf curling, stunting, streaks, reduced yields. They have single-stranded circular DNA genomes encoding genes that diverge in both directions from a virion strand origin of replication (i.e. geminivirus genomes are ambisense). According to the Baltimore classification they are considered class II viruses. It is the largest known family of single stranded DNA viruses.
Mastrevirus and curtovirus transmission is via various leafhopper species (e.g. maize streak virus and other African streak viruses are transmitted by Cicadulina mbila), the only known topocuvirus species, Tomato pseudo-curly top virus, is transmitted by the treehopper Micrutalis malleifera, and begomoviruses are transmitted by the whitefly species, Bemisia tabaci.
These viruses are responsible for a significant amount of crop damage worldwide. Epidemics of geminivirus diseases have arisen due to a number of factors, including the recombination of different geminiviruses coinfecting a plant, which enables novel, possibly virulent viruses to be developed. Other contributing factors include the transport of infected plant material to new locations, expansion of agriculture into new growing areas, and the expansion and migrati
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circoviridae
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Circoviridae is a family of DNA viruses. Birds and mammals serve as natural hosts. There are 101 species in this family, assigned to 2 genera. Diseases associated with this family include: PCV-2: postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome; CAV: chicken infectious anemia.
Structure
Viruses in the family Circoviridae are non-enveloped, with icosahedral and round geometries, and T=1 symmetry. The diameter is around 20 nm. Genomes are circular and non-segmented, around 3.8kb in length. The capsid consists of 12 pentagonal trumpet-shaped pentamers. There are two main open reading frames arranged in opposite directions that encode the replication and capsid proteins. Alternative start codons are common in the avian species.
Life cycle
Viral replication is nuclear. Entry into the host cell is achieved by penetration into the host cell. Replication follows the ssDNA rolling circle model. DNA templated transcription, with some alternative splicing mechanism is the method of transcription. The virus exits the host cell by nuclear egress, and nuclear pore export. A stem loop structure with a conserved nonanucleotide motif is located at the 5' intergenic region of circovirus genomes and is thought to initiate rolling-cycle replication.
Birds and mammals serve as the natural host. Transmission routes are fecal-oral.
Taxonomy
The family Circoviridae contains two genera—Circovirus and Cyclovirus.
Genus Circovirus: type species: Porcine circovirus 1
Genus Cyclovirus : type species Hum
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cystovirus
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Cystovirus is a genus of double-stranded RNA viruses which infects bacteria. It is the only genus in the family Cystoviridae. The name of the group cysto derives from Greek kystis which means bladder or sack. There are seven species in this genus.
Discovery
Pseudomonas virus phi6 was the first virus in this family to be discovered and was initially characterized in 1973 by Anne Vidaver at the University of Nebraska. She found that when she cultured the bacterial strain Pseudomonas phaseolicola HB1OY with halo blight infected bean straw, cytopathic effects were detected in cultured lawns, indicating that there was a lytic microbe or bacteriophage present.
In 1999, phi7–14 were identified by the laboratory of Leonard Mindich at the Public Health Research Institute associated with New York University. They did this by culturing various leaves in Lysogeny Broth and then plating the broth on lawns of Pseudomonas syringae pv phaseolicola. They were able to identify viral plaques from this and then subsequently sequence their genomes.
Microbiology
Structure
Cystovirus particles are enveloped, with icosahedral and spherical geometries, and T=13, T=2 symmetry. The virion diameter is around 85 nm. Cystoviruses are distinguished by their outer layer protein and lipid envelope. No other bacteriophage has any lipid in its outer coat, though the Tectiviridae and the Corticoviridae have lipids within their capsids.
Genome
Cystoviruses have a tripartite double-stranded RNA genome w
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birnaviridae
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Birnaviridae is a family of double-stranded RNA viruses. Salmonid fish, birds and insects serve as natural hosts. There are currently 11 species in this family, divided among seven genera. Diseases associated with this family include infectious pancreatic necrosis in salmonid fish, which causes significant losses to the aquaculture industry, with chronic infection in adult salmonid fish and acute viral disease in young salmonid fish.
Structure
Viruses in family Birnaviridae are non-enveloped, with icosahedral single-shelled geometries, and T=13 symmetry. The diameter is around 70 nm.
Genome
The genome is composed of linear, bi-segmented, double-stranded RNA. It is around 5.9–6.9 kbp in length and codes for five to six proteins. Birnaviruses encode the following proteins:
RNA-directed RNA polymerase (VP1), which lacks the highly conserved Gly-Asp-Asp (GDD) sequence, a component of the proposed catalytic site of this enzyme family that exists in the conserved motif VI of the palm domain of other RNA-directed RNA polymerases.
The large RNA segment, segment A, of birnaviruses codes for a polyprotein (N-VP2-VP4-VP3-C) that is processed into the major structural proteins of the virion: VP2, VP3 (a minor structural component of the virus), and into the putative protease VP4. VP4 protein is involved in generating VP2 and VP3. recombinant VP3 is more immunogenic than recombinant VP2.
Infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV), a birnavirus, is an important pathogen in fish farms
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Totiviridae
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Totiviridae is a family of double-stranded RNA viruses. Giardia lamblia, leishmania, trichomonas vaginalis, and fungi serve as natural hosts. The name of the group derives from Latin toti which means undivided or whole. There are 28 species in this family, assigned to 5 genera.
Structure
Viruses in the family Totiviridae are non-enveloped, double-stranded RNA viruses with icosahedral geometries, and T=2 symmetry. The virion consists of a single capsid protein and is about 40 nanometers in diameter.
Genome
The genome is composed of a monopartite, linear double-stranded RNA molecule of 4.6–6.7 kilobases. It contains two overlapping open reading frames (ORF) – gag and pol – which respectively encode the capsid protein and the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase. Some totiviruses contain a third small potential ORF.
Life cycle
Viral replication is cytoplasmic. Replication follows the double-stranded RNA virus replication model. Double-stranded RNA virus transcription is the method of transcription. Translation takes place by -1 ribosomal frameshifting, +1 ribosomal frameshifting, viral initiation, and RNA termination-reinitiation. The virus exits the host cell by cell-to-cell movement. Giardia lamblia protozoa, leishmania protozoa, protozoan trichomonas vaginalis, and fungi serve as the natural host.
Taxonomy
The family Totiviridae has five genera:
Giardiavirus
Leishmaniavirus
Totivirus
Trichomonasvirus
Victorivirus
Examples
An example of fungal totivirus is the L-A helpe
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaviridae
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Metaviridae is a family of viruses which exist as Ty3-gypsy LTR retrotransposons in a eukaryotic host's genome. They are closely related to retroviruses: members of the family Metaviridae share many genomic elements with retroviruses, including length, organization, and genes themselves. This includes genes that encode reverse transcriptase, integrase, and capsid proteins. The reverse transcriptase and integrase proteins are needed for the retrotransposon activity of the virus. In some cases, virus-like particles can be formed from capsid proteins.
Some assembled virus-like particles of members of the family Metaviridae can penetrate and infect previously uninfected cells. An example of this is the gypsy, a retroelement found in the Drosophila melanogaster genome. The ability to infect other cells is determined by the presence of the retroviral env genes which encode coat proteins. Metaviridae is a family of retrotransposons found in all eukaryotes known and studied. Viruses of this family proliferate through intermediates called virus-like particles known for their ability to induce mutations and genome sequencing. Members of the family Metaviridae are often referred to as LTR-retrotransposons of the Ty3-gypsy family. Among the members are only species that produce intracellular particles, the collection of these particles is heterogeneous. Extracellular particles are surrounded by oval nuclei and are called virions. In many systems, virions are characterized biochemically.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caulimoviridae
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Caulimoviridae is a family of viruses infecting plants. There are 94 species in this family, assigned to 11 genera. Viruses belonging to the family Caulimoviridae are termed double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) reverse-transcribing viruses (or pararetroviruses) i.e. viruses that contain a reverse transcription stage in their replication cycle. This family contains all plant viruses with a dsDNA genome that have a reverse transcribing phase in their lifecycle.
Taxonomy
The following genera are recognized:
Badnavirus
Caulimovirus
Cavemovirus
Dioscovirus
Petuvirus
Rosadnavirus
Ruflodivirus
Solendovirus
Soymovirus
Tungrovirus
Vaccinivirus
Virus particle structure
All viruses of this family are non-enveloped. Virus particles are either bacilliform or isometric. The type of nucleocapsid incorporated into the virus structure determines the size of the viral particles. Bacilliform particles are approximately 35–50 nm in diameter and up to 900 nm in length. Isometric particles are on average 45–50 nm in diameter and show icosahedral symmetry.
Genome structure and replication
The genomes of viruses from this family contain monopartite, non-covalently closed circular dsDNA of 7.2–9.3 kbp with discontinuities in both genome strands at specific places. These genomes contain one open reading frame (ORF), as observed in petuviruses, to eight ORFs such as in the soymoviruses. Proteins encoded by the viral genomes include reverse transcriptase-ribonuclease H, aspartic proteases, nucleocapsids and
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arenavirus
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An arenavirus is a bi- or trisegmented ambisense RNA virus that is a member of the family Arenaviridae. These viruses infect rodents and occasionally humans. A class of novel, highly divergent arenaviruses, properly known as reptarenaviruses, have also been discovered which infect snakes to produce inclusion body disease. At least eight arenaviruses are known to cause human disease. The diseases derived from arenaviruses range in severity. Aseptic meningitis, a severe human disease that causes inflammation covering the brain and spinal cord, can arise from the lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus. Hemorrhagic fever syndromes, including Lassa fever, are derived from infections such as Guanarito virus, Junin virus, Lassa virus, Lujo virus, Machupo virus, Sabia virus, or Whitewater Arroyo virus. Because of the epidemiological association with rodents, some arenaviruses and bunyaviruses are designated as roboviruses.
Structure
Viewed in cross-section, arenaviruses contain grainy particles that are ribosomes acquired from their host cells. It is from this characteristic that they acquired the name arena, from the Latin root meaning sand. The ribosomal structures are not believed to be essential for virus replication. Virus particles, or virions, are pleomorphic (variable in shape) but are often spherical, with a diameter of 60–300 nm, and are covered with surface glycoprotein spikes.
The virus contains a beaded nucleocapsid with two single-stranded RNA segments. The nucleocapsi
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronaviridae
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Coronaviridae is a family of enveloped, positive-strand RNA viruses which infect amphibians, birds, and mammals. The group includes the subfamilies Letovirinae and Orthocoronavirinae; the members of the latter are known as coronaviruses.
The viral genome is 26–32 kilobases in length. The particles are typically decorated with large (~20 nm), club- or petal-shaped surface projections (the "peplomers" or "spikes"), which in electron micrographs of spherical particles create an image reminiscent of the solar corona.
Virology
The 5' and 3' ends of the genome have a cap and poly(A) tract, respectively. The viral envelope, obtained by budding through membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) or Golgi apparatus, invariably contains two virus-specified glycoprotein species, known as the spike (S) and membrane (M) proteins. The spike protein makes up the large surface projections (sometimes known as peplomers), while the membrane protein is a triple-spanning transmembrane protein. Toroviruses and a select subset of coronaviruses (in particular the members of subgroup A in the genus Betacoronavirus) possess, in addition to the peplomers composed of S, a second type of surface projections composed of the hemagglutinin-esterase protein. Another important structural protein is the phosphoprotein nucleocapsid protein (N), which is responsible for the helical symmetry of the nucleocapsid that encloses the genomic RNA. The fourth and smallest viral structural protein is known as the env
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okavirus
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Okavirus is a genus of enveloped positive-strand RNA viruses which infect crustaceans. Host organisms are mostly shrimp. It is the only genus in the family Roniviridae. Viruses associated with the genus include: gill-associated virus (GAV) which causes reddening, biofouling with exoparasites, emaciation, and massive mortality; and yellow head virus (YHV) which causes yellow head, arrest of feeding, and massive mortality. The name is derived from the 'Oka' or lymphoid organ in which the viruses are commonly detected and in which pathology occurs during acute infections. Lymphoid organs are anatomical structures common to penaeid shrimp. There are three species in this genus.
Structure
Viruses in the genus Okavirus are enveloped, with bacilliform geometries, and helical symmetry. The diameter is around 20–30 nm.
Genome
Genomes are linear and non-segmented, around 26 kb in length.
Life cycle
Entry into the host cell is achieved by attachment to host receptors, which mediates endocytosis. Replication follows the positive stranded RNA virus replication model. Positive stranded RNA virus transcription is the method of transcription. Crustaceans and mostly prawns serve as the natural host. Transmission routes are ingestion.
Taxonomy
The genus contains one subgenus with three species:
Tipravirus
Gill-associated virus
Okavirus 1
Yellow head virus
References
External links
ICTV Report: Roniviridae
Viralzone: Okavirus
Roniviridae
Virus genera
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barnaviridae
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Barnaviridae is a family of non-enveloped, positive-strand RNA viruses. Cultivated mushrooms serve as natural hosts. The family has one genus, Barnavirus, which contains one species: Mushroom bacilliform virus. Diseases associated with this family includes La France disease.
Structure
Viruses in Barnaviridae are non-enveloped, with icosahedral and Bacilliform geometries, and T=1 symmetry. These viruses are about 50 nm long.
Genome
Genomes are linear, around 4kb in length. The genome has 4 open reading frames.
Genomic RNA serves as both the genome and viral messenger RNA. ORF2 is a polyprotein which is possibly auto-cleaved by the ORF2 viral protease. ORF3 encodes the RNA dependent RNA polymerase and may be translated by ribosomal frameshifting as an ORF2-ORF3 polyprotein. The single capsid protein (ORF4) is translated from a subgenomic RNA.
Life cycle
Viral replication is cytoplasmic. Entry into the host cell is achieved by penetration into the host cell and passing it down. Replication follows the positive stranded RNA virus replication model. Positive stranded RNA virus transcription is the method of transcription. The virus is released horizontal via mycelium and basidiospores. Cultivated mushroom, Agaricus bisporus, serves as the natural host.
References
External links
Viralzone: Barnaviridae
ICTV
Mycology
Virus families
Riboviria
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiersviridae
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Fiersviridae is a family of positive-strand RNA viruses which infect prokaryotes. Bacteria serve as the natural host. They are small viruses with linear, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA genomes that encode four proteins. All phages of this family require bacterial pili to attach to and infect cells. The family has 185 genera, most discovered by metagenomics. In 2020, the family was renamed from Leviviridae to its current name.
Structure
Viruses in Fiersviridae are non-enveloped, with icosahedral and spherical geometries, and T=3 symmetry. Their virion diameter is around 26 nm.
Genome
Fiersviruses have a positive-sense, single-stranded RNA genome. It is linear and non-segmented and around 4kb in length. The genome encodes four proteins, which are the coat, replicase, maturation, and lysis protein.
Life cycle
Entry into the host cell is achieved by adsorption into the host cell. Replication follows the positive-strand RNA virus replication model. Positive-strand RNA virus transcription is the method of transcription. Translation takes place by suppression of termination. The virus exits the host cell by bacteria lysis. Bacteria serve as the natural host.
Taxonomy
Fiersviridae contains 185 genera. Two notable genera are Emesvirus, which contains bacteriophage MS2, and Qubevirus, which contains bacteriophage Qbeta.
References
External links
Viralzone: Leviviridae
ICTV
Virus families
Riboviria
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nodaviridae
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Nodaviridae is a family of nonenveloped positive-strand RNA viruses. Vertebrates and invertebrates serve as natural hosts. Diseases associated with this family include: viral encephalopathy and retinopathy in fish. There are nine species in the family, assigned to two genera.
History
The name of the family is derived from the Japanese village of Nodamura, Iwate Prefecture where Nodamura virus was first isolated from Culex tritaeniorhynchus mosquitoes.
Virology
Structure
The virus is not enveloped and has an icosahedral capsid (triangulation number = 3) ranging from 29 to 35 nm in diameter. The capsid is constructed of 32 capsomers.
Genome
The genome is linear, positive sense, bipartite (composed of two segments – RNA1 and RNA2) single stranded RNA consisting of 4500 nucleotides with a 5’ terminal methylated cap and a non-polyadenylated 3’ terminal.
RNA1, which is ~3.1 kilobases in length, encodes a protein that has multiple functional domains: a mitochondrial targeting domain, a transmembrane domain, an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) domain, a self-interaction domain and an RNA capping domain. In addition, RNA1 encodes a subgenomic RNA3 that encodes protein B2, an RNA silencing inhibitor.
RNA2 encodes protein α, a viral capsid protein precursor, which is auto-cleaved into two mature proteins, a 38 kDa β protein and a 5 kDa γ protein, at a conserved Asn/Ala site during virus assembly.
Life cycle
Viral replication is cytoplasmic. Entry into the host cell is achiev
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potyviridae
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Potyviridae is a family of positive-strand RNA viruses that encompasses more than 30% of known plant viruses, many of which are of great agricultural significance. The family has 12 genera and 235 species, three of which are unassigned to a genus.
Structure
Potyvirid virions are nonenveloped, flexuous filamentous, rod-shaped particles. The diameter is around 11–20 nm, with a length of 650–950 nm.
Genome
Genomes are linear and usually nonsegmented, around 8–12kb in length, consisting of positive-sense RNA, which is surrounded by a protein coat made up of a single viral encoded protein called a capsid. All induce the formation of virus inclusion bodies called cylindrical inclusions (‘pinwheels’) in their hosts. These consist of a single protein (about 70 kDa) made in their hosts from a single viral genome product.
Member viruses encode large polypeptides that are cleaved into mature proteins. In 5'–3' order these proteins are
P1 (a serine protease): 83 kDa
HC (a protease): 51 kDa
P3: 34 kDa
6K1: 5 kDa
Cl (helicase): 71 kDa
6K2: 6 kDa
VPg (the 5' binding protein): 20 kDa
NIa-Pro (a protease): 27 kDa
NIb (RNA dependent RNA polymerase): 57 kDa
Capsid protein: 34 kDa
There may be some variation in the number of the proteins depending on the genera and species. For instance some genera lack P1, some virus of the genus Ipomovirus lack HC and have a P1 tandem. Pretty interesting sweet potato potyviral ORF (PISPO), alkylation B (AlkB), and inosine triphosphate pyrophos
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decortication
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Decortication is a medical procedure involving the surgical removal of the surface layer, membrane, or fibrous cover of an organ. The procedure is usually performed when the lung is covered by a thick, inelastic pleural peel restricting lung expansion. In a non-medical aspect, decortication is the removal of the bark, husk, or outer layer, or peel of an object. It may also be done in the treatment of chronic laryngitis. It is the primary treatment for fibrothorax.
Procedure
Decortication is performed under general anaesthesia. It is a major thoracic operation that has traditionally required a full thoracotomy. Since the early '90s this procedure has increasingly been performed using more minimally invasive thoracoscopy. All fibrous tissue is removed from the visceral pleural peel and pus is subsequently drained from the pleural space.
Contraindications
Other than the overall health of the patients, there are no absolute contraindications. In some lung-disease patients, the lung will not expand after removal of the pleural peel, rendering the surgery futile. Other diseases that render decortication futile are narrowing of the large airway stenosis and uncontrolled pleural infection. With these conditions, the lung will not expand to fill the thorax space. A major surgery called a pleuropneumonectomy can be the only available option, but only if the patient has been worked up before the surgery. Pleuropneumonectomy is a major surgery with a very high mortality and high i
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tombusviridae
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Tombusviridae is a family of single-stranded positive sense RNA plant viruses. There are three subfamilies, 17 genera, and 95 species in this family. The name is derived from Tomato bushy stunt virus (TBSV).
Genome
All viruses in the family have a non-segmented (monopartite) linear genome, with the exception of Dianthoviruses, whose genome is bipartite. The genome is approximately 4.6–4.8kb in length, lacks a 5' cap and a poly(A) tail, and it encodes 4–6 ORFs. The polymerase encodes an amber stop codon which is the site of a readthrough event within ORF1, producing two products necessary for replication. There is no helicase encoded by the virus.
Structure
The RNA is encapsulated in an icosahedral (T=3) capsid, composed of 180 units of a single coat protein 27–42K in size; the virion measures 28–35 nm in diameter, and it is not enveloped.
Life cycle
Viral replication is cytoplasmic, and is lysogenic. Entry into the host cell is achieved by penetration into the host cell. Replication follows the positive stranded RNA virus replication model. Positive stranded RNA virus transcription, using the premature termination model of subgenomic RNA transcription is the method of transcription. Translation takes place by leaky scanning, −1 ribosomal frameshifting, viral initiation, and suppression of termination. The virus exits the host cell by tubule-guided viral movement. Plants serve as the natural host. Transmission routes are mechanical, seed borne, and contact.
Viruses in
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tymoviridae
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Tymoviridae is a family of single-stranded positive sense RNA viruses in the order Tymovirales. Plants serve as natural hosts. There are 42 species in this family, assigned to three genera, with two species unassigned to a genus.
Taxonomy
The family includes the following three genera:
Maculavirus
Marafivirus
Tymovirus
Additionally, the following two species are not assigned to a genus:
Bombyx mori latent virus
Poinsettia mosaic virus
Proposed viruses
Culex tymovirus
Fig fleck-associated virus
Virology
The virions are non-enveloped and isometric with a diameter of around 30 nm, with an icosahedral structure and a triangulation number T=3.
The linear genome is between of 6–7.5 kilobases in length and encodes one large open reading frame. It is capped at the 5’ terminus. The 3’ terminus may have a tRNA-like structure or a polyA tract, depending upon the species. The genome is relatively cytosine rich.
Life cycle
Viral replication is cytoplasmic, and is lysogenic. Entry into the host cell is achieved by penetration into the host cell. Replication follows the positive stranded RNA virus replication model. Positive stranded RNA virus transcription is the method of transcription. Translation takes place by leaky scanning. The virus exits the host cell by monopartite non-tubule guided viral movement. Plants serve as the natural host. The virus is transmitted via a vector (insects). Transmission routes are vector and mechanical.
References
Further reading
Martelli GP.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostrich%20algorithm
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In computer science, the ostrich algorithm is a strategy of ignoring potential problems on the basis that they may be exceedingly rare. It is named after the ostrich effect which is defined as "to stick one's head in the sand and pretend there is no problem". It is used when it is more cost-effective to allow the problem to occur than to attempt its prevention.
Use with deadlocks
This approach may be used in dealing with deadlocks in concurrent programming if they are believed to be very rare and the cost of detection or prevention is high. A set of processes is deadlocked if each process in the set is waiting for an event that only another process in the set can cause.
The ostrich algorithm pretends there is no problem and is reasonable to use if deadlocks occur very rarely and the cost of their prevention would be high. The UNIX and Windows operating systems take this approach.
Although using the ostrich algorithm is one of the methods of dealing with deadlocks, other effective methods exist such as dynamic avoidance, banker's algorithm, detection and recovery, and prevention.
See also
Crash-only software
End-to-end principle
References
External links
Ostrich algorithm
Non-Hard Locking Read-Write Locker
Deadlock Basics + Modelling + Ostrich Algorithm
Concurrent algorithms
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arteriviridae
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Arteriviridae is a family of enveloped, positive-strand RNA viruses in the order Nidovirales which infect vertebrates. Host organisms include equids, pigs, Possums, nonhuman primates, and rodents. The family includes, for example, equine arteritis virus in horses which causes mild-to-severe respiratory disease and reproductive failure, porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus type 1 and type 2 in pigs which causes a similar disease, simian hemorrhagic fever virus which causes a highly lethal fever, lactate dehydrogenase–elevating virus which affects mice, and wobbly possum disease virus.
Structure
Member viruses are enveloped, spherical, and 45–60 nm in diameter.
Genome
Arteriviruses have a positive-sense single-stranded RNA genome.
Taxonomy
The family Arteriviridae contains the subfamilies:
Crocarterivirinae
Equarterivirinae
Heroarterivirinae
Simarterivirinae
Variarterivirinae
Zealarterivirinae
References
External links
Nidovirales
Virus families
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coralline%20algae
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Coralline algae are red algae in the order Corallinales. They are characterized by a thallus that is hard because of calcareous deposits contained within the cell walls. The colors of these algae are most typically pink, or some other shade of red, but some species can be purple, yellow, blue, white, or gray-green. Coralline algae play an important role in the ecology of coral reefs. Sea urchins, parrot fish, and limpets and chitons (both mollusks) feed on coralline algae. In the temperate Mediterranean Sea, coralline algae are the main builders of a typical algal reef, the Coralligène ("coralligenous"). Many are typically encrusting and rock-like, found in marine waters all over the world. Only one species lives in freshwater. Unattached specimens (maerl, rhodoliths) may form relatively smooth compact balls to warty or fruticose thalli.
A close look at almost any intertidal rocky shore or coral reef will reveal an abundance of pink to pinkish-grey patches, distributed throughout the rock surfaces. These patches of pink "paint" are actually living crustose coralline red algae. The red algae belong to the division Rhodophyta, within which the coralline algae form the order Corallinales. There are over 1600 described species of nongeniculate coralline algae.
The corallines are presently grouped into two families on the basis of their reproductive structures.
Distribution
Coralline algae are widespread in all of the world's oceans, where they often cover close to 100% of rock
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimum-variance%20unbiased%20estimator
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In statistics a minimum-variance unbiased estimator (MVUE) or uniformly minimum-variance unbiased estimator (UMVUE) is an unbiased estimator that has lower variance than any other unbiased estimator for all possible values of the parameter.
For practical statistics problems, it is important to determine the MVUE if one exists, since less-than-optimal procedures would naturally be avoided, other things being equal. This has led to substantial development of statistical theory related to the problem of optimal estimation.
While combining the constraint of unbiasedness with the desirability metric of least variance leads to good results in most practical settings—making MVUE a natural starting point for a broad range of analyses—a targeted specification may perform better for a given problem; thus, MVUE is not always the best stopping point.
Definition
Consider estimation of based on data i.i.d. from some member of a family of densities , where is the parameter space. An unbiased estimator of is UMVUE if ,
for any other unbiased estimator
If an unbiased estimator of exists, then one can prove there is an essentially unique MVUE. Using the Rao–Blackwell theorem one can also prove that determining the MVUE is simply a matter of finding a complete sufficient statistic for the family and conditioning any unbiased estimator on it.
Further, by the Lehmann–Scheffé theorem, an unbiased estimator that is a function of a complete, sufficient statistic is the UMVUE estimator.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sufficiency
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Sufficiency may refer to:
Logical sufficiency; see necessary and sufficient conditions
sufficiency (statistics), sufficiency in statistical inference
The sufficiency of Scripture, a Christian doctrine
See also
Self-sufficiency
Eco-sufficiency
Sufficiency of disclosure, a patent law requirement
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opsonin
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Opsonins are extracellular proteins that, when bound to substances or cells, induce phagocytes to phagocytose the substances or cells with the opsonins bound. Thus, opsonins act as tags to label things in the body that should be phagocytosed (i.e. eaten) by phagocytes (cells that specialise in phagocytosis, i.e. cellular eating). Different types of things ("targets") can be tagged by opsonins for phagocytosis, including: pathogens (such as bacteria), cancer cells, aged cells, dead or dying cells (such as apoptotic cells), excess synapses, or protein aggregates (such as amyloid plaques). Opsonins help clear pathogens, as well as dead, dying and diseased cells.
Opsonins were discovered and named "opsonins" in 1904 by Wright and Douglas, who found that incubating bacteria with blood plasma enabled phagocytes to phagocytose (and thereby destroy) the bacteria. They concluded that: “We have here conclusive proof that the blood fluids modify the bacteria in a manner which renders them a ready prey to the phagocytes. We may speak of this as an “opsonic” effect (opsono - I cater for; I prepare victuals for), and we may employ the term “opsonins” to designate the elements in the blood fluids which produce this effect.”
Subsequent research found two main types of opsonin in blood that opsonised bacteria: complement proteins and antibodies. However, there are now known to be at least 50 proteins that act as opsonins for pathogens or other targets.
Mechanisms
Opsonins induce phagocyto
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anethole
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Anethole (also known as anise camphor) is an organic compound that is widely used as a flavoring substance. It is a derivative of the aromatic compound allylbenzene and occurs widely in plants in essential oils. It is in the class of phenylpropanoid organic compounds. It contributes a large component of the odor and flavor of anise and fennel (both in the botanical family Apiaceae), anise myrtle (Myrtaceae), liquorice (Fabaceae), magnolia blossoms, and star anise (Schisandraceae). Closely related to anethole is its isomer estragole, which is abundant in tarragon (Asteraceae) and basil (Lamiaceae),and has a flavor reminiscent of anise. It is a colorless, fragrant, mildly volatile liquid. Anethole is only slightly soluble in water but exhibits high solubility in ethanol. This trait causes certain anise-flavored liqueurs to become opaque when diluted with water; the ouzo effect.
Structure and production
Anethole is an aromatic, unsaturated ether related to lignols. It exists as both cis–trans isomers (see also E–Z notation), involving the double bond outside the ring. The more abundant isomer, and the one preferred for use, is the trans or E isomer.
Like related compounds, anethole is poorly soluble in water. Historically, this property was used to detect adulteration in samples.
Most anethole is obtained from turpentine-like extracts from trees. Of only minor commercial significance, anethole can also be isolated from essential oils.
Currently Banwari Chemicals Pvt Ltd sit
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weierstrass%20factorization%20theorem
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In mathematics, and particularly in the field of complex analysis, the Weierstrass factorization theorem asserts that every entire function can be represented as a (possibly infinite) product involving its zeroes. The theorem may be viewed as an extension of the fundamental theorem of algebra, which asserts that every polynomial may be factored into linear factors, one for each root.
The theorem, which is named for Karl Weierstrass, is closely related to a second result that every sequence tending to infinity has an associated entire function with zeroes at precisely the points of that sequence.
A generalization of the theorem extends it to meromorphic functions and allows one to consider a given meromorphic function as a product of three factors: terms depending on the function's zeros and poles, and an associated non-zero holomorphic function.
Motivation
It is clear that any finite set of points in the complex plane has an associated polynomial whose zeroes are precisely at the points of that set. The converse is a consequences of the fundamental theorem of algebra: any polynomial function in the complex plane has a factorization
where is a non-zero constant and is the set of zeroes of .
The two forms of the Weierstrass factorization theorem can be thought of as extensions of the above to entire functions. The necessity of additional terms in the product is demonstrated when one considers where the sequence is not finite. It can never define an entire funct
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heawood%20conjecture
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In graph theory, the Heawood conjecture or Ringel–Youngs theorem gives a lower bound for the number of colors that are necessary for graph coloring on a surface of a given genus. For surfaces of genus 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, ..., the required number of colors is 4, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 12, .... , the chromatic number or Heawood number.
The conjecture was formulated in 1890 by Percy John Heawood and proven in 1968 by Gerhard Ringel and Ted Youngs. One case, the non-orientable Klein bottle, proved an exception to the general formula. An entirely different approach was needed for the much older problem of finding the number of colors needed for the plane or sphere, solved in 1976 as the four color theorem by Haken and Appel. On the sphere the lower bound is easy, whereas for higher genera the upper bound is easy and was proved in Heawood's original short paper that contained the conjecture. In other words, Ringel, Youngs and others had to construct extreme examples for every genus g = 1,2,3,.... If g = 12s + k, the genera fall into 12 cases according as k = 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11. To simplify, suppose that case k has been established if only a finite number of g's of the form 12s + k are in doubt. Then the years in which the twelve cases were settled and by whom are the following:
1954, Ringel: case 5
1961, Ringel: cases 3,7,10
1963, Terry, Welch, Youngs: cases 0,4
1964, Gustin, Youngs: case 1
1965, Gustin: case 9
1966, Youngs: case 6
1967, Ringel, Youngs: cases 2,8,11
The
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore%20Keep
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Theodore Gene Keep (20 January 1924 – 21 May 2007) was an American audio engineer and record producer. As a co-founder of Liberty Records, he was the namesake of the character of Theodore from The Alvin Show and The Chipmunks,.
Biography
Early life and education
Theodore Gene Keep was born 20 January 1924 in San Francisco, California to Ethel Willard and Malcolm Charles Keep. By 1940, the family lived in the Sawtelle neighborhood of Los Angeles.
Career
He was a co-founder of Liberty Records. In his role as chief of engineering at the label and afterward, Keep introduced a number of innovations to commercial sound recording.
During the 1950s, Keep provided the synchronization process that allowed Ross Bagdasarian, Sr. to combine his speed-doubled voice technique with full orchestration on "Witch Doctor" and the series of Chipmunks recordings. For the latter, Keep received Grammy Awards in 1959 and 1960. Keep's Liberty Studios was the first commercial recording studio to employ solid state mixing equipment, retaining its claim as "the world's only transistorized recording studio" into 1960.
Keep also brought innovations to electronic music. Working with the Richard Marino Orchestra, Keep combined custom-built synthesizers and audio signal processing circuits to achieve the unique sounds on the 1961 exotica album Out of This World. This release built upon Keep's stereo mix experimentation that lent a surreal quality to the early Martin Denny recordings. He is also credite
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kief
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Kief (from Moroccan Arabic كيف kīf, "Joy, pleasure"), sometimes transliterated as keef, also known as "Dust" and "Chief" a.k.a cannabis crystals among other names, refers to the pure and clean collection of loose cannabis trichomes, which are accumulated by being sifted from cannabis flowers or buds with a mesh screen or sieve. Like some other cannabis concentrates, it contains a much higher concentration of THC and other psychoactive cannabinoids than that of the cannabis flower from which it is derived. Since it contains a higher level of THC, many consumers choose to add collected kief to their cannabis for a more intense "high"; by the same token, this preparation may induce unwelcome levels of intoxication.
Traditionally, kief has been pressed into cakes of hashish for convenience in storage, although it can be vaporized or smoked in either form. After the kief is collected it is heated and pressurized, resulting in hashish.
In Morocco, kief also refers to a traditional mix of finely-chopped cannabis and indigenous tobacco, which is distinctly different from trichome powder. It is usually smoked in a long pipe called a sebsi. In other countries, such as the US and those of Western Europe, kief is used to make products via infusions. Some examples are baked cookies, brownies or other edibles. Due to its potency, however, some users consume only a small quantity of kief in order to limit its effects.
