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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joanne%20Pransky
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Joanne Pransky (1959 - 4 May 2023) was an American robotics enthusiast and futurist who provided professional advice on using and marketing robotics devices. Her professional focus was on issues concerning human–robot interaction.
Education
Pransky graduated from Tufts University in 1981 with a degree in psychology.
Career
In 1996 she became the U.S. Associate Editor for 'Industrial Robot Journal' published by Emerald Group Publishing. She formerly served as the U.S. Associate Editor for Emerald's journals Assembly Automation and Sensor Review. Since its founding in April 2004 she was associate editor of Medical Robotics and Computer Assisted Surgery.
She worked as a judge on the television series BattleBots when it was aired by Comedy Central and was a judge for the First Robot/Human Arm Wrestling Competition.
References
External links
(dead link)
Futurologists
American television personalities
American women television personalities
Tufts University School of Arts and Sciences alumni
1960 births
Living people
Academic journal editors
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java%20compiler
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A Java compiler is a compiler for the Java programming language.
Some Java compilers output optimized machine code for a particular hardware/operating system combination, called a domain specific computer system. An example would be the now discontinued GNU Compiler for Java.
The most common form of output from a Java compiler is Java class files containing cross-platform intermediate representation (IR), called Java bytecode.
The Java virtual machine (JVM) loads the class files and either interprets the bytecode or just-in-time compiles it to machine code and then possibly optimizes it using dynamic compilation.
A standard on how to interact with Java compilers was specified in JSR 199.
See also
List of Java Compilers
javac, the standard Java compiler in Oracle's JDK
References
External links
Sun's OpenJDK javac page
Stephan Diehl, "A Formal Introduction to the Compilation of Java", Software - Practice and Experience, Vol. 28(3), pages 297-327, March 1998.
Java specification requests
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javac
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javac (pronounced "java-see") is the primary Java compiler included in the Java Development Kit (JDK) from Oracle Corporation. Martin Odersky implemented the GJ compiler, and his implementation became the basis for javac.
The compiler accepts source code conforming to the Java language specification (JLS) and produces Java bytecode conforming to the Java Virtual Machine Specification (JVMS).
javac is itself written in Java. The compiler can also be invoked programmatically.
History
On 13 November 2006, Sun's HotSpot Java virtual machine (JVM) and Java Development Kit (JDK) were made available under the GPL license.
Since version 0.95, GNU Classpath, a free implementation of the Java Class Library, supports compiling and running javac using the Classpath runtime — GNU Interpreter for Java (GIJ) — and compiler — GNU Compiler for Java (GCJ) — and also allows one to compile the GNU Classpath class library, tools and examples with javac itself.
See also
Java compiler – for a general presentation of Java compilers, and a list of other existing alternative compilers.
Java Platform
OpenJDK
References
External links
The Compiler Group
JSR 199 Java Compiler API Java Specification Request for invoking the Java compiler from a Java program
Mercurial repository
Java Language Specification
Java compilers
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan%20IV
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Sudan IV (C24H20N4O) is a lysochrome (fat-soluble dye) diazo dye used for the staining of lipids, triglycerides and lipoproteins on frozen paraffin sections. It has the appearance of reddish brown crystals with melting point 199 °C and maximum absorption at 520(357) nm.
Sudan IV is one of the dyes used for Sudan staining. Similar dyes include Oil Red O, Sudan III, and Sudan Black B. Staining is an important biochemical technique, offering the ability to visually qualify the presence of the fatty compound of interest without isolating it. For staining purposes, Sudan IV can be made up in propylene glycol. Alternatively, authors have reported using the dye saturated in isopropyl alcohol, 95% ethanol, or 0.05% by weight in acetone:ethanol:water (50:35:15). The idea is to use a moderately apolar solvent to solubilize the dye allowing it to partition into the highly apolar fat without the solvent solubilizing the fat to be stained.
Sudan I, Sudan III, and Sudan IV have been classified as category 3 carcinogen by the International Agency for Research on Cancer.
In its purified form it is called Biebrich scarlet R, which should not be confused with the water-soluble Biebrich scarlet.
In industry, it is used to color nonpolar substances like oils, fats, waxes, greases, various hydrocarbon products, and acrylic emulsions. Sudan IV is also used in United Kingdom as a fuel dye to dye lower-taxed heating oil; because of that it is also known as Oil Tax Red. As a food dye, Sudan IV i
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lysochrome
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A lysochrome is a soluble dye used for histochemical staining of lipids, which include triglycerides, fatty acids, and lipoproteins. Lysochromes such as Sudan IV dissolve in the lipid and show up as colored regions. The dye does not stick to any other substrates, so a quantification or qualification of lipid presence can be obtained.
The name was coined by John Baker (biologist) in his book "Principles of Biological Microtechnique", published in 1958, from the Greek words lysis (solution) and chroma (colour).
References
Biochemistry methods
Lipids
Histochemistry
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probit
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In probability theory and statistics, the probit function is the quantile function associated with the standard normal distribution. It has applications in data analysis and machine learning, in particular exploratory statistical graphics and specialized regression modeling of binary response variables.
Mathematically, the probit is the inverse of the cumulative distribution function of the standard normal distribution, which is denoted as , so the probit is defined as
.
Largely because of the central limit theorem, the standard normal distribution plays a fundamental role in probability theory and statistics. If we consider the familiar fact that the standard normal distribution places 95% of probability between −1.96 and 1.96, and is symmetric around zero, it follows that
The probit function gives the 'inverse' computation, generating a value of a standard normal random variable, associated with specified cumulative probability. Continuing the example,
.
In general,
and
Conceptual development
The idea of the probit function was published by Chester Ittner Bliss in a 1934 article in Science on how to treat data such as the percentage of a pest killed by a pesticide. Bliss proposed transforming the percentage killed into a "probability unit" (or "probit") which was linearly related to the modern definition (he defined it arbitrarily as equal to 0 for 0.0001 and 1 for 0.9999):
He included a table to aid other researchers to convert their kill percentages to his pr
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live%20%28311%20album%29
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Live is the first live album by 311. Recorded during the Transistor tour. The album was recorded on September 17, 1997, at the UNO Lakefront Arena in New Orleans, Louisiana.
Reception
"Live" received mostly negative reviews from critics, With AllMusic reviewer Jason Kaufman giving it a 1 and-a half start rating, saying "This concert document seems about as necessary as a pet rock." while adding, "Even with spacy songs like "Who's Got the Herb?," the blatant Santana rip-off guitar solos of "Nix Hex," and "Homebrew," the experience isn't good enough for a contact high associated with the best, or even semi-competent, live albums."
Track listing
References
311 (band) live albums
1998 live albums
Capricorn Records live albums
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Band%20rejection
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Band rejection is a phenomenon in waveform signals, where a certain frequency or range of frequencies are lost or removed from a source signal.
The term band rejection, when used in electronic signal processing, refers to the deliberate removal of a known frequency range - for instance, to compensate for a known source of interference (such as noise from mains (household) electricity). A specific frequency is removed using a notch filter.
In most other senses, band rejection is the unintentional loss of signal caused by imperfections in the recording, storage or reproduction of a waveform.
See also
Band-stop filter
Passband
Stopband
References
Filter frequency response
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20rivers%20of%20Japan
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Rivers of Japan are characterized by their relatively short lengths and considerably steep gradients due to the narrow and mountainous topography of the country. An often-cited quote is 'this is not a river, but a waterfall' by the Dutch engineer (o-yatoi gaikokujin) Johannis de Rijke who had visited the Jōganji River, Toyama Prefecture. The Mogami, the Fuji and the Kuma are regarded as the three most rapid rivers of Japan.
Typical rivers of Japan rise from mountainous forests and cut out deep V-shaped valleys in their upper reaches, and form alluvial plains in their lower reaches which enable the Japanese to cultivate rice fields and to set up cities. Most rivers are dammed to supply both water and electricity.
The longest river of Japan is the Shinano, which flows from Nagano to Niigata. The Tone has the largest watershed and serves water to more than 30 million inhabitants of Tokyo metropolitan area.
List of rivers in Japan
The list below is in geographical order (from north to south). See also :Category:Rivers of Japan for an alphabetical list.
Hokkaidō
There are 326 rivers in Hokkaido including 13 class A river systems (1級水系 Ikkyū suikei) designated by the central government. See also :Category:Rivers of Hokkaido.
Class A rivers
There are 13 class A river systems as follows. Their tributaries are also listed. The class A rivers are administered by .
Class B rivers
The rivers that are classified as class B rivers.
List of rivers in Hokkaidō by length
The followi
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LFO
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LFO may refer to:
Low-frequency oscillation, typically below 20 Hz
Arts, entertainment and media
LFO (British band)
"LFO", a song on the album Frequencies
LFO (American band)
LFO (album)
LFO (film), 2013 Scandinavian sci-fi
Little Fighter Online, a Windows game
Other uses
London Festival Orchestra
Lakeview – Fort Oglethorpe High School, Georgia, United States
LFO scandal, a political scandal in Poland
Legal Framework Order, 1970, Pakistan, a decree concerning elections
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerry%20Von%20Erich
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Kerry Gene Adkisson (February 3, 1960 – February 18, 1993), better known by his ring name Kerry Von Erich, was an American professional wrestler. He was part of the Von Erich family of professional wrestlers. He is best known for his time with his father's promotion World Class Championship Wrestling (WCCW), where he spent eleven years of his career, and his time in World Wrestling Federation (WWF), under the ring name the Texas Tornado. Adkisson held forty championships in various promotions during his career. Among other accolades, he was a one-time NWA World Heavyweight Champion, four-time WCWA World Heavyweight Champion, making him an overall five-time world champion and one-time WWF Intercontinental Champion.
Professional wrestling career
NWA Texas / World Class Championship Wrestling (1978–1989)
Debut (1978–1979)
Kerry was the son of wrestler Fritz Von Erich. His brothers, David, Kevin, Mike, and Chris, were also wrestlers. Kerry was also a standout in high school track and field and possessed a record-breaking discus throw. He debuted in his father's promotion, NWA Texas/Big Time Wrestling on May 7, 1978, against Paul Perschmann. In Big Time Wrestling, he held many Texas Tag Team and American Tag Team titles.
American Heavyweight Champion and American Tag Team Champion (1980–1983)
Most of Kerry's fame was made in Texas' World Class Championship Wrestling (WCCW), where he was nicknamed "The Modern Day Warrior", a reference to his entrance music ("Tom Sawyer" by Ru
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoo%20%28file%20format%29
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zoo is a data compression program and format developed by Rahul Dhesi in the mid-1980s. The format is based on the LZW compression algorithm and compressed files are identified by the .zoo file extension. It is no longer widely used. Program source code was originally published on the comp.sources.misc Usenet newsgroup, and was compatible with a variety of Unix-like operating systems. Binaries were also published for the MS-DOS and AmigaOS user communities.
Zoo features
Zoo archives can store multiple "generations" of a file; if files are added to an archive with the same pathname yet more recent date, if generations are enabled for the archive the older version(s) will be retained (with a semicolon and version number, similar to version numbers in the VMS and RT-11 operating systems) as the new file is added. This allows files that are frequently modified to be backed up in such a way as to allow access to previous versions (up to the version limit chosen) from one archive.
External links
zoo 2.10 source
unzoo - zoo archive extractor, source included
Data compression
Archive formats
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20airports%20in%20the%20Philippines
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This is a list of airports in the Philippines, grouped by type.
Classification
Regulation of airports and aviation in the Philippines lies with the Civil Aviation Authority of the Philippines (CAAP). The CAAP's classification system, introduced in 2008, rationalizes the previous Air Transportation Office (ATO) system of airport classification, pursuant to the Philippine Transport Strategic Study and the 1992 Civil Aviation Master Plan. The list is updated every three years, or as the need arises.
In the current classification system, 88 airports owned by the national government are placed into one of three main categories:
1. International airports are airports capable of handling international flights and have border control facilities. Airports in this category include airports that currently serve, or previously served, international destinations. There are currently 8 airports in this category. Seven of these airports were in the initial CAAP list in 2008: Clark, Davao, Laoag, Mactan–Cebu, Manila–Ninoy Aquino, Kalibo and Puerto Princesa. The only airport elevated to international status since 2008 has been the Iloilo Airport, where scheduled international service began in 2012.
Both the Bohol–Panglao International Airport in Bohol and the Bicol International Airport in Albay, while billed as international airports, have yet to be formally placed into this category as of February 2022, while the General Santos, Subic Bay and Zamboanga international airports, though sti
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Region%201
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Region 1 or Region I can refer to:
Region 1, a DVD region code
Region 1, Northwest Territories, a Statistics Canada census division
Northeastern United States, Region 1 for the US Census Bureau
Region 1, one of the health regions of Canada managed by Horizon Health Network
Former Region 1 (Johannesburg), an administrative district in the city of Johannesburg, South Africa, from 2000 to 2006
Region 1, an administrative region in Iran
Tarapacá Region, Chile
Ilocos Region, Philippines
Region name disambiguation pages
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal%20Springs%20Uplands%20School
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Crystal Springs Uplands School is an independent, coeducational, college prep day school in Hillsborough, California, United States. Founded in 1952, the school includes grades 6–12, with approximately 220 students in the middle school and 320 students in the upper school.
In late 2007, The Wall Street Journal identified Crystal Springs Uplands School as one of the world's top 50 schools for its success in preparing students to enter top American universities.
History
Uplands Mansion
The main building of the CSUS campus is the Uplands Mansion, originally built as a private residence by Templeton Crocker, scion of railroad baron Charles F. Crocker. Crocker hired architect Willis Polk to design the home in the style of a neo-classical Renaissance palazzo. Construction of the home took six years to complete (1911–1917) at a cost of $1.6 million ($ in dollars). It featured 39 rooms including 12 bedrooms, and 12 baths. The mansion's interior has European fixtures including handmade marble fireplaces and mantlepieces, all originating from a single 16th-century Italian castle, Italian ironwork, and German woodcarving throughout. A 16th-century hand-carved ceiling from northern Italy graces the ballroom.
Crocker sold the property in 1942. It was intermittently occupied — most notably by Soviet Ambassador Andrei Gromyko and his delegation to the 1951 Japanese Peace conference — until the trustees of the Crystal Springs School For Girls acquired it in 1956.
Middle School Campu
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N5
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N5 or N-5 may refer to:
Science and technology
N5, the minimal non-modular and non-distributive lattice in mathematical order theory
N5, abbreviation for the 5 nanometer semiconductor technology process node
Roads
Other uses
N°5, a shortening for Number Five, see Number Five (disambiguation)
LNER Class N5, a class of British steam locomotives
London Buses route N5
Nexus 5, an Android smartphone
N5, a postcode district in the N postcode area, North London, England
SP&S Class N-5, a steam locomotives class, used by the Spokane, Portland and Seattle Railway
USS N-5 (SS-57), a 1917 N-class coastal defense submarine of the United States Navy
The first level in the Japanese-Language Proficiency Test
"N5" (song), by Lali, 2022
See also
N05 (disambiguation)
Pentazenium (N5+), a pentanitrogen cation in chemistry
pentazolium cation (N5+), a cation that is made up of five nitrogen atoms, in chemistry.
pentazolate anion (N5−), an anion that is made up of five nitrogen atoms, in chemistry
5N (disambiguation).
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Currency%20crisis
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A currency crisis is a type of financial crisis, and is often associated with a real economic crisis. A currency crisis raises the probability of a banking crisis or a default crisis. During a currency crisis the value of foreign denominated debt will rise drastically relative to the declining value of the home currency. Generally doubt exists as to whether a country's central bank has sufficient foreign exchange reserves to maintain the country's fixed exchange rate, if it has any. The crisis is often accompanied by a speculative attack in the foreign exchange market. A currency crisis results from chronic balance of payments deficits, and thus is also called a balance of payments crisis. Often such a crisis culminates in a devaluation of the currency. Financial institutions and the government will struggle to meet debt obligations and economic crisis may ensue. Causation also runs the other way. The probability of a currency crisis rises when a country is experiencing a banking or default crisis, while this probability is lower when an economy registers strong GDP growth and high levels of foreign exchange reserves. To offset the damage resulting from a banking or default crisis, a central bank will often increase currency issuance, which can decrease reserves to a point where a fixed exchange rate breaks. The linkage between currency, banking, and default crises increases the chance of twin crises or even triple crises, outcomes in which the economic cost of each individua
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nose%20cone%20design
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Given the problem of the aerodynamic design of the nose cone section of any vehicle or body meant to travel through a compressible fluid medium (such as a rocket or aircraft, missile, shell or bullet), an important problem is the determination of the nose cone geometrical shape for optimum performance. For many applications, such a task requires the definition of a solid of revolution shape that experiences minimal resistance to rapid motion through such a fluid medium.
Nose cone shapes and equations
General dimensions
In all of the following nose cone shape equations, is the overall length of the nose cone and is the radius of the base of the nose cone. is the radius at any point , as varies from , at the tip of the nose cone, to . The equations define the two-dimensional profile of the nose shape. The full body of revolution of the nose cone is formed by rotating the profile around the centerline . While the equations describe the 'perfect' shape, practical nose cones are often blunted or truncated for manufacturing, aerodynamic, or thermodynamic reasons.
Conic
A very common nose-cone shape is a simple cone. This shape is often chosen for its ease of manufacture. More optimal, streamlined shapes (described below) are often much more difficult to create. The sides of a conic profile are straight lines, so the diameter equation is simply:
Cones are sometimes defined by their half angle, :
and
Spherically blunted conic
In practical applications such as re-e
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper%20fist
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Copper fist is an N-terminal domain involved in copper-dependent DNA binding. It is named for its resemblance to a fist.
It can be found in some fungal transcription factors. These proteins activate the transcription of the metallothionein gene in response to copper. Metallothionein maintains copper levels in yeast. The copper fist domain is similar in structure to metallothionein itself, and on copper binding undergoes a large conformational change, which allows DNA binding.
External links
Copper fist definition
References
Protein domains
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disney%20Adventures
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{{Infobox magazine
| image_file = Disney Adventures logo.png
| image_caption = Disney Adventures fifth and final logo (2006–2007)
| editor =
| editor_title =
| frequency = Twelve times per year
| circulation =
| category = Children, entertainment
| company = Disney Publishing Worldwide(Disney Consumer Products)
| publisher =
| firstdate = November 12, 1990
| finaldate = November 2007
| country = United States
| based = Burbank, California
| language = English
| website =
| issn = 1050-2491
}}Disney Adventures (also short-formed as D.A.''') was an American children's entertainment and educational magazine published twelve (later ten) times per year by Disney Publishing Worldwide, a subsidiary of Disney Consumer Products, a unit of The Walt Disney Company. It should not be confused with the (also defunct) Disney Magazine. Disney Adventures also contained the latest news concerning the Disney Channel.
History
Michael Lynton was inspired to start the magazine after noting the success of Topolino, the Italian Mickey Mouse magazine, which included comics and features. The magazine was first published on October 9, 1990 (and cover dated November 12, 1990) and featured a wide assortment of educational material, entertainment news (from Disney and other studios), sports coverage, profiles of celebrities, user contributions, and pu
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judeo-Hamedani%E2%80%93Borujerdi
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Judeo-Hamadani and Judeo-Borujerdi constitute a Northwestern Iranian language, originally spoken by the Iranian Jews of Hamadan and Borujerd in western Iran.
Judeo-Hamedani Classification
In western Iran, the district of Hamadan is split between Tuyserkan, Malayer, and Nahavand. This district along with Borujerd, further south in Lorestan Province, forms a geographic cluster that was inhabited by a good portion of Iranian-Jewish communities until recently when those communities emigrated to Tehran, Israel, and North America. Already in 1701, Paul Lucas (cited by De Planhol 2003) wrote that Jews were more numerous in Hamadan than elsewhere in Persia. According to Encyclopedia Iranica, the Jewish community had dwindled from around 13,000 souls in 1920 to less than 1,000 by 1969. It explains that according to members of the community that Donald Stilo encountered in 2001-02, there were only eight people from the Jewish community left in Hamadan at the time. It is hard to find people who still speak the Judeo-Hamadani language since only people born before the mid-1940s were raised speaking the dialect. As Habib Borjian points out, Hamadan was once the capital of Media, implying that a form of Median must have been spoken here before the arrival of Persian (Habib Borjian, 121). Habib Borjian explains that these moribund dialects show closest resemblance to the dialects spoken in the areas of Qazvin and Zanjan, both north of Hamadan, and further northwest in Azerbaijan (Habib B
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Payment%20schedule
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The payment schedule of financial instruments defines the dates at which payments are made by one party to another on for example a bond or derivative. It can be either customised or parameterised.
Parameterised Schedule
The schedule is generated based on a set of rules and market conventions to define the frequencies of the payments.
These parameters include:
Payment Frequency (Annually, Semi Annually, Quarterly, Monthly, Weekly, Daily, Continuous)
Payment Day - Day of the month the payment is made
Date rolling - Rule used to adjust the payment date if the schedule date is not a Business Day
Start Date - Date of the first Payment
End Date - Also known as the Maturity date. The date of the last payment
Customised Schedule
The schedule consists of a series of dates that define exactly when payments will be made.
The payment schedule can also be linked to achievement or fulfillment of certain predefined tasks or events or even stages against which payments are required to be made by one party to another
Financial markets
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene%20conversion
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Gene conversion is the process by which one DNA sequence replaces a homologous sequence such that the sequences become identical after the conversion event. Gene conversion can be either allelic, meaning that one allele of the same gene replaces another allele, or ectopic, meaning that one paralogous DNA sequence converts another.
Allelic gene conversion
Allelic gene conversion occurs during meiosis when homologous recombination between heterozygotic sites results in a mismatch in base pairing. This mismatch is then recognized and corrected by the cellular machinery causing one of the alleles to be converted to the other. This can cause non-Mendelian segregation of alleles in germ cells.
Nonallelic/ectopic gene conversion
Recombination occurs not only during meiosis, but also as a mechanism for repair of double-strand breaks (DSBs) caused by DNA damage. These DSBs are usually repaired using the sister chromatid of the broken duplex and not the homologous chromosome, so they would not result in allelic conversion. Recombination also occurs between homologous sequences present at different genomic loci (paralogous sequences) which have resulted from previous gene duplications. Gene conversion occurring between paralogous sequences (ectopic gene conversion) is conjectured to be responsible for concerted evolution of gene families.
Mechanism
Conversion of one allele to the other is often due to base mismatch repair during homologous recombination: if one of the four chromatid
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intrinsic%20function
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In computer software, in compiler theory, an intrinsic function (or built-in function) is a function (subroutine) available for use in a given programming language whose implementation is handled specially by the compiler. Typically, it may substitute a sequence of automatically generated instructions for the original function call, similar to an inline function. Unlike an inline function, the compiler has an intimate knowledge of an intrinsic function and can thus better integrate and optimize it for a given situation.
Compilers that implement intrinsic functions generally enable them only when a program requests optimization, otherwise falling back to a default implementation provided by the language runtime system (environment).
Intrinsic functions are often used to explicitly implement vectorization and parallelization in languages which do not address such constructs. Some application programming interfaces (API), for example, AltiVec and OpenMP, use intrinsic functions to declare, respectively, vectorizable and multiprocessing-aware operations during compiling. The compiler parses the intrinsic functions and converts them into vector math or multiprocessing object code appropriate for the target platform.
Some intrinsics are used to provide additional constraints to the optimizer, such as values a variable cannot assume.
C and C++
Compilers for C and C++, of Microsoft,
Intel, and the GNU Compiler Collection (GCC)
implement intrinsics that map directly to the x86 sin
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20national%20parks%20and%20protected%20areas%20of%20Iran
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The National parks and protected areas, and wildlife refuges, of Iransepehr
Listings
There are around 200 protected areas in Iran to preserve the precious biodiversity of this country and there are about 16 National Parks among them that are home to some of our planet’s most incredible species. Golestan National Park, Kavir National Park, Turan National Park, and Tandoureh National Park are among the top protected areas. Each of these parks encompasses exceptional and unique varieties of flora and fauna in their wild frontiers. Notice that all National Parks of Iran are safe to visit but you need a permit to enter any of the National Parks and it’s best to take a tour leader or a ranger with yourself to get close to any of the wild animals you like to see.
The complete national parks, protected areas, and wildlife refuges in Iran include:
National Parks
Bakhtegan National Park
Bamu National Park — near Shiraz
Bojagh National Park
Dayer-Nakhiloo National Park
Ghamishloo National Park
Ghatroyeh National Park
Golestan National Park
Kavir National Park
Khabr National Park - near Kerman
Khar Turan National Park
Kiasar National Park
Kolahghazi National Park
Lake Urmia National Park
Lar National Park
Naybandan Wildlife Refuge
Paband National Park
Salouk National Park
Sarigol National Park
Siyahkooh National Park
Sorkheh Hesar National Park
Tandooreh National Park
Tang-e Sayad National Park
Protected Areas
Alvand Protected Area
Arasbaran Protected Area
Arjan Protected Area
Bafq P
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International%20Standard%20Classification%20of%20Education
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The International Standard Classification of Education (ISCED) is a statistical framework for organizing information on education maintained by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). It is a member of the international family of economic and social classifications of the United Nations.
History
The ISCED was designed in the early 1970s to serve as an instrument suitable for assembling, compiling and presenting statistics of education both within individual countries and internationally. The first version, known as ISCED 1976, was approved by the International Conference on Education (Geneva, 1975), and was subsequently endorsed by UNESCO's 19th General Conference in 1976.
The second version, known as ISCED 1997, was approved by the UNESCO General Conference at its 29th session in November 1997 as part of efforts to increase the international comparability of education statistics. It covered primarily two cross-classification variables: levels (7) and fields of education (25). The UNESCO Institute for Statistics led the development of a third version, which was adopted by UNESCO's 36th General Conference in November 2011 and which will replace ISCED 1997 in international data collections in the coming years. ISCED 2011 has 9 rather than 7 levels, created by dividing the tertiary pre-doctorate level into three levels. It also extended the lowest level (ISCED 0) to cover a new sub-category of early childhood educational development prog
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marching%20cubes
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Marching cubes is a computer graphics algorithm, published in the 1987 SIGGRAPH proceedings by Lorensen and Cline, for extracting a polygonal mesh of an isosurface from a three-dimensional discrete scalar field (the elements of which are sometimes called voxels). The applications of this algorithm are mainly concerned with medical visualizations such as CT and MRI scan data images, and special effects or 3-D modelling with what is usually called metaballs or other metasurfaces. The marching cubes algorithm is meant to be used for 3-D; the 2-D version of this algorithm is called the marching squares algorithm.
History
The algorithm was developed by William E. Lorensen (1946-2019) and Harvey E. Cline as a result of their research for General Electric. At General Electric they worked on a way to efficiently visualize data from CT and MRI devices.
The premise of the algorithm is to divide the input volume into a discrete set of cubes. By assuming linear reconstruction filtering, each cube, which contains a piece of a given isosurface, can easily be identified because the sample values at the cube vertices must span the target isosurface value. For each cube containing a section of the isosurface, a triangular mesh that approximates the behavior of the trilinear interpolant in the interior cube is generated.
The first published version of the algorithm exploited rotational and reflective symmetry and also sign changes to build the table with 15 unique cases. However, due to th
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Star%20Trek%20aliens
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Star Trek is a science fiction media franchise that began with Gene Roddenberry's launch of the original Star Trek television series in 1966. Its success led to numerous films, novels, comics, and spinoff series. A major motif of the franchise involves encounters with various alien races throughout the galaxy. These fictional alien races are listed here.
Notable Star Trek races include Vulcans, Klingons, and the Borg. Some aspects of these fictional races became well known in American pop culture, such as the Vulcan salute and the Borg phrase, "Resistance is futile."
Star Trek aliens have been featured in Time magazine, which described how they are essential to the franchise's narrative.
Key
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
O
P
Q
Q
R
S
T
V
X
See also
List of fictional extraterrestrials
References
Further reading
External links
Star Trek aliens
aliens
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iliffe%20vector
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In computer programming, an Iliffe vector, also known as a display, is a data structure used to implement multi-dimensional arrays.
