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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulk%20Richardson%20number
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The Bulk Richardson Number (BRN) is an approximation of the Gradient Richardson number. The BRN is a dimensionless ratio in meteorology related to the consumption of turbulence divided by the shear production (the generation of turbulence kinetic energy caused by wind shear) of turbulence. It is used to show dynamic stability and the formation of turbulence.
The BRN is used frequently in meteorology due to widely available rawinsonde|Radiosonde|rawinsonde (frequently called radiosonde) data and numerical weather forecasts that supply wind and temperature measurements at discrete points in space.
Formula
Below is the formula for the BRN. Where g is gravitational acceleration, Tv is absolute virtual temperature, Δθv is the virtual potential temperature difference across a layer of thickness Δz (vertical depth), and ΔU and ΔV are the changes in horizontal wind components across that same layer.
Critical values and interpretation
High values indicate unstable and/or weakly-sheared environments; low values indicate weak instability and/or strong vertical shear. Generally, values in the range of around 10 to 50 suggest environmental conditions favorable for supercell development.
In the limit of layer thickness becoming small, the Bulk Richardson number approaches the Gradient Richardson number, for which a critical Richardson number is roughly Ric= 0.25. Numbers less than this critical value are dynamically unstable and likely to become or remain turbulent.
The critical valu
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutant%20Moments
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Mutant Moments is the debut EP by synthpop duo Soft Cell. Only 2000 copies were pressed, originally by Big Frock Records, then later by a Japanese fan club, making the record extremely rare and prized by collectors and fans alike. The duo, who attended Leeds Metropolitan University, originally developed a cult following with their performances which routinely included bizarre sexual imagery and visuals representing sexual themes. Some examples include instances where singer Marc Almond would smear his body with cat food, simulate sexual intercourse with a full-length mirror, or appear onstage in drag.
The band was signed to Some Bizzare Records soon after its release, with "The Girl With The Patent Leather Face" being released on the Some Bizzare Album and later a 7-inch single "A Man Can Get Lost" and 12-inch single "Memorabilia", both being released the following year.
The EP includes the song "Frustration," which also appears on their full-length studio album Non-stop Erotic Cabaret, though the two versions sound very different. The other three songs from the EP also appear on the rarities/bootleg compilation The Bedsit Tapes.
The Mutant Moments EP received an official rerelease in May 2020. Originally intended to be a limited release for Record Store Day (UK), it was released as a 10-inch single in clear vinyl, through the band's online shop at Lexer Music.
Track listing
This version of "Frustration" can be found on Demo Non Stop, which was released in 2006 by Some B
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probability%20distribution%20function
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Probability distribution function may refer to:
Probability distribution
Cumulative distribution function
Probability mass function
Probability density function
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interior-point%20method
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Interior-point methods (also referred to as barrier methods or IPMs) are a certain class of algorithms that solve linear and nonlinear convex optimization problems.
An interior point method was discovered by Soviet mathematician I. I. Dikin in 1967 and reinvented in the U.S. in the mid-1980s.
In 1984, Narendra Karmarkar developed a method for linear programming called Karmarkar's algorithm, which runs in provably polynomial time and is also very efficient in practice. It enabled solutions of linear programming problems that were beyond the capabilities of the simplex method. In contrast to the simplex method, it reaches a best solution by traversing the interior of the feasible region. The method can be generalized to convex programming based on a self-concordant barrier function used to encode the convex set.
Any convex optimization problem can be transformed into minimizing (or maximizing) a linear function over a convex set by converting to the epigraph form. The idea of encoding the feasible set using a barrier and designing barrier methods was studied by Anthony V. Fiacco, Garth P. McCormick, and others in the early 1960s. These ideas were mainly developed for general nonlinear programming, but they were later abandoned due to the presence of more competitive methods for this class of problems (e.g. sequential quadratic programming).
Yurii Nesterov, and Arkadi Nemirovski came up with a special class of such barriers that can be used to encode any convex set. They guar
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RID
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RID may refer to:
Isaiah ben Mali di Trani (the Elder), an Italian Talmudist
Radial immunodiffusion, a scientific technique for measuring the quantity of an antigen
Radionuclide identification device, a hand-held instrument for the detection and identification of radioactive sources
Refractive index detector, a type of chromatography detector
Registry of Interpreters for the Deaf, an American Sign Language interpreters' organization
Relative identifier, a component of Microsoft Windows NT security
RID (insect repellent), an Australian brand
Rivista Italiana Difesa, an Italian magazine related to military and geo-strategic issues
Robots in Disguise, an English electro band
Royal Institute Dictionary, a prescriptive dictionary of Thailand
Real-time Inter-network Defense, a reporting method for sharing incident-handling data between networks
Rock Island District, commuter rail line between Chicago and Joliet, Illinois
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Growth%20medium
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A growth medium or culture medium is a solid, liquid, or semi-solid designed to support the growth of a population of microorganisms or cells via the process of cell proliferation or small plants like the moss Physcomitrella patens. Different types of media are used for growing different types of cells.
The two major types of growth media are those used for cell culture, which use specific cell types derived from plants or animals, and those used for microbiological culture, which are used for growing microorganisms such as bacteria or fungi. The most common growth media for microorganisms are nutrient broths and agar plates; specialized media are sometimes required for microorganism and cell culture growth. Some organisms, termed fastidious organisms, require specialized environments due to complex nutritional requirements. Viruses, for example, are obligate intracellular parasites and require a growth medium containing living cells.
Types
The most common growth media for microorganisms are nutrient broths (liquid nutrient medium) or lysogeny broth medium. Liquid media are often mixed with agar and poured via a sterile media dispenser into Petri dishes to solidify. These agar plates provide a solid medium on which microbes may be cultured. They remain solid, as very few bacteria are able to decompose agar (the exception being some species in the genera: Cytophaga, Flavobacterium, Bacillus, Pseudomonas, and Alcaligenes). Bacteria grown in liquid cultures often form colloi
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trimethylglycine
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Trimethylglycine is an amino acid derivative that occurs in plants. Trimethylglycine was the first betaine discovered; originally it was simply called betaine because, in the 19th century, it was discovered in sugar beets (Beta vulgaris subsp. vulgaris).
Medical uses
Betaine, sold under the brand name Cystadane among others, is indicated for the adjunctive treatment of homocystinuria, involving deficiencies or defects in cystathionine beta-synthase (CBS), 5,10-methylene-tetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR), or cobalamin cofactor metabolism (cbl).
The most common side effect is elevated levels of methionine in the blood.
Structure and reactions
Trimethylglycine is an N-methylated amino acid. It is a zwitterion as the molecule contains both a quaternary ammonium group and a carboxyl group. The carboxyl group will be partially protonated in aqueous solution below pH 4, that is, approximately below pH equal to (pKa + 2).
(aq) + (aq)
Demethylation of trimethylglycine gives dimethylglycine.
Production and biochemical processes
Processing sucrose from sugar beets yields glycine betaine as a byproduct. The economic value of the trimethylglycine rivals that of the sugar content in sugar beets.
Biosynthesis
In most organisms, glycine betaine is biosynthesized by oxidation of choline in two steps. The intermediate, betaine aldehyde, is generated by the action of the enzyme mitochondrial choline oxidase (choline dehydrogenase, EC 1.1.99.1). Betaine aldehyde is further oxidis
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CAR%20T%20cell
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In biology, chimeric antigen receptors (CARs)—also known as chimeric immunoreceptors, chimeric T cell receptors or artificial T cell receptors—are receptor proteins that have been engineered to give T cells the new ability to target a specific antigen. The receptors are chimeric in that they combine both antigen-binding and T cell activating functions into a single receptor.
CAR T cell therapy uses T cells engineered with CARs to treat cancer. The premise of CAR-T immunotherapy is to modify T cells to recognize cancer cells in order to more effectively target and destroy them. Scientists harvest T cells from people, genetically alter them, then infuse the resulting CAR T cells into patients to attack their tumors.
CAR T cells can be derived either from T cells in a patient's own blood (autologously) or from the T cells of another, healthy, donor (allogeneically). Once isolated from a person, these T cells are genetically engineered to express a specific CAR, using a vector derived from an engineered lentivirus such as HIV (see Lentiviral vector in gene therapy). The CAR programs the recipient's T cells to target an antigen that is present on the surface of tumors. For safety, CAR T cells are engineered to be specific to an antigen that is expressed on a tumor but is not expressed on healthy cells.
After CAR T cells are infused into a patient, they act as a "living drug" against cancer cells. When they come in contact with their targeted antigen on a cell's surface, CAR T c
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single-chain%20variable%20fragment
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A single-chain variable fragment (scFv) is not actually a fragment of an antibody, but instead is a fusion protein of the variable regions of the heavy (VH) and light chains (VL) of immunoglobulins, connected with a short linker peptide of ten to about 25 amino acids. The linker is usually rich in glycine for flexibility, as well as serine or threonine for solubility, and can either connect the N-terminus of the VH with the C-terminus of the VL, or vice versa.
This protein retains the specificity of the original immunoglobulin, despite removal of the constant regions and the introduction of the linker. The image to the right shows how this modification usually leaves the specificity unaltered.
These molecules were created to facilitate phage display, where it is highly convenient to express the antigen-binding domain as a single peptide. As an alternative, scFv can be created directly from subcloned heavy and light chains derived from a hybridoma. ScFvs have many uses, e.g., flow cytometry, immunohistochemistry, and as antigen-binding domains of artificial T cell receptors (chimeric antigen receptor).
Unlike monoclonal antibodies, which are often produced in mammalian cell cultures, scFvs are more often produced in bacteria cell cultures such as E. coli.
Purification
Single-chain variable fragments lack the constant Fc region found in complete antibody molecules, and, thus, the common binding sites (e.g., protein G) cannot be used to purify antibodies. These fragments can
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RasMol
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RasMol is a computer program written for molecular graphics visualization intended and used mainly to depict and explore biological macromolecule structures, such as those found in the Protein Data Bank. It was originally developed by Roger Sayle in the early 1990s.
Historically, it was an important tool for molecular biologists since the extremely optimized program allowed the software to run on (then) modestly powerful personal computers. Before RasMol, visualization software ran on graphics workstations that, due to their cost, were less accessible to scholars. RasMol continues to be important for research in structural biology, and has become important in education.
RasMol has a complex licensing version history. Starting with the version 2.7 series, RasMol source code is dual-licensed under a GNU General Public License (GPL), or custom license RASLIC. Starting with version 2.7.5, a GPL is the only license valid for binary distributions.
RasMol includes a scripting language, to perform many functions such as selecting certain protein chains, changing colors, etc. Jmol and Sirius software have incorporated this language into their commands.
Protein Data Bank (PDB) files can be downloaded for visualization from members of the Worldwide Protein Data Bank (wwPDB). These have been uploaded by researchers who have characterized the structure of molecules usually by X-ray crystallography, protein NMR spectroscopy, or cryo-electron microscopy.
Interprocess communication
Rasm
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal%20Dynamics
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Crystal Dynamics, Inc. is an American video game developer based in San Mateo, California. The studio is best known for its games in the Gex, Legacy of Kain, and Tomb Raider series.
Madeline Canepa, Judy Lange, and Dave Morse founded Crystal Dynamics in July 1992 as a spin-off of The 3DO Company and soon hired Strauss Zelnick as its president and chief executive officer (CEO). The studio initially developed games for The 3DO Company's 3DO Interactive Multiplayer system. Its first, Crash 'n Burn, was packed in with the system in October 1993. Lange left in 1994, following a failed attempt at establishing the studio as a third-party publisher, and Zelnick was hired away in 1995. Between 1995 and 1996, Crystal Dynamics created Gex and published Blood Omen: Legacy of Kain, which it later expanded into franchises. As the company faced financial struggles, it raised capital through Technology Partners, with its general partner Ted Ardell instituting layoffs of a third of the studio's staff, including Canepa. As the issues persisted through 1997, Crystal Dynamics was acquired by the British publisher Eidos Interactive in November 1998.
Under its new owner, the studio created projects like Project: Snowblind, initially to be a part of the Deus Ex series, and it was put in charge of the Tomb Raider series in 2003 to replace Core Design. Crystal Dynamics developed a modernized trilogy of Tomb Raider games—consisting of Tomb Raider: Legend (2006), Tomb Raider: Anniversary (2007), and
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time-lapse%20photography
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Time-lapse photography is a technique in which the frequency at which film frames are captured (the frame rate) is much lower than the frequency used to view the sequence. When played at normal speed, time appears to be moving faster and thus lapsing. For example, an image of a scene may be captured at 1 frame per second but then played back at 30 frames per second; the result is an apparent 30 times speed increase. Similarly, film can also be played at a much lower rate than at which it was captured, which slows down an otherwise fast action, as in slow motion or high-speed photography.
Processes that would normally appear subtle and slow to the human eye, such as the motion of the sun and stars in the sky or the growth of a plant, become very pronounced. Time-lapse is the extreme version of the cinematography technique of undercranking. Stop motion animation is a comparable technique; a subject that does not actually move, such as a puppet, can repeatedly be moved manually by a small distance and photographed. Then, the photographs can be played back as a film at a speed that shows the subject appearing to move.
History
Some classic subjects of time-lapse photography include:
Landscapes and celestial motion
Plants and flowers growing
Fruit rotting
Evolution of a construction project
People in the city
The technique has been used to photograph crowds, traffic, and even television. The effect of photographing a subject that changes imperceptibly slowly, creates a smoo
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mastocytoma
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A mastocytoma or mast cell tumor is a type of round-cell tumor consisting of mast cells. It is found in humans and many animal species; it also can refer to an accumulation or nodule of mast cells that resembles a tumor.
Mast cells originate from the bone marrow and are normally found throughout the connective tissue of the body as normal components of the immune system. As they release histamine, they are associated with allergic reactions. Mast cells also respond to tissue trauma. Mast cell granules contain histamine, heparin, platelet-activating factor, and other substances. Disseminated mastocytosis is rarely seen in young dogs and cats, while mast cell tumors are usually skin tumors in older dogs and cats. Although not always malignant, they do have the potential to be. Up to 25 percent of skin tumors in dogs are mast cell tumors, with a similar number in cats.
Signs and symptoms
Humans
When mastocytomas affect humans, they are typically found in skin. They usually occur as a single lesion on the trunk or wrist. Although it is rare, mastocytomas are sometimes found in the lung. It can also affect children.
Animals
Mast cell tumors are known among veterinary oncologists as 'the great pretenders' because their appearance can be varied, from a wart-like nodule to a soft subcutaneous lump (similar on palpation to a benign lipoma) to an ulcerated skin mass. Most mast cell tumors are small, raised lumps on the skin. They may be hairless, ulcerated, or itchy. They
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van%20Arkel%E2%80%93de%20Boer%20process
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The van Arkel–de Boer process, also known as the iodide process or crystal-bar process, was the first industrial process for the commercial production of pure ductile titanium, zirconium and some other metals. It was developed by Anton Eduard van Arkel and Jan Hendrik de Boer in 1925. Now it is used in the production of small quantities of ultrapure titanium and zirconium. It primarily involves the formation of the metal iodides and their subsequent decomposition to yield pure metal.
This process was superseded commercially by the Kroll process.
Process
As seen in the diagram below, impure titanium, zirconium, hafnium, vanadium, thorium or protactinium is heated in an evacuated vessel with a halogen at 50–250 °C. The patent specifically involved the intermediacy of TiI4 and ZrI4, which were volatilized (leaving impurities as solid). At atmospheric pressure TiI4 melts at 150 °C and boils at 377 °C, while ZrI4 melts at 499 °C and boils at 600 °C. The boiling points are lower at reduced pressure. The gaseous metal tetraiodide is decomposed on a white hot tungsten filament (1400 °C). As more metal is deposited the filament conducts better and thus a greater electric current is required to maintain the temperature of the filament. The process can be performed in the span of several hours or several weeks, depending on the particular setup.
Generally, the crystal bar process can be performed using any number of metals using whichever halogen or combination of halogens is most
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert%20Callen
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Herbert Bernard Callen (July 1, 1919 – May 22, 1993) was an American physicist specializing in thermodynamics and statistical mechanics. He is considered one of the founders of the modern theory of irreversible thermodynamics, and is the author of the classic textbook Thermodynamics and an Introduction to Thermostatistics, published in two editions. During World War II, his services were invoked in the theoretical division of the Manhattan Project.
Life and work
A native of Philadelphia, Herbert Callen received his Bachelor of Science degree from Temple University. His graduate studies were interrupted by the Manhattan Project. He also worked on a U.S. Navy project concerning guided missiles (Project Bumblebee) at Princeton University in 1945. Callen subsequently completed his PhD in physics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in 1947. He was supervised by the physicist László Tisza. His doctoral dissertation concerns the Kelvin thermoelectric and thermomagnetic relations, and Onsager's reciprocal relations; it was titled On the Theory of Irreversible Processes. Upon receiving his degree, Callen spent a year at the MIT Laboratory for Insulation Research and developed his theory of electrical breakdown for insulators.
In 1948, Callen joined the faculty of the department of physics at the University of Pennsylvania and became a professor in 1956. Specialists consider his most lasting contribution to physics to be the paper co-written with Theodore A. Welton pre
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward%20O.%20Thorp
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Edward Oakley Thorp (born August 14, 1932) is an American mathematics professor, author, hedge fund manager, and blackjack researcher. He pioneered the modern applications of probability theory, including the harnessing of very small correlations for reliable financial gain.
Thorp is the author of Beat the Dealer, which mathematically proved that the house advantage in blackjack could be overcome by card counting. He also developed and applied effective hedge fund techniques in the financial markets, and collaborated with Claude Shannon in creating the first wearable computer.
Thorp received his Ph.D. in mathematics from the University of California, Los Angeles in 1958, and worked at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) from 1959 to 1961. He was a professor of mathematics from 1961 to 1965 at New Mexico State University, and then joined the University of California, Irvine where he was a professor of mathematics from 1965 to 1977 and a professor of mathematics and finance from 1977 to 1982.
Background
Thorp was born in Chicago, but moved to southern California in his childhood. He had an early aptitude for science, and often tinkered with experiments of his own creation. He was one of the youngest amateur radio operators when he was certified at age 12. Thorp went on to win scholarships by doing well in chemistry and physics competitions (one instance led him to meeting President Truman), ultimately electing to go to UC Berkeley for his undergraduate degree.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poma%202000
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The Poma 2000 in Laon, France, was an automated guideway transit, a cable-driven people mover which ran between the railway station and the city hall. The system was long with a maximum gradient of 13% and an elevation change of .
History
The system opened in 1989, replacing a former tram line (1899–1971), that used a rack for braking but not propulsion. There were three stations. The cars ran on rubber tyres on a metallic track at a 2.5 min headway. Four vehicles were used by the system, and each of them could carry 33 passengers at a maximum speed of . The maximum capacity was 900 passengers/hour, and most recent ridership before its closure was about 1500 passengers/day.
The system ran every day from 7:00 a.m. to 8:00 p.m. from Monday to Saturday and every day in Summer. A complete journey on the line from Gare to Hôtel de Ville took 3.5 min.
Citing €19 million maintenance costs and rising local taxes, the Agglomeration Community of Pays de Laon ended the service on 27 August 2016.
Route
See also
List of rapid transit systems
References
External links
poma - Images of the Poma 2000
Rapid transit in France
Laon
Rubber-tyred metros
1989 establishments in France
2016 disestablishments in France
Railway lines opened in 1989
Railway lines closed in 2016
Transport in Hauts-de-France
Cable car railways
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthophyllite
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Anthophyllite is an orthorhombic amphibole mineral: ☐Mg2Mg5Si8O22(OH)2 (☐ is for a vacancy, a point defect in the crystal structure), magnesium iron inosilicate hydroxide. Anthophyllite is polymorphic with cummingtonite. Some forms of anthophyllite are lamellar or fibrous and are classed as asbestos. The name is derived from the Latin word anthophyllum, meaning clove, an allusion to the most common color of the mineral. The Anthophyllite crystal is characterized by its perfect cleavage along directions 126 degrees and 54 degrees.
Occurrence
Anthophyllite is the product of metamorphism of magnesium-rich rocks, especially ultrabasic igneous rocks and impure dolomitic shales. It also forms as a retrograde product rimming relict orthopyroxenes and olivine, and as an accessory mineral in cordierite-bearing gneisses and schists. Anthophyllite also occurs as a retrograde metamorphic mineral derived from ultramafic rocks along with serpentinite.
Occurrence in ultramafic rocks
Anthophyllite is formed by the breakdown of talc in ultramafic rocks in the presence of water and carbon dioxide as a prograde metamorphic reaction. The partial pressure of carbon dioxide (XCO2) in aqueous solution favors production of anthophyllite. Higher partial pressures of CO2 reduces the temperature of the anthophyllite-in isograd.
Ultramafic rocks in purely hydrous, CO2-free environments will tend to form serpentinite-antigorite-brucite-tremolite assemblages (dependent on MgO content) or at amphiboli
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT%20culture%20in%20Singapore
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There are no statistics on how many LGBT people there are in Singapore or what percentage of the population they constitute. While homosexuality is legal in the country, the country is largely conservative.
Notable persons identifying as LGBT
Historical
Paddy Chew was the first Singaporean to publicly declare his HIV-positive status. He came out on 12 December 1998 during the First National AIDS Conference in Singapore. He identified his orientation as bisexual. His affliction was dramatised in a play called Completely With/Out Character produced by The Necessary Stage, directed by Alvin Tan and written by Haresh Sharma, staged in May 1999. He died on 21 August 1999, shortly after the play's run ended.
Arthur Yap was a poet who was awarded the 1983 Singapore Cultural Medallion for Literature. He died of laryngeal carcinoma on 19 June 2006, bequeathing $500,000/-, part of his estate which included his apartment off Killiney Road, to the National Cancer Centre Singapore where he was a patient.
Arts personalities
Cyril Wong, poet.
Alfian Sa'at, writer, poet and playwright. He had a weekly column on gay website Trevvy titled, "Iced Bandung".
Ng Yi-Sheng, writer and performance artist. Ng is the author of a collection of personally written poems, including ones with queer-theming.
Sean Foo, entrepreneur, filmmaker and LGBT advocate who founded Dear Straight People. Sean is also credited as the creator of Singapore's first gay Boys Love web drama series, "Getaway."
Poli
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chartered%20Semiconductor%20Manufacturing
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Chartered Semiconductor Manufacturing, Inc. (CSM), was a Singaporean semiconductor company.
History
It was founded in 1987, as a venture that included Singapore Technologies Engineering Ltd. In 2000 ST Engineering (Singapore Technologies Semiconductors), a subsidiary of Temasek Holdings acquired Chartered.
Chartered Semiconductor Manufacturing was the world's third largest dedicated independent semiconductor foundry, with its headquarters and main operations located in the Woodlands Industrial Park, Kranji Singapore. The company was listed on the Singapore Exchange under the trading symbol of CHARTERED, as well as on NASDAQ (CHRT).
In September 2009, it was announced that Chartered Semiconductor was to be acquired by the main stockholder of GlobalFoundries, a joint venture between AMD and Advanced Technology Investment Company (ATIC), of Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates. The transaction was completed at the end of 2009.
By acquiring Chartered, ATIC expanded its investments and expertise in technology in the semiconductor industry.
Fabrication facilities
Chartered provides comprehensive wafer fabrication services and technologies to semiconductor suppliers and systems companies. Chartered's customer base is primarily high-growth, technologically advanced companies operating in the communication, computer and consumer sectors. It does not provide design services and works from customers' designs to produce communications chips.
Besides its own fabs, Chartered operates jo
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia-Shuswap%20D
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The Columbia-Shuswap Electoral Area D, referred to by Statistics Canada as Columbia-Shuswap D, is a regional district electoral area in the South-west corner of the Columbia-Shuswap Regional District of British Columbia. It contains the communities of Falkland, Ranchero, and Silver Creek. The population of this area, exclusive of any residents of Indian Reserves, is around 4000 people. Agriculture is the main economy for the area. The Salmon River flows through it before going into Shuswap Lake.
References
Regional district electoral areas in British Columbia
Columbia-Shuswap Regional District
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell%20adhesion%20molecule
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Cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) are a subset of cell surface proteins that are involved in the binding of cells with other cells or with the extracellular matrix (ECM), in a process called cell adhesion. In essence, CAMs help cells stick to each other and to their surroundings. CAMs are crucial components in maintaining tissue structure and function. In fully developed animals, these molecules play an integral role in generating force and movement and consequently ensuring that organs are able to execute their functions normally. In addition to serving as "molecular glue", CAMs play important roles in the cellular mechanisms of growth, contact inhibition, and apoptosis. Aberrant expression of CAMs may result in a wide range of pathologies, ranging from frostbite to cancer.
Structure
CAMs are typically single-pass transmembrane receptors and are composed of three conserved domains: an intracellular domain that interacts with the cytoskeleton, a transmembrane domain, and an extracellular domain. These proteins can interact in several different ways. The first method is through homophilic binding, where CAMs bind with the same CAMs. They are also capable of heterophilic binding, meaning a CAM on one cell will bind with different CAMs on another cell.
Families of CAMs
There are four major superfamilies or groups of CAMs: the immunoglobulin super family of cell adhesion molecules (IgCAMs), Cadherins, Integrins, and the Superfamily of C-type of lectin-like domains proteins (CTL
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attenuation%20length
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In physics, the attenuation length or absorption length is the distance into a material when the probability has dropped to that a particle has not been absorbed. Alternatively, if there is a beam of particles incident on the material, the attenuation length is the distance where the intensity of the beam has dropped to , or about 63% of the particles have been stopped.
Mathematically, the probability of finding a particle at depth into the material is calculated by the Beer–Lambert law:
.
In general is material- and energy-dependent.
See also
Beer's Law
Mean free path
Attenuation coefficient
Attenuation (electromagnetic radiation)
Radiation length
References
https://web.archive.org/web/20050215215652/http://www.ct.infn.it/~rivel/Glossario/node2.html
External links
http://henke.lbl.gov/optical_constants/atten2.html
Particle physics
Experimental particle physics
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carry%20%28arithmetic%29
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In elementary arithmetic, a carry is a digit that is transferred from one column of digits to another column of more significant digits. It is part of the standard algorithm to add numbers together by starting with the rightmost digits and working to the left. For example, when 6 and 7 are added to make 13, the "3" is written to the same column and the "1" is carried to the left. When used in subtraction the operation is called a borrow.
Carrying is emphasized in traditional mathematics, while curricula based on reform mathematics do not emphasize any specific method to find a correct answer.
Carrying makes a few appearances in higher mathematics as well. In computing, carrying is an important function of adder circuits.
Manual arithmetic
A typical example of carry is in the following pencil-and-paper addition:
1
27
+ 59
----
86
7 + 9 = 16, and the digit 1 is the carry.
The opposite is a borrow, as in
−1
47
− 19
----
28
Here, , so try , and the 10 is got by taking ("borrowing") 1 from the next digit to the left. There are two ways in which this is commonly taught:
The ten is moved from the next digit left, leaving in this example in the tens column. According to this method, the term "borrow" is a misnomer, since the ten is never paid back.
The ten is copied from the next digit left, and then 'paid back' by adding it to the subtrahend in the column from which it was 'borrowed', giving in this example in the tens column.
Mathematics education
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flame%20cell
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A flame cell is a specialized excretory cell found in the simplest freshwater invertebrates , including flatworms(Platyhelminthes), rotifers and nemerteans; these are the simplest animals to have a dedicated excretory system. Flame cells function like a kidney, removing waste materials. Bundles of flame cells are called protonephridia.
The flame cell has a nucleated cell body, with a "cup-shaped" projection, with flagella covering the inner surface of the cup. The beating of these flagella resemble a flame, giving the cell its name. The cup is attached to a tube cell, whose inner surface is also coated in cilia, which help to move liquid through the tube cell. The tube opens externally through a nephropore, or, in the trematoda, into an excretory bladder. The function of these cells is to regulate the osmotic pressure of the worm, and maintain its ionic balance. Microvilli in the tube cell may be used to reabsorb some ions.
Molecules enter the tubule in tube cells through the gap between the flame cell and tube cell for excretion.
See also
Nephron, the similar structure in vertebrates
Nephridia, the excretory organ in annelids
Malphigian tubule system, the excretory organ in arthropods
Solenocyte
References
External links
Animation of Excretion
Animal cells
Secretory cells
Urinary system
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollard%27s%20rho%20algorithm%20for%20logarithms
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Pollard's rho algorithm for logarithms is an algorithm introduced by John Pollard in 1978 to solve the discrete logarithm problem, analogous to Pollard's rho algorithm to solve the integer factorization problem.
The goal is to compute such that , where belongs to a cyclic group generated by . The algorithm computes integers , , , and such that . If the underlying group is cyclic of order , by substituting as and noting that two powers are equal if and only if the exponents are equivalent modulo the order of the base, in this case modulo , we get that is one of the solutions of the equation . Solutions to this equation are easily obtained using the extended Euclidean algorithm.
To find the needed , , , and the algorithm uses Floyd's cycle-finding algorithm to find a cycle in the sequence , where the function is assumed to be random-looking and thus is likely to enter into a loop of approximate length after steps. One way to define such a function is to use the following rules: Divide into three disjoint subsets of approximately equal size: , , and . If is in then double both and ; if then increment , if then increment .
Algorithm
Let be a cyclic group of order , and given , and a partition , let be the map
and define maps and by
input: a: a generator of G
b: an element of G
output: An integer x such that ax = b, or failure
Initialise a0 ← 0, b0 ← 0, x0 ← 1 ∈ G
i ← 1
loop
xi ← f(xi-1),
ai ← g(xi-1, ai-1),
bi ← h(xi
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew%20Meselson
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Matthew Stanley Meselson (born May 24, 1930) is a geneticist and molecular biologist currently at Harvard University, known for his demonstration, with Franklin Stahl, of semi-conservative DNA replication. After completing his Ph.D. under Linus Pauling at the California Institute of Technology, Meselson became a Professor at Harvard University in 1960, where he has remained, today, as Thomas Dudley Cabot Professor of the Natural Sciences.
In the famous Meselson–Stahl experiment of 1958 he and Frank Stahl demonstrated through nitrogen isotope labeling that DNA is replicated semi-conservatively. In addition, Meselson, François Jacob, and Sydney Brenner discovered the existence of messenger RNA in 1961. Meselson has investigated DNA repair in cells and how cells recognize and destroy foreign DNA, and, with Werner Arber, was responsible for the discovery of restriction enzymes.
Since 1963 he has been interested in chemical and biological defense and arms control, has served as a consultant on this subject to various government agencies. Meselson worked with Henry Kissinger under the Nixon administration to convince President Richard Nixon to renounce biological weapons, suspend chemical weapons production, and support an international treaty prohibiting the acquisition of biological agents for hostile purposes, which in 1972 became known as the Biological Weapons Convention.
Meselson has received the Award in Molecular Biology from the National Academy of Sciences, the Public
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salicylaldoxime
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Salicylaldoxime is an organic compound described by the formula C6H4CH=NOH-2-OH. It is the oxime of salicylaldehyde. This crystalline, colorless solid is a chelator and sometimes used in the analysis of samples containing transition metal ions, with which it often forms brightly coloured coordination complexes.
Reactions
Salicylaldoxime is the conjugate acid of a bidentate ligand:
2 C6H4CH=NOH-2-OH + Cu2+ → Cu(C6H4CH=NOH-2-O)2 + 2 H+
In highly acidic media, the ligand protonates, and the metal aquo complex and aldoxime are liberated. In this way the ligand is used as a recyclable extractant.
It typically forms charge-neutral complexes with divalent metal ions.
Analytical chemistry
In the era when metals were analysed by spectrophotometry, many chelating ligands were developed that selectively formed brightly coloured complexes with particular metal ions. This methodology has been eclipsed with the introduction of inductively coupled plasma methodology. Salicylaldoxime can be used to selectively precipitate metal ions for gravimetric determination. It forms a greenish-yellow precipitate with copper at a pH of 2.6 in the presence of acetic acid. Under these conditions, this is the only metal that precipitates; at pH 3.3, nickel also precipitates. Iron (III) will interfere.
It has been used as an ionophore in ion selective electrodes, with good response to Pb2+ and Ni2+.
Extraction of metals
Saloximes are used in the extraction and separation of metals from
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean%20race
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The Mediterranean race (also Mediterranid race) is an obsolete racial classification of humans based on a now-disproven theory of biological race. According to writers of the late 19th to mid-20th centuries it was a sub-race of the Caucasian race. According to various definitions, it was said to be prevalent in the Mediterranean Basin and areas near the Mediterranean, especially in Southern Europe, North Africa, most of Western Asia, the Middle East or Near East; western Central Asia, parts of South Asia, and parts of the Horn of Africa. To a lesser extent, certain populations of people in Ireland, western parts of Great Britain, and Southern Germany, despite living far from the Mediterranean, were thought to have some minority Mediterranean elements in their population, such as Bavaria, Wales, and Cornwall.
Carleton S. Coon characterized the subgroup as having shorter or medium (not tall) stature, a long (dolichocephalic) or moderate (mesocephalic) skull, a narrow and often slightly aquiline nose, prevalence of dark hair and eyes, and frequently darker skin, ranging from cream to tan or dark brown skin tone; olive complexion being especially common and epitomizing the supposed Mediterranean race.
Racial theories
Early debates
Racial differentiations occurred following long-standing claims about the alleged differences between the Nordic and the Mediterranean people. Such debates arose from responses to ancient writers who had commented on differences between northern and
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arfvedsonite
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Arfvedsonite () is a sodium amphibole mineral with composition: [Na][Na2][(Fe2+)4Fe3+][(OH)2|Si8O22]. It crystallizes in the monoclinic prismatic crystal system and typically occurs as greenish black to bluish grey fibrous to radiating or stellate prisms.
It is a rather rare mineral occurring in nepheline syenite intrusions and agpaitic (peralkaline) pegmatites and granites as the Golden Horn batholith in Okanogan County, Washington (type locality for zektzerite). Occurrences include Mont Saint-Hilaire, Quebec, Canada; the Ilímaussaq complex in Southern Greenland; and in pegmatites of the Kola Peninsula, Russia. Its mineral association includes nepheline, albite, aegirine, riebeckite, katophorite and quartz.
Arfvedsonite was discovered in 1823 and named for the Swedish chemist Johan August Arfwedson (1792–1841).
See also
List of minerals
List of minerals named after people
References
Deer, W.A., R.A. Howie, and J. Zussman (1963) Rock-forming Minerals, v. 2, Chain Silicates, p. 364–374
Mineral Galleries
Amphibole group
Sodium minerals
Iron(II,III) minerals
Magnesium minerals
Monoclinic minerals
Minerals in space group 12
Minerals described in 1823
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TwinVQ
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TwinVQ (transform-domain weighted interleave vector quantization) is an audio compression technique developed by Nippon Telegraph and Telephone Corporation (NTT) Human Interface Laboratories (now Cyber Space Laboratories) in 1994. The compression technique has been used in both standardized and proprietary designs.
TwinVQ in MPEG-4
In the context of the MPEG-4 Audio (MPEG-4 Part 3), TwinVQ is an audio codec optimized for audio coding at ultra low bitrates around 8 kbit/s.
TwinVQ is one of the object types defined in MPEG-4 Audio, published as subpart 4 of ISO/IEC 14496-3 (for the first time in 1999 - a.k.a. MPEG-4 Audio version 1). This object type is based on a general audio transform coding scheme which is integrated with the AAC coding frame work, a spectral flattening module, and a weighted interleave vector quantization module. This scheme reportedly has high coding gain for low bit rate and potential robustness against channel errors and packet loss, since it does not use any variable length coding and adaptive bit allocation. It supports bitrate scalability, both by means of layered TwinVQ coding and in combination with the scalable AAC.
Note that some commercialized products such as Metasound (Voxware), SoundVQ (Yamaha), and SolidAudio (Hagiwara) are also based on the TwinVQ technology, but the configurations are different from the MPEG-4 TwinVQ.
TwinVQ as a proprietary audio format
A proprietary audio compression format called TwinVQ was developed by Nippon Tel
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O%27Dowd
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O'Dowd () is an Irish Gaelic clan based most prominently in what is today County Mayo and County Sligo. The clan name originated in the 9th century as a derivative of its founder Dubda mac Connmhach. The O'Dowd clan can be traced to the Doonfeeney area of what is now the parish of Ballycastle in Co. Mayo. A large earthen ring fortificatiation still exists called 'Rath O'Dubhda". The nearby early ecclesiastical site at Doonfeeney was more than likely developed under the patronage of the O'Dowds. They descend in the paternal line from the Connachta's Uí Fiachrach. The immediate progenitors of the O'Dowd were Kings of Connacht during the 7th and 8th centuries in the form of Dúnchad Muirisci, Indrechtach mac Dúnchado, Ailill Medraige mac Indrechtaig and Donn Cothaid mac Cathail, before losing ground to their rivals the Uí Briúin.
Genealogically, they are closely related to the O'Shaughnessy, MacFirbis, O’Finnerty (Ó Fiannachta) all members of Clan Conway (i.e. Connmhach). Indeed, the O'Dowd were the main patrons of the MacFirbis clan who produced key works of Irish history such as the Great Book of Lecan and the Leabhar na nGenealach. From the 8th to the 15th centuries, the O'Dowd were Kings of Ui Fiachrach Muaidhe, a sub-kingdom within the Kingdom of Connacht. After their realm was incorporated into the Kingdom of Ireland, they were Lord of Tír Fhiacrach
Naming conventions
O'Dowd is the most common anglicisation of the Irish surname Ó Dubhda. Other anglicised variants are Do
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear%20transfer
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Nuclear transfer is a form of cloning. The step involves removing the DNA from an oocyte (unfertilised egg), and injecting the nucleus which contains the DNA to be cloned. In rare instances, the newly constructed cell will divide normally, replicating the new DNA while remaining in a pluripotent state. If the cloned cells are placed in the uterus of a female mammal, a cloned organism develops to term in rare instances. This is how Dolly the Sheep and many other species were cloned. Cows are commonly cloned to select those that have the best milk production. On 24 January 2018, two monkey clones were reported to have been created with the technique for the first time.
Despite this, the low efficiency of the technique has prompted some researchers, notably Ian Wilmut, creator of Dolly the cloned sheep, to abandon it.
Tools and reagents
Nuclear transfer is a delicate process that is a major hurdle in the development of cloning technology. Materials used in this procedure are a microscope, a holding pipette (small vacuum) to keep the oocyte in place, and a micropipette (hair-thin needle) capable of extracting the nucleus of a cell using a vacuum. For some species, such as mouse, a drill is used to pierce the outer layers of the oocyte.
Various chemical reagents are used to increase cloning efficiency. Microtubule inhibitors, such as nocodazole, are used to arrest the oocyte in M phase, during which its nuclear membrane is dissolved. Chemicals are also used to stimulate oocy
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecological%20engineering
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Ecological engineering uses ecology and engineering to predict, design, construct or restore, and manage ecosystems that integrate "human society with its natural environment for the benefit of both".
Origins, key concepts, definitions, and applications
Ecological engineering emerged as a new idea in the early 1960s, but its definition has taken several decades to refine. Its implementation is still undergoing adjustment, and its broader recognition as a new paradigm is relatively recent. Ecological engineering was introduced by Howard Odum and others as utilizing natural energy sources as the predominant input to manipulate and control environmental systems. The origins of ecological engineering are in Odum's work with ecological modeling and ecosystem simulation to capture holistic macro-patterns of energy and material flows affecting the efficient use of resources.
Mitsch and Jorgensen summarized five basic concepts that differentiate ecological engineering from other approaches to addressing problems to benefit society and nature: 1) it is based on the self-designing capacity of ecosystems; 2) it can be the field (or acid) test of ecological theories; 3) it relies on system approaches; 4) it conserves non-renewable energy sources; and 5) it supports ecosystem and biological conservation.
Mitsch and Jorgensen were the first to define ecological engineering as designing societal services such that they benefit society and nature, and later noted the design should be sys
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein%20Source%20of%20the%20Future...Now%21
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Protein Source of the Future...Now! is the first in a three-part series of compilations by the Mountain Goats, released in 1999 by Ajax Records. The two compilations that follow Protein Source of the Future...Now! are Bitter Melon Farm and Ghana.
Notes
The album's title is derived from the book The Book of Tofu: Protein Source of the Future...Now! by William Shurtleff and Akiko Aoyagi.
Track listing
Personnel
John Darnielle - vocals, guitar, keyboard
References
The Mountain Goats compilation albums
1999 compilation albums
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classification%20of%20the%20Indigenous%20languages%20of%20the%20Americas
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This is a list of different language classification proposals developed for the Indigenous languages of the Americas. The article is divided into North, Central, and South America sections; however, the classifications do not correspond to these divisions.
North America
Glottolog 4.1 (2019)
Glottolog 4.1 (2019) recognizes 42 independent families and 31 isolates in North America (73 total). The vast majority are (or were) spoken in the United States, with 26 families and 26 isolates (52 total).
North American languages families proposed in Glottolog 4.1
Families (42)
Otomanguean (180)
Arawakan (78)
Uto-Aztecan (69)
Algic (46)
Athabaskan-Eyak-Tlingit (45)
Mayan (33)
Chibchan (27)
Salishan (25)
Mixe-Zoque (19)
Siouan (18)
Eskimo–Aleut (12)
Totonacan (12)
Cochimi-Yuman (11)
Iroquoian (11)
Miwok-Costanoan (11)
Kiowa-Tanoan (8)
Muskogean (7)
Pomoan (7)
Chumashan (6)
Wakashan (6)
Caddoan (5)
Misumalpan (5)
Sahaptian (5)
Xincan (5)
Chinookan (4)
Huavean (4)
Maiduan (4)
Yokutsan (4)
Kalapuyan (3)
Shastan (3)
Tequistlatecan (3)
Tsimshian (3)
Chimakuan (2)
Coosan (2)
Haida (2)
Jicaquean (2)
Keresan (2)
Lencan (2)
Palaihnihan (2)
Tarascan (2)
Wintuan (2)
Yuki-Wappo (2)
Isolates (31)
Adai
Alsea-Yaquina
Atakapa
Beothuk
Cayuse
Chimariko
Chitimacha
Coahuilteco
Comecrudan
Cotoname
Cuitlatec
Esselen
Guaicurian
Karankawa
Karok
Klamath-Modoc
Kutenai
Maratino
Molale
Natchez
Salinan
Seri
Siuslaw
Takelma
Timucua
Tonkawa
Tunica
Washo
Yana
Yuchi
Zuni
Gallatin (1836)
An early attempt at North A
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zymography
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Zymography is an electrophoretic technique for the detection of hydrolytic enzymes, based on the substrate repertoire of the enzyme. Three types of zymography are used; in gel zymography, in situ zymography and in vivo zymography. For instance, gelatin embedded in a polyacrylamide gel will be digested by active gelatinases run through the gel. After Coomassie staining, areas of degradation are visible as clear bands against a darkly stained background.
Modern usage of the term zymography has been adapted to define the study and cataloging of fermented products, such as beer or wine, often by specific brewers or winemakers or within an identified category of fermentation such as with a particular strain of yeast or species of bacteria.
Zymography also refers to a collection of related, fermented products, considered as a body of work. For example, all of the beers produced by a particular brewery could collectively be referred to as its zymography.
See also Zymology or the applied science of zymography. Zymology relates to the biochemical processes of fermentation, especially the selection of fermenting yeast and bacteria in brewing, winemaking, and other fermented foods. For example, beer-making involves the application of top (ale) or bottom fermenting yeast (lager), to produce the desired variety of beer. The synthesis of the yeast can impact the flavor profile of the beer, i.e. diacetyl (taste or aroma of buttery, butterscotch).
Gel zymography
Samples are prepared in a
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numerical%20methods%20for%20partial%20differential%20equations
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Numerical methods for partial differential equations is the branch of numerical analysis that studies the numerical solution of partial differential equations (PDEs).
In principle, specialized methods for hyperbolic, parabolic or elliptic partial differential equations exist.
Overview of methods
Finite difference method
In this method, functions are represented by their values at certain grid points and derivatives are approximated through differences in these values.
Method of lines
The method of lines (MOL, NMOL, NUMOL) is a technique for solving partial differential equations (PDEs) in which all dimensions except one are discretized. MOL allows standard, general-purpose methods and software, developed for the numerical integration of ordinary differential equations (ODEs) and differential algebraic equations (DAEs), to be used. A large number of integration routines have been developed over the years in many different programming languages, and some have been published as open source resources.
The method of lines most often refers to the construction or analysis of numerical methods for partial differential equations that proceeds by first discretizing the spatial derivatives only and leaving the time variable continuous. This leads to a system of ordinary differential equations to which a numerical method for initial value ordinary equations can be applied. The method of lines in this context dates back to at least the early 1960s.
Finite element method
The f
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontastacus
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Pontastacus is a genus of freshwater crayfish native to eastern Europe and western Asia, but also introduced elsewhere.
Classification and phylogeny
Pontastacus belongs to the family Astacidae, one of the three families of Northern Hemisphere freshwater crayfish within the superfamily Astacoidea. The internal phylogeny of Astacidae can be shown in the cladogram below:
Species
Nine species are recognized:
Pontastacus cubanicus (Birstein & Vinogradov, 1934) - Black Sea, Russia
Pontastacus danubialis Brodsky, 1981 - Danube Delta lakes, Ukraine
Pontastacus daucinus Brodsky, 1981 - Danube Delta lakes, Ukraine and Moldova
Pontastacus eichwaldi (Bott, 1950) - Caspian Sea
Pontastacus kessleri (Schimkewitsch, 1886) - Turkestan
Pontastacus leptodactylus (Eschscholtz, 1823) - around the Black Sea and other aquatic systems in eastern Europe and Turkey; widely introduced elsewhere - "Turkish crayfish"
Pontastacus pachypus (Rathke, 1837) - Caspian Sea, Black Sea, Sea of Azov - "Caspian crayfish"
Pontastacus pylzowi (Skorikov, 1907) - eastern part of Transcaucasia
Pontastacus salinus (von Nordmann, 1842) - Black Sea
References
Astacidae
Crustacean genera
Crustaceans of Europe
Crustaceans of Asia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehrotra%20predictor%E2%80%93corrector%20method
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Mehrotra's predictor–corrector method in optimization is a specific interior point method for linear programming. It was proposed in 1989 by Sanjay Mehrotra.
The method is based on the fact that at each iteration of an interior point algorithm it is necessary to compute the Cholesky decomposition (factorization) of a large matrix to find the search direction. The factorization step is the most computationally expensive step in the algorithm. Therefore, it makes sense to use the same decomposition more than once before recomputing it.
At each iteration of the algorithm, Mehrotra's predictor–corrector method uses the same Cholesky decomposition to find two different directions: a predictor and a corrector.
The idea is to first compute an optimizing search direction based on a first order term (predictor). The step size that can be taken in this direction is used to evaluate how much centrality correction is needed. Then, a corrector term is computed: this contains both a centrality term and a second order term.
The complete search direction is the sum of the predictor direction and the corrector direction.
Although there is no theoretical complexity bound on it yet, Mehrotra's predictor–corrector method is widely used in practice. Its corrector step uses the same Cholesky decomposition found during the predictor step in an effective way, and thus it is only marginally more expensive than a standard interior point algorithm. However, the additional overhead per iteration is
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multilocus%20sequence%20typing
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Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) is a technique in molecular biology for the typing of multiple loci, using DNA sequences of internal fragments of multiple housekeeping genes to characterize isolates of microbial species.
The first MLST scheme to be developed was for Neisseria meningitidis, the causative agent of meningococcal meningitis and septicaemia. Since its introduction for the research of evolutionary history, MLST has been used not only for human pathogens but also for plant pathogens.
Principle
MLST directly measures the DNA sequence variations in a set of housekeeping genes and characterizes strains by their unique allelic profiles. The principle of MLST is simple: the technique involves PCR amplification followed by DNA sequencing. Nucleotide differences between strains can be checked at a variable number of genes depending on the degree of discrimination desired.
The workflow of MLST involves: 1) data collection, 2) data analysis and 3) multilocus sequence analysis. In the data collection step, definitive identification of variation is obtained by nucleotide sequence determination of gene fragments. In the data analysis step, all unique sequences are assigned allele numbers and combined into an allelic profile and assigned a sequence type (ST). If new alleles and STs are found, they are stored in the database after verification. In the final analysis step of MLST, the relatedness of isolates are made by comparing allelic profiles. Researchers do epidemiologic
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vin%20de%20pays
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Vin de pays (, "country wine") was a French wine classification that was above the vin de table classification, but below the appellation d'origine contrôlée (AOC) classification and below the former vin délimité de qualité supérieure classification. The vin de pays classification was replaced by the EU indication Indication Géographique Protégée in 2009.
Legislation on the Vin de pays terminology was created in 1973 and passed in 1979, allowing producers to distinguish wines that were made using grape varieties or procedures other than those required by the AOC rules, without having to use the simple and commercially non-viable table wine classification. Unlike table wines, which are only indicated as being from France, Vin de pays carries a geographic designation of origin, the producers have to submit the wine for analysis and tasting, and the wines have to be made from certain varieties or blends. Regulations regarding varieties and labelling practices were typically more lenient than the regulations for AOC wines.
Taxonomy
There were three tiers of Vin de Pays: regional, departmental and local.
There were seven regional Vins de Pays, which cover large areas of France. The most voluminous contributor to this category of wines was Vin de Pays d'Oc, from the Languedoc-Roussillon area in Mediterranean France. The second largest volume of Vin de Pays wines was produced as Vin de Pays de la Loire, a designation that applies to wines from the whole Loire Valley and Chabli
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PLE
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PLE may refer to:
Photoluminescence excitation
Pittsburgh and Lake Erie Railroad, P&LE
Polymorphous light eruption, a skin condition caused by sunlight
Public legal education
Protein losing enteropathy
Premium Live Event - the term used by WWE for a streaming Pay Per View
State of Palestine, IOC country code
See also
Plé, the surname
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadratic%20assignment%20problem
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The quadratic assignment problem (QAP) is one of the fundamental combinatorial optimization problems in the branch of optimization or operations research in mathematics, from the category of the facilities location problems first introduced by Koopmans and Beckmann.
The problem models the following real-life problem:
There are a set of n facilities and a set of n locations. For each pair of locations, a distance is specified and for each pair of facilities a weight or flow is specified (e.g., the amount of supplies transported between the two facilities). The problem is to assign all facilities to different locations with the goal of minimizing the sum of the distances multiplied by the corresponding flows.
Intuitively, the cost function encourages facilities with high flows between each other to be placed close together.
The problem statement resembles that of the assignment problem, except that the cost function is expressed in terms of quadratic inequalities, hence the name.
Formal mathematical definition
The formal definition of the quadratic assignment problem is as follows:
Given two sets, P ("facilities") and L ("locations"), of equal size, together with a weight function w : P × P → R and a distance function d : L × L → R. Find the bijection f : P → L ("assignment") such that the cost function:
is minimized.
Usually weight and distance functions are viewed as square real-valued matrices, so that the cost function is written down as:
In matrix notation:
whe
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HCL
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HCL may refer to:
Science and medicine
Hairy cell leukemia, an uncommon and slowly progressing B cell leukemia
Harvard Cyclotron Laboratory, from 1961 to 2002, a proton accelerator used for research and development
Hollow-cathode lamp, a spectral line source used in physics and chemistry
Hydrochloric acid, a solution of hydrogen chloride in water
Hydrochloride, the salt of hydrochloric acid and an organic base
Hydrogen chloride, chemical formula HCl
Hypomania Checklist, a questionnaire used to screen for hypomania and bipolar spectrum disorders
HCL color space, a color space model designed to accord with human perception of color
Computing
Hardware compatibility list
HashiCorp Configuration Language, a configuration language authored by HashiCorp, used by cloud infrastructure automation tools, such as Terraform.
Organizations
HCLTech, an IT outsourcing firm based in Noida, India
HCL Axon, a subsidiary of HCL Technologies
Hennepin County Library
Hindustan Cables Limited, an Indian cable manufacturer
Harvard College Library
HC Lugano, a Swiss professional ice hockey team based in Lugano
Honolulu Control Facility, an air traffic control facility
Horizon Coach Lines, an American bus company
See also
HCI (disambiguation)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell%20disruption
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Cell disruption is a method or process for releasing biological molecules from inside a cell.
Methods
The production of biologically interesting molecules using cloning and culturing methods allows the study and manufacture of relevant molecules. Except for excreted molecules, cells producing molecules of interest must be disrupted. This page discusses various methods. Another method of disruption is called cell unroofing.
Bead method
A common laboratory-scale mechanical method for cell disruption uses glass, ceramic, or steel beads, in diameter, mixed with a sample suspended in an aqueous solution. First developed by Tim Hopkins in the late 1970s, the sample and bead mix is subjected to high level agitation by stirring or shaking. Beads collide with the cellular sample, cracking open the cell to release the intracellular components. Unlike some other methods, mechanical shear is moderate during homogenization resulting in excellent membrane or subcellular preparations. The method, often called "bead beating", works well for all types of cellular material - from spores to animal and plant tissues. It is the most widely used method of yeast lysis, and can yield breakage of well over 50% (up to 95%). It has the advantage over other mechanical cell disruption methods of being able to disrupt very small sample sizes, process many samples at a time with no cross-contamination concerns, and does not release potentially harmful aerosols in the process.
In the simplest example of
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamental%20parallelogram
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Fundamental parallelogram may mean:
Fundamental pair of periods on the complex plane
Primitive cell on the Euclidean plane
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complete%20set%20of%20commuting%20observables
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In quantum mechanics, a complete set of commuting observables (CSCO) is a set of commuting operators whose common eigenvectors can be used as a basis to express any quantum state. In the case of operators with discrete spectra, a CSCO is a set of commuting observables whose simultaneous eigenspaces span the Hilbert space, so that the eigenvectors are uniquely specified by the corresponding sets of eigenvalues.
Since each pair of observables in the set commutes, the observables are all compatible so that the measurement of one observable has no effect on the result of measuring another observable in the set. It is therefore not necessary to specify the order in which the different observables are measured. Measurement of the complete set of observables constitutes a complete measurement, in the sense that it projects the quantum state of the system onto a unique and known vector in the basis defined by the set of operators. That is, to prepare the completely specified state, we have to take any state arbitrarily, and then perform a succession of measurements corresponding to all the observables in the set, until it becomes a uniquely specified vector in the Hilbert space (up to a phase).
The compatibility theorem
Consider two observables, and , represented by the operators and . Then the following statements are equivalent:
and are compatible observables.
and have a common eigenbasis.
The operators and commute, meaning that .
Proofs
Discussion
We consider the two
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velocimetry
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Velocimetry is the measurement of the velocity of fluids. This is a task often taken for granted, and involves far more complex processes than one might expect. It is often used to solve fluid dynamics problems, study fluid networks, in industrial and process control applications, as well as in the creation of new kinds of fluid flow sensors. Methods of velocimetry include particle image velocimetry and particle tracking velocimetry, Molecular tagging velocimetry, laser-based interferometry, ultrasonic Doppler methods, Doppler sensors, and new signal processing methodologies.
In general, velocity measurements are made in the Lagrangian or Eulerian frames of reference (see Lagrangian and Eulerian coordinates). Lagrangian methods assign a velocity to a volume of fluid at a given time, whereas Eulerian methods assign a velocity to a volume of the measurement domain at a given time. A classic example of the distinction is particle tracking velocimetry, where the idea is to find the velocity of individual flow tracer particles (Lagrangian) and particle image velocimetry, where the objective is to find the average velocity within a sub-region of the field of view (Eulerian).
History
Velocimetry can be traced back to the days of Leonardo da Vinci, who would float grass seeds on a flow and sketch the resulting trajectories of the seeds that he observed (a Lagrangian measurement). Eventually da Vinci's flow visualizations were used in his cardio vascular studies, attempting to le
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holometabolism
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Holometabolism, also called complete metamorphosis, is a form of insect development which includes four life stages: egg, larva, pupa, and imago (or adult). Holometabolism is a synapomorphic trait of all insects in the superorder Endopterygota. Immature stages of holometabolous insects are very different from the mature stage. In some species the holometabolous life cycle prevents larvae from competing with adults because they inhabit different ecological niches. The morphology and behavior of each stage are adapted for different activities. For example, larval traits maximize feeding, growth, and development, while adult traits enable dispersal, mating, and egg laying. Some species of holometabolous insects protect and feed their offspring. Other insect developmental strategies include ametabolism and hemimetabolism.
Developmental stages
There are four general developmental stages, each with its own morphology and function.
Egg
The first stage of the insect life cycle is the egg, or embryo, for all developmental strategies. The egg begins as a single cell which divides and develops into the larval form before hatching. Some insects reproduce by parthenogenesis or may be haplodiploid, and produce viable eggs without fertilization. The egg stage in most insects is very short, only a few days. However, insects may hibernate, or undergo diapause in the egg stage to avoid extreme conditions, in which case this stage can last several months. The eggs of some types of insects, su
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHA-2
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SHA-2 (Secure Hash Algorithm 2) is a set of cryptographic hash functions designed by the United States National Security Agency (NSA) and first published in 2001. They are built using the Merkle–Damgård construction, from a one-way compression function itself built using the Davies–Meyer structure from a specialized block cipher.
SHA-2 includes significant changes from its predecessor, SHA-1. The SHA-2 family consists of six hash functions with digests (hash values) that are 224, 256, 384 or 512 bits: SHA-224, SHA-256, SHA-384, SHA-512, SHA-512/224, SHA-512/256. SHA-256 and SHA-512 are novel hash functions computed with eight 32-bit and 64-bit words, respectively. They use different shift amounts and additive constants, but their structures are otherwise virtually identical, differing only in the number of rounds. SHA-224 and SHA-384 are truncated versions of SHA-256 and SHA-512 respectively, computed with different initial values. SHA-512/224 and SHA-512/256 are also truncated versions of SHA-512, but the initial values are generated using the method described in Federal Information Processing Standards (FIPS) PUB 180-4.
SHA-2 was first published by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) as a U.S. federal standard. The SHA-2 family of algorithms are patented in the U.S.. The United States has released the patent under a royalty-free license.