Gallery
See also
Hash oil
Bhang
Charas
References
Cannabis cu
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lattice%20protein
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Lattice proteins are highly simplified models of protein-like heteropolymer chains on lattice conformational space which are used to investigate protein folding. Simplification in lattice proteins is twofold: each whole residue (amino acid) is modeled as a single "bead" or "point" of a finite set of types (usually only two), and each residue is restricted to be placed on vertices of a (usually cubic) lattice. To guarantee the connectivity of the protein chain, adjacent residues on the backbone must be placed on adjacent vertices of the lattice. Steric constraints are expressed by imposing that no more than one residue can be placed on the same lattice vertex.
Because proteins are such large molecules, there are severe computational limits on the simulated timescales of their behaviour when modeled in all-atom detail. The millisecond regime for all-atom simulations was not reached until 2010, and it is still not possible to fold all real proteins on a computer. Simplification significantly reduces the computational effort in handling the model, although even in this simplified scenario the protein folding problem is NP-complete.
Overview
Different versions of lattice proteins may adopt different types of lattice (typically square and triangular ones), in two or three dimensions, but it has been shown that generic lattices can be used and handled via a uniform approach.
Lattice proteins are made to resemble real proteins by introducing an energy function, a set of condition
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R-colored%20vowel
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In phonetics, an r-colored or rhotic vowel (also called a retroflex vowel, vocalic r, or a rhotacized vowel) is a vowel that is modified in a way that results in a lowering in frequency of the third formant. R-colored vowels can be articulated in various ways: the tip or blade of the tongue may be turned up during at least part of the articulation of the vowel (a retroflex articulation) or the back of the tongue may be bunched. In addition, the vocal tract may often be constricted in the region of the epiglottis.
R-colored vowels are exceedingly rare, occurring in less than one percent of all languages. However, they occur in two of the most widely spoken languages: North American English and Mandarin Chinese. In North American English, they are found in words such as dollar, butter, third, color, and nurse. They also occur in Canadian French, some varieties of Portuguese, some Jutlandic dialects of Danish, as well as in a few indigenous languages of the Americas and of Asia, including Serrano and Yurok in the United States, Luobohe Miao and Mandarin Chinese in China, and Badaga in India.
Notation
In the IPA, an r-colored vowel is indicated by a hook diacritic placed to the right of the regular symbol for the vowel. For example, the IPA symbol for schwa is , while the IPA symbol for an r-colored schwa is . This diacritic is the hook of , a symbol constructed by John Samuel Kenyon along with by adding the retroflex hook (right hook) to and . Both and were proposed as I
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weighting%20curve
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A weighting curve is a graph of a set of factors, that are used to 'weight' measured values of a variable according to their importance in relation to some outcome. An important example is frequency weighting in sound level measurement where a specific set of weighting curves known as A-, B-, C- and D-weighting as defined in IEC 61672 are used. Unweighted measurements of sound pressure do not correspond to perceived loudness because the human ear is less sensitive at low and high frequencies, with the effect more pronounced at lower sound levels. The four curves are applied to the measured sound level, for example by the use of a weighting filter in a sound level meter, to arrive at readings of loudness in phons or in decibels (dB) above the threshold of hearing (see A-weighting).
Weighting curves in electronic engineering, audio and broadcasting
Although A-weighting with a slow RMS detector, as commonly used in sound level meters is frequently used when measuring noise in audio circuits, a different weighting curve, ITU-R 468 weighting uses a psophometric weighting curve and a quasi-peak detector. This method, formerly known as CCIR weighting, is preferred by the telecommunications industry, broadcasters, and some equipment manufacturers as it reflects more accurately the audibility of pops and short bursts of random noise as opposed to pure tones. Psophometric weighting is used in telephony and telecommunications where narrow-band circuits are common.
Hearing weighting cu
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penrose%20drain
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A Penrose drain is a soft, flexible rubber tube used as a surgical drain, to prevent the buildup of fluid in a surgical site. It belongs to the "passive" type of drain, the other broad type being "active". The Penrose drain is named after American gynecologist Charles Bingham Penrose (1862–1925).
Common uses
A Penrose drain removes fluid from a wound area. Frequently it is put in place by a surgeon after a procedure is complete to prevent the area from accumulating fluid, such as blood, which could serve as a medium for bacteria to grow in. In podiatry, a Penrose drain is often used as a tourniquet during a hallux nail avulsion procedure or ingrown toenail extraction. It can also be used to drain cerebrospinal fluid to treat a hydrocephalus patient.
See also
Instruments used in general surgery
References
Medical drains
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An%20American%20in%20Paris%20%28film%29
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An American in Paris is a 1951 American musical romantic comedy film inspired by the 1928 jazz-influenced symphonic poem (or tone poem) An American in Paris by George Gershwin. Starring Gene Kelly, Leslie Caron (her film debut), Oscar Levant, Georges Guétary, and Nina Foch, the film is set in Paris, and was directed by Vincente Minnelli from a script by Alan Jay Lerner. The music is by George Gershwin, with lyrics by his brother Ira, with additional music by Johnny Green, and Saul Chaplin, the music directors.
The story of the film is interspersed with dance numbers choreographed by Gene Kelly and set to Gershwin's music. MGM executive Arthur Freed bought the Gershwin musical catalog from George's brother Ira in the late 1940s, since George died in 1937. Some of the tunes in this catalog were included in the movie, such as "I Got Rhythm" and "Love Is Here to Stay". Other songs in the movie include "I'll Build A Stairway to Paradise" and 'S Wonderful". The climax of the film is "The American in Paris" ballet, a 17-minute dialogue-free dance featuring Kelly and Caron set to Gershwin's An American in Paris, with sets designed in the styles of various French artists. The ballet sequence cost almost half a million dollars to shoot. It was filmed on 44 sets in MGM's back lot. According to Leslie Caron in a 2009 interview on Paul O'Grady's interview show, the film ran into controversy with the Hays Office over part of her earlier dance sequence with a chair; the censor viewing the
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Win%2094.6%20FM
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Win 94.6 FM was an FM radio channel in Mumbai, India that played Hindi songs. Broadcasting began on 30 April 2001 on frequency 94.6 MHz. It was the most popular radio station in Mumbai while on the air. The radio station played a variety of music, including old and modern songs. Although advertising was limited, Win 94.6 FM was the home of a few popular radio jockeys. It was indeed the "No.1 Radio Station In Mumbai." Their punchline was "Hit pe hit pe hit." Win 94.6 FM went off the air on 27 May 2004.
Information
WIN 94.6, a private 24-hour FM radio station, launched in Mumbai on 30 April 2001. The letters WIN stand for the corresponding numbers 946 on the dial pad of a keypad. The station was promoted by Millennium Broadcast.
Radio stations are required to enter into a mandatory agreement with Phonographic Performance Limited (PPL), which allows them to use the content owned by music companies. Millennium had signed an agreement with PPL to use content at Rs 400 per hour.
WIN also had licenses to start FM stations in Chennai and Delhi. The company intended to launch stations in these metro areas on 29 August 2001.
For its Mumbai FM station, WIN had the basic infrastructure that included a studio and production facilities. The transmission tower for the station was located in central Mumbai.
WIN 94.6 went off the air on 30 April 2004.
Shows
€ Asmita, the only Marathi show on WIN 94.6 FM in Mumbai, with its radio jockey Anjali
€ Morning No.1
€ Anurag Ke Raag
Ek Ka
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilatus%20Railway
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The Pilatus Railway (, PB) is a mountain railway in Switzerland and the steepest rack railway in the world, with a maximum gradient of 48% and an average gradient of 35%. The line runs from Alpnachstad, on Lake Alpnach, to a terminus near the Esel summit of Pilatus at an elevation of 2,073 m (6,801 ft), which makes it the highest railway in the canton of Obwalden and the second highest in Central Switzerland after the Furka line. At Alpnachstad, the Pilatus Railway connects with steamers on Lake Lucerne and with trains on the Brünigbahn line of Zentralbahn.
History
The first project to build the line was proposed in 1873, suggesting a and 25% maximal gradient. It was concluded that the project was not economically viable. Eduard Locher, an engineer with great practical experience, proposed an alternative project with the maximum grade increased to 48%, cutting the distance in half. Conventional systems at the time could not negotiate such gradients because the cogwheel that is pressed to the rack from above may, under higher gradients, jump out of engagement with the rack, eliminating the train's driving and braking power. Instead, Locher placed a horizontal double rack between the two rails with the rack teeth facing each side. This was engaged by two flanged cogwheels mounted on vertical shafts underneath the car.
This design eliminated the possibility of the cogwheels climbing out of the rack, and prevented the car from toppling over, even under severe crosswinds commo
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caulerpa
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Caulerpa is a genus of seaweeds in the family Caulerpaceae (among the green algae). They are unusual because they consist of only one cell with many nuclei, making them among the biggest single cells in the world.