Data structure
An Iliffe vector for an n-dimensional array (where n ≥ 2) consists of a vector (or 1-dimensional array) of pointers to an (n − 1)-dimensional array. They are often used to avoid the need for expensive multiplication operations when performing address calculation on an array element. They can also be used to implement jagged arrays, such as triangular arrays, triangular matrices and other kinds of irregularly shaped arrays. The data structure is named after John K. Iliffe.
Their disadvantages include the need for multiple chained pointer indirections to access an element, and the extra work required to determine the next row in an n-dimensional array to allow an optimising compiler to prefetch it. Both of these are a source of delays on systems where the CPU is significantly faster than main memory.
The Iliffe vector for a 2-dimensional array is simply a vector of pointers to vectors of data, i.e., the Iliffe vector represents the columns of an array where each column element is a pointer to a row vector.
Multidimensional arrays in languages such as Java, Python (multidimensional lists), Ruby, Visual Basic .NET, Perl, PHP, JavaScript, Objective-C (when using NSArray, not a row-major C-style array), Swift, and Atlas Autocode are implemented as Iliffe vectors. Iliffe vectors were used to implement sparse multidimensional arrays i
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modality%20%28human%E2%80%93computer%20interaction%29
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In the context of human–computer interaction, a modality is the classification of a single independent channel of input/output between a computer and a human. Such channels may differ based on sensory nature (e.g., visual vs. auditory), or other significant differences in processing (e.g., text vs. image).
A system is designated unimodal if it has only one modality implemented, and multimodal if it has more than one. When multiple modalities are available for some tasks or aspects of a task, the system is said to have overlapping modalities. If multiple modalities are available for a task, the system is said to have redundant modalities. Multiple modalities can be used in combination to provide complementary methods that may be redundant but convey information more effectively. Modalities can be generally defined in two forms: human-computer and computer-human modalities.
Computer–Human modalities
Computers utilize a wide range of technologies to communicate and send information to humans:
Common modalities
Vision – computer graphics typically through a screen
Audition – various audio outputs
Tactition – vibrations or other movement
Uncommon modalities
Gustation (taste)
Olfaction (smell)
Thermoception (heat)
Nociception (pain)
Equilibrioception (balance)
Any human sense can be used as a computer to human modality. However, the modalities of seeing and hearing are the most commonly employed since they are capable of transmitting information at a higher speed th
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streptavidin
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Streptavidin is a 52 kDa protein (tetramer) purified from the bacterium Streptomyces avidinii. Streptavidin homo-tetramers have an extraordinarily high affinity for biotin (also known as vitamin B7 or vitamin H). With a dissociation constant (Kd) on the order of ≈10−14 mol/L, the binding of biotin to streptavidin is one of the strongest non-covalent interactions known in nature. Streptavidin is used extensively in molecular biology and bionanotechnology due to the streptavidin-biotin complex's resistance to organic solvents, denaturants (e.g. guanidinium chloride), detergents (e.g. SDS, Triton X-100), proteolytic enzymes, and extremes of temperature and pH.
Structure
The crystal structure of streptavidin with biotin bound was reported by two groups in 1989. The structure was solved using multi wavelength anomalous diffraction by Hendrickson et al. at Columbia University and using multiple isomorphous replacement by Weber et al. at E. I. DuPont Central Research and Development Department. As of September 2017, there are 171 structures deposited in the Protein Data Bank. See this link for a complete list. The N and C termini of the 159 residue full-length protein are processed to give a shorter ‘core’ streptavidin, usually composed of residues 13–139; removal of the N and C termini is necessary for the highest biotin-binding affinity. The secondary structure of a streptavidin monomer is composed of eight antiparallel β-strands, which fold to give an antiparallel β-barr
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hits%20allowed
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In Baseball statistics, hits allowed (HA) signifies the total number of hits allowed by a pitcher.
See also
Baseball statistics
Pitching statistics
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Day%E2%80%93Stout%E2%80%93Warren%20algorithm
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The Day–Stout–Warren (DSW) algorithm is a method for efficiently balancing binary search trees that is, decreasing their height to O(log n) nodes, where n is the total number of nodes. Unlike a self-balancing binary search tree, it does not do this incrementally during each operation, but periodically, so that its cost can be amortized over many operations. The algorithm was designed by Quentin F. Stout and Bette Warren in a 1986 CACM paper, based on work done by Colin Day in 1976.
The algorithm requires linear (O(n)) time and is in-place. The original algorithm by Day generates as compact a tree as possible: all levels of the tree are completely full except possibly the bottom-most. It operates in two phases. First, the tree is turned into a linked list by means of an in-order traversal, reusing the pointers in the (threaded) tree's nodes. A series of left-rotations forms the second phase.
The Stout–Warren modification generates a complete binary tree, namely one in which the bottom-most level is filled strictly from left to right. This is a useful transformation to perform if it is known that no more inserts will be done. It does not require the tree to be threaded, nor does it require more than constant space to operate. Like the original algorithm, Day–Stout–Warren operates in two phases, the first entirely new, the second a modification of Day's rotation phase.
A 2002 article by Timothy J. Rolfe brought attention back to the DSW algorithm; the naming is from the secti
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discrete%20uniform%20distribution
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In probability theory and statistics, the discrete uniform distribution is a symmetric probability distribution wherein a finite number of values are equally likely to be observed; every one of n values has equal probability 1/n. Another way of saying "discrete uniform distribution" would be "a known, finite number of outcomes equally likely to happen".
A simple example of the discrete uniform distribution is throwing a fair die. The possible values are 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and each time the die is thrown the probability of a given score is 1/6. If two dice are thrown and their values added, the resulting distribution is no longer uniform because not all sums have equal probability.
Although it is convenient to describe discrete uniform distributions over integers, such as this, one can also consider discrete uniform distributions over any finite set. For instance, a random permutation is a permutation generated uniformly from the permutations of a given length, and a uniform spanning tree is a spanning tree generated uniformly from the spanning trees of a given graph.
The discrete uniform distribution itself is inherently non-parametric. It is convenient, however, to represent its values generally by all integers in an interval [a,b], so that a and b become the main parameters of the distribution (often one simply considers the interval [1,n] with the single parameter n). With these conventions, the cumulative distribution function (CDF) of the discrete uniform distribution c
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continuous%20uniform%20distribution
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In probability theory and statistics, the continuous uniform distributions or rectangular distributions are a family of symmetric probability distributions. Such a distribution describes an experiment where there is an arbitrary outcome that lies between certain bounds. The bounds are defined by the parameters, and which are the minimum and maximum values. The interval can either be closed (i.e. ) or open (i.e. ). Therefore, the distribution is often abbreviated where stands for uniform distribution. The difference between the bounds defines the interval length; all intervals of the same length on the distribution's support are equally probable. It is the maximum entropy probability distribution for a random variable under no constraint other than that it is contained in the distribution's support.
Definitions
Probability density function
The probability density function of the continuous uniform distribution is:
The values of at the two boundaries and are usually unimportant, because they do not alter the value of over any interval nor of nor of any higher moment. Sometimes they are chosen to be zero, and sometimes chosen to be The latter is appropriate in the context of estimation by the method of maximum likelihood. In the context of Fourier analysis, one may take the value of or to be because then the inverse transform of many integral transforms of this uniform function will yield back the function itself, rather than a function which is equal "almost
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA%20glycosylase
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DNA glycosylases are a family of enzymes involved in base excision repair, classified under EC number EC 3.2.2. Base excision repair is the mechanism by which damaged bases in DNA are removed and replaced. DNA glycosylases catalyze the first step of this process. They remove the damaged nitrogenous base while leaving the sugar-phosphate backbone intact, creating an apurinic/apyrimidinic site, commonly referred to as an AP site. This is accomplished by flipping the damaged base out of the double helix followed by cleavage of the N-glycosidic bond.
Glycosylases were first discovered in bacteria, and have since been found in all kingdoms of life. In addition to their role in base excision repair, DNA glycosylase enzymes have been implicated in the repression of gene silencing in A. thaliana, N. tabacum and other plants by active demethylation. 5-methylcytosine residues are excised and replaced with unmethylated cytosines allowing access to the chromatin structure of the enzymes and proteins necessary for transcription and subsequent translation.
Monofunctional vs. bifunctional glycosylases
There are two main classes of glycosylases: monofunctional and bifunctional. Monofunctional glycosylases have only glycosylase activity, whereas bifunctional glycosylases also possess AP lyase activity that permits them to cut the phosphodiester bond of DNA, creating a single-strand break without the need for an AP endonuclease. β-Elimination of an AP site by a glycosylase-lyase yields
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gluten%20exorphin
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Gluten exorphins are a group of opioid peptides formed during the digestion of the gluten protein. These peptides work as external regulators for gastrointestinal movement and hormonal release. The breakdown of gliadin, a polymer of wheat proteins, creates amino acids that stop the gluten epitopes from entering the immune system to activate inflammatory reactions. During this process, gluten does not fully break down, thus increasing the presence of gluten exorphins. Because of this, researchers think this is what might lead to various diseases.
Research shows the benefits of gluten- and casein-free diets for people with diseases and disorders connected to gluten exorphins. The mechanism behind this is still unknown. There is a possibility that gluten has deleterious effects on the human digestive system. When people are more susceptible to gluten and casein allergies, the weakened intestinal lining allows gluten exorphin to flow.
Categorization
There are four known gluten exorphins with known structure:
Gluten exorphin A5
Structure: H-Gly-Tyr-Tyr-Pro-Thr-OH
Chemical formula: C29H37N5O9
Molecular weight: 599.64 g/mol
Gluten exorphin B4
Structure: H-Tyr-Gly-Gly-Trp-OH
Chemical formula: C24H27N5O6
Molecular weight: 481.50 g/mol
Gluten exorphin B5
Structure: H-Tyr-Gly-Gly-Trp-Leu-OH
Chemical formula: C30H38N6O7
Molecular weight: 594.66 g/mol
Gluten exorphin C
Structure: H-Tyr-Pro-Ile-Ser-Leu-OH
Chemical formula: C29H45N5O8
Molecular weight: 591.70 g/mol
Clinical
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycosuria
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Glycosuria is the excretion of glucose into the urine. Ordinarily, urine contains no glucose because the kidneys are able to reabsorb all of the filtered glucose from the tubular fluid back into the bloodstream. Glycosuria is nearly always caused by elevated blood glucose levels, most commonly due to untreated diabetes mellitus. Rarely, glycosuria is due to an intrinsic problem with glucose reabsorption within the kidneys (such as Fanconi syndrome), producing a condition termed renal glycosuria. Glycosuria leads to excessive water loss into the urine with resultant dehydration, a process called osmotic diuresis.
Alimentary glycosuria is a temporary condition, when a high amount of carbohydrate is taken, it is rapidly absorbed in some cases where a part of the stomach is surgically removed, the excessive glucose appears in urine producing glycosuria.
Additionally, SGLT2 inhibitor medications ("gliflozins" or "flozins") produce glycosuria as their primary mechanism of action, by inhibiting sodium/glucose cotransporter 2 in the kidneys and thereby interfering with renal glucose reabsorption.
Follow-up
In a patient with glucosuria, diabetes is confirmed by measuring fasting or random plasma glucose and glycated hemoglobin(HbA1c).
Pathophysiology
Blood is filtered by millions of nephrons, the functional units that comprise the kidneys. In each nephron, blood flows from the arteriole into the glomerulus, a tuft of leaky capillaries. The Bowman's capsule surrounds each glomerul
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialysis%20tubing
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Dialysis tubing, also known as Visking tubing, is an artificial semi-permeable membrane tubing used in separation techniques, that facilitates the flow of tiny molecules in solution based on differential diffusion.
In the context of life science research, dialysis tubing is typically used in the sample clean-up and processing of proteins and DNA samples or complex biological samples such as blood or serums. Dialysis tubing is also frequently used as a teaching aid to demonstrate the principles of diffusion, osmosis, Brownian motion and the movement of molecules across a restrictive membrane.
For the principles and usage of dialysis in a research setting, see Dialysis (biochemistry).
History, properties and composition
Dialysis occurs throughout nature and the principles of dialysis have been exploited by humans for thousands of years using natural animal or plant-based membranes. The term dialysis was first routinely used for scientific or medical purposes in the late 1800s and early 1900s, pioneered by the work of Thomas Graham. The first mass-produced man-made membranes suitable for dialysis were not available until the 1930s, based on materials used in the food packaging industry such as cellophane. In the 1940s, Willem Kolff constructed the first dialyzer (artificial kidney), and successfully treated patients with kidney failure using dialysis across semi-permeable membranes. Today, dialysis tubing for laboratory applications comes in a variety of dimensions and molec
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%20v%20Adams
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R v Adams [1996] EWCA Crim 10 and 222, are rulings in the United Kingdom that banned the expression in court of headline (soundbite), standalone Bayesian statistics from the reasoning admissible before a jury in DNA evidence cases, in favour of the calculated average (and maximal) number of matching incidences among the nation's population. The facts involved strong but inconclusive evidence conflicting with the DNA evidence, leading to a retrial.
Facts
A rape victim described her attacker as in his twenties. A suspect, Denis Adams, was arrested and an identity parade was arranged. The woman failed to pick him out, and on being asked if he fitted her description replied in the negative. She had described a man in his twenties and when asked how old Adams looked, she replied about forty. Adams was 37; he had an alibi for the night in question, his girlfriend saying he had spent the night with her. The DNA was the only incriminating evidence heard by the jury, as all the other evidence pointed towards innocence.
Judgment
Use of Bayesian analysis in the court
The DNA profile of the suspect fitted that of evidence left at the scene. The defence argued that the match probability figure put forward by the prosecution (1 in 200 million) was incorrect, and that a figure of 1 in 20 million, or perhaps even 1 in 2 million, was more appropriate. The issue of how the jury should resolve the conflicting evidence was addressed by the defence by a formal statistical method. The jury was
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reversibility
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Reversibility can refer to:
Time reversibility, a property of some mathematical or physical processes and systems for which time-reversed dynamics are well defined
Reversible diffusion, an example of a reversible stochastic process
Reversible process (thermodynamics), a process or cycle such that the net change at each stage in the combined entropy of the system and its surroundings is zero
Reversible reaction, a chemical reaction for which the position of the chemical equilibrium is very sensitive to the imposed physical conditions; so the reaction can be made to run either forwards or in reverse by changing those conditions
Reversible computing, logical reversibility of a computation; a computational step for which a well-defined inverse exists
Reversible error, a legal mistake invalidating a trial
Reversible garment, a garment that can be worn two ways
Piaget's theory of cognitive development, in which mental reversibility is part of the concrete operational stage, the understanding that numbers and objects can change and then return to their original state
Reversible playing card, a playing card that may be read either way up
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exon%20trapping
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Exon trapping is a molecular biology technique to identify potential exons in a fragment of eukaryote DNA of unknown intron-exon structure. This is done to determine if the fragment is part of an expressed gene.
The genomic fragment is inserted into the intron of a 'splicing vector' consisting of a known exon - intron - exon sequence of DNA, and the vector is then inserted into an eukaryotic cell. If the fragment does not contain exons (i.e., consists solely of intron DNA), it will be spliced out together with the vector's original intron. On the other hand, if exons are contained, they will be part of the mature mRNA after transcription (with all intron material removed). The presence of 'trapped exons' can be detected by an increase in size of the mRNA, or through RT-PCR to amplify the DNA of interest.
The technique has largely been supplanted by the approach of sequencing cDNA generated from mRNA and then using bioinformatics tools such as NCBI's BLAST server to determine the source of the sequence, thereby identifying the appropriate exon-intron splice sites.
References
Gene expression
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mature%20messenger%20RNA
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Mature messenger RNA, often abbreviated as mature mRNA is a eukaryotic RNA transcript that has been spliced and processed and is ready for translation in the course of protein synthesis. Unlike the eukaryotic RNA immediately after transcription known as precursor messenger RNA, mature mRNA consists exclusively of exons and has all introns removed.
Mature mRNA is also called "mature transcript", "mature RNA" or "mRNA".
The production of a mature mRNA molecule occurs in 3 steps:
Capping of the 5' end
Polyadenylation of the 3' end
RNA Splicing of the introns
Capping the 5' End
During capping, a 7-methylguanosine residue is attached to the 5'-terminal end of the primary transcripts.This is otherwise known as the GTP or 5' cap. The 5' cap is used to increase mRNA stability. Further, the 5' cap is used as an attachment point for ribosomes. Beyond this, the 5' cap has also been shown to have a role in exporting the mature mRNA from the nucleus and into the cytoplasm.
Polyadenylation
In polyadenylation, a poly-adenosine tail of about 200 adenylate residues is added by a nuclear polymerase post-transcriptionally. This is known as a Poly-A tail and is used for stability and guidance, so that the mRNA can exit the nucleus and find the ribosome. It is added at a polyadenylation site in the 3' untranslated region of the mRNA, cleaving the mRNA in the process. When there are multiple polyadenylation sites on the same mRNA molecule, alternative polyadenylation can occur. See pol
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vector%20meson
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In high energy physics, a vector meson is a meson with total spin 1 and odd parity (usually noted as ). Vector mesons have been seen in experiments since the 1960s, and are well known for their spectroscopic pattern of masses.
The vector mesons contrast with the pseudovector mesons, which also have a total spin 1 but instead have even parity. The vector and pseudovector mesons are also dissimilar in that the spectroscopy of vector mesons tends to show nearly pure states of constituent quark flavors, whereas pseudovector mesons and scalar mesons tend to be expressed as composites of mixed states.
Uniquely pure flavor states
Since the development of the quark model by Murray Gell-Mann (and also independently by George Zweig), the vector mesons have demonstrated the spectroscopy of pure states. The fact that the rho meson (ρ) and omega meson (ω) have nearly equal mass centered on 770–, while the phi meson (φ) has a higher mass around , indicates that the light-quark vector mesons appear in nearly pure states, with the φ meson having a nearly 100 percent amplitude of hidden strangeness.
These nearly pure states characteristic of the vector mesons are not at all evident in the pseudoscalar meson or scalar meson multiplets, and may be only slightly realized among the tensor meson and pseudovector meson multiplets. This fact makes the vector mesons an excellent probe of the quark flavor content of other types of mesons, measured through the respective decay rates of non-vector
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudovector%20meson
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In high energy physics, a pseudovector meson or axial vector meson is a meson with total spin 1 and even parity (+) (usually noted as
Compare to a vector meson, which has a total spin 1 and odd parity
Charge parity (C) in addition to spatial parity (P)
The known pseudovector mesons fall into two different classes, all have even spatial parity ( P = "+" ), but they differ in another kind of parity called charge parity (C) which can be either even (+) or odd (−). The two types of pseudovector meson are:
those with odd charge parity
those with even charge parity
The 1 group has no intrinsic spin excitation , but do gain spin from angular momentum of the orbits of the two constituent quarks around their mutual center. The second group (1) have both intrinsic spin and with and coupling to
Pseudovector, or axial vector, mesons in the 1 category are most readily be seen in proton‑antiproton annihilation and pion‑nucleon scattering. The mesons in the 1 category are normally seen in proton-proton and pion-nucleon scattering.
Discrepant mass estimates
The difference between the two groups gives them slightly different masses, from the spin‑orbit coupling rule. Theoretically, the and mesons are in the 1 group, and should have heavier masses, according to the spin-orbit mass splitting. However, the measured masses of the mesons do not appear to follow the rule, as evidenced by the and mesons being heavier. There are considerable uncertainties in experim
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gliadorphin
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Gliadorphin (also known as gluteomorphin) is an opioid peptide that is formed during digestion of the gliadin component of the gluten protein. It is usually broken down into amino acids by digestion enzymes. It has been hypothesized that children with autism have abnormal leakage from the gut of this compound. This is partly the basis for the gluten-free, casein-free diet. Abnormally high levels of gliadorphin have been found in the urine of autistic children via mass spectrometry testing.
References
Opioid peptides
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sequence%20space
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In functional analysis and related areas of mathematics, a sequence space is a vector space whose elements are infinite sequences of real or complex numbers. Equivalently, it is a function space whose elements are functions from the natural numbers to the field K of real or complex numbers. The set of all such functions is naturally identified with the set of all possible infinite sequences with elements in K, and can be turned into a vector space under the operations of pointwise addition of functions and pointwise scalar multiplication. All sequence spaces are linear subspaces of this space. Sequence spaces are typically equipped with a norm, or at least the structure of a topological vector space.
The most important sequence spaces in analysis are the spaces, consisting of the -power summable sequences, with the p-norm. These are special cases of Lp spaces for the counting measure on the set of natural numbers. Other important classes of sequences like convergent sequences or null sequences form sequence spaces, respectively denoted c and c0, with the sup norm. Any sequence space can also be equipped with the topology of pointwise convergence, under which it becomes a special kind of Fréchet space called FK-space.
Definition
A sequence in a set is just an -valued map whose value at is denoted by instead of the usual parentheses notation
Space of all sequences
Let denote the field either of real or complex numbers. The set of all sequences of elements of
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemoglobin%20A
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Hemoglobin A (HbA), also known as adult hemoglobin, hemoglobin A1 or α2β2, is the most common human hemoglobin tetramer, accounting for over 97% of the total red blood cell hemoglobin. Hemoglobin is an oxygen-binding protein, found in erythrocytes, which transports oxygen from the lungs to the tissues. Hemoglobin A is the most common adult form of hemoglobin and exists as a tetramer containing two alpha subunits and two beta subunits (α2β2). Hemoglobin A2 (HbA2) is a less common adult form of hemoglobin and is composed of two alpha and two delta-globin subunits. This hemoglobin makes up 1-3% of hemoglobin in adults.
Structure and function
Hemoglobin A (HbA) is the most common adult form of hemoglobin and exists as a tetramer containing two alpha subunits and two beta subunits (α2β2). Each subunit contains a heme group that diatomic oxygen (O2) molecules can bind to. In addition to oxygen, subunit assembly and quaternary structure are known to play important roles in Hb affinity. When hemoglobin binds to O2 (oxyhemoglobin), it will attach to the Iron II (Fe2+) of heme and it is this iron ion that can bind and unbind oxygen to transport oxygen throughout the body. All subunits must be present for hemoglobin to pick up and release oxygen under normal conditions.
Synthesis
Heme synthesis
Heme synthesis involves a series of enzymatic steps that take place within the mitochondrion and cytosol of the cell. First, in the mitochondrion, the condensation of succinyl CoA and gl
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tymoshenko
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Tymoshenko (), Timoshenko (), or Tsimashenka/Cimašenka () is a surname of Ukrainian origin. It derives from the Christian name Timothy, and its Ukrainian derivatives, Tymofiy or Tymish. The surname, Tymoshenko, was created by adding the Ukrainian patronymic suffix, -enko, meaning someone of Tymish, usually the son of Tymish.
Notable people
Tymoshenko
Eugenia Tymoshenko (born 1980), Ukrainian businesswoman, daughter of Yulia
Illya Tymoshenko (born 1999), Ukrainian footballer
Kyrylo Tymoshenko (born 1989), Ukrainian statesman
Maksym Tymoshenko (born 1972), Ukrainian culturologist and social activist
Oleksandr Tymoshenko (born 1960), Ukrainian businessman, husband of Yulia
Olexandra Tymoshenko (born 1972), Soviet-Ukrainian rhythmic gymnast
Yulia Tymoshenko (born 1960), former Prime Minister of Ukraine
Timoshenko
Daria Timoshenko (born 1980), Russian-Azerbaijani figure skater
Semyon Timoshenko (1895–1970), Soviet-Ukrainian military commander
Stephen Timoshenko (1878–1972), Russian-Ukrainian engineer
Yevgeniy Timoshenko (born 1988), Ukrainian-American poker player
Tsimashenka
Alyaksey Tsimashenka (born 1986), Belarusian footballer
See also
Eastern Slavic naming customs
Murder of Russel Timoshenko, incident in which a 23-year-old NYPD officer was shot and killed during a traffic stop.
Timoshenko Medal, awarded for contributions in applied mechanics.
Timoshenko beam theory
Timoleón Jiménez (nicknamed Timochenko), Colombian FARC commander.
References
Exte
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trichocephalida
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The Trichocephalida (Trichinellida or Trichurida in other classifications) is an order of parasitic nematodes.
Taxonomy
The order Trichocephalida includes, according to modern classifications, the single suborder Trichinellina Hodda, 2007, which itself includes the single superfamily Trichinelloidea Ward, 1907, which itself includes 6 families:
Family Anatrichosomatidae Yamaguti, 1961 (1 genus, 5 species) including the single genus Anatrichosoma
Family Capillariidae Railliet, 1915 (1 subfamily, 18-22 genera according to classifications, 390 species) including Capillaria
Family Cystoopsidae Skrjabin, 1923 (2 subfamilies, 2 genera, 7 species)
Family Trichinellidae Ward, 1907 (4 genera, 16 species) including Trichina
Family Trichosomoididae Hall, 1916 (2 subfamilies, 5 genera, 25 species) including Huffmanela
Family Trichuridae Ransom, 1911 (1 subfamily, 6 genera, 107 species) including Trichuris
Note that another slightly different arrangement of families exists, with the Family Trichosomoididae including Anatrichosoma in a subfamily Anatrichosomatinae.
Biology
All members of this order are histiotrophic, meaning that in at least one stage of their life cycle, they develop in cells or tissues. They are all parasites in vertebrates in their adult stage. The anterior end is narrower than the posterior end in most of these worms, and the esophagus is slender and embedded in cells called stichocytes which form a stichosome. Eggs of members of this order have bipolar or
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four-current
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In special and general relativity, the four-current (technically the four-current density) is the four-dimensional analogue of the electric current density. Also known as vector current, it is used in the geometric context of four-dimensional spacetime, rather than three-dimensional space and time separately. Mathematically it is a four-vector, and is Lorentz covariant.
Analogously, it is possible to have any form of "current density", meaning the flow of a quantity per unit time per unit area. See current density for more on this quantity.
This article uses the summation convention for indices. See covariance and contravariance of vectors for background on raised and lowered indices, and raising and lowering indices on how to switch between them.
Definition
Using the Minkowski metric of metric signature , the four-current components are given by:
where
is the speed of light;
is the volume charge density;
is the conventional current density;
The dummy index labels the spacetime dimensions.
Motion of charges in spacetime
This can also be expressed in terms of the four-velocity by the equation:
where:
is the charge density measured by an inertial observer O who sees the electric current moving at speed (the magnitude of the 3-velocity);
is “the rest charge density”, i.e., the charge density for a comoving observer (an observer moving at the speed - with respect to the inertial observer O - along with the charges).
Qualitatively, the change in charge densit
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown%20rice%20syrup
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Brown rice (malt) syrup, also known as rice syrup or rice malt, is a sweetener which is rich in compounds categorized as sugars and is derived by steeping cooked rice starch with saccharifying enzymes to break down the starches, followed by straining off the liquid and reducing it by evaporative heating until the desired consistency is reached. The enzymes used in the saccharification step are supplied by an addition of sprouted barley grains to the rice starch (the traditional method) or by adding bacterial- or fungal-derived purified enzyme isolates (the modern, industrialized method).
Production
In traditional practices, brown rice syrup is created by adding a small amount of sprouted barley grains (barley malt) to cooked, whole brown rice in a solution of heated water, similar to the production of beer wort. The enzymes supplied by the barley malt digest the carbohydrates, proteins and lipids to produce a sweet solution rich in simple carbohydrates with minor amounts of amino acid, peptides and lipids. The solution is strained off the grains and boiled to evaporate and concentrate the liquid to produce a low water syrup suitable for use as a sugar substitute. Such syrups are high in the simple sugar maltose and low in glucose and fructose, due to the enzymatic action of beta- and alpha amylase on starch supplied by the sprouted barley. These enzymes produce large amounts of maltose from starch digestion and generate very little glucose or fructose in the process.
The
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter%20Barton%20%28actor%29
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Peter Thomas Barton (born July 19, 1956) is an American retired actor. He starred in The Powers of Matthew Star, with Louis Gossett Jr.; Burke's Law with Gene Barry; and the soap opera Sunset Beach. Named one of the 10 sexiest guys in soaps by Playgirl, Barton is probably best known as Scott Grainger on the daytime drama The Young and the Restless.
Early life
Barton is originally from Valley Stream, Long Island, New York. He is a graduate of Valley Stream North High School, where he played soccer and wrestled. He attended nearby Nassau Community College. Although accepted into St. John's University School of Medicine, he changed his mind about attending. Just before signing up for classes, he decided to pursue a career in modeling and acting.
Career
Even though Barton had no formal acting training, in 1979 he starred as Bill Miller in the short-lived NBC TV series Shirley, starring Shirley Jones, Rosanna Arquette, and Tracey Gold. The show ran for 13 episodes. NBC still had him under contract at the end of 1980, and it connected him with prominent acting coach Vincent Chase, and when the series ended, he was cast as the lead in another NBC series, The Powers of Matthew Star. He won the role over many actors, among them Tom Cruise.w
In the 1980s, teen magazines were looking for the next big cover, and Barton was featured on many of them, including Tiger Beat and 16, typically in a sexy pose, shirtless. He has also appeared on many TV shows such as The Fall Guy and The Lo
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascaridida
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The order Ascaridida includes several families of parasitic roundworms with three "lips" on the anterior end. They were formerly placed in the subclass Rhabditia by some, but morphological and DNA sequence data rather unequivocally assign them to the Spiruria. The Oxyurida and Rhigonematida are occasionally placed in the Ascaridida as superfamily Oxyuroidea, but while they seem indeed to be Spiruria, they are not as close to Ascaris as such a treatment would place them.
These "worms" contain a number of important parasites of humans and domestic animals.
Important families include:
The Anisakidae are also called the "marine mammal ascarids". The larvae of these worms cause anisakiasis when ingested by humans in raw or insufficiently cooked fish, but do not reproduce in humans.
The Ascarididae include the giant intestinal roundworms (Ascaris spp.).
The Cosmocercidae include taxa that parasitize certain amphibians.
The Toxocaridae include parasites of canids, felids, and raccoons, but can unsuccessfully parasitize humans and cause visceral larva migrans.
The Ascaridiidae include roundworms of birds.
These all belong in the superfamily Ascaridoidea.
References
Nematode orders
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeffrey%20Ullman
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Jeffrey David Ullman (born November 22, 1942) is an American computer scientist and the Stanford W. Ascherman Professor of Engineering, Emeritus, at Stanford University. His textbooks on compilers (various editions are popularly known as the dragon book), theory of computation (also known as the Cinderella book), data structures, and databases are regarded as standards in their fields. He and his long-time collaborator Alfred Aho are the recipients of the 2020 Turing Award, generally recognized as the highest distinction in computer science.
Career
Ullman received a Bachelor of Science degree in engineering mathematics from Columbia University in 1963 and his PhD in electrical engineering from Princeton University in 1966. He then worked for three years at Bell Labs. In 1969, he returned to Princeton as an associate professor, and was promoted to full professor in 1974. Ullman moved to Stanford University in 1979, and served as the department chair from 1990 to 1994. He was named the Stanford W. Ascherman Professor of Computer Science in 1994, and became an Emeritus in 2003.
In 1994 Ullman was inducted as a Fellow of the Association for Computing Machinery; in 2000 he was awarded the Knuth Prize. Ullman is the co-recipient (with John Hopcroft) of the 2010 IEEE John von Neumann Medal "For laying the foundations for the fields of automata and language theory and many seminal contributions to theoretical computer science." Ullman, Hopcroft, and Alfred Aho were co-recipien
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MapReduce
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MapReduce is a programming model and an associated implementation for processing and generating big data sets with a parallel, distributed algorithm on a cluster.
A MapReduce program is composed of a map procedure, which performs filtering and sorting (such as sorting students by first name into queues, one queue for each name), and a reduce method, which performs a summary operation (such as counting the number of students in each queue, yielding name frequencies). The "MapReduce System" (also called "infrastructure" or "framework") orchestrates the processing by marshalling the distributed servers, running the various tasks in parallel, managing all communications and data transfers between the various parts of the system, and providing for redundancy and fault tolerance.
The model is a specialization of the split-apply-combine strategy for data analysis.
It is inspired by the map and reduce functions commonly used in functional programming, although their purpose in the MapReduce framework is not the same as in their original forms. The key contributions of the MapReduce framework are not the actual map and reduce functions (which, for example, resemble the 1995 Message Passing Interface standard's reduce and scatter operations), but the scalability and fault-tolerance achieved for a variety of applications due to parallelization. As such, a single-threaded implementation of MapReduce is usually not faster than a traditional (non-MapReduce) implementation; any gains are
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroquinone
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Hydroquinone, also known as benzene-1,4-diol or quinol, is an aromatic organic compound that is a type of phenol, a derivative of benzene, having the chemical formula C6H4(OH)2. It has two hydroxyl groups bonded to a benzene ring in a para position. It is a white granular solid. Substituted derivatives of this parent compound are also referred to as hydroquinones. The name "hydroquinone" was coined by Friedrich Wöhler in 1843.
Production
Hydroquinone is produced industrially in two main ways.
The most widely used route is similar to the cumene process in reaction mechanism and involves the dialkylation of benzene with propene to give 1,4-diisopropylbenzene. This compound reacts with air to afford the bis(hydroperoxide), which is structurally similar to cumene hydroperoxide and rearranges in acid to give acetone and hydroquinone.
A second route involves hydroxylation of phenol over a catalyst. The conversion uses hydrogen peroxide and affords a mixture of hydroquinone and its ortho isomer catechol (benzene-1,2-diol):
C6H5OH + H2O2 -> C6H4(OH)2 + H2O
Other, less common methods include:
A potentially significant synthesis of hydroquinone from acetylene and iron pentacarbonyl has been proposed Iron pentacarbonyl serves as a catalyst, rather than as a reagent, in the presence of free carbon monoxide gas. Rhodium or ruthenium can substitute for iron as the catalyst with favorable chemical yields but are not typically used due to their cost of recovery from the reaction mix
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistical%20discrimination
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Statistical discrimination may refer to:
Statistical discrimination (economics)
Linear discriminant analysis (statistics)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muller%27s%20method
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Muller's method is a root-finding algorithm, a numerical method for solving equations of the form f(x) = 0. It was first presented by David E. Muller in 1956.
Muller's method is based on the secant method, which constructs at every iteration a line through two points on the graph of f. Instead, Muller's method uses three points, constructs the parabola through these three points, and takes the intersection of the x-axis with the parabola to be the next approximation.
Recurrence relation
Muller's method is a recursive method which generates an approximation of the root ξ of f at each iteration. Starting with the three initial values x0, x−1 and x−2, the first iteration calculates the first approximation x1, the second iteration calculates the second approximation x2, the third iteration calculates the third approximation x3, etc. Hence the kth iteration generates approximation xk. Each iteration takes as input the last three generated approximations and the value of f at these approximations. Hence the kth iteration takes as input the values xk-1, xk-2 and xk-3 and the function values f(xk-1), f(xk-2) and f(xk-3). The approximation xk is calculated as follows.
A parabola yk(x) is constructed which goes through the three points (xk-1, f(xk-1)), (xk-2, f(xk-2)) and (xk-3, f(xk-3)). When written in the Newton form, yk(x) is
where f[xk-1, xk-2] and f[xk-1, xk-2, xk-3] denote divided differences. This can be rewritten as
where
The next iterate xk is now given as the solutio
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community%20Service%20II
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Community Service II is the second collaboration album from The Crystal Method, and features remixes from The Crystal Method and other Nu skool breaks artists.
Track listing
The Crystal Method - Intro – 1:38
PMT - Gyromancer (Elite Force Mix) – 4:14
Elite Force - Ghetto Fabulous – 5:30
Hyper - Come With Me – 5:02
The Doors - Roadhouse Blues (The Crystal Method vs. The Doors) – 4:57
Evil Nine - We Have The Energy – 5:00
Dylan Rhymes feat. Katherine Ellis - Salty (Meat Katie Mix) – 5:36
The Crystal Method - Keep Hope Alive (J.D.S Mix) – 5:44
Koma + Bones - Speedfreak – 2:39
The Crystal Method feat. Kevin Beber - Kalifornia – 4:25
Überzone - Octopus – 2:42
UNKLE feat. Ian Brown - Reign (False Prophet Mix) – 6:38
The Crystal Method - Starting Over (Elite Force Mix) – 4:40
The Crystal Method - Bound Too Long (Hyper Mix) – 5:24
New Order - Bizarre Love Triangle (The Crystal Method's CSII Mix) – 5:32
Smashing Pumpkins - 1979 (New Originals 1799 Remix) – 6:57
CSII Exclusives EP
At approximately the same time as the release of the album, the CSII Exclusives EP was released in a digital-only format, exclusively on the iTunes Store. The EP contained an additional track, "Bad Ass", as well as the full-length, unmixed versions of tracks 8, 10, 13, and 14.
Track listing
"Badass" – 5:23
"Bound Too Long (Hyper Mix)" – 7:07
"Kalifornia" – 5:39
"Keep Hope Alive (JDS Mix)" – 7:46
"Starting Over (Elite Force Mix)" – 8:05
Personnel
Chris Allen – Mixing
Tom Beaufoy –
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bureau%20of%20Transportation%20Statistics
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The Bureau of Transportation Statistics (BTS), part of the United States Department of Transportation, is a government office that compiles, analyzes, and publishes information on the nation's transportation systems across various modes; and strives to improve the DOT's statistical programs through research and the development of guidelines for data collection and analysis. BTS is a principal agency of the U.S. Federal Statistical System.
History
BTS was created in 1992 under the Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act.
On February 20, 2005, BTS became part of the Research and Innovative Technology Administration (RITA). Through the Fixing America's Surface Transportation (FAST) Act passed on December 4, 2015, BTS and RITA moved to the Office of the Assistant Secretary of Transportation for Research and Technology.
Since 2009, BTS has also maintained a Twitter feed, with regular tweets related to the release of BTS data products and news bulletins concerning transportation trends in the United States. Since 2020, BTS has also maintained a LinkedIn account.
Offices
BTS is divided into seven offices:
Office of Statistical and Economic Analysis
Office of Data Development and Standards
Office of Transportation Analysis
Office of Spatial Analysis and Visualization
Office of Airline Information
Office of Information and Library Sciences
Office of Safety Data and Analysis
Services
Airline Information
BTS' Office of Airline Information is responsible for publis
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tau%20protein
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The tau proteins (abbreviated from tubulin associated unit) are a group of six highly soluble protein isoforms produced by alternative splicing from the gene MAPT (microtubule-associated protein tau). They have roles primarily in maintaining the stability of microtubules in axons and are abundant in the neurons of the central nervous system (CNS), where the cerebral cortex has the highest abundance. They are less common elsewhere but are also expressed at very low levels in CNS astrocytes and oligodendrocytes.
Pathologies and dementias of the nervous system such as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease are associated with tau proteins that have become hyperphosphorylated insoluble aggregates called neurofibrillary tangles. The tau proteins were identified in 1975 as heat-stable proteins essential for microtubule assembly, and since then they have been characterized as intrinsically disordered proteins.
Function
Microtubule stabilization
Tau proteins are found more often in neurons than in non-neuronal cells in humans. One of tau's main functions is to modulate the stability of axonal microtubules. Other nervous system microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs) may perform similar functions, as suggested by tau knockout mice that did not show abnormalities in brain development – possibly because of compensation in tau deficiency by other MAPs.
Although tau is present in dendrites at low levels, where it is involved in postsynaptic scaffolding, it is active primarily in
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National%20Agricultural%20Statistics%20Service
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The National Agricultural Statistics Service (NASS) is the statistical branch of the U.S. Department of Agriculture and a principal agency of the U.S. Federal Statistical System. NASS has 12 regional offices throughout the United States and Puerto Rico and a headquarters unit in Washington, D.C. NASS conducts hundreds of surveys and issues nearly 500 national reports each year on issues including agricultural production, economics, demographics and the environment. NASS also conducts the United States Census of Agriculture every five years.
History
During the Civil War, USDA collected and distributed crop and livestock statistics to help farmers assess the value of the goods they produced. At that time, commodity buyers usually had more current and detailed market information than did farmers, a circumstance that often prevented farmers from getting a fair price for their goods. Producers in today's marketplace would be similarly handicapped were it not for the information provided by NASS.
The creation of USDA's Crop Reporting Board in 1905 (now called the Agricultural Statistics Board) was another landmark in the development of a nationwide statistical service for agriculture. A USDA reorganization in 1961 led to the creation of the Statistical Reporting Service, known today as National Agricultural Statistics Service (NASS).
The 1997 Appropriations Act shifted the responsibility of conducting the Census of Agriculture from U.S. Census Bureau to USDA. Since then the cen
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National%20Center%20for%20Education%20Statistics
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The National Center for Education Statistics (NCES) is the part of the United States Department of Education's Institute of Education Sciences (IES) that collects, analyzes, and publishes statistics on education and public school district finance information in the United States. It also conducts international comparisons of education statistics and provides leadership in developing and promoting the use of standardized terminology and definitions for the collection of those statistics. NCES is a principal agency of the U.S. Federal Statistical System.
History
The functions of NCES have existed in some form since 1867, when Congress passed legislation providing "That there shall be established at the City of Washington, a department of education, for the purpose of collecting such statistics and facts as shall show the condition and progress of education in the several States and Territories, and of diffusing such information respecting the organization and management of schools and school systems, and methods of teaching, as shall aid the people of the United States in the establishment and maintenance of efficient school systems, and otherwise promote the cause of education throughout the country."
