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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert%20A.%20Schuller
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Robert Anthony Schuller (born October 7, 1954) is an American author, televangelist and pastor. He is the only son of Crystal Cathedral founders Robert H. Schuller and Arvella Schuller. He was formerly a minister on the Hour of Power weekly television program broadcast from the Crystal Cathedral in Orange County, California. He appeared on the program almost every week from 1976. He was installed as the senior pastor in January 2006 but, according to the Hour of Power website, he resigned as senior pastor on November 29, 2008. He continues his ministry with Robert Schuller Ministries.
Life and ministry
Schuller was born in Blue Island, Illinois and raised in Garden Grove, California until 3rd Grade, when his family moved to Santa Ana where he attended Santa Ana High School. He graduated in 1976 from Hope College in Holland, Michigan, with a bachelor's degree in ancient civilization. He was also employed at the Crystal Cathedral, leading worship services on Sunday evenings, developing a 24-hour prayer group and organizing small group fellowships and appearing on the Hour of Power reading scripture and occasionally preaching. In 1980, Schuller became an ordained minister in the Reformed Church in America, after receiving a Master of Divinity degree from Fuller Theological Seminary in Pasadena, California. He received an honorary doctorate degree from National Hispanic University in San Jose, California in 1996. He received another honorary doctorate from the California Gra
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felix%20Bernstein%20%28mathematician%29
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Felix Bernstein (24 February 1878 in Halle, Germany – 3 December 1956 in Zürich, Switzerland), was a German Jewish mathematician known for proving in 1896 the Schröder–Bernstein theorem, a central result in set theory, and less well known for demonstrating in 1924 the correct blood group inheritance pattern of multiple alleles at one locus through statistical analysis.
Life
Felix Bernstein was born in 1878 to a Jewish family of academics. His father Julius held the Chair of Physiology at the Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg, and was the Director of the Physiological Institute at the University of Halle.
While still in gymnasium in Halle, Bernstein heard the university seminar of Georg Cantor, who was a friend of Bernstein's father.
From 1896 to 1900, Bernstein studied in Munich, Halle, Berlin and Göttingen.
In the early Weimar Republic, Bernstein temporarily was Göttingen vice-chairman of the local chapter of German Democratic Party .
In 1933,
after Hitler's rise to power, Bernstein was removed from his chair, per §6 of the Nazi Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service, often used against politically unpopular persons.
He received the message of his dismissal during a research/lecturing journey (started on Dec. 1st, 1932) to the United States, and he stayed there. He was a visiting professor of mathematics at Columbia University from 1933 to 1936 and a professor of biometry at New York University from 1936 to 1943. In 1942 he was elected a fel
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potassium%20bromate
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Potassium bromate (), is a bromate of potassium and takes the form of white crystals or powder. It is a strong oxidizing agent.
Preparation
Potassium bromate is produced when bromine is passed through a hot solution of potassium hydroxide. This first forms unstable potassium hypobromite, which quickly disproportionates into bromide and bromate:
3 2 +
Electrolysis of potassium bromide solutions will also give bromate. Both processes are analogous to those used in the production of chlorates.
Potassium bromate is readily separated from the potassium bromide present in both methods owing to its much lower solubility; when a solution containing potassium bromate and bromide is cooled to 0°C, nearly all bromate will precipitate, while nearly all of the bromide will stay in solution.
Uses in baking
Potassium bromate is typically used in the United States as a flour improver (E number E924). It acts to strengthen the dough and to allow higher rising. It is an oxidizing agent, and under the right conditions will be completely reduced to bromide in the baking process. However, if too much is added, or if the bread is not baked long enough or not at a high enough temperature, then a residual amount will remain, which may be harmful if consumed.
Potassium bromate might also be used in the production of malt barley, for which application the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has prescribed certain safety conditions, including labeling standards for the finished malt barle
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroprotection
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Neuroprotection refers to the relative preservation of neuronal structure and/or function. In the case of an ongoing insult (a neurodegenerative insult) the relative preservation of neuronal integrity implies a reduction in the rate of neuronal loss over time, which can be expressed as a differential equation. It is a widely explored treatment option for many central nervous system (CNS) disorders including neurodegenerative diseases, stroke, traumatic brain injury, spinal cord injury, and acute management of neurotoxin consumption (i.e. methamphetamine overdoses). Neuroprotection aims to prevent or slow disease progression and secondary injuries by halting or at least slowing the loss of neurons. Despite differences in symptoms or injuries associated with CNS disorders, many of the mechanisms behind neurodegeneration are the same. Common mechanisms of neuronal injury include decreased delivery of oxygen and glucose to the brain, energy failure, increased levels in oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, excitotoxicity, inflammatory changes, iron accumulation, and protein aggregation. Of these mechanisms, neuroprotective treatments often target oxidative stress and excitotoxicity—both of which are highly associated with CNS disorders. Not only can oxidative stress and excitotoxicity trigger neuron cell death but when combined they have synergistic effects that cause even more degradation than on their own. Thus limiting excitotoxicity and oxidative stress is a ver
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nothing%20by%20mouth
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Nothing by mouth is a medical instruction meaning to withhold food and fluids. It is also known as nil per os (npo or NPO), a Latin phrase that translates to English as "nothing through the mouth". Variants include nil by mouth (NBