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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ECLS
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ECLS may refer to:
Environmental Control and Life Support System, support system of crewed spacecraft
Extracorporeal life support, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation
See also
eCl@ss
Acronyms
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histiocyte
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A histiocyte is a vertebrate cell that is part of the mononuclear phagocyte system (also known as the reticuloendothelial system or lymphoreticular system). The mononuclear phagocytic system is part of the organism's immune system. The histiocyte is a tissue macrophage or a dendritic cell (histio, diminutive of histo, meaning tissue, and cyte, meaning cell). Part of their job is to clear out neutrophils once they've reached the end of their lifespan.
Development
Histiocytes are derived from the bone marrow by multiplication from a stem cell. The derived cells migrate from the bone marrow to the blood as monocytes. They circulate through the body and enter various organs, where they undergo differentiation into histiocytes, which are part of the mononuclear phagocytic system (MPS).
However, the term histiocyte has been used for multiple purposes in the past, and some cells called "histocytes" do not appear to derive from monocytic-macrophage lines. The term Histiocyte can also simply refer to a cell from monocyte origin outside the blood system, such as in a tissue (as in rheumatoid arthritis as palisading histiocytes surrounding fibrinoid necrosis of rheumatoid nodules).
Some sources consider Langerhans cell derivatives to be histiocytes. The Langerhans cell histiocytosis embeds this interpretation into its name.
Structure
Histiocytes have common histological and immunophenotypical characteristics (demonstrated by immunostains). Their cytoplasm is eosinophilic and co
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vuong%27s%20closeness%20test
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In statistics, the Vuong closeness test is a likelihood-ratio-based test for model selection using the Kullback–Leibler information criterion. This statistic makes probabilistic statements about two models. They can be nested, strictly non-nested or partially non-nested (also called overlapping). The statistic tests the null hypothesis that the two models are equally close to the true data generating process, against the alternative that one model is closer. It cannot make any decision whether the "closer" model is the true model.
Technical description
With strictly non-nested models and iid exogenous variables, model 1 (2) is preferred with significance level α, if the z statistic
with
exceeds the positive (falls below the negative) (1 − α)-quantile of the standard normal distribution. Here K1 and K2 are the numbers of parameters in models 1 and 2 respectively.
The numerator is the difference between the maximum likelihoods of the two models, corrected for the number of coefficients analogous to the BIC, the term in the denominator of the expression for Z, , is defined by setting equal to either the mean of the squares of the pointwise log-likelihood ratios , or to the sample variance of these values, where
For nested or partially non-nested (overlapping) models the statistic
has to be compared to critical values from a weighted sum of chi squared distributions. This can be approximated by a gamma distribution (in shape-rate form):
with
and
is a
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archibald%20Garrod
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Sir Archibald Edward Garrod (25 November 1857 – 28 March 1936) was an English physician who pioneered the field of inborn errors of metabolism. He also discovered alkaptonuria, understanding its inheritance. He served as Regius Professor of Medicine at the University of Oxford from 1920 to 1927.
Education and personal life
Archibald was the fourth son of Sir Alfred Baring Garrod, a renowned physician who received his medical degree at the age of 23 and became a professor of medicine at University College, London by the time he was 32. He discovered the abnormal uric acid metabolism associated with gout. Garrod's father also successfully estimated the weight of crystals he obtained from a known quantity of blood, resulting in what Garrod called “the first quantitative biochemical investigation made on the living human body”. Garrod's eldest brother Alfred Henry Garrod was a successful ornithologist that named a number of bird taxa and studied specimens from the Challenger Expedition; Herbert Baring Garrod, his other elder brother also had a successful career, both as a barrister-at-law and as a scholar, writing "Dante, Goethe's Faust, and Other Lectures".
Charles Keene, a cousin, frequently visited Garrod's childhood home. Keene was an illustrator for the magazine Punch for over 40 years. Influenced by Keene, Garrod wrote an illustrated booklet called A Handbook of Classical Architecture. According to Krishna Dronamraju, Garrod displayed an interest in natural history from
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HFE
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HFE may refer to:
HFE (gene), a gene that encodes the Human hemochromatosis protein
H-parameter model (hFE), the current gain of a bipolar junction transistor
Health First Europe
Hefei Luogang International Airport, in Anhui, China, now defunct
Hefei Xinqiao International Airport, in Anhui, China
Hello from Earth, an interstellar radio message
Herschend Family Entertainment Corporation, an American entertainment company
Hertford East railway station, in England
Hidden Field Equations, a cryptosystem
Horizontal Fiscal Equalisation, in Australia
Human factors engineering
Hydrofluoroether, a solvent
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intersil
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Intersil is an American semiconductor company headquartered in Milpitas, California. As of February 24, 2017, Intersil is a subsidiary of Renesas. The previous Intersil was formed in August 1999 through the acquisition of the semiconductor business of Harris Corporation. Intersil is a power management IC business, with specialized capability in power management and precision analog technology for applications in industrial, infrastructure, mobile, automotive and aerospace.
Company history
The original Intersil, Inc. was founded in 1967 by the Swiss physicist Jean Hoerni to develop digital watch Integrated Circuits (ICs). The European subsidiary Eurosil was originally partially funded by SSIH, a Swiss watch company. Later-on, Intersil had a development contract with the Japanese company Daini Seikosha and became supplier of low-voltage CMOS watch ICs for Seiko. When microprocessors emerged to the market in the 1970s, Intersil participated with its 12-bit IM6100, which was the first microprocessor produced in CMOS technology and emulated the PDP-8 instruction set.
In 1988, Intersil was taken over by Harris Semiconductor, which had offered the IM6100 as second source. Harris combined these activities with the semiconductor divisions of Radiation Incorporated, General Electric and RCA they had taken over before. In 1999 Harris spun off its entire semiconductor division and Intersil Corporation was created with the largest IPO in American semiconductor industry history. The s
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropomyosin
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Tropomyosin is a two-stranded alpha-helical, coiled coil protein found in many animal and fungal cells. In animals, it is an important component of the muscular system which works in conjunction with troponin to regulate muscle contraction. It is present in smooth and striated muscle tissues, which can be found in various organs and body systems, including the heart, blood vessels, respiratory system, and digestive system. In fungi, tropomyosin is found in cell walls and helps maintain the structural integrity of cells.
Tropomyosin is found in other eukaryotes too, but not in plants. Overall, tropomyosin is an important protein that plays a vital role in the proper functioning of many different organisms.
Tropomyosin and the actin skeleton
All organisms contain organelles that provide physical integrity to their cells. These type of organelles are collectively known as the cytoskeleton, and one of the most ancient systems is based on filamentous polymers of the protein actin. A polymer of a second protein, tropomyosin, is an integral part of most actin filaments in animals.
Tropomyosins are a large family of integral components of actin filaments that play a critical role in regulating the function of actin filaments in both muscle and nonmuscle cells. These proteins consist of rod-shaped coiled-coil hetero- or homo-dimers that lie along the α-helical groove of most actin filaments. Interaction occurs along the length of the actin filament, with dimers aligning in a head-
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keyword%20stuffing
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Keyword stuffing is a search engine optimization (SEO) technique, considered webspam or spamdexing, in which keywords are loaded into a web page's meta tags, visible content, or backlink anchor text in an attempt to gain an unfair rank advantage in search engines. Keyword stuffing may lead to a website being temporarily or permanently banned or penalized on major search engines. The repetition of words in meta tags may explain why many search engines no longer use these tags. Nowadays, search engines focus more on the content that is unique, comprehensive, relevant, and helpful that overall makes the quality better which makes keyword stuffing useless, but it is still practiced by many webmasters.
Many major search engines have implemented algorithms that recognize keyword stuffing, and reduce or eliminate any unfair search advantage that the tactic may have been intended to gain, and oftentimes they will also penalize, demote or remove websites from their indexes that implement keyword stuffing.
Changes and algorithms specifically intended to penalize or ban sites using keyword stuffing include the Google Florida update (November 2003) Google Panda (February 2011) Google Hummingbird (August 2013) and Bing's September 2014 update.
History
Keyword stuffing had been used in the past to obtain top search engine rankings and visibility for particular phrases. This method is outdated and adds no value to rankings today. In particular, Google no longer gives good rankings to pag
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dewetting
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In fluid mechanics, dewetting is one of the processes that can occur at a solid–liquid, solid–solid or liquid–liquid interface. Generally, dewetting describes the process of retraction of a fluid from a non-wettable surface it was forced to cover. The opposite process—spreading of a liquid on a substrate—is called wetting. The factor determining the spontaneous spreading and dewetting for a drop of liquid placed on a solid substrate with ambient gas, is the so-called spreading coefficient :
where is the solid-gas surface tension, is the solid-liquid surface tension and is the liquid-gas surface tension (measured for the mediums before they are brought in contact with each other).
When , the spontaneous spreading occurs, and if , partial wetting is observed, meaning the liquid will only cover the substrate to some extent.
The equilibrium contact angle is determined from the Young–Laplace equation.
Spreading and dewetting are important processes for many applications, including adhesion, lubrication, painting, printing, and protective coating. For most applications, dewetting is an unwanted process, because it destroys the applied liquid film.
Dewetting can be inhibited or prevented by photocrosslinking the thin film prior to annealing, or by incorporating nanoparticle additives into the film.
Surfactants can have a significant effect on the spreading coefficient. When a surfactant is added, its amphiphilic properties cause it to be more energetically favorable to
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bounded%20set%20%28topological%20vector%20space%29
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In functional analysis and related areas of mathematics, a set in a topological vector space is called bounded or von Neumann bounded, if every neighborhood of the zero vector can be inflated to include the set.
A set that is not bounded is called unbounded.
Bounded sets are a natural way to define locally convex polar topologies on the vector spaces in a dual pair, as the polar set of a bounded set is an absolutely convex and absorbing set.
The concept was first introduced by John von Neumann and Andrey Kolmogorov in 1935.
Definition
Suppose is a topological vector space (TVS) over a field
A subset of is called or just in if any of the following equivalent conditions are satisfied:
: For every neighborhood of the origin there exists a real such that for all scalars satisfying
This was the definition introduced by John von Neumann in 1935.
is absorbed by every neighborhood of the origin.
For every neighborhood of the origin there exists a scalar such that
For every neighborhood of the origin there exists a real such that for all scalars satisfying
For every neighborhood of the origin there exists a real such that for all real
Any one of statements (1) through (5) above but with the word "neighborhood" replaced by any of the following: "balanced neighborhood," "open balanced neighborhood," "closed balanced neighborhood," "open neighborhood," "closed neighborhood".
e.g. Statement (2) may become: is bounded if and only if is absorbed by every
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dual%20topology
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In functional analysis and related areas of mathematics a dual topology is a locally convex topology on a vector space that is induced by the continuous dual of the vector space, by means of the bilinear form (also called pairing) associated with the dual pair.
The different dual topologies for a given dual pair are characterized by the Mackey–Arens theorem. All locally convex topologies with their continuous dual are trivially a dual pair and the locally convex topology is a dual topology.
Several topological properties depend only on the dual pair and not on the chosen dual topology and thus it is often possible to substitute a complicated dual topology by a simpler one.
Definition
Given a dual pair , a dual topology on is a locally convex topology so that
Here denotes the continuous dual of and means that there is a linear isomorphism
(If a locally convex topology on is not a dual topology, then either is not surjective or it is ill-defined since the linear functional is not continuous on for some .)
Properties
Theorem (by Mackey): Given a dual pair, the bounded sets under any dual topology are identical.
Under any dual topology the same sets are barrelled.
Characterization of dual topologies
The Mackey–Arens theorem, named after George Mackey and Richard Arens, characterizes all possible dual topologies on a locally convex space.
The theorem shows that the coarsest dual topology is the weak topology, the topology of uniform convergence on all finite su
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floris%20Takens
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Floris Takens (12 November 1940 – 20 June 2010) was a Dutch mathematician known for contributions to the theory of chaotic dynamical systems.
Together with David Ruelle, he predicted that fluid turbulence could develop through a strange attractor, a term they coined, as opposed to the then-prevailing theory of accretion of modes. The prediction was later confirmed by experiment. Takens also established the result now known as the Takens's theorem, which shows how to reconstruct a dynamical system from an observed time-series. He was the first to show how chaotic attractors could be learned by neural networks.
Takens was born in Zaandam in the Netherlands. He attended schools in The Hague and in Zaandam before serving in the Dutch army for one year (1960–1961). At the University of Amsterdam he concluded his undergraduate and graduate studies. He was granted a doctorate in mathematics in 1969 under the supervision of Nicolaas Kuiper for a thesis entitled The minimal number of critical points of a function on a compact manifold and the Lusternik–Schnirelmann category.
After his graduate work, Takens spent a year at the Institut des Hautes Études Scientifiques, in Bures-sur-Yvette, near Paris, where he worked with David Ruelle, René Thom, and Jacob Palis. His friendship with Palis has taken him many times to the Instituto de Matemática Pura e Aplicada (IMPA) in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Their collaboration produced several joint publications.
Takens was a professor at the Univ
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landau%E2%80%93Hopf%20theory%20of%20turbulence
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In physics, the Landau–Hopf theory of turbulence, named for Lev Landau and Eberhard Hopf, was until the mid-1970s, the accepted theory of how a fluid flow becomes turbulent. It states that as a fluid flows faster, it develops more Fourier modes. At first, a few modes dominate, but under stronger conditions, it forces the modes to become power-law distributed as explained in Kolmogorov's theory of turbulence.
References
Turbulence
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tofurkey
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Tofurkey (a portmanteau of tofu and turkey) is a plant-based meat substitute patterned after turkey, in the form of a loaf of vegetarian protein, usually made from tofu (soybean protein) or seitan (wheat protein) with a stuffing made from grains or bread, flavored with a broth and seasoned with herbs and spices. It is often served at a vegetarian or vegan Thanksgiving meal.
Ready-made products
UnTurkey, produced until 2006 by the now-defunct Now & Zen Bakery in San Francisco, was one of the first ready-made tofurkey products available in the U.S.
Currently available products include those of Tofurky, the Celebration Roast produced by Field Roast and the Stuffed Holiday Roast made by Match Foods (previously called AuraPro).
See also
List of casserole dishes
List of meat substitutes
List of stuffed dishes
Meat analogue
Nut roast, an often homemade, nut-based, roasted main dish
Quorn
Stuffed peppers, a dish of stuffed vegetables
Veggie burger
References
External links
Unturkey.org hosts and archives the original UnTurkey recipe from the Now & Zen cookbook
Meat substitutes
Stuffed dishes
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restoration%20ecology
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Restoration ecology is the scientific study supporting the practice of ecological restoration, which is the practice of renewing and restoring degraded, damaged, or destroyed ecosystems and habitats in the environment by active human interruption and action. Ecological restoration can reverse biodiversity loss, combat climate change and support local and global economies.
Natural ecosystems provide ecosystem services in the form of resources such as food, fuel, and timber; the purification of air and water; the detoxification and decomposition of wastes; the regulation of climate; the regeneration of soil fertility; and the pollination of crops. These ecosystem processes have been estimated to be worth trillions of dollars annually. There is consensus in the scientific community that the current environmental degradation and destruction of many of Earth's biota are taking place on a "catastrophically short timescale". Scientists estimate that the current species extinction rate, or the rate of the Holocene extinction, is 1,000 to 10,000 times higher than the normal, background rate. Habitat loss is the leading cause of both species extinctions and ecosystem service decline.
Two methods have been identified to slow the rate of species extinction and ecosystem service decline, they are the conservation of currently viable habitat and the restoration of degraded habitat. The commercial applications of ecological restoration have increased exponentially in recent years. In 201
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mackey%20topology
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In functional analysis and related areas of mathematics, the Mackey topology, named after George Mackey, is the finest topology for a topological vector space which still preserves the continuous dual. In other words the Mackey topology does not make linear functions continuous which were discontinuous in the default topology. A topological vector space (TVS) is called a Mackey space if its topology is the same as the Mackey topology.
The Mackey topology is the opposite of the weak topology, which is the coarsest topology on a topological vector space which preserves the continuity of all linear functions in the continuous dual.
The Mackey–Arens theorem states that all possible dual topologies are finer than the weak topology and coarser than the Mackey topology.
Definition
Definition for a pairing
Given a pairing the Mackey topology on induced by denoted by is the polar topology defined on by using the set of all -compact disks in
When is endowed with the Mackey topology then it will be denoted by or simply or if no ambiguity can arise.
A linear map is said to be Mackey continuous (with respect to pairings and ) if is continuous.
Definition for a topological vector space
The definition of the Mackey topology for a topological vector space (TVS) is a specialization of the above definition of the Mackey topology of a pairing.
If is a TVS with continuous dual space then the evaluation map on is called the canonical pairing.
The Mackey topology on
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loss%20of%20heterozygosity
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Loss of heterozygosity (LOH) is a type of genetic abnormality in diploid organisms in which one copy of an entire gene and its surrounding chromosomal region are lost. Since diploid cells have two copies of their genes, one from each parent, a single copy of the lost gene still remains when this happens, but any heterozygosity (slight differences between the versions of the gene inherited from each parent) is no longer present.
In cancer
The loss of heterozygosity is a common occurrence in cancer development. Originally, a heterozygous state is required and indicates the absence of a functional tumor suppressor gene copy in the region of interest. However, many people remain healthy with such a loss, because there still is one functional gene left on the other chromosome of the chromosome pair. The remaining copy of the tumor suppressor gene can be inactivated by a point mutation or via other mechanisms, resulting in a loss of heterozygosity event, and leaving no tumor suppressor gene to protect the body. Loss of heterozygosity does not imply a homozygous state (which would require the presence of two identical alleles in the cell).
Knudson two-hit hypothesis of tumorigenesis
First Hit: The first hit is classically thought of as a point mutation, but generally arises due to epigenetic events which inactivate one copy of a tumor suppressor gene (TSG), such as Rb1. In hereditary cancer syndromes, individuals are born with the first hit. The individual does not develop cancer
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little%20Caesars
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Little Caesar Enterprises Inc. (doing business as Little Caesars) is an American multinational pizza chain. Based on 2020 statistics, Little Caesars is the third largest pizza chain by total sales in the United States, behind Pizza Hut and Domino's Pizza. It operates and franchises pizza restaurants in the United States and internationally in Asia, Europe, the Middle East, Canada, Latin America and the Caribbean. The company was founded in 1959 and is based in Detroit, Michigan, headquartered in a newly-built annex of the Fox Theatre building in Downtown Detroit. Little Caesar Enterprises, Inc. is owned by Ilitch Holdings, which also owns the Detroit Tigers, who play across the street at Comerica Park, and the Detroit Red Wings, nearby at Little Caesars Arena.
History
Little Caesars Pizza was founded on May 8, 1959, by the married couple Mike Ilitch and Marian Ilitch. The first location was in a strip mall in Garden City, Michigan, a suburb of Detroit, and named "Little Caesar's Pizza Treat". The original store closed in October 2018, relocating down the street to a new building in nearby Westland.
The first Little Caesar's franchise location opened in 1962 in Warren, Michigan and was still called Little Caesar's Pizza Treat. The same year the Little Caesar's logo became a 3D figure and was used in outdoor signage.
The company is well known for its advertising catchphrase "Pizza! Pizza!", which was introduced in 1979. The phrase refers to two pizzas being offered for the c
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish%20Newfoundlanders
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In modern Newfoundland (), many Newfoundlanders are of Irish descent. According to the Statistics Canada 2016 census, 20.7% of Newfoundlanders claim Irish ancestry (other major groups in the province include 37.5% English, 6.8% Scottish, and 5.2% French). However, this figure greatly under-represents the true number of Newfoundlanders of Irish ancestry, as 53.9% claimed "Canadian" as their ethnic origin in the same census. The majority of these respondents were of Irish, English, and Scottish origins, but no longer self-identify with their ethnic ancestral origins due to having lived in Canada for many generations. Even so, the family names, the features and colouring, the predominance of Catholics in some areas (particularly on the southeast portion of the Avalon Peninsula), the prevalence of Irish music, and even the accents of the people in these areas, are so reminiscent of rural Ireland that Irish author Tim Pat Coogan has described Newfoundland as "the most Irish place in the world outside of Ireland."
History
The large Irish Catholic element in Newfoundland in the 19th century played a major role in Newfoundland history, and developed a strong local culture of their own. They were in repeated political conflict—sometimes violent—with the Protestant Scots-Irish "Orange" element.
These migrations were seasonal or temporary. Most Irish migrants were young men working on contract for English merchants and planters. It was a substantial migration, peaking in the 1770s an
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal%20River%20Nuclear%20Plant
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The Crystal River Nuclear Plant also called the Crystal River 3 Nuclear Power Plant, or simply CR-3, is a closed nuclear power plant located in Crystal River, Florida. The facility is currently being decommissioned. The power plant was completed and licensed to operate in December 1976, and operated safely for 33 years until shutdown in September 2009. It was the third plant built as part of the Crystal River Energy Complex (CREC) which contains a single nuclear power plant, while sharing the site with four operational fossil fuel power plants.
The Crystal River reactor went offline in September 2009 for refueling, OTSG replacement (once through steam generator), and 20% power up-rate outage. In preparing the containment building for making the opening to replace the two OTSG's, tendons in the containment building wall were detensioned. During the concrete removal in creating the opening workers discovered a large gap in the concrete of the containment building wall. The main cause of the gap, which further engineering analysis determined was a large delamination, was attributed to the scope and sequence of the tendon detensioning. The plant had originally been scheduled to restart in April 2011, but the project encountered a number of delays. Repairs were successful, but additional delamination began to occur in adjacent bays. After several months of analyzing options, Duke Energy senior executives announced in February 2013 that the Crystal River Nuclear Plant would be p
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICSH
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The acronym ICSH can stand for:
Irish Council for Social Housing
Interstitial Cell Stimulating Hormone
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMI
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PMI may stand for:
Computer science
Pointwise mutual information, in statistics
Privilege Management Infrastructure in cryptography
Product and manufacturing information in CAD systems
Companies
Philip Morris International, tobacco company
Picture Music International, former division of EMI
Precious Moments, Inc., American giftware catalog company
Precision Monolithics, a semiconductor manufacturer
Economics
Passenger-mile
Post-merger integration
Private mortgage insurance or lenders mortgage insurance
Purchasing Managers' Index, of business sentiment
Locations
Palma de Mallorca Airport (IATA airport code PMI)
Mathematics
Pointwise mutual information, measure in statistical probability theory
Principle of Mathematical Induction, a method of proof involving the natural numbers
Organizations
Plumbing Manufacturers International
Project Management Institute
Palang Merah Indonesia, the Indonesian Red Cross Society
Schools
Philippine Maritime Institute
PMI College - Bohol, Tagbilaran City
Pima Medical Institute, US
Medicine
The pulse at the point of maximum impulse (PMI) is the apex beat of the heart
Post-mortem interval, the time since a death
Technique
Positive material identification of a metallic alloy
Preventive maintenance inspection, USAF
Other uses
US Presidential Management Internship, now Presidential Management Fellows Program
See also
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart%20antenna
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Smart antennas (also known as adaptive array antennas, digital antenna arrays, multiple antennas and, recently, MIMO) are antenna arrays with smart signal processing algorithms used to identify spatial signal signatures such as the direction of arrival (DOA) of the signal, and use them to calculate beamforming vectors which are used to track and locate the antenna beam on the mobile/target. Smart antennas should not be confused with reconfigurable antennas, which have similar capabilities but are single element antennas and not antenna arrays.
Smart antenna techniques are used notably in acoustic signal processing, track and scan radar, radio astronomy and radio telescopes, and mostly in cellular systems like W-CDMA, UMTS, and LTE and 5G-NR.
Smart antennas have many functions: DOA estimation, beamforming, interference nulling, and constant modulus preservation.
Direction of arrival (DOA) estimation
The smart antenna system estimates the direction of arrival of the signal, using techniques such as MUSIC (MUltiple SIgnal Classification), estimation of signal parameters via rotational invariance techniques (ESPRIT) algorithms, Matrix Pencil method or one of their derivatives. They involve finding a spatial spectrum of the antenna/sensor array, and calculating the DOA from the peaks of this spectrum. These calculations are computationally intensive.
Matrix Pencil is very efficient in case of real time systems, and under the correlated sources.
Beamforming
Beamforming is th
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reference%20class%20problem
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In statistics, the reference class problem is the problem of deciding what class to use when calculating the probability applicable to a particular case.
For example, to estimate the probability of an aircraft crashing, we could refer to the frequency of crashes among various different sets of aircraft: all aircraft, this make of aircraft, aircraft flown by this company in the last ten years, etc. In this example, the aircraft for which we wish to calculate the probability of a crash is a member of many different classes, in which the frequency of crashes differs. It is not obvious which class we should refer to for this aircraft. In general, any case is a member of very many classes among which the frequency of the attribute of interest differs. The reference class problem discusses which class is the most appropriate to use.
More formally, many arguments in statistics take the form of a statistical syllogism:
proportion of are
is an
Therefore, the chance that is a is
is called the "reference class" and is the "attribute class" and is the individual object. How is one to choose an appropriate class ?
In Bayesian statistics, the problem arises as that of deciding on a prior probability for the outcome in question (or when considering multiple outcomes, a prior probability distribution).
History
John Venn stated in 1876 that "every single thing or event has an indefinite number of properties or attributes observable in it, and might therefore be considered as
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dougie%20Freedman
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Douglas Alan Freedman (born 25 May 1974) is a Scottish professional football manager and former player. He is the current sporting director of Crystal Palace.
Freedman played as a striker, primarily for Crystal Palace and also had spells as a player at Queens Park Rangers, Barnet, Wolverhampton Wanderers, Nottingham Forest, Leeds United and Southend United. Freedman had two caps for the Scotland national team where he scored one goal in a 2002 World Cup qualifier against Latvia.
Freedman started his managerial career with Crystal Palace in 2011. He moved to fellow Championship club Bolton Wanderers in 2012, but left this position in October 2014. He became manager of Nottingham Forest in February 2015, with whom he parted company in March 2016.
Club career
Barnet
Freedman began his career with top flight Queens Park Rangers in 1992, but never made their first team. He moved to Third Division Barnet on a free transfer in July 1994, aged 20. He made his league debut in August 1994 and quickly became the club's leading player as he struck 24 goals in his debut season. A bright start to the following season attracted the interest of Crystal Palace. Despite only spending a short spell at Barnet at the beginning of his playing career, Freedman was voted as the fans' favourite player in the club's all-time history in late 2007.
Crystal Palace
Freedman was signed by Crystal Palace for a fee of £800,000 in September 1995. He instantly showed he could continue his goalscoring form
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximum%20a%20posteriori%20estimation
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In Bayesian statistics, a maximum a posteriori probability (MAP) estimate is an estimate of an unknown quantity, that equals the mode of the posterior distribution. The MAP can be used to obtain a point estimate of an unobserved quantity on the basis of empirical data. It is closely related to the method of maximum likelihood (ML) estimation, but employs an augmented optimization objective which incorporates a prior distribution (that quantifies the additional information available through prior knowledge of a related event) over the quantity one wants to estimate. MAP estimation can therefore be seen as a regularization of maximum likelihood estimation.
Description
Assume that we want to estimate an unobserved population parameter on the basis of observations . Let be the sampling distribution of , so that is the probability of when the underlying population parameter is . Then the function:
is known as the likelihood function and the estimate:
is the maximum likelihood estimate of .
Now assume that a prior distribution over exists. This allows us to treat as a random variable as in Bayesian statistics. We can calculate the posterior distribution of using Bayes' theorem:
where is density function of , is the domain of .
The method of maximum a posteriori estimation then estimates as the mode of the posterior distribution of this random variable:
The denominator of the posterior distribution (so-called marginal likelihood) is always positive and does not
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copula%20%28probability%20theory%29
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In probability theory and statistics, a copula is a multivariate cumulative distribution function for which the marginal probability distribution of each variable is uniform on the interval [0, 1]. Copulas are used to describe/model the dependence (inter-correlation) between random variables. Their name, introduced by applied mathematician Abe Sklar in 1959, comes from the Latin for "link" or "tie", similar but unrelated to grammatical copulas in linguistics. Copulas have been used widely in quantitative finance to model and minimize tail risk and portfolio-optimization applications.