As of 2011, the best public attacks break preimage resistance for 52 out of 64 rounds of SHA-256 or 57 out of 80
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pullulanase
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Pullulanase (, limit dextrinase, amylopectin 6-glucanohydrolase, bacterial debranching enzyme, debranching enzyme, α-dextrin endo-1,6-α-glucosidase, R-enzyme, pullulan α-1,6-glucanohydrolase) is a specific kind of glucanase, an amylolytic exoenzyme, that degrades pullulan. It is produced as an extracellular, cell surface-anchored lipoprotein by Gram-negative bacteria of the genus Klebsiella. Type I pullulanases specifically attack α-1,6 linkages, while type II pullulanases are also able to hydrolyse α-1,4 linkages. It is also produced by some other bacteria and archaea. Pullulanase is used as a processing aid in grain processing biotechnology (production of ethanol and sweeteners).
Pullulanase is also known as pullulan-6-glucanohydrolase (Debranching enzyme). Its substrate, pullulan, is regarded as a chain of maltotriose units linked by α-1,6-glycosidic bonds. Pullulanase will hydrolytically cleave pullulan (α-glucan polysaccharides).
Pullulanase Enzyme in the Food Industry
In the food industry, pullulanase works well as an ingredient. Pullulan can be applied directly to foods as a protective glaze or edible film due to its ability to form films. It can be used as a spice and flavoring agent for micro-encapsulation. It is used in mayonnaise to maintain consistency and quality. It is additionally used in low-calorie food formulations as a starch replacement.
References
External links
EC 3.2.1
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibrillin
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Fibrillin is a glycoprotein, which is essential for the formation of elastic fibers found in connective tissue.
Fibrillin is secreted into the extracellular matrix by fibroblasts and becomes incorporated into the insoluble microfibrils, which appear to provide a scaffold
for deposition of elastin.
Clinical aspects
Marfan syndrome is a genetic disorder of the connective tissue caused by defected FBN1 gene. Mutations in FBN1 and FBN2 are also sometimes associated with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis.
Types
Fibrillin-1
Fibrillin-1 is a major component of the microfibrils that form a sheath surrounding the amorphous elastin. It is believed that the microfibrils are composed of end-to-end polymers of fibrillin. To date, 3 forms of fibrillin have been described. The fibrillin-1 protein was isolated by Engvall in 1986, and mutations in the FBN1 gene cause Marfan syndrome.
This protein is found in humans, and its gene is found on chromosome 15. At present more than 1500 different mutations have been described.
Structure
There is no complete, high-resolution structure of fibrillin-1. Instead, short fragments have been produced recombinantly and their structures solved by X-ray crystallography or using NMR spectroscopy. A recent example is the structure of the fibrillin-1 hybrid2 domain, in context of its flanking calcium binding epidermal growth factor domains, which was determined using X-ray crystallography to a resolution of 1.8 Å. The microfibrils that are made up of fibr
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital%20Signature%20Standard
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The Digital Signature Standard (DSS ) is a Federal Information Processing Standard specifying a suite of algorithms that can be used to generate digital signatures established by the U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) in 1994. Five revisions to the initial specification have been released: FIPS in 1998, FIPS in 2000, FIPS in 2009, FIPS in 2013, and FIPS in 2023.
It defines the Digital Signature Algorithm, contains a definition of RSA signatures based on the definitions contained within PKCS #1 version 2.1 and in American National Standard X9.31 with some additional requirements, and contains a definition of the Elliptic Curve Digital Signature Algorithm based on the definition provided by American National Standard X9.62 with some additional requirements and some recommended elliptic curves. It also approves the use of all three algorithms.
References
Digital signature schemes
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brome%20mosaic%20virus
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Brome mosaic virus (BMV) is a small (28 nm, 86S), positive-stranded, icosahedral RNA plant virus belonging to the genus Bromovirus, family Bromoviridae, in the Alphavirus-like superfamily.
BMV was first isolated in 1942 from bromegrass (Bromus inermis), had its genomic organization determined by the 1970s, and was completely sequenced with commercially available clones by the 1980s.
The alphavirus-like superfamily includes more than 250 plant and animal viruses including Tobacco mosaic virus, Semliki forest virus, Hepatitis E virus, Sindbis virus, and arboviruses (which cause certain types of encephalitis). Many of the positive-strand RNA viruses that belong to the alphavirus family share a high degree of similarity in proteins involved in genomic replication and synthesis. The sequence similarities of RNA replication genes and strategies for BMV have been shown to extend to a wide range of plant and animal viruses beyond the alphaviruses, including many other positive-strand RNA viruses from other families. Understanding how these viruses replicate and targeting key points in their life cycle can help advance antiviral treatments worldwide.
Genome
BMV has a genome that is divided into three 5' capped RNAs. RNA1 (3.2 kb) encodes a protein called 1a (109 kDa), which contains both an N-proximal methyltransferase domain and a C-proximal helicase-like domain. The methyltransferase domain shows sequence similarity to other alphavirus m7G methyltransferases and guanyltransf
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperature%20gradient%20gel%20electrophoresis
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Temperature gradient gel electrophoresis (TGGE) and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) are forms of electrophoresis which use either a temperature or chemical gradient to denature the sample as it moves across an acrylamide gel. TGGE and DGGE can be applied to nucleic acids such as DNA and RNA, and (less commonly) proteins. TGGE relies on temperature dependent changes in structure to separate nucleic acids. DGGE separates genes of the same size based on their different denaturing ability which is determined by their base pair sequence. DGGE was the original technique, and TGGE a refinement of it.
History
DGGE was invented by Leonard Lerman, while he was a professor at SUNY Albany.
The same equipment can be used for analysis of protein, which was first done by Thomas E. Creighton of the MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, England. Similar looking patterns are produced by proteins and nucleic acids, but the fundamental principles are quite different.
TGGE was first described by Thatcher and Hodson and by Roger Wartell of Georgia Tech. Extensive work was done by the group of Riesner in Germany. Commercial equipment for DGGE is available from Bio-Rad, INGENY and CBS Scientific; a system for TGGE is available from Biometra.
Temperature gradient gel electrophoresis
DNA has a negative charge and so will move to the positive electrode in an electric field. A gel is a molecular mesh, with holes roughly the same size as the diameter of the DNA string. When
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-reflective%20coating
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An antireflective, antiglare or anti-reflection (AR) coating is a type of optical coating applied to the surface of lenses, other optical elements, and photovoltaic cells to reduce reflection. In typical imaging systems, this improves the efficiency since less light is lost due to reflection. In complex systems such as cameras, binoculars, telescopes, and microscopes the reduction in reflections also improves the contrast of the image by elimination of stray light. This is especially important in planetary astronomy. In other applications, the primary benefit is the elimination of the reflection itself, such as a coating on eyeglass lenses that makes the eyes of the wearer more visible to others, or a coating to reduce the glint from a covert viewer's binoculars or telescopic sight.
Many coatings consist of transparent thin film structures with alternating layers of contrasting refractive index. Layer thicknesses are chosen to produce destructive interference in the beams reflected from the interfaces, and constructive interference in the corresponding transmitted beams. This makes the structure's performance change with wavelength and incident angle, so that color effects often appear at oblique angles. A wavelength range must be specified when designing or ordering such coatings, but good performance can often be achieved for a relatively wide range of frequencies: usually a choice of IR, visible, or UV is offered.
Applications
Anti-reflective coatings are used in a w
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apitoxin
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Apitoxin or bee venom is the venom produced by the honey bee. It is a cytotoxic and hemotoxic bitter colorless liquid containing proteins, which may produce local inflammation. It may have similarities to sea nettle toxin.
Components
Bee venom is a complex mixture of proteins and smaller molecules.
The main component is melittin, which amounts to 52% of venom peptides One of the main allergens is phospholipase A2, which amounts to 12% and is an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of phospholipids, causing degradation of cell membranes. Adolapin contributes 2–5% of the peptides. Further protein components include apamin (2%), a neurotoxin, hyaluronidase (2%), which dilates blood vessels, increasing their permeability and facilitating the spread of the venom, mast cell degranulating peptide (2%), tertiapin, and secapin. Small molecules in bee venom include histamine (0.1–1%), dopamine and noradrenaline.
Research
Mark Crislip, a practicing infectious disease specialist, examined the claims that bee venom can treat arthritis. He was unable to "find a clean, i.e., a non-TCPM based, randomized, placebo-controlled study of bee venom in humans for the treatment [of] arthritis."
Apitoxins are under preliminary research for their potential biological effects, such as in cancer.
See also
Apitherapy
Bee sting
Beekeeping
Hive management
Honeybee
Wasp venoms
References
External links
Bee products
Beekeeping
Insect toxins
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin%20Julian%20Buerger
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Martin Julian Buerger (April 8, 1903 – February 26, 1986) was an American crystallographer. He was a Professor of Mineralogy at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. He invented the X-ray precession camera for studies in crystallography. Buerger authored twelve textbooks/monographs and over 200 technical articles. He was awarded the Arthur L. Day Medal by the Geological Society of America in 1951. The mineral fluor-buergerite was named for him. The MJ Buerger Award (established by the American Crystallographic Association) was established in his honor.
Buerger was a member of the Provisional International Crystallographic Committee chaired by P. P. Ewald from 1946 to 1948, and he continued as a member of the IUCr Executive Committee from 1948 to 1951. He was also a member of the Commission on International Tables from its establishment in 1948 until 1981.
In 1956, Buerger was the third person (after John C. Slater and Francis O. Schmitt) to have been appointed Institute Professor at MIT.
Significant works
Crystal-Structure Analysis, 668pp, Krieger Pub Co., 1979
Introduction to crystal geometry, 204pp., R. E. Krieger, 1977
Contemporary crystallography, 364pp., McGraw Hill, 1970
Elementary crystallography;: An introduction to the fundamental geometrical features of crystals, 528pp., Wiley, 1963
X-ray crystallography;: An introduction to the investigation of crystals by their diffraction of monochromatic X radiation, 531pp., Chapman & Hall, 1958
References
Memorial,
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Row
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Row or ROW may refer to:
Exercise
Rowing, or a form of aquatic movement using oars
Row (weight-lifting), a form of weight-lifting exercise
Mathematics and informatics
Row vector, a 1 × n matrix in linear algebra
Row(s) in a table (information), a data arrangement with rows and columns
Row (database), a single, implicitly structured data item in a database table
Tone row, an arrangement of the twelve notes of the chromatic scale
Places
Rów, Pomeranian Voivodeship, north Poland
Rów, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, north Poland
Rów, West Pomeranian Voivodeship, northwest Poland
Roswell International Air Center's IATA code
Row, a former spelling of Rhu, Dunbartonshire, Scotland
The Row (Lyme, New York), a set of historic homes
The Row, Virginia, an unincorporated community
Rest of the world (RoW)
The Row or The Row Fulton Market, 900 West Randolph, a Chicago Skyscraper on Chicago's Restaurant Row
Other
Reality of Wrestling, an American professional wrestling promotion founded in 2005
Row (album), an album by Gerard
Right-of-way (transportation), ROW, also often R/O/W.
The Row (fashion label)
The Row (film), a 2018 Canadian-American film
See also
Skid row (disambiguation)
Rowing (disambiguation)
Rowe (disambiguation)
Roe (disambiguation)
Rho (disambiguation)
Line (disambiguation)
Column (disambiguation)
Controversy
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safranin
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Safranin (Safranin O or basic red 2) is a biological stain used in histology and cytology. Safranin is used as a counterstain in some staining protocols, colouring cell nuclei red. This is the classic counterstain in both Gram stains and endospore staining. It can also be used for the detection of cartilage, mucin and mast cell granules.
Safranin typically has the chemical structure shown at right (sometimes described as dimethyl safranin). There is also trimethyl safranin, which has an added methyl group in the ortho- position (see Arene substitution pattern) of the lower ring. Both compounds behave essentially identically in biological staining applications, and most manufacturers of safranin do not distinguish between the two. Commercial safranin preparations often contain a blend of both types.
Safranin is also used as redox indicator in analytical chemistry.
Safranines
Safranines are the azonium compounds of symmetrical 2,8-dimethyl-3,7-diaminophenazine. They are obtained by the joint oxidation of one molecule of a para-diamine with two molecules of a primary amine; by the condensation of para-aminoazo compounds with primary amines, and by the action of para-nitrosodialkylanilines with secondary bases such as diphenylmetaphenylenediamine. They are crystalline solids showing a characteristic green metallic lustre; they are readily soluble in water and dye red or violet. They are strong bases and form stable monacid salts. Their alcoholic solution shows a yellow-re
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J.%20V.%20Uspensky
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James Victor Uspensky (; April 29, 1883 – January 27, 1947) was a Russian and American mathematician notable for writing Theory of Equations.
Biography
Uspensky graduated from the University of St. Petersburg in 1906 and received his doctorate from the University of St. Petersburg in 1910. He was a member of the Russian Academy of Sciences from 1921.
Uspensky joined the faculty of Stanford University in 1929-30 and 1930-31 as acting professor of mathematics. He was professor of mathematics at Stanford from 1931 until his death. Uspensky was the one who kept alive Vincent's theorem of 1834 and 1836, carrying the torch (so to speak) from Serret.
Books
Notes
References
Halsey Royden (1988). The History of the Mathematics Department at Stanford, in A Century of Mathematics in America edited by Peter L. Duren, Richard Askey, and Uta C. Merzbach. American Mathematical Society, History of Mathematics Volume 2, Providence, Rhode Island. Link to PDF: "A History of Mathematics at Stanford" by Halsey Royden.
External links
1883 births
1947 deaths
20th-century Russian mathematicians
Stanford University Department of Mathematics faculty
Full Members of the Russian Academy of Sciences (1917–1925)
Full Members of the USSR Academy of Sciences
Soviet mathematicians
American mathematicians
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph%20Sambrook
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Joseph Frank Sambrook (1 March 1939 – 14 June 2019) was a British molecular biologist known for his studies of DNA oncoviruses and the molecular biology of normal and cancerous cells.
Education and early career
Sambrook was educated at the University of Liverpool (BSc (hons) 1962) and obtained his PhD at the Australian National University in 1966. He did postdoctoral research at the MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology (1966–67) and the Salk Institute for Biological Studies (1967–69). In 1969 he was hired by James D. Watson to work at the Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory in New York. Watson has been reported to say this was the best hiring decision he ever made. Joe was responsible for creating a combative creative environment at CSHL that fomented discovery. Subsequently, he worked at the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center (Dallas).
Achievements
Sambrook is best known for his studies on DNA tumor viruses and the molecular biology of normal and neoplastic cells. His Tumour Virus Group at Cold Spring Harbor identified and mapped all of the major genes of adenoviruses and SV40, determined their transcriptional control in infected and transformed cells, and elucidated the mechanism of integration of these viruses into the genome of the host cell. He has also made important contributions to the understanding of intracellular traffic and protein folding and is an influential leader in the field of the molecular genetics of human cancer.
Sambrook is a former director
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C5%8Dsaku%20Yosida
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was a Japanese mathematician who worked in the field of functional analysis. He is known for the Hille-Yosida theorem concerning C0-semigroups. Yosida studied mathematics at the University of Tokyo, and held posts at Osaka and Nagoya Universities. In 1955, Yosida returned to the University of Tokyo.
