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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists%20of%20tennis%20records%20and%20statistics
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The following articles list tennis records and statistics:
General
Grand Slam
Grand Slam
List of Grand Slam–related tennis records
List of Grand Slam mixed doubles champions
List of quad wheelchair tennis champions
List of Open Era Grand Slam champions by country
List of Grand Slam singles champions by country
List of Grand Slam singles champions in Open Era with age of first title
Other
ITF rankings
ITF World Champions
List of tennis players career achievements
Tennis players with most titles in the Open Era
List of highest ranked tennis players per country
List of Olympic medalists in tennis
List of tennis rivalries
Longest tennis match records & Shortest tennis match records
Longest tiebreaker in tennis
Fastest recorded tennis serves
Ace & Double fault
Bagel & Golden set
Men's tennis
Grand Slam
Chronological list of men's Grand Slam tennis champions
List of Grand Slam men's singles champions
List of Grand Slam men's doubles champions
List of Grand Slam boys' singles champions
List of Grand Slam boys' doubles champions
List of men's wheelchair tennis champions
List of Grand Slam men's singles finals
Tennis performance timeline comparison (men)
Major professional tennis tournaments before the Open Era
Other
All-time tennis records – Men's singles
Open Era tennis records – Men's singles
Tennis male players statistics
World number 1 ranked male tennis players
Top ten ranked male tennis players
Top ten ranked male tennis players (19
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trix%20%28technical%20analysis%29
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Trix (or TRIX) is a technical analysis oscillator developed in the 1980s by Jack Hutson, editor of Technical Analysis of Stocks and Commodities magazine. It shows the slope (i.e. derivative) of a triple-smoothed exponential moving average. The name Trix is from "triple exponential."
Trix is calculated with a given N-day period as follows:
Smooth prices (often closing prices) using an N-day exponential moving average (EMA).
Smooth that series using another N-day EMA.
Smooth a third time, using a further N-day EMA.
Calculate the percentage difference between today's and yesterday's value in that final smoothed series.
Like any moving average, the triple EMA is just a smoothing of price data and, therefore, is trend-following. A rising or falling line is an uptrend or downtrend and Trix shows the slope of that line, so it's positive for a steady uptrend, negative for a downtrend, and a crossing through zero is a trend-change, i.e. a peak or trough in the underlying average.
The triple-smoothed EMA is very different from a plain EMA. In a plain EMA the latest few days dominate and the EMA follows recent prices quite closely; however, applying it three times results in weightings spread much more broadly, and the weights for the latest few days are in fact smaller than those of days further past. The following graph shows the weightings for an N=10 triple EMA (most recent days at the left):
Note that the distribution's mode will lie with pN-2's weight, i.e. in the grap
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boy%20or%20Girl%20paradox
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The Boy or Girl paradox surrounds a set of questions in probability theory, which are also known as The Two Child Problem, Mr. Smith's Children and the Mrs. Smith Problem. The initial formulation of the question dates back to at least 1959, when Martin Gardner featured it in his October 1959 "Mathematical Games column" in Scientific American. He titled it The Two Children Problem, and phrased the paradox as follows:
Mr. Jones has two children. The older child is a girl. What is the probability that both children are girls?
Mr. Smith has two children. At least one of them is a boy. What is the probability that both children are boys?
Gardner initially gave the answers and , respectively, but later acknowledged that the second question was ambiguous. Its answer could be , depending on the procedure by which the information "at least one of them is a boy" was obtained. The ambiguity, depending on the exact wording and possible assumptions, was confirmed by Maya Bar-Hillel and Ruma Falk, and Raymond S. Nickerson.
Other variants of this question, with varying degrees of ambiguity, have been popularized by Ask Marilyn in Parade Magazine, John Tierney of The New York Times, and Leonard Mlodinow in The Drunkard's Walk. One scientific study showed that when identical information was conveyed, but with different partially ambiguous wordings that emphasized different points, the percentage of MBA students who answered changed from 85% to 39%.
The paradox has stimulated a great deal
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Hollow%20Hills
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The Hollow Hills is a novel by Mary Stewart. It is the second in a trilogy of novels covering the Arthurian Legends. This book is preceded by The Crystal Cave and succeeded by The Last Enchantment. The Hollow Hills was published in 1973.
Plot summary
The protagonist and narrator is Merlin, who supervises the birth and raising of King Arthur. (In this version, Merlin's father is Aurelius Ambrosius, so he is Arthur's cousin.) The Duchess Ygraine is said to have conspired with him to herself bear Arthur to Uther Pendragon; whereafter Merlin goes into hiding, to evade accusations, and learns that Uther wishes the child to be hidden, until another (legitimate) son is born. In later chapters, Merlin gives the child to his own nurse Moravik, who later sends him to Count Ector of Galava to be trained in courtesy and warfare. Thereafter, Merlin visits Constantinople, where he learns from his relative Adhjan that Magnus Maximus (alias 'Macsen Wledig') possessed an especially beautiful and well-made sword, which was taken back to Britain after his death.
Inspired by a dream which he believes prophetic, Merlin finds the sword in a deserted temple of Mithras. There, Merlin becomes a hermit in an obscure shrine, providing healing to the injured and advice to the insecure. Later, Merlin becomes Arthur's tutor and that of two other boys: Arthur's foster-brother Cei and his friend Bedwyr. One day, Arthur discovers the sword of Maximus — his ancestor and Merlin's — hidden in a cave on an
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithium%20fluoride
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Lithium fluoride is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula LiF. It is a colorless solid that transitions to white with decreasing crystal size. Although odorless, lithium fluoride has a bitter-saline taste. Its structure is analogous to that of sodium chloride, but it is much less soluble in water. It is mainly used as a component of molten salts. Partly because Li and F are both light elements, and partly because is highly reactive, formation of LiF from the elements releases one of the highest energies per mass of reactants, second only to that of BeO.
Manufacturing
LiF is prepared from lithium hydroxide or lithium carbonate with hydrogen fluoride.
Applications
Precursor to lithium hexafluorophosphate for batteries
Lithium fluoride is reacted with hydrogen fluoride (HF) and phosphorus pentachloride to make lithium hexafluorophosphate , an ingredient in lithium ion battery electrolyte.
In molten salts
Fluorine is produced by the electrolysis of molten potassium bifluoride. This electrolysis proceeds more efficiently when the electrolyte contains a few percent of LiF, possibly because it facilitates formation of an Li-C-F interface on the carbon electrodes. A useful molten salt, FLiNaK, consists of a mixture of LiF, together with sodium fluoride and potassium fluoride. The primary coolant for the Molten-Salt Reactor Experiment was FLiBe; (66 mol% of LiF, 33 mol% of ).
Optics
Because of the large band gap for LiF, its crystals are transparent to short wavelengt
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobiano
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Tobiano is a spotted color pattern commonly seen in pinto horses, produced by a dominant gene. The tobiano gene produces white-haired, pink-skinned patches on a base coat color. The coloration is almost always present from birth and does not change throughout the horse's lifetime, unless the horse also carries the gray gene. It is a dominant gene, so any tobiano horse must have at least one parent who carries the tobiano gene.
Other spotting patterns seen in pinto horses include frame overo, splashed white and sabino. In the United Kingdom, tobianos are frequently referred to as "coloured" or as "pied": piebald if black and white, skewbald if white and any base color other than black. Sometimes "painted" is also used. Bay and white tobiano horses are also referred to as tricoloured.
Characteristics
Tobiano traits generally include the following:
White legs from the hocks and knees down
White crossing the back between the withers and the dock of the tail
White is arranged in a vertical pattern
Facial markings are similar to those of a traditionally solid-colored horse. i.e. star, snip, strip, or blaze. Extreme white facial markings suggest the presence of additional color pattern genes beyond tobiano
White patches which are usually rounded or oval in shape, rather than jagged (see overo)
Dark color extending down the neck, giving the appearance of a shield
The word tobiano is of Portuguese origin, first used in Brazil to describe horses brought to Farroupilha's W
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithium%20iodide
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Lithium iodide, or LiI, is a compound of lithium and iodine. When exposed to air, it becomes yellow in color, due to the oxidation of iodide to iodine. It crystallizes in the NaCl motif. It can participate in various hydrates.
Applications
Lithium iodide is used as a solid-state electrolyte for high-temperature batteries. It is also the standard electrolyte in artificial pacemakers due to the long cycle life it enables. The solid is used as a phosphor for neutron detection. It is also used, in a complex with Iodine, in the electrolyte of dye-sensitized solar cells.
In organic synthesis, LiI is useful for cleaving C-O bonds. For example, it can be used to convert methyl esters to carboxylic acids:
RCO2CH3 + LiI → RCO2Li + CH3I
Similar reactions apply to epoxides and aziridines.
Lithium iodide was used as a radiocontrast agent for CT scans. Its use was discontinued due to renal toxicity. Inorganic iodine solutions suffered from hyperosmolarity and high viscosities. Current iodinated contrast agents are organoiodine compounds.
See also
Lithium battery
References
External links
Lithium compounds
Iodides
Alkali metal iodides
Deliquescent substances
Metal halides
Rock salt crystal structure
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHEEP%20%28symbolic%20computation%20system%29
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SHEEP is one of the earliest interactive symbolic computation systems. It is specialized for computations with tensors, and was designed for the needs of researchers working with general relativity and other theories involving extensive tensor calculus computations.
SHEEP is a freeware package (copyrighted, but free for educational and research use).
The name "SHEEP" is pun on the Lisp Algebraic Manipulator or LAM on which SHEEP is based. The package was written by Inge Frick, using earlier work by Ian Cohen and Ray d'Inverno, who had written ALAM - Atlas LISP Algebraic Manipulation in earlier (designed in 1970). SHEEP was an interactive computer package whereas LAM and ALAM were batch processing languages.
Jan E. Åman wrote an important package in SHEEP to carry out the Cartan-Karlhede algorithm. A more recent version of SHEEP, written by Jim Skea, runs under Cambridge Lisp, which is also used for REDUCE.
See also
GRTensorII
Notes
External links
SHEEP download directory at Queen Mary, University of London
Some sources of info on Sheep
Review article by M.A.H.MacCallum in "Workshop on Dynamical Spacetimes and Numerical Relativity" edited by Joan Centrella
Tensors
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GRTensorII
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GRTensorII is a Maple package designed for tensor computations, particularly in general relativity.
This package was developed at Queen's University in Kingston, Ontario by Peter Musgrave, Denis Pollney and Kayll Lake. While there are many packages which perform tensor computations (including a standard Maple package), GRTensorII is particularly well suited for carrying out routine computations of useful quantities when working with (or searching for) exact solutions in general relativity. Its principal advantages include
convenience of definition of new spacetimes and tensor expression
efficient computation with frames
efficient computation of Ricci and Weyl spinor components and of Petrov classification
efficient computation of the Carminati-McLenaghan invariants and other curvature invariants
Currently, GRTensorII does have some drawbacks:
Maple is expensive
valuable subpackages for perturbation and junction computations have not been updated
no subpackage is yet publicly available in GRTensorII for executing the Cartan-Karlhede algorithm
sharing information with standard Maple packages can sometimes become awkward
References
Not a textbook, but excellent supplementary reading. The author uses GRTensorII, so this book is particularly well suited for use by students who have a working installation of this package.
External links
GRTensorII home page
General relativity
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithium%20sulfide
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Lithium sulfide is the inorganic compound with the formula Li2S. It crystallizes in the antifluorite motif, described as the salt (Li+)2S2−. It forms a solid yellow-white deliquescent powder. In air, it easily hydrolyses to release hydrogen sulfide (rotten egg odor).
Preparation
Lithium sulfide is prepared by treating lithium with sulfur. This reaction is conveniently conducted in anhydrous ammonia.
2 Li + S → Li2S
The THF-soluble triethylborane adduct of lithium sulfide can be generated using superhydride.
Reactions and applications
Lithium sulfide has been considered for use in lithium–sulfur batteries.
References
External links
Lithium Sulfide
Lithium salts
Sulfides
Fluorite crystal structure
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guanta%20Municipality
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The Guanta Municipality is one of the 21 municipalities (municipios) that makes up the eastern Venezuelan state of Anzoátegui and, according to the 2011 census by the National Institute of Statistics of Venezuela, the municipality has a population of 30,891. The town of Guanta is the shire town of the Guanta Municipality.
History
Guanta dates from the completion of the railway to the coal mines of Naricual and Capiricual nearly beyond Barcelona, and was created for the shipment of coal.
Demographics
The Guanta Municipality, according to a 2007 population estimate by the National Institute of Statistics of Venezuela, had a population of 31,629 (up from 28,542 in 2000). This amounted to 2.1% of the state's population. The municipality's population density is .
Government
The mayor of the Guanta Municipality is Jhonnathan Marín, elected on 23 November 2008 with 58% of the vote. He replaced Luis Alfredo Cardozo Belizario shortly after the elections. The municipality is divided into two parishes; Guanta and Chorrerón (previous to 27 June 1995, the Guanta Municipality contained only a single).
See also
Guanta
Anzoátegui
Municipalities of Venezuela
References
External links
guanta-anzoategui.gob.ve
Municipalities of Anzoategui
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Net%20positive%20suction%20head
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In a hydraulic circuit, net positive suction head (NPSH) may refer to one of two quantities in the analysis of cavitation:
The Available NPSH (NPSHA): a measure of how close the fluid at a given point is to flashing, and so to cavitation. Technically it is the absolute pressure head minus the vapour pressure of the liquid.
The Required NPSH (NPSHR): the head value at the suction side (e.g. the inlet of a pump) required to keep the fluid away from cavitating (provided by the manufacturer).
NPSH is particularly relevant inside centrifugal pumps and turbines, which are parts of a hydraulic system that are most vulnerable to cavitation. If cavitation occurs, the drag coefficient of the impeller vanes will increase drastically—possibly stopping flow altogether—and prolonged exposure will damage the impeller.
NPSH in a pump
In a pump, cavitation will first occur at the inlet of the impeller. Denoting the inlet by i, the NPSHA at this point is defined as:
where is the absolute pressure at the inlet, is the average velocity at the inlet, is the fluid density, is the acceleration of gravity and is the vapor pressure of the fluid. Note that NPSH is equivalent to the sum of both the static and dynamic heads – that is, the stagnation head – minus the equilibrium vapor pressure head, hence "net positive suction head".
Applying the Bernoulli's equation for the control volume enclosing the suction free surface 0 and the pump inlet i, under the assumption that the kinetic energy
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasmepsin
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Plasmepsins are a class of at least 10 enzymes ( and ) produced by the Plasmodium falciparum parasite. There are ten different isoforms of these proteins and ten genes coding them respectively in Plasmodium (Plm I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, IX, X and HAP). It has been suggested that the plasmepsin family is smaller in other human Plasmodium species. Expression of Plm I, II, IV, V, IX, X and HAP occurs in the erythrocytic cycle, and expression of Plm VI, VII, VIII, occurs in the exoerythrocytic cycle. Through their haemoglobin-degrading activity, they are an important cause of symptoms in malaria sufferers. Consequently, this family of enzymes is a potential target for antimalarial drugs.
Plasmepsins are aspartic acid proteases, meaning their active site contains two aspartic acid residues. These two aspartic acid residue act respectively as proton donor and proton acceptor, catalysing the hydrolysis of peptide bond in proteins.
There are four types of plasmepsins, closely related but varying in the specificity of cleavage site. Plasmepsins I and II cleave hemoglobin between residues Phenylalanine 33 and Leucine 34 of α-globin subunit.
The name plasmepsin may come from Plasmodium (the organism) and pepsin (a common aspartic acid protease with similar molecular structure).
The closest (non-pathogenic) enzymatic equivalent in humans is the beta-secretase enzyme.
References
Further reading
External links
The MEROPS online database for peptidases and their inhibitors: Plas
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adaptive%20Binary%20Optimization
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Adaptive Binary Optimization, (ABO), is a supposed lossless image compression algorithm by MatrixView Ltd. It uses a patented method to compress the high correlation found in digital content signals and additional compression with standard entropy encoding algorithms such as Huffman coding.
External links
: Repetition Coded Compression For Highly Correlated Image Data
: Compressing image data
Image compression
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twistor%20space
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In mathematics and theoretical physics (especially twistor theory), twistor space is the complex vector space of solutions of the twistor equation . It was described in the 1960s by Roger Penrose and Malcolm MacCallum. According to Andrew Hodges, twistor space is useful for conceptualizing the way photons travel through space, using four complex numbers. He also posits that twistor space may aid in understanding the asymmetry of the weak nuclear force.
Informal motivation
In the (translated) words of Jacques Hadamard: "the shortest path between two truths in the real domain passes through the complex domain." Therefore when studying four-dimensional space it might be valuable to identify it with However, since there is no canonical way of doing so, instead all isomorphisms respecting orientation and metric between the two are considered. It turns out that complex projective 3-space parametrizes such isomorphisms together with complex coordinates. Thus one complex coordinate describes the identification and the other two describe a point in . It turns out that vector bundles with self-dual connections on (instantons) correspond bijectively to holomorphic vector bundles on complex projective 3-space .
Formal definition
For Minkowski space, denoted , the solutions to the twistor equation are of the form
where and are two constant Weyl spinors and is a point in Minkowski space. The are the Pauli matrices, with the indexes on the matrices. This twistor space is a fo
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sim4
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Sim4 is a nucleotide sequence alignment program akin to BLAST but specifically tailored to DNA to cDNA/EST (Expressed Sequence Tag) alignment (as opposed to DNA–DNA or protein–protein alignment). It was written by Florea et al.
External links
A Computer Program for Aligning a cDNA Sequence with a Genomic DNA Sequence
Download
Phylogenetics software
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary%20Cowden%20Clarke
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Mary Victoria Cowden Clarke (née Novello; pen names, M. H. and Harry Wandsworth Shortfellow; 22 June 1809 – 12 January 1898) was an English author, and compiler of a concordance to Shakespeare.
Early life and education
Mary Victoria Novello was born at 240 Oxford Street, London, 22 June 1809. She was the eldest daughter of eleven children of Vincent Novello, and his wife, Mary Sabilla Hehl. She was called Victoria after her father's friend the Rev. Victor Fryer. During her early years she made at her father's house the acquaintance of many men distinguished in art and letters. John Varley, Copley Fielding, Havell, and Joshua Cristall among artists, and Charles and Mary Lamb, Leigh Hunt, and John Keats among writers, were included in the circle of her father's most intimate friends, and she acquired much of her taste for literature from Mary Lamb, who gave her lessons in Latin and poetical reading. She is mentioned as "Victoria" in several of Lamb's letters to Vincent Novello; and Leigh Hunt and the Lambs maintained throughout their lives affectionate relations with Cowden-Clarke and her husband.
Her education was entrusted to the care of a M. Bonnefoy, who kept a school at Boulogne-sur-Mer, France.
Career
On her return to England she acted for a short time as governess in a family named Purcell residing at Cranford, London, but she was compelled to abandon this employment owing to ill-health. She published "My Arm Chair", under the initials "M. H.", in William Hone's Table
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GME
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GME may refer to:
Companies
GameStop (stock ticker symbol GME), an American video game retailer
General Microelectronics, a defunct American semiconductor manufacturer
General Motors Egypt
General Motors Europe
Green Mountain Energy, American company
Guardian Media Entertainment, collaboration between the National Hockey League and comics creator Stan Lee
Education
Gaelic medium education in Scotland
Graduate medical education
Other
East Germanic languages
GME of Deutscher Wetterdienst, weather prediction model of the German Weather Service
Generic Modeling Environment, software modelling tool
Granulomatous meningoencephalitis, disease of the central nervous system of dogs and, rarely, cats
Greater Middle East, a region
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lilliefors%20test
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In statistics, the Lilliefors test is a normality test based on the Kolmogorov–Smirnov test. It is used to test the null hypothesis that data come from a normally distributed population, when the null hypothesis does not specify which normal distribution; i.e., it does not specify the expected value and variance of the distribution. It is named after Hubert Lilliefors, professor of statistics at George Washington University.
A variant of the test can be used to test the null hypothesis that data come from an exponentially distributed population, when the null hypothesis does not specify which exponential distribution.
The test
The test proceeds as follows:
First estimate the population mean and population variance based on the data.
Then find the maximum discrepancy between the empirical distribution function and the cumulative distribution function (CDF) of the normal distribution with the estimated mean and estimated variance. Just as in the Kolmogorov–Smirnov test, this will be the test statistic.
Finally, assess whether the maximum discrepancy is large enough to be statistically significant, thus requiring rejection of the null hypothesis. This is where this test becomes more complicated than the Kolmogorov–Smirnov test. Since the hypothesised CDF has been moved closer to the data by estimation based on those data, the maximum discrepancy has been made smaller than it would have been if the null hypothesis had singled out just one normal distribution. Thus the "
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empirical%20distribution%20function
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In statistics, an empirical distribution function (commonly also called an empirical cumulative distribution function, eCDF) is the distribution function associated with the empirical measure of a sample. This cumulative distribution function is a step function that jumps up by at each of the data points. Its value at any specified value of the measured variable is the fraction of observations of the measured variable that are less than or equal to the specified value.
The empirical distribution function is an estimate of the cumulative distribution function that generated the points in the sample. It converges with probability 1 to that underlying distribution, according to the Glivenko–Cantelli theorem. A number of results exist to quantify the rate of convergence of the empirical distribution function to the underlying cumulative distribution function.
Definition
Let be independent, identically distributed real random variables with the common cumulative distribution function . Then the empirical distribution function is defined as
where is the indicator of event . For a fixed , the indicator is a Bernoulli random variable with parameter ; hence is a binomial random variable with mean and variance . This implies that is an unbiased estimator for .
However, in some textbooks, the definition is given as
Mean
The mean of the empirical distribution is an unbiased estimator of the mean of the population distribution.
which is more commonly denoted
Variance
The
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ground%20bounce
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In electronic engineering, ground bounce is a phenomenon associated with transistor switching where the gate voltage can appear to be less than the local ground potential, causing the unstable operation of a logic gate.
Description
Ground bounce is usually seen on high density VLSI where insufficient precautions have been taken to supply a logic gate with a sufficiently low impedance connection (or sufficiently high capacitance) to ground. In this phenomenon, when the base of an NPN transistor is turned on, enough current flows through the emitter-collector circuit that the silicon in the immediate vicinity of the emitter-ground connection is pulled partially high, sometimes by several volts, thus raising the local ground, as perceived at the gate, to a value significantly above true ground. Relative to this local ground, the base voltage can go negative, thus shutting off the transistor. As the excess local charge dissipates, the transistor turns back on, possibly causing a repeat of the phenomenon, sometimes up to a half-dozen bounces.
Ground bounce is one of the leading causes of "hung" or metastable gates in modern digital circuit design. This happens because the ground bounce puts the input of a flip flop effectively at voltage level that is neither a one nor a zero at clock time, or causes untoward effects in the clock itself. A similar voltage sag phenomenon may be seen on the collector side, called supply voltage sag (or VCC sag), where VCC is pulled unnaturall
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DRTE%20Computer
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The DRTE Computer was a transistorized computer built at the Defence Research Telecommunications Establishment (DRTE), part of the Canadian Defence Research Board. It was one of the earlier fully transistorized machines, running in prototype form in 1957, and fully developed form in 1960. Although the performance was quite good, equal to that of contemporary machines like the PDP-1, no commercial vendors ever took up the design, and the only potential sale to the Canadian Navy's Pacific Naval Laboratories, fell through. The machine is currently part of the Canadian national science and technology collection housed at the Canada Science and Technology Museum.
Transistor research
In the early 1950s transistors had not yet replaced vacuum tubes in most electronics. Tubes varied widely in their actual characteristics from tube to tube even of the same model. Engineers had developed techniques to ensure that the overall circuit was not overly sensitive to these changes so they could be replaced without causing trouble. The same techniques had not yet been developed for transistor-based systems, they were simply too new. While smaller circuits could be "hand tuned" to work, larger systems using many transistors were not well understood. At the same time transistors were still expensive; a tube cost about $0.75 while a similar transistor cost about $8. This limited the amount of experimentation most companies were able to perform.
DRTE was originally formed to improve communicatio
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goff%E2%80%93Gratch%20equation
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The Goff–Gratch equation is one (arguably the first reliable in history) amongst many experimental correlation proposed to estimate the saturation water vapor pressure at a given temperature.
Another similar equation based on more recent data is the Arden Buck equation.
Historical note
This equation is named after the authors of the original scientific article who described how to calculate the saturation water vapor pressure above a flat free water surface as a function of temperature (Goff and Gratch, 1946). Goff (1957) later revised his formula, and the latter was recommended for use by the World Meteorological Organization in 1988, with further corrections in 2000.
The current 2015 edition of the WMO Technical Regulations (WMO-No. 49) however states in Volume 1, Part III, Section 1.2.1, that any formula or constant given in the Guide to Meteorological Instruments and Methods of Observation a.k.a. CIMO-Guide (WMO-No. 8) shall be used, and this document only contains the much simpler Magnus formula (Annex 4.B. – Formulae for the computation of measures of humidity). Regarding the measurement of upper-air humidity, this publication also reads (in Section 12.5.1):
The saturation with respect to water cannot be measured much below –50 °C, so manufacturers should use one of the following expressions for calculating saturation vapour pressure relative to water at the lowest temperatures – Wexler (1976, 1977), reported by Flatau et al. (1992)., Hyland and Wexler (1983) or S
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shunting%20yard
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Shunting yard may refer to:
Classification yard
Shunting yard algorithm
British term for rail yard
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shunting%20yard%20algorithm
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In computer science, the shunting yard algorithm is a method for parsing arithmetical or logical expressions, or a combination of both, specified in infix notation. It can produce either a postfix notation string, also known as Reverse Polish notation (RPN), or an abstract syntax tree (AST). The algorithm was invented by Edsger Dijkstra and named the "shunting yard" algorithm because its operation resembles that of a railroad shunting yard. Dijkstra first described the shunting yard algorithm in the Mathematisch Centrum report MR 34/61.
Like the evaluation of RPN, the shunting yard algorithm is stack-based. Infix expressions are the form of mathematical notation most people are used to, for instance or . For the conversion there are two text variables (strings), the input and the output. There is also a stack that holds operators not yet added to the output queue. To convert, the program reads each symbol in order and does something based on that symbol. The result for the above examples would be (in Reverse Polish notation) and , respectively.
The shunting yard algorithm will correctly parse all valid infix expressions, but does not reject all invalid expressions. For example, is not a valid infix expression, but would be parsed as . The algorithm can however reject expressions with mismatched parentheses.
The shunting yard algorithm was later generalized into operator-precedence parsing.
A simple conversion
Input:
Push 3 to the output queue (whenever a number is re
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1079%20Life
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Life FM (callsign: 5RAM) is a Christian radio station in Adelaide, South Australia. Life FM broadcasts on the 107.9 MHz frequency.
History
Life FM began broadcasting on October the 3rd, 1993. However, it was 20 years of preparation and planning before then that brought the dream into a reality. The station began broadcasting under the name "Alta Mira FM". Later it was renamed "Life FM".
In September 2016, Life FM rebranded and changed its name to "1079 Life", dropping the FM in the title in recognition of the emergence of digital radio, not just the FM band.
The station has been an incubator for local media talent in Adelaide, most notably Brenton Ragless and Kate Collins, who began with Life FM hosting the evening show. Both are now with the Nine Network on their prime time news show.
Format
The station's motto is Loving Life, Loving Adelaide.
Breakfast and Drive shows are both run as magazine programs with a sampling of the latest adult contemporary and Christian music breaking up the segments on news, opinion and lifestyle. There are also sport, music and talk programs throughout the week.
Life FM won a SACBA award for Community Engagement in 2014.
The station has won 3 SANFL Media Awards, "Best Commentary" in 2004 & 2008 and "Best Radio Interview" in 2007. Life FM also simulcasts Nine News from 6pm weeknights.
Programming
As of 2023, the featured on-air line-up consists of:
Adelaide's Good Taste Breakfast, hosted by Rebecca "Bec" Seabrooke and Matt Bajjali from
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Most%20Requested
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Most Requested is the debut album for "Mean" Gene Kelton and the Die Hards. It was released in 2000 by Jambone Records. It contains 15 of the most requested songs from the band's live performances.
Track listing
All Tracks by Mean Gene Kelton
"Texas Honey"
"Too White To Play The Blues"
"If This Guitar Could Talk"
"Tears On My Guitar"
"Going Back To Memphis"
"Cruisin Texas Avenue"
"Sinking Deeper (Into The Blues)"
"Big Legged Mama"
"Leaving Paradise"
"The Avon Man"
"Little Black Dress"
"My Blow Up Lover"
"Let Me Pump Your Gas"
"The Texas City Dyke"
"My Baby Don't Wear No Panties"
References
External links
-Kelton's website
Gene Kelton albums
2000 debut albums
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International%20Association%20for%20Plant%20Taxonomy
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The International Association for Plant Taxonomy (IAPT) is an organization established to promote an understanding of plant biodiversity, facilitate international communication of research between botanists, and oversee matters of uniformity and stability in plant names. The IAPT was founded on July 18, 1950, at the Seventh International Botanical Congress in Stockholm, Sweden. The IAPT headquarters is located in Bratislava, Slovakia. Its president, since 2017, is Patrick S. Herendeen of the Chicago Botanic Garden; vice-president is Gonzalo Nieto Feliner of the Real Jardín Botánico, Madrid; and secretary-general is Karol Marhold of the Plant Science and Biodiversity Centre, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava.
Both the taxonomic journal Taxon and the series Regnum Vegetabile are published by the IAPT. The latter series includes the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants, Index Nominum Genericorum, and Index Herbariorum.
Purpose
The IAPT's primary purpose is the promotion and understanding of biodiversity—the discovery, naming, classification, and systematics of plants—for both living and fossil plants. Additionally, it promotes the study and conservation of plant biodiversity, and works to raise awareness of the general public to this issue. The organization also facilitates international cooperation among botanists working in the fields of plant systematics, taxonomy, and nomenclature. This is accomplished in part through sponsorship of meetings
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weinberg%E2%80%93Witten%20theorem
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In theoretical physics, the Weinberg–Witten (WW) theorem, proved by Steven Weinberg and Edward Witten, states that massless particles (either composite or elementary) with spin j > 1/2 cannot carry a
Lorentz-covariant current, while massless particles with spin j > 1 cannot carry a Lorentz-covariant stress-energy. The theorem is usually interpreted to mean that the graviton (j = 2) cannot be a composite particle in a relativistic quantum field theory.
Background
During the 1980s, preon theories, technicolor and the like were very popular and some people speculated that gravity might be an emergent phenomenon or that gluons might be composite. Weinberg and Witten, on the other hand, developed a no-go theorem that excludes, under very general assumptions, the hypothetical composite and emergent theories. Decades later new theories of emergent gravity are proposed and some high-energy physicists are still using this theorem to try and refute such theories. Because most of these emergent theories aren't Lorentz covariant, the WW theorem doesn't apply. The violation of Lorentz covariance, however, usually leads to other problems.
Theorem
Weinberg and Witten proved two separate results. According to them, the first is due to Sidney Coleman, who did not publish it:
A 3 + 1D QFT (quantum field theory) with a conserved 4-vector current (see four-current) which is Poincaré covariant (and gauge invariant if there happens to be any gauge symmetry which hasn't been gauge-fixed)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London%20Underground%20C%20Stock%20%28District%20Railway%29
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The C Stock was built for the District Railway in 1910. The additional rolling stock was required to increase the frequency of the service (particularly given the introduction of automatic electro-pneumatic signalling which allowed less headway between trains), plus the four-tracking of the section west of Hammersmith which allowed a greater frequency of trains to and from Richmond.
History
Fifty-two cars were built by Hurst Nelson, thirty-two were driving motor cars and the remaining twenty were trailer cars. The design was based on the earlier B Stock and was the basis for the D Stock trains which appeared in 1912.
In 1928 the 20 trailer cars were rebuilt into motor cars. In the 1940s the C, D and E stocks were reclassified as "H Stock" (signifying hand-operated doors), along with other pre-1938 District Line rolling stock that had not been converted to have air-operated doors. The H Stock was largely eliminated by the early 1950s, following replacement by R Stock. The remaining cars were largely confined to the Olympia shuttle service and were withdrawn from passenger service by the late 1950s. A few examples continued in use for a time, painted grey, as "Stores Carriers", before being finally broken up in May 1963.
The C Stock remains the only fleet of London Underground carriages to have been built in Scotland. No vehicles have survived into preservation. In appearance, they were similar to the B Stock.
References
J. Graeme Bruce, Steam to Silver, published by the
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor%20Th%C3%A9bault
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Victor Michael Jean-Marie Thébault (1882–1960) was a French mathematician best known for propounding three problems in geometry. The name Thébault's theorem is used by some authors to refer to the first of these problems and by others to refer to the third.
Thébault was born on March 6, 1882, in Ambrières-les-Grand (today a part of Ambrières-les-Vallées, Mayenne) in the northwest of France. He got his education at a teacher's college in Laval, where he studied from 1898 to 1901. After his graduation he taught for three years at Pré-en-Pail until he got a professorship at technical school in Ernée. In 1909 he placed first in a competitive exams, which yielded him a certificate to work as a science professor at teachers' colleges. Thébault however found a professor's salary insufficient to support his large family and hence he left teaching to become a factory superintendent at Ernée from 1910 to 1923. In 1924 he became a chief insurance inspector in Le Mans, a position he held until his retirement in 1940. During his retirement he lived in Tennie. He died on March 19, 1960, shortly after a severe stroke and was survived by his wife, five sons and a daughter.
Despite leaving teaching Thébault stayed active in mathematics with number theory and geometry being his main areas of interest. He published a large number of articles in math journals all over the world and aside from regular articles he also contributed many original problems and solutions to their problem sections.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%A9bault%27s%20theorem
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Thébault's theorem is the name given variously to one of the geometry problems proposed by the French mathematician Victor Thébault, individually known as Thébault's problem I, II, and III.
Thébault's problem I
Given any parallelogram, construct on its sides four squares external to the parallelogram. The quadrilateral formed by joining the centers of those four squares is a square.
It is a special case of van Aubel's theorem and a square version of the Napoleon's theorem.
Thébault's problem II
Given a square, construct equilateral triangles on two adjacent edges, either both inside or both outside the square. Then the triangle formed by joining the vertex of the square distant from both triangles and the vertices of the triangles distant from the square is equilateral.
Thébault's problem III
Given any triangle ABC, and any point M on BC, construct the incircle and circumcircle of the triangle. Then construct two additional circles, each tangent to AM, BC, and to the circumcircle. Then their centers and the center of the incircle are colinear.
Until 2003, academia thought this third problem of Thébault the most difficult to prove. It was published in the American Mathematical Monthly in 1938, and proved by Dutch mathematician H. Streefkerk in 1973. However, in 2003, Jean-Louis Ayme discovered that Y. Sawayama, an instructor at The Central Military School of Tokyo, independently proposed and solved this problem in 1905.
An "external" version of this theorem, whe
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creature%20Catalogue
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Creature Catalogue is a supplement for Basic Dungeons & Dragons first released in 1986, and updated in 1993.
Contents
The Creature Catalogue is a supplement which presents game statistics for more than 200 monsters, most of which had been compiled from previous D&D rules set and adventure modules, as well as 80 new monsters which had never been printed before; each monster features an illustration and they are indexed by what habitat they can be encountered in.
In Creature Catalogue is collected all the creatures first presented in the official D&D adventure modules to that time, plus many new creatures and some converted from AD&D. Also included is a comprehensive index of all D&D monsters found in the Basic, Expert, Companion and Master rulesets.
Each creature in the book is illustrated, and the entries in the book are arranged by type of creature rather than alphabetically. This includes six sections: Animals (along with giant and extinct creatures), Conjurations (such as elementals and golems), Humanoids, Lowlife (such as insects, plants, and jellies and slimes), Monsters (a miscellaneous category), and Undead. Each monster has its Intelligence score listed as part of its statistics. The book also includes a comprehensive index of monsters sorted by environment, and the introduction of the book reproduced a guide by Frank Mentzer on how to balance monster encounters properly for the levels of the player characters, which was originally printed in the Master Set.
Each
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold%20as%20an%20investment
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Of all the precious metals, gold is the most popular as an investment. Investors generally buy gold as a way of diversifying risk, especially through the use of futures contracts and derivatives. The gold market is subject to speculation and volatility as are other markets. Compared to other precious metals used for investment, gold has been the most effective safe haven across a number of countries.
Gold price
Gold has been used throughout history as money and has been a relative standard for currency equivalents specific to economic regions or countries, until recent times. Many European countries implemented gold standards in the latter part of the 19th century until these were temporarily suspended in the financial crises involving World War I. After World War II, the Bretton Woods system pegged the United States dollar to gold at a rate of US$35 per troy ounce. The system existed until the 1971 Nixon Shock, when the US unilaterally suspended the direct convertibility of the United States dollar to gold and made the transition to a fiat currency system. The last major currency to be divorced from gold was the Swiss Franc in 2000.
Since 1919 the most common benchmark for the price of gold has been the London gold fixing, a twice-daily telephone meeting of representatives from five bullion-trading firms of the London bullion market. Furthermore, gold is traded continuously throughout the world based on the intra-day spot price, derived from over-the-counter gold-trading
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congruence%20%28general%20relativity%29
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In general relativity, a congruence (more properly, a congruence of curves) is the set of integral curves of a (nowhere vanishing) vector field in a four-dimensional Lorentzian manifold which is interpreted physically as a model of spacetime. Often this manifold will be taken to be an exact or approximate solution to the Einstein field equation.
Types of congruences
Congruences generated by nowhere vanishing timelike, null, or spacelike vector fields are called timelike, null, or spacelike respectively.
A congruence is called a geodesic congruence if it admits a tangent vector field with vanishing covariant derivative, .
Relation with vector fields
The integral curves of the vector field are a family of non-intersecting parameterized curves which fill up the spacetime. The congruence consists of the curves themselves, without reference to a particular parameterization.
Many distinct vector fields can give rise to the same congruence of curves, since if is a nowhere vanishing scalar function, then and give rise to the same congruence.
However, in a Lorentzian manifold, we have a metric tensor, which picks out a preferred vector field among the vector fields which are everywhere parallel to a given timelike or spacelike vector field, namely the field of tangent vectors to the curves. These are respectively timelike or spacelike unit vector fields.
Physical interpretation
In general relativity, a timelike congruence in a four-dimensional Lorentzian manifold can b
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methods%20of%20computing%20square%20roots
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Methods of computing square roots are numerical analysis algorithms for approximating the principal, or non-negative, square root (usually denoted , , or ) of a real number. Arithmetically, it means given , a procedure for finding a number which when multiplied by itself, yields ; algebraically, it means a procedure for finding the non-negative root of the equation ; geometrically, it means given two line segments, a procedure for constructing their geometric mean.
Every real number except zero has two square roots. The principal square root of most numbers is an irrational number with an infinite decimal expansion. As a result, the decimal expansion of any such square root can only be computed to some finite-precision approximation. However, even if we are taking the square root of a perfect square integer, so that the result does have an exact finite representation, the procedure used to compute it may only return a series of increasingly accurate approximations.
The continued fraction representation of a real number can be used instead of its decimal or binary expansion and this representation has the property that the square root of any rational number (which is not already a perfect square) has a periodic, repeating expansion, similar to how rational numbers have repeating expansions in the decimal notation system.
The most common analytical methods are iterative and consist of two steps: finding a suitable starting value, followed by iterative refinement until some t
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raychaudhuri%20equation
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In general relativity, the Raychaudhuri equation, or Landau–Raychaudhuri equation, is a fundamental result describing the motion of nearby bits of matter.
The equation is important as a fundamental lemma for the Penrose–Hawking singularity theorems and for the study of exact solutions in general relativity, but has independent interest, since it offers a simple and general validation of our intuitive expectation that gravitation should be a universal attractive force between any two bits of mass–energy in general relativity, as it is in Newton's theory of gravitation.
The equation was discovered independently by the Indian physicist Amal Kumar Raychaudhuri and the Soviet physicist Lev Landau.
Mathematical statement
Given a timelike unit vector field (which can be interpreted as a family or congruence of nonintersecting world lines via the integral curve, not necessarily geodesics), Raychaudhuri's equation can be written
where
are (non-negative) quadratic invariants of the shear tensor
and the vorticity tensor
respectively. Here,
is the expansion tensor, is its trace, called the expansion scalar, and
is the projection tensor onto the hyperplanes orthogonal to . Also, dot denotes differentiation with respect to proper time counted along the world lines in the congruence. Finally, the trace of the tidal tensor can also be written as
This quantity is sometimes called the Raychaudhuri scalar.
Intuitive significance
The expansion scalar measures the fractional
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synovitis
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Synovitis is the medical term for inflammation of the synovial membrane. This membrane lines joints that possess cavities, known as synovial joints. The condition is usually painful, particularly when the joint is moved. The joint usually swells due to synovial fluid collection.
Synovitis may occur in association with arthritis as well as lupus, gout, and other conditions. Synovitis is more commonly found in rheumatoid arthritis than in other forms of arthritis, and can thus serve as a distinguishing factor, although it is also present in many joints affected with osteoarthritis. In rheumatoid arthritis, the fibroblast-like synoviocytes, highly specialized mesenchymal cells found in the synovial membrane, play an active and prominent role in the synovitis. Long term occurrence of synovitis can result in degeneration of the joint.
Signs and symptoms
Synovitis causes joint tenderness or pain, swelling and hard lumps, called nodules. When associated with rheumatoid arthritis, swelling is a better indicator than tenderness. The joints in your hands and fingers feel painful when pressed and when moving or gripping anything.
Diagnosis
A rheumatologist will aim to diagnose the cause of the patient’s pain by first determining whether it is inside the joint itself, meaning true synovitis, or if it is actually caused by an inflammation of the tendons, referred to as tendonitis. Imaging, such as an MRI or musculoskeletal ultrasound is often required to make a firm diagnosis.
Treatme
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-fan
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An anti-fan, hater, or anti is someone who enjoys writing, discussing or in some cases making derivative works about a piece of media, but solely for the purpose of railing against or parodying it. Someone who opposes a ship (a romantic pairing between two characters) is called an anti-shipper.
It can also be a person with hatred towards a celebrity or icon.
Behaviours
Anti-fandoms appear in many forms from hate-watching to snark.
It is common for large anti-fandoms to gather in groups, usually on forums and sites, to share their mutual aversion. These are coined anti-fan clubs and some are substantial enough to become anti-fan sites.
Behaviours of some anti-fans include doxing, stalking, spreading rumours, stealing their personal belongings or information, abuse or physical harassment.
Examples
In 2006, an anti-fan of the K-pop duo TVXQ poisoned member Yunho with a super glue-laced drink. Instead of pressing charges against the anti-fan, he chose to forgive her, since the girl was the same age as his younger sister. Such occurrences have resulted in an increase of security for celebrities in South Korea.
In 2017, National Post published an editorial describing the 1997–2010 preschool animated series Caillou as "quite possibly the world's most universally reviled children's program," noting "a stunning level of animosity for a series about the relatively uncontroversial daily life of a four-year-old boy." Among the criticisms were the complete lack of educational conten
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank%20Spitzer
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Frank Ludvig Spitzer (July 24, 1926 – February 1, 1992) was an Austrian-born American mathematician who made fundamental contributions to probability theory, including the theory of random walks, fluctuation theory, percolation theory, the Wiener sausage, and especially the theory of interacting particle systems. Rare among mathematicians, he chose to focus broadly on "phenomena", rather than any one of the many specific theorems that might help to articulate a given phenomenon. His book Principles of Random Walk, first published in 1964, remains a well-cited classic.
Spitzer was born into a Jewish family in Vienna, Austria, and by the time he was twelve years old, the Nazi threat in Austria was evident. His parents were able to send him to a summer camp for Jewish children in Sweden, and, as a result, Spitzer spent all of the war years in Sweden. He lived with two Swedish families, learned Swedish, graduated from high school, and for one year attended Tekniska Hogskolan in Stockholm.
During the war years, Spitzer's parents and his sister were able to make their way to the United States by passing through the unoccupied parts of France and North Africa, and, after the war, Spitzer joined his family in their new country. Spitzer enlisted in the U.S. Army just as the war in Europe was ending. After completing his military service in 1947, Spitzer entered the University of Michigan to study mathematics. His studies went quickly, and he completed his B.A. and Ph.D. in just six
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyrolite
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Tyrolite is a hydrous calcium copper arsenate carbonate mineral with the formula CaCu5(AsO4)2CO3(OH)4⋅6H2O. Tyrolite forms glassy, blue to green orthorhombic radial crystals and botryoidal masses. It has a Mohs hardness of 1.5–2.0 and a specific gravity of 3.1–3.2. It is translucent with refractive indices of nα = 1.694, nβ = 1.726, and nγ = 1.730.
It is a secondary mineral formed by the weathering of associated copper and arsenic minerals. It was first described in 1845 for an occurrence in Schwaz, Tyrol, Austria.
References
Webmineral
Mindat with location data
Calcium minerals
Copper(II) minerals
Arsenate minerals
Monoclinic minerals
Minerals in space group 13
Minerals in space group 15
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermosiphon
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Thermosiphon (or thermosyphon) is a method of passive heat exchange, based on natural convection, which circulates a fluid without the necessity of a mechanical pump. Thermosiphoning is used for circulation of liquids and volatile gases in heating and cooling applications such as heat pumps, water heaters, boilers and furnaces. Thermosiphoning also occurs across air temperature gradients such as those utilized in a wood fire chimney or solar chimney.
This circulation can either be open-loop, as when the substance in a holding tank is passed in one direction via a heated transfer tube mounted at the bottom of the tank to a distribution point—even one mounted above the originating tank—or it can be a vertical closed-loop circuit with return to the original container. Its purpose is to simplify the transfer of liquid or gas while avoiding the cost and complexity of a conventional pump.
Simple thermosiphon
Natural convection of the liquid starts when heat transfer to the liquid gives rise to a temperature difference from one side of the loop to the other. The phenomenon of thermal expansion means that a temperature difference will have a corresponding difference in density across the loop. The warmer fluid on one side of the loop is less dense and thus more buoyant than the cooler fluid on the other side. The warmer fluid will "float" above the cooler fluid, and the cooler fluid will "sink" below the warmer fluid. This phenomenon of natural convection is known by the saying
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal%20Logic
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Crystal Logic is the third studio album by the American
heavy metal band, Manilla Road, released in December 1983 (and reissued in 2002). On this album the band fully embraced heavy metal, leaving behind the space, progressive and hard rock influences which could be found on the two previous albums.
Critical reception
In the magazine Metal Forces, Bernard Doe wrote, "Manilla Road suffer the same problem as Brocas Helm in sounding a little dated in style. But let's not take away the band's musicianship which is quite excellent throughout, especially guitarist Mark Shelton's riffing and soloing".
In 2005, Crystal Logic was ranked number 344 in Rock Hard magazine's book of The 500 Greatest Rock & Metal Albums of All Time.
Aaron Lariviere of The A.V. Club named it one of 1983's "excellent but tragically underrated records".
Track listing
All songs written by Mark Shelton.
Personnel
Band
Mark Shelton – lead vocals, 6- and 12-string guitars, arrangement
Scott Park – bass, arrangement
Rick Fisher – drums, percussion, backing vocals, arrangement
Production
Larry Funk – engineer
John Jinks – front cover art
Cinda Hughes – back cover art
Manilla Road – front cover design
Mike Arnold – dust sleeve photo
Sherry Avett, Mark Shelton – back cover design
References
Manilla Road albums
1983 albums
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowbird%20%28song%29
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"Snowbird" is a song by the Canadian lyricist Gene MacLellan. Though it has been recorded by many performers, it is best known through Anne Murray's 1969 recording, which—after appearing as an album track in mid-1969—was released as a single in mid-1970. It was a No. 2 hit on Canada's pop chart and went to No. 1 on both the Canadian adult contemporary and country charts. The song reached No. 8 on the U.S. pop singles chart, spent six weeks at No. 1 on the U.S. adult contemporary chart, and became a surprise Top 10 U.S. country hit as well. It was certified as a gold single by the RIAA, the first American Gold record ever awarded to a Canadian solo female artist. The song peaked at No. 23 on the UK Singles Chart. In 2003 it was an inaugural song inductee of the Canadian Songwriters Hall of Fame.
Anne Murray and Gene MacLellan had met while both were regulars on the CBC television series Singalong Jubilee and Murray recorded two of MacLellan's compositions, "Snowbird" and "Biding My Time", for her first major label album release, This Way Is My Way, in 1969. Murray would recall: "Gene told me he wrote ["Snowbird"] in twenty minutes while walking on a beach on Prince Edward Island."
"Snowbird" sold well over a million copies and was picked as 19th on the 50 Tracks: The Canadian Version list, a partially populist approach to defining the most influential songs by Canadians.
Chart performance
Weekly singles charts
Year-end charts
Notable versions
Gene MacLellan's own recordi
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linus%20Gerdemann
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Linus Gerdemann (born 16 September 1982) is a German former professional road bicycle racer, who won a stage in the 2007 Tour de France and led the general classification for two days, wearing the yellow jersey.
After failing to find a contract for 2013, Gerdemann joined for the 2014 season. In 2015 he rode for Danish professional continental team Cult Energy-Vital Water. Early 2017, Gerdemann announced his retirement.
Career
After riding on amateur teams Team Winfix and Team AKUD Arnolds Sicherheit, in 2005 he became a professional rider for after a recommendation from Dennis Kraft, signing on for a 2-year contract. In his first year as a pro, he won the 7th stage of the UCI ProTour race Tour de Suisse and had the leader's jersey in Four Days of Dunkirk.
In late 2005 he agreed to a contract with rival UCI ProTour , starting from 2006. This got Team CSC owner Bjarne Riis to release Gerdemann from his contract at the end of 2005.
On Saturday 14 July 2007 he secured his biggest victory in his career, the seventh stage of the Tour de France from Bourg-en-Bresse to Le Grand-Bornand. The stage win gave him the yellow jersey as leader of the general classification, as well as the white jersey as leader of the young rider classification. He was also awarded the combativity award for this stage.
In March 2008 he sustained injuries from a crash in the Tirreno–Adriatico and was unable to race in the 2008 Tour de France or the Beijing summer Olympics. He came back from his injur
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear%20space
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In mathematics, nuclear spaces are topological vector spaces that can be viewed as a generalization of finite dimensional Euclidean spaces and share many of their desirable properties. Nuclear spaces are however quite different from Hilbert spaces, another generalization of finite dimensional Euclidean spaces. They were introduced by Alexander Grothendieck.
The topology on nuclear spaces can be defined by a family of seminorms whose unit balls decrease rapidly in size. Vector spaces whose elements are "smooth" in some sense tend to be nuclear spaces; a typical example of a nuclear space is the set of smooth functions on a compact manifold. All finite-dimensional vector spaces are nuclear. There are no Banach spaces that are nuclear, except for the finite-dimensional ones. In practice a sort of converse to this is often true: if a "naturally occurring" topological vector space is a Banach space, then there is a good chance that it is nuclear.
Original motivation: The Schwartz kernel theorem
Much of the theory of nuclear spaces was developed by Alexander Grothendieck while investigating the Schwartz kernel theorem and published in . We now describe this motivation.
For any open subsets and the canonical map is an isomorphism of TVSs (where has the topology of uniform convergence on bounded subsets) and furthermore, both of these spaces are canonically TVS-isomorphic to (where since is nuclear, this tensor product is simultaneously the injective tensor product and p
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topological%20tensor%20product
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In mathematics, there are usually many different ways to construct a topological tensor product of two topological vector spaces. For Hilbert spaces or nuclear spaces there is a simple well-behaved theory of tensor products (see Tensor product of Hilbert spaces), but for general Banach spaces or locally convex topological vector spaces the theory is notoriously subtle.
Motivation
One of the original motivations for topological tensor products is the fact that tensor products of the spaces of smooth functions on do not behave as expected. There is an injection
but this is not an isomorphism. For example, the function cannot be expressed as a finite linear combination of smooth functions in We only get an isomorphism after constructing the topological tensor product; i.e.,
This article first details the construction in the Banach space case. is not a Banach space and further cases are discussed at the end.
Tensor products of Hilbert spaces
The algebraic tensor product of two Hilbert spaces A and B has a natural positive definite sesquilinear form (scalar product) induced by the sesquilinear forms of A and B. So in particular it has a natural positive definite quadratic form, and the corresponding completion is a Hilbert space A ⊗ B, called the (Hilbert space) tensor product of A and B.
If the vectors ai and bj run through orthonormal bases of A and B, then the vectors ai⊗bj form an orthonormal basis of A ⊗ B.
Cross norms and tensor products of Banach spaces
We sh
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French%20ship%20Pluton%20%281805%29
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Pluton was a 74-gun French ship of the line built at Toulon. She was one of two prototypes for a derivative sub-class of the original design; this sub-class (slightly smaller than the primary design) was specially intended for construction in some of the shipyards in states occupied by the French, where there was less depth of water than in the main French shipyards. Although the Pluton (and her sister, the Borée) were built at Toulon, all other vessels of this sub-class were built in these overseas yards, notably at Antwerp but also at Genoa, Trieste, Venice, Amsterdam, Flushing and Rotterdam.
The Pluton took part in the Battle of Trafalgar under Captain Julien Cosmao-Kerjulien, and escaped to Cádiz with other ships. Two days later, on 23 October 1805, she was the flagship of the counter-attack from Cádiz, together with , , and . They managed to recapture the and . To prevent their recapture, the British scuttled the and . Rayo and San Francisco de Asis were wrecked on their journey back.
She was captured by Spain in Cadiz on 14 June 1808 and commissioned in the Spanish Navy as Pluton. She was renamed Montañes on 20 April 1810, and was eventually broken up in 1816.
See also
List of ships of the line of France
Citations
References
Winfield, Rif & Roberts, Stephen S. French Warships in the Age of Sail 1786–1861: Design, Construction, Careers and Fates. Seaforth Publishing, 2015. .
Ships of the line of the French Navy
Ships built in France
Téméraire-class ships of
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feline%20spongiform%20encephalopathy
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Feline spongiform encephalopathy (FSE) is a disease that affects the brains of felines. It is caused by proteins called prions. FSE is thought to be related or identical to bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE). This disease is known to affect domestic and captive feline species. This infectious agent might be spread by both haematogenous and nervous pathways. Like BSE, this disease can take several years to develop. It is probable, but not proven, that the affected animals contract the disease by eating contaminated bovine meat.
Symptoms and signs
Clinical signs of FSE typically develop gradually in housecats. Initial signs of the condition include behavioral changes such as aggression, timidity, and hiding. Other commonly observed motor signs include gait abnormalities and ataxia, which typically affect the hind legs first. Affected cats may also display poor judgement of distance, and some cats may develop a rapid, crouching, hypermetric gait. Another common symptom is hyperesthesia. Some affected cats may exhibit an abnormal head tilt, tremors, a vacant stare, excessive salivation, decreased grooming behaviors, polyphagia, polydipsia, and dilated pupils. Once signs of FSE appear, the disease progresses and results in death within a few weeks to 3 months.
Ataxia was observed to last for about 8 weeks in the affected animals. The ultimate result is death of the infected animals.
Diagnosis
This disease can only be confirmed at the post-mortem, which includes identificati
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q96
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Q96 was an Independent Local Radio station, that broadcast for 14 years in the Scottish county of Renfrewshire. Q96 broadcast as an FM station on the 96.3 MHz frequency after a local licence for the Paisley area was offered. The station was latterly based outside its dedicated broadcast region, in the Baillieston area of neighbouring Glasgow, at the headquarters it shared with sister station Real Radio after Ofcom approval.
The station was replaced by 96.3 Rock Radio for test transmissions on 22 December 2006 and officially from Monday 8 January 2007.
History
Q96 first went live on 1 September 1992, broadcasting from Paisley as a local radio station for Paisley, and Renfrewshire. Despite being centralised on Paisley, Scotland's largest town, the many commuters from Renfrewshire into Glasgow, as well as Glasgow and Dunbartonshire's proximity allowed the signal to be easily received in those areas and as such it received listeners from these areas.
During the station's early years, it used the Supergold sustaining service after midnight until the resumption of normal programming in the morning. The station was bought by IRG in December 1995 and rebranded as 96.3 QFM the following year.
Q96 broadcasts on both DAB and FM to West Central Scotland from its mast on Paisley's Gleniffer Braes and online.
It initially proved successful in breaking into the market with its music, which includes songs from the 1960s through present day hits. Audiences peaked at around 12% on the Raj
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congruence%20%28manifolds%29
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In the theory of smooth manifolds, a congruence is the set of integral curves defined by a nonvanishing vector field defined on the manifold.
Congruences are an important concept in general relativity, and are also important in parts of Riemannian geometry.
A motivational example
The idea of a congruence is probably better explained by giving an example than by a definition. Consider the smooth manifold R². Vector fields can be specified as first order linear partial differential operators, such as
These correspond to a system of first order linear ordinary differential equations, in this case
where dot denotes a derivative with respect to some (dummy) parameter. The solutions of such systems are families of parameterized curves, in this case
This family is what is often called a congruence of curves, or just congruence for short.
This particular example happens to have two singularities, where the vector field vanishes. These are fixed points of the flow. (A flow is a one-dimensional group of diffeomorphisms; a flow defines an action by the one-dimensional Lie group R, having locally nice geometric properties.) These two singularities correspond to two points, rather than two curves. In this example, the other integral curves are all simple closed curves. Many flows are considerably more complicated than this. To avoid complications arising from the presence of singularities, usually one requires the vector field to be nonvanishing.
If we add more mathemat
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ameritech%20Cellular
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Ameritech Mobile Communications, LLC was the first company in the United States to provide cellular mobile phone service to the general public. Cell service became publicly available in Chicago on October 13, 1983. The company was a division of Ameritech which, as of January 1, 1984, was the holding company of Illinois Bell, Michigan Bell, Wisconsin Bell, Ohio Bell, and Indiana Bell, which provides landline service to the Great Lakes region. From around 1986, Cincinnati Bell held a 45% stake in the company. Originally named Ameritech Mobile Communications, it later became known as Ameritech Cellular.
Before the SBC Merger Ameritech sold some of its interests to GTE dba Verizon. Following the SBC Communications merger, Ameritech's wireless network was integrated and added to SBC's Wireless network. Originally Ameritech used CDMA as its network technology choice, but then converted to TDMA to be compatible with SBC's other wireless networks that were mostly using TDMA. During the SBC Communications merger its First and Original network in Chicago was sold to GTE (which later became Verizon Wireless).
Ameritech Mobile Communications exists today as Ameritech Mobile Communications, LLC d/b/a AT&T Mobility.
The Guinness Records claims that "the Most durable mobile phone number (cellular phone number) David Contorno, of Lemont, Illinois, has owned and used the same mobile telephone number since 2 August 1985. His first mobile phone was an Ameritech AC140 and his carrier has bee
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F-ATPase
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F-ATPase, also known as F-Type ATPase, is an ATPase/synthase found in bacterial plasma membranes, in mitochondrial inner membranes (in oxidative phosphorylation, where it is known as Complex V), and in chloroplast thylakoid membranes. It uses a proton gradient to drive ATP synthesis by allowing the passive flux of protons across the membrane down their electrochemical gradient and using the energy released by the transport reaction to release newly formed ATP from the active site of F-ATPase. Together with V-ATPases and A-ATPases, F-ATPases belong to superfamily of related rotary ATPases.
F-ATPase consists of two domains:
the Fo domain, which is integral in the membrane and is composed of 3 different types of integral proteins classified as a, b and c.
the F1, which is peripheral (on the side of the membrane that the protons are moving into). F1 is composed of 5 polypeptide units α3β3γδε that bind to the surface of the Fo domain.
F-ATPases usually work as ATP synthases instead of ATPases in cellular environments. That is to say, it usually makes ATP from the proton gradient instead of working in the other direction like V-ATPases typically do. They do occasionally revert as ATPases in bacteria.
Structure
Fo-F1 particles are mainly formed of polypeptides. The F1-particle contains 5 types of polypeptides, with the composition-ratio—3α:3β:1δ:1γ:1ε. The Fo has the 1a:2b:12c composition. Together they form a rotary motor. As the protons bind to the subunits of the Fo domai
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoelscher
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Hoelscher is an English language surname derivative, primarily used in the United States. Its origins are from the North German "Hölscher", the occupational name for a maker of clogs (wooden shoes), which in turn comes from the Middle Low German "holsche" (prefix holt- meaning "wood"; suffix -scho meaning "shoe"; with the agent noun suffix "-er"). People with the name Hoelscher or its variants include:
David Hoelscher (born 1975), American football defensive tackle
Ulf Hoelscher (born 1943), German violinist
Ludwig Hoelscher (1907–1996), German cellist
The name is strongly associated with Westphalia in Germany, although it is also associated with the Netherlands. Bearers of the name almost universally descend from individuals originally from the Paderborn region of Westphalia or the Netherlands. In Texas, "Hoelscher" is the surname of the largest family in that state, whose ancestors emigrated from the town of Olfen, Westphalia in the 1840s. Individuals of the family founded the towns of Olfen in Runnels County, Westphalia in Falls County, and Violet in Nueces County, Texas.
Variants
Christian Hölscher, Biochemist at the University of Ulster.
Frank "Bud" Holscher, (Bud Holscher) (born 1931), American professional golfer of the 1950s and 1960s.
Gary Holscher, American photographer located in the American Pacific Northwest.
Kathleen A. Holscher, inaugural holder of the Endowed Chair in Roman Catholic Studies, professor in the Religious Studies Program, University of
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proximity%20effect
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Proximity effect may refer to:
Proximity effect (atomic physics)
Proximity effect (audio), an increase in bass or low frequency response when a sound source is close to a microphone
Proximity Effect (comics), a comic book series written by Scott Tucker and Aron Coleite
Proximity effect (electromagnetism), magnetically induced current distortions resulting in increased effective resistance of a conductor
Proximity effect (electron beam lithography), a phenomenon in electron beam lithography (EBL)
Proximity effect (superconductivity), a term used in the field of superconductivity
The Proximity Effect (Nada Surf album), 1998
The Proximity Effect (Laki Mera album), 2011
See also
Pressure sensitive (disambiguation)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butterfly%20diagram
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In the context of fast Fourier transform algorithms, a butterfly is a portion of the computation that combines the results of smaller discrete Fourier transforms (DFTs) into a larger DFT, or vice versa (breaking a larger DFT up into subtransforms). The name "butterfly" comes from the shape of the data-flow diagram in the radix-2 case, as described below. The earliest occurrence in print of the term is thought to be in a 1969 MIT technical report. The same structure can also be found in the Viterbi algorithm, used for finding the most likely sequence of hidden states.
Most commonly, the term "butterfly" appears in the context of the Cooley–Tukey FFT algorithm, which recursively breaks down a DFT of composite size n = rm into r smaller transforms of size m where r is the "radix" of the transform. These smaller DFTs are then combined via size-r butterflies, which themselves are DFTs of size r (performed m times on corresponding outputs of the sub-transforms) pre-multiplied by roots of unity (known as twiddle factors). (This is the "decimation in time" case; one can also perform the steps in reverse, known as "decimation in frequency", where the butterflies come first and are post-multiplied by twiddle factors. See also the Cooley–Tukey FFT article.)
Radix-2 butterfly diagram
In the case of the radix-2 Cooley–Tukey algorithm, the butterfly is simply a DFT of size-2 that takes two inputs (x0, x1) (corresponding outputs of the two sub-transforms) and gives two outputs (y0, y1
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twiddle%20factor
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A twiddle factor, in fast Fourier transform (FFT) algorithms, is any of the trigonometric constant coefficients that are multiplied by the data in the course of the algorithm. This term was apparently coined by Gentleman & Sande in 1966, and has since become widespread in thousands of papers of the FFT literature.
More specifically, "twiddle factors" originally referred to the root-of-unity complex multiplicative constants in the butterfly operations of the Cooley–Tukey FFT algorithm, used to recursively combine smaller discrete Fourier transforms. This remains the term's most common meaning, but it may also be used for any data-independent multiplicative constant in an FFT.
The prime-factor FFT algorithm is one unusual case in which an FFT can be performed without twiddle factors, albeit only for restricted factorizations of the transform size.
For example, W82 is a twiddle factor used in 8-point radix-2 FFT.
References
W. M. Gentleman and G. Sande, "Fast Fourier transforms—for fun and profit," Proc. AFIPS 29, 563–578 (1966).
FFT algorithms
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condorcet%27s%20jury%20theorem
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Condorcet's jury theorem is a political science theorem about the relative probability of a given group of individuals arriving at a correct decision. The theorem was first expressed by the Marquis de Condorcet in his 1785 work Essay on the Application of Analysis to the Probability of Majority Decisions.
The assumptions of the theorem are that a group wishes to reach a decision by majority vote. One of the two outcomes of the vote is correct, and each voter has an independent probability p of voting for the correct decision. The theorem asks how many voters we should include in the group. The result depends on whether p is greater than or less than 1/2:
If p is greater than 1/2 (each voter is more likely to vote correctly), then adding more voters increases the probability that the majority decision is correct. In the limit, the probability that the majority votes correctly approaches 1 as the number of voters increases.
On the other hand, if p is less than 1/2 (each voter is more likely to vote incorrectly), then adding more voters makes things worse: the optimal jury consists of a single voter.
Since Condorcet, many other researchers have proved various other jury theorems, relaxing some or all of Condorcet's assumptions.
Proofs
Proof 1: Calculating the probability that two additional voters change the outcome
To avoid the need for a tie-breaking rule, we assume n is odd. Essentially the same argument works for even n if ties are broken by adding a single voter.
Now
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C3%20convertase
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The term C3 convertase may refer to:
C3-convertase, an enzyme
Alternative-complement-pathway C3/C5 convertase, an enzyme
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edge%20disjoint%20shortest%20pair%20algorithm
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Edge disjoint shortest pair algorithm is an algorithm in computer network routing. The algorithm is used for generating the shortest pair of edge disjoint paths between a given pair of vertices. For an undirected graph G(V, E), it is stated as follows:
Run the shortest path algorithm for the given pair of vertices
Replace each edge of the shortest path (equivalent to two oppositely directed arcs) by a single arc directed towards the source vertex
Make the length of each of the above arcs negative
Run the shortest path algorithm (Note: the algorithm should accept negative costs)
Erase the overlapping edges of the two paths found, and reverse the direction of the remaining arcs on the first shortest path such that each arc on it is directed towards the destination vertex now. The desired pair of paths results.
In lieu of the general purpose Ford's shortest path algorithm valid for negative arcs present anywhere in a graph (with nonexistent negative cycles), Bhandari provides two different algorithms, either one of which can be used in Step 4. One algorithm is a slight modification of the traditional Dijkstra's algorithm, and the other called the Breadth-First-Search (BFS) algorithm is a variant of the Moore's algorithm. Because the negative arcs are only on the first shortest path, no negative cycle arises in the transformed graph (Steps 2 and 3). In a nonnegative graph, the modified Dijkstra algorithm reduces to the traditional Dijkstra's algorithm, and can therefore be
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poisson%20regression
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In statistics, Poisson regression is a generalized linear model form of regression analysis used to model count data and contingency tables. Poisson regression assumes the response variable Y has a Poisson distribution, and assumes the logarithm of its expected value can be modeled by a linear combination of unknown parameters. A Poisson regression model is sometimes known as a log-linear model, especially when used to model contingency tables.
Negative binomial regression is a popular generalization of Poisson regression because it loosens the highly restrictive assumption that the variance is equal to the mean made by the Poisson model. The traditional negative binomial regression model is based on the Poisson-gamma mixture distribution. This model is popular because it models the Poisson heterogeneity with a gamma distribution.
Poisson regression models are generalized linear models with the logarithm as the (canonical) link function, and the Poisson distribution function as the assumed probability distribution of the response.
Regression models
If is a vector of independent variables, then the model takes the form
where and . Sometimes this is written more compactly as
where is now an (n + 1)-dimensional vector consisting of n independent variables concatenated to the number one. Here is simply concatenated to .
Thus, when given a Poisson regression model and an input vector , the predicted mean of the associated Poisson distribution is given by
If are in
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-type%20asteroid
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The X-group of asteroids collects together several types with similar spectra, but probably quite different compositions.
Tholen classification
In the Tholen classification, the X-group consists of the following types:
E-type – with high albedo (> 0.30), composed of enstatite, forsterite and feldspar. They are found in the inner main belt.
M-type – the largest grouping, intermediate albedo, "metallic", composed of iron and nickel, thought to be the progenitors of nickel–iron meteorites. They are found around 3.0 AU and in the Hungaria region (innermost main-belt).
P-type – low albedos (< 0.10) with featureless red spectra; presumably composed of carbonaceous chondrites, and found in the outer main-belt and the Jupiter trojan region.
Since in this scheme, the albedo is crucial in discriminating between the above types, some objects for which albedo information was not available were assigned an X-type. An example of this is 50 Virginia.
SMASS classification
The SMASS classification does not use albedo, but several spectral types are distinguished on the basis of spectral features which were too subtle to be visible in the broad-band ECAS survey used for the Tholen scheme. The X-group contains the types:
core X-type containing the asteroids with the most "typical" spectra
Xe-type of asteroids whose spectra contain a moderately broad absorption band around 0.49 μm. It has been suggested that this indicates the presence of troilite (FeS). There is some correlation bet
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbonyldiimidazole
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1,1'-Carbonyldiimidazole (CDI) is an organic compound with the molecular formula (C3H3N2)2CO. It is a white crystalline solid. It is often used for the coupling of amino acids for peptide synthesis and as a reagent in organic synthesis.
Preparation
CDI can be prepared straightforwardly by the reaction of phosgene with four equivalents of imidazole under anhydrous conditions. Removal of the side product, imidazolium chloride, and solvent results in the crystalline product in ~90% yield.
4 C3H4N2 + C(O)Cl2 → (C3H3N2)2CO + 2 [C3H3N2H2]Cl
In this conversion, the imidazole serves both as the nucleophile and the base. An alternative precursor 1-(trimethylsilyl)imidazole requires more preparative effort with the advantage that the coproduct trimethylsilyl chloride is volatile.
CDI hydrolyzes readily to give back imidazole:
(C3H3N2)2CO + H2O → 2 C3H4N2 + CO2
The purity of CDI can be determined by the amount of CO2 that is formed upon hydrolysis.
Use in synthesis
CDI is mainly employed to convert amines into amides, carbamates, ureas. It can also be used to convert alcohols into esters.
Acid derivatives
The formation of amide is promoted by CDI. Although the reactivity of CDI is less than acid chlorides, it is more easily handled and avoids the use of thionyl chloride in acid chloride formation, which can cause side reactions. An early application of this type of reaction was noted in the formation of peptide bonds (with CO2 formation as a driving force). The
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firuzabadi
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Firuzabadi () also spelled as al-Fayrūzabādī ( (1329–1414) was a lexicographer and was the compiler of al-Qamous (), a comprehensive and, for nearly five centuries, one of the most widely used Arabic dictionaries.
Name
He was Abū al-Ṭāhir Majīd al-Dīn Muḥammad ibn Ya'qūb ibn Muḥammad ibn Ibrāhīm al-Shīrāzī al-Fīrūzābādī (), known simply as Muḥammad ibn Ya'qūb al-Fīrūzābādī (). His nisbas "al-Shīrāzī" and "al-Fīrūzābādī" refer to the cities of Shiraz (located near Kazerun, his place of birth) and Firuzabad (his father's hometown) in Fars, Persia, respectively.
Life
Firuzabadi, of Persian origin, was born in Kazerun, Fars, Persia, and educated in Shiraz, Wasit, Baghdad and Damascus. He spent ten years in Jerusalem before travelling in Western Asia and Egypt, and settling in 1368, in Mecca for almost three decades. From Mecca he visited Delhi in the 1380s. He left Mecca in the mid-1390s and returned to Baghdad, then Shiraz (where he was received by Timur) and finally travelled on to Ta'izz in Yemen. In 1395, he was appointed chief qadi (judge) of Yemen by Al-Ashraf Umar II, who had summoned him from India a few years before to teach in his capital. Al-Ashraf's marriage to a daughter of Firūzābādī added to Firuzabadi's prestige and power in the royal court.
In his latter years, Firūzābādī converted his house at Mecca, and appointed three teachers, to a school of Maliki law.
Sufism and relations with Ibn Arabi
Firuzabadi composed several poems lauding Ibn Arabi for his writin
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hazy%20Sighted%20Link%20State%20Routing%20Protocol
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The Hazy-Sighted Link State Routing Protocol (HSLS) is a wireless mesh network routing protocol being developed by the CUWiN Foundation. This is an algorithm allowing computers communicating via digital radio in a mesh network to forward messages to computers that are out of reach of direct radio contact. Its network overhead is theoretically optimal, utilizing both proactive and reactive link-state routing to limit network updates in space and time. Its inventors believe it is a more efficient protocol to route wired networks as well. HSLS was invented by researchers at BBN Technologies.
Efficiency
HSLS was made to scale well to networks of over a thousand nodes, and on larger networks begins to exceed the efficiencies of the other routing algorithms. This is accomplished by using a carefully designed balance of update frequency, and update extent in order to propagate link state information optimally. Unlike traditional methods, HSLS does not flood the network with link-state information to attempt to cope with moving nodes that change connections with the rest of the network. Further, HSLS does not require each node to have the same view of the network.
Why a link-state protocol?
Link-state algorithms are theoretically attractive because they find optimal routes, reducing waste of transmission capacity. The inventors of HSLS claim that routing protocols fall into three basically different schemes: proactive (such as OLSR), reactive (such as AODV), and algorithms tha
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JASO%20M345
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JASO M345 is a quality classification standard for two stroke engine oils for engines of Japanese origin. It was introduced by the Japanese Automotive Standards Organization (JASO) in 1994 as JASO M345-93 with the quality levels JASO FA, JASO FB and JASO FC – with FC setting the highest standard. It was revised in 2004 as JASO M345:2004 which discontinued the FA level, and introduced the new JASO FD level – the FD level supersedes JASO FC as the highest rating. ISO 13738 is a similar, but stricter, specification.
The different quality levels set requirements with regard to properties such as minimum lubrication, minimum detergency, maximum smoke and maximum deposits. A two stroke engine oil is granted the official JASO seal if it has been independently tested. The seal is a rectangle; in the upper quarter of the rectangle will be a serial number, and the lower three quarters will just have the letters FB, FC or FD.
Overview
JASO FA – original spec established regulating lubricity, detergency, initial torque, exhaust smoke and exhaust system blocking. Supposed to exceed API-TC.
JASO FB – improved requirements over FA with regard to lubricity, detergency, exhaust smoke and exhaust system blocking.
JASO FC – lubricity and initial torque requirements same as FB, however far higher requirements over FB with regard to detergency, exhaust smoke and exhaust system blocking.
JASO FD - same as FC, except with far higher detergency requirement.
References
External links
JASO En
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curvature%20invariant%20%28general%20relativity%29
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In general relativity, curvature invariants are a set of scalars formed from the Riemann, Weyl and Ricci tensors - which represent curvature, hence the name, - and possibly operations on them such as contraction, covariant differentiation and dualisation.
Certain invariants formed from these curvature tensors play an important role in classifying spacetimes. Invariants are actually less powerful for distinguishing locally non-isometric Lorentzian manifolds than they are for distinguishing Riemannian manifolds. This means that they are more limited in their applications than for manifolds endowed with a positive definite metric tensor.
Principal invariants
The principal invariants of the Riemann and Weyl tensors are certain quadratic polynomial invariants (i.e., sums of squares of components).
The principal invariants of the Riemann tensor of a four-dimensional Lorentzian manifold are
the Kretschmann scalar
the Chern–Pontryagin scalar
the Euler scalar
These are quadratic polynomial invariants (sums of squares of components). (Some authors define the Chern–Pontryagin scalar using the right dual instead of the left dual.)
The first of these was introduced by Erich Kretschmann. The second two names are somewhat anachronistic, but since the integrals of the last two are related to the instanton number and Euler characteristic respectively, they have some justification.
The principal invariants of the Weyl tensor are
(Because , there is no need to define a third pri
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tidal%20tensor
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In Newton's theory of gravitation and in various relativistic classical theories of gravitation, such as general relativity, the tidal tensor represents
tidal accelerations of a cloud of (electrically neutral, nonspinning) test particles,
tidal stresses in a small object immersed in an ambient gravitational field.
The tidal tensor represents the relative acceleration due to gravity of two test masses separated by an infinitesimal distance. The component represents the relative acceleration in the direction produced by a displacement in the direction.
Tidal tensor for a spherical body
The most common example of tides is the tidal force around a spherical body (e.g., a planet or a moon).
Here we compute the tidal tensor for the gravitational field outside an isolated spherically symmetric massive object. According to Newton's gravitational law, the acceleration a at a distance r from a central mass m is
(to simplify the math, in the following derivations we use the convention of setting the gravitational constant G to one. To calculate the differential accelerations, the results are to be multiplied by G.)
Let us adopt the frame in polar coordinates for our three-dimensional Euclidean space, and consider infinitesimal displacements in the radial and azimuthal directions, and , which are given the subscripts 1, 2, and 3 respectively.
We will directly compute each component of the tidal tensor, expressed in this frame.
First, compare the gravitational forces on two ne
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MCM6
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DNA replication licensing factor MCM6 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MCM6 gene. MCM6 is one of the highly conserved mini-chromosome maintenance proteins (MCM) that are essential for the initiation of eukaryotic genome replication.
Function
The MCM complex consisting of MCM6 (this protein) and MCM2, 4 and 7 possesses DNA helicase activity, and may act as a DNA unwinding enzyme. The hexameric protein complex formed by the MCM proteins is a key component of the pre-replication complex (pre-RC) and may be involved in the formation of replication forks and in the recruitment of other DNA replication related proteins. The phosphorylation of the complex by CDC2 kinase reduces the helicase activity, suggesting a role in the regulation of DNA replication. Mcm 6 has recently been shown to interact strongly Cdt1 at defined residues, by mutating these target residues Wei et al. observed lack of Cdt1 recruitment of Mcm2-7 to the pre-RC.
Gene
The MCM6 gene, MCM6, is expressed at very high level. MCM6 contains 18 introns. There are 2 non overlapping alternative last exons. The transcripts appear to differ by truncation of the 3' end, presence or absence of 2 cassette exons, common exons with different boundaries.
MCM6 produces, by alternative splicing, 3 different transcripts, all with introns, putatively encoding 3 different protein isoforms.
MCM6 contains two of the regulatory regions for LCT, the gene encoding the protein lactase, located in two of the MCM6 intro
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vector%20group
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In electrical engineering, a vector group, officially called a connection symbol, is the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) method of categorizing the high voltage (HV) windings and low voltage (LV) winding configurations of three-phase transformers. The vector group designation indicates the windings configurations and the difference in phase angle between them. For example, a star HV winding and delta LV winding with a 30-degree lead is denoted as Yd11.
The phase windings of a polyphase transformer can be connected internally in different configurations, depending on what characteristics are needed from the transformer. In a three-phase power system, it may be necessary to connect a three-wire system to a four-wire system, or vice versa. Because of this, transformers are manufactured with a variety of winding configurations to meet these requirements.
Different combinations of winding connections will result in different phase angles between the voltages on the windings. Transformers connected in parallel must have the same vector group; mismatching phase angles will result in circulating current and other system disturbances.
Symbol designation
The vector group provides a simple way of indicating how the connections of a transformer are arranged. In the system adopted by the IEC, the vector group is indicated by a code consisting of two or three letters, followed by one or two numeric digits. The letters indicate the winding configuration as follows:
D or
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lehmer%E2%80%93Schur%20algorithm
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In mathematics, the Lehmer–Schur algorithm (named after Derrick Henry Lehmer and Issai Schur) is a root-finding algorithm for complex polynomials, extending the idea of enclosing roots like in the one-dimensional bisection method to the complex plane. It uses the Schur-Cohn test to test increasingly smaller disks for the presence or absence of roots.
Schur-Cohn algorithm
This algorithm allows one to find the distribution of the roots of a complex polynomial with respect to the unit circle in the complex plane. It is based on two auxiliary polynomials, introduced by Schur.
For a complex polynomial of degree its reciprocal adjoint polynomial is defined by and its Schur Transform by
where a bar denotes complex conjugation.
So, if with , then
,
with leading zero-terms, if any, removed. The coefficients of can therefore be directly expressed in those of and, since one or more leading coefficients cancel, has lower degree than . The roots of , , and are related as follows.
Lemma
Let be a complex polynomial and .
The roots of , including their multiplicities, are the images under inversion in the unit circle of the non-zero roots of .
If , then , and share roots on the unit circle, including their multiplicities.
If , then and have the same number of roots inside the unit circle.
If , then and have the same number of roots inside the unit circle.
Proof
For we have and, in particular,
for .
Also implies . From this and the definitions above the first t
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar%20desalination
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Solar desalination is a desalination technique powered by solar energy. The two common methods are direct (thermal) and indirect (photovoltaic).
History
Solar distillation has been used for thousands of years. Early Greek mariners and Persian alchemists produced both freshwater and medicinal distillates. Solar stills were the first method used on a large scale to convert contaminated water into a potable form.
In 1870 the first US patent was granted for a solar distillation device to Norman Wheeler and Walton Evans. Two years later in Las Salinas, Chile, Swedish engineer Charles Wilson began building a solar distillation plant to supply freshwater to workers at a saltpeter and silver mine. It operated continuously for 40 years and distilled an average of 22.7 m3 of water a day using the effluent from mining operations as its feed water.
Solar desalination in the United States began in the early 1950s when Congress passed the Conversion of Saline Water Act, which led to the establishment of the Office of Saline Water (OSW) in 1955. OSW's main function was to administer funds for desalination research and development projects. One of five demonstration plants was located in Daytona Beach, Florida. Many of the projects were aimed at solving water scarcity issues in remote desert and coastal communities. In the 1960s and 1970s several distillation plants were constructed on the Greek isles with capacities ranging from 2000 to 8500 m3/day. In 1984 a plant was constructed in Ab
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guess%20value
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In mathematical modeling, a guess value is more commonly called a starting value or initial value. These are necessary for most optimization problems which use search algorithms, because those algorithms are mainly deterministic and iterative, and they need to start somewhere. One common type of application is nonlinear regression.
Use
The quality of the initial values can have a considerable impact on the success or lack of such of the search algorithm. This is because the fitness function or objective function (in many cases a sum of squared errors (SSE)) can have difficult shapes. In some parts of the search region, the function may increase exponentially, in others quadratically, and there may be regions where the function asymptotes to a plateau. Starting values that fall in an exponential region can lead to algorithm failure because of arithmetic overflow. Starting values that fall in the asymptotic plateau region can lead to algorithm failure because of "dithering". Deterministic search algorithms may use a slope function to go to a minimum. If the slope is very small, then underflow errors can cause the algorithm to wander, seemingly aimlessly; this is dithering.
Finding value
Guess values can be determined a number of ways. Guessing is one of them. If one is familiar with the type of problem, then this is an educated guess or guesstimate. Other techniques include linearization, solving simultaneous equations, reducing dimensions, treating the problem as a time ser
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitonic%20sorter
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Bitonic mergesort is a parallel algorithm for sorting. It is also used as a construction method for building a sorting network. The algorithm was devised by Ken Batcher. The resulting sorting networks consist of comparators and have a delay of , where is the number of items to be sorted. This makes it a popular choice for sorting large numbers of elements on an architecture which itself contains a large number of parallel execution units running in lockstep, such as a typical GPU.
A sorted sequence is a monotonically non-decreasing (or non-increasing) sequence. A bitonic sequence is a sequence with for some , or a circular shift of such a sequence.
Complexity
Let and .
It is evident from the construction algorithm that the number of rounds of parallel comparisons is given by .
It follows that the number of comparators is bounded (which establishes an exact value for when is a power of 2).
Although the absolute number of comparisons is typically higher than Batcher's odd-even sort, many of the consecutive operations in a bitonic sort retain a locality of reference, making implementations more cache-friendly and typically more efficient in practice.
How the algorithm works
The following is a bitonic sorting network with 16 inputs:
The 16 numbers enter as the inputs at the left end, slide along each of the 16 horizontal wires, and exit at the outputs at the right end. The network is designed to sort the elements, with the largest number at the bottom.
The arr
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robust%20regression
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In robust statistics, robust regression seeks to overcome some limitations of traditional regression analysis. A regression analysis models the relationship between one or more independent variables and a dependent variable. Standard types of regression, such as ordinary least squares, have favourable properties if their underlying assumptions are true, but can give misleading results otherwise (i.e. are not robust to assumption violations). Robust regression methods are designed to limit the effect that violations of assumptions by the underlying data-generating process have on regression estimates.
For example, least squares estimates for regression models are highly sensitive to outliers: an outlier with twice the error magnitude of a typical observation contributes four (two squared) times as much to the squared error loss, and therefore has more leverage over the regression estimates. The Huber loss function is a robust alternative to standard square error loss that reduces outliers' contributions to the squared error loss, thereby limiting their impact on regression estimates.
Applications
Heteroscedastic errors
One instance in which robust estimation should be considered is when there is a strong suspicion of heteroscedasticity. In the homoscedastic model, it is assumed that the variance of the error term is constant for all values of x. Heteroscedasticity allows the variance to be dependent on x, which is more accurate for many real scenarios. For example, the var
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warwickite
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Warwickite is an iron magnesium titanium borate mineral with the chemical formula or . It occurs as brown to black prismatic orthorhombic crystals which are vitreous and transparent. It has a Mohs hardness of 3 to 4 and a specific gravity of 3.36.
Occurrence
It occurs metasomatized limestone skarns and in lamproite and carbonatite veinlets. It was first described in 1838 near Warwick, Orange County, New York. It has also been reported from Bancroft, Ontario; in Murcia Province, Spain; in Siberia and near
Pyongyang, North Korea.
References
Iron(II) minerals
Magnesium minerals
Titanium minerals
Borate minerals
Orthorhombic minerals
Minerals in space group 62
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vector%20Limited
|
Vector Limited is a New Zealand energy company, which runs a portfolio of businesses delivering energy and communication services across Australasia and the Pacific. Its primary business is electricity distribution, along with distributing piped gas. It also has a bottled gas business, owns a fibre optic cable network (Vector Fibre), deploys electricity and gas meters, manages solar infrastructure projects and offers cybersecurity services and a data platform. It is also the parent company of HRV ventilation solutions.
Entrust, formerly named Auckland Energy Consumer Trust, owns around three quarters of its shares, and had full ownership until 2005.
History
Auckland Electric Power Board
The Auckland Electric Power Board (AEPB) was formed in 1922, taking over the generation, distribution and supply of electricity from several local councils. All electricity was generated locally until 1925 when the transmission line from Horahora Power Station to Penrose substation was commissioned. The AEPB was connected to the newly completed Arapuni Power Station in 1929.
Under the government reforms introduced by the Energy Companies Act 1992, the Auckland Electric Power Board was corporatised and became Mercury Energy Limited, a company owned by the Auckland Energy Consumer Trust (AECT).
Auckland Energy Consumer Trust
The AECT was established, along with 29 other energy trusts throughout the country, to ensure that the power lines remained in the control of electricity consumers.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Random%20number%20table
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Random number tables have been used in statistics for tasks such as selected random samples. This was much more effective than manually selecting the random samples (with dice, cards, etc.). Nowadays, tables of random numbers have been replaced by computational random number generators.
If carefully prepared, the filtering and testing processes remove any noticeable bias or asymmetry from the hardware-generated original numbers so that such tables provide the most "reliable" random numbers available to the casual user.
Any published (or otherwise accessible) random data table is unsuitable for cryptographic purposes since the accessibility of the numbers makes them effectively predictable, and hence their effect on a cryptosystem is also predictable. By way of contrast, genuinely random numbers that are only accessible to the intended encoder and decoder allow literally unbreakable encryption of a similar or lesser amount of meaningful data (using a simple exclusive OR operation) in a method known as the one-time pad, which has often insurmountable problems that are barriers to implementing this method correctly.
History
Tables of random numbers have the desired properties no matter how chosen from the table: by row, column, diagonal or irregularly. The first such table was published by L.H.C. Tippett in 1927, and since then a number of other such tables were developed. The first tables were generated through a variety of ways—one (by L.H.C. Tippett) took its numbers "at
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butyraldehyde
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Butyraldehyde, also known as butanal, is an organic compound with the formula CH3(CH2)2CHO. This compound is the aldehyde derivative of butane. It is a colorless flammable liquid with an unpleasant smell. It is miscible with most organic solvents.
Production
Butyraldehyde is produced almost exclusively by the hydroformylation of propylene:
CH3CH=CH2 + H2 + CO → CH3CH2CH2CHO
Traditionally, hydroformylation was catalyzed by cobalt carbonyl and later rhodium complexes of triphenylphosphine. The dominant technology involves the use of rhodium catalysts derived from the water-soluble ligand tppts. An aqueous solution of the rhodium catalyst converts the propylene to the aldehyde, which forms a lighter immiscible phase. About 6 billion kilograms are produced annually by hydroformylation. Butyraldehyde can be produced by the catalytic dehydrogenation of n-butanol. At one time, it was produced industrially by the catalytic hydrogenation of crotonaldehyde, which is derived from acetaldehyde.
Reactions
Butyraldehyde undergoes reactions typical of alkyl aldehydes, and these define many of the uses of this compound. Important reactions include hydrogenation to the alcohol, oxidation to the acid, and base-catalyzed condensation.
Uses
Aldol condensation in the presence of a base forms 2-ethyl-2-hexenal, which is then hydrogenated to form 2-ethylhexanol, a precursor to the plasticizer bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate.
Butyraldehyde is a precursor in the two-step synthesis of trimethylolp
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decision%20boundary
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In a statistical-classification problem with two classes, a decision boundary or decision surface is a hypersurface that partitions the underlying vector space into two sets, one for each class. The classifier will classify all the points on one side of the decision boundary as belonging to one class and all those on the other side as belonging to the other class.
A decision boundary is the region of a problem space in which the output label of a classifier is ambiguous.
If the decision surface is a hyperplane, then the classification problem is linear, and the classes are linearly separable.
Decision boundaries are not always clear cut. That is, the transition from one class in the feature space to another is not discontinuous, but gradual. This effect is common in fuzzy logic based classification algorithms, where membership in one class or another is ambiguous.
Decision boundaries can be approximations of optimal stopping boundaries. The decision boundary is the set of points of that hyperplane that pass through zero. For example, the angle between a vector and points in a set must be zero for points that are on or close to the decision boundary.
Decision boundary instability can be incorporated with generalization error as a standard for selecting the most accurate and stable classifier.
In neural networks and support vector models
In the case of backpropagation based artificial neural networks or perceptrons, the type of decision boundary that the network can l
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applications%20of%20randomness
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Randomness has many uses in science, art, statistics, cryptography, gaming, gambling, and other fields. For example, random assignment in randomized controlled trials helps scientists to test hypotheses, and random numbers or pseudorandom numbers help video games such as video poker.
These uses have different levels of requirements, which leads to the use of different methods. Mathematically, there are distinctions between randomization, pseudorandomization, and quasirandomization, as well as between random number generators and pseudorandom number generators. For example, applications in cryptography usually have strict requirements, whereas other uses (such as generating a "quote of the day") can use a looser standard of pseudorandomness.
Early uses
Games
Unpredictable (by the humans involved) numbers (usually taken to be random numbers) were first investigated in the context of gambling developing, sometimes, pathological forms like apophenia. Many randomizing devices such as dice, shuffling playing cards, and roulette wheels, seem to have been developed for use in games of chance. Electronic gambling equipment cannot use these and so theoretical problems are less easy to avoid; methods of creating them are sometimes regulated by governmental gaming commissions.
Modern electronic casino games contain often one or more random number generators which decide the outcome of a trial in the game. Even in modern slot machines, where mechanical reels seem to spin on the scree
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Credence%20Systems
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Credence Systems Corporation was a manufacturer of test equipment for the global semiconductor industry, with a major focus on solving specific challenges facing the fast-growing consumer-driven semiconductor markets. Founded in 1978 by David Mees as Semiconductor Test Solutions, the company changed its name to Credence after acquiring Axiom and ASIX in 1990. The company's initial public offering was completed on October 28, 1993. It was publicly traded on the Nasdaq stock market under the symbol CMOS before the merger with LTX in 2008. It was headquartered in Milpitas, California, and was established in twenty countries.
Customers included integrated device manufacturers (IDMs), wafer foundries, outsource assembly and test (OSAT) suppliers and fabless chip companies.
Product Lines
Over the years Credence either produced or acquired many product lines including:
STS6000 and STS8000 - The earliest STS test product, these purely digital automatic IC testers started as Sentry compatible clones. The programming language was lifted from the Sentry Factor standard and renamed EnFact, for ENhanced FACTor.
AT100/STS3000/STS4000/STS5000 - These Mixed Signal (Analog and Digital) automatic IC testers were derived from the Axiom Technology AT100 located in Burlington, MA. Later this product line was renamed Domain.
SC212 - This line was derived from the ASIX digital automated IC tester acquired from Asix Systems in California. This was one of the first testers touted as having "zer
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angiotensin-converting%20enzyme%202
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Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is an enzyme that can be found either attached to the membrane of cells (mACE2) in the intestines, kidney, testis, gallbladder, and heart or in a soluble form (sACE2). Both membrane bound and soluble ACE2 are integral parts of the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system (RAAS) that exists to keep the body's blood pressure in check. While mACE2 does not appear to factor into the harmful phase of RAAS (the increase of blood pressure), its existence is vital in order for the enzyme ADAM17 to cleave its extracellular domain to create soluble ACE2 (sACE2). Soluble ACE2 lowers blood pressure by catalyzing the hydrolysis of angiotensin II (a vasoconstrictor peptide) into angiotensin (1–7) (a vasodilator) which in turns binds to MasR receptors creating localized vasodilation and hence decreasing blood pressure. This decrease in blood pressure makes the entire process a promising drug target for treating cardiovascular diseases.
mACE2 also serves as the entry point into cells for some coronaviruses, including HCoV-NL63, SARS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2. The SARS-CoV-2 spike protein itself is known to damage the endothelium via downregulation of ACE2. The human version of the enzyme can be referred to as hACE2.
Structure
Membrane bound angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (mACE2) is a zinc-containing metalloenzyme located on the surface of intestinal enterocytes, renal tubular cells and other cells. mACE2 protein contains an N-terminal peptidase M2 domain an
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chimpanzee%20genome%20project
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The Chimpanzee Genome Project was an effort to determine the DNA sequence of the chimpanzee genome. Sequencing began in 2005 and by 2013 twenty-four individual chimpanzees had been sequenced. This project was folded into the Great Ape Genome Project.
In 2013 high resolution sequences were published from each of the four recognized chimpanzee subspecies: Central chimpanzee, Pan troglodytes troglodytes, 10 sequences; Western chimpanzee, Pan troglodytes verus, 6 sequences; Nigeria-Cameroon chimpanzee, Pan troglodytes ellioti, 4 sequences; and Eastern chimpanzee, Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii, 4 sequences. They were all sequenced to a mean of 25-fold coverage per individual.
The research showed considerable genome diversity in chimpanzees with many population-specific traits. The central chimpanzees retain the highest diversity in the chimpanzee lineage, whereas the other subspecies demonstrate signs of population bottlenecks.
Background
Human and chimpanzee chromosomes are very alike. The primary difference is that humans have one fewer pair of chromosomes than do other great apes. Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes and other great apes have 24 pairs of chromosomes. In the human evolutionary lineage, two ancestral ape chromosomes fused at their telomeres, producing human chromosome 2. There are nine other major chromosomal differences between chimpanzees and humans: chromosome segment inversions on human chromosomes 1, 4, 5, 9, 12, 15, 16, 17, and 18. After the completio
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellenic%20languages
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Hellenic is the branch of the Indo-European language family whose principal member is Greek. In most classifications, Hellenic consists of Greek alone, but some linguists use the term Hellenic to refer to a group consisting of Greek proper and other varieties thought to be related but different enough to be separate languages, either among ancient neighboring languages or among modern varieties of Greek.
Greek and ancient Macedonian
While the bulk of surviving public and private inscriptions found in ancient Macedonia were written in Attic Greek (and later in Koine Greek), fragmentary documentation of a vernacular local variety comes from onomastic evidence, ancient glossaries and recent epigraphic discoveries in the Greek region of Macedonia, such as the Pella curse tablet. This local variety is usually classified by scholars as a dialect of Northwest Doric Greek, and occasionally as an Aeolic Greek dialect or a distinct sister language of Greek; due to the latter classification, a family under the name "Hellenic" has been suggested to group together Greek proper and the ancient Macedonian language.
Modern Hellenic languages
In addition, some linguists use the term "Hellenic" to refer to modern Greek in a narrow sense together with certain other, divergent modern varieties deemed separate languages on the basis of a lack of mutual intelligibility. Separate language status is most often posited for Tsakonian, which is thought to be uniquely a descendant of Doric rather than
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITK
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ITK may stand for:
ITK (gene), a mammalian gene encoding IL2-inducible T-cell kinase
Itk, ( IncrTk), a programming language
Innovation TK Ltd
Insight Segmentation and Registration Toolkit, an extensible open source image software library
Kalimantan Institute of Technology (Institut Teknologi Kalimantan), a university in Balikpapan, Indonesia
Inuit Tapiriit Kanatami, a Canadian organisation representing Inuit
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eta%20Ursae%20Minoris
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Eta Ursae Minoris (Latinized from η Ursae Minoris) is a yellow-white hued star in the northern circumpolar constellation of Ursa Minor.
This is an F-type main-sequence star of stellar classification F5 V with an apparent magnitude of +4.95, making it faintly visible to the naked eye. Based upon an annual parallax shift of 33.4 mas as seen from the Earth, it is located 98 light years from the Sun. The star is moving closer to the Sun with a radial velocity of −11 km/s, and is traversing the sky with a relatively high proper motion of 0.271 arc seconds per year.
Eta Ursae Minoris is about one billion years old and has an estimated 1.35 times the mass of the Sun. It has a high rate of spin with a projected rotational velocity of 84.8 km/s. These coordinates mark a source of X-ray emission with a luminosity of . Eta Ursae Minoris may form a wide binary system with a magnitude 15.3 companion star, located at an angular separation of 228.5 arc seconds.
In some Arabic star charts it is labeled انور الفرقدين ʼanwar al-farqadayn, "the brighter of the two calves", and paired with ζ Ursae Minoris as اخفي الفرقدين akhfā al-farkadain "the dimmer of the two calves". The names may originally refer to a pair of Ibexes, and are more properly applied to β UMi and γ UMi respectively, the brighter two stars in the rectangle of Ursa Minor.
References
F-type main-sequence stars
Ursae Minoris, Eta
Ursa Minor
Durchmusterung objects
Ursae Minoris, 21
148048
079822
6116
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensitivity%20speck
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A sensitivity speck is a place in silver halide crystal where latent image is preferentially formed. This is very often the site of shallow electron traps, such as crystalline defect (particularly edge dislocation) and silver sulfide specks created by sulfur sensitization process.
When a photon is absorbed by a silver halide crystal, a free-carrier (electron in the conduction band) is generated. This free-carrier can migrate through the crystal lattice of silver halide, until captured by the shallow electron trap, where the electron is likely to reduce an interstitial silver ion to form an atomic silver. Subsequent exposure can grow the size of silver cluster through the same mechanism. This forms the latent image where the silver cluster becomes large enough to render the entire crystal developable in developer solution.
Science of photography
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogen%20trifluoride
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Nitrogen trifluoride () is an inorganic, colorless, non-flammable, toxic gas with a slightly musty odor. It finds increasing use within the manufacturing of flat-panel displays, photovoltaics, LEDs and other microelectronics. Nitrogen trifluoride is also an extremely strong and long-lived greenhouse gas. Its atmospheric burden exceeded 2 parts per trillion during 2019 and has doubled every five years since the late 20th century.
Synthesis and reactivity
Nitrogen trifluoride did not exist in significant quantities on Earth prior to its synthesis by humans. It is a rare example of a binary fluoride that can be prepared directly from the elements only at very uncommon conditions, such as an electric discharge. After first attempting the synthesis in 1903, Otto Ruff prepared nitrogen trifluoride by the electrolysis of a molten mixture of ammonium fluoride and hydrogen fluoride. It proved to be far less reactive than the other nitrogen trihalides nitrogen trichloride, nitrogen tribromide and nitrogen triiodide, all of which are explosive. Alone among the nitrogen trihalides it has a negative enthalpy of formation. It is prepared in modern times both by direct reaction of ammonia and fluorine and by a variation of Ruff's method. It is supplied in pressurized cylinders.
is slightly soluble in water without undergoing chemical reaction. It is nonbasic with a low dipole moment of 0.2340 D. By contrast, ammonia is basic and highly polar (1.47 D). This difference arises from the
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strictness%20analysis
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In computer science, strictness analysis refers to any algorithm used to prove that a function in a non-strict functional programming language is strict in one or more of its arguments. This information is useful to compilers because strict functions can be compiled more efficiently. Thus, if a function is proven to be strict (using strictness analysis) at compile time, it can be compiled to use a more efficient calling convention without changing the meaning of the enclosing program.
Note that a function f is said to diverge if it returns : operationally, that would mean that f either causes abnormal termination of the enclosing program (e.g., failure with an error message) or that it loops infinitely. The notion of "divergence" is significant because a strict function is one that always diverges when given an argument that diverges, whereas a lazy (or non-strict) function is one that may or may not diverge when given such an argument. Strictness analysis attempts to determine the "divergence properties" of functions, which thus identifies some functions that are strict.
Approaches to strictness analysis
Forward abstract interpretation
Strictness analysis can be characterized as a forward abstract interpretation which approximates each function in the program by a function that maps divergence properties of the arguments onto divergence properties of the results. In the classical approach pioneered by Alan Mycroft, the abstract interpretation used a two-point domain wit
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homotropic
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Homotropic may refer to:
Homotropic allosteric modulation of enzymes
Homotropic modulation of the chemical synapse
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve%20Bacic
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Steve Bacic ( ; ) is a Canadian actor. He is known for playing the characters Gaheris and Telemachus Rhade on the Sci-Fi series Gene Roddenberry's Andromeda. After guest starring in seasons 1-3 as both characters, he joined the cast early in season 4 as Telemachus. In total, he was in 44 of the 110 Andromeda episodes. Beginning in 2013, he co-starred as "Jason" in the Hallmark Movies & Mysteries channel Garage Sale Mysteries series of TV films.
Biography
Bacic was born in , a village in Croatia, and raised in Windsor, Ontario, Canada.
In his mid-twenties, a road trip with friends led to settling into Vancouver, British Columbia, where, intrigued by all the television and film production going on there, he decided to stay and took acting classes. He read for a bit part in the 5th season of 21 Jump Street but instead landed the lead guest-starring role.
His television roles have included appearances on Street Justice, The Outer Limits, Highlander, Stargate SG-1, Smallville, ER, Republic of Doyle and The X-Files where he played a SWAT officer who douses himself with gasoline in a memorable episode. His film appearances include The 6th Day, Threshold, X2 and the Hallmark Channel film The Colt, and Deck the Halls, Safe Harbor and She Made Them Do It on Lifetime.
Bacic also played Prince Barin in the 2007 Flash Gordon TV series. His TV series The Guard premiered January 22, 2008 on Global Television Network in Canada. He plays Miro Da Silva, one of the four leads. The series
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evan%20Esar
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Evan Esar (1899–1995) was an American humorist who wrote Esar's Comic Dictionary in 1943, Humorous English in 1961, and 20,000 Quips and Quotes in 1968.
He is known for quotes like "Statistics — the only science that enables different experts using the same figures to draw different conclusions." He also wrote The Legend of Joe Miller, which was privately printed for members of the Roxburghe Club of San Francisco by the Grabhorn Press in 1957.
His quotes are commonly found in Crossword puzzles.
References
External links
Author details
Esar's New York Times Obituary
Esar's AncientFaces profile
American humorists
1899 births
1995 deaths
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prizes%20%28novel%29
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Prizes is a 1995 novel written by Erich Segal. It tells stories of three principal characters: Adam Coopersmith (a genius immunologist), Sandy Raven (a cell biologist bitter from betrayal), and Isabel Da Costa (a child prodigy who goes on to win a Nobel Prize in Physics).
Plot
The novel deals with the relationships of three principal characters.
Adam Coopersmith, an obstetrician and immunologist, saves the life of his mentor, Dr. Max Rudolph. Although normally an ethical researcher, Coppersmith decides to test a life-saving cancer treatment on a man, against the wishes of the Food and Drug Administration. This man is Thomas Hartnell, an advisor to the President of the United States. While acting as the attending doctor, Adam meets Hartnell's daughter, Antonia, and falls in love. Antonia works as the Assistant Attorney General of the United States. Later, when Adam's mentor, Max, dies, he takes solace in Antonia's arms. They get married and have a daughter of their own, Heather. Though their relationship starts off well, things slowing begin to change. As both Adam and his daughter grow older, they realize that Antonia's top priority is her job. As Adam and Antonia slowly fall apart, he is drawn to another woman, Anya Avilov, the childless and abandoned wife of a Russian émigré. Her husband, Dr. Dmitri Avilov, abandoned her when he realized she was incapable of conceiving a child. Adam jumps at the chance to fill the void that is present in both he and Anya's hearts. Adam
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Woman%20in%20Red%20%281984%20film%29
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The Woman in Red is a 1984 American romantic comedy film directed by and starring Gene Wilder. Wilder also wrote the script, adapting it from the Yves Robert film Pardon Mon Affaire (Un éléphant ça trompe énormément). It co-stars Charles Grodin, Gilda Radner, Joseph Bologna, Judith Ivey, and Kelly LeBrock. The film won an Academy Award for Best Original Song for "I Just Called to Say I Love You", written and performed by Stevie Wonder.
The film follows a married man who becomes infatuated with another woman and his amusingly unsuccessful attempts to first meet and then become intimate with her.
Plot
San Francisco advertising man Theodore "Teddy" Pierce is amused by, then infatuated with Charlotte, a beautiful woman whose red dress is billowed by a gust of wind from crossing over a ventilation grate, exposing her red satin string bikini panties. Despite his interest, Teddy is already happily married to Didi, but he cannot get this woman out of his mind. When his friend Joe, who has an affair of his own, is abandoned by his wife, who leaves with everything, Teddy gets cold feet and decides to forget it. Still, when he tells his friends Buddy, Joe, and Michael, they encourage him, and after meeting the woman again through his office window, he tries to ask her for a date, but mistakenly phones Ms. Milner, a plain ad-agency employee who is flattered by his interest.
From the beginning, his attempts at an affair are doomed, as he creates a charade to get to the date, but Didi t
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resolution%20%28logic%29
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In mathematical logic and automated theorem proving, resolution is a rule of inference leading to a refutation-complete theorem-proving technique for sentences in propositional logic and first-order logic. For propositional logic, systematically applying the resolution rule acts as a decision procedure for formula unsatisfiability, solving the (complement of the) Boolean satisfiability problem. For first-order logic, resolution can be used as the basis for a semi-algorithm for the unsatisfiability problem of first-order logic, providing a more practical method than one following from Gödel's completeness theorem.
The resolution rule can be traced back to Davis and Putnam (1960); however, their algorithm required trying all ground instances of the given formula. This source of combinatorial explosion was eliminated in 1965 by John Alan Robinson's syntactical unification algorithm, which allowed one to instantiate the formula during the proof "on demand" just as far as needed to keep refutation completeness.
The clause produced by a resolution rule is sometimes called a resolvent.
Resolution in propositional logic
Resolution rule
The resolution rule in propositional logic is a single valid inference rule that produces a new clause implied by two clauses containing complementary literals. A literal is a propositional variable or the negation of a propositional variable. Two literals are said to be complements if one is the negation of the other (in the following,
is taken
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallagher%20family
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The Gallagher () family of County Donegal, formerly one of the leading clans of Cenél Conaill, and therefore of all Ulster, originated in the 10th century as a derivative of their progenitor Gallchobhar mac Rorcain, senior-most descendant of Conall Gulban, son of Niall Mór Noigíallach (Niall of the Nine Hostages). The O'Gallaghers held the High Kingship of Ireland during the early medieval period. They also held the rank of hereditary Marshal of the Kingdom of Tyrconnell, ruled by their kinsmen the O'Donnells, from the 14th until the early 17th century.
Naming conventions
Ancestry
Origins
Conall Gulban, son of Niall Noígiallach, founded the kingdom of Tír Chonaill (Tyrconnell) in the 5th century. It comprises much of what is now County Donegal, and several surrounding areas. The following is a pruned and truncated version of the Conall Gulban family tree with Conall Gulban's brothers Eógan, to Lóegaire, also displayed. For clarity's sake the number of Conall Gulban's sons, grandsons and great-grandsons are not listed. Gallchobar is descended from Mael Coba brother of Domnall mac Áedo.
Genetic analysis of Gallagher Y chromosome haplogroups can trace back their origin to a single medieval, 5th-century individual, lending credence to the legend of Niall Noígiallach.
The prefix Mac means 'son of' and the now more popular Ua (later Ó') means 'grandson of, or, of the generations of'.
Niall Noígiallach, died c. A.D.455.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swain%20equation
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The Swain equation relates the kinetic isotope effect for the protium/tritium combination with that of the protium/deuterium combination according to:
where kH,D,T are the reaction rate constants for the protonated, deuterated and tritiated reactants respectively.
External links
Applied Swain equation
References
Use of Hydrogen Isotope Effects to Identify the Attacking Nucleophile in the Enolization of Ketones Catalyzed by Acetic Acid C. Gardner Swain, Edward C. Stivers, Joseph F. Reuwer, Jr. Lawrence J. Schaad; J. Am. Chem. Soc.; 1958; 80(21); 5885-5893. First Page
Chemical kinetics
Equations
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USB%20drive
|
USB drive may refer to:
A USB flash drive or "thumb drive", a USB-connected computer storage using semiconductor non-volatile random-access memory
A USB external drive, a hard drive fitted with a USB interface
Secure Digital, a non-volatile memory card format
CompactFlash, a flash memory mass storage device
Memory Stick, a removable flash memory card format
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okmetic
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Okmetic is a Chinese-owned company in Finland that supplies tailored, high value-added silicon wafers to be used in the manufacture of sensors as well as discrete semiconductors and analog circuits. Okmetic has a global customer base and sales network based in Finland, the United States, Japan, China and Hong Kong. In addition, the company has sales agents in China, Korea, Malaysia, Singapore, Taiwan and the United States. The company's headquarters is located in Finland, where the majority of the company's silicon wafers are manufactured. The company also has contract manufacturing in Japan and China.
Okmetic was listed on Nasdaq Helsinki Ltd under the trading code OKM1V before it was acquired in 2016 by China's National Silicon Industry Group (NSIG).
References
Electronics companies of Finland
Silicon wafer producers
Technology companies of Finland
Electronics companies established in 1985
Technology companies established in 1985
1985 establishments in Finland
Vantaa
Companies formerly listed on Nasdaq Helsinki
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