Referring to the crawling habit of its thallus, the name means 'stem (that) creeps', from the Ancient Greek (, ‘stalk’) and (, ‘to creep’).
Taxonomy and nomenclature
First described by Jean Vincent Lamouroux in 1809, Caulerpa is the only genus under the family Caulerpaceae, from the order Bryopsidales, class Ulvophyceae, and phylum Chlorophyta. Through the use of tufA gene sequencing, it was revealed that Pseudochlorodesmis F. Børgesen was a sister clade of Caulerpa. Cremen et al. proposed a new classification scheme in Bryopsidales, wherein Caulerpaceae and Halimedaceae were described as sister families.
Species discrimination via morphology-based identification is often hampered by the high degree of variation among traits. Thus, several species are often misidentified without the use if molecular analyses. As of 2019, there are 101 accepted species, with 40 varieties and 67 forms.
Biology
Caulerpa species support their large cell size by having the cytoplasm circulate constantly, supported by a network of microtubules. This behavior was known in 1967.
The cytoplasm does not leak out when the cell is cut. Regeneration is directional, with rhizoids at the bottom and fronds at the top.
The genus produces a number of secondary metabolites thought to be rela
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unimodality
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In mathematics, unimodality means possessing a unique mode. More generally, unimodality means there is only a single highest value, somehow defined, of some mathematical object.
Unimodal probability distribution
In statistics, a unimodal probability distribution or unimodal distribution is a probability distribution which has a single peak. The term "mode" in this context refers to any peak of the distribution, not just to the strict definition of mode which is usual in statistics.
If there is a single mode, the distribution function is called "unimodal". If it has more modes it is "bimodal" (2), "trimodal" (3), etc., or in general, "multimodal". Figure 1 illustrates normal distributions, which are unimodal. Other examples of unimodal distributions include Cauchy distribution, Student's t-distribution, chi-squared distribution and exponential distribution. Among discrete distributions, the binomial distribution and Poisson distribution can be seen as unimodal, though for some parameters they can have two adjacent values with the same probability.
Figure 2 and Figure 3 illustrate bimodal distributions.
Other definitions
Other definitions of unimodality in distribution functions also exist.
In continuous distributions, unimodality can be defined through the behavior of the cumulative distribution function (cdf). If the cdf is convex for x < m and concave for x > m, then the distribution is unimodal, m being the mode. Note that under this definition the uniform distribu
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capsule%20of%20lens
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The lens capsule is a component of the globe of the eye. It is a clear elastic basement membrane composed of collagen IV laminin etc. a quality that keeps it under constant tension. As a result, the lens naturally tends towards a rounder or more globular configuration, a shape it must assume for the eye to focus at a near distance. The lens capsule is the thickest basement membrane in the body.
Normally, the lens capsule serves as a diffusion barrier. It is permeable to low molecular weight compounds but restricts the movement of large colloidal particles.
Anatomy
The lens capsule is a transparent membrane that surrounds the entire lens. The capsule is thinnest at the posterior pole with approximate thickness of 3.5μm. Average thickness at the equator is 7μm. Anterior pole thickness increases with age from 11-15μm. The thickest portion of is annular region surrounding the anterior pole. This will also increases with age (from 13.5-16μm). The ligaments suspending the lens form attachments in the equatorial area and more so just to the front and back of the equator. There are tens of thousands of these ligaments in a mouse lens and for the most part they appear to connect directly to the lens capsule. As the lens grows throughout the life of most vertebrates the capsule is required to grow as well. Some ligament anchors have associated cells where they connect to the lens capsule with periodic cellular processes penetrating the capsule itself. The structures in the images a
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear%20DNA
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Nuclear DNA (nDNA), or nuclear deoxyribonucleic acid, is the DNA contained within each cell nucleus of a eukaryotic organism. It encodes for the majority of the genome in eukaryotes, with mitochondrial DNA and plastid DNA coding for the rest. It adheres to Mendelian inheritance, with information coming from two parents, one male and one female—rather than matrilineally (through the mother) as in mitochondrial DNA.
Structure
Nuclear DNA is a nucleic acid, a polymeric biomolecule or biopolymer, found in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells. Its structure is a double helix, with two strands wound around each other, a structure first described by Francis Crick and James D. Watson (1953) using data collected by Rosalind Franklin. Each strand is a long polymer chain of repeating nucleotides. Each nucleotide is composed of a five-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and an organic base. Nucleotides are distinguished by their bases: purines, large bases that include adenine and guanine; and pyrimidines, small bases that include thymine and cytosine. Chargaff's rules state that adenine always pairs with thymine, and guanine always with cytosine. The phosphate groups are held together by a phosphodiester bond and the bases are held together by hydrogen bonds.
Differences to mitochondrial DNA
Nuclear DNA and mitochondrial DNA differ in many ways, starting with location and structure. Nuclear DNA is located within the nucleus of eukaryote cells and usually has two copies per cell while mitochon
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allan%20Birnbaum
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Allan Birnbaum (May 27, 1923 – July 1, 1976) was an American statistician who contributed to statistical inference, foundations of statistics, statistical genetics, statistical psychology, and history of statistics.
Life and career
Birnbaum was born in San Francisco. His parents were Russian-born Orthodox Jews. He studied mathematics at the University of California, Berkeley, doing a premedical programme at the same time. After taking a bachelor's degree in mathematics in 1945, he spent two years doing graduate courses in science, mathematics and philosophy, planning perhaps a career in the philosophy of science. One of his philosophy teachers, Hans Reichenbach, suggested he combine philosophy with science.
He went to Columbia University to do a PhD with Abraham Wald but, when Wald died in a plane crash, Birnbaum asked Erich Leo Lehmann, who was visiting Columbia to take him on. Birnbaum's thesis and his early work was very much in the spirit of Lehmann's classic text Testing Statistical Hypotheses.
Birnbaum stayed at Columbia until 1959 when he moved to the Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences, becoming a full Professor of Statistics in 1963. He travelled a good deal and liked Britain especially. In 1975 he accepted a post at the City University, London, and worked with The Open University on their course M341 "Fundamentals of statistical inference" (with Adrian Smith). He took his life in 1976.
The article in the Leading Personalities volume opens with the declara
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Crystal%20City
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The Crystal City (2003) is an alternate history/fantasy novel by American writer Orson Scott Card. It is the sixth book in Card's The Tales of Alvin Maker series and is about Alvin Miller, the seventh son of a seventh son.
Plot summary
Alvin and Arthur stay at a boarding house in which mixed-blood children are cared for by Papa Moose and Mama Squirrel. There, Alvin uses his knack to cleanse the mosquitoes and disease from a well. A young woman, whom the people call Dead Mary, sees what he has done and asks him to come with her and heal her mother, who has yellow fever. Because Alvin heals her, yellow fever spreads throughout Nueva Barcelona (Louisiana) and averts an impending war with the United States over slavery. As the fever spreads, people begin to suspect Papa Moose and Mama Squirrel because Alvin has been healing everyone he can, which radiates outward through the city. Alvin is then approached by La Tia, an African woman, who wants him to help all the slaves and the displaced French to escape Nueva Barcelona. Alvin reluctantly agrees.
Alvin's brother, Calvin, at the behest of Alvin's wife, Margaret, comes to help. Calvin raises a thick fog, and Alvin uses his blood by magic that he learned from the Red Prophet Tenskwa-Tawa to construct a crystal bridge across Lake Ponchartrain to the north. Arthur helps Alvin with the bridge. While the escapees flee north, they take food and provision from plantations along the way and free any slaves they find. Alvin goes to Tenskw
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valentina%20Borok
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Valentina Mikhailovna Borok (9 July 1931 – 4 February
2004) was a Soviet Ukrainian mathematician. She is mainly known for her work on partial differential equations.
Life
Borok was born on July 9, 1931, in Kharkiv in Ukraine (then USSR), into a Jewish family. Her father, Michail Borok, was a chemist, scientist and an expert in material science. Her mother, Bella Sigal, was a well-known economist. Because of her mothers' high position at the ministry of Economics, Valentina Borok had a privileged early childhood. However, because of the political situation, her mother voluntarily resigned in 1937, and took a lower position, presumably because she knew she couldn't possibly have been spared the repressions of the late 1930s. This possibly helped the Borok family survive World War II.