See also
Einar Carl Hille
Functional analysis
References
Kôsaku Yosida: Functional analysis. Grundlehren der mathematischen Wissenschaften 123, Springer-Verlag, 1971 (3rd ed.), 1974 (4th ed.), 1978 (5th ed.), 1980 (6th ed.)
External links
Photo
Kosaku Yosida / School of Mathematics and Statistics University of St Andrews, Scotland
94. Normed Rings and Spectral Theorems, II. By Kôsaku YOSIDA. Mathematical Inlstitute, Nagoya Imperial University. (Comm. by T.TAKAGMI, M.I.A. Oct.12,1943.)
Kosaku Yosida (1909 - 1990) - Biography - MacTutor
1909 births
1990 deaths
20th-century Japanese mathematicians
Mathematical analysts
Functional analysts
Operator theorists
Approximation theorists
University of Tokyo alumni
Academic staff of the University of Tokyo
Academic staff of Osaka University
Academic staff of Nagoya University
Laureates of the Imperial Prize
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NSS%20Annapolis
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NSS Annapolis, officially known as Naval Communications Station Washington, D.C. Transmitter or NavCommStaWashingtonDC(T), was a Very Low Frequency (VLF) and High Frequency (HF) transmitter station operated by the United States Navy.
It was located at Greenbury Point, in Anne Arundel County, across the Severn River from Annapolis, Maryland at coordinates . NSS Annapolis was used by the USN for submarine communication. The station consisted of an umbrella antenna supported by a 1,200-foot (365.76 m) high central mast, which was insulated against ground, 6 guyed masts of 800-foot (243.84 m) all of which were built in 1969 and three 600-foot freestanding towers built earlier. Originally the station consisted of nine 600-foot-tall self-supporting lattice towers, the tallest of their kind built in the United States to that date. The first four of which were built in 1918, followed by two more in 1922 and the final three in 1938. As of 2020, only the three built in 1938 remaining standing.
The huge towers were a local landmark, and served as a visual reporting point for aircraft landing at the nearby Baltimore-Washington International (BWI) airport. A golf course runs through the former HF antenna farm; special rules addressed hitting a tower with a ball (usually stroke and distance). The NSS HF receiver station, and the headquarters for NavCommStaWashingtonDC(T), was located at the Naval Communications Station in Cheltenham, Maryland until 1969. In late 1969, the receiver stati
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meprobamate
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Meprobamate—marketed as Miltown by Wallace Laboratories and Equanil by Wyeth, among others—is a carbamate derivative used as an anxiolytic drug. It was the best-selling minor tranquilizer for a time, but has largely been replaced by the benzodiazepines due to their wider therapeutic index (lower risk of toxicity at therapeutically prescribed doses) and lower incidence of serious side effects.
History
Frank Berger was working in a laboratory of a British drug company, looking for a preservative for penicillin, when he noticed that a compound called mephenesin calmed laboratory rodents without actually sedating them. Berger subsequently referred to this “tranquilizing” effect in a now-historic article, published by the British Journal of Pharmacology in 1946. However, three major drawbacks existed to the use of mephenesin as a tranquilizer: a very short duration of action, greater effect on the spinal cord than on the brain (resulting in a very low therapeutic index), and a weak activity.
In May 1950, after moving to Carter Products in New Jersey, Berger and a chemist, Bernard John Ludwig, synthesized a chemically related tranquilizing compound, meprobamate, that overcame these three drawbacks. Wallace Laboratories, a subsidiary of Carter Products, bought the license and named their new product "Miltown" after the borough of Milltown, New Jersey. Launched in 1955, it rapidly became the first blockbuster psychotropic drug in American history, becoming popular in Hollywood and
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitogen
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A mitogen is a small bioactive protein or peptide that induces a cell to begin cell division, or enhances the rate of division (mitosis). Mitogenesis is the induction (triggering) of mitosis, typically via a mitogen. The mechanism of action of a mitogen is that it triggers signal transduction pathways involving mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), leading to mitosis.
The cell cycle
Mitogens act primarily by influencing a set of proteins which are involved in the restriction of progression through the cell cycle. The G1 checkpoint is controlled most directly by mitogens: further cell cycle progression does not need mitogens to continue. The point where mitogens are no longer needed to move the cell cycle forward is called the "restriction point" and depends on cyclins to be passed. One of the most important of these is TP53, a gene which produces a family of proteins known as p53. It, combined with the Ras pathway, downregulate cyclin D1, a cyclin-dependent kinase, if they are not stimulated by the presence of mitogens. In the presence of mitogens, sufficient cyclin D1 can be produced. This process cascades onwards, producing other cyclins which stimulate the cell sufficiently to allow cell division. While animals produce internal signals that can drive the cell cycle forward, external mitogens can cause it to progress without these signals.
Endogenous mitogens
Mitogens can be either endogenous or exogenous factors. Endogenous mitogens function to control cell divisi
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrant
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A hydrant is an outlet from a fluid main often consisting of an upright pipe with a valve attached, from which fluid (e.g. water or fuel) can be tapped.
Depending on the fluid involved, the term may refer to:
Fire hydrant for firefighting water supply
Flushing hydrant for cleaning water mains
Hydrant network systems used to transport aviation fuel from an oil depot to an airport, to fuel aircraft
Snowmaking hydrants, which use water and air
Standpipe (street), a type of domestic or neighbourhood hydrant for dispensing water when supply is interrupted or absent
Fluid dynamics
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adai%20language
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Adai (also Adaizan, Adaizi, Adaise, Adahi, Adaes, Adees, Atayos) is an extinct Native American language that was spoken in northwestern Louisiana.
Classification
It was once proposed that there may be a connection between Adai and the nearby Caddoan languages, but this now seems unlikely.
Vocabulary
Adai is known only from a list of 275 words from 1804 by John Sibley. The manuscript word list below has been reproduced from Grant's (1995) transcriptions. (Note: Due to the poor printing in Grant (1995), the text below may not be entirely accurate and will need to be re-checked.)
Nouns
Adjectives
Pronouns
Verbs
Numerals
Others
References
Campbell, Lyle. (1997). American Indian languages: The historical linguistics of Native America. New York: Oxford University Press.
Mithun, Marianne. (1999). The languages of Native North America. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. (hbk); .
External links
OLAC resources in and about the Adai language
Unclassified languages of North America
Extinct languages of North America
Indigenous languages of the North American Southeast
Languages of the United States
Languages extinct in the 19th century
19th-century disestablishments in North America
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phospholipase%20A2
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{{DISPLAYTITLE:Phospholipase A2}}
The enzyme phospholipase A2 (EC 3.1.1.4, PLA2, systematic name phosphatidylcholine 2-acylhydrolase) catalyse the cleavage of fatty acids in position 2 of phospholipids, hydrolyzing the bond between the second fatty acid “tail” and the glycerol molecule:
phosphatidylcholine + H2O = 1-acylglycerophosphocholine + a carboxylate
This particular phospholipase specifically recognizes the sn2 acyl bond of phospholipids and catalytically hydrolyzes the bond, releasing arachidonic acid and lysophosphatidic acid. Upon downstream modification by cyclooxygenases or lipoxygenases, arachidonic acid is modified into active compounds called eicosanoids. Eicosanoids include prostaglandins and leukotrienes, which are categorized as anti-inflammatory and inflammatory mediators.
PLA2 enzymes are commonly found in mammalian tissues as well as arachnid, insect, and snake venom. Venom from bees is largely composed of melittin, which is a stimulant of PLA2. Due to the increased presence and activity of PLA2 resulting from a snake or insect bite, arachidonic acid is released from the phospholipid membrane disproportionately. As a result, inflammation and pain occur at the site. There are also prokaryotic A2 phospholipases.
Additional types of phospholipases include phospholipase A1, phospholipase B, phospholipase C, and phospholipase D.
Families
Phospholipases A2 include several unrelated protein families with common enzymatic activity. Two most notable
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COX-3
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COX-3 is an enzyme that is encoded by the PTGS1 (COX1) gene, but is not functional in humans. COX-3 is the third and most recently discovered cyclooxygenase (COX3050) isozyme, while the first two to be discovered were COX-1 and COX-2. The COX-3 isozyme is encoded by the same gene as COX-1, with the difference that COX-3 retains an intron that is not retained in COX-1.
The other two cyclooxygenase isozymes are known to convert dihomo-γ-linolenic acid and arachidonic acid into prostaglandins, and are the targets of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs).
Transcription
COX-3 is transcribed from the PTGS1 (COX1) gene, but the resulting mRNA is spliced differently. In dogs the resulting protein resembles the other two COX enzymes, but in mice and humans it does not, owing to a frame-shift mechanism. This mechanism is due to the fact that the spliced intron has 93 bases in dogs, resulting in the loss of 93:3 = 31 amino acids in the COX-3 sequence, which apparently does not impair its functionality. In humans, the intron is 94 bases long, leading to a protein with a completely different amino acid sequence from those of COX-1 or COX-2. The expressed protein does not show COX activity, and it is unlikely to play a role in prostaglandin-mediated physiological responses.
Discovery
The original COX-1/COX-2 model did not fully explain the immune responses of fever and inflammation. Even though COX-2 inhibitors are as active as traditional NSAIDs in inflammatory models, there w
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistical%20Methods%20for%20Research%20Workers
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Statistical Methods for Research Workers is a classic book on statistics, written by the statistician R. A. Fisher. It is considered by some to be one of the 20th century's most influential books on statistical methods, together with his The Design of Experiments (1935). It was originally published in 1925, by Oliver & Boyd (Edinburgh); the final and posthumous 14th edition was published in 1970.
Reviews
According to Denis Conniffe:
Ronald A. Fisher was "interested in application and in the popularization
of statistical methods and his early book Statistical Methods for Research Workers, published in 1925, went through many editions and
motivated and influenced the practical use of statistics in many fields of
study. His Design of Experiments (1935) [promoted] statistical technique and application. In that book he
emphasized examples and how to design experiments systematically from
a statistical point of view. The mathematical justification of the methods
described was not stressed and, indeed, proofs were often barely sketched
or omitted altogether ..., a fact which led H. B. Mann to fill the gaps with a rigorous mathematical treatment in his well-known treatise, ."
Chapters
Prefaces
Introduction
Diagrams
Distributions
Tests of Goodness of Fit, Independence and Homogeneity; with table of χ2
Tests of Significance of Means, Difference of Means, and Regression Coefficients
The Correlation Coefficient
Intraclass Correlations and the Analysis of Variance
Further Ap
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KNOW-FM
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KNOW-FM (91.1 FM) is the flagship radio station of Minnesota Public Radio's news and information network, primarily broadcasting a talk radio format to the Minneapolis-St. Paul market. The frequency was the original home of KSJN, but the purchase of a commercial station at 99.5 MHz in 1991 allowed MPR to broadcast distinct talk radio and classical music services.
KNOW-FM's studios are located in the MPR Broadcast Center on Cedar Street in downtown St. Paul, while its transmitter is located on the Telefarm Towers in Shoreview.
History
The KNOW intellectual unit dates from 1980, when WLOL (1330 AM) was purchased by MPR in 1980 and changed its call letters to KSJN-AM, a simulcast of its FM sister. MPR was already making plans to offer a two-channel network when it acquired the frequencies to do so, and bought the AM frequency as a stopgap. In 1989, KSJN-AM changed its call letters to KNOW and began airing an expanded lineup of NPR programming. Two years later, MPR bought 99.5 FM–the former WLOL-FM. At that time, MPR moved the KNOW call letters and intellectual unit to 91.1, while the KSJN calls moved to 99.5 as a full-time classical music station. The AM signal was later spun off into a for-profit subsidiary to help fund the public broadcaster, and was eventually sold off. The station has since reverted to its original WLOL call sign.
In the 1970s, KSJN 91.1 FM and WLOL (99.5 FM) cooperated in an experimental use of quadraphonic stereo, with each station carrying two channe
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AdaBoost
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AdaBoost, short for Adaptive Boosting, is a statistical classification meta-algorithm formulated by Yoav Freund and Robert Schapire in 1995, who won the 2003 Gödel Prize for their work. It can be used in conjunction with many other types of learning algorithms to improve performance. The output of the other learning algorithms ('weak learners') is combined into a weighted sum that represents the final output of the boosted classifier. Usually, AdaBoost is presented for binary classification, although it can be generalized to multiple classes or bounded intervals on the real line.
AdaBoost is adaptive in the sense that subsequent weak learners are tweaked in favor of those instances misclassified by previous classifiers. In some problems it can be less susceptible to the overfitting problem than other learning algorithms. The individual learners can be weak, but as long as the performance of each one is slightly better than random guessing, the final model can be proven to converge to a strong learner.
Although AdaBoost is typically used to combine weak base learners (such as decision stumps), it has been shown that it can also effectively combine strong base learners (such as deep decision trees), producing an even more accurate model.
Every learning algorithm tends to suit some problem types better than others, and typically has many different parameters and configurations to adjust before it achieves optimal performance on a dataset. AdaBoost (with decision trees as the
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin%20Stahl
|
Franklin (Frank) William Stahl (born October 8, 1929) is an American molecular biologist and geneticist. With Matthew Meselson, Stahl conducted the famous Meselson-Stahl experiment showing that DNA is replicated by a semiconservative mechanism, meaning that each strand of the DNA serves as a template for production of a new strand.
He is Emeritus Professor of Biology at the University of Oregon's Institute of Molecular Biology in Eugene, Oregon.
Career
Stahl, like his two older sisters, graduated from the public schools of Needham, a Boston suburb. In 1951, he was awarded an AB degree in biology from Harvard College, and matriculated in the biology department of the University of Rochester. His interest in genetics was cemented in 1952 by his introduction to bacterial viruses (phages) in a course taught by A. H. (Gus) Doermann at the Cold Spring Harbor Biological Laboratory. In 1956, he received a PhD in biology for his work with Doermann on the genetics of T4 phage. In 1955, he undertook postdoctoral studies with Giuseppe Bertani (in the Phage group) at Caltech (Pasadena) with the aim of learning some bacterial genetics. He subsequently turned his attentions to collaborations with Charley Steinberg and Matt Meselson. With Steinberg, he undertook mathematical analyses of T4 growth, mutation, and genetic recombination. With Meselson, he studied DNA replication in Escherichia coli. That study produced strong support for the semiconservative model proposed by Jim Watson and Fr
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XEROK-AM
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XEROK-AM (800 kHz) is a commercial radio station in Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua, Mexico. It is licensed to operate with a power of 150,000 watts on a carrier frequency of 800 kHz, although its new transmitter is now powered at 50,000 watts.