Sklar's theorem states that any multivariate joint distribution can be written in terms of univariate marginal distribution functions and a copula which describes the dependence structure between the variables.
Copulas are popular in high-dimensional statistical applications as they allow one to easily model and estimate the distribution of random vectors by estimating marginals and copulae separately. There are many parametric copula families available, which usually have parameters that control the strength of dependence. Some popular parametric copula models are outlined below.
Two-dimensional copulas are known in some other areas of mathematics under the name permutons and doubly-stochastic measures.
Mathematical definition
Consider a random vector . Suppose its marginals are continuous, i.e. the marginal CDFs are continuous functions. By applying the probability integral transform to e
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isovaleric%20acidemia
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Isovaleric acidemia is a rare autosomal recessive metabolic disorder which disrupts or prevents normal metabolism of the branched-chain amino acid leucine. It is a classical type of organic acidemia.
Symptoms and signs
A characteristic feature of isovaleric acidemia is a distinctive odor of sweaty feet. This odor is caused by the buildup of a compound called isovaleric acid in affected individuals.
In about half of cases, the signs and symptoms of this disorder become apparent within a few days after birth and include poor feeding, vomiting, seizures, and lack of energy that can progress to coma. These medical problems are typically severe and can be life-threatening. In the other half of cases, the signs and symptoms of the disorder appear during childhood and may come and go over time. They are often triggered by an infection.
Genetics
The disorder has an autosomal recessive inheritance pattern, which means the defective gene is located on an autosome, and two copies of the gene – one from each parent – must be inherited to be affected by the disorder. The parents of a child with an autosomal recessive disorder are carriers of one copy of the defective gene, but are usually not affected by the disorder.
Mutations in both copies of the IVD gene result in isovaleric acidemia.
Pathophysiology
The enzyme encoded by IVD, isovaleric acid-CoA dehydrogenase (), plays an essential role in breaking down proteins from the diet. Specifically, the enzyme is responsible for the t
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul%20Niggli
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Paul Niggli (26 June 1888 – 13 January 1953) was a Swiss crystallographer, mineralogist, and petrologist who was a leader in the field of X-ray crystallography.
Education and career
Niggli was born in Zofingen and studied at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) in Zurich and the University of Zurich, where he obtained a doctorate. His 1919 book, Geometrische Kristallographie des Diskontinuums, played a seminal role in the refinement of space group theory. In this book, Niggli demonstrated that although X-ray reflection conditions do not always uniquely determine the space group to which a crystal belongs, they do reveal a small number of possible space groups to which it could belong. Niggli used morphological methods to account for internal structure and, in his 1928 Kristallographische und Strukturtheoretische Grundbegriffe, he took up what is essentially the reverse process, the task of establishing the connection between space lattices and external crystal morphology. The great aim of his life was to integrate the whole field of Earth sciences.
In 1920, Niggli became the lead scientist at the ETH's Institut für Mineralogie und Petrographie, where he brought his systematic approach to the study of crystal morphologies using X-ray diffraction. In 1935, Niggli and his doctoral student Werner Nowacki (1909–1988) determined the 73 three-dimensional arithmetic crystal classes (symmorphic space groups). Niggli retired from the Institute in 1949. He was also profe
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borel%E2%80%93Carath%C3%A9odory%20theorem
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In mathematics, the Borel–Carathéodory theorem in complex analysis shows that an analytic function may be bounded by its real part. It is an application of the maximum modulus principle. It is named for Émile Borel and Constantin Carathéodory.
Statement of the theorem
Let a function be analytic on a closed disc of radius R centered at the origin. Suppose that r < R. Then, we have the following inequality:
Here, the norm on the left-hand side denotes the maximum value of f in the closed disc:
(where the last equality is due to the maximum modulus principle).
Proof
Define A by
If f is constant c, the inequality follows from , so we may assume f is nonconstant. First let f(0) = 0. Since Re f is harmonic, Re f(0) is equal to the average of its values around any circle centered at 0. That is,
Since f is regular and nonconstant, we have that Re f is also nonconstant. Since Re f(0) = 0, we must have Re for some z on the circle , so we may take . Now f maps into the half-plane P to the left of the x=A line. Roughly, our goal is to map this half-plane to a disk, apply Schwarz's lemma there, and make out the stated inequality.
sends P to the standard left half-plane. sends the left half-plane to the circle of radius R centered at the origin. The composite, which maps 0 to 0, is the desired map:
From Schwarz's lemma applied to the composite of this map and f, we have
Take |z| ≤ r. The above becomes
so
,
as claimed. In the general case, we may apply the above to
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tandem%20repeat%20locus
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Variable number of tandem repeat locus (VNTR locus) is any DNA sequence that exist in multiple copies strung together in a variety of tandem lengths. The number of repeat copies present at a locus can be visualized by means of a Multi-locus or Multiple Loci VNTR Analysis (MLVA). In short, oligonucleotide primers are developed for each specific tandem repeat locus, followed by PCR and agarose gel electrophoresis. When the length of the repeat and the size of the flanking regions is known, the number of repeats can be calculated. Analysis of multiple loci will result in a genotype.
References
Genetics
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boilie
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Boilies are a type of fishing bait made from boiled paste that usually consists of fishmeals, milk proteins, bird foods, semolina and soya flour, which are mixed with egg white as a binding agent. The mixture is then boiled to form hard round balls that diffuse slowly and evenly in water. Additional flavourings and aromatic attractants are usually included in the mixture to enhance the olfactory appeal to the fish. The spherical shape also allows the baits to be catapulted accurately when fishing at distant waters.
Though boilies are typically made and sold by large commercial suppliers, many anglers opt to make their own unique homemade boilies.
Use
Boilies are one of the most established carp fishing baits, available in a huge range of colours and flavours. Boilies come in all different shapes and sizes from tiny micro-boilies as small as to palm-sized balls as large as , which are more suited to waters where "nuisance fish" are present. The ability to provide a bait of a fairly large size with a hard outer skin, meant that other species such as tench and bream were less able to consume the bait. Boiled baits also meant that they could be left longer in the water without fear of the bait disintegrating and falling off the hook, unlike bread or other traditional fishing baits.
There are also buoyant boilies, commonly known as "pop-ups", that are used to make the bait float just off the bed of the lake, making them easier for the fish to find and take. Pop-up boilies ca
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic%20marker
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A genetic marker is a gene or DNA sequence with a known location on a chromosome that can be used to identify individuals or species. It can be described as a variation (which may arise due to mutation or alteration in the genomic loci) that can be observed. A genetic marker may be a short DNA sequence, such as a sequence surrounding a single base-pair change (single nucleotide polymorphism, SNP), or a long one, like minisatellites.
Background
For many years, gene mapping was limited to identifying organisms by traditional phenotypes markers. This included genes that encoded easily observable characteristics such as blood types or seed shapes. The insufficient number of these types of characteristics in several organisms limited the mapping efforts that could be done. This prompted the development of gene markers which could identify genetic characteristics that are not readily observable in organisms (such as protein variation).
Types
Some commonly used types of genetic markers are:
RFLP (or Restriction fragment length polymorphism)
SSLP (or Simple sequence length polymorphism)
AFLP (or Amplified fragment length polymorphism)
RAPD (or Random amplification of polymorphic DNA)
VNTR (or Variable number tandem repeat)
Microsatellite polymorphism, (or Simple sequence repeat)
SNP (or Single nucleotide polymorphism)
STR (or Short tandem repeat)
SFP (or Single feature polymorphism)
DArT (or Diversity Arrays Technology)
RAD markers (or Restriction site associated DNA
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Response%20spectrum
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A response spectrum is a plot of the peak or steady-state response (displacement, velocity or acceleration) of a series of oscillators of varying natural frequency, that are forced into motion by the same base vibration or shock. The resulting plot can then be used to pick off the response of any linear system, given its natural frequency of oscillation. One such use is in assessing the peak response of buildings to earthquakes. The science of strong ground motion may use some values from the ground response spectrum (calculated from recordings of surface ground motion from seismographs) for correlation with seismic damage.
If the input used in calculating a response spectrum is steady-state periodic, then the steady-state result is recorded. Damping must be present, or else the response will be infinite. For transient input (such as seismic ground motion), the peak response is reported. Some level of damping is generally assumed, but a value will be obtained even with no damping.
Response spectra can also be used in assessing the response of linear systems with multiple modes of oscillation (multi-degree of freedom systems), although they are only accurate for low levels of damping. Modal analysis is performed to identify the modes, and the response in that mode can be picked from the response spectrum. These peak responses are then combined to estimate a total response. A typical combination method is the square root of the sum of the squares (SRSS) if the modal frequen
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candidate%20gene
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The candidate gene approach to conducting genetic association studies focuses on associations between genetic variation within pre-specified genes of interest, and phenotypes or disease states. This is in contrast to genome-wide association studies (GWAS), which is a hypothesis-free approach that scans the entire genome for associations between common genetic variants (typically SNPs) and traits of interest. Candidate genes are most often selected for study based on a priori knowledge of the gene's biological functional impact on the trait or disease in question. The rationale behind focusing on allelic variation in specific, biologically relevant regions of the genome is that certain alleles within a gene may directly impact the function of the gene in question and lead to variation in the phenotype or disease state being investigated. This approach often uses the case-control study design to try to answer the question, "Is one allele of a candidate gene more frequently seen in subjects with the disease than in subjects without the disease?" Candidate genes hypothesized to be associated with complex traits have generally not been replicated by subsequent GWASs or highly powered replication attempts. The failure of candidate gene studies to shed light on the specific genes underlying such traits has been ascribed to insufficient statistical power, low prior probability that scientists can correctly guess a specific allele within a specific gene that is related to a trait, poo
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pronucleus
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A pronucleus (: pronuclei) denotes the nucleus found in either a sperm or egg cell during the process of fertilization. The sperm cell undergoes a transformation into a pronucleus after entering the egg cell but prior to the fusion of the genetic material of both the sperm and egg. In contrast, the egg cell possesses a pronucleus once it becomes haploid, not upon the arrival of the sperm cell. Haploid cells, such as sperm and egg cells in humans, carry half the number of chromosomes present in somatic cells, with 23 chromosomes compared to the 46 found in somatic cells. It is noteworthy that the male and female pronuclei do not physically merge, although their genetic material does. Instead, their membranes dissolve, eliminating any barriers between the male and female chromosomes, facilitating the combination of their chromosomes into a single diploid nucleus in the resulting embryo, which contains a complete set of 46 chromosomes.
The presence of two pronuclei serves as the initial indication of successful fertilization, often observed around 18 hours after insemination, or intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) during in vitro fertilization. At this stage, the zygote is termed a two-pronuclear zygote (2PN). Two-pronuclear zygotes transitioning through 1PN or 3PN states tend to yield poorer-quality embryos compared to those maintaining 2PN status throughout development, and this distinction may hold significance in the selection of embryos during in vitro fertilization (I
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insertion%20%28genetics%29
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In genetics, an insertion (also called an insertion mutation) is the addition of one or more nucleotide base pairs into a DNA sequence. This can often happen in microsatellite regions due to the DNA polymerase slipping. Insertions can be anywhere in size from one base pair incorrectly inserted into a DNA sequence to a section of one chromosome inserted into another. The mechanism of the smallest single base insertion mutations is believed to be through base-pair separation between the template and primer strands followed by non-neighbor base stacking, which can occur locally within the DNA polymerase active site. On a chromosome level, an insertion refers to the insertion of a larger sequence into a chromosome. This can happen due to unequal crossover during meiosis.
N region addition is the addition of non-coded nucleotides during recombination by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase.
P nucleotide insertion is the insertion of palindromic sequences encoded by the ends of the recombining gene segments.
Trinucleotide repeats are classified as insertion mutations and sometimes as a separate class of mutations.
Methods
Zinc finger nuclease(ZFN), Transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALEN), and CRISPR gene editing are the three main methods used in the former research to achieve gene insertion. And CRISPR/Cas tools have already become one of the most used methods to present research.
Based on CRISPR/Cas tools, different systems have already been developed to a
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FlaK
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FlaK may refer to:
Preflagellin peptidase, an enzyme
Anti-aircraft warfare, another term for air defense
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noel%20Sharkey
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Noel Sharkey (born 14 December 1948) is a computer scientist born in Belfast, Northern Ireland. He is best known to the British public for his appearances on television as an expert on robotics; including the BBC Two television series Robot Wars and Techno Games, and co-hosting Bright Sparks for BBC Northern Ireland. He is emeritus professor of artificial intelligence and robotics at the University of Sheffield.
Sharkey chairs the International Committee for Robot Arms Control, an NGO that is seeking an International treaty to prohibit the development and use of autonomous robot weapons – weapons that once launched can select human targets and kill them without human intervention. He is co-founder and co-director of the Foundation for Responsible Robotics.
Sharkey is the founding editor of the academic journal Connection Science, and an editor for Artificial Intelligence Review and Robotics and Autonomous Systems.
Career
Sharkey held a chair in the Department of Computer Science (from 1994) at the University of Sheffield, and then he was a professor of Artificial Intelligence and Robotics and a professor of Public Engagement. He was supported by an EPSRC Senior Media Fellowship and a Leverhulme Fellowship of the ethics of battlefield robots.
Previously Sharkey held a number of interdisciplinary research and teaching positions in the US (Yale Computer Science and Stanford Psychology) and the UK (Essex Language and Linguistics, Exeter Computer Science). He was director of t
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montel%20space
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In functional analysis and related areas of mathematics, a Montel space, named after Paul Montel, is any topological vector space (TVS) in which an analog of Montel's theorem holds. Specifically, a Montel space is a barrelled topological vector space in which every closed and bounded subset is compact.
Definition
A topological vector space (TVS) has the if every closed and bounded subset is compact.
A is a barrelled topological vector space with the Heine–Borel property. Equivalently, it is an infrabarrelled semi-Montel space where a Hausdorff locally convex topological vector space is called a or if every bounded subset is relatively compact.
A subset of a TVS is compact if and only if it is complete and totally bounded.
A is a Fréchet space that is also a Montel space.
Characterizations
A separable Fréchet space is a Montel space if and only if each weak-* convergent sequence in its continuous dual is strongly convergent.
A Fréchet space is a Montel space if and only if every bounded continuous function sends closed bounded absolutely convex subsets of to relatively compact subsets of
Moreover, if denotes the vector space of all bounded continuous functions on a Fréchet space then is Montel if and only if every sequence in that converges to zero in the compact-open topology also converges uniformly to zero on all closed bounded absolutely convex subsets of
Sufficient conditions
Semi-Montel spaces
A closed vector subspace of a semi-Montel space is ag
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linde%E2%80%93Buzo%E2%80%93Gray%20algorithm
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The Linde–Buzo–Gray algorithm (introduced by Yoseph Linde, Andrés Buzo and Robert M. Gray in 1980) is a vector quantization algorithm to derive a good codebook.
It is similar to the k-means method in data clustering.
The algorithm
At each iteration, each vector is split into two new vectors.
A initial state: centroid of the training sequence;
B initial estimation #1: code book of size 2;
C final estimation after LGA: Optimal code book with 2 vectors;
D initial estimation #2: code book of size 4;
E final estimation after LGA: Optimal code book with 4 vectors;
The final two code vectors are splitted into four and the process is repeated until the desired number of code vector is obtained.
References
The original paper describing the algorithm, as an extension to Lloyd's algorithm:
Cluster analysis algorithms
Machine learning algorithms
Artificial neural networks
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal%20Tipps%20and%20Alistair
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Crystal Tipps and Alistair is a British cartoon produced for the BBC. The title characters are a girl and her dog who are joined by their friends Birdie and Butterfly. There are 50 five-minute episodes and a 20-minute Christmas special, all first shown between 1972 and 1974. It was regularly repeated until 1980. Between 1985 and 1987 the programme aired on Children's ITV (with its BBC TV/Q3 credit replaced by a "Children's ITV" endboard on the 4pm broadcast). In 1990, the BBC claimed back the rights with continued airings until 1994. It was created by Hilary Hayton and Graham McCallum. Michael Grafton-Robinson, a BBC producer went independent, setting up Q3 of London to produce the series. The animation was done by Richard Taylor Cartoons, who were also contracted to make the Charley Says and the Protect and Survive public information films for the Central Office of Information.
The series has no dialogue but rather is accompanied by a full musical soundtrack composed by Paul Reade. However, when shown on Captain Kangaroo in the U.S. in the 1970s the series did have voice-over narration by Cosmo "Gus" Allegretti in his high-pitched "Mister Moose" voice.
Episodes
Birdie
Butterfly
Flying High
The Art Gallery
Keep Fit
Fishing
Party Time
Decorating
Sowing Seeds
Trip to the Seaside
Yo Yo
The Postman
Dressing Up
Music Makers
Snow
It's Quicker By Tube
Zoo Time
Spring Cleaning
Boots
Chimney Sweep
The Circus
On Wheels
Tennis Time
The Swimming Pool
Picnic Tim
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack%20Robson%20%28football%20manager%29
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John Robson (24 May 1860 – 11 January 1922) was an Englishman who was the full-time secretary manager of Middlesbrough, Crystal Palace and Brighton & Hove Albion, as well as manager of Manchester United.
Career
Robson started his managerial career with Middlesbrough, where he was paid £3 a week and declined to travel to away games as an economic measure. Despite his parsimonious attitude, he took the club from being an amateur outfit in the Northern League to a professional club in the First Division. He was also the first manager of Crystal Palace and coached the club to one of the greatest FA Cup shocks of all time when they defeated Newcastle United at St James' Park in 1907. He later managed Brighton & Hove Albion and started the concept of being a manager and not a secretary at Manchester United. He stepped down as United manager due to ill health in October 1921 and died of pneumonia on 11 January 1922.
Honours
As a manager
Brighton & Hove Albion
Southern League Division One: 1909–10
Charity Shield: 1910
Managerial statistics
References
External links
Sportspeople from Durham, England
English football managers
Middlesbrough F.C. managers
Crystal Palace F.C. managers
Brighton & Hove Albion F.C. managers
Manchester United F.C. managers
1922 deaths
1860 births
Deaths from pneumonia in England
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embedded%20Zerotrees%20of%20Wavelet%20transforms
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Embedded Zerotrees of Wavelet transforms (EZW) is a lossy image compression algorithm. At low bit rates, i.e. high compression ratios, most of the coefficients produced by a subband transform (such as the wavelet transform)
will be zero, or very close to zero. This occurs because "real world" images tend to contain mostly low frequency information (highly correlated). However where high frequency information does occur (such as edges in the image) this is particularly important in terms of human perception of the image quality, and thus must be represented accurately in any high quality coding scheme.
By considering the transformed coefficients as a tree (or trees) with the lowest frequency coefficients at the root node and with the children of each tree node being the spatially related coefficients in the next higher frequency subband, there is a high probability that one or more subtrees will consist entirely of coefficients which are zero or nearly zero, such subtrees are called zerotrees. Due to this, we use the terms node and coefficient interchangeably, and when we refer to the children of a coefficient, we mean the child coefficients of the node in the tree where that coefficient is located. We use children to refer to directly connected nodes lower in the tree and descendants to refer to all nodes which are below a particular node in the tree, even if not directly connected.
In zerotree based image compression scheme such as EZW and SPIHT, the intent is to use the s
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycerophospholipid
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Glycerophospholipids or phosphoglycerides are glycerol-based phospholipids. They are the main component of biological membranes. Two major classes are known: those for bacteria and eukaryotes and a separate family for archaea.
Structures
The term glycerophospholipid signifies any derivative of glycerophosphoric acid that contains at least one O-acyl, or O-alkyl, or O-alk-1'-enyl residue attached to the glycerol moiety. The phosphate group forms an ester linkage to the glycerol. The long-chained hydrocarbons are typically attached through ester linkages in bacteria/eukaryotes and by ether linkages in archaea. In bacteria and procaryotes, the lipids consist of diesters commonly of C16 or C18 fatty acids. These acids are straight-chained and, especially for the C18 members, can be unsaturated. For archaea, the hydrocarbon chains have chain lengths of C10, C15, C20 etc. since they are derived from isoprene units. These chains are branched, with one methyl substituent per C5 subunit. These chains are linked to the glycerol phosphate by ether linkages.
The two hydrocarbon chains attached to the glycerol are hydrophobic while the polar head, which mainly consists of the phosphate group attached to the third carbon of the glycerol backbone, is hydrophilic. This dual characteristic leads to the amphipathic nature of glycerophospholipids.
They are usually organized into a bilayer in membranes with the polar hydrophilic heads sticking outwards to the aqueous environment and
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numerical%20relativity
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Numerical relativity is one of the branches of general relativity that uses numerical methods and algorithms to solve and analyze problems. To this end, supercomputers are often employed to study black holes, gravitational waves, neutron stars and many other phenomena governed by Einstein's theory of general relativity.
A currently active field of research in numerical relativity is the simulation of relativistic binaries and their associated gravitational waves.
Overview
A primary goal of numerical relativity is to study spacetimes whose exact form is not known. The spacetimes so found computationally can either be fully dynamical, stationary or static and may contain matter fields or vacuum. In the case of stationary and static solutions, numerical methods may also be used to study the stability of the equilibrium spacetimes. In the case of dynamical spacetimes, the problem may be divided into the initial value problem and the evolution, each requiring different methods.
Numerical relativity is applied to many areas, such as cosmological models, critical phenomena, perturbed black holes and neutron stars, and the coalescence of black holes and neutron stars, for example. In any of these cases, Einstein's equations can be formulated in several ways that allow us to evolve the dynamics. While Cauchy methods have received a majority of the attention, characteristic and Regge calculus based methods have also been used. All of these methods begin with a snapshot of the gravita
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Pierre%20Changeux
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Jean-Pierre Changeux (; born 6 April 1936) is a French neuroscientist known for his research in several fields of biology, from the structure and function of proteins (with a focus on the allosteric proteins), to the early development of the nervous system up to cognitive functions. Although being famous in biological sciences for the MWC model, the identification and purification of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor and the theory of epigenesis by synapse selection are also notable scientific achievements. Changeux is known by the non-scientific public for his ideas regarding the connection between mind and physical brain. As put forth in his book, Conversations on Mind, Matter and Mathematics, Changeux strongly supports the view that the nervous system functions in a projective rather than reactive style and that interaction with the environment, rather than being instructive, results in the selection amongst a diversity of preexisting internal representations.
Biography
Changeux was born in Domont, France to Marcel Changeux and Jeanne Benoît. He entered the École Normale Supérieure in 1955, where he obtained a bachelor's degree (Licence) in 1957 and a master's degree (Diplome d'Études Supérieure) in 1958. He also received his agrégation in natural science the same year. He began his scientific career during his ENS years during summer internships in Banyuls-sur-Mer where he identified a new genus of parasitic
Copepod. He pursued PhD studies at the Pasteur Institute und
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invariant%20polynomial
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In mathematics, an invariant polynomial is a polynomial that is invariant under a group acting on a vector space . Therefore, is a -invariant polynomial if
for all and .
Cases of particular importance are for Γ a finite group (in the theory of Molien series, in particular), a compact group, a Lie group or algebraic group. For a basis-independent definition of 'polynomial' nothing is lost by referring to the symmetric powers of the given linear representation of Γ.
References
Commutative algebra
Invariant theory
Polynomials
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All-pairs%20testing
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In computer science, all-pairs testing or pairwise testing is a combinatorial method of software testing that, for each pair of input parameters to a system (typically, a software algorithm), tests all possible discrete combinations of those parameters. Using carefully chosen test vectors, this can be done much faster than an exhaustive search of all combinations of all parameters, by "parallelizing" the tests of parameter pairs.
Computer scientists and mathematicians both work on algorithms to generate pairwise test suites. Numerous exist to generate such test suites as there is no efficient exact solution for every possible input and constraints scenarios. An early researcher in this area created a short one-hour Combinatorial Testing course that covers the theory of combinatorial testing (of which pairwise testing is a special case) and shows learners how to use a free tool from NIST to generate their own combinatorial test suites quickly.
Rationale
The most common bugs in a program are generally triggered by either a single input parameter or an interaction between pairs of parameters. Bugs involving interactions between three or more parameters are both progressively less common and also progressively more expensive to find---such testing has as its limit the testing of all possible inputs. Thus, a combinatorial technique for picking test cases like all-pairs testing is a useful cost-benefit compromise that enables a significant reduction in the number of test cas
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complex%20fluid
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Complex fluids are mixtures that have a coexistence between two phases: solid–liquid (suspensions or solutions of macromolecules such as polymers), solid–gas (granular), liquid–gas (foams) or liquid–liquid (emulsions). They exhibit unusual mechanical responses to applied stress or strain due to the geometrical constraints that the phase coexistence imposes. The mechanical response includes transitions between solid-like and fluid-like behavior as well as fluctuations. Their mechanical properties can be attributed to characteristics such as high disorder, caging, and clustering on multiple length scales.
Example
Shaving cream is an example of a complex fluid. Without stress, the foam appears to be a solid: it does not flow and can support (very) light loads. However, when adequate stress is applied, shaving cream flows easily like a fluid. On the level of individual bubbles, the flow is due to rearrangements of small collections of bubbles. On this scale, the flow is not smooth, but instead consists of fluctuations due to rearrangements of the bubbles and releases of stress. These fluctuations are similar to the fluctuations that are studied in earthquakes.
Dynamics
The dynamics of the particles in complex fluids are an area of current research. Energy lost due to friction may be a nonlinear function of the velocity and normal forces. The topological inhibition to flow by the crowding of constituent particles is a key element in these systems. Under certain con
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiolipin
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Cardiolipin (IUPAC name 1,3-bis(sn-3’-phosphatidyl)-sn-glycerol, "sn" designating stereospecific numbering) is an important component of the inner mitochondrial membrane, where it constitutes about 20% of the total lipid composition. It can also be found in the membranes of most bacteria. The name "cardiolipin" is derived from the fact that it was first found in animal hearts. It was first isolated from the beef heart in the early 1940s by Mary C. Pangborn. In mammalian cells, but also in plant cells, cardiolipin (CL) is found almost exclusively in the inner mitochondrial membrane, where it is essential for the optimal function of numerous enzymes that are involved in mitochondrial energy metabolism.
Structure
Cardiolipin (CL) is a kind of diphosphatidylglycerol lipid. Two phosphatidic acid moieties connect with a glycerol backbone in the center to form a dimeric structure. So it has four alkyl groups and potentially carries two negative charges. As there are four distinct alkyl chains in cardiolipin, the potential for complexity of this molecule species is enormous. However, in most animal tissues, cardiolipin contains 18-carbon fatty alkyl chains with 2 unsaturated bonds on each of them. It has been proposed that the (18:2)4 acyl chain configuration is an important structural requirement for the high affinity of CL to inner membrane proteins in mammalian mitochondria. However, studies with isolated enzyme preparations indicate that its importance may vary depending on th
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunoprecipitation
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Immunoprecipitation (IP) is the technique of precipitating a protein antigen out of solution using an antibody that specifically binds to that particular protein. This process can be used to isolate and concentrate a particular protein from a sample containing many thousands of different proteins. Immunoprecipitation requires that the antibody be coupled to a solid substrate at some point in the procedure.
Types
Individual protein immunoprecipitation (IP)
Involves using an antibody that is specific for a known protein to isolate that particular protein out of a solution containing many different proteins. These solutions will often be in the form of a crude lysate of a plant or animal tissue. Other sample types could be body fluids or other samples of biological origin.
Protein complex immunoprecipitation (Co-IP)
Immunoprecipitation of intact protein complexes (i.e. antigen along with any proteins or ligands that are bound to it) is known as co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP). Co-IP works by selecting an antibody that targets a known protein that is believed to be a member of a larger complex of proteins. By targeting this known member with an antibody it may become possible to pull the entire protein complex out of solution and thereby identify unknown members of the complex.
This works when the proteins involved in the complex bind to each other tightly, making it possible to pull multiple members of the complex out of the solution by latching onto one member with an
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA%20coefficient
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In European football, the UEFA coefficients are statistics based in weighted arithmetic means used for ranking and seeding teams in club and international competitions. Introduced in 1979 for men's football tournaments, and after applied in women's football and futsal, the coefficients are calculated by UEFA, who administer football within Europe, as well as Armenia, Cyprus, Israel and the Asian parts of some transcontinental countries.
The confederation publishes three types of rankings: one analysing a single season, one analysing a five-year span and another analysing a ten-year span. For men's competitions (discussed in this article), three sets of coefficients are calculated:
National team coefficient: used during 1997–2017 to rank national teams, for seeding in the UEFA Euro qualifying and finals tournaments. UEFA decided after 2017, instead to seed national teams based on the:
Overall ranking of the biennial UEFA Nations League for the seeded draw of groups in the UEFA Euro qualification stage.
Overall ranking of the UEFA Euro qualification stage for the seeded draw of groups in the UEFA Euro final tournament.
Association coefficient: used to rank the collective performance of the clubs of each member association, for assigning the number of places, and at what stage clubs enter the UEFA Champions League, UEFA Europa League and the UEFA Europa Conference League
Club coefficient: used to rank individual clubs, for seeding in the UEFA Champions League, UEFA Europa
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second%20messenger%20system
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Second messengers are intracellular signaling molecules released by the cell in response to exposure to extracellular signaling molecules—the first messengers. (Intercellular signals, a non-local form of cell signaling, encompassing both first messengers and second messengers, are classified as autocrine, juxtacrine, paracrine, and endocrine depending on the range of the signal.) Second messengers trigger physiological changes at cellular level such as proliferation, differentiation, migration, survival, apoptosis and depolarization.
They are one of the triggers of intracellular signal transduction cascades.
Examples of second messenger molecules include cyclic AMP, cyclic GMP, inositol triphosphate, diacylglycerol, and calcium. First messengers are extracellular factors, often hormones or neurotransmitters, such as epinephrine, growth hormone, and serotonin. Because peptide hormones and neurotransmitters typically are biochemically hydrophilic molecules, these first messengers may not physically cross the phospholipid bilayer to initiate changes within the cell directly—unlike steroid hormones, which usually do. This functional limitation requires the cell to have signal transduction mechanisms to transduce first messenger into second messengers, so that the extracellular signal may be propagated intracellularly. An important feature of the second messenger signaling system is that second messengers may be coupled downstream to multi-cyclic kinase cascades to greatly ampli
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abrizio
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Abrizio was a fabless semiconductor company which made switching fabric chip sets (integrated circuits for computer network switches). Their chip set, the TT1, was used by several large system development companies as the core switch fabric in their high value communication systems.
Founding
Abrizio was founded in 1997, by Professor Nick McKeown as a spinout of the Tiny-tera project at Stanford University. It received US$6M of funding from Benchmark Capital and Sequoia Capital.
Product and technology
The product name TT1 referred to "Tiny Tera" meaning a small, highly integrated semiconductor implementation of a terabit/s capacity switching fabric. The Stanford program demonstrated a scalable packet switch that had a terabit-per-second performance in CMOS. Abrizio was the first to introduce a more optimized Input-Buffered Output Queued Switch Fabrics, which addressed the memory efficiency issue of similar technologies. Its technology made better use of memory, making the TT1 a less expensive product. Abrizio's key technology was a sophisticated implementation of a Wavefront arbiter which allowed the switch to make complex arbitration decisions very quickly.
Senior leadership
In 1998, Anders Swahn, who had been executive vice president of sales and marketing at Allied-Telesyn Inc., joined Abrizio as chief executive. Abrizio's corporate colors were purple and yellow. The CEO of Abrizio was Anders Swahn. The CTO was McKeown who was taking a leave from his professorship a
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyanate
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The cyanate ion is an anion with the chemical formula . It is a resonance of three forms: (61%) ↔ (30%) ↔ (4%).
Cyanate is the derived anion of isocyanic acid, H−N=C=O, and its lesser tautomer cyanic acid (a.k.a. cyanol), H−O−C≡N.
Any salt containing the ion, such as ammonium cyanate, is called a cyanate.
The cyanate ion is an isomer of the much-less-stable fulminate anion, or .
The cyanate ion is an ambidentate ligand, forming complexes with a metal ion in which either the nitrogen or oxygen atom may be the electron-pair donor. It can also act as a bridging ligand.
Compounds that contain the cyanate functional group, −O−C≡N, are known as cyanates or cyanate esters. The cyanate functional group is distinct from the isocyanate functional group, −N=C=O; the fulminate functional group, ; and the nitrile oxide functional group, or .
Cyanate ion
The three atoms in a cyanate ion lie on a straight line, giving the ion a linear structure. The electronic structure is described most simply as
:Ö̤−C≡N:
with a single C−O bond and a triple C≡N bond. (Or more completely as :Ö̤−C≡N: ↔ Ö̤=C=N̤̈ ↔ :O≡C−N̤̈:) The infrared spectrum of a cyanate salt has a band at ca. 2096 cm−1; such a high frequency is characteristic of a triple bond.
The cyanate ion is a Lewis base. Both the oxygen and nitrogen atoms carry a lone pair of electrons and either one, the other, or both can be donated to Lewis acid acceptors. It can be described as an ambidentate ligand.
Cyanate salts
Sodium cyanate i
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%20Bell%20for%20Adano
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A Bell for Adano is a 1945 American war film directed by Henry King and starring John Hodiak and Gene Tierney. It was adapted from the 1944 novel of the same title by John Hersey, which won the Pulitzer Prize for fiction in 1945. In his review of the film for The New York Times, Bosley Crowther wrote, "... this easily vulnerable picture, which came to the Music Hall yesterday, is almost a perfect picturization of Mr. Hersey's book."
In addition to the Broadway play (Cort Theatre, (12/06/1944 - 10/27/1945), which starred Fredric March, there have been several other versions of the story. In a 1955 Lux Video Theatre adaptation, Edmond O'Brien had the lead, with a young Charles Bronson playing the part William Bendix took in the movie. Barry Sullivan and Anna Maria Alberghetti were in a 1956 CBS telecast, and John Forsythe played the major in a 1967 Hallmark Hall of Fame broadcast.
Plot
The story concerns Italian-American U.S. Army Major Joppolo (John Hodiak), who is placed in charge of the town of Adano during the invasion of Sicily. Major Joppolo asks the town elders what the town needs most: some say food but most say "a bell" and his curiosity is raised. The priest explains that the whole heart of the town's activities centred upon the bell ringing. He then starts a long struggle to replace the 700-year-old bell that was taken from the town by the Fascists at the start of the war to be melted down for weapons. Through his actions, Joppolo also wins the trust and love of th
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variogram
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In spatial statistics the theoretical variogram, denoted , is a function describing the degree of spatial dependence of a spatial random field or stochastic process . The semivariogram is half the variogram.
In the case of a concrete example from the field of gold mining, a variogram will give a measure of how much two samples taken from the mining area will vary in gold percentage depending on the distance between those samples. Samples taken far apart will vary more than samples taken close to each other.
Definition
The semivariogram was first defined by Matheron (1963) as half the average squared difference between the values at points ( and ) separated at distance . Formally
where is a point in the geometric field , and is the value at that point. The triple integral is over 3 dimensions. is the separation distance (e.g., in meters or km) of interest.
For example, the value could represent the iron content in soil, at some location (with geographic coordinates of latitude, longitude, and elevation) over some region with element of volume .
To obtain the semivariogram for a given , all pairs of points at that exact distance would be sampled. In practice it is impossible to sample everywhere, so the empirical variogram is used instead.
The variogram is twice the semivariogram and can be defined, equivalently, as the variance of the difference between field values at two locations ( and , note change of notation from to and to ) across realizations of the f
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markov%20chain%20geostatistics
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Markov chain geostatistics uses Markov chain spatial models, simulation algorithms and associated spatial correlation measures (e.g., transiogram) based on the Markov chain random field theory, which extends a single Markov chain into a multi-dimensional random field for geostatistical modeling. A Markov chain random field is still a single spatial Markov chain. The spatial Markov chain moves or jumps in a space and decides its state at any unobserved location through interactions with its nearest known neighbors in different directions. The data interaction process can be well explained as a local sequential Bayesian updating process within a neighborhood. Because single-step transition probability matrices are difficult to estimate from sparse sample data and are impractical in representing the complex spatial heterogeneity of states, the transiogram, which is defined as a transition probability function over the distance lag, is proposed as the accompanying spatial measure of Markov chain random fields.
References
Li, W. 2007. Markov chain random fields for estimation of categorical variables. Math. Geol., 39(3): 321–335.
Li, W. et al. 2015. Bayesian Markov chain random field cosimulation for improving land cover classification accuracy. Math. Geosci., 47(2): 123–148.
Li, W., and C. Zhang. 2019. Markov chain random fields in the perspective of spatial Bayesian networks and optimal neighborhoods for simulation of categorical fields. Computational Geosciences, 23(5):
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continuous%20linear%20operator
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In functional analysis and related areas of mathematics, a continuous linear operator or continuous linear mapping is a continuous linear transformation between topological vector spaces.
An operator between two normed spaces is a bounded linear operator if and only if it is a continuous linear operator.
Continuous linear operators
Characterizations of continuity
Suppose that is a linear operator between two topological vector spaces (TVSs).
The following are equivalent:
is continuous.
is continuous at some point
is continuous at the origin in
If is locally convex then this list may be extended to include:
for every continuous seminorm on there exists a continuous seminorm on such that
If and are both Hausdorff locally convex spaces then this list may be extended to include:
is weakly continuous and its transpose maps equicontinuous subsets of to equicontinuous subsets of
If is a sequential space (such as a pseudometrizable space) then this list may be extended to include:
is sequentially continuous at some (or equivalently, at every) point of its domain.
If is pseudometrizable or metrizable (such as a normed or Banach space) then we may add to this list:
is a bounded linear operator (that is, it maps bounded subsets of to bounded subsets of ).
If is seminormable space (such as a normed space) then this list may be extended to include:
maps some neighborhood of 0 to a bounded subset of
If and are both normed or seminormed spaces (with
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symmetric%20bilinear%20form
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In mathematics, a symmetric bilinear form on a vector space is a bilinear map from two copies of the vector space to the field of scalars such that the order of the two vectors does not affect the value of the map. In other words, it is a bilinear function that maps every pair of elements of the vector space to the underlying field such that for every and in . They are also referred to more briefly as just symmetric forms when "bilinear" is understood.
Symmetric bilinear forms on finite-dimensional vector spaces precisely correspond to symmetric matrices given a basis for V. Among bilinear forms, the symmetric ones are important because they are the ones for which the vector space admits a particularly simple kind of basis known as an orthogonal basis (at least when the characteristic of the field is not 2).
Given a symmetric bilinear form B, the function is the associated quadratic form on the vector space. Moreover, if the characteristic of the field is not 2, B is the unique symmetric bilinear form associated with q.
Formal definition
Let V be a vector space of dimension n over a field K. A map is a symmetric bilinear form on the space if:
The last two axioms only establish linearity in the first argument, but the first axiom (symmetry) then immediately implies linearity in the second argument as well.
Examples
Let , the n dimensional real vector space. Then the standard dot product is a symmetric bilinear form, . The matrix corresponding to this bi
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaussian%20random%20field
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In statistics, a Gaussian random field (GRF) is a random field involving Gaussian probability density functions of the variables. A one-dimensional GRF is also called a Gaussian process. An important special case of a GRF is the Gaussian free field.
With regard to applications of GRFs, the initial conditions of physical cosmology generated by quantum mechanical fluctuations during cosmic inflation are thought to be a GRF with a nearly scale invariant spectrum.
Construction
One way of constructing a GRF is by assuming that the field is the sum of a large number of plane, cylindrical or spherical waves with uniformly distributed random phase. Where applicable, the central limit theorem dictates that at any point, the sum of these individual plane-wave contributions will exhibit a Gaussian distribution. This type of GRF is completely described by its power spectral density, and hence, through the Wiener–Khinchin theorem, by its two-point autocorrelation function, which is related to the power spectral density through a Fourier transformation.
Suppose f(x) is the value of a GRF at a point x in some D-dimensional space. If we make a vector of the values of f at N points, x1, ..., xN, in the D-dimensional space, then the vector (f(x1), ..., f(xN)) will always be distributed as a multivariate Gaussian.
References
External links
For details on the generation of Gaussian random fields using Matlab, see circulant embedding method for Gaussian random field.
Spatial processes
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coagulative%20necrosis
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Coagulative necrosis is a type of accidental cell death typically caused by ischemia or infarction. In coagulative necrosis, the architectures of dead tissue are preserved for at least a couple of days. It is believed that the injury denatures structural proteins as well as lysosomal enzymes, thus blocking the proteolysis of the damaged cells. The lack of lysosomal enzymes allows it to maintain a "coagulated" morphology for some time. Like most types of necrosis, if enough viable cells are present around the affected area, regeneration will usually occur. Coagulative necrosis occurs in most bodily organs, excluding the brain. Different diseases are associated with coagulative necrosis, including acute tubular necrosis and acute myocardial infarction.
Coagulative necrosis can also be induced by high local temperature; it is a desired effect of treatments such as high intensity focused ultrasound applied to cancerous cells.
Causes
Coagulative necrosis is most commonly caused by conditions that do not involve severe trauma, toxins or an acute or chronic immune response. The lack of oxygen (hypoxia) causes cell death in a localized area which is perfused by blood vessels failing to deliver primarily oxygen, but also other important nutrients. It is important to note that while ischemia in most tissues of the body will cause coagulative necrosis, in the central nervous system ischemia causes liquefactive necrosis, as there is very little structural framework in neural tissue.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearson%20distribution
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The Pearson distribution is a family of continuous probability distributions. It was first published by Karl Pearson in 1895 and subsequently extended by him in 1901 and 1916 in a series of articles on biostatistics.
History
The Pearson system was originally devised in an effort to model visibly skewed observations. It was well known at the time how to adjust a theoretical model to fit the first two cumulants or moments of observed data: Any probability distribution can be extended straightforwardly to form a location-scale family. Except in pathological cases, a location-scale family can be made to fit the observed mean (first cumulant) and variance (second cumulant) arbitrarily well. However, it was not known how to construct probability distributions in which the skewness (standardized third cumulant) and kurtosis (standardized fourth cumulant) could be adjusted equally freely. This need became apparent when trying to fit known theoretical models to observed data that exhibited skewness. Pearson's examples include survival data, which are usually asymmetric.
In his original paper, Pearson (1895, p. 360) identified four types of distributions (numbered I through IV) in addition to the normal distribution (which was originally known as type V). The classification depended on whether the distributions were supported on a bounded interval, on a half-line, or on the whole real line; and whether they were potentially skewed or necessarily symmetric. A second paper (Pearson 19
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caseous%20necrosis
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Caseous necrosis or caseous degeneration () is a unique form of cell death in which the tissue maintains a cheese-like appearance. It is also a distinctive form of coagulative necrosis. The dead tissue appears as a soft and white proteinaceous dead cell mass.
Etymology
The word caseous means 'pertaining or related to cheese', and comes from the Latin word 'cheese'. Necrosis refers to the fact that cells do not die in a programmed and orderly way as in apoptosis.
Causes
Frequently, caseous necrosis is encountered in the foci of tuberculosis infections. It can also be caused by syphilis and certain fungi.
A similar appearance can be associated with histoplasmosis, cryptococcosis, and coccidioidomycosis.
Pathophysiology
This begins as infection is recognized by the body and macrophages begin walling off the microorganisms or pathogens. As macrophages release chemicals that digest cells, the cells begin to die. As the cells die they disintegrate but are not completely digested and the debris of the disintegrated cells clump together creating soft granular mass that has the appearance of cheese. As cell death begins, the granuloma forms and cell death continues the inflammatory response is mediated by a type IV hypersensitivity reaction.
Some data suggests that the epithelioid morphology and associated barrier function of host macrophages associated with granulomas may prevent effective immune clearance of mycobacteria.
Appearance
In caseous necrosis no histological archit
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greedy%20randomized%20adaptive%20search%20procedure
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The greedy randomized adaptive search procedure (also known as GRASP) is a metaheuristic algorithm commonly applied to combinatorial optimization problems. GRASP typically consists of iterations made up from successive constructions of a greedy randomized solution and subsequent iterative improvements of it through a local search. The greedy randomized solutions are generated by adding elements to the problem's solution set from a list of elements ranked by a greedy function according to the quality of the solution they will achieve. To obtain variability in the candidate set of greedy solutions, well-ranked candidate elements are often placed in a restricted candidate list (RCL), and chosen at random when building up the solution. This kind of greedy randomized construction method is also known as a semi-greedy heuristic, first described in Hart and Shogan (1987).
GRASP was first introduced in Feo and Resende (1989). Survey papers on GRASP include Feo and Resende (1995), and Resende and Ribeiro (2003).
There are variations of the classical algorithm, such as the Reactive GRASP. In this variation, the basic parameter that defines the restrictiveness of the RCL during the construction phase is self-adjusted according to the quality of the solutions previously found.
There are also techniques for search speed-up, such as cost perturbations, bias functions, memorization and learning, and local search on partially constructed solutions.
See also
Constructive cooperative coe
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinetin
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Kinetin (/'kaɪnɪtɪn/) is a cytokinin-like synthetic plant hormone that promotes cell division in plants. Kinetin was originally isolated by Carlos O. Miller and Skoog et al. as a compound from autoclaved herring sperm DNA that had cell division-promoting activity. It was given the name kinetin because of its ability to induce cell division, provided that auxin was present in the medium. Kinetin is often used in plant tissue culture for inducing formation of callus (in conjunction with auxin) and to regenerate shoot tissues from callus (with lower auxin concentration).
For a long time, it was believed that kinetin was an artifact produced from the deoxyadenosine residues in DNA, which degrade on standing for long periods or when heated during the isolation procedure. Therefore, it was thought that kinetin does not occur naturally, but, since 1996, it has been shown by several researchers that kinetin exists naturally in the DNA of cells of almost all organisms tested so far, including human and various plants. The mechanism of production of kinetin in DNA is thought to be via the production of furfural — an oxidative damage product of deoxyribose sugar in DNA — and its quenching by the adenine base's converting it into N6-furfuryladenine, kinetin.
Kinetin is also widely used in producing new plants from tissue cultures.
History
In 1939 P. A. C. Nobécourt (Paris) began the first permanent callus culture from root explants of carrot (Daucus carota). Such a culture can be kept
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BCnb%C3%BCl%20Efendi
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Sünbül Sinan Efendi (1452 CE, Merzifon1529, Istanbul) was the founder of the Sunbuliyye Sufi order (also spelt Sunbuli). The Sunbuliyye were a derivative of the Khalwati (also spelt Halveti and Halvetiye) order.
Sünbül Efendi's successors, the next generations were settled in Nurullah town by Konur, Icel Province around 1550.
The tomb of Sümbül Sinan Efendi is next to the Koca Mustafa Pasha Mosque in Istanbul. The site of his tomb was once his Tekke and mosque. The Tekke itself was once a convent that was abandoned and handed over to the Khalwatis by Sultan Bayezid II (1481–1512) to use as a Tekke. Almost all of the sheikhs who sat at the post of grand sheikh of this order are buried at the Tekke, including another noted Sheikh of this order, Merkez Efendi (d.1552) in Yenikapı.
The tomb is frequently visited by Muslims, many of whom consider him to be a saint.
Alternate spellings or transcriptions of this name are: Sümbül Efendi, Sünbül Efendi, Şeyh Sümbül, Sümbül Sinan, and Sünbül Sinan.
Sünbül is the Turkish word for the hyacinth flower which is often purple in color.
References
External links
Official website of Koca Mustafa Pasa Mosque and Sumbul Efendi Cami
1452 births
1529 deaths
Sufi saints from the Ottoman Empire
16th-century people from the Ottoman Empire
Year of birth unknown
Khalwati order
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fragile%20binary%20interface%20problem
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The fragile binary interface problem or FBI is a shortcoming of certain object-oriented programming language compilers, in which internal changes to an underlying class library can cause descendant libraries or programs to cease working. It is an example of software brittleness.
This problem is more often called the fragile base class problem or FBC; however, that term has a wider sense.
Cause
The problem occurs due to a "shortcut" used with compilers for many common object-oriented (OO) languages, a design feature that was kept when OO languages were evolving from earlier non-OO structured programming languages such as C and Pascal.
In these languages there were no objects in the modern sense, but there was a similar construct known as a record (or "struct" in C) that held a variety of related information in one piece of memory. The parts within a particular record were accessed by keeping track of the starting location of the record, and knowing the offset from that starting point to the part in question. For instance a "person" record might have a first name, last name and middle initial, to access the initial the programmer writes thisPerson.middleInitial which the compiler turns into something like a = location(thisPerson) + offset(middleInitial). Modern CPUs typically include instructions for this common sort of access.
When object-oriented language compilers were first being developed, much of the existing compiler technology was used, and objects were built on top
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mackey%20space
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In mathematics, particularly in functional analysis, a Mackey space is a locally convex topological vector space X such that the topology of X coincides with the Mackey topology τ(X,X′), the finest topology which still preserves the continuous dual. They are named after George Mackey.
Examples
Examples of locally convex spaces that are Mackey spaces include:
All barrelled spaces and more generally all infrabarreled spaces
Hence in particular all bornological spaces and reflexive spaces
All metrizable spaces.
In particular, all Fréchet spaces, including all Banach spaces and specifically Hilbert spaces, are Mackey spaces.
The product, locally convex direct sum, and the inductive limit of a family of Mackey spaces is a Mackey space.
Properties
A locally convex space with continuous dual is a Mackey space if and only if each convex and -relatively compact subset of is equicontinuous.
The completion of a Mackey space is again a Mackey space.
A separated quotient of a Mackey space is again a Mackey space.
A Mackey space need not be separable, complete, quasi-barrelled, nor -quasi-barrelled.
See also
References
Topological vector spaces
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tommy%20Black%20%28footballer%2C%20born%201979%29
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Thomas Robert Black (born 26 November 1979) is an English former footballer. He played for multiple clubs in the Football League, making over 100 appearances for Crystal Palace at Championship level.
Club career
Black began his career with Arsenal as a trainee, where he played alongside his older brother Michael. He was a regular in Arsenal's 1998 FA Premier Youth League-winning side, and was later sent out on loan twice for one month with Carlisle United and for a month with Bristol City. He made just two first team appearances for Arsenal, one in the League Cup against Middlesbrough on 30 November 1999 which Arsenal lost on penalties, and the other in the Premier League in a 1–0 win against Everton on 29 April 2000.
Unable to break into the Arsenal first team, Black signed for Crystal Palace in July 2000 for £500,000. Black played regularly and was well liked at Palace, receiving the Division One Player of the Month award in December 2002. After Palace were promoted a loan bid came in from Leeds United for both Black and Dougie Freedman – both were rejected. However, he did join Sheffield United on loan for a month in December 2004, scoring once against Coventry City, and in January 2006, still unable to break into the first team, he went out on loan again, this time to Gillingham, where he scored five goals and was an instant hit with the fans.
Nevertheless, Gillingham did not purchase him, and Black later had the choice of another loan move, to either Bradford City or
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halohydrin%20dehalogenase
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A halohydrin dehalogenase is an enzyme involved in the bacterial degradation of vicinal halohydrins. In several species of bacteria, it catalyses the dehalogenation of halohydrins to produce the corresponding epoxides. Different isoforms of the enzyme fall into one of three groups, A, B or C. Halogenases of the same class are genetically similar, but differ greatly from halogenases from a different group. Currently the most well-studied isoform is HheC which is purified from the bacterial species Agrobacterium radiobacter. The ability to dehalogenate organic compounds as well as form enantiomeric selective epoxides have generated interest in the potential of this enzyme in the biochemical field.
Structure
Currently of three known classes of halohydrin dehalogenases, only two have been described by x-ray crystallography studies. However, both of these classes have similar structure which can be described as follows(1): a halohydrin dehalogenase is structured as a tetramer with a symmetry characteristic of a dimer of dimers. Each monomeric subunit consists of seven alpha helices and nine beta-sheets. These monomers interact via the two longest alpha helices to form an alpha-helical bundle to form a dimer. The final quaternary structure is formed when two dimers interact via a different set of alpha helices and anti-parallel beta-sheets; interactions between the beta-sheets are thought to be a combination of both hydrophobic and electrostatic attraction.
There is approximately
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Class%201
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Class 1 may refer to:
Class I railroad, a term used in North American railroad size classification
Class 1 Touring Cars, an FIA classification for cars in motor racing
Class 1 World Powerboat Championship
Classes of U.S. Senators
SCORE Class 1, unlimited off-road racing buggies
The first class in terms of hiking difficulty in the Yosemite Decimal System
A contribution class in the National Insurance system in the UK
An IEC protection class in the electrical appliance manufacturing industry
A class in laser safety
See also
Class I (disambiguation)
Class 01 (disambiguation)
First class (disambiguation)
NSB El 1, an electric locomotive of Norway
NSB Di 1, a diesel locomotive of Norway
Type 1 (disambiguation)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order%20One%20Network%20Protocol
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The OrderOne MANET Routing Protocol is an algorithm for computers communicating by digital radio in a mesh network to find each other, and send messages to each other along a reasonably efficient path. It was designed for, and promoted as working with wireless mesh networks.
OON's designers say it can handle thousands of nodes, where most other protocols handle less than a hundred. OON uses hierarchical algorithms to minimize the total amount of transmissions needed for routing. Routing overhead is limited to between 1% and 5% of node-to-node bandwidth in any network and does not grow as the network size grows.
The basic idea is that a network organizes itself into a tree. Nodes meet at the root of the tree to establish an initial route. The route then moves away from the root by cutting corners, as ant-trails do. When there are no more corners to cut, a nearly optimum route exists. This route is continuously maintained.
Each process can be performed with localized minimal communication, and very small router tables. OORP requires about 200K of memory. A simulated network with 500 nodes transmitting at 200 bytes/second organized itself in about 20 seconds.
As of 2004, OORP was patented or had other significant intellectual property restrictions. See the link below.
Assumptions
Each computer, or "node" of the network has a unique name, at least one network link, and a computer with some capacity to hold a list of neighbors.
Organizing the tree
The network nodes
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMD
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HMD may refer to:
Science and technology
5,10-Methenyltetrahydromethanopterin hydrogenase, an enzyme found in methanogenic archea
Heavy metal detoxification, the removal of metallic toxic substances from the body
Hepatic microvascular dysplasia, a disorder where mixing of venous blood and arterial blood in the liver occurs at the microscopic level
Hereditary mucoepithelial dysplasia, a rare autosomal dominant multiepithelial disorder
Hexamethylenediamine, an organic compound
Hoof and mouth disease, an infectious viral disease that affects cloven-hoofed animals
Hyaline membrane disease, now called infant respiratory distress syndrome
Head-mounted display, a display device, worn on the head or as part of a helmet
Helmet-mounted display, for aviation applications
Human Mortality Database, a joint initiative of the University of California, Berkeley, US and the MPI for Demographic Research in Rostock, Germany
Railway stations
Hammond station (Louisiana) (Station code), Louisiana, US
Hampden Park railway station, a railway station in Sussex, England
Other uses
Heard Island and McDonald Islands
HMD Global, a Finnish technology company
Ḥ-M-D, a root of many Arabic and some Hebrew words
A-Hmao language, spoken in China
HMD Motorsports, an American racing team
See also
Havo voor Muziek en Dans, a secondary school in Rotterdam, Netherlands
Her Majesty's Dockyard
Hyundai Mipo Dockyard, a South Korea shipbuilding company
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stata
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Stata (, , alternatively , occasionally stylized as STATA) is a general-purpose statistical software package developed by StataCorp for data manipulation, visualization, statistics, and automated reporting. It is used by researchers in many fields, including biomedicine, economics, epidemiology, and sociology.
Stata was initially developed by Computing Resource Center in California and the first version was released in 1985. In 1993, the company moved to College Station, TX and was renamed Stata Corporation, now known as StataCorp. A major release in 2003 included a new graphics system and dialog boxes for all commands. Since then, a new version has been released once every two years. The current version is Stata 18, released in April 2023.
Technical overview and terminology
User interface
From its creation, Stata has always employed an integrated command-line interface. Starting with version 8.0, Stata has included a graphical user interface based on Qt framework which uses menus and dialog boxes to give access to many built-in commands. The dataset can be viewed or edited in spreadsheet format. From version 11 on, other commands can be executed while the data browser or editor is opened.
Data structure and storage
Until the release of version 16, Stata could only open a single dataset at any one time. Stata allows for flexibility with assigning data types to data. Its compress command automatically reassigns data to data types that take up less memory without loss of
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparative%20biology
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Comparative biology uses natural variation and disparity to understand the patterns of life at all levels—from genes to communities—and the critical role of organisms in ecosystems. Comparative biology is a cross-lineage approach to understanding the phylogenetic history of individuals or higher taxa and the mechanisms and patterns that drives it. Comparative biology encompasses Evolutionary Biology, Systematics, Neontology, Paleontology, Ethology, Anthropology, and Biogeography as well as historical approaches to Developmental biology, Genomics, Physiology, Ecology and many other areas of the biological sciences. The comparative approach also has numerous applications in human health, genetics, biomedicine, and conservation biology. The biological relationships (phylogenies, pedigree) are important for comparative analyses and usually represented by a phylogenetic tree or cladogram to differentiate those features with single origins (Homology) from those with multiple origins (Homoplasy).
See also
Cladistics
Comparative Anatomy
Evolution
Evolutionary Biology
Systematics
Bioinformatics
Neontology
Paleontology
Phylogenetics
Genomics
Evolutionary biology
Comparisons
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M13%20bacteriophage
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M13 is one of the Ff phages (fd and f1 are others), a member of the family filamentous bacteriophage (inovirus). Ff phages are composed of circular single-stranded DNA (ssDNA), which in the case of the m13 phage is 6407 nucleotides long and is encapsulated in approximately 2700 copies of the major coat protein p8, and capped with about 5 copies each of four different minor coat proteins (p3 and p6 at one end and p7 and p9 at the other end). The minor coat protein p3 attaches to the receptor at the tip of the F pilus of the host Escherichia coli. The life cycle is relatively short, with the early phage progeny exiting the cell ten minutes after infection. Ff phages are chronic phage, releasing their progeny without killing the host cells. The infection causes turbid plaques in E. coli lawns, of intermediate opacity in comparison to regular lysis plaques. However, a decrease in the rate of cell growth is seen in the infected cells. M13 plasmids are used for many recombinant DNA processes, and the virus has also been used for phage display, directed evolution, nanostructures and nanotechnology applications.
Phage particles
The phage coat is primarily assembled from a 50 amino acid protein called p8, which is encoded by gene 8 in the phage genome. For a wild type M13 particle, it takes approximately 2700 copies of p8 to make the coat about 900 nm long. The coat's dimensions are flexible because the number of p8 copies adjusts to accommodate the size of the single stranded genome
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pycnocline
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A pycnocline is the cline or layer where the density gradient () is greatest within a body of water. An ocean current is generated by the forces such as breaking waves, temperature and salinity differences, wind, Coriolis effect, and tides caused by the gravitational pull of celestial bodies. In addition, the physical properties in a pycnocline driven by density gradients also affect the flows and vertical profiles in the ocean. These changes can be connected to the transport of heat, salt, and nutrients through the ocean, and the pycnocline diffusion controls upwelling.
Below the mixed layer, a stable density gradient (or pycnocline) separates the upper and lower water, hindering vertical transport. This separation has important biological effects on the ocean and the marine living organisms. However, vertical mixing across a pycnocline is a regular phenomenon in oceans, and occurs through shear-produced turbulence. Such mixing plays a key role in the transport of nutrients.
Physical function
Turbulent mixing produced by winds and waves transfers heat downward from the surface. In low and mid-latitudes, this creates a surface-mixed layer of water of almost uniform temperature which may be a few meters deep to several hundred meters deep. Below this mixed layer, at depths of 200–300 m in the open ocean, the temperature begins to decrease rapidly down to about 1000 m. The water layer within which the temperature gradient is steepest is known as the permanent thermocline. Th
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyphage
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Polyphage are genomic multimers of bacteriophage in which multiple viral particles are all encapsulated, one after the other, within the same set of coat proteins. This phenomenon is characteristic of filamentous phage.
References
Bacteriophages
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxent
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Maxent may refer to:
Maximum entropy (disambiguation)
Maxent, a commune of the Ille-et-Vilaine département in France
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitroguanidine
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Nitroguanidine - sometimes abbreviated NGu - is a colorless, crystalline solid that melts at 257 °C and decomposes at 254 °C. Nitroguanidine is an extremely insensitive but powerful high explosive. Wetting it with > 20 wt.-% water effects desensitization from HD 1.1 down to HD 4.1 (flammable solid).
Nitroguanidine is used as an energetic material, i.e., propellant or high explosive, precursor for insecticides, and for other purposes.
Manufacture
Nitroguanidine is produced worldwide on a large scale starting with the reaction of dicyandiamide (DCD) with ammonium nitrate to afford the salt guanidinium nitrate, which is then nitrated by treatment with concentrated sulfuric acid at low temperature.
[C(NH2)3]NO3 → (NH2)2CNNO2 + H2O
Nitroguanidine can also be generated by treatment of urea with ammonium nitrate (via the BMA process). However, owing to problems of reliability and safety, this process has never been commercialized despite its attractive economic features.
Uses
Explosives
Nitroguanidine has been in use since the 1930s as an ingredient in triple-base gun propellants in which it reduces flame temperature, muzzle flash, and erosion of the gun barrel but preserves chamber pressure due to high nitrogen content. Its extreme insensitivity combined with low cost has made it a popular ingredient in insensitive high explosive formulations (e.g AFX-453, AFX-760, IMX-101, AL-IMX-101, IMX-103, etc.).
Nitroguanidine's explosive decomposition is given by the followin
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reconciliation%20ecology
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Reconciliation ecology is the branch of ecology which studies ways to encourage biodiversity in the human-dominated ecosystems of the anthropocene era. Michael Rosenzweig first articulated the concept in his book Win-Win Ecology, based on the theory that there is not enough area for all of earth's biodiversity to be saved within designated nature preserves. Therefore, humans should increase biodiversity in human-dominated landscapes. By managing for biodiversity in ways that do not decrease human utility of the system, it is a "win-win" situation for both human use and native biodiversity. The science is based in the ecological foundation of human land-use trends and species-area relationships. It has many benefits beyond protection of biodiversity, and there are numerous examples of it around the globe. Aspects of reconciliation ecology can already be found in management legislation, but there are challenges in both public acceptance and ecological success of reconciliation attempts.
Theoretical basis
Human land use trends
Traditional conservation is based on "reservation and restoration"; reservation meaning setting pristine lands aside for the sole purpose of maintaining biodiversity, and restoration meaning returning human impacted ecosystems to their natural state. However, reconciliation ecologists argue that there is too great a proportion of land already impacted by humans for these techniques to succeed.
While it is difficult to measure exactly how much land has
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4-2-4T
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Under the Whyte notation for the classification of steam locomotives, represents the wheel arrangement of four leading wheels on two axles, two powered driving wheels on one axle, and four trailing wheels on two axles.
The configuration was only used for tank engines, which is noted by adding letter suffixes to the configuration, such as for a conventional side-tank locomotive, for a saddle-tank locomotive, for a well-tank locomotive and for a rack-equipped tank locomotive.
Overview
This wheel arrangement was mainly used on various tank locomotive configurations. Eight 4-2-4 well- and back-tank locomotives which entered service on the Bristol and Exeter Railway in 1853 appear to have been the first with this wheel arrangement. The engine was designed by James Pearson, the railway company's engineer, and featured single large flangeless driving wheels between two supporting four-wheeled bogies. The water was carried in both well- and back-tanks, leaving the boilers exposed in the same way as on most tender locomotives.
Usage
United Kingdom
The first eight known 4-2-4T locomotives entered service on the broad gauge Bristol and Exeter Railway in 1853 and 1854, numbered in the range from 39 to 46. They had diameter flangeless driving wheels, supported by leading and trailing two-axle bogies. The water was carried in both well- and back-tanks. Two more engines were built in 1859 and 1862, but with much smaller diameter driving wheels.
Between 1869 and 1873, new locomo
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood%20%28disambiguation%29
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Blood is a biological fluid found in animals.
Blood may also refer to:
Places
Blood Falls, a geological feature at the Taylor Glacier in Antarctica
Blood Mountain, Georgia, United States
Blood River, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
People
Blood (surname), various people with the last name
Black Blood, later stage name for American professional wrestler Billy Jack Haynes (born 1953)
Johnny "Blood" McNally (1903–1985), American football player
James Blood Ulmer (born 1942), also known as "Blood" Ulmer, an American jazz and blues guitarist and singer
Arts, entertainment, and media
Fictional entities
Blood (Transformers), a character from the Transformers universe
Blood, the name of the dog in A Boy and His Dog
Baron Blood, several Marvel Comics characters
Brother Blood, two comic book characters in the DC Universe
Film
Blood (2000 film), a British horror film starring Adrian Rawlins
Blood (2004 film), a Canadian drama film directed by Jerry Ciccoritti
Blood (2008 film), a Bengali film
Blood (2009 film), a Japanese supernatural action film
Blood (2012 film), a British thriller
The Blood (film), a 1922 German silent film directed by Paul Legband
Blood: The Last Vampire, a 2000 anime film
Blood: The Last Vampire (2009 film), a live-action version of the anime film Blood: The Last Vampire
Blood (2023 film), an American thriller film
Literature
Blood (Birch novel), a novel by Australian author Tony Birch
Blood (Shillitoe novel), a 2002 novel by Tony Shillitoe
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryoscopic%20constant
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In thermodynamics, the cryoscopic constant, , relates molality to freezing point depression (which is a colligative property). It is the ratio of the latter to the former:
is the van ‘t Hoff factor, the number of particles the solute splits into or forms when dissolved.
is the molality of the solution.
Through cryoscopy, a known constant can be used to calculate an unknown molar mass. The term "cryoscopy" comes from Greek and means "freezing measurement." Freezing point depression is a colligative property, so depends only on the number of solute particles dissolved, not the nature of those particles. Cryoscopy is related to ebullioscopy, which determines the same value from the ebullioscopic constant (of boiling point elevation).
The value of , which depends on the nature of the solvent can be found out by the following equation:
is the ideal gas constant
is the molar mass of the solvent in kg mol−1
is the freezing point of the pure solvent in kelvins
represents the molar enthalpy of fusion of the solvent in J mol−1.
The for water is 1.853 K kg mol−1.
See also
List of boiling and freezing information of solvents
References
Phase transitions
Thermodynamic properties
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear%20bounded%20automaton
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In computer science, a linear bounded automaton (plural linear bounded automata, abbreviated LBA) is a restricted form of Turing machine.
Operation
A linear bounded automaton is a Turing machine that satisfies the following three conditions:
Its input alphabet includes two special symbols, serving as left and right endmarkers.
Its transitions may not print other symbols over the endmarkers.
Its transitions may neither move to the left of the left endmarker nor to the right of the right endmarker.
In other words:
instead of having potentially infinite tape on which to compute, computation is restricted to the portion of the tape containing the input plus the two tape squares holding the endmarkers.
An alternative, less restrictive definition is as follows:
Like a Turing machine, an LBA possesses a tape made up of cells that can contain symbols from a finite alphabet, a head that can read from or write to one cell on the tape at a time and can be moved, and a finite number of states.
An LBA differs from a Turing machine in that while the tape is initially considered to have unbounded length, only a finite contiguous portion of the tape, whose length is a linear function of the length of the initial input, can be accessed by the read/write head; hence the name linear bounded automaton.
This limitation makes an LBA a somewhat more accurate model of a real-world computer than a Turing machine, whose definition assumes unlimited tape.
The strong and the weaker definit
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Random%20amplification%20of%20polymorphic%20DNA
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Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD), pronounced "rapid", is a type of polymerase chain reaction (PCR), but the segments of DNA that are amplified are random. The scientist performing RAPD creates several arbitrary, short primers (10–12
nucleotides), then proceeds with the PCR using a large template of genomic DNA, hoping that fragments will amplify. By resolving the resulting patterns, a semi-unique profile can be gleaned from an RAPD reaction.
No knowledge of the DNA sequence of the targeted genome is required, as the primers will bind somewhere in the sequence, but it is not certain exactly where. This makes the method popular for comparing the DNA of biological systems that have not had the attention of the scientific community, or in a system in which relatively few DNA sequences are compared (it is not suitable for forming a cDNA databank). Because it relies on a large, intact DNA template sequence, it has some limitations in the use of degraded DNA samples. Its resolving power is much lower than targeted, species-specific DNA comparison methods, such as short tandem repeats. In recent years, RAPD has been used to characterize, and trace, the phylogeny of diverse plant and animal species.
Introduction
RAPD markers are decamer (10 nucleotides long) DNA fragments from PCR amplification of random segments of genomic DNA with a single primer of arbitrary nucleotide sequence and which are able to differentiate between genetically distinct individuals, although not
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cascode%20voltage%20switch%20logic
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Cascode Voltage Switch Logic (CVSL) refers to a CMOS-type logic family which is designed for certain advantages. It requires mainly N-channel MOSFET transistors to implement the logic using true and complementary input signals, and also needs two P-channel transistors at the top to pull one of the outputs high. This logic family is also known as Differential Cascode Voltage Switch Logic (DCVS or DCVSL).
See also
Logic family
References
Weste and Harris, CMOS VLSI Design, Third Edition (; (international edition))
Logic families
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normally%20distributed%20and%20uncorrelated%20does%20not%20imply%20independent
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In probability theory, although simple examples illustrate that linear uncorrelatedness of two random variables does not in general imply their independence, it is sometimes mistakenly thought that it does imply that when the two random variables are normally distributed. This article demonstrates that assumption of normal distributions does not have that consequence, although the multivariate normal distribution, including the bivariate normal distribution, does.
To say that the pair of random variables has a bivariate normal distribution means that every linear combination of and for constant (i.e. not random) coefficients and (not both equal to zero) has a univariate normal distribution. In that case, if and are uncorrelated then they are independent. However, it is possible for two random variables and to be so distributed jointly that each one alone is marginally normally distributed, and they are uncorrelated, but they are not independent; examples are given below.
Examples
A symmetric example
Suppose has a normal distribution with expected value 0 and variance 1. Let have the Rademacher distribution, so that or , each with probability 1/2, and assume is independent of . Let . Then
and are uncorrelated;
both have the same normal distribution; and
and are not independent.
To see that and are uncorrelated, one may consider the covariance : by definition, it is
Then by definition of the random variables , , and , and the independence of
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximum%20entropy%20probability%20distribution
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In statistics and information theory, a maximum entropy probability distribution has entropy that is at least as great as that of all other members of a specified class of probability distributions. According to the principle of maximum entropy, if nothing is known about a distribution except that it belongs to a certain class (usually defined in terms of specified properties or measures), then the distribution with the largest entropy should be chosen as the least-informative default. The motivation is twofold: first, maximizing entropy minimizes the amount of prior information built into the distribution; second, many physical systems tend to move towards maximal entropy configurations over time.
Definition of entropy and differential entropy
If is a discrete random variable with distribution given by
then the entropy of is defined as
If is a continuous random variable with probability density , then the differential entropy of is defined as
The quantity is understood to be zero whenever .
This is a special case of more general forms described in the articles Entropy (information theory), Principle of maximum entropy, and differential entropy. In connection with maximum entropy distributions, this is the only one needed, because maximizing will also maximize the more general forms.
The base of the logarithm is not important as long as the same one is used consistently: change of base merely results in a rescaling of the entropy. Information theorists may prefe
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20minerals%20recognized%20by%20the%20International%20Mineralogical%20Association%20%28A%29
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A
Aa – Ak
Abellaite (IMA2014-111) 5.BE. [no] [no] (IUPAC: sodium dilead hydro dicarbonate)
Abelsonite (IMA1975-013) 10.CA.20 (IUPAC: a nickel porphyrine derivative)
Abenakiite-(Ce) (IMA1991-054) 9.CK.10 [no]
Abernathyite (natroautunite: 1956) 8.EB.15
Abhurite (IMA1983-061) 3.DA.30
Abramovite (IMA2006-016) 2.HF.25a (IUPAC: dilead tin indium heptasulfa bismuthide)
Abswurmbachite (braunite: IMA1990-007) 9.AG.05 (IUPAC: copper(II) hexamanganese(III) octaoxo tetraoxosilicate)
Abuite (IMA2014-084) 8.B0. [no] [no] (IUPAC: calcium dialuminium difluoro diphosphate)
Acanthite (acanthite: 1855) 2.BA.35 (IUPAC: disilver sulfide)
Acetamide (IMA1974-039) 10.AA.20 (IUPAC: acetic acid amide)
Achalaite (wodginite: IMA2013-103) 4.D0. [no] [no] (IUPAC: iron(II) titanium diniobium octaoxide)
Achávalite (nickeline: 1939) 2.CC.05 [no] (IUPAC: iron selenide)
Achyrophanite (IMA2018-011) 8.0 [no] [no]
Acmonidesite (IMA2013-068) 7.AC. [no] [no]
ActinoliteI [Ca-amphibole: IMA2012 s.p., actynolite (1794)] 9.DE.10
Acuminite (tikhonenkovite: IMA1986-038) 3.CC.10 (IUPAC: strontium hydro tetrafluoroaluminate monohydrate)
Adachiite (tourmaline: IMA2012-101) 9.CK. [no]
Adamite (andalusite: 1866) 8.BB.30 (IUPAC: dizinc hydro arsenate)
Adamsite-(Y) (IMA1999-020) 5.CC.30 (IUPAC: sodium yttrium dicarbonate hexahydrate)
Adanite (IMA2019-088) 7.0 [no] [no] (IUPAC: dilead tellurite sulfate)
Addibischoffite (sapphirine: IMA2015-006) 4.BC. [no] [no]
Adelite (Y:
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trigonelline
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Trigonelline is an alkaloid with chemical formula . It is a zwitterion formed by the methylation of the nitrogen atom of niacin (vitamin B3). Trigonelline is a product of niacin metabolism that is excreted in urine of mammals.
Trigonelline occurs in many plants. It has been isolated from the Japanese radish (Raphanus sativus cv. Sakurajima Daikon), fenugreek seeds (Trigonella foenum-graecum, hence the name), garden peas, hemp seed, oats, potatoes, Stachys species, dahlia, Strophanthus species, and Dichapetalum cymosum. Trigonelline is also found in coffee. Higher levels of trigonelline are found in arabica coffee.
Holtz, Kutscher, and Theilmann have recorded its presence in a number of animals.
Chemistry
Trigonelline crystallizes as a monohydrate from alcohol in hygroscopic prisms (m.p. 130 °C or 218 °C [dry, dec.]). It is readily soluble in water or warm alcohol, less so in cold alcohol, and slightly so in chloroform or ether. The salts crystallize well, the monohydrochloride, in leaflets, sparingly soluble in dry alcohol. The picrate forms shining prisms (m.p. 198−200 °C) soluble in water but sparingly soluble in dry alcohol or ether. The alkaloid forms several aurichlorides: the normal salt, B•HCl•AuCl3, is precipitated when excess of gold chloride is added to the hydrochloride, and, after crystallization from dilute hydrochloric acid containing some gold chloride, has m.p. 198 °C. Crystallized from water or very dilute hydrochloric acid, slender needles of B4•3 HAuC
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synaptosome
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A synaptosome is an isolated synaptic terminal from a neuron. Synaptosomes are obtained by mild homogenization of nervous tissue under isotonic conditions and subsequent fractionation using differential and density gradient centrifugation. Liquid shear detaches the nerve terminals from the axon and the plasma membrane surrounding the nerve terminal particle reseals. Synaptosomes are osmotically sensitive, contain numerous small clear synaptic vesicles, sometimes larger dense-core vesicles and frequently one or more small mitochondria. They carry the morphological features and most of the chemical properties of the original nerve terminal. Synaptosomes isolated from mammalian brain often retain a piece of the attached postsynaptic membrane, facing the active zone.
Synaptosomes were first isolated in an attempt to identify the subcellular compartment corresponding to the fraction of so-called bound acetylcholine that remains when brain tissue is homogenized in iso-osmotic sucrose. Particles containing acetylcholine and its synthesizing enzyme choline acetyltransferase were originally isolated by Hebb and Whittaker (1958) at the Agricultural Research Council, Institute of Animal Physiology, Babraham, Cambridge, UK. In a collaborative study with the electron microscopist George Gray from University College London, Victor P. Whittaker eventually showed that the acetylcholine-rich particles derived from guinea-pig cerebral cortex were synaptic vesicle-rich pinched-off nerve termin
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stir%20Crazy%20%28film%29
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Stir Crazy is a 1980 American comedy film directed by Sidney Poitier, written by Bruce Jay Friedman, produced by Hannah Weinstein, and starring Gene Wilder and Richard Pryor as two unemployed friends who are given 125-year prison sentences after getting framed for a bank robbery. While in prison they befriend other prison inmates. The film reunited Wilder and Pryor, who had appeared previously in the 1976 comedy thriller film Silver Streak. The film was released in the United States on December 12, 1980 to mixed reviews, and was a major financial success.
Plot
Aspiring actor Harold "Harry" Monroe (Pryor) is working as a waiter in a rich woman's penthouse, but is fired when the cooks accidentally use his stash of marijuana as oregano at a dinner party. His friend, playwright Skipper "Skip" Donahue (Wilder), is working as a shop detective when he thinks he sees a well-known actress shoplifting, and his accusation gets him fired. Skip, the optimist of the two, spins their shared unemployment positively and convinces Harry that they should travel to California. They leave New York City in a battered Dodge camper-van, taking odd jobs along the way.
In Arizona, Skip and Harry perform a song and dance routine dressed as woodpeckers as part of a promotion for a bank. While the duo are on a break, two other men steal the costumes and rob the bank. However, Harry and Skip are arrested and convicted of the crime, and given 125-year jail sentences. Their court-appointed lawyer, Len Ga
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pixel-art%20scaling%20algorithms
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Pixel-art scaling algorithms are graphical filters that enhance hand-drawn 2D pixel art graphics. The re-scaling of pixel art is a specialist sub-field of image rescaling.
As pixel-art graphics are usually in very low resolutions, they rely on careful placing of individual pixels, often with a limited palette of colors. This results in graphics that rely on a high amount of stylized visual cues to define complex shapes with very little resolution, down to individual pixels and making image scaling of pixel art a particularly difficult problem.
A number of specialized algorithms have been developed to handle pixel-art graphics, as the traditional scaling algorithms do not take such perceptual cues into account.
Since a typical application of this technology is improving the appearance of fourth-generation and earlier video games on arcade and console emulators, many are designed to run in real time for sufficiently small input images at 60-frames per second. This places constraints on the type of programming techniques that can be used for this sort of real-time processing. Many work only on specific scale factors: 2× is the most common, with 3×, 4×, 5× and 6× also present.
Algorithms
SAA5050 'Diagonal Smoothing'
The Mullard SAA5050 Teletext character generator chip (1980) used a primitive pixel scaling algorithm to generate higher-resolution characters on screen from a lower-resolution representation from its internal ROM. Internally each character shape was defined on
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigen-presenting%20cell
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An antigen-presenting cell (APC) or accessory cell is a cell that displays antigen bound by major histocompatibility complex (MHC) proteins on its surface; this process is known as antigen presentation. T cells may recognize these complexes using their T cell receptors (TCRs). APCs process antigens and present them to T-cells.
Almost all cell types can present antigens in some way. They are found in a variety of tissue types. Professional antigen-presenting cells, including macrophages, B cells and dendritic cells, present foreign antigens to helper T cells, while virus-infected cells (or cancer cells) can present antigens originating inside the cell to cytotoxic T cells. In addition to the MHC family of proteins, antigen presentation relies on other specialized signaling molecules on the surfaces of both APCs and T cells.
Antigen-presenting cells are vital for effective adaptive immune response, as the functioning of both cytotoxic and helper T cells is dependent on APCs. Antigen presentation allows for specificity of adaptive immunity and can contribute to immune responses against both intracellular and extracellular pathogens. It is also involved in defense against tumors. Some cancer therapies involve the creation of artificial APCs to prime the adaptive immune system to target malignant cells.
Types and functions
Antigen-presenting cells fall into two categories: professional and non-professional. Those that express MHC class II molecules along with co-stimulatory mo
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasmodesma
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Plasmodesmata (singular: plasmodesma) are microscopic channels which traverse the cell walls of plant cells and some algal cells, enabling transport and communication between them. Plasmodesmata evolved independently in several lineages, and species that have these structures include members of the Charophyceae, Charales, Coleochaetales and Phaeophyceae (which are all algae), as well as all embryophytes, better known as land plants. Unlike animal cells, almost every plant cell is surrounded by a polysaccharide cell wall. Neighbouring plant cells are therefore separated by a pair of cell walls and the intervening middle lamella, forming an extracellular domain known as the apoplast. Although cell walls are permeable to small soluble proteins and other solutes, plasmodesmata enable direct, regulated, symplastic transport of substances between cells. There are two forms of plasmodesmata: primary plasmodesmata, which are formed during cell division, and secondary plasmodesmata, which can form between mature cells.
Similar structures, called gap junctions and membrane nanotubes, interconnect animal cells and stromules form between plastids in plant cells.
Formation
Primary plasmodesmata are formed when fractions of the endoplasmic reticulum are trapped across the middle lamella as new cell wall are synthesized between two newly divided plant cells. These eventually become the cytoplasmic connections between cells. At the formation site, the wall is not thickened further, and dep
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La%20Pocati%C3%A8re
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La Pocatière () is a town in the Kamouraska Regional County Municipality in the Bas-Saint-Laurent region of Quebec, Canada.
Demographics
In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, La Pocatière had a population of living in of its total private dwellings, a change of from its 2016 population of . With a land area of , it had a population density of in 2021.
Economy
Alstom has a plant which manufactures subway and railway cars:
R62A (New York City Subway car)
Montreal Metro MR-73 and MPM-10
Boston Red Line (MBTA) 1800-85 series cars
MultiLevel Coach cars
VIA Rail LRC (train) set
shell for Toronto Transit Commission subway cars (T1 and TR) and streetcars (Flexity Outlook)
The plant was built in 1961 to build Moto-Ski snowmobiles and the plant was converted to railcars in 1971 (Bombardier continued to market Moto-Ski until 1985).
Culture and attractions
La Pocatière is home to the Musée François-Pilote, a museum of Quebec ethnology. The museum features exhibits on the history of agricultural education, a number of historical period rooms, stuffed bird and animal displays, and presentations on other aspects of local history.
Near the city are small isolated hills known as monadnocks. The Montagne du College-de-Sainte-Anne-de-la-Pocatière is 119 metres high.
City council
City council consists of a mayor and six councillors:
As of 2017 the council consisted of:
Mayor: Sylvain Hudon
Councillors:
1: Lise Bellefeuille
2: Claude Brochu
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dossier%20criminal
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Dossier Criminal (DC) is a term used extensively in the Indian Police forces for the classification of criminals. A dossier criminal is a person who has committed specific crimes across police circles or sub-divisions. In most cases, a DC would have already been in the Known Depredator (K.D) list maintained at every police station as part of the Station Diary.
References
Law enforcement in India
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