Valentina Borok had a talent for math even in her high school years. So in 1949, with the advice of her high school teachers Borok started to study Mathematics at Kyiv State University. There she met Yakov Zhitomirskii, who would be her husband until her death. During her stay at Kyiv State University, Borok, along with her future husband, started her research in the field of mathematics under the supervision of the mathematics department supervisor, Georgii Shilov. Her undergraduate thesis on distribution theory and the applications to the theory of systems of linear partial differential equations was found to be extraordinary and was published in a top Russian journal. This thesis was later se
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-empire%20system
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The two-empire system (two-superkingdom system) was the top-level biological classification system in general use before the establishment of the three-domain system. It classified cellular life into Prokaryota and Eukaryota as either "empires" or "superkingdoms". When the three-domain system was introduced, some biologists preferred the two-superkingdom system, claiming that the three-domain system overemphasized the division between Archaea and Bacteria. However, given the current state of knowledge and the rapid progress in biological scientific advancement, especially due to genetic analyses, that view has all but vanished.
Some prominent scientists, such as the late Thomas Cavalier-Smith, still hold and held to the two-empire system. The late Ernst Mayr, one of the 20th century's leading evolutionary biologists, wrote dismissively of the three-domain system, "I cannot see any merit at all in a three empire cladification." Additionally, the scientist Radhey Gupta argues for a return to the two-empire system, claiming that the primary division within prokaryotes should be among those surrounded by a single membrane (monoderm), including gram-positive bacteria and archaebacteria, and those with an inner and outer cell membrane (diderm), including gram-negative bacteria.
This system was preceded by Haeckel's three-kingdom system: Animalia, Plantae and Protista.
See also
Domain (biology)
Kingdom (biology)
Three-domain system
References
High-level systems of taxonom
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frei%20Otto
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Frei Paul Otto (; 31 May 1925 – 9 March 2015) was a German architect and structural engineer noted for his use of lightweight structures, in particular tensile and membrane structures, including the roof of the Olympic Stadium in Munich for the 1972 Summer Olympics.
Otto won the RIBA Royal Gold Medal in 2006 and was awarded the Pritzker Architecture Prize in 2015, shortly before his death.
Early life
Otto was born in , Germany, and grew up in Berlin. He studied architecture in Berlin before being drafted into the Luftwaffe as a fighter pilot in the last years of World War II. He was interned in a prisoner of war camp near Chartres (France) and with his aviation engineering training and lack of material and an urgent need for housing, began experimenting with tents for shelter. After the war he studied briefly in the US and visited Erich Mendelsohn, Mies van der Rohe, Richard Neutra, and Frank Lloyd Wright.
Career
He began a private practice in Germany in 1952. He earned a doctorate in tensioned constructions in 1954. His saddle-shaped cable-net music pavilion at the Bundesgartenschau (Federal Garden Exposition) in Kassel 1955 brought him his first significant attention.
Otto specialised in lightweight tensile and membrane structures, and pioneered advances in structural mathematics and civil engineering. He founded the Institute for Lightweight Structures at the university of Stuttgart in 1964 and headed the institute until his retirement as university professor. Major
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AA%20battery
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The AA battery (or double-A battery) is a standard size single cell cylindrical dry battery. The IEC 60086 system calls the size R6, and ANSI C18 calls it 15. It is named UM-3 by JIS of Japan. Historically, it is known as D14 (hearing aid battery), U12 – later U7 (standard cell), or HP7 (for zinc chloride 'high power' version) in official documentation in the United Kingdom, or a pen cell.
AA batteries are common in portable electronic devices. An AA battery is composed of a single electrochemical cell that may be either a primary battery (disposable) or a rechargeable battery. Several different chemistries are used in their construction. The exact terminal voltage, capacity and practical discharge rates depend on cell chemistry; however, devices designed for AA cells will usually only take 1.2–1.5 V unless specified by the manufacturer.
Introduced in 1907 by The American Ever Ready Company, the AA battery size was standardized by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) in 1947, but it had been in use in flashlights and electrical novelties before formal standardization. ANSI and IEC battery nomenclature gives several designations for cells in this size, depending on cell features and chemistry. Before being called AA batteries, they were commonly called Z batteries, as the ones produced by the Burgess Battery Company were sold as "Number Z" (meant to indicate them being smaller than the "Number 1", which was similar in size to a modern C battery). Due to their p
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doug%20Carlston
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Douglas Gene Carlston (born April 30, 1947 in Boston, Massachusetts) is the founder and current CEO of Tawala Systems based in San Rafael, California. He was previously CEO, chairman, and co-founder of Broderbund Software, a software publishing firm that produced Lode Runner, The Print Shop, Where in the World Is Carmen Sandiego?, Prince of Persia, and Myst. Broderbund was acquired in 1998 by The Learning Company (the company previously known as SoftKey) for $420 million, and the combined company was sold to Mattel for $3.6 billion.
Biography
Carlston received his bachelor's degree from Harvard University in 1970 and also studied economics at the Johns Hopkins School of Advanced International Studies. He earned a J.D. from Harvard Law School in 1975. Prior to founding Broderbund in 1980, he was an attorney.
As of April 2008, he serves as Chairman of the Board of Directors of Public Radio International (PRI) and of the Carlston Family Foundation (formerly the Broderbund Foundation), and serves on the Boards of the MoveOn Political Action Committee, the Ploughshares Fund, the Albanian American Enterprise Fund, A.H. Belo Corporation, and the Long Now Foundation. He also serves on the Committee on University Resources of Harvard University, and the Board of Advisors of the Johns Hopkins School of Advanced International Studies.
In March 2014 Carlston donated company records, design documents, and games from Broderbund's history to The National Museum of Play.
References
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galactose-1-phosphate%20uridylyltransferase
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Galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase (or GALT, G1PUT) is an enzyme () responsible for converting ingested galactose to glucose.
Galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase (GALT) catalyzes the second step of the Leloir pathway of galactose metabolism, namely:
UDP-glucose + galactose 1-phosphate glucose 1-phosphate + UDP-galactose
The expression of GALT is controlled by the actions of the FOXO3 gene. The absence of this enzyme results in classic galactosemia in humans and can be fatal in the newborn period if lactose is not removed from the diet. The pathophysiology of galactosemia has not been clearly defined.
Mechanism
GALT catalyzes the second reaction of the Leloir pathway of galactose metabolism through ping pong bi-bi kinetics with a double displacement mechanism. This means that the net reaction consists of two reactants and two products (see the reaction above) and it proceeds by the following mechanism: the enzyme reacts with one substrate to generate one product and a modified enzyme, which goes on to react with the second substrate to make the second product while regenerating the original enzyme. In the case of GALT, the His166 residue acts as a potent nucleophile to facilitate transfer of a nucleotide between UDP-hexoses and hexose-1-phosphates.
UDP-glucose + E-His Glucose-1-phosphate + E-His-UMP
Galactose-1-phosphate + E-His-UMP UDP-galactose + E-His
Structural studies
The three-dimensional structure at 180 pm resolution (x-ray crystallography) of GALT wa
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VectorLinux
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VectorLinux, abbreviated VL, is a Linux distribution for the x86 platform based on the Slackware Linux distribution, originally developed by Canadian developers Robert S. Lange and Darell Stavem. Since version 7 the Standard Edition is also available for the x86-64 platform, known as VLocity64 7.
Editions
Four editions of VectorLinux are maintained: SOHO, Standard, Light and Live.
SOHO Edition (Discontinued after version 7.0)
The SOHO (Small Office/Home Office) Edition is designed for modern computers and is based on the KDE desktop environment. Applications include LibreOffice, Java, the GIMP, Xsane, CUPS, Xara Xtreme, financial applications, and others. A deluxe edition of SOHO, which contains additional applications, is also available.
Standard Edition
Standard Edition is a freely downloadable distribution based on Xfce and specifically designed for use on older computers with slower processors and less RAM. The Deluxe Standard Version contains the standard edition plus numerous additional applications specific to that VL version. Additional included applications are Libreoffice and GIMP among many others.
Light Edition
The Light Edition is designed for older computers with limited resources. Version 7.2 is based upon the IceWM window manager. It is supplied with Seamonkey as the browser/email client/html editor and includes some of the applications found in the Standard Edition. Additional applications are available through the package manager or by compiling user app
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glutamate%20decarboxylase
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Glutamate decarboxylase or glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) is an enzyme that catalyzes the decarboxylation of glutamate to gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and carbon dioxide (). GAD uses pyridoxal-phosphate (PLP) as a cofactor. The reaction proceeds as follows:
In mammals, GAD exists in two isoforms with molecular weights of 67 and 65 kDa (GAD67 and GAD65), which are encoded by two different genes on different chromosomes (GAD1 and GAD2 genes, chromosomes 2 and 10 in humans, respectively). GAD67 and GAD65 are expressed in the brain where GABA is used as a neurotransmitter, and they are also expressed in the insulin-producing β-cells of the pancreas, in varying ratios depending upon the species. Together, these two enzymes maintain the major physiological supply of GABA in mammals, though it may also be synthesized from putrescine in the enteric nervous system, brain, and elsewhere by the actions of diamine oxidase and aldehyde dehydrogenase 1a1.