XEROK is the dominant Class A station on 800 AM, a Mexican clear channel frequency. The station had a colorful history as a border blaster, aiming its programming at listeners in the United States, when at night, its 150,000-watt signal could be easily heard in many parts of the Southwest.
XEROK has been silent since April 4, 2022, due to the dismantling of its transmitter facility.
History
The licensing history for XEROK begins not in Ciudad Juárez but in Piedras Negras, Coahuila, away, with the authorization for XEPNA (more commonly XEPN) 660, made to the Compañia Radiodifusora de Piedras Negras (Piedras Negras Broadcasting Company). The callsign changed to XELO in 1936, authorized for 50 kW day from Piedras Negras but on 1110 kHz. It was the first station in Piedras Negras, operated by W. E. Branch and Claudio Bres Jáuregui from studios at the Hotel del Ferrocarril. The binational structure of the radio station—it earned 95 percent of its advertising revenue from American accounts—caused tax issues in the United States, where a sister company, The Radio Service Co., had been established in Eagle Pass, Texas, across the border. In Eagle Pass, it made $72,000 in advertising revenue in 1936 and $66,000 in 1937, prompting scrutiny by the
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clipper%20architecture
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The Clipper architecture is a 32-bit RISC-like instruction set architecture designed by Fairchild Semiconductor. The architecture never enjoyed much market success, and the only computer manufacturers to create major product lines using Clipper processors were Intergraph and High Level Hardware, although Opus Systems offered a product based on the Clipper as part of its Personal Mainframe range. The first processors using the Clipper architecture were designed and sold by Fairchild, but the division responsible for them was subsequently sold to Intergraph in 1987; Intergraph continued work on Clipper processors for use in its own systems.
The Clipper architecture used a simplified instruction set compared to earlier CISC architectures, but it did incorporate some more complicated instructions than were present in other contemporary RISC processors. These instructions were implemented in a so-called Macro Instruction ROM within the Clipper CPU. This scheme allowed the Clipper to have somewhat higher code density than other RISC CPUs.
Versions
The initial Clipper microprocessor produced by Fairchild was the C100, which became available in 1986. This was followed by the faster C300 from Intergraph in 1988. The final model of the Clipper was the C400, released in 1990, which was extensively redesigned to be faster and added more floating-point registers. The C400 processor combined two key architectural techniques to achieve a new level of performance — superscalar instru
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocular%20tremor
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Ocular tremor (ocular microtremor) is a constant, involuntary eye tremor of a low amplitude and high frequency. It is a type of fixational eye movement that occurs in all normal people, even when the eye appears still. The frequency of ocular microtremor has been found to range from 30 Hz to 103 Hz, and the amplitude is approximately four thousandths of a degree.
Cause
Human eyes are constantly moving, even if they appear to be focused on an object. These constant oscillations are called fixational eye movements, and they include ocular microtremor, microsaccades, and drift. Ocular tremor is the smallest of these movements, and it often overlaps with drift. This makes it the most difficult fixational eye movement to measure. Due to these difficulties in measurement, fewer studies have been performed on ocular microtremor, leading to the phenomenon of ocular tremor not being well-understood.
Researchers are not entirely sure of the cause of ocular microtremor. It may be a result from the firing of motor neurons at different times. It has also been suggested that ocular tremor is a result of the eye being balanced between opposing muscles.
Size and measurement
Ocular microtremor is smaller than the other fixational eye movements of microsaccades and drift. It occurs between microsaccades, during the same time intervals as drift. The measured frequency and amplitude of ocular tremor have been found to vary. The frequency typically falls between 30 Hz and 103 Hz, while the a
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Respiratory%20burst
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Respiratory burst (or oxidative burst) is the rapid release of the reactive oxygen species (ROS), superoxide anion () and hydrogen peroxide (), from different cell types.
This is usually utilised for mammalian immunological defence, but also plays a role in cell signalling. Respiratory burst is also implicated in the ovum of animals following fertilization. It may also occur in plant cells.
Immunity
Immune cells can be divided into myeloid cells and lymphoid cells. Myeloid cells, including macrophages and neutrophils, are especially implicated in the respiratory burst. They are phagocytic, and the respiratory burst is vital for the subsequent degradation of internalised bacteria or other pathogens. This is an important aspect of the innate immunity.
Respiratory burst requires a 10 to 20 fold increase in oxygen consumption through NADPH oxidase (NOX2 in humans) activity. NADPH is the key substrate of NOX2, and bears reducing power. Glycogen breakdown is vital to produce NADPH. This occurs via the pentose phosphate pathway.
The NOX2 enzyme is bound in the phagolysosome membrane. Post bacterial phagocytosis, it is activated, producing superoxide via its redox centre, which transfers electrons from cytosolic NADPH to O2 in the phagosome.
2O2 + NADPH —> 2O2•– + NADP+ + H+
The superoxide can then spontaneously or enzymatically react with other molecules to give rise to other ROS. The phagocytic membrane reseals to limit exposure of the extracellular environment to the generat
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L1%20family
|
The L1 family is a family of cell adhesion molecules that includes four different L1-like proteins. They are members of the immunoglobulin superfamily (IgSF CAM). The members of the L1-family in humans are called L1 or L1cam, CHL1 (close homologue of L1), Neurofascin and NRCAM (NgCAM related cell adhesion molecule). L1 family members are found on neurons, especially on their axons. Sometimes they are found on glia, such as Schwann cells, radial glia and Bergmann glia cells and, as such, are important for neural cell migration during development. L1 family members are expressed throughout the vertebrate and invertebrate kingdoms.
L1 family members are able to bind to a number of other proteins. As cell adhesion molecules, they often bind "homophilically" to themselves; for example L1 on one cell binding to L1 on an adjacent cell. L1 family members also bind "heterophilically" to members of the contactin or CNTN1 family. L1 family members bind to many cytoplasmic proteins such as Ankyrins, ezrin-moesin-radixin (ERM) proteins, signaling molecules like src (src gene) and erk (Extracellular signal-regulated kinases) and proteins important in trafficking, such as AP-2.
NrCAM and neurofascin both have class 1 PDZ domain binding motifs at their COOH termini. NrCAM can bind to SAP102 and other members of the MAGUK family.
Function
The importance of L1 in neural development has been revealed in several ways. In humans, mutations in the L1 gene can have devastating c
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L1%20%28protein%29
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L1, also known as L1CAM, is a transmembrane protein member of the L1 protein family, encoded by the L1CAM gene. This protein, of 200-220 kDa, is a neuronal cell adhesion molecule with a strong implication in cell migration, adhesion, neurite outgrowth, myelination and neuronal differentiation. It also plays a key role in treatment-resistant cancers due to its function. It was first identified in 1984 by M. Schachner who found the protein in post-mitotic mice neurons.
Mutations in the L1 protein are the cause of L1 syndrome, sometimes known by the acronym CRASH (corpus callosum hypoplasia, retardation, aphasia, spastic paraplegia and hydrocephalus).
Tissue and cellular distribution
L1 protein is located all over the nervous system on the surface of neurons. It is placed along the cellular membrane so that one end of the protein remains inside the nerve cell while the other end stays on the outer surface of the neurone. This position allows the protein to activate chemical signals which spread through the neurone.
There are a wide variety of cells which express the protein L1, not only neuronal cells but also some non-neuronal ones. Cells which are known nowadays to express the protein L1 are: immature oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells, which are non-neuronal cells that provide support and protection for neurons and form myelin; T cells which are lymphocytes involved in cell-mediated immunity; other types of lymphocytes such as B cells and Monocytes. It is also expressed
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cluttering
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Cluttering is a speech and communication disorder characterized by a rapid rate of speech, erratic rhythm, and poor syntax or grammar, making speech difficult to understand.
Classification
Cluttering is a speech and communication disorder that has also been described as a fluency disorder.
It is defined as:
Signs and symptoms
Stuttering is often misapplied as a common term referring to any dysfluency. It is also often incorrectly applied to normal dysfluency rather than dysfluency from a disorder. Cluttered speech is exhibited by normal speakers, and is often referred to as stuttering. This is especially true when the speaker is nervous, where nervous speech more closely resembles cluttering than stuttering.
Cluttering is sometimes confused with stuttering. Both communication disorders break the normal flow of speech, but they are distinct. A stutterer has a coherent pattern of thoughts, but may have a difficult time vocally expressing those thoughts; in contrast, a clutterer has no problem putting thoughts into words, but those thoughts become disorganized during speaking. Cluttering affects not only speech, but also thought patterns, writing, typing, and conversation.
Stutterers are usually dysfluent on initial sounds, when beginning to speak, and become more fluent towards the ends of utterances. In contrast, clutterers are most clear at the start of utterances, but their speaking rate increases and intelligibility decreases towards the end of utterances.
Stuttering
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granger%20causality
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The Granger causality test is a statistical hypothesis test for determining whether one time series is useful in forecasting another, first proposed in 1969. Ordinarily, regressions reflect "mere" correlations, but Clive Granger argued that causality in economics could be tested for by measuring the ability to predict the future values of a time series using prior values of another time series. Since the question of "true causality" is deeply philosophical, and because of the post hoc ergo propter hoc fallacy of assuming that one thing preceding another can be used as a proof of causation, econometricians assert that the Granger test finds only "predictive causality". Using the term "causality" alone is a misnomer, as Granger-causality is better described as "precedence", or, as Granger himself later claimed in 1977, "temporally related". Rather than testing whether X causes Y, the Granger causality tests whether X forecasts Y.
A time series X is said to Granger-cause Y if it can be shown, usually through a series of t-tests and F-tests on lagged values of X (and with lagged values of Y also included), that those X values provide statistically significant information about future values of Y.
Granger also stressed that some studies using "Granger causality" testing in areas outside economics reached "ridiculous" conclusions. "Of course, many ridiculous papers appeared", he said in his Nobel lecture. However, it remains a popular method for causality analysis in time series
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/7-Methylindole
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7-Methylindole is a mildly toxic off-white crystalline organic compound with chemical formula .
Preparation
7-Methylindole can be prepared from 2,6-dimethylformanilide by reaction with potassium ethoxide.
Uses
7-Methylindole is used in the production of agricultural chemicals and pharmaceuticals.
See also
Indole
Methyl
1-Methylindole
2-Methylindole (methylketol)
5-Methylindole
Skatole (3-methylindole)
References
Methylindoles
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear%20localization%20sequence
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A nuclear localization signal or sequence (NLS) is an amino acid sequence that 'tags' a protein for import into the cell nucleus by nuclear transport. Typically, this signal consists of one or more short sequences of positively charged lysines or arginines exposed on the protein surface. Different nuclear localized proteins may share the same NLS. An NLS has the opposite function of a nuclear export signal (NES), which targets proteins out of the nucleus.
Types
Classical
These types of NLSs can be further classified as either monopartite or bipartite. The major structural differences between the two are that the two basic amino acid clusters in bipartite NLSs are separated by a relatively short spacer sequence (hence bipartite - 2 parts), while monopartite NLSs are not. The first NLS to be discovered was the sequence PKKKRKV in the SV40 Large T-antigen (a monopartite NLS). The NLS of nucleoplasmin, KR[PAATKKAGQA]KKKK, is the prototype of the ubiquitous bipartite signal: two clusters of basic amino acids, separated by a spacer of about 10 amino acids. Both signals are recognized by importin α. Importin α contains a bipartite NLS itself, which is specifically recognized by importin β. The latter can be considered the actual import mediator.
Chelsky et al. proposed the consensus sequence K-K/R-X-K/R for monopartite NLSs. A Chelsky sequence may, therefore, be part of the downstream basic cluster of a bipartite NLS. Makkah et al. carried out comparative mutagenesis on the nucle
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Random%20matrix
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In probability theory and mathematical physics, a random matrix is a matrix-valued random variable—that is, a matrix in which some or all elements are random variables. Many important properties of physical systems can be represented mathematically as matrix problems. For example, the thermal conductivity of a lattice can be computed from the dynamical matrix of the particle-particle interactions within the lattice.
Applications
Physics
In nuclear physics, random matrices were introduced by Eugene Wigner to model the nuclei of heavy atoms. Wigner postulated that the spacings between the lines in the spectrum of a heavy atom nucleus should resemble the spacings between the eigenvalues of a random matrix, and should depend only on the symmetry class of the underlying evolution. In solid-state physics, random matrices model the behaviour of large disordered Hamiltonians in the mean-field approximation.
In quantum chaos, the Bohigas–Giannoni–Schmit (BGS) conjecture asserts that the spectral statistics of quantum systems whose classical counterparts exhibit chaotic behaviour are described by random matrix theory.
In quantum optics, transformations described by random unitary matrices are crucial for demonstrating the advantage of quantum over classical computation (see, e.g., the boson sampling model). Moreover, such random unitary transformations can be directly implemented in an optical circuit, by mapping their parameters to optical circuit components (that is beam splitte
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viral%20replication
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Viral replication is the formation of biological viruses during the infection process in the target host cells. Viruses must first get into the cell before viral replication can occur. Through the generation of abundant copies of its genome and packaging these copies, the virus continues infecting new hosts. Replication between viruses is greatly varied and depends on the type of genes involved in them. Most DNA viruses assemble in the nucleus while most RNA viruses develop solely in cytoplasm.
Viral production / replication
Viruses multiply only in living cells. The host cell must
provide the energy and synthetic machinery and the low-
molecular-weight precursors for the synthesis of viral proteins and nucleic acids.
The virus replication occurs in seven stages, namely;
Attachment
Entry,
Uncoating,
Transcription / mRNA production,
Synthesis of virus components,
Virion assembly and
Release (Liberation Stage).
Attachment
It is the first step of viral replication. The virus attaches to the cell membrane of the host cell. It then injects its DNA or RNA into the host to initiate infection.
In animal cells these viruses get into the cell through the process of endocytosis which works through fusing of the virus and fusing of the viral envelope with the cell membrane of the animal cell and in plant cells it enters through the process of pinocytosis which works on pinching of the viruses.
Entry
The cell membrane of the host cell invaginates the virus particle, enclosin
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Procedural%20surface
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In computer graphics, a procedural surface is a representation of a surface as a mathematical implicit equation, rather than an explicit representation.
An explicit representation, for example, describes a line as the straight segment going through two given points. A procedural surface is one which is defined as a procedure.
For example, in CAD/Computer-aided manufacturing milling applications, an offset surface is a procedural representation because it is defined as the surface which is a fixed distance from another surface. Another well-known procedural edge on a 3D body is the silhouette edge. This edge is defined as the collection of points on a surface whose outwards surface normal is perpendicular to the view vector.
Another example of a procedural surface is a Blob as illustrated in movies like The Abyss in the scene where the creature made up of water reaches out and touches the character. The surface is defined as a surface which exists when two or more control points are oriented in such a way as to make the contribution potential exceed a certain threshold. Such procedural surfaces require far more processing to calculate, and for this reason are often used in pre-rendered rather than real-time applications.
This approach is commonly used by structural chemists and was defined by van der Waals when defining a region of space where the electric charge equipotential surface had a definite value.
Computer graphics data structures
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordinary%20least%20squares
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In statistics, ordinary least squares (OLS) is a type of linear least squares method for choosing the unknown parameters in a linear regression model (with fixed level-one effects of a linear function of a set of explanatory variables) by the principle of least squares: minimizing the sum of the squares of the differences between the observed dependent variable (values of the variable being observed) in the input dataset and the output of the (linear) function of the independent variable.
Geometrically, this is seen as the sum of the squared distances, parallel to the axis of the dependent variable, between each data point in the set and the corresponding point on the regression surface—the smaller the differences, the better the model fits the data. The resulting estimator can be expressed by a simple formula, especially in the case of a simple linear regression, in which there is a single regressor on the right side of the regression equation.
The OLS estimator is consistent for the level-one fixed effects when the regressors are exogenous and forms perfect colinearity (rank condition), consistent for the variance estimate of the residuals when regressors have finite fourth moments and—by the Gauss–Markov theorem—optimal in the class of linear unbiased estimators when the errors are homoscedastic and serially uncorrelated. Under these conditions, the method of OLS provides minimum-variance mean-unbiased estimation when the errors have finite variances. Under the addition
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niemeier%20lattice
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In mathematics, a Niemeier lattice is one of the 24
positive definite even unimodular lattices of rank 24,
which were classified by . gave a simplified proof of the classification. In the 1970s, has a sentence mentioning that he found more than 10 such lattices in the 1940s, but gives no further details. One example of a Niemeier lattice is the Leech lattice found in 1967.
Classification
Niemeier lattices are usually labelled by the Dynkin diagram of their
root systems. These Dynkin diagrams have rank either 0 or 24, and all of their components have the same Coxeter number. (The Coxeter number, at least in these cases, is
the number of roots divided by the dimension.) There are exactly 24 Dynkin diagrams with these properties, and there turns out to be a unique Niemeier
lattice for each of these Dynkin diagrams.
The complete list of Niemeier lattices is given in the following table.
In the table,
G0 is the order of the group generated by reflections
G1 is the order of the group of automorphisms fixing all components of the Dynkin diagram
G2 is the order of the group of automorphisms of permutations of components of the Dynkin diagram
G∞ is the index of the root lattice in the Niemeier lattice, in other words, the order of the "glue code". It is the square root of the discriminant of the root lattice.
G0×G1×G2 is the order of the automorphism group of the lattice
G∞×G1×G2 is the order of the automorphism group of the corresponding deep hole.
The neighborhood graph o
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papain
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Papain, also known as papaya proteinase I, is a cysteine protease () enzyme present in papaya (Carica papaya) and mountain papaya (Vasconcellea cundinamarcensis). It is the namesake member of the papain-like protease family.
It has wide ranging commercial applications in the leather, cosmetic, textiles, detergents, food and pharmaceutical industries. In the food industry, papain is used as an active ingredient in many commercial meat tenderizers.
Papain family
Papain belongs to a family of related proteins, known as the papain-like protease family, with a wide variety of activities, including endopeptidases, aminopeptidases, dipeptidyl peptidases and enzymes with both exo- and endopeptidase activity. Members of the papain family are widespread, found in baculoviruses, eubacteria, yeast, and practically all protozoa, plants and mammals. The proteins are typically lysosomal or secreted, and proteolytic cleavage of the propeptide is required for enzyme activation, although bleomycin hydrolase is cytosolic in fungi and mammals. Papain-like cysteine proteinases are essentially synthesised as inactive proenzymes (zymogens) with N-terminal propeptide regions. The activation process of these enzymes includes the removal of propeptide regions, which serve a variety of functions in vivo and in vitro. The pro-region is required for the proper folding of the newly synthesised enzyme, the inactivation of the peptidase domain and stabilisation of the enzyme against denaturing at neutral
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotopic%20labeling
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Isotopic labeling (or isotopic labelling) is a technique used to track the passage of an isotope (an atom with a detectable variation in neutron count) through a reaction, metabolic pathway, or cell. The reactant is 'labeled' by replacing specific atoms by their isotope. The reactant is then allowed to undergo the reaction. The position of the isotopes in the products is measured to determine the sequence the isotopic atom followed in the reaction or the cell's metabolic pathway. The nuclides used in isotopic labeling may be stable nuclides or radionuclides. In the latter case, the labeling is called radiolabeling.
In isotopic labeling, there are multiple ways to detect the presence of labeling isotopes; through their mass, vibrational mode, or radioactive decay. Mass spectrometry detects the difference in an isotope's mass, while infrared spectroscopy detects the difference in the isotope's vibrational modes. Nuclear magnetic resonance detects atoms with different gyromagnetic ratios. The radioactive decay can be detected through an ionization chamber or autoradiographs of gels.
An example of the use of isotopic labeling is the study of phenol (C6H5OH) in water by replacing common hydrogen (protium) with deuterium (deuterium labeling). Upon adding phenol to deuterated water (water containing D2O in addition to the usual H2O), the substitution of deuterium for the hydrogen is observed in phenol's hydroxyl group (resulting in C6H5OD), indicating that phenol readily undergoes
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael%20Aschbacher
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Michael George Aschbacher (born April 8, 1944) is an American mathematician best known for his work on finite groups. He was a leading figure in the completion of the classification of finite simple groups in the 1970s and 1980s. It later turned out that the classification was incomplete, because the case of quasithin groups had not been finished. This gap was fixed by Aschbacher and Stephen D. Smith in 2004, in a pair of books comprising about 1300 pages. Aschbacher is currently the Shaler Arthur Hanisch Professor of Mathematics at the California Institute of Technology.
Education and career
Aschbacher received his B.S. at the California Institute of Technology in 1966 and his Ph.D. at the University of Wisconsin–Madison in 1969. He joined the faculty of the California Institute of Technology in 1970 and became a full professor in 1976. He was a visiting scholar at the Institute for Advanced Study in 1978–79. He was awarded the Cole Prize in 1980, and was elected to the National Academy of Sciences in 1990. In 1992, Aschbacher was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. He was awarded the Rolf Schock Prize for Mathematics by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences in 2011. In 2012 he received the Leroy P. Steele Prize for Mathematical Exposition and the Wolf Prize in Mathematics, and became a fellow of the American Mathematical Society.
Classification of finite simple groups
In 1973, Aschbacher became a leading figure in the classification of finite
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbolic%20integration
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In calculus, symbolic integration is the problem of finding a formula for the antiderivative, or indefinite integral, of a given function f(x), i.e. to find a differentiable function F(x) such that
This is also denoted
Discussion
The term symbolic is used to distinguish this problem from that of numerical integration, where the value of F is sought at a particular input or set of inputs, rather than a general formula for F.
Both problems were held to be of practical and theoretical importance long before the time of digital computers, but they are now generally considered the domain of computer science, as computers are most often used currently to tackle individual instances.
Finding the derivative of an expression is a straightforward process for which it is easy to construct an algorithm. The reverse question of finding the integral is much more difficult. Many expressions which are relatively simple do not have integrals that can be expressed in closed form. See antiderivative and nonelementary integral for more details.
A procedure called the Risch algorithm exists which is capable of determining whether the integral of an elementary function (function built from a finite number of exponentials, logarithms, constants, and nth roots through composition and combinations using the four elementary operations) is elementary and returning it if it is. In its original form, Risch algorithm was not suitable for a direct implementation, and its complete implementation took a
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viterbi%20decoder
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A Viterbi decoder uses the Viterbi algorithm for decoding a bitstream that has been
encoded using a convolutional code or trellis code.
There are other algorithms for decoding a convolutionally encoded stream (for example, the Fano algorithm). The Viterbi algorithm is the most resource-consuming, but it does the maximum likelihood decoding. It is most often used for decoding convolutional codes with constraint lengths k≤3, but values up to k=15 are used in practice.
Viterbi decoding was developed by Andrew J. Viterbi and published in the paper
There are both hardware (in modems) and software implementations of a Viterbi decoder.
Viterbi decoding is used in the iterative Viterbi decoding algorithm.
Hardware implementation
A hardware Viterbi decoder for basic (not punctured) code usually consists of the following major blocks:
Branch metric unit (BMU)
Path metric unit (PMU)
Traceback unit (TBU)
Branch metric unit (BMU)
A branch metric unit's function is to calculate branch metrics, which are normed distances between every possible symbol in the code alphabet, and the received symbol.
There are hard decision and soft decision Viterbi decoders. A hard decision Viterbi decoder receives a simple bitstream on its input, and a Hamming distance is used as a metric. A soft decision Viterbi decoder receives a bitstream containing information about the reliability of each received symbol. For instance, in a 3-bit encoding, this reliability information can be encoded as follo
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inverse-gamma%20distribution
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In probability theory and statistics, the inverse gamma distribution is a two-parameter family of continuous probability distributions on the positive real line, which is the distribution of the reciprocal of a variable distributed according to the gamma distribution.
Perhaps the chief use of the inverse gamma distribution is in Bayesian statistics, where the distribution arises as the marginal posterior distribution for the unknown variance of a normal distribution, if an uninformative prior is used, and as an analytically tractable conjugate prior, if an informative prior is required. It is common among some Bayesians to consider an alternative parametrization of the normal distribution in terms of the precision, defined as the reciprocal of the variance, which allows the gamma distribution to be used directly as a conjugate prior. Other Bayesians prefer to parametrize the inverse gamma distribution differently, as a scaled inverse chi-squared distribution.
Characterization
Probability density function
The inverse gamma distribution's probability density function is defined over the support
with shape parameter and scale parameter . Here denotes the gamma function.
Unlike the Gamma distribution, which contains a somewhat similar exponential term, is a scale parameter as the distribution function satisfies:
Cumulative distribution function
The cumulative distribution function is the regularized gamma function
where the numerator is the upper incomplete gamma
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20lakes%20of%20Ontario
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This is an incomplete list of lakes in Ontario, a province of Canada. There are over 250,000 lakes in Ontario, constituting around 20% of the world's fresh water supply.
Larger lake statistics
This is a list of lakes of Ontario with an area larger than .
#
24 Mile Lake
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
Gananoque Lake
Garson Lake
Gathering Lake
Gibson Lake (disambiguation), multiple lakes
Gibson Lake (Greater Sudbury)
Gillies Lake
Gloucester Pool
Go Home Lake
Golden Lake
Gordon Lake
Ghost Lake
Gould Lake (disambiguation), several lakes
Green Lake
Grundy Lake
Guelph Lake
Gull Lake (Ontario)
Gullrock Lake
Gunter Lake
H
Halet Lake
Halls Lake (Haliburton County)
Hammer Lake
Head Lake (Kawartha Lakes)
Head Lake (Haliburton County)
Heart Lake
Herbert Lake
Holden Lake
Lake Huron
Horseshoe Lake multiple lakes
I
Inn Lake
Indian Lake
Innis Lake
Irwin Lake
Ivanhoe Lake
J
Jack Lake
Jeff Lake
Lake Joseph
Jules Lake
Jumping Cariboo Lake
K
Kabinakagami Lake
Lake Kagawong
Kahshe Lake
Kamaniskeg Lake
Kashagawigamog Lake
Kashwakamak Lake
Kasshabog Lake
Kawagama Lake
Kawartha Lakes
Lake Kelso
Kennisis Lake
Kesagami Lake
Kimber Lake
Kushog Lake
Lake Kairiskons
Lake Kishkatina
L
Lake Bernard (Parry Sound District)
Lac des Mille Lacs
Lady Evelyn Lake
Lake Madawaska
Lake of Bays (Kenora District)
Lake of Bays (Muskoka lake)
Lake of the Woods
Lake of Two Islands
Larder Lake
Little Branch Lake
Little Lake (Peterborough)
Little Moose Lake
Little Papineau Lake
Little Sachigo Lake
Little Sucker Lake
Little Yi
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chatter
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Chatter may refer to:
Chatter (machining) or machining vibrations
the undesirable phenomenon of oscillations having finite frequency and amplitude, in sliding mode control
Contact bounce or chatter, a common problem with mechanical switches and relays
Chatter (signals intelligence), the volume of communication to or from suspected terrorists or spies
Project CHATTER (1947–53), a U.S. Navy truth serum project
Chatter (software), enterprise social networking software
Small talk
See also
Chat (disambiguation)
Chattering classes, a politically active, socially concerned and highly educated section of the "metropolitan middle class"
Chatter mark, an indication of glacial erosion
Chatter Telephone, a classic roll along pull toy with a friendly face and eyes that move up and down when the toy is pulled.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silhouette%20edge
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In computer graphics, a silhouette edge on a 3D body projected onto a 2D plane (display plane) is the collection of points whose outwards surface normal is perpendicular to the view vector. Due to discontinuities in the surface normal, a silhouette edge is also an edge which separates a front facing face from a back facing face. Without loss of generality, this edge is usually chosen to be the closest one on a face, so that in parallel view this edge corresponds to the same one in a perspective view. Hence, if there is an edge between a front facing face and a side facing face, and another edge between a side facing face and back facing face, the closer one is chosen. The easy example is looking at a cube in the direction where the face normal is collinear with the view vector.
The first type of silhouette edge is sometimes troublesome to handle because it does not necessarily correspond to a physical edge in the CAD model. The reason that this can be an issue is that a programmer might corrupt the original model by introducing the new silhouette edge into the problem. Also, given that the edge strongly depends upon the orientation of the model and view vector, this can introduce numerical instabilities into the algorithm (such as when a trick like dilution of precision is considered).
Computation
To determine the silhouette edge of an object, we first have to know the plane equation of all faces. Then, by examining the sign of the point-plane distance from the light
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Method%20of%20undetermined%20coefficients
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In mathematics, the method of undetermined coefficients is an approach to finding a particular solution to certain nonhomogeneous ordinary differential equations and recurrence relations. It is closely related to the annihilator method, but instead of using a particular kind of differential operator (the annihilator) in order to find the best possible form of the particular solution, an ansatz or 'guess' is made as to the appropriate form, which is then tested by differentiating the resulting equation. For complex equations, the annihilator method or variation of parameters is less time-consuming to perform.
Undetermined coefficients is not as general a method as variation of parameters, since it only works for differential equations that follow certain forms.
Description of the method
Consider a linear non-homogeneous ordinary differential equation of the form
where denotes the i-th derivative of , and denotes a function of .
The method of undetermined coefficients provides a straightforward method of obtaining the solution to this ODE when two criteria are met:
are constants.
g(x) is a constant, a polynomial function, exponential function , sine or cosine functions or , or finite sums and products of these functions (, constants).
The method consists of finding the general homogeneous solution for the complementary linear homogeneous differential equation
and a particular integral of the linear non-homogeneous ordinary differential equation based on . Then th
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