Organizational structure
The National Center for Education Statistics fulfills a Congressional mandate to collect, collate, analyze, and report complete statistics on the condition of American education; conduct and publish reports; and review and report on education activit
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freeway%20II%3A%20Confessions%20of%20a%20Trickbaby
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Freeway II: Confessions of a Trickbaby is a 1999 black comedy crime film and the sequel to Freeway (1996), written and directed by Matthew Bright. It stars Natasha Lyonne as Crystal "White Girl" Van Meter and María Celedonio as Angela "Cyclona" Garcia. While the first film was partly inspired by "Little Red Riding Hood", the second film is somewhat based on "Hansel and Gretel". It was an international co-production between the United States and Mexico.
Plot
Crystal "White Girl" Van Meter is a 15-year-old prostitute who is sentenced to 25 years for a long list of crimes that include beating up and robbing her customers. Transferred to a minimum security hospital to seek treatment for bulimia, White Girl teams up with Angela "Cyclona" Garcia, a lesbian teenage serial killer. Together, they escape from the hospital, despite White Girl injuring herself on a barbed-wire fence. Cyclona is convinced her beloved former caretaker Sister Gomez can help White Girl with her eating disorder and they head to Tijuana. On the way, Cyclona murders a family and has sex with the dead bodies. White Girl is not happy that Cyclona has stopped taking her medication and insists she continue to take occasional doses should they continue together. They steal the family's car and make their way south. On the way, Cyclona reveals how Sister Gomez saved her from being molested by her father and possibly aliens. After drinking one too many beers and huffing some paint, they crash and fall down a hill lau
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World%20Reference%20Base%20for%20Soil%20Resources
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The World Reference Base for Soil Resources (WRB) is an international soil classification system for naming soils and creating legends for soil maps. The currently valid version is the fourth edition 2022. It is edited by a working group of the International Union of Soil Sciences (IUSS).
Background
History
Since the 19th century, several countries developed national soil classification systems. During the 20th century, the need for an international soil classification system became more and more obvious.
From 1971 to 1981, the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and UNESCO published the Soil Map of the World, 10 volumes, scale 1 : 5 M). The Legend for this map, published in 1974 under the leadership of Rudi Dudal, became the FAO soil classification. Many ideas from national soil classification systems were brought together in this worldwide-applicable system, among them the idea of diagnostic horizons as established in the '7th approximation to the USDA soil taxonomy' from 1960. The next step was the Revised Legend of the Soil Map of the World, published in 1988.
In 1982, the International Soil Science Society (ISSS; now: International Union of Soil Sciences, IUSS) established a working group named International Reference Base for Soil Classification (IRB). Chair of this working group was Ernst Schlichting. Its mandate was to develop an international soil classification system that should better consider soil-forming processes than the FAO soil classification. Draft
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minami-Fukumitsu%20Frequency%20Converter
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is the name given to an HVDC back-to-back station for the interconnection of the power grids of western and eastern Japan. This facility went in service in March 1999. It operates with a voltage of 125 kV and can transfer a power up to 300 megawatts. The station is located in Nanto, Toyama Prefecture.
External links
http://www.meppi.com/mepssd/NPDF3/BTB_MinamiFukumitsu.pdf
Converter stations
Electric power infrastructure in Japan
Energy infrastructure completed in 1999
Nanto, Toyama
1999 establishments in Japan
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rado%27s%20theorem%20%28Ramsey%20theory%29
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Rado's theorem is a theorem from the branch of mathematics known as Ramsey theory. It is named for the German mathematician Richard Rado. It was proved in his thesis, Studien zur Kombinatorik.
Statement
Let be a system of linear equations, where is a matrix with integer entries. This system is said to be -regular if, for every -coloring of the natural numbers 1, 2, 3, ..., the system has a monochromatic solution. A system is regular if it is r-regular for all r ≥ 1.
Rado's theorem states that a system is regular if and only if the matrix A satisfies the columns condition. Let ci denote the i-th column of A. The matrix A satisfies the columns condition provided that there exists a partition C1, C2, ..., Cn of the column indices such that if , then
s1 = 0
for all i ≥ 2, si can be written as a rational linear combination of the cjs in all the Ck with k < i. This means that si is in the linear subspace of Q'm spanned by the set of the cj's.
Special cases
Folkman's theorem, the statement that there exist arbitrarily large sets of integers all of whose nonempty sums are monochromatic, may be seen as a special case of Rado's theorem concerning the regularity of the system of equations
where T ranges over each nonempty subset of the set
Other special cases of Rado's theorem are Schur's theorem and Van der Waerden's theorem. For proving the former apply Rado's theorem to the matrix . For Van der Waerden's theorem with m chosen to be length of the monochromati
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Production%20set
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In economics the production set is a construct representing the possible inputs and outputs to a production process.
A production vector represents a process as a vector containing an entry for every commodity in the economy. Outputs are represented by positive entries giving the quantities produced and inputs by negative entries giving the quantities consumed.
If the commodities in the economy are (labour, corn, flour, bread) and a mill uses one unit of labour to produce 8 units of flour from 10 units of corn, then its production vector is (–1,–10,8,0). If it needs the same amount of labour to run at half capacity then the production vector (–1,–5,4,0) would also be operationally possible. The set of all operationally possible production vectors is the mill's production set.
If y is a production vector and p is the economy's price vector, then p·y is the value of net output. The mill's owner will normally choose y from the production set to maximise this quantity. p·y is defined as the 'profit' of the vector y, and the mill-owner's behaviour is described as 'profit-maximising'.
Properties of production sets
The following properties may be predicated of production sets.
Non-emptiness. The producer has at least one possible course of action. Always holds.
Closure. The production set includes its own boundary. This is a technical property which always holds in practice.
Separability. A production set is separable into inputs and outputs if every field is either non-nega
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20Slepian
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David S. Slepian (June 30, 1923 – November 29, 2007) was an American mathematician. He is best known for his work with algebraic coding theory, probability theory, and distributed source coding. He was colleagues with Claude Shannon and Richard Hamming at Bell Labs.
Life and work
Born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, he gained a B.Sc. at University of Michigan before joining the US Army in World War II,
as a sonic deception officer in the Ghost army.
He received his Ph.D. from Harvard University in 1949, writing his dissertation in physics. After post-doctoral work at the
University of Cambridge and University of Sorbonne, he worked at the Mathematics Research Center at Bell Telephone Laboratories, where he pioneered work in algebraic coding theory on group codes, first published in the paper A Class of Binary Signaling Alphabets. Here, he also worked along with other information theory giants such as Claude Shannon and Richard Hamming. He also proved the possibility of singular detection, a perhaps unintuitive result. He is also known for Slepian's lemma in probability theory (1962), and for discovering a fundamental result in
distributed source coding called Slepian–Wolf coding with Jack Keil Wolf (1973).
He later joined the University of Hawaiʻi. His father was Joseph Slepian, also a scientist. His wife is the noted children's author Jan Slepian.
Slepians
Slepian's joint work with H.J. Landau and H.O. Pollak on discrete prolate spheroidal wave functions and sequences (DP
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayesian%20experimental%20design
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Bayesian experimental design provides a general probability-theoretical framework from which other theories on experimental design can be derived. It is based on Bayesian inference to interpret the observations/data acquired during the experiment. This allows accounting for both any prior knowledge on the parameters to be determined as well as uncertainties in observations.
The theory of Bayesian experimental design is to a certain extent based on the theory for making optimal decisions under uncertainty. The aim when designing an experiment is to maximize the expected utility of the experiment outcome. The utility is most commonly defined in terms of a measure of the accuracy of the information provided by the experiment (e.g., the Shannon information or the negative of the variance) but may also involve factors such as the financial cost of performing the experiment. What will be the optimal experiment design depends on the particular utility criterion chosen.
Relations to more specialized optimal design theory
Linear theory
If the model is linear, the prior probability density function (PDF) is homogeneous and observational errors are normally distributed, the theory simplifies to the classical optimal experimental design theory.
Approximate normality
In numerous publications on Bayesian experimental design, it is (often implicitly) assumed that all posterior probabilities will be approximately normal. This allows for the expected utility to be calculated using linear
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNIVAC%20III
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The UNIVAC III, designed as an improved transistorized replacement for the vacuum tube UNIVAC I and UNIVAC II computers, was introduced in June 1962, with Westinghouse agreeing to furnish system programing and marketing on June 1, 1962. It was designed to be compatible for all data formats. However the word size and instruction set were completely different; this presented significant difficulty as all programs had to be rewritten, so many customers switched to different vendors instead of upgrading existing UNIVACs.
The UNIVAC III weighed about .
The system was engineered to use as little core memory as possible, as it was a very expensive item. The memory system was 25 bits wide and could be configured with from 8,192 words to 32,768 words of memory. Memory was built in stacks of 29 planes of 4,096 cores: 25 for the data word, two for "modulo-3 check" bits, and two for spares. Each memory cabinet held up to four stacks (16,384 words).
It supported the following data formats:
25-bit signed binary numbers
excess-3 binary-coded decimal with four bits per digit, allowing six-digit signed decimal numbers
alphanumerics with six bits per character, allowing four-character signed alphanumeric values
Instructions were 25 bits long.
The CPU had four accumulators, a four-bit field (ar) allowed selection of any combination of the accumulators for operations on data from one to four words in length. For backward compatibility with the UNIVAC I and UNIVAC II data, two accumulator
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNIVAC%20418
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The UNIVAC 418 was a transistorized, 18-bit word magnetic-core memory machine made by Sperry Univac. The name came from its 4-microsecond memory cycle time and 18-bit word. The assembly language for this class of computers was TRIM III and ART418.
Over the three different models, more than 392 systems were manufactured. It evolved from the Control Unit Tester (CUT), a device used in the factory to test peripherals for larger systems.
Architecture
The instruction word had three formats:
Format I - common Load, Store, and Arithmetic operations
f - Function code (6 bits)
u - Operand address (12 bits)
Format II - Constant arithmetic and Boolean functions
f - Function code (6 bits)
z - Operand address or value (12 bits)
Format III - Input/Output
f - Function code (6 bits)
m - Minor function code (6 bits)
k - Designator (6 bits) used for channel number, shift count, etc.
Numbers were represented in ones' complement, single and double precision. The TRIM assembly source code used octal numbers as opposed to more common hexadecimal because the 18-bit words are evenly divisible by 3, but not by 4.
The machine had the following addressable registers:
A - Register (Double precision Accumulator, 36 bits) composed of:
AU - Register (Upper Accumulator, 18 bits)
AL - Register (Lower Accumulator, 18 bits)
ICR - Register (Index Control Register, 3 bits), also designated the "B-register"
SR - Register ("Special Register", 4 bits), a paging register allowing direct access to memory bank
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drotrecogin%20alfa
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Drotrecogin alfa (activated) (Xigris, marketed by Eli Lilly and Company) is a recombinant form of human activated protein C that has anti-thrombotic, anti-inflammatory, and profibrinolytic properties. Drotrecogin alpha (activated) belongs to the class of serine proteases. Drotrecogin alfa has not been found to improve outcomes in people with severe sepsis. The manufacturer's aggressive strategies in marketing its use in severe sepsis have been criticized. On October 25, 2011, Eli Lilly & Co. withdrew Xigris from the market after a major study showed no efficacy for the treatment of sepsis.
Medical uses
Drotrecogin alfa does not improve mortality in severe sepsis or septic shock but does increase bleeding risks. Therefore, a 2012 Cochrane review recommended that clinicians and policymakers not recommend its use and Eli Lilly has announced the discontinuation of all clinical trials.
Risks and contraindications
Contraindications
The following patients should not receive drotrecogin:
Active internal bleeding
Recent (within 3 months) hemorrhagic stroke
Recent (within 2 months) intracranial/intraspinal surgery/severe head trauma
Trauma patients with an increased risk of life-threatening bleeding
Presence of an epidural catheter
Known or suspected intracranial neoplasm or mass lesion
Known hypersensitivity to drotrecogin or any component
Precautions
The following patients are at an increased risk for bleeding complications due to drotrecogin-alpha therapy, and a ca
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glenroy%20River
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The Glenroy River is a tributary of the Matakitaki River in the north of the South Island of New Zealand. It is widely known as a short class 4 river (River difficulty classification system for rafting).
Rivers of the Tasman District
Rivers of New Zealand
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal%20Kay
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is a Japanese-American singer, songwriter, actress and radio host.
After releasing her first single, "Eternal Memories" (1999), Crystal Kay gained fame for her third studio album, Almost Seventeen (2002), which debuted at number 2 on the Japanese Oricon charts. Almost Seventeen eventually sold over 400,000 copies and was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of Japan. Crystal Kay, formerly signed to Epic Records, a sub-label of Sony Music Japan for 12 years, suddenly transferred to Delicious Deli Records, a sub-label of Universal Music Japan in 2011.
As of April 2021, she has released thirteen albums. Her seventh studio album, All Yours (2007) became Crystal Kay's only number-one release in her career when it debuted on top of the Oricon chart in June 2007. Crystal Kay has sold over two million records in Japan as of 2009. Throughout her career, Crystal Kay has collaborated with M-Flo and BoA, Chemistry as well as other well-known recording artists.
Early life and education
Crystal Kay was born and raised in Yokohama in Kanagawa Prefecture to a Korean-Japanese mother and an African-American father. Her father was a bassist from New Jersey and a sailor in the United States Navy stationed in Yokosuka, Japan. Her mother was a 23-year-old professional singer with one album while her father played music as a hobby. As a child, Crystal Kay met artists such as Diana Ross and Bobby Brown through her parents taking her to shows.
Crystal Kay attended Kinnick Hig
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datasaab%20D2
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D2 was a concept and prototype computer designed by Datasaab in Linköping, Sweden. It was built with discrete transistors and completed in 1960. Its purpose was to investigate the feasibility of building a computer for use in an aircraft to assist with navigation, ultimately leading to the design of the CK37 computer used in Saab 37 Viggen. This military side of the project was known as SANK, or Saabs Automatiska Navigations-Kalkylator (Saab's Automatic Navigational-Calculator), and D2 was the name for its civilian application.
The D2 weighed approximately 200 kg, and could be placed on a desktop. It used words of 20 bits corresponding to 6 decimal digits. The memory capacity was 6K words, corresponding to 15 kilobytes. Programs and data were stored in separate memories. It could perform 100,000 integer additions per second. Paper tape was used for input.
Experience from the D2 prototype was the foundation for Datasaab's continued development both of the civilian D21 computer and military aircraft models. The commercial D21, launched already in 1962, used magnetic tape, 24 bit words, and unified program and data memory. Otherwise it was close to the D2 prototype, while a working airborne computer required a lot more miniaturization.
The D2 is on exhibit at IT-ceum, the computer museum in Linköping, Sweden.
References
External links
D2 presented at the Datasaab's Friends' Society website
One-of-a-kind computers
Science and technology in Sweden
20-bit computers
Transistor
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitch%20detection%20algorithm
|
A pitch detection algorithm (PDA) is an algorithm designed to estimate the pitch or fundamental frequency of a quasiperiodic or oscillating signal, usually a digital recording of speech or a musical note or tone. This can be done in the time domain, the frequency domain, or both.
PDAs are used in various contexts (e.g. phonetics, music information retrieval, speech coding, musical performance systems) and so there may be different demands placed upon the algorithm. There is as yet no single ideal PDA, so a variety of algorithms exist, most falling broadly into the classes given below.
A PDA typically estimates the period of a quasiperiodic signal, then inverts that value to give the frequency.
General approaches
One simple approach would be to measure the distance between zero crossing points of the signal (i.e. the zero-crossing rate). However, this does not work well with complicated waveforms which are composed of multiple sine waves with differing periods or noisy data. Nevertheless, there are cases in which zero-crossing can be a useful measure, e.g. in some speech applications where a single source is assumed. The algorithm's simplicity makes it "cheap" to implement.
More sophisticated approaches compare segments of the signal with other segments offset by a trial period to find a match. AMDF (average magnitude difference function), ASMDF (Average Squared Mean Difference Function), and other similar autocorrelation algorithms work this way. These algorithms can give
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Designer%20baby
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A designer baby is a baby whose genetic makeup has been selected or altered, often to exclude a particular gene or to remove genes associated with disease. This process usually involves analysing a wide range of human embryos to identify genes associated with particular diseases and characteristics, and selecting embryos that have the desired genetic makeup; a process known as preimplantation genetic diagnosis. Screening for single genes is commonly practiced, and polygenic screening is offered by a few companies. Other methods by which a baby's genetic information can be altered involve directly editing the genome before birth, which is not routinely performed and only one instance of this is known to have occurred as of 2019, where Chinese twins Lulu and Nana were edited as embryos, causing widespread criticism.
Genetically altered embryos can be achieved by introducing the desired genetic material into the embryo itself, or into the sperm and/or egg cells of the parents; either by delivering the desired genes directly into the cell or using gene-editing technology. This process is known as germline engineering and performing this on embryos that will be brought to term is typically prohibited by law. Editing embryos in this manner means that the genetic changes can be carried down to future generations, and since the technology concerns editing the genes of an unborn baby, it is considered controversial and is subject to ethical debate. While some scientists condone the u
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanger%20sequencing
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Sanger sequencing is a method of DNA sequencing that involves electrophoresis and is based on the random incorporation of chain-terminating dideoxynucleotides by DNA polymerase during in vitro DNA replication. After first being developed by Frederick Sanger and colleagues in 1977, it became the most widely used sequencing method for approximately 40 years. It was first commercialized by Applied Biosystems in 1986. More recently, higher volume Sanger sequencing has been replaced by next generation sequencing methods, especially for large-scale, automated genome analyses. However, the Sanger method remains in wide use for smaller-scale projects and for validation of deep sequencing results. It still has the advantage over short-read sequencing technologies (like Illumina) in that it can produce DNA sequence reads of > 500 nucleotides and maintains a very low error rate with accuracies around 99.99%. Sanger sequencing is still actively being used in efforts for public health initiatives such as sequencing the spike protein from SARS-CoV-2 as well as for the surveillance of norovirus outbreaks through the Center for Disease Control and Prevention's (CDC) CaliciNet surveillance network.
Method
The classical chain-termination method requires a single-stranded DNA template, a DNA primer, a DNA polymerase, normal deoxynucleotide triphosphates (dNTPs), and modified di-deoxynucleotide triphosphates (ddNTPs), the latter of which terminate DNA strand elongation. These chain-terminating
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solitaire%20%28cipher%29
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The Solitaire cryptographic algorithm was designed by Bruce Schneier at the request of Neal Stephenson for use in his novel Cryptonomicon, in which field agents use it to communicate securely without having to rely on electronics or having to carry incriminating tools. It was designed to be a manual cryptosystem calculated with an ordinary deck of playing cards. In Cryptonomicon, this algorithm was originally called Pontifex to hide the fact that it involved playing cards.
One of the motivations behind Solitaire's creation is that in totalitarian environments, a deck of cards is far more affordable (and less incriminating) than a personal computer with an array of cryptological utilities. However, as Schneier warns in the appendix of Cryptonomicon, just about everyone with an interest in cryptanalysis will now know about this algorithm, so carrying a deck of cards may also be considered incriminating. Furthermore, analysis has revealed flaws in the cipher such that it is now considered insecure.
Encryption and decryption
This algorithm uses a standard deck of cards with 52 suited cards and two jokers which are distinguishable from each other, called the A joker and the B joker. For simplicity's sake, only two suits will be used in this example, clubs and diamonds. Each card is assigned a numerical value: the clubs will be numbered from 1 to 13 (Ace through King) and the diamonds will be numbered 14 through 26 in the same manner. The jokers will be assigned the values of 27
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restriction%20digest
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A restriction digest is a procedure used in molecular biology to prepare DNA for analysis or other processing. It is sometimes termed DNA fragmentation, though this term is used for other procedures as well. In a restriction digest, DNA molecules are cleaved at specific restriction sites of 4-12 nucleotides in length by use of restriction enzymes which recognize these sequences.
The resulting digested DNA is very often selectively amplified using polymerase chain reaction (PCR), making it more suitable for analytical techniques such as agarose gel electrophoresis, and chromatography. It is used in genetic fingerprinting, plasmid subcloning, and RFLP analysis.
Restriction site
A given restriction enzyme cuts DNA segments within a specific nucleotide sequence, at what is called a restriction site. These recognition sequences are typically four, six, eight, ten, or twelve nucleotides long and generally palindromic (i.e. the same nucleotide sequence in the 5' – 3' direction). Because there are only so many ways to arrange the four nucleotides that compose DNA (Adenine, Thymine, Guanine and Cytosine) into a four- to twelve-nucleotide sequence, recognition sequences tend to occur by chance in any long sequence. Restriction enzymes specific to hundreds of distinct sequences have been identified and synthesized for sale to laboratories, and as a result, several potential "restriction sites" appear in almost any gene or locus of interest on any chromosome. Furthermore, almost all
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community%20Service%20%28album%29
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Community Service is a continuous mix album released by The Crystal Method. It features remixes of Crystal Method songs, remixes created by The Crystal Method, and songs from other artists. Remixed songs from popular bands Garbage, P.O.D., and Rage Against the Machine make appearances and the final track contains voice samples from The Matrix. A follow-up album, Community Service II, was released with a subsequent tour in 2005.
Track listing
ILS - No Soul (PMT Remix) – 4:17
Evil Nine - Cake Hole – 5:50
Stir Fry - Breakin on the Streets (False Prophet Remix) – 3:54
Koma + Bones - Morpheus (Meat Katie and Dylan Rhymes Mix) – 3:41
Orbital - Funny Break (One Is Enough) (Plump DJ's Mix) – 5:20
Elite Force - Curveball – 4:00
Dastrix - Dude in the Moon (Luna Mix) – 6:04
The Crystal Method - Name of the Game (Hybrid's LA Blackout Remix) – 5:49
P.O.D. - Boom (The Crystal Method Remix) – 3:31
Ceasefire - Trickshot – 3:16
Rage Against the Machine - Renegades of Funk (The Crystal Method Remix) – 3:55
Garbage - Paranoid (The Crystal Method Remix) – 5:23
The Crystal Method - Wild, Sweet and Cool (Static Revenger Mix) – 4:24
Force Mass Motion vs. Dylan Rhymes - Hold Back – 4:37
The Crystal Method - You Know It's Hard (Koma + Bones Remix) – 6:40
Scratch-D vs. H-Bomb - The Red Pill – 3:24
Personnel
Jeff Aguila – Artwork
Tom Beaufoy – producer
Howard Benson – producer
Billy Brunner – producer, remixing
Ceasefire – arranger, producer
Scott Christina – producer
Michael Cla
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tweekend
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Tweekend is the second studio album by American electronic music duo The Crystal Method, released on July 31, 2001, by Outpost Recordings and Geffen Records. The album title is derived from the demise of the West Coast rave scene in the late 1990s and 2000s.
The album features the single "Name of the Game", which has been featured in many films, television series and commercials. The other two singles from the album were "Murder" and "Wild, Sweet and Cool".
Commercial performance
Tweekend debuted at #32 on the Billboard 200 in the United States, Crystal Method's highest position on that chart in their history. It also debuted at #6 on the Canadian Albums Chart, selling 9,603 copies in its first week.
Track listing
N.B.: Track 11 Contains a hidden track with a remix of "Name of the Game", after one minute of silence from Tough Guy.
Personnel
Track 2 and 5: guitars by Tom Morello.
Track 4: vocals by Scott Weiland, guitars by Doug Grean.
Track 5: scratching by DJ Swamp.
Track 5 and 7: vocals by Ryan "Ryu" Maginn.
Track 8: vocals by Julie Gallios.
Note: Alternate versions of this album have "Murder" and "Over the Line" switched around.
The album was packaged with a bonus disc for the Australian/New Zealand tour with the track listing
"Busy Child (Überzone Mix)"
"Name of the Game (Hybrid Blackout in LA Mix)"
"Name of the Game (Eric Kupper's Deep Dub Mix)"
"You Know It's Hard (John Creamer & Stephane K Mix)"
"You Know It's Hard (Dub Pistols Dub Mix)"
"You Know It
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AC-3%20algorithm
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In constraint satisfaction, the AC-3 algorithm (short for Arc Consistency Algorithm #3) is one of a series of algorithms used for the solution of constraint satisfaction problems (or CSP's). It was developed by Alan Mackworth in 1977. The earlier AC algorithms are often considered too inefficient, and many of the later ones are difficult to implement, and so AC-3 is the one most often taught and used in very simple constraint solvers.
The algorithm
AC-3 operates on constraints, variables, and the variables' domains (scopes). A variable can take any of several discrete values; the set of values for a particular variable is known as its domain. A constraint is a relation that limits or constrains the values a variable may have. The constraint may involve the values of other variables.
The current status of the CSP during the algorithm can be viewed as a directed graph, where the nodes are the variables of the problem, with edges or arcs between variables that are related by symmetric constraints, where each arc in the worklist represents a constraint that needs to be checked for consistency. AC-3 proceeds by examining the arcs between pairs of variables (x, y). It removes those values from the domain of x that aren't consistent with the constraints between x and y. The algorithm keeps a collection of arcs that are yet to be checked; when the domain of a variable has any values removed, all the arcs of constraints pointing to that pruned variable (except the arc of the curr
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coahuilteco%20language
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Coahuilteco was one of the Pakawan languages that was spoken in southern Texas (United States) and northeastern Coahuila (Mexico). It is now extinct.
Classification
Coahuilteco was grouped in an eponymous Coahuiltecan family by John Wesley Powell in 1891, later expanded by additional proposed members by e.g. Edward Sapir. Ives Goddard later treated all these connections with suspicion, leaving Coahuilteco as a language isolate. Manaster Ramer (1996) argues Powell's original more narrow Coahuiltecan grouping is sound, renaming it Pakawan in distinction from the later more expanded proposal. This proposal has been challenged by Campbell, who considers its sound correspondences unsupported and considers that some of the observed similarities between words may be due to borrowing.
Sounds
Consonants
Vowels
Coahuilteco has both short and long vowels.
Syntax
Based primarily on study of one 88-page document, Fray Bartolomé García's 1760 Manual para administrar los santos sacramentos de penitencia, eucharistia, extrema-uncion, y matrimonio: dar gracias despues de comulgar, y ayudar a bien morir, Troike describes two of Coahuilteco's less common syntactic traits: subject-object concord and center-embedding relative clauses.
Subject-Object Concord
In each of these sentences, the object Dios 'God' is the same, but the subject is different, and as a result different suffixes (-n for first person, -m for second person, and -t for third person) must be present after the demonstrati
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microwave%20chemistry
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Microwave chemistry is the science of applying microwave radiation to chemical reactions. Microwaves act as high frequency electric fields and will generally heat any material containing mobile electric charges, such as polar molecules in a solvent or conducting ions in a solid. Polar solvents are heated as their component molecules are forced to rotate with the field and lose energy in collisions. Semiconducting and conducting samples heat when ions or electrons within them form an electric current and energy is lost due to the electrical resistance of the material. Microwave heating in the laboratory began to gain wide acceptance following papers in 1986, although the use of microwave heating in chemical modification can be traced back to the 1950s. Although occasionally known by such acronyms as MAOS (microwave-assisted organic synthesis), MEC (microwave-enhanced chemistry) or MORE synthesis (microwave-organic reaction enhancement), these acronyms have had little acceptance outside a small number of groups.
Heating effect
Conventional heating usually involves the use of a furnace or oil bath, which heats the walls of the reactor by convection or conduction. The core of the sample takes much longer to achieve the target temperature, e.g. when heating a large sample of ceramic bricks.
Acting as internal heat source, microwave absorption is able to heat the target compounds without heating the entire furnace or oil bath, which saves time and energy. It is also able to hea
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathepsin
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Cathepsins (Ancient Greek kata- "down" and hepsein "boil"; abbreviated CTS) are proteases (enzymes that degrade proteins) found in all animals as well as other organisms. There are approximately a dozen members of this family, which are distinguished by their structure, catalytic mechanism, and which proteins they cleave. Most of the members become activated at the low pH found in lysosomes. Thus, the activity of this family lies almost entirely within those organelles. There are, however, exceptions such as cathepsin K, which works extracellularly after secretion by osteoclasts in bone resorption. Cathepsins have a vital role in mammalian cellular turnover.
Classification
Cathepsin A (serine protease)
Cathepsin B (cysteine protease)
Cathepsin C (cysteine protease)
Cathepsin D (aspartyl protease)
Cathepsin E (aspartyl protease)
Cathepsin F (cysteine proteinase)
Cathepsin G (serine protease)
Cathepsin H (cysteine protease)
Cathepsin K (cysteine protease)
Cathepsin L1 (cysteine protease)
Cathepsin L2 (or V) (cysteine protease)
Cathepsin O (cysteine protease)
Cathepsin S (cysteine protease)
Cathepsin W (cysteine proteinase)
Cathepsin Z (or X) (cysteine protease)
Clinical significance
Cathepsins are involved in many physiological processes have been implicated in a number of human diseases. The cysteine cathepsins have attracted significant research effort as drug targets.
Cancer, Cathepsin D is a mitogen and "it attenuates the anti-tumor immune response o
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ap%C3%A9ry%27s%20theorem
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In mathematics, Apéry's theorem is a result in number theory that states the Apéry's constant ζ(3) is irrational. That is, the number
cannot be written as a fraction where p and q are integers. The theorem is named after Roger Apéry.
The special values of the Riemann zeta function at even integers () can be shown in terms of Bernoulli numbers to be irrational, while it remains open whether the function's values are in general rational or not at the odd integers () (though they are conjectured to be irrational).
History
Leonhard Euler proved that if n is a positive integer then
for some rational number . Specifically, writing the infinite series on the left as , he showed
where the are the rational Bernoulli numbers. Once it was proved that is always irrational, this showed that is irrational for all positive integers n.
No such representation in terms of π is known for the so-called zeta constants for odd arguments, the values for positive integers n. It has been conjectured that the ratios of these quantities
are transcendental for every integer .
Because of this, no proof could be found to show that the zeta constants with odd arguments were irrational, even though they were (and still are) all believed to be transcendental. However, in June 1978, Roger Apéry gave a talk titled "Sur l'irrationalité de ζ(3)." During the course of the talk he outlined proofs that and were irrational, the latter using methods simplified from those used to tackle the former r
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4-8-8-2
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Under the Whyte notation for the classification of steam locomotives, a 4-8-8-2 is a locomotive with four leading wheels, two sets of eight driving wheels, and a two-wheel trailing truck.
Other equivalent classifications are:
UIC classification: 2DD1 (also known as German classification and Italian classification)
French classification: 240+041
Turkish classification: 46+45
Swiss classification: 4/6+4/5
The equivalent UIC classification is refined to (2'D)D1' for simple articulated locomotives.
A locomotive of that length must be an articulated locomotive; meaning all have a joint between the first and second groups of driving wheels. All examples of this type are cab forwards. Normally, the leading truck sits under the smokebox and the trailing truck under the firebox. On a cab-forward, the leading truck supports the firebox and the trailing truck and smokebox are at the rear next to the tender. A 4-8-8-2 is effectively a 2-8-8-4 that always runs in reverse.
Southern Pacific
The Southern Pacific was the only railroad to operate engines of this wheel arrangement, all of which were built by the Baldwin Locomotive Works. A total of 195 were produced between 1928 and 1944 in eight batches. The later ones had cylinders 24 inches by 32 inches, drivers 63-1/2 inches and boiler pressures of 250 psi, giving a calculated tractive effort of 123,400 lb.
The locomotives were built as cab-forwards to protect engine crews from exhaust smoke and heat in the many tunnels and snow sh
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal%20Plamondon
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Crystal Plamondon (born in 1963 in Plamondon, Alberta, Canada) is a trilingual singer and performer of Cajun and country music.
Plamondon's birth town was founded by her grandfather. She began singing publicly at the age of ten but didn't record until 1990 when she made her own cassette. Plamondon lists her musical influences as Daniel Lanois, Zachary Richard, Dolly Parton, Sting, and Emmylou Harris. Her CDs include Carpe Diem in 1993, La Rousse Farouche in 1996, and Plus de Frontières in 2002. Plus de Frontières (English: No Borders) was nominated for a Western Canadian Music Award for "Outstanding Francophone Recording" in 2003. She speaks three languages: English, French, and Cree.
In 1992, she received the Molson Canadian ARIA (Alberta Recording Industry Association) Performer of the Year Award. In 1993, she was nominated for YWCA's Tribute to Women Award, for Arts & Culture. In 1994, Plamondon was given formal recognition of her talents by being made an honorary citizen of Breaux Bridge, Louisiana. Her music videos, Rendez-vous en Louisiane and Cajun Girl/ La Cajine filmed in Plamondon, Alberta, receive regular play in the southern U.S. and in Canada.
Plamondon had a television special filmed in Benin, West Africa and in her Alberta home in November, 1998 called Passeport Musique for Radio Canada. She has also performed live on Parliament Hill in 1997 for the Canada Day celebration; and on October 18, 2000, Crystal sang the Famous Five Anthem for the inauguration of
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurofibromatosis%20type%20I
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Neurofibromatosis type I (NF-1), or von Recklinghausen syndrome, is a complex multi-system human disorder caused by the mutation of Neurofibromin 1, a gene on chromosome 17 that is responsible for production of a protein (neurofibromin) which is needed for normal function in many human cell types. NF-1 causes tumors along the nervous system which can grow anywhere on the body. NF-1 is one of the most common genetic disorders and is not limited to any person's race or sex. NF-1 is an autosomal dominant disorder, which means that mutation or deletion of one copy (or allele) of the NF-1 gene is sufficient for the development of NF-1, although presentation varies widely and is often different even between relatives affected by NF-1.
, there are at least 100,000 people in the U.S. and about 25,000 people in the UK who have been diagnosed with NF. Common symptoms of NF-1 include brownish-red spots in the colored part of the eye called Lisch nodules, benign skin tumors called neurofibromas, and larger benign tumors of nerves called plexiform neurofibromas, scoliosis (curvature of the spine), learning disabilities, vision disorders, mental disabilities, multiple café au lait spots and epilepsy. While some people have major complications, others with the condition can lead productive and full lives.
NF-1 is a developmental syndrome caused by germline mutations in neurofibromin, a gene that is involved in the RAS pathway (RASopathy). Due to its rarity, and to the fact that genetic di
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canfield%20%28solitaire%29
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Canfield (US) or Demon (UK) is a patience or solitaire card game with a very low probability of winning. It is an English game first called Demon Patience and described as "the best game for one pack that has yet been invented". It was popularised in the United States in the early 20th century as a result of a story that casino owner Richard A. Canfield had turned it into a gambling game, although it may actually have been Klondike and not Demon that was played at his casino. As a result it became known as Canfield in the United States, while continuing to be called Demon Patience in the United Kingdom and elsewhere. It is closely related to Klondike, and is one of the most popular games of its type.
History
The game is first recorded in 1891 in England by Mary Whitmore Jones as Demon Patience. She describes it as "by far the best game for one pack that has yet been invented," and goes on to say that its "very uncomplimentary name" seems to derive from its ability to frustrate. "Truly a mocking spirit appears to preside over the game, and snatches success from the player often at the last moment, when it seems just within his grasp." Nevertheless when the player does succeed in getting the patience out, "it is a triumph to have conquered the demon."
In Henrietta Stannard's 1895 novel, A Magnificent Young Man, Mrs. Bladenbrook invites the curate to "show me this wonderful new game of yours". He fails to get it out declaring, "Ah, it is no use." Mrs. Bladenbrook asks, "But
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2Day%20FM
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2Day FM (call sign 2DAY) is a commercial FM radio station broadcasting in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia, on a frequency of 104.1 MHz, and is part of Southern Cross Austereo's Hit Network.
History
1980s
2Day FM was one of three radio stations (along with Triple M and Triple J) to be granted new FM broadcasting licenses in Sydney in 1980, and commenced broadcasting on 2 August of that year. The original owners were well known media personalities John Laws (30%), Mike Willesee (30%), Village Roadshow (30%) and Graham Kennedy (10%). The station's original programming format was focused towards easy-listening music, but shifted to more pop and rock oriented programming since the late 1980s, with the later addition of Hip-Hop and dance music to their playlists.
Originally the studios were located on the second floor of the Sovereign Inn at 220 Pacific Highway, Crows Nest. The building became the All Seasons hotel during the 2000s and in 2009 was demolished and re-developed into a mixed commercial building.
The original equipment comprised BMX Pacific Recorder mixing consoles, and CEI cartridge machines.
The station was sold to the Lamb Family in February 1987, who sold it again to radio group Austereo in May 1989.
1990s
In 1995, the station's owner Austereo bought out the Triple M network from Hoyts, and following the merger of the two companies in 1996 2Day FM moved its studios and administration to Level 24, Tower 1, Westfield Bondi Junction at 520 Oxford Street, just
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catheter%20ablation
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Catheter ablation is a procedure that uses radio-frequency energy or other sources to terminate or modify a faulty electrical pathway from sections of the heart of those who are prone to developing cardiac arrhythmias such as atrial fibrillation, atrial flutter and Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome. If not controlled, such arrhythmias increase the risk of ventricular fibrillation and sudden cardiac arrest. The ablation procedure can be classified by energy source: radiofrequency ablation and cryoablation.
Medical uses
Catheter ablation may be recommended for a recurrent or persistent arrhythmia resulting in symptoms or other dysfunction. Typically, catheter ablation is used only when pharmacologic treatment has been ineffective.
Effectiveness
Catheter ablation of most arrhythmias has a high success rate. Success rates for WPW syndrome have been as high as 95% For SVT, single procedure success is 91% to 96% (95% Confidence Interval) and multiple procedure success is 92% to 97% (95% Confidence Interval). For atrial flutter, single procedure success is 88% to 95% (95% Confidence Interval) and multiple procedure success is 95% to 99% (95% Confidence Interval). For automatic atrial tachycardias, the success rates are 70–90%. The potential complications include bleeding, blood clots, pericardial tamponade, and heart block, but these risks are very low, ranging from 2.6 to 3.2%.
For non-paroxysmal atrial fibrillation, a 2016 systematic review compared catheter ablation to heart rhy
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reid%27s%20base%20line
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Reid's base line is used for an unambiguous definition of the orientation of the human skull in conventional radiography, computer tomography (CT), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies. It is defined as a line drawn from the inferior margin of the orbit (Orbitale point) to the auricular point (center of the orifice of the external acoustic meatus, Auriculare point) and extending backward to the center of the occipital bone. Reid's base line is used as the zero plane in computed tomography. Paediatric base line is an anatomic line that maintains a fixed relation to facial bones throughout the period of growth
In 1962, the World Federation of Radiology defined it as the line between the infraorbital margin and the upper margin of the external auditory meatus.
With the head upright, it is typically tilted about 7 degrees nose up with respect to the horizontal plane.
See also
Frankfurt plane
External links
Radiology
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harmonic%20%28mathematics%29
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In mathematics, a number of concepts employ the word harmonic. The similarity of this terminology to that of music is not accidental: the equations of motion of vibrating strings, drums and columns of air are given by formulas involving Laplacians; the solutions to which are given by eigenvalues corresponding to their modes of vibration. Thus, the term "harmonic" is applied when one is considering functions with sinusoidal variations, or solutions of Laplace's equation and related concepts.
Mathematical terms whose names include "harmonic" include:
Projective harmonic conjugate
Cross-ratio
Harmonic analysis
Harmonic conjugate
Harmonic form
Harmonic function
Harmonic mean
Harmonic mode
Harmonic number
Harmonic series
Alternating harmonic series
Harmonic tremor
Spherical harmonics
Mathematical terminology
Harmonic analysis
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photocatalysis
|
In chemistry, photocatalysis is the acceleration of a photoreaction in the presence of a photocatalyst, the excited state of which "repeatedly interacts with the reaction partners forming reaction intermediates and regenerates itself after each cycle of such interactions." In many cases, the catalyst is a solid that upon irradiation with UV- or visible light generates electron–hole pairs that generate free radicals. Photocatalysts belong to three main groups; heterogeneous, homogeneous, and plasmonic antenna-reactor catalysts. The use of each catalysts depends on the preferred application and required catalysis reaction.
History
Early mentions (1911–1938)
The earliest mention came in 1911, when German chemist Dr. Alexander Eibner integrated the concept in his research of the illumination of zinc oxide (ZnO) on the bleaching of the dark blue pigment, Prussian blue. Around this time, Bruner and Kozak published an article discussing the deterioration of oxalic acid in the presence of uranyl salts under illumination, while in 1913, Landau published an article explaining the phenomenon of photocatalysis. Their contributions led to the development of actinometric measurements, measurements that provide the basis of determining photon flux in photochemical reactions. After a hiatus, in 1921, Baly et al. used ferric hydroxides and colloidal uranium salts as catalysts for the creation of formaldehyde under visible light.
In 1938 Doodeve and Kitchener discovered that , a highly-st
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxic%20capacity
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Toxic capacity can mean the toxicity of a substance, possibly in relation to a specific organism and toxic capacity can mean the capacity of an organism, organic system or ecosystem to contain a toxic substance or a selection of toxic substances (a compound) without showing signs of poisoning or dying.
Toxic capacity among humans, children
Generally people with less mass have a lower toxic capacity than people with larger mass. In particular, children (who have lower mass compared to an adult) are more vulnerable to toxic effects of compounds. The compounds do not have to be poisons but could be medications as well, which is why children's dosages are almost always less than those of an adult, and the overdose danger higher for children.
See also
Persistent organic pollutants
Toxicology
External links
Greenpeace: Chemicals out of control
WWF: Detox Campaign
Toxicology
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shunt
|
Shunt may refer to:
Shunt (medical), a hole or passage allowing fluid to move from one part of the body to another
Shunt (electrical), a device allowing electric current to pass around a point in a circuit
Shunt, a British term for rear-end collision of road vehicles
Shunt (railway operations), sorting items of rolling stock into trains, also called "switching"
Shunt (sailing), a maneuver for sailing upwind on reversible single-outrigger boats
Shunt (theatre company), an experimental theatre company based in London
Shunt, an alternative metabolic pathway
Shunt, a house robot in the TV series Robot Wars
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