Several truncated transcripts and polypeptides of GAD67 are detectable in the developing brain, however their function, if any, is unknown.
Structure and Mechanism
Both isoforms of GAD are homodimeric structures, consisting of 3 primary domains: the PLP, C-terminal and N-terminal domains. The PLP-binding domain of this enzyme adopts a type I PLP-dependent transferase-like fold. The reaction proceeds via the canonical mechanism, involving Schiff base linkage between PLP and Lys405. PLP is held in place through base-stacking wit
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South%20of%20the%20Border
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South of the Border may refer to:
Music
"South of the Border" (1939 song), popular song, notably recorded by Gene Autry, as well as Frank Sinatra
South of the Border (Caterina Valente album), 1963
South of the Border (Herb Alpert's Tijuana Brass album), 1964
South of the Border (David Murray album), 1993
"South of the Border" (Robbie Williams song), 1997
"South of the Border" (Ed Sheeran song), 2019
Film and television
South of the Border (1939 film), Gene Autry film featuring June Storey
South of the Border with Disney, 1942 short documentary film
South of the Border (2009 film), 2009 documentary by Oliver Stone
South of the Border, alternative title for the 2006 South Korean film Over the Border
South of the Border, situation comedy produced by Yorkshire Television in 1985
South of the Border, two-part episode of My Name Is Earl
South of the Border, detective drama which ran for two series on BBC1 in 1988 and 1990
Other uses
South of the Border (attraction), rest stop and roadside attraction in North/South Carolina, U.S.
Colloquialism
England and Wales, in Scotland
Mexico, in the United States
United States, in Canada
See also
North of the Border (disambiguation)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmgren
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Palmgren is a Swedish-language surname.
Geographical distribution
As of 2014, 59.1% of all known bearers of the surname Palmgren were residents of Sweden (frequency 1:4,096), 21.0% of the United States (1:423,011), 11.0% of Finland (1:12,325), 2.4% of Denmark (1:58,191) and 2.2% of Norway (1:57,779).
In Sweden, the frequency of the surname was higher than national average (1:4,096) in the following counties:
1. Gotland County (1:1,671)
2. Blekinge County (1:1,769)
3. Östergötland County (1:2,074)
4. Jönköping County (1:2,457)
5. Kalmar County (1:2,542)
6. Norrbotten County (1:3,059)
7. Halland County (1:3,360)
8. Södermanland County (1:3,723)
9. Stockholm County (1:3,777)
In Finland, the frequency of the surname was higher than national average (1:12,325) in the following regions:
1. Uusimaa (1:6,016)
2. Central Ostrobothnia (1:6,687)
3. Lapland (1:7,220)
4. Åland (1:10,764)
5. Kymenlaakso (1:12,207)
People
Alvar Palmgren (1880–1960), Finnish botanist
Aurore Palmgren (1880–1961), Swedish film actress
Axel Palmgren (1867–1939), Finnish lawyer and politician
Eric Palmgren (1916–2015), Finnish Olympic sailor
Gunnar Jedeur-Palmgren
Jayson Palmgren (b. 1989)
Maikki Järnefelt-Palmgren (1871–1929), Finnish opera singer
Maria Jonae Palmgren (1630–1708), Swedish scholar
Niclas Palmgren (born 1970), Swedish politician
Pontus Palmgren (1907–1993), Finnish zoologist
Raoul Palmgren (1912–1995), Finnish writer
Roger Palmgren, Swedish football manager
Selim Gu
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oneonta%20Tigers
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The Oneonta Tigers were a minor league baseball team located in Oneonta, New York. They were members of the New York–Penn League. The Tigers were the Short-Season A classification affiliate of the Detroit Tigers, and played their home games at Damaschke Field. The team was relocated to Norwich, Connecticut, for the 2010 season and became known as the Connecticut Tigers.
Oneonta baseball history
Oneonta's first pro baseball team came to town on August 7, 1924, when the Utica Utes of the old New York–Pennsylvania League moved there. The newly renamed Indians folded at the end of the season. In 1940, the Cornwall, Ontario club in the old Canadian–American League moved to Oneonta. The Oneonta Indians (who, despite the name, were an affiliate of the Boston Red Sox) won back-to-back championships in 1941–42 before the loop shut down for three years due to World War II. After the war, the renamed Oneonta Red Sox took two more titles, in 1948 and in the league's final season of 1951.
In 1966, the Red Sox shifted their franchise in the current New York–Penn League from Wellsville, New York to Oneonta, keeping the Red Sox moniker for that season. In 1967, Sam Nader and Sidney Levine purchased the team and renamed them the Oneonta Yankees, or O-Yanks, an affiliation they would have for three decades. Stocked with future New York Yankees stars, the O-Yanks won NYPL titles in 1968, 1969, 1971, 1974, 1977, 1979, 1980, 1981, 1985, 1988, 1990 and 1998. Since 1991, the franchise has partic
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycogen%20phosphorylase
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Glycogen phosphorylase is one of the phosphorylase enzymes (). Glycogen phosphorylase catalyzes the rate-limiting step in glycogenolysis in animals by releasing glucose-1-phosphate from the terminal alpha-1,4-glycosidic bond. Glycogen phosphorylase is also studied as a model protein regulated by both reversible phosphorylation and allosteric effects.
Mechanism
Glycogen phosphorylase breaks up glycogen into glucose subunits (see also figure below):
(α-1,4 glycogen chain)n + Pi ⇌ (α-1,4 glycogen chain)n-1 + α-D-glucose-1-phosphate.
Glycogen is left with one fewer glucose molecule, and the free glucose molecule is in the form of glucose-1-phosphate. In order to be used for metabolism, it must be converted to glucose-6-phosphate by the enzyme phosphoglucomutase.
Although the reaction is reversible in vitro, within the cell the enzyme only works in the forward direction as shown below because the concentration of inorganic phosphate is much higher than that of glucose-1-phosphate.
Glycogen phosphorylase can act only on linear chains of glycogen (α1-4 glycosidic linkage). Its work will immediately come to a halt four residues away from α1-6 branch (which are exceedingly common in glycogen). In these situations, the debranching enzyme is necessary, which will straighten out the chain in that area. In addition, the enzyme transferase shifts a block of 3 glucosyl residues from the outer branch to the other end, and then a α1-6 glucosidase enzyme is required to break the remaini
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riser
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Riser may refer to:
Engineering
Stair riser, the vertical elements in a set of stairs
Riser, another name for a theatre platform
Riser, a length of vertically oriented piping used to deliver fluid, gas, or electrical signals or power upward
Drilling riser, a device used on a ship or offshore drilling rig
Dry riser, a pipe used to deliver water to firefighting systems that is normally kept empty (dry)
Riser cable, a type of communications cable used to connect multiple floors in a building
Riser card, a printed circuit board which extends connectors away from another board
Riser, a skateboard component which increases the space between the wheels and the deck
Riser, the center section of a recurve bow
Parachute riser, strip of webbing joining the harness to the rigging lines
Riser (casting), a reservoir in a manufacturing mold
People
Larkin T. Riser (born 1949), Louisiana sheriff
Matt Riser (born 1984), American college baseball coach
Neil Riser (born 1962), a member of the Louisiana State Senate (United States)
Other uses
Riser, side of a terrace (geology)
Early riser, a person who wakes up early in the day
Riser (album), a 2014 studio album by Dierks Bentley
"Riser" (song), the title track
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coosan%20languages
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The Coosan (also Coos or Kusan) language family consists of two languages spoken along the southern Oregon coast. Both languages are now extinct.
Classification
Hanis †
Miluk † ( Lower Coquille)
Melville Jacobs (1939) says that the languages are as close as Dutch and German. They share more than half of their vocabulary, though this is not always obvious, and grammatical differences cause the two languages to look quite different.
The origin of the name Coos is uncertain: one idea is that it is derived from a Hanis stem gus- meaning 'south' as in gusimídži·č 'southward'; another idea is that it is derived from a southwestern Oregon Athabaskan word ku·s meaning 'bay'.
Frachtenburg was the first major ethnolinguist to address the relatedness of these languages, saying that Hanis and Miluk were dialects of the same "Kusan" language. Melville Jacobs also said that they were two dialects of the same languages; though he did note that Mrs. Annie Miner Peterson said they were in fact distinct languages and that Miluk had two dialects. In 1916 Edward Sapir suggested that the Coosan languages are part of a larger Oregon Penutian genetic grouping. This analysis has been accepted by some.
However, more recent work has placed Hanis and Miluk as both separate languages and part of their own language family, with Douglas-Tavani doing a comparative reconstruction of Proto-Coosan's phonemes and vocabulary
Phonology
Vowels
Diphthongs
Three Series of Stops
Consonants
Key
Glott
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