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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potato%20spindle%20tuber%20viroid
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The potato spindle tuber viroid (PSTVd) was the first viroid to be identified. PSTVd is a small, single stranded circular RNA molecule closely related to the chrysanthemum stunt viroid. Present within the viroidal RNA is the Pospiviroid RY motif stem loop common to its genus. The natural hosts are potatoes (Solanum tuberosum) and tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum). All potatoes and tomatoes are susceptible to PSTVd and there is no form of natural resistance. Natural infections have also been seen in avocados and infections in other solanaceous crops have been induced in the laboratory. Until 2017 PSTVd was thought to be unable to infect Solanum sisymbriifolium. Then in May seeds exported by a Dutch company were noticed to be infected. These seeds were shipped from the company, but had been originally bred to their specifications in two Asian countries. Pstv also causes Tomato bunchy top and is seed transmitted in tomato.
Discovery
It was discovered by Theodor Otto Diener, who is a plant pathologist at the U.S Department of Agriculture's Research Center in Beltsville, Maryland, and discovered it in 1971. He named it viroid because it is 1/80th size of a virus.
Strains and their symptoms
Different strains of PSTVd exist and symptoms range from mild to severe. Mild strains produce no obvious symptoms. Symptoms in severe strains are dependent on environmental conditions and are most severe in hot conditions. Symptoms may be mild in initial infections but become progressively wor
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sublinear%20function
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In linear algebra, a sublinear function (or functional as is more often used in functional analysis), also called a quasi-seminorm or a Banach functional, on a vector space is a real-valued function with only some of the properties of a seminorm. Unlike seminorms, a sublinear function does not have to be nonnegative-valued and also does not have to be absolutely homogeneous. Seminorms are themselves abstractions of the more well known notion of norms, where a seminorm has all the defining properties of a norm that it is not required to map non-zero vectors to non-zero values.
In functional analysis the name Banach functional is sometimes used, reflecting that they are most commonly used when applying a general formulation of the Hahn–Banach theorem.
The notion of a sublinear function was introduced by Stefan Banach when he proved his version of the Hahn-Banach theorem.
There is also a different notion in computer science, described below, that also goes by the name "sublinear function."
Definitions
Let be a vector space over a field where is either the real numbers or complex numbers
A real-valued function on is called a (or a if ), and also sometimes called a or a , if it has these two properties:
Positive homogeneity/Nonnegative homogeneity: for all real and all
This condition holds if and only if for all positive real and all
Subadditivity/Triangle inequality: for all
This subadditivity condition requires to be real-valued.
A function is ca
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QPM
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QPM may refer to:
Quality protein maize, a high yield variety
Quantitative phase contrast microscopy, a group of microscopy methods
Quasi-phase-matching, a technique in nonlinear optics
Queen's Police Medal, awarded to UK/Commonwealth police officers
Questions of Procedure for Ministers, the confidential predecessor of the Ministerial Code (United Kingdom)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Momentum%20theory
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In fluid dynamics, momentum theory or disk actuator theory is a theory describing a mathematical model of an ideal actuator disk, such as a propeller or helicopter rotor, by W.J.M. Rankine (1865), Alfred George Greenhill (1888) and Robert Edmund Froude (1889).
The rotor is modeled as an infinitely thin disc, inducing a constant velocity along the axis of rotation. The basic state of a helicopter is hovering. This disc creates a flow around the rotor. Under certain mathematical premises of the fluid, there can be extracted a mathematical connection between power, radius of the rotor, torque and induced velocity. Friction is not included.
For a stationary open rotor with no outer duct, such as a helicopter in hover, the power required to produce a given thrust is:
where:
T is the thrust
is the density of air (or other medium)
A is the area of the rotor disc
P is power
A device which converts the translational energy of the fluid into rotational energy of the axis or vice versa is called a Rankine disk actuator. The real life implementations of such devices include marine and aviation propellers, windmills, helicopter rotors, centrifugal pumps, wind turbines, turbochargers and chemical agitators.
See also
Blade element theory
Circulation (fluid dynamics)
Disk loading
Kutta–Joukowski theorem
References
Fluid dynamics
Propellers
Momentum
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%E2%82%80
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B0, that is "B subscript zero", is also generally used in Magnetic Resonance Imaging to denote the net magnetization vector. Although in physics and mathematics the notation to represent a physical quantity can be arbitrary, it is generally accepted in the literature, such as the International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine that B0 represents net magnetization. This is particularly prominent in areas of science where magnetic fields are important such as spectroscopy. By convention, B0 is interpreted as a vector quantity pointing the z-direction, with subsequent x and y cartesian axes oriented with the right hand rule.
B0 is also the symbol often used to denote the reference magnetization in which equations with electromagnetic fields are normalized.
References
Magnetic resonance imaging
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human%20ecosystem
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Human ecosystems are human-dominated ecosystems of the anthropocene era that are viewed as complex cybernetic systems by conceptual models that are increasingly used by ecological anthropologists and other scholars to examine the ecological aspects of human communities in a way that integrates multiple factors as economics, sociopolitical organization, psychological factors, and physical factors related to the environment.
A human ecosystem has three central organizing concepts: human environed unit (an individual or group of individuals), environment, interactions and transactions between and within the components. The total environment includes three conceptually distinct, but interrelated environments: the natural, human constructed, and human behavioral. These environments furnish the resources and conditions necessary for life and constitute a life-support system.
Further reading
Basso, Keith 1996 “Wisdom Sits in Places: Landscape and Language among the Western Apache.” Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.
Douglas, Mary 1999 “Implicit Meanings: Selected Essays in Anthropology.” London and New York: Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group.
Nadasdy, Paul 2003 “Hunters and Bureaucrats: Power, Knowledge, and Aboriginal-State Relations in the Southwest Yukon.” Vancouver and Toronto: UBC Press.
References
See also
Media ecosystem
Urban ecosystem
Total human ecosystem
Anthropology
Ecosystems
Environmental sociology
Social systems concepts
Systems biology
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ennio%20de%20Giorgi
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Ennio De Giorgi (8 February 1928 – 25 October 1996) was an Italian mathematician who worked on partial differential equations and the foundations of mathematics.
Mathematical work
De Giorgi's first work was in geometric measure theory, on the topic of the sets of finite perimeters which he called in 1958 as Caccioppoli sets, after his mentor and friend. His definition applied some important analytic tools and the De Giorgi's theorem for the sets established a new tool for set theory as well as his own works. This achievement not only brought Ennio immediate recognition but displayed his ability to attack problems using completely new and effective methods which, though conceived before, can be used with greater precision as shown in his research works.
He solved Bernstein's problem about minimal surfaces for 8 dimensions in 1969 with Enrico Bombieri and Enrico Giusti, for which Bombieri won the Fields Medal in 1974.
His earliest work was on the aim to develop a regularity theory for minimal hypersurfaces, changing how we view the advanced theory of minimal surfaces and calculus of variations forever. The proof required De Giorgi to develop his own version of geometric measure theory along with a related key compactness theorem. With these results, he was able to conclude that a minimal hypersurface is analytic outside a closed subset of codimension at least two. He also established regularity theory for all minimal surfaces in a similar manner.
He solved 19th Hilbert prob
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans%20Lewy
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Hans Lewy (20 October 1904 – 23 August 1988) was a Jewish American mathematician, known for his work on partial differential equations and on the theory of functions of several complex variables.
Life
Lewy was born in Breslau, Silesia, on October 20, 1904. He began his studies at the University of Göttingen in 1922, after being advised to avoid the more local University of Breslau because it was too old-fashioned, supporting himself during the Weimar hyperinflation by a side job doing railroad track maintenance. At Göttingen, he studied both mathematics and physics; his teachers there included Max Born, Richard Courant, James Franck, David Hilbert, Edmund Landau, Emmy Noether, and Alexander Ostrowski. He earned his doctorate in 1926, at which time he and his friend Kurt Otto Friedrichs both became assistants to Courant and privatdozents at Göttingen. The famous Courant-Friedrichs-Lewy condition originated from that time in 1928.
At the recommendation of Courant, Lewy was granted a Rockefeller Fellowship, which he used in 1929 to travel to Rome and study algebraic geometry with Tullio Levi-Civita and Federigo Enriques, and then in 1930 to travel to Paris, where he attended the seminar of Jacques Hadamard. After Hitler's election as chancellor in 1933, Lewy was advised by Herbert Busemann to leave Germany again. He was offered a position in Madrid, but declined it, fearing for the future there under Francisco Franco. He revisited Italy and France, but then at the invitation o
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated%20device%20manufacturer
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An integrated device manufacturer (IDM) is a semiconductor company which designs, manufactures, and sells integrated circuit (IC) products.
IDM is often used to refer to a company which handles semiconductor manufacturing in-house, compared to a fabless semiconductor company, which outsources production to a third-party semiconductor fabrication plant.
Examples of IDMs are Intel, Samsung, and Texas Instruments, examples of fabless companies are AMD, Nvidia, and Qualcomm, and examples of pure play foundries are GlobalFoundries, TSMC, and UMC.
Due to the dynamic nature of the semiconductor industry, the term IDM has become less accurate than when it was coined.
OSATs
The term OSATs means "outsourced semiconductor assembly and test providers". OSATs have dominated IC packaging and testing.
Fabless operations
The terms fabless (fabrication-less), foundry, and IDM are now used to describe the role a company has in a business relationship. For example, Freescale owns and operates fabrication facilities (fab) where it manufactures many chip product lines, as a traditional IDM would. Yet it is known to contract with merchant foundries for other products, as would fabless companies.
Manufacturers
Many electronic manufacturing companies engage in business that would qualify them as an IDM:
Analog Devices
ams AG
Belling
Changxin Memory Technologies
Cypress Semiconductor
CR Microelectronics
Fujitsu
Good-Ark Electronics
Hitachi
IBM
IM Flash Technologies
Infineon
Inter
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodiversity%20of%20New%20Zealand
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The biodiversity of New Zealand, a large island country located in the south-western Pacific Ocean, is varied and distinctive. The species of New Zealand accumulated over many millions of years as lineages evolved in the local circumstances. New Zealand's pre-human biodiversity exhibited high levels of species endemism, but has experienced episodes of biological turnover. Global extinction approximately 65 Ma (million years ago) resulted in the loss of fauna such as non-avian dinosaurs, pterosaurs and marine reptiles e.g. mosasaurs, elasmosaurs and plesiosaurs. The ancient fauna is not well known, but at least one species of terrestrial mammal existed in New Zealand around 19 Ma. For at least several million years before the arrival of human and commensal species, the islands had no terrestrial mammals except for bats and seals, the main component of the terrestrial fauna being insects and birds. As recently as the 14th century a component has been introduced by humans, including many terrestrial mammals.
New Zealand has developed a national Biodiversity Action Plan to address conservation of considerable numbers of threatened flora and fauna within New Zealand.
Evolution
The break-up of the supercontinent of Gondwana left the resulting continents and microcontinents with shared biological affinities. Zealandia (the continental crust from which New Zealand and New Caledonia later developed) began to move away from Antarctic Gondwana 85 Ma ago, the break being complete by 6
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moore%27s%20second%20law
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Rock's law or Moore's second law, named for Arthur Rock or Gordon Moore, says that the cost of a semiconductor chip fabrication plant doubles every four years. As of 2015, the price had already reached about 14 billion US dollars.
Rock's law can be seen as the economic flip side to Moore's (first) law – that the number of transistors in a dense integrated circuit doubles every two years. The latter is a direct consequence of the ongoing growth of the capital-intensive semiconductor industry— innovative and popular products mean more profits, meaning more capital available to invest in ever higher levels of large-scale integration, which in turn leads to the creation of even more innovative products.
The semiconductor industry has always been extremely capital-intensive, with ever-dropping manufacturing unit costs. Thus, the ultimate limits to growth of the industry will constrain the maximum amount of capital that can be invested in new products; at some point, Rock's Law will collide with Moore's Law.
It has been suggested that fabrication plant costs have not increased as quickly as predicted by Rock's law – indeed plateauing in the late 1990s – and also that the fabrication plant cost per transistor (which has shown a pronounced downward trend) may be more relevant as a constraint on Moore's Law.
See also
Semiconductor device fabrication
Fabless manufacturing
Wirth's law, an analogous law about software complicating over time
Semiconductor consolidation
References
Ex
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagle%27s%20algorithm
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Nagle's algorithm is a means of improving the efficiency of TCP/IP networks by reducing the number of packets that need to be sent over the network. It was defined by John Nagle while working for Ford Aerospace. It was published in 1984 as a Request for Comments (RFC) with title Congestion Control in IP/TCP Internetworks in .
The RFC describes what Nagle calls the "small-packet problem", where an application repeatedly emits data in small chunks, frequently only 1 byte in size. Since TCP packets have a 40-byte header (20 bytes for TCP, 20 bytes for IPv4), this results in a 41-byte packet for 1 byte of useful information, a huge overhead. This situation often occurs in Telnet sessions, where most keypresses generate a single byte of data that is transmitted immediately. Worse, over slow links, many such packets can be in transit at the same time, potentially leading to congestion collapse.
Nagle's algorithm works by combining a number of small outgoing messages and sending them all at once. Specifically, as long as there is a sent packet for which the sender has received no acknowledgment, the sender should keep buffering its output until it has a full packet's worth of output, thus allowing output to be sent all at once.
Algorithm
The RFC defines the algorithm as
inhibit the sending of new TCP segments when new outgoing data arrives from the user if any previously transmitted data on the connection remains unacknowledged.
Where MSS is the maximum segment size, the large
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General%20Instrument
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General Instrument (GI) was an American electronics manufacturer based in Horsham, Pennsylvania, specializing in semiconductors and cable television equipment. They formed in New York City in 1923 as an electronics manufacturer. During the 1950s, the company began a series of acquisitions under the direction of Moses Shapiro. Among the more notable purchases was General Transistor in 1960, which led to GI becoming a major producer of transistors, and later, integrated circuits (ICs). By the late 1960s, the company was mostly depending on sales into the television industry, which was further bolstered by the 1967 purchase of Jerrold Electronics.
The company changed markets continually. Through the 1970s they focussed mostly on the off-track betting market through their purchase of American Totalisator, but this market faced significant competition in the late 1970s. At this time, GI became well known for their IC's including the CP1600 used in the Mattel Intellivision game console, the AY-3-8910 series of sound chips that were used in a huge variety of designs, and the PIC microcontrollers which remain in production . They also became increasingly active in the cable television field, emerging as the primary supplier in this market by the late 1980s. They sold off their IC division to form Microchip Technology in 1987, leaving them almost entirely dependant on the television market.
GI became a major leader in the development of high definition television. As this market beg
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four-frequency
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The four-frequency of a massless particle, such as a photon, is a four-vector defined by
where is the photon's frequency and is a unit vector in the direction of the photon's motion. The four-frequency of a photon is always a future-pointing and null vector. An observer moving with four-velocity will observe a frequency
Where is the Minkowski inner-product (+−−−)
Closely related to the four-frequency is the four-wavevector defined by
where , is the speed of light and and is the wavelength of the photon. The four-wavevector is more often used in practice than the four-frequency, but the two vectors are related (using ) by
See also
Four-vector
Wave vector
References
Four-vectors
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boyer%E2%80%93Moore%E2%80%93Horspool%20algorithm
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In computer science, the Boyer–Moore–Horspool algorithm or Horspool's algorithm is an algorithm for finding substrings in strings. It was published by Nigel Horspool in 1980 as SBM.
It is a simplification of the Boyer–Moore string-search algorithm which is related to the Knuth–Morris–Pratt algorithm. The algorithm trades space for time in order to obtain an average-case complexity of O(n) on random text, although it has O(nm) in the worst case, where the length of the pattern is m and the length of the search string is n.
Description
Like Boyer–Moore, Boyer–Moore–Horspool preprocesses the pattern to produce a table containing, for each symbol in the alphabet, the number of characters that can safely be skipped. The preprocessing phase, in pseudocode, is as follows (for an alphabet of 256 symbols, i.e., bytes):
Unlike the original, we use zero-based indices here.
function preprocess(pattern)
T ← new table of 256 integers
for i from 0 to 256 exclusive
T[i] ← length(pattern)
for i from 0 to length(pattern) - 1 exclusive
T[pattern[i]] ← length(pattern) - 1 - i
return T
Pattern search proceeds as follows. The procedure reports the index of the first occurrence of in .
function same(str1, str2, len) Compares two strings, up to the first len characters.
i ← len - 1
while str1[i] = str2[i] Note: this is equivalent to !memcmp(str1, str2, len).
if i = 0 The original
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WPP
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WPP may refer to:
WPP plc, a British multinational advertising and public relations company
WPP domain, a protein domain found in plants
Wavefront parallel processing, a video coding technique
White Patriot Party, a former American white supremacist paramilitary political party
Windows software trace preprocessor
United States Federal Witness Protection Program
Woman's Peace Party, an American pacifist organization established in 1915
World Press Photo, holder of an annual press photography contest
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casein%20paint
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Casein paint, derived from milk casein (milk protein), is a fast-drying, water-soluble medium used by artists.
Description
It generally has a glue-like consistency, but can be thinned with water to the degree that fits a particular artist's style and desired result. It can be used on canvas panels, illustration boards, paper, wood, and masonite. Because the dried paint film is inflexible and brittle, it is not appropriate for heavy impasto on flexible supports like canvas; canvas laminated to board is more suitable. Casein paint is reworkable and can be used for underpainting. It generally dries to a matte finish.
Uses
Casein paint has been used since ancient Egyptian times as a form of distemper paint, and is still used today. One of the qualities for which artists value casein paint is that unlike gouache, it dries to an even consistency, making it ideal for murals. Also, it can visually resemble oil painting more than most other water-based paints, and works well as an underpainting.
Casein paint loses its solubility with time and exposure and becomes water-resistant. It is suited most to inflexible surfaces, including furniture. It can be buffed to a soft velvet finish when dry, or varnished for a gloss finish.
Manufacture
The binder for casein paint is made by dissolving casein in an alkali, usually lime, ammonium carbonate, or borax. Casein itself is precipitated from milk by the action of an acid or the enzyme rennet. Lime casein works well on porous surfaces, eve
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chi-square
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The term chi-square, chi-squared, or has various uses in statistics:
chi-square distribution, a continuous probability distribution
chi-square test, name given to some tests using chi-square distribution
chi-square target models, a mathematical model used in radar cross-section
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison%20of%20display%20technology
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This is a comparison of various properties of different display technologies.
General characteristics
Major technologies are CRT, LCD and its derivatives (Quantum dot display, LED backlit LCD, WLCD, OLCD), Plasma, and OLED and its derivatives (Transparent OLED, PMOLED, AMOLED). An emerging technology is Micro LED and cancelled and now obsolete technologies are SED and FED.
Temporal characteristics
Different display technologies have vastly different temporal characteristics, leading to perceptual differences for motion, flicker, etc.
The figure shows a sketch of how different technologies present a single white/grey frame. Time and intensity is not to scale. Notice that some have a fixed intensity, while the illuminated period is variable. This is a kind of pulse-width modulation. Others can vary the actual intensity in response to the input signal.
Single-chip DLPs use a kind of "chromatic multiplexing" in which each color is presented serially. The intensity is varied by modulating the "on" time of each pixel within the time-span of one color. Multi-chip DLPs are not represented in this sketch, but would have a curve identical to the plasma display.
LCDs have a constant (backlit) image, where the intensity is varied by blocking the light shining through the panel.
CRTs use an electron beam, scanning the display, flashing a lit image. If interlacing is used, a single full-resolution image results in two "flashes". The physical properties of the phosphor are responsibl
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double%20terminated%20crystal
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A doubly terminated crystal (or double-terminated crystal) is a crystal with natural faces on both ends.
References
Crystals
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemimetabolism
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Hemimetabolism or hemimetaboly, also called partial metamorphosis and paurometabolism, is the mode of development of certain insects that includes three distinct stages: the egg, nymph, and the adult stage, or imago. These groups go through gradual changes; there is no pupal stage. The nymph often has a thin exoskeleton and resembles the adult stage but lacks wings and functional reproductive organs. The hemimetabolous insects differ from ametabolous taxa in that the one and only adult instar undergoes no further moulting.
Orders
All insects of the Pterygota except Holometabola belong to hemimetabolous orders:
Hemiptera (scale insects, aphids, whitefly, cicadas, leafhoppers, and true bugs)
Orthoptera (grasshoppers, locusts, and crickets)
Mantodea (praying mantises)
Blattodea (cockroaches and termites)
Dermaptera (earwigs)
Odonata (dragonflies and damselflies)
Phasmatodea (stick insects)
Phthiraptera (sucking lice)
Ephemeroptera (mayflies)
Plecoptera (stoneflies)
Notoptera (icebugs and gladiators)
Terminology of aquatic entomology
In aquatic entomology, different terminology is used when categorizing insects with gradual or partial metamorphosis. Paurometabolism (gradual) refers to insects whose nymphs occupy the same environment as the adults, as in the family Gerridae of Hemiptera. The hemimetabolous (partial) insects are those whose nymphs, called naiads, occupy aquatic habitats while the adults are terrestrial. This includes all members of the orders Plecoptera, Ephemero
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumbes%E2%80%93Choc%C3%B3%E2%80%93Magdalena
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Tumbes-Chocó-Magdalena is a biodiversity hotspot, which includes the tropical moist forests and tropical dry forests of the Pacific coast of South America and the Galapagos Islands. The region extends from easternmost Panama to the lower Magdalena Valley of Colombia, and along the Pacific coast of Colombia and Ecuador to the northwestern corner of Peru. Formerly called the Chocó-Darién-Western Ecuador Hotspot, it has been expanded to include several new areas, notably the Magdalena Valley in northern Colombia. It is bounded on the east by the Andes Mountains. The Tumbes-Choco-Magdalena Hotspot is 1,500 km long and encircles 274,597 km². Tumbes-Choco-Magdalena is near the Pacific Ocean. The factors that threaten Tumbes-Choco-Magdalena are farming encroachment, deforestation, illegal crops, and population growth. Whereas the Panamanian and Colombian portion of the hotspot are relatively intact, approximately 98% of native forest in coastal Ecuador has been cleared, rendering it the most threatened tropical forest in the world. The hotspot includes a wide variety of habitats, ranging from mangroves, beaches, rocky shorelines, and coastal wilderness to some of the world's wettest rain forests in the Colombian Chocó. The hotspot includes a number of ecoregions:
Chocó–Darién moist forests (Colombia, Ecuador, Panama)
Ecuadorian dry forests (Ecuador)
Guayaquil flooded grasslands (Ecuador)
Gulf of Guayaquil–Tumbes mangroves (Ecuador, Peru)
Galápagos Islands xeric scrub (Ecuador)
Magd
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal%20hydraulics
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Thermal hydraulics (also called thermohydraulics) is the study of hydraulic flow in thermal fluids. The area can be mainly divided into three parts: thermodynamics, fluid mechanics, and heat transfer, but they are often closely linked to each other. A common example is steam generation in power plants and the associated energy transfer to mechanical motion and the change of states of the water while undergoing this process. Thermal-hydraulic analysis can determine important parameters for reactor design such as plant efficiency and coolability of the system.
The common adjectives are "thermohydraulic", "thermal-hydraulic" and "thermalhydraulic".
Thermodynamic analysis
In the thermodynamic analysis, all states defined in the system are assumed to be in thermodynamic equilibrium; each state has mechanical, thermal, and phase equilibrium, and there is no macroscopic change with respect to time. For the analysis of the system, the first law and second law of thermodynamics can be applied.
In power plant analysis, a series of states can comprise a cycle. In this case, each state represents condition at the inlet/outlet of individual component. The example of components are pumpcompressor, turbine, reactor, and heat exchanger. By considering the constitutive equation for the given type of fluid, thermodynamic state of each point can be analyzed. As a result, the thermal efficiency of the cycle can be defined.
Examples of the cycle include the Carnot cycle, Brayton cycle, and R
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somatic%20cell%20count
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A somatic cell count (SCC) is a cell count of somatic cells in a fluid specimen, usually milk. In dairying, the SCC is an indicator of the quality of milk—specifically, its low likeliness to contain harmful bacteria, and thus its high food safety. White blood cells (leukocytes) constitute the majority of somatic cells in question. The number of somatic cells increases in response to pathogenic bacteria like Staphylococcus aureus, a cause of mastitis. The SCC is quantified as cells per milliliter. General agreement rests on a reference range of less than 100,000 cells/mL for uninfected cows and greater than 250,000 for cows infected with significant pathogen levels. Several tests like the PortaSCC milk test and The California mastitis test provide a cow-side measure of somatic cell count. The somatic cell count in the milk also increases after calving when colostrum is produced.
Bacteria plate count
The methods of determining Grade A milk quality are well established, and are based on the somatic cell count and the bacteria plate count. Generally a lower somatic cell count indicates better animal health, while the bacteria plate count indicates improved equipment sanitation.
Somatic cells originate only from inside the animal's udder, while the bacteria are usually from external contaminations, such as insufficient cleaning of the milk transport equipment or insufficient external cleansing of the cow's udder and teats prior to milking. Milking equipment can also be accident
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FPG
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FPG may refer to:
Fasting plasma glucose
Fisher Poets Gathering, an American poetry festival
Formamidopyrimidine DNA glycosylase
Formosa Plastics Group, a Taiwanese conglomerate
Fragmenta Philosophorum Graecorum, a collection of fragments of ancient Greek philosophical texts
Frederick Philip Grove (1879–1948), German-born Canadian novelist and translator.
Galician People's Front (Spanish: ), a regional political party in Spain
Federal Poverty Guidelines (in the US)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SVF
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SVF or SvF can refer to:
Serial Vector Format, used in boundary scan tests of electronics
Shree Venkatesh Films, an Indian media and entertainment company headquartered in Kolkata, West Bengal
Södra Vätterbygdens folkhögskola
Squamish volcanic field
State variable filter
Stoicorum Veterum Fragmenta, a commonly cited philosophical reference, edited by Hans Friedrich August von Arnim
Stromal vascular fraction
SVF Foundation
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kissin%27%20Cousins
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Kissin' Cousins (stylized onscreen as KISƧIN' COUSINS) is a 1964 American musical Panavision Metrocolor comedy film directed by Gene Nelson and starring Elvis Presley. Written by Gerald Drayson Adams and Gene Nelson, the film featured Presley playing two roles: an Air Force officer, with dark hair, and his look-alike hillbilly distant cousin, with blond hair.
Plot
The U.S. Federal Government has run into a dead end trying to negotiate the lease of mountaintop land owned by Pappy Tatum, in the Great Smoky Mountains of Tennessee, for use as an ICBM missile base. U.S. Army General Alvin Donford gives Captain Robert Salbo seven days to secure the lease, or face permanent assignment to Greenland. After a quick computer search of military records, Salbo requests that U.S. Air Force pilot Second Lt. Josh Morgan, born elsewhere in the Great Smoky Mountains, be assigned as his number two. When they arrive in Tennessee with a small platoon, dark-haired Josh is surprised to meet his look-alike third cousin Jodie Tatum, a blond hillbilly.
Josh also meets his two beautiful country cousins, Azalea and Selena, who compete to win his affections. Josh eventually chooses Azalea and pairs off Selena with his friend, Master Sgt. William Bailey. Jodie, on the other hand, falls for Private Midge Riley, a beautiful but fiery soldier. There are also a group of 13 mountain maidens called the Kittyhawks who create havoc when they set their sights on the marriage-eligible soldiers.
Josh persuades Pa
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sex%20hormone-binding%20globulin
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Sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) or sex steroid-binding globulin (SSBG) is a glycoprotein that binds to androgens and estrogens. When produced by the Sertoli cells in the seminiferous tubules of the testis, it is called androgen-binding protein (ABP).
Other steroid hormones such as progesterone, cortisol, and other corticosteroids are bound by transcortin. SHBG is found in all vertebrates apart from birds.
Function
Testosterone and estradiol circulate in the bloodstream, loosely bound mostly to serum albumin (~54%), and to a lesser extent bound tightly to SHBG (~44%). Only a very small fraction of about 1 to 2% is unbound, or "free," and thus biologically active and able to enter a cell and activate its receptor. SHBG inhibits the function of these hormones. Thus, the local bioavailability of sex hormones is influenced by the level of SHBG. Because SHBG binds to testosterone (T) and dihydrotestosterone (DHT), these hormones are made less lipophilic and become concentrated within the luminal fluid of the seminiferous tubules. The higher levels of these hormones enable spermatogenesis in the seminiferous tubules and sperm maturation in the epididymis. SHBG’s production is regulated under the influence of FSH on Sertoli cells, enhanced by insulin, retinol, and testosterone.
The relative binding affinity of various sex steroids for SHBG is dihydrotestosterone (DHT) > testosterone > androstenediol > estradiol > estrone. DHT binds to SHBG with about 5 times the affinity of te
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shortwave%20bands
|
Shortwave bands are frequency allocations for use within the shortwave radio spectrum (the upper medium frequency [MF] band and all of the high frequency [HF] band). Radio waves in these frequency ranges can be used for very long distance (transcontinental) communication because they can reflect off layers of charged particles in the ionosphere and return to Earth beyond the horizon, a mechanism called skywave or “skip” propagation. They are allocated by the ITU for radio services such as maritime communications, international shortwave broadcasting and worldwide amateur radio. The bands are conventionally named by their wavelength in metres, for example the ‘20 meter band’. Radio propagation and possible communication distances vary depending on the time of day, the season and the level of solar activity.
International broadcast bands
These bands are used by powerful long range AM radio stations, many operated by governments, which broadcast to multiple countries. Most international broadcasters use amplitude modulation with 5 kHz steps between channels; a few use single sideband or reduced carrier single sideband modulation. The World Radiocommunication Conference (WRC), organized under the auspices of the International Telecommunication Union, allocates bands for various services in periodic conferences. The most recent WRC took place in 2012. At WRC-97 in 1997, the following bands were allocated for international broadcasting:
Particularly in the United States and at
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/40-meter%20band
|
The 40-meter or 7-MHz band is an amateur radio frequency band, spanning 7.000-7.300 MHz in ITU Region 2, and 7.000-7.200 MHz in Regions 1 & 3. It is allocated to radio amateurs worldwide on a primary basis; however, only 7.000-7.200 MHz is exclusively allocated to amateur radio worldwide. Shortwave broadcasters and land mobile users also have primary allocations in some countries, and amateur stations must share the band with these users.
40-meters is considered one of the most reliable all-season long distance communication (DX) and intercontinental bands.
History
The 40-meter band was made available to amateurs in the United States by the Third National Radio Conference on October 10, 1924, and allocated on a worldwide basis by the International Radiotelegraph Conference in Washington, D.C., on October 4, 1927.
For many years, the portion of the band from 7.100–7.300 MHz was allocated to short wave broadcast stations outside the Americas, and was not available to radio amateurs outside of ITU Region 2. At the World Radio Conference WRC-03 in 2003, it was agreed that the broadcast stations would move out of the section 7.100–7.200 MHz on 29 March 2009 and that portion would become a worldwide exclusive amateur allocation afterwards. Releasing the remaining 100 kHz of the band to amateurs at a later date is an IARU aim for future conferences.
Radio propagation characteristics
This band supports both long distance (DX) and intercontinental communications between late afte
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimum%20mean%20square%20error
|
In statistics and signal processing, a minimum mean square error (MMSE) estimator is an estimation method which minimizes the mean square error (MSE), which is a common measure of estimator quality, of the fitted values of a dependent variable. In the Bayesian setting, the term MMSE more specifically refers to estimation with quadratic loss function. In such case, the MMSE estimator is given by the posterior mean of the parameter to be estimated. Since the posterior mean is cumbersome to calculate, the form of the MMSE estimator is usually constrained to be within a certain class of functions. Linear MMSE estimators are a popular choice since they are easy to use, easy to calculate, and very versatile. It has given rise to many popular estimators such as the Wiener–Kolmogorov filter and Kalman filter.
Motivation
The term MMSE more specifically refers to estimation in a Bayesian setting with quadratic cost function. The basic idea behind the Bayesian approach to estimation stems from practical situations where we often have some prior information about the parameter to be estimated. For instance, we may have prior information about the range that the parameter can assume; or we may have an old estimate of the parameter that we want to modify when a new observation is made available; or the statistics of an actual random signal such as speech. This is in contrast to the non-Bayesian approach like minimum-variance unbiased estimator (MVUE) where absolutely nothing is assumed to
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SSN%20%28hull%20classification%20symbol%29
|
An SSN is a nuclear-powered general-purpose attack submarine. SSN is the US Navy hull classification symbol for such vessels; the SS denotes a submarine and the N denotes nuclear power. The designation SSN is used for interoperability throughout NATO under STANAG 1166, though navies use other terms.
History
The first nuclear-powered attack submarine was the US Navy's , operational from 1954. This was followed by the four submarines of the entering service in 1957.
The Royal Navy's first nuclear fleet submarine was which by using an American reactor entered service in 1963. The first all-British nuclear submarines were the two s.
The USN submarine fleet has been all-nuclear powered for over two decades. The bulk of the USN's SSN fleet has been the Los Angeles-class attack submarine. Designed during the Cold War the Los Angeles-class boats raison d'etre was to protect USN carrier battle groups and to hunt Soviet Navy SSBNs before they could launch a first strike against the United States.
The first ever major combat action involving an SSN was during the 1982 Falklands War. An Argentinian cruiser, was sunk by torpedoes fired by the Royal Navy fleet submarine . After that incident, the Argentinian Navy was effectively confined to port.
Since the end of the Cold War, SSNs have evolved into multi-mission submarines. Their roles include submarine-launched cruise missile platforms, intelligence gathering platforms, insertion and exfiltration of special forces teams in additi
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polar%20desert
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Polar deserts are the regions of Earth that fall under an ice cap climate (EF under the Köppen classification). Despite rainfall totals low enough to normally classify as a desert, polar deserts are distinguished from true deserts ( or under the Köppen classification) by low annual temperatures and evapotranspiration. Most polar deserts are covered in ice sheets, ice fields, or ice caps, and they are also called white deserts.
Polar deserts are one of two polar biomes, the other being Arctic tundra. These biomes are located at the poles of Earth, covering much of the Antarctic in the southern hemisphere, and in the northern hemisphere extending from the Arctic into North America, Europe and Asia. Unlike the tundra that can support plant and animal life in the summer, polar deserts are largely barren environments, comprising permanent, flat layers of ice; due to the scarcity of liquid water, the same is also true of the few ice-free areas. However, there is evidence of some life in this seemingly inhospitable landscape: sediments of organic and inorganic substances in the thick ice hosting microbial organisms closely related to cyanobacteria, able to fix carbon dioxide from the melting water.
Temperature changes in polar deserts frequently cross the freezing point of water. This "freeze-thaw" alternation forms patterned textures on the ground, as much as in diameter.
Most of the interior of Antarctica is polar desert, despite the thick ice cover. Conversely, the McMurdo D
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parabolic%20cylinder%20function
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In mathematics, the parabolic cylinder functions are special functions defined as solutions to the differential equation
This equation is found when the technique of separation of variables is used on Laplace's equation when expressed in parabolic cylindrical coordinates.
The above equation may be brought into two distinct forms (A) and (B) by completing the square and rescaling , called H. F. Weber's equations:
and
If is a solution, then so are
If is a solution of equation (), then is a solution of (), and, by symmetry,
are also solutions of ().
Solutions
There are independent even and odd solutions of the form (). These are given by (following the notation of Abramowitz and Stegun (1965)):
and
where is the confluent hypergeometric function.
Other pairs of independent solutions may be formed from linear combinations of the above solutions. One such pair is based upon their behavior at infinity:
where
The function approaches zero for large values of and , while diverges for large values of positive real .
and
For half-integer values of a, these (that is, U and V) can be re-expressed in terms of Hermite polynomials; alternatively, they can also be expressed in terms of Bessel functions.
The functions U and V can also be related to the functions (a notation dating back to Whittaker (1902)) that are themselves sometimes called parabolic cylinder functions:
Function was introduced by Whittaker and Watson as a solution of eq.~() with bounded at . It
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indium%20antimonide
|
Indium antimonide (InSb) is a crystalline compound made from the elements indium (In) and antimony (Sb). It is a narrow-gap semiconductor material from the III-V group used in infrared detectors, including thermal imaging cameras, FLIR systems, infrared homing missile guidance systems, and in infrared astronomy. Indium antimonide detectors are sensitive to infrared wavelengths between 1 and 5 μm.
Indium antimonide was a very common detector in the old, single-detector mechanically scanned thermal imaging systems. Another application is as a terahertz radiation source as it is a strong photo-Dember emitter.
History
The intermetallic compound was first reported by Liu and Peretti in 1951, who gave its homogeneity range, structure type, and lattice constant. Polycrystalline ingots of InSb were prepared by Heinrich Welker in 1952, although they were not very pure by today's semiconductor standards. Welker was interested in systematically studying the semiconducting properties of the III-V compounds. He noted how InSb appeared to have a small direct band gap and a very high electron mobility. InSb crystals have been grown by slow cooling from liquid melt at least since 1954.
Physical properties
InSb has the appearance of dark-grey silvery metal pieces or powder with vitreous lustre. When subjected to temperatures over 500 °C, it melts and decomposes, liberating antimony and antimony oxide vapors.
The crystal structure is zincblende with a 0.648 nm lattice constant.
Electron
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alien%20%28Strapping%20Young%20Lad%20album%29
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Alien is the fourth studio album by Canadian extreme metal band Strapping Young Lad. It was released on March 22, 2005. The album was written by Devin Townsend and Gene Hoglan over a six-month time period. The album reached No. 32 on the Billboard Heatseekers chart and No. 35 on the Top Independent Albums chart.
Background
Townsend was diagnosed with bipolar disorder around 1998, a condition that was unknowingly exacerbated by his alcohol and drug use at the time. To compensate, he was prescribed anti-psychotic medication, but by the time of the writing and recording of Alien, he began expressing doubt about the initial diagnosis, and decided to stop taking the medication, but continued with his substance abuse, and he eventually "flipped out" during the process, and called the resulting album "toxic" and "psychologically very unhealthy".
Townsend and Hoglan were the primary writers of the album, since Simon and Stroud were busy with other commitments. Townsend has stated that the easiest track to record for the album was "Zen", and the most difficult track to record, "Skeksis", was his favourite. The making of Alien was documented and made viewable online on Century Media's official site in February 2005. It was also available as a bonus DVD of the limited first edition of the album. The band recorded a cover of Tom Jones's "What's New Pussycat?" that was scheduled to appear on Alien, but it was not recorded entirely because "it did not fit the flow" of the album. The song
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNA%20polymerase%20I
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RNA polymerase 1 (also known as Pol I) is, in higher eukaryotes, the polymerase that only transcribes ribosomal RNA (but not 5S rRNA, which is synthesized by RNA polymerase III), a type of RNA that accounts for over 50% of the total RNA synthesized in a cell.
Structure and function
Pol I is a 590 kDa enzyme that consists of 14 protein subunits (polypeptides), and its crystal structure in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae was solved at 2.8Å resolution in 2013. Twelve of its subunits have identical or related counterparts in RNA polymerase II (Pol II) and RNA polymerase III (Pol III). The other two subunits are related to Pol II initiation factors and have structural homologues in Pol III.
Ribosomal DNA transcription is confined to the nucleolus, where about 400 copies of the 42.9-kb rDNA gene are present, arranged as tandem repeats in nucleolus organizer regions. Each copy contains a ~13.3 kb sequence encoding the 18S, the 5.8S, and the 28S RNA molecules, interlaced with two internal transcribed spacers, ITS1 and ITS2, and flanked upstream by a 5' external transcribed spacer and a downstream 3' external transcribed spacer. These components are transcribed together to form the 45S pre-rRNA. The 45S pre-rRNA is then post-transcriptionally cleaved by C/D box and H/ACA box snoRNAs, removing the two spacers and resulting in the three rRNAs by a complex series of steps. The 5S ribosomal RNA is transcribed by Pol III. Because of the simplicity of Pol I transcription, it is the
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Important%20Bird%20Area
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An Important Bird and Biodiversity Area (IBA) is an area identified using an internationally agreed set of criteria as being globally important for the conservation of bird populations.
IBA was developed and sites are identified by BirdLife International. There are over 13,000 IBAs worldwide. These sites are small enough to be entirely conserved and differ in their character, habitat or ornithological importance from the surrounding habitat. In the United States the Program is administered by the National Audubon Society.
Often IBAs form part of a country's existing protected area network, and so are protected under national legislation. Legal recognition and protection of IBAs that are not within existing protected areas varies within different countries. Some countries have a National IBA Conservation Strategy, whereas in others protection is completely lacking.
History
In 1985, following a specific request from the European Economic Community, Birdlife International drew up a list of sites to be protected as a matter of priority.
In 1989, a repertoire of IBAs of Europe was released.
At first the official name of this type of site was Important Bird Area, hence the acronym IBA, then at the BirdLife World Congress held in Canada in 2014 it was decided to adopt the name Important Bird and Biodiversity Area, without changing the acronym.
Criteria
IBAs are determined by an internationally agreed set of criteria. Specific IBA thresholds are set by regional and national gov
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin%20Munro%20MacLeod
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Colin Munro MacLeod (January 28, 1909 – February 11, 1972) was a Canadian-American geneticist. He was one of a trio of scientists who discovered that deoxyribonucleic acid, or DNA is responsible for the transformation of the physical characteristics of bacteria, which subsequently led to its identification as the molecule responsible for heredity.
Biography
MacLeod was born in Port Hastings, Nova Scotia, Canada, one of eight children of a schoolteacher and a Scottish Presbyterian minister. He entered McGill University at the age of 16 after skipping three grades in primary school, and completed his medical studies by age 23.
In his early years as a research scientist, MacLeod, with Oswald Avery and Maclyn McCarty, demonstrated DNA is the molecule responsible for bacterial transformation — and in retrospect, the physical basis of the gene. In 1941, Avery and MacLeod separated a crude extract from smooth ('S') strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae, the most common cause of bacterial pneumonia. The S strain extract could convert the more benign rough ('R') strains of pneumococci into the disease-causing S form. Later that year, McCarty joined the Avery laboratory, and in 1942, the group began to focus on DNA as the elusive ingredient in the S strain extract as the factor responsible for transformation of R pneumococci into S pneumococci. By early 1943, Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty had shown that DNA was the transforming factor, and in February 1944, published the first of a seri
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channelrhodopsin
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Channelrhodopsins are a subfamily of retinylidene proteins (rhodopsins) that function as light-gated ion channels. They serve as sensory photoreceptors in unicellular green algae, controlling phototaxis: movement in response to light. Expressed in cells of other organisms, they enable light to control electrical excitability, intracellular acidity, calcium influx, and other cellular processes (see optogenetics). Channelrhodopsin-1 (ChR1) and Channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) from the model organism Chlamydomonas reinhardtii are the first discovered channelrhodopsins. Variants that are sensitive to different colors of light or selective for specific ions (ACRs, KCRs) have been cloned from other species of algae and protists.
History
Phototaxis and photoorientation of microalgae have been studied over more than a hundred years in many laboratories worldwide. In 1980, Ken Foster developed the first consistent theory about the functionality of algal eyes. He also analyzed published action spectra and complemented blind cells with retinal and retinal analogues, which led to the conclusion that the photoreceptor for motility responses in Chlorophyceae is rhodopsin.
Photocurrents of the Chlorophyceae Heamatococcus pluvialis and Chlamydomonas reinhardtii were studied over many years in the groups of Oleg Sineshchekov and Peter Hegemann. Based on action spectroscopy and simultaneous recordings of photocurrents and flagellar beating, it was determined that the photoreceptor currents and subs
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tensor%20density
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In differential geometry, a tensor density or relative tensor is a generalization of the tensor field concept. A tensor density transforms as a tensor field when passing from one coordinate system to another (see tensor field), except that it is additionally multiplied or weighted by a power W of the Jacobian determinant of the coordinate transition function or its absolute value. A tensor density with a single index is called a vector density. A distinction is made among (authentic) tensor densities, pseudotensor densities, even tensor densities and odd tensor densities. Sometimes tensor densities with a negative weight W are called tensor capacity. A tensor density can also be regarded as a section of the tensor product of a tensor bundle with a density bundle.
Motivation
In physics and related fields, it is often useful to work with the components of an algebraic object rather than the object itself. An example would be decomposing a vector into a sum of basis vectors weighted by some coefficients such as
where is a vector in 3-dimensional Euclidean space, are the usual standard basis vectors in Euclidean space. This is usually necessary for computational purposes, and can often be insightful when algebraic objects represent complex abstractions but their components have concrete interpretations. However, with this identification, one has to be careful to track changes of the underlying basis in which the quantity is expanded; it may in the course of a computati
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George%20Batchelor
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George Keith Batchelor FRS (8 March 1920 – 30 March 2000) was an Australian applied mathematician and fluid dynamicist.
He was for many years a Professor of Applied Mathematics in the University of Cambridge, and was founding head of the Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics (DAMTP). In 1956 he founded the influential Journal of Fluid Mechanics which he edited for some forty years. Prior to Cambridge he studied at Melbourne High School and University of Melbourne.
As an applied mathematician (and for some years at Cambridge a co-worker with Sir Geoffrey Taylor in the field of turbulent flow), he was a keen advocate of the need for physical understanding and sound experimental basis.
His An Introduction to Fluid Dynamics (CUP, 1967) is still considered a classic of the subject, and has been re-issued in the Cambridge Mathematical Library series, following strong current demand. Unusual for an 'elementary' textbook of that era, it presented a treatment in which the properties of a real viscous fluid were fully emphasised. He was elected a Foreign Honorary Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1959.
The Batchelor Prize award, is named in his honour and is awarded every four years at the meeting of the International Congress on Theoretical and Applied Mechanics.
References
External links
An Introduction to Fluid Dynamics by G. K. Batchelor at Cambridge Mathematical Library.
Obituaries for George Batchelor (with portraits) at the Dep
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solidum%20Systems
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Solidum Systems was a fabless semiconductor company founded by Feliks Welfeld and Misha Nossik in Ottawa, Ontario Canada in 1997. The company developed a series of rule-based network classification semiconductor devices. Some of their devices could be found in systems which supported 10 Gbit/s interfaces.
Solidum was acquired in October 2002 by Integrated Device Technology. IDT closed the Ottawa offices supporting the product in March 2009.
Misha Nossik was also the second chairman of the Network Processing Forum. The NPF also released the Look-Aside Interface which is an important specification for Network Search Elements such as Solidum's devices.
Products
Solidum produced a set of Traffic Classification devices called the PAX.port 1100, PAX.port 1200, and PAX.port 2500
The classifier chips were used in Network Switches and Load Balancers.
External links
Packet Description Language introduced Archived
1999 Packet Processing introduction Archived
2001 2nd round financing
2002 NPF names Misha Nossik Chairman
Companies established in 1997
Defunct networking companies
Fabless semiconductor companies
Companies based in Ottawa
Semiconductor companies of Canada
Defunct computer companies of Canada
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WWJ%20%28AM%29
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{{Infobox radio station
| name = WWJ
| logo = WWJ 950newsradio logo.png
| logo_size = 150px
| city = Detroit, Michigan
| country = US
| area = Metro Detroit
| branding = Newsradio 950 WWJ
| frequency = 950 kHz
| repeater =
| airdate =
| format = All-news radio
| language = English
| power = 50,000 watts
| class = B
| facility_id = 9621
| coordinates =
| callsign_meaning = None. Assigned after requesting a call that could be easily understood.<ref name="call letters">Although later speculation has suggested that the new call letters might have stood for stockholders William and John Scripps, page 82 of the Detroit News 1922 station history, WWJ—The Detroit News, stated that "WWJ is not the initials of any name. It is a symbol." Also, the 1973 book The News of Detroit (page 83) stated: "The observant insider noted that the second two letters were the initials of Will's son. But the similarity in the governmentally issued call letters was just a happy coincidence."</ref>
| former_callsigns = 8MK (1920–21)WBL (1921–22)
| affiliations = CBS News RadioDetroit PistonsMichigan IMG Sports Network
| owner = Audacy, Inc.
| licensee = Audacy License, LLC
| sister_stations =
| webcast =
| website =
| licensing_authority = FCC
}}WWJ''' (950 kHz) is a commercial AM radio station licensed to serve Detroit, Michigan, featuring an all-news format known as "Newsradio 950 WWJ". Owned by Audacy, Inc., the station services Metro Detroit, is the market affiliate for CBS News Radio, and the fl
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polar%20set
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In functional and convex analysis, and related disciplines of mathematics, the polar set is a special convex set associated to any subset of a vector space lying in the dual space
The bipolar of a subset is the polar of but lies in (not ).
Definitions
There are at least three competing definitions of the polar of a set, originating in projective geometry and convex analysis.
In each case, the definition describes a duality between certain subsets of a pairing of vector spaces over the real or complex numbers ( and are often topological vector spaces (TVSs)).
If is a vector space over the field then unless indicated otherwise, will usually, but not always, be some vector space of linear functionals on and the dual pairing will be the bilinear () defined by
If is a topological vector space then the space will usually, but not always, be the continuous dual space of in which case the dual pairing will again be the evaluation map.
Denote the closed ball of radius centered at the origin in the underlying scalar field of by
Functional analytic definition
Absolute polar
Suppose that is a pairing.
The polar or absolute polar of a subset of is the set:
where denotes the image of the set under the map defined by
If denotes the convex balanced hull of which by definition is the smallest convex and balanced subset of that contains then
This is an affine shift of the geometric definition;
it has the useful characterization that the fu
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman%20Ault
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Thomas Norman Ault (December 17, 1880 – February 6, 1950) was a book illustrator and writer, now best known as a compiler of anthologies.
He wrote children's literature with his wife (He)Lena, who died in 1904. He later was noted as a scholar of English poetry of the seventeenth century, and Alexander Pope.
Works
The Rhyme Book (1906) with Lena Ault
The Podgy Book of Tales with Lena Ault
Dreamland Shores (1920)
Life In Ancient Britain 1920
The Poet's Life Of Christ (1923) editor
Elizabethan Lyrics: From The Original Texts (1925) anthology
Seventeenth Century Lyrics: From The Original Texts (1928) anthology
Pope's Own Miscellany (Nonesuch Press, 1935)
The Prose Works of Alexander Pope: The Earlier Works, 1711-1720 (1936)
A Treasury of Unfamiliar Lyrics (1938) anthology
A New Light on Pope (1949)
Alexander Pope Minor Poems (1954) editor, completed by John Butt
Bibliography
The Imaginative Book Illustration Society at has a bibliography by Robin Greer in Studies in Illustration no.2 1996
References
External links
1880 births
1950 deaths
British children's writers
British illustrators
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecosystem%20ecology
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Ecosystem ecology is the integrated study of living (biotic) and non-living (abiotic) components of ecosystems and their interactions within an ecosystem framework. This science examines how ecosystems work and relates this to their components such as chemicals, bedrock, soil, plants, and animals.
Ecosystem ecology examines physical and biological structures and examines how these ecosystem characteristics interact with each other. Ultimately, this helps us understand how to maintain high quality water and economically viable commodity production. A major focus of ecosystem ecology is on functional processes, ecological mechanisms that maintain the structure and services produced by ecosystems. These include primary productivity (production of biomass), decomposition, and trophic interactions.
Studies of ecosystem function have greatly improved human understanding of sustainable production of forage, fiber, fuel, and provision of water. Functional processes are mediated by regional-to-local level climate, disturbance, and management. Thus ecosystem ecology provides a powerful framework for identifying ecological mechanisms that interact with global environmental problems, especially global warming and degradation of surface water.
This example demonstrates several important aspects of ecosystems:
Ecosystem boundaries are often nebulous and may fluctuate in time
Organisms within ecosystems are dependent on ecosystem level biological and physical processes
Adjacent ecosys
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matrix%20calculus
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In mathematics, matrix calculus is a specialized notation for doing multivariable calculus, especially over spaces of matrices. It collects the various partial derivatives of a single function with respect to many variables, and/or of a multivariate function with respect to a single variable, into vectors and matrices that can be treated as single entities. This greatly simplifies operations such as finding the maximum or minimum of a multivariate function and solving systems of differential equations. The notation used here is commonly used in statistics and engineering, while the tensor index notation is preferred in physics.
Two competing notational conventions split the field of matrix calculus into two separate groups. The two groups can be distinguished by whether they write the derivative of a scalar with respect to a vector as a column vector or a row vector. Both of these conventions are possible even when the common assumption is made that vectors should be treated as column vectors when combined with matrices (rather than row vectors). A single convention can be somewhat standard throughout a single field that commonly uses matrix calculus (e.g. econometrics, statistics, estimation theory and machine learning). However, even within a given field different authors can be found using competing conventions. Authors of both groups often write as though their specific conventions were standard. Serious mistakes can result when combining results from different authors
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VM%20Labs
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VM Labs was a semiconductor and platform company, founded in 1995 in Los Altos, Silicon Valley, California.
Products
The company's technology and NUON brand was used in DVD players from Toshiba, Samsung and RCA, as well as the Streamaster IP set-top box from Motorola.
The Nuon platform was featured in the specialized media for the 3D video game titles it would bring to DVD players and set-top boxes, as well as for the features that were not available on other DVD players when playing standard DVD-formatted titles. Notable embedded features included Jeff Minter's Virtual Light Machine (VLM) for music, real-time zoom, gamma-correction and smooth reverse shuttle.
Although Nuon DVD technology was initially supported by various Hollywood studios with plans to release several enhanced DVD titles, only four were ultimately released, including Bedazzled and Planet of the Apes.
History
The founder of VM Labs, Richard Miller, was a former vice president of Atari Corporation, and several prominent VM Labs employees (including Jeff Minter and John Mathieson) were also associated with Atari Corporation.
After critical funding collapsed shortly after September 11, 2001, VM Labs was sold to Genesis Microchip after a brief period in Chapter 11.
Genesis Microchip planned to integrate the Nuon and Faroudja technologies for the DVD market, and ultimately used the NUON technology in HDTV chipsets. As an expanded DVD format and video game platform, as of November 2004, there were no Nuon-en
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal%20of%20Fluid%20Mechanics
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The Journal of Fluid Mechanics is a peer-reviewed scientific journal in the field of fluid mechanics. It publishes original work on theoretical, computational, and experimental aspects of the subject.
The journal is published by Cambridge University Press and retains a strong association with the University of Cambridge, in particular the Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics (DAMTP). Until January 2020, volumes were published twice a month in a single-column B5 format, but the publication is now online-only with the same frequency.
The journal was established in 1956 by George Batchelor, who remained the editor-in-chief for some forty years. He started out as the sole editor, but later a team of associate editors provided assistance in arranging the review of articles. John W. Miles is the author who has most papers (117 times) appeared in this journal.
Editors
The following people have been editor (later, editor in chief) of the Journal of Fluid Mechanics:
1956–1996: George Batchelor (DAMTP)
1966–1983: Keith Moffatt (DAMTP)
1996–2000: David Crighton (DAMTP)
2000–2006: Tim Pedley (DAMTP)
2000–2010: Stephen H. Davis (Northwestern University)
2007–2022: Grae Worster (DAMTP)
2022–present: Colm-cille P. Caulfield (DAMTP)
See also
List of fluid mechanics journals
References
Further reading
Huppert, H. E. (2006). 50 Years of Impact of JFM.
External links
Engineering education in the United Kingdom
Fluid dynamics journals
Academic jou
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycogen-branching%20enzyme%20deficiency
|
Glycogen-branching enzyme deficiency (GBED) is an inheritable glycogen storage disease affecting American Quarter Horses and American Paint Horses. It leads to abortion, stillbirths, or early death of affected animals. The human form of the disease is known as glycogen storage disease type IV.
Pathophysiology
Glycogen is a molecular polymer of glucose used to store energy. It is important for providing energy for skeletal and cardiac muscle contraction, and for maintaining glucose hemostasis in the blood. Molecules of glucose are linked into linear chains by α-1,4-glycosidic bonds. Additionally, branches of glucose are formed off of the chain via α-1,6-glycosidic bonds. 2 molecules of glucose are joined into an α-1,4-glycosidic bonds by an enzyme known as glycogen synthase. This bond may be broken by amylase when the body wishes to break down glycogen into glucose for energy. Glycogen branching enzyme is responsible for the required α-1,6-glycosidic bonds needed to start a branch off of these linear chains. These branches are important, as they provide additional "free ends" for linear chains of α-1,4-glycosidic bonds, which can then be broken down by amylase. This allows for glucose to be removed at a faster rate than if all glucose molecules were in a single chain with only two free ends on which amylase could attach.
GBED is caused by an autosomal recessive mutation to the GBE1 gene, which leads glycogen branching enzyme activity that is reduced to absent. Subsequently,
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DII
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DII may refer to:
Days in inventory, an accounting term
Dii, the Thracian tribe
Dii language
DiI, a hydrophobic cyanine dye used in cell biology
Dietary Inflammatory Index
Delegation of the Ismaili Imamat, the Delegation of the Ismaili Imamat
Diablo II, a sequel to the computer game Diablo
Division II, a competition level in the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA)
Defence Information Infrastructure, the UK's secure military communications network
Dynamic Invocation Interface, part of the CORBA standard
502, DII in Roman numerals
See also
D2 (disambiguation), including a list of topics named D.II, etc.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egorov%27s%20theorem
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In measure theory, an area of mathematics, Egorov's theorem establishes a condition for the uniform convergence of a pointwise convergent sequence of measurable functions. It is also named Severini–Egoroff theorem or Severini–Egorov theorem, after Carlo Severini, an Italian mathematician, and Dmitri Egorov, a Russian physicist and geometer, who published independent proofs respectively in 1910 and 1911.
Egorov's theorem can be used along with compactly supported continuous functions to prove Lusin's theorem for integrable functions.
Historical note
The first proof of the theorem was given by Carlo Severini in 1910: he used the result as a tool in his research on series of orthogonal functions. His work remained apparently unnoticed outside Italy, probably due to the fact that it is written in Italian, appeared in a scientific journal with limited diffusion and was considered only as a means to obtain other theorems. A year later Dmitri Egorov published his independently proved results, and the theorem became widely known under his name: however, it is not uncommon to find references to this theorem as the Severini–Egoroff theorem. The first mathematicians to prove independently the theorem in the nowadays common abstract measure space setting were , and in : an earlier generalization is due to Nikolai Luzin, who succeeded in slightly relaxing the requirement of finiteness of measure of the domain of convergence of the pointwise converging functions in the ample paper . Furt
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winsorizing
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Winsorizing or winsorization is the transformation of statistics by limiting extreme values in the statistical data to reduce the effect of possibly spurious outliers. It is named after the engineer-turned-biostatistician Charles P. Winsor (1895–1951). The effect is the same as clipping in signal processing.
The distribution of many statistics can be heavily influenced by outliers. A typical strategy is to set all outliers to a specified percentile of the data; for example, a 90% winsorization would see all data below the 5th percentile set to the 5th percentile, and data above the 95th percentile set to the 95th percentile.
Winsorized estimators are usually more robust to outliers than their more standard forms, although there are alternatives, such as trimming, that will achieve a similar effect.
Example
Consider the data set consisting of:
{92, 19, 101, 58, 1053, 91, 26, 78, 10, 13, −40, 101, 86, 85, 15, 89, 89, 28, −5, 41} (N = 20, mean = 101.5)
The data below the 5th percentile lies between −40 and −5, while the data above the 95th percentile lies between 101 and 1053 (pertinent values shown in bold); accordingly, a 90% winsorization would result in the following:
{92, 19, 101, 58, 101, 91, 26, 78, 10, 13, −5, 101, 86, 85, 15, 89, 89, 28, −5, 41} (N = 20, mean = 55.65)
After winsorization the mean has dropped to nearly half its previous value, and is consequently more in line with the data it represents.
Python can winsorize data using SciPy library :
from scipy.s
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadcast%20license
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A broadcast license is a type of spectrum license granting the licensee permission to use a portion of the radio frequency spectrum in a given geographical area for broadcasting purposes. The licenses generally include restrictions, which vary from band to band.
Spectrum may be divided according to use. As indicated in a graph from the National Telecommunications and Information Administration (NTIA), frequency allocations may be represented by different types of services which vary in size. Many options exist when applying for a broadcast license; the FCC determines how much spectrum to allot to licensees in a given band, according to what is needed for the service in question.
The determination of frequencies used by licensees is done through frequency allocation, which in the United States is specified by the FCC in a table of allotments. The FCC is authorized to regulate spectrum access for private and government uses; however, the National Telecommunications and Information Administration of the Commerce Department allocates spectrum for use by the federal government (including the military).
In some cases (e.g. CB radio), the public may use spectrum without a license. Commercial users (such as television, AM/FM radio, and some types of two-way communications) will receive an FCC assignment to a portion of spectrum, which may be a single frequency or a band of frequencies. In issuing broadcast licenses the FCC relies on "comparative hearings", whereby the most qualifi
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darcy
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Darcy, Darci or Darcey may refer to:
Science
Darcy's law, which describes the flow of a fluid through porous material
Darcy (unit), a unit of permeability of fluids in porous material
Darcy friction factor in the field of fluid mechanics
Darcy–Weisbach equation used in hydraulics for calculation of the head loss due to friction
People
Darcy (surname), a surname (including a list of people with the name)
Men
Darcy Blake (born 1988), Welsh footballer
Darcy Dallas (born 1972), Canadian ice hockey defenceman
Darcy Cameron (born 1995), Australian rules footballer
Darcy Daniher (born 1989), Australian rules footballer
Darci Frigo, Brazilian activist
Darcy Furber, Canadian politician
Darcy Gardiner (born 1995), Australian rules footballer
Darcy Hordichuk (born 1980), professional ice hockey player
Darcy Kuemper (born 1990), professional ice hockey player
Darcy Lang (born 1995), Australian rules footballer
Darcy Lear (1898–1967), Australian rules footballer
Darcy Lussick (born 1989), Australian rugby league player
Darcy McDougall (1886–1952), Australian rules footballer
Darcy Moore (born 1996), Australian rules footballer
Darci Luiz Simon (born 1966), Brazilian footballer
Darci Miguel Monteiro (1968-2018), Brazilian footballer
Darcy Ribeiro, (1922–1997), Brazilian anthropologist and politician
Darcy Tucker (born 1975), professional ice hockey player
Women
Darcey Bussell (born 1969), English ballerina
Darci Lynne (born 2004), American singing ventriloqui
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neural%20cell%20adhesion%20molecule
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Neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM), also called CD56, is a homophilic binding glycoprotein expressed on the surface of neurons, glia and skeletal muscle. Although CD56 is often considered a marker of neural lineage commitment due to its discovery site, CD56 expression is also found in, among others, the hematopoietic system. Here, the expression of CD56 is mostly associated with, but not limited to, natural killer cells. CD56 has been detected on other lymphoid cells, including gamma delta (γδ) Τ cells and activated CD8+ T cells, as well as on dendritic cells. NCAM has been implicated as having a role in cell–cell adhesion, neurite outgrowth, synaptic plasticity, and learning and memory.
Forms, domains and homophilic binding
NCAM is a glycoprotein of Immunoglobulin (Ig) superfamily.
At least 27 alternatively spliced NCAM mRNAs are produced, giving a wide diversity of NCAM isoforms. The three main isoforms of NCAM vary only in their cytoplasmic domain:
NCAM-120kDa (GPI anchored)
NCAM-140kDa (short cytoplasmic domain)
NCAM-180kDa (long cytoplasmic domain)
The extracellular domain of NCAM consists of five immunoglobulin-like (Ig) domains followed by two fibronectin type III (FNIII) domains. The different domains of NCAM have been shown to have different roles, with the Ig domains being involved in homophilic binding to NCAM, and the FNIII domains being involved signalling leading to neurite outgrowth.
Homophilic binding occurs between NCAM molecules on opposing surf
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Languages%20of%20Africa
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The Languages of Africa is a 1963 book of essays by the linguist Joseph Greenberg, in which the author sets forth a genetic classification of African languages that, with some changes, continues to be the most commonly used one today. It is an expanded and extensively revised version of his 1955 work Studies in African Linguistic Classification, which was itself a compilation of eight articles which Greenberg had published in the Southwestern Journal of Anthropology between 1949 and 1954. It was first published in 1963 as Part II of the International Journal of American Linguistics, Vol. 29, No. 1; however, its second edition of 1966, in which it was published (by Indiana University, Bloomington: Mouton & Co., The Hague) as an independent work, is more commonly cited.
Its author describes it as based on three fundamentals of method:
"The sole relevance in comparison of resemblances involving both sound and meaning in specific forms."
"Mass comparison as against isolated comparisons between pairs of languages."
"Only linguistic evidence is relevant in drawing conclusions about classification."
Innovations
Greenberg's Niger–Congo family was substantially foreshadowed by Westermann's "Western Sudanic", but he changed the subclassification, including Fulani (as West Atlantic) and the newly postulated Adamawa–Eastern, excluding Songhai, and classifying Bantu as merely a subfamily of Benue–Congo (previously termed "Semi-Bantu").
Semitic, Berber, Egyptian and Cushitic had bee
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rematerialization
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In computer science, rematerialization or remat is a compiler optimization which saves time by recomputing a value instead of loading it from memory. It is typically tightly integrated with register allocation, where it is used as an alternative to spilling registers to memory. It was conceived by Gregory Chaitin, Marc Auslander, Ashok Chandra, John Cocke, Martin Hopkins and Peter Markstein and implemented in the Pl.8 compiler for the 801 Minicomputer in the late 1970s. Later improvements were made by Preston Briggs, Keith D. Cooper, and Linda Torczon in 1992.
Traditional optimizations such as common subexpression elimination and loop invariant hoisting often focus on eliminating redundant computation. Since computation requires CPU cycles, this is usually a good thing, but it has the potentially devastating side effect that it can increase the live ranges of variables and create many new variables, resulting in spills during register allocation. Rematerialization is nearly the opposite: it decreases register pressure by increasing the amount of CPU computation. To avoid adding more computation time than necessary, rematerialization is done only when the compiler can be confident that it will be of benefit — that is, when a register spill to memory would otherwise occur.
Rematerialization works by keeping track of the expression used to compute each variable, using the concept of available expressions. Sometimes the variables used to compute a value are modified, and so can
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein%20kinase%20B
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Protein kinase B (PKB), also known as Akt, is the collective name of a set of three serine/threonine-specific protein kinases that play key roles in multiple cellular processes such as glucose metabolism, apoptosis, cell proliferation, transcription, and cell migration.
Family members - Isoforms
There are three different genes that encode isoforms of Protein kinase B. These three genes are referred to as AKT1, AKT2, and AKT3 and encode the RAC alpha, beta, and gamma serine/threonine protein kinases respectively. The terms PKB and Akt may refer to the products of all three genes collectively, but sometimes are used to refer to PKB alpha and Akt1 alone.
Akt1 is involved in cellular survival pathways, by inhibiting apoptotic processes. Akt1 is also able to induce protein synthesis pathways, and is therefore a key signaling protein in the cellular pathways that lead to skeletal muscle hypertrophy and general tissue growth. A mouse model with complete deletion of the Akt1 gene manifests growth retardation and increased spontaneous apoptosis in tissues such as testes and thymus. Since it can block apoptosis and thereby promote cell survival, Akt1 has been implicated as a major factor in many types of cancer. Akt1 was originally identified as the oncogene in the transforming retrovirus, AKT8.
Akt2 is an important signaling molecule in the insulin signaling pathway. It is required to induce glucose transport. In a mouse which is null for Akt1 but normal for Akt2, glucose homeost
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H4
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H4, H04, or H-4 may refer to:
Science and mathematics
ATC code H04 Pancreatic hormones, a subgroup of the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System
Histamine H4 receptor, a human gene
Histone H4, a protein involved in the structure of chromatin in eukaryotic cells
Hydrogen-4 (H-4), an isotope of hydrogen
H4, a symmetry group in the fifth dimension; see H4 polytope
H-4, a huge eruption of the Hekla volcano around 2310 BC
Technology
H-4 SOW, a precision-guided glide bomb used by the Pakistan Air Force
H4 (chronometer), an 18th-century marine chronometer designed by John Harrison
Zoom H4 Handy Recorder, a handheld digital audio recorder
, level 4 heading markup for HTML Web pages, see HTML element#heading
Transport
Automobiles and roads
H4, a halogen headlamp bulb
H4, development name of the Hummer HX concept car
H-4, shorthand for a 4-cylinder horizontally-opposed or "flat four" engine
H4 Dansteed Way, a road in Milton Keynes, England
Aviation
GEN H-4, a Japanese helicopter design
Hughes H-4 Hercules (Spruce Goose), the largest flying boat ever built
Héli Sécurité Helicopter Airlines (IATA code), based in France; see List of airline codes (H)
Inter Islands Airlines (IATA code), a former airline based in Cape Verde
Ships and submarines
HMS H4, a 1915 British Royal Navy H-class submarine
HMS Tenedos (H04), a 1918 British Royal Navy Admiralty S-class destroyer
USS H-4 (SS-147), a 1918 United States Navy submarine
Rail
GNR Class H4, a clas
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defensin
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Defensins are small cysteine-rich cationic proteins across cellular life, including vertebrate and invertebrate animals, plants, and fungi. They are host defense peptides, with members displaying either direct antimicrobial activity, immune signaling activities, or both. They are variously active against bacteria, fungi and many enveloped and nonenveloped viruses. They are typically 18-45 amino acids in length, with three or four highly conserved disulphide bonds.
In animals, they are produced by cells of the innate immune system and epithelial cells, whereas in plants and fungi they are produced by a wide variety of tissues. An organism usually produces many different defensins, some of which are stored inside the cells (e.g. in neutrophil granulocytes to kill phagocytosed bacteria), and others are secreted into the extracellular medium. For those that directly kill microbes, their mechanism of action varies from disruption of the microbial cell membrane to metabolic disruption.
Varieties
The name 'defensin' was coined in the mid-1980s, though the proteins have been called 'Cationic Antimicrobial Proteins,' 'Neutrophil peptides,' 'Gamma thionins' amongst others.
Proteins called 'defensins' are not all evolutionarily related to one another. Instead fall into two broad superfamilies, each of which contains multiple families. One superfamily, the trans-defensins, contains the defensins found in humans and other vertebrates, as well as some invertebrates. The other superfami
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20municipalities%20of%20Sweden
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This is a list of municipalities of Sweden after the division at the turn of the year of 2011–12. There are 290 municipalities.
All statistics are from 1 January 2013, except for population (30 September 2013) and density (1 January 2013 and 30 September 2013).
Code refers to the municipality code, Total area includes seawater area and Inland water area excludes the four largest lakes in Sweden (Vänern, Vättern, Mälaren and Hjälmaren).
List
References
Folkmängd i riket, län och kommuner 30 september 2013 och befolkningsförändringar 1 juli - 30 september 2013 . Statistics Sweden.
Land- och vattenareal per den 1 januari efter region och arealtyp. År 2012 - 2013 . Statistics Sweden.
See also
List of urban areas in Sweden
Demographics of Sweden
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minitab
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Minitab is a statistics package developed at the Pennsylvania State University by researchers Barbara F. Ryan, Thomas A. Ryan, Jr., and Brian L. Joiner in conjunction with Triola Statistics Company in 1972. It began as a light version of OMNITAB, a statistical analysis program by National Institute of Standards and Technology.
History
Minitab is a statistics package developed at the Pennsylvania State University by researchers Barbara F. Ryan, Thomas A. Ryan, Jr., Brian L. Joiner in 1972. The project received funding from the Triola Statistics Company. It began as a light version of OMNITAB, a statistical analysis program by NIST, which was conceived by Joseph Hilsenrath in years 19621964 for the IBM 7090.
The documentation for the latest version of OMNITAB, OMNITAB 80, was last published 1986, and there has been no significant development since then.
Minitab is distributed by Minitab, LLC, a privately owned company headquartered in State College, Pennsylvania. In 2020, during the COVID-19 pandemic, Minitab LLC requested and received between $5 million and $10 million under the Paycheck Protection Program to avoid having to let go 250 employees. As of 2021, Minitab LLC had subsidiaries in the UK, France, Germany, Hong Kong, and Australia.
Interoperability
Minitab, LLC also produces other software that can be used in conjunction with Minitab; Minitab Connect helps businesses centralize and organize their data, Quality Trainer is an eLearning package that teaches statisti
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cache-oblivious%20algorithm
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In computing, a cache-oblivious algorithm (or cache-transcendent algorithm) is an algorithm designed to take advantage of a processor cache without having the size of the cache (or the length of the cache lines, etc.) as an explicit parameter. An optimal cache-oblivious algorithm is a cache-oblivious algorithm that uses the cache optimally (in an asymptotic sense, ignoring constant factors). Thus, a cache-oblivious algorithm is designed to perform well, without modification, on multiple machines with different cache sizes, or for a memory hierarchy with different levels of cache having different sizes. Cache-oblivious algorithms are contrasted with explicit loop tiling, which explicitly breaks a problem into blocks that are optimally sized for a given cache.
Optimal cache-oblivious algorithms are known for matrix multiplication, matrix transposition, sorting, and several other problems. Some more general algorithms, such as Cooley–Tukey FFT, are optimally cache-oblivious under certain choices of parameters. As these algorithms are only optimal in an asymptotic sense (ignoring constant factors), further machine-specific tuning may be required to obtain nearly optimal performance in an absolute sense. The goal of cache-oblivious algorithms is to reduce the amount of such tuning that is required.
Typically, a cache-oblivious algorithm works by a recursive divide-and-conquer algorithm, where the problem is divided into smaller and smaller subproblems. Eventually, one reaches
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CLE
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CLE or Cle may refer to:
Places
United States
Cleveland, Ohio
Cleveland Guardians
Cleveland Browns
Cleveland Cavaliers
Science and technology
Chemical Langevin equation, a stochastic ordinary differential equation
Conformal loop ensemble, a conformally invariant collection of fractal loops which models interfaces in two-dimensional statistical physics
Chu–Liu/Edmonds algorithm, an algorithm for finding optimal branchings in graph theory
Current-limiting element, a fuse designed to limit current in power systems
Medicine
Clear lens extraction, a surgical procedure to correct refractive errors
Congenital lobar emphysema
Continuous lumbar epidural infusion, a common type of epidural anesthesia
Leukoencephalopathy with vanishing white matter
Organizations
Cleveland Weather Forecast Office, of the U.S. National Weather Service
Central Landing Establishment,
Claire's (stock symbol), a retailer of accessories, jewelry, and toys
People
People with the name Cle (or Clé) include:
Clé Bennett, Canadian television, film, and stage actor
Cle Jeltes (1924–2010), Dutch sailor and Olympic measurer
Cle Newhook (1943–2018), Canadian theologian, author and politician
Cle Shaheed Sloan (born 1969), American activist, actor and documentary director
Transport
Clementi MRT station (MRT station abbreviation)
Cleveland Hopkins International Airport (IATA airport code)
Other uses
Canadian Lakehead Exhibition, in Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada
Continuing legal education,
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gutmann%20method
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The Gutmann method is an algorithm for securely erasing the contents of computer hard disk drives, such as files. Devised by Peter Gutmann and Colin Plumb and presented in the paper Secure Deletion of Data from Magnetic and Solid-State Memory in July 1996, it involved writing a series of 35 patterns over the region to be erased.
The selection of patterns assumes that the user does not know the encoding mechanism used by the drive, so it includes patterns designed specifically for three types of drives. A user who knows which type of encoding the drive uses can choose only those patterns intended for their drive. A drive with a different encoding mechanism would need different patterns.
Most of the patterns in the Gutmann method were designed for older MFM/RLL encoded disks. Gutmann himself has noted that more modern drives no longer use these older encoding techniques, making parts of the method irrelevant. He said "In the time since this paper was published, some people have treated the 35-pass overwrite technique described in it more as a kind of voodoo incantation to banish evil spirits than the result of a technical analysis of drive encoding techniques".
Since about 2001, some ATA IDE and SATA hard drive manufacturer designs include support for the ATA Secure Erase standard, obviating the need to apply the Gutmann method when erasing an entire drive. The Gutmann method does not apply to USB sticks: an 2011 study reports that 71.7% of data remained available. On solid
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intermembrane%20space
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The intermembrane space (IMS) is the space occurring between or involving two or more membranes. In cell biology, it is most commonly described as the region between the inner membrane and the outer membrane of a mitochondrion or a chloroplast. It also refers to the space between the inner and outer nuclear membranes of the nuclear envelope, but is often called the perinuclear space. The IMS of mitochondria plays a crucial role in coordinating a variety of cellular activities, such as regulation of respiration and metabolic functions. Unlike the IMS of the mitochondria, the IMS of the chloroplast does not seem to have any obvious function.
Intermembrane space of mitochondria
Mitochondria are surrounded by two membranes; the inner and outer mitochondrial membranes. These two membranes allow the formation of two aqueous compartments, which are the intermembrane space (IMS) and the matrix. Channel proteins called porins in the outer membrane allow free diffusion of ions and small proteins about 5000 daltons or less into the IMS. This makes the IMS chemically equivalent to the cytosol regarding the small molecules it contains. By contrast, specific transport proteins are required to transport ions and other small molecules across the inner mitochondrial membrane into the matrix due to its impermeability. The IMS also contains many enzymes that use the ATP moving out of the matrix to phosphorylate other nucleotides and proteins that initiate apoptosis.
Translocation
Most of p
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reset%20vector
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In computing, the reset vector is the default location a central processing unit will go to find the first instruction it will execute after a reset. The reset vector is a pointer or address, where the CPU should always begin as soon as it is able to execute instructions. The address is in a section of non-volatile memory initialized to contain instructions to start the operation of the CPU, as the first step in the process of booting the system containing the CPU.
Examples
Below is a list of typically used addresses by different microprocessors:
x86 family (Intel)
The reset vector for the Intel 8086 processor is at physical address FFFF0h (16 bytes below 1 MB). The value of the CS register at reset is FFFFh and the value of the IP register at reset is 0000h to form the segmented address FFFFh:0000h, which maps to physical address FFFF0h.
The reset vector for the Intel 80286 processor is at physical address FFFFF0h (16 bytes below 16 MB). The value of the CS register at reset is F000h with the descriptor base set to FF0000h and the value of the IP register at reset is FFF0h to form the segmented address FF000h:FFF0h, which maps to physical address FFFFF0h in real mode. This was changed to allow sufficient space to switch to protected mode without modifying the CS register.
The reset vector for the Intel 80386 and later x86 processors is physical address FFFFFFF0h (16 bytes below 4 GB). The value of the selector portion of the CS register at reset is F000h, the value of
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K-nearest%20neighbors%20algorithm
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In statistics, the k-nearest neighbors algorithm (k-NN) is a non-parametric supervised learning method first developed by Evelyn Fix and Joseph Hodges in 1951, and later expanded by Thomas Cover. It is used for classification and regression. In both cases, the input consists of the k closest training examples in a data set. The output depends on whether k-NN is used for classification or regression:
In k-NN classification, the output is a class membership. An object is classified by a plurality vote of its neighbors, with the object being assigned to the class most common among its k nearest neighbors (k is a positive integer, typically small). If k = 1, then the object is simply assigned to the class of that single nearest neighbor.
In k-NN regression, the output is the property value for the object. This value is the average of the values of k nearest neighbors. If k = 1, then the output is simply assigned to the value of that single nearest neighbor.
k-NN is a type of classification where the function is only approximated locally and all computation is deferred until function evaluation. Since this algorithm relies on distance for classification, if the features represent different physical units or come in vastly different scales then normalizing the training data can improve its accuracy dramatically.
Both for classification and regression, a useful technique can be to assign weights to the contributions of the neighbors, so that the nearer neighbors contribute more
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9vy%27s%20continuity%20theorem
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In probability theory, Lévy’s continuity theorem, or Lévy's convergence theorem, named after the French mathematician Paul Lévy, connects convergence in distribution of the sequence of random variables with pointwise convergence of their characteristic functions.
This theorem is the basis for one approach to prove the central limit theorem and is one of the major theorems concerning characteristic functions.
Statement
Suppose we have
If the sequence of characteristic functions converges pointwise to some function
then the following statements become equivalent:
Proof
Rigorous proofs of this theorem are available.
References
Probability theorems
Theorems in statistics
Paul Lévy (mathematician)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk%20box
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A talk box (also spelled talkbox and talk-box) is an effects unit that allows musicians to modify the sound of a musical instrument by shaping the frequency content of the sound and to apply speech sounds (in the same way as singing) onto the sounds of the instrument. Typically, a talk box directs sound from the instrument into the musician's mouth by means of a plastic tube adjacent to a vocal microphone. The musician controls the modification of the instrument's sound by changing the shape of the mouth, "vocalizing" the instrument's output into a microphone.
Overview
A talk box is usually an effects pedal that sits on the floor and contains a speaker attached with an airtight connection to a plastic tube; however, it can come in other forms, including homemade, usually crude, versions, and higher quality custom-made versions. The speaker is generally in the form of a compression driver, the sound-generating part of a horn loudspeaker with the horn replaced by the tube connection.
The box has connectors for the connection to the speaker output of an instrument amplifier and a connection to a normal instrument speaker. A foot-operated switch on the box directs the sound either to the talk box speaker or to the normal speaker. The switch is usually a push-on/push-off type. The other end of the tube is taped to the side of a microphone, extending enough to direct the reproduced sound in or near the performer's mouth.
When activated, the sound from the amplifier is reproduce
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Risk%20analysis%20%28engineering%29
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Risk analysis is the science of risks and their probability and evaluation.
Probabilistic risk assessment is one analysis strategy usually employed in science and engineering. In a probabilistic risk assessment risks are identified and then assessed in terms of likelihood of occurrence of a consequence and the magnitude of a potential consequence.
Risk analysis and the risk workshop
Risk analysis should be performed as part of the risk management process for each project. The data of which would be based on risk discussion workshops to identify potential issues and risks ahead of time before these were to pose cost and/ or schedule negative impacts (see the article on cost contingency for a discussion of the estimation of cost impacts).
The risk workshops should be attended by a large group, ideally between six and ten individuals from the various departmental functions (e.g. project manager, construction manager, site superintendent, and representatives from operations, procurement, [project] controls, etc.) so as to cover every risk element from different perspectives.
The outcome of the risk analysis would be the creation or review of the risk register to identify and quantify risk elements to the project and their potential impact.
Given that risk management is a continuous and iterative process, the risk workshop members would regroup on at regular intervals and project milestones to review the risk register mitigation plans, make changes to it as appropriate and f
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnum
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Magnum is a Latin word meaning "great".
Magnum may also refer to:
Businesses and organizations
Magnum Research, a firearms maker
Magnum Semiconductor, a spin-off of Cirrus Logic
Magnum Photos, a photojournalist cooperative
Magnum Corporation, a Malaysian gaming company
Art and entertainment
Music
Jeff Magnum, former bassist of the Dead Boys
Magnum (band), English rock band
Magnum (musician) (born 1973), stage name of Sami Wolking
Magnum Force (album), the second album from hip hop duo Heltah Skeltah
Other uses in arts and entertainment
Magnum, a fictional characters and commander of the Autobots
Magnum, a member of the Elementals in Marvel Comics
Magnum, P.I., a 1980s American crime drama television series
Thomas Magnum, the lead character
Magnum P.I. (2018 TV series), its reboot
Magnum Force, the 2nd of five Dirty Harry movies, starring Clint Eastwood as San Francisco policeman, Harry Callahan. The title refers to Harry's use of a .44 Magnum gun.
Magnum T. A. (born 1959), ring name of professional wrestler Terry Wayne Allen
Magnum XL-200, a roller coaster at Cedar Point
Moses Magnum, a Marvel Comics villain
In science and technology
Vehicles
Chevrolet Optra Magnum, a car
Chrysler LA engine, line
Dodge Magnum, a car
Dynamic Sport Magnum, a Polish paraglider design
Mitsubishi Magnum, a pickup truck
MV Magnum, a 1979 Cambodian cargo ship
O'Neill Magnum, also known as Magnum Jake and Magnum Pickup, an airplane
Rayton-Fissore Magnum, an Italian luxur
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ira%20Mellman
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Ira Mellman is an American cell biologist who discovered endosomes. He serves as Vice President of Research Oncology at Genentech in South San Francisco, California.
Research
Mellman's work has examined the role of endocytosis in cell metabolism and human disease. He was among the first to characterize the endosomal system. Later projects include investigation of LDL cholesterol receptor internalization, cellular sorting machinery, and the cellular basis for immunity. He is an authority on the cell biological mechanisms and function of dendritic cells, the cell type responsible for initiating the immune response, an interest that dates back to his postdoctoral period at Rockefeller University in the lab of Ralph Steinman, who won the Nobel Prize in 2011 for his discovery of dendritic cells.
Early life and education
Mellman grew up in New York, where he lived until he enrolled at Oberlin College in Oberlin, Ohio. While in college he maintained an interest in music but focused on the rapidly expanding field of cell biology. Working with David Miller, he began to study Chlamydomonas and found that a significant amount of the cell wall consisted of extensin. After leaving Oberlin, he enrolled in the graduate program at the University of California, Berkeley, but later transferred to Yale University to switch to research more applicable to people. At Yale, he studied the genetics behind vitamin B12 metabolism under the guidance of geneticist Leon Rosenberg. He became interes
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miraculin
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Miraculin is a taste modifier, a glycoprotein extracted from the fruit of Synsepalum dulcificum. The berry, also known as the miracle fruit, was documented by explorer Chevalier des Marchais, who searched for many different fruits during a 1725 excursion to its native West Africa.
Miraculin itself does not taste sweet. When taste buds are exposed to miraculin, the protein binds to the sweetness receptors. This causes normally sour-tasting acidic foods, such as citrus, to be perceived as sweet. The effect can last for one or two hours.
History
The sweetening properties of Synsepalum dulcificum berries were first noted by des Marchais during expeditions to West Africa in the 18th century. The term miraculin derived from experiments to isolate and purify the active glycoprotein that gave the berries their sweetening effects, results that were published simultaneously by Japanese and Dutch scientists working independently in the 1960s (the Dutch team called the glycoprotein mieraculin). The word miraculin was in common use by the mid-1970s.
Glycoprotein structure
Miraculin was first sequenced in 1989 and was found to be a 24.6 kilodalton glycoprotein consisting of 191 amino acids and 13.9% by weight of various sugars.
The sugars consist of a total of 3.4 kDa, composed of a molar ratio of glucosamine (31%), mannose (30%), fucose (22%), xylose (10%), and galactose (7%).
The native state of miraculin is a tetramer consisting of two dimers, each held together by a disulfide br
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Representational%20difference%20analysis
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Representational difference analysis (RDA) is a technique used in biological research to find sequence differences in two genomic or cDNA samples. Genomes or cDNA sequences from two samples (i.e. cancer sample and a normal sample) are PCR amplified and differences analyzed using subtractive DNA hybridization. This technology has been further enhanced through the development of representation oligonucleotide microarray analysis (ROMA), which uses array technology to perform such analyses. This method may also be adapted to detect DNA methylation differences, as seen in methylation-sensitive representational difference analysis (MS-RDA).
Theory
This method relies on PCR to differentially amplify non-homologous DNA regions between digested fragments of two nearly identical DNA species, that are called 'driver' and 'tester' DNA. Typically, tester DNA contains a sequence of interest that is non-homologous to driver DNA. When the two species are mixed, the driver sequence is added in excess to tester. During PCR, double stranded fragments first denature at ~95 °C and then re-anneal when subjected to the annealing temperature. Since driver and tester sequences are nearly identical, the excess of driver DNA fragments will anneal to homologous DNA fragments from the tester species. This blocks PCR amplification and there is no increase in homologous fragments. However, fragments that are different between the two species will not anneal to a complementary counterpart and will
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimson%20%26%20Clover%20%28album%29
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Crimson & Clover is the sixth album by Tommy James and the Shondells. It features the #1 hit "Crimson and Clover" as well as the #2 hit "Crystal Blue Persuasion". The album "Crimson & Clover", was released in December 1968 and reached a peak of #8 on the Billboard 200.
Based on suggestions from radio stations the group chose to create an extended five-and-a-half minute long version of the title song for the album. The first two verses were copied without lead vocals, and then overdubbed with guitar solos by Shondells guitarist Ed Gray using steel guitars and fuzz guitars, as well as an extended one-minute wah-wah pedal finish. During tape copying a slight speed error was inadvertently introduced. This resulted in a small drop in pitch during the new guitar solo sections, which went unfixed.
The group had toured with Vice President Hubert Humphrey during his 1968 presidential campaign. Humphrey showed his appreciation by writing the liner notes for the Crimson and Clover album.
CD re-release
The version of Crimson and Clover on the 1991 "Crimson and Clover/Cellophane Symphony" CD is the same as the original album version; however, digital audio workstation software was used to fix the speed and pitch error made in 1968. The CD booklet states that "Crimson and Clover" is now as it was "meant to be heard," and that Tommy James is "very satisfied" with the reissue of the recordings in CD format.
Track listing
Personnel
Adapted from AllMusic.
Eddie Gray – guitar, backgroun
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T7
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T7 or T-7 may refer to:
Biology
Thoracic vertebra 7
Thoracic spinal nerve 7
T7 phage, a virus used in the study of biological systems
T7 DNA Helicase, a hexameric motor protein
T7 RNA polymerase, an RNA polymerase that catalyzes the formation of RNA
Transport
Île-de-France tramway Line 7
Olympic Park line, a service of Sydney Trains
Twin Jet's IATA airline code
T7 Bristol–Chepstow, a bus route in the United Kingdom
Vehicles
T-7 (rocket), China's first sounding rocket
Boeing T-7 Red Hawk, an American advanced jet trainer aircraft
Fuji T-7, a Japanese primary trainer aircraft
Yugoslav torpedo boat T7
T7 Armored Car, a prototype vehicle for the US Army
T7 Combat Car, a prototype vehicle for the US Army
T-7 Navigator or Beechcraft Model 18, a trainer aircraft used by the United States armed forces
T7, a model of the OS T1000 train of the Oslo Metro
LSWR T7 class, an experimental 4-2-2-0 steam locomotive built in 1897
Other uses
2C-T-7, a hallucinogenic phenethylamine
T7, television station in Kosovo
Tekken 7, a 2015 fighting game
T-Seven or Judith Hildebrandt, a singer and former member of Mr. President
A tornado intensity rating on the TORRO scale
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exocyst
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The exocyst is an octameric protein complex involved in vesicle trafficking, specifically the tethering and spatial targeting of post-Golgi vesicles to the plasma membrane prior to vesicle fusion. It is implicated in a number of cell processes, including exocytosis, cell migration, and growth.
Subunits
The exocyst is composed of eight subunits, whose nomenclature differs between mammalian cells and Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
Function
The exocyst complex serves to direct vesicles after the Golgi complex to specific locations on the plasma membrane and to mediate their tethering and localization to the membrane immediately before fusion. The exocyst complex has also been implicated in the active trafficking of mitochondria from immune cells to cancer cells. Because of this function, the exocyst complex is heavily involved in exocytosis. Sec3 (EXOC1) and Exo70 (EXOC7) are localized to the plasma membrane, and are physically attached to the membrane by Rho GTPases such as CDC42. Other complementary exocyst components such as Sec15 (EXOC6) and Sec4 are localized to the vesicle membrane. Exocyst proteins on the plasma membrane bind vesicular exocyst proteins, bringing the vesicle very close to the plasma membrane in a fashion similar to the SNARE interactions to facilitate fusion.
The exocyst also interacts with Rho GTPases responsible for controlling cell polarity and the activity of the cytoskeleton.
History
Hints of a multi-subunit complex involved in yeast exocytosis ca
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model%20rocket%20motor%20classification
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Motors for model rockets and high-powered rockets (together, consumer rockets) are classified by total impulse into a set of letter-designated ranges, from ⅛A up to O.
The total impulse is the integral of the thrust over burn time.
Where is the burn time in seconds, is the instantaneous thrust in newtons, is average thrust in newtons, and is the total impulse in newton seconds.
Class A is from 1.26 newton-seconds (conversion factor 4.448 N per lb. force) to 2.5 N·s, and each class is then double the total impulse of the preceding class, with Class B being 2.51 to 5.00 N·s. The letter (M) would represent the total impulse of between 5,120.01 and 10,240.00 N·s of impulse. Motors E and below are considered low power rocket motors. Motors between F and G are considered mid-power, while motors H and above being high-powered rocket motors. Motors which would be classified beyond O are in the realm of amateur rocketry (in this context, the term amateur refers to the rocketeer's independence from an established commercial or government organization). Professional organizations use the nomenclature of average thrust and burning time.
Rocket motor codes
The designation for a specific motor looks like C6-3. In this example, the letter (C) represents the total impulse range of the motor, the number (6) before the dash represents the average thrust in newtons, and the number (3) after the dash represents the delay in seconds from propelling charge burnout to the firing of the eject
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaitin%27s%20algorithm
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Chaitin's algorithm is a bottom-up, graph coloring register allocation algorithm that uses cost/degree as its spill metric. It is named after its designer, Gregory Chaitin. Chaitin's algorithm was the first register allocation algorithm that made use of coloring of the interference graph for both register allocations and spilling.
Chaitin's algorithm was presented on the 1982 SIGPLAN Symposium on Compiler Construction, and published in the symposium proceedings. It was extension of an earlier 1981 paper on the use of graph coloring for register allocation. Chaitin's algorithm formed the basis of a large section of research into register allocators.
References
Graph algorithms
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twin%20vector%20quantization
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In data compression, twin vector quantization is related to vector quantization, but the speed of the quantization is doubled by the secondary vector analyzer.
By using a subdimensional vector space useless hyperspace will be destroyed in the process.
The formula for calculating the amount of destroyed hyperspace is:
H(x) = 5.22 / 4m
Data compression
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avizafone
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Avizafone (Pro-Diazepam) is a water-soluble prodrug of the benzodiazepine derivative diazepam. It can be administered intramuscularly.
Avizafone is metabolised by enzymes in the blood to form the active drug diazepam. It is used mainly as an antidote to poisoning with organophosphate nerve agents.
See also
Alprazolam triazolobenzophenone
Rilmazafone
References
Antidotes
2-Aminobenzophenones
GABAA receptor positive allosteric modulators
Benzodiazepine prodrugs
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russell%20Ohl
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Russell Shoemaker Ohl (January 30, 1898 – March 20, 1987) was an American scientist who is generally recognized for patenting the modern solar cell (, "Light sensitive device").
Ohl was a notable semiconductor researcher prior to the invention of the transistor. He was also known as R.S. Ohl.
Russell Ohl’s specialized area of research was into the behavior of certain types of crystals. He worked on materials research in the 1930s at AT&T's Bell Labs’ Holmdel facility, investigating diode detectors suitable for high-frequency wireless, broadcasting, and military radar. His work was only understood by a handful of scientists in the organization, one of whom was Dr. Walter Brattain (one of the trio who invented the germanium bipolar transistor in 1947, and who would be awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1956).
Ohl, in 1939, discovered the PN barrier (or as it became known, the “P–N junction”). At the time hardly anyone knew anything about the impurities within these crystals, but Russell Ohl discovered the mechanism by which it worked. It was the impurities which made some sections more resistant to electrical flow than others, and thus it was the "barrier" between these areas of different purity that made the crystal work. Ohl later found that super-purifying germanium was the key to making repeatable and usable semiconductor material for diodes. All diodes (incl. LEDs, laser diodes etc.) are descendants of Ohl's work. His work with diodes led him later to develop the fi
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clausius%E2%80%93Clapeyron%20relation
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The Clausius–Clapeyron relation, in chemical thermodynamics specifies the temperature dependence of pressure, most importantly vapor pressure, at a discontinuous phase transition between two phases of matter of a single constituent. It's named after Rudolf Clausius and Benoît Paul Émile Clapeyron. Its relevance to meteorology and climatology is the increase of the water-holding capacity of the atmosphere by about 7% for every 1 °C (1.8 °F) rise in temperature.
James Thomson and William Thomson confirmed the relation experimentally in 1849-50, and it was historically important as a very early successful application of theoretical thermodynamics.
Definition
Exact Clapeyron equation
On a pressure–temperature (P–T) diagram, for any phase change the line separating the two phases is known as the coexistence curve. The Clapeyron relation gives the slope of the tangents to this curve. Mathematically,
where is the slope of the tangent to the coexistence curve at any point, is the specific latent heat, is the temperature, is the specific volume change of the phase transition, and is the specific entropy change of the phase transition.
Clausius–Clapeyron equation
The Clausius–Clapeyron equation applies to vaporization of liquids where vapor follows ideal gas law using the ideal gas constant and liquid volume is neglected as being much smaller than vapor volume V. It is often used to calculate vapor pressure of a liquid.
The equation expresses this in a more conven
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arx
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Arx, ARX, or ArX may refer to:
ARX (Algorithmic Research Ltd.), a digital security company
ARX (gene), Aristaless related homeobox
ARX (operating system), an operating system
ArX (revision control), revision control software
Arx (Roman), a Roman citadel, and in particular:
The northern hump of the two forming the Capitoline Hill of ancient Rome
Arx, Landes, a commune of the Landes département in France
Arx Fatalis, a first person role-playing game developed by Arkane Studios in 2002
Arx, a sculpture by Lars Vilks
Americas Rallycross Championship, also known as ARX Rallycross
Add-Rotate-XOR; see block cipher
(1922-1988), mycologist from the Netherlands
See also
Beretta ARX160, an assault rifle
ObjectARX, a software API for AutoCAD
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCK
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LCK may refer to:
The Lymphocyte-specific protein tyrosine kinase, Lck (also called p56-LCK)
Transport stations and areas
Rickenbacker International Airport, Columbus, Ohio (IATA airport code LCK)
Lockwood railway station, England (National Rail station code LCK)
Lai Chi Kok station, Hong Kong (MTR station code LCK)
Lim Chu Kang, Singapore
Gaming
League of Legends Champions Korea, the top-level league for League of Legends competition in South Korea
A shortened form of the word "Luck" used in many Role-playing games
Other
Louis C.K., stand-up comedian, writer, producer, director, and actor
Language Construction Kit, a feature of the website Zompist.com
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amidine
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Amidines are organic compounds with the functional group RC(NR)NR2, where the R groups can be the same or different. They are the imine derivatives of amides (RC(O)NR2). The simplest amidine is formamidine, HC(=NH)NH2.
Examples of amidines include:
DBU
diminazene
benzamidine
Pentamidine
Paranyline
Preparation
A common route to primary amidines is the Pinner reaction. Reaction of the nitrile with alcohol in the presence of acid gives an iminoether. Treatment of the resulting compound with ammonia then completes the conversion to the amidine. Instead of using a Bronsted acid, Lewis acids such as aluminium trichloride promote the direct amination of nitriles. They are also generated by amination of an imidoyl chloride.
They are also prepared by the addition of organolithium reagents to diimines, followed by protonation or alkylation.
Dimethylformamide acetal reacts with primary amines to give amidines:
Me2NC(H)(OMe)2 + RNH2 → Me2NC=NHR + 2 MeOH
Acid-base chemistry
Amidines are much more basic than amides and are among the strongest uncharged/unionized bases.
Protonation occurs at the sp2-hybridized nitrogen. This occurs because the positive charge can be delocalized onto both nitrogen atoms. The resulting cationic species is known as an amidinium ion and possesses identical C-N bond lengths.
Applications
Several drug or drug candidates feature amidine substituents. Examples include the antiprotozoal Imidocarb, the insecticide amitraz , the anthelmintic tribendimidin
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacobi%27s%20theorem
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Jacobi's theorem can refer to:
Maximum power theorem, in electrical engineering
The result that the determinant of skew-symmetric matrices with odd size vanishes, see skew-symmetric matrix
Jacobi's four-square theorem, in number theory
Jacobi's theorem (geometry), on concurrent lines associated with any triangle
Jacobi's theorem on the normal indicatrix, in differential geometry
Jacobi's theorem on conjugate points, in differential geometry
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time%20derivative
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A time derivative is a derivative of a function with respect to time, usually interpreted as the rate of change of the value of the function. The variable denoting time is usually written as .
Notation
A variety of notations are used to denote the time derivative. In addition to the normal (Leibniz's) notation,
A very common short-hand notation used, especially in physics, is the 'over-dot'. I.E.
(This is called Newton's notation)
Higher time derivatives are also used: the second derivative with respect to time is written as
with the corresponding shorthand of .
As a generalization, the time derivative of a vector, say:
is defined as the vector whose components are the derivatives of the components of the original vector. That is,
Use in physics
Time derivatives are a key concept in physics. For example, for a changing position , its time derivative is its velocity, and its second derivative with respect to time, , is its acceleration. Even higher derivatives are sometimes also used: the third derivative of position with respect to time is known as the jerk. See motion graphs and derivatives.
A large number of fundamental equations in physics involve first or second time derivatives of quantities. Many other fundamental quantities in science are time derivatives of one another:
force is the time derivative of momentum
power is the time derivative of energy
electric current is the time derivative of electric charge
and so on.
A common occurrence in physics is the
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/25%20kV%20AC%20railway%20electrification
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Railway electrification systems using alternating current (AC) at are used worldwide, especially for high-speed rail. It is usually supplied at the standard utility frequency (typically 50 or 60Hz), which simplifies traction substations. The development of 25kV AC electrification is closely connected with that of successfully using utility frequency.
This electrification is ideal for railways that cover long distances or carry heavy traffic. After some experimentation before World War II in Hungary and in the Black Forest in Germany, it came into widespread use in the 1950s.
One of the reasons why it was not introduced earlier was the lack of suitable small and lightweight control and rectification equipment before the development of solid-state rectifiers and related technology. Another reason was the increased clearance distances required where it ran under bridges and in tunnels, which would have required major civil engineering in order to provide the increased clearance to live parts.
Railways using older, lower-capacity direct current systems have introduced or are introducing AC instead of DC/ DC for their new high-speed lines.
History
The first successful operational and regular use of a utility frequency system dates back to 1931, tests having run since 1922. It was developed by Kálmán Kandó in Hungary, who used AC at , asynchronous traction, and an adjustable number of (motor) poles. The first electrified line for testing was Budapest–Dunakeszi–Alag. The fir
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/15%20kV%20AC%20railway%20electrification
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Railway electrification using at are used on transport railways in Germany, Austria, Switzerland, Sweden, and Norway. The high voltage enables high power transmission with the lower frequency reducing the losses of the traction motors that were available at the beginning of the 20th century. Railway electrification in late 20th century tends to use AC systems which has become the preferred standard for new railway electrifications but extensions of the existing networks are not completely unlikely. In particular, the Gotthard Base Tunnel (opened on 1 June 2016) still uses 15 kV, 16.7 Hz electrification.
Due to high conversion costs, it is unlikely that existing systems will be converted to despite the fact that this would reduce the weight of the on-board step-down transformers to one third that of the present devices.
History
The first electrified railways used series-wound DC motors, first at 600 V and then 1,500 V. Areas with 3 kV DC catenaries (primarily in Eastern Europe) used two 1,500 V DC motors in series. But even at 3 kV, the current needed to power a heavy train (particularly in rural and mountainous areas) can be excessive. Although increasing the transmission voltage decreases the current and associated resistive losses for a given power, insulation limits make higher voltage traction motors impractical. Transformers on each locomotive are thus required to step high transmission voltages down to practical motor operating voltages. Before the development
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice%20IX
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Ice IX is a form of solid water stable at temperatures below 140 K or -133.15 C and pressures between 200 and 400 MPa. It has a tetragonal crystal lattice and a density of 1.16 g/cm3, 26% higher than ordinary ice. It is formed by cooling ice III from 208 K to 165 K (rapidly—to avoid forming ice II). Its structure is identical to ice III other than being completely proton-ordered.
Ordinary water ice is known as ice Ih in the Bridgman nomenclature. Different types of ice, from ice II to ice XIX, have been created in the laboratory at different temperatures and pressures.
References
External links
London South Bank University Report
Water ice
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-submarine%20warfare%20carrier
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An anti-submarine warfare carrier (ASW carrier) (US hull classification symbol CVS) is a type of small aircraft carrier whose primary role is as the nucleus of an anti-submarine warfare hunter-killer group. This type of ship came into existence during the Cold War as a development of the escort carriers used in the ASW role in the North Atlantic during World War II.
Role
After World War II, the main naval threat to most Western nations was confrontation with the Soviet Union. The Soviets ended the war with a small navy and took the route of asymmetric confrontation against Western surface ship superiority by investing heavily in submarines both for attack and later fielding submarine-launched missiles. Several nations who purchased British and US surplus light carriers were most easily able to accommodate slow-moving, less expensive, and easy-to-land anti-submarine aircraft from the 1960s forward, such as the S-2 Tracker, which flew from the decks of US, Canadian, Australian, Dutch, Argentine, and Brazilian carriers, or Alizé, which flew from French and Indian ships, allowing these ships to still remain useful especially in the framework of NATO even as newer fighter and strike aircraft were becoming too heavy for the equipment designed for World War II aircraft.
Improvement in long-range shore-based patrol and conventional ship-based ASW helicopter capability combined with the increasing difficulty maintaining surplus WWII carriers led to most of these ships being retire
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadratic%20classifier
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In statistics, a quadratic classifier is a statistical classifier that uses a quadratic decision surface to separate measurements of two or more classes of objects or events. It is a more general version of the linear classifier.
The classification problem
Statistical classification considers a set of vectors of observations x of an object or event, each of which has a known type y. This set is referred to as the training set. The problem is then to determine, for a given new observation vector, what the best class should be. For a quadratic classifier, the correct solution is assumed to be quadratic in the measurements, so y will be decided based on
In the special case where each observation consists of two measurements, this means that the surfaces separating the classes will be conic sections (i.e. either a line, a circle or ellipse, a parabola or a hyperbola). In this sense, we can state that a quadratic model is a generalization of the linear model, and its use is justified by the desire to extend the classifier's ability to represent more complex separating surfaces.
Quadratic discriminant analysis
Quadratic discriminant analysis (QDA) is closely related to linear discriminant analysis (LDA), where it is assumed that the measurements from each class are normally distributed. Unlike LDA however, in QDA there is no assumption that the covariance of each of the classes is identical. When the normality assumption is true, the best possible test for the hypothesis that a
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiconductor%20intellectual%20property%20core
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In electronic design, a semiconductor intellectual property core (SIP core), IP core, or IP block is a reusable unit of logic, cell, or integrated circuit layout design that is the intellectual property of one party. IP cores can be licensed to another party or owned and used by a single party. The term comes from the licensing of the patent or source code copyright that exists in the design. Designers of system on chip (SoC), application-specific integrated circuits (ASIC) and systems of field-programmable gate array (FPGA) logic can use IP cores as building blocks.
History
The licensing and use of IP cores in chip design came into common practice in the 1990s. There were many licensors and also many foundries competing on the market. In 2013, the most widely licensed IP cores were from Arm Holdings (43.2% market share), Synopsys Inc. (13.9% market share), Imagination Technologies (9% market share) and Cadence Design Systems (5.1% market share).
Types of IP cores
The use of an IP core in chip design is comparable to the use of a library for computer programming or a discrete integrated circuit component for printed circuit board design. Each is a reusable component of design logic with a defined interface and behavior that has been verified by its creator and is integrated into a larger design.
Soft cores
IP cores are commonly offered as synthesizable RTL in a hardware description language such as Verilog or VHDL. These are analogous to low-level languages such as C i
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IP%20block
|
IP block may refer to:
IP blocking, the banning of outside connections from certain IP addresses or ranges of them
Semiconductor intellectual property core, a reusable unit of logic, cell, or chip layout design and is also the property of one party
An IP block (otherwise known as an IP range), a continuous segment of Internet Protocol addresses assigned to an organization or country
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Realtek
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Realtek Semiconductor Corp () is a fabless semiconductor company situated in the Hsinchu Science Park, Hsinchu, Taiwan. Realtek was founded in October 1987 and subsequently listed on the Taiwan Stock Exchange in 1998. Realtek currently manufactures and sells a variety of microchips globally and its product lines broadly fall into three categories: communications network ICs, computer peripheral ICs, and multimedia ICs. As of 2019, Realtek employs 5,000 people, of whom 78% work in research and development.
History
Avance Logic
Avance Logic, Inc. was a hardware manufacturer founded in 1991 in Fremont, California, and was most recently headquartered in San Jose, California. Avance Logic focused particularly on the development of low-cost, highly integrated electronic components for OEM manufacturers and was active in the areas of 2D graphics and audio. A 3D accelerator was developed in the mid-1990s, but it was not widely used. Avance Logic was acquired by Realtek as early as 1995 and was an independent subsidiary until the end of 2002, when the company was integrated into Realtek. Realtek's Audio Solutions are based on Avance Logic technology, which can also be recognized by the prefixes "ALG" (Avance Logic Graphics) and "ALS" (Avance Logic Sound).
Products
Communication network IC products manufactured and marketed by Realtek include: network interface controllers (both traditional 10/100M and advanced gigabit Ethernet controllers), physical layer controllers (PHYce
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20Pearson%20%28racing%20driver%29
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David Gene Pearson (December 22, 1934 – November 12, 2018) was an American stock car driver, who raced from 1960 to 1986 in the former NASCAR Grand National and Winston Cup Series (now called the NASCAR Cup Series), most notably driving the No. 21 Mercury for Wood Brothers Racing. Pearson won the 1960 NASCAR Rookie of the Year award and three Cup Series championships (1966, 1968, and 1969). He never missed a race in the years he was active. NASCAR described his 1974 season as an indication of his "consistent greatness", finishing third in the season points having competed in only 19 of 30 races. Pearson's career paralleled Richard Petty's, the driver who has won the most races in NASCAR history. They accounted for 63 first/second-place finishes, with the edge going to Pearson. Petty had 200 wins in 1,184 starts, while Pearson had 105 wins in 574 starts. Pearson was nicknamed the "Fox" (and later the "Silver Fox") for his calculated approach to racing.
At his finalist nomination for NASCAR Hall of Fame's inaugural 2010 class, NASCAR described Pearson as "... the model of NASCAR efficiency during his career. With little exaggeration, when Pearson showed up at a race track, he won." Pearson ended his career in 1986, and holds the second position on NASCAR's all-time win list with 105 victories; as well as achieving 113 pole positions. Pearson was successful in different venues of racing; he won three times on road courses, 48 times on superspeedways, 54 times on short tracks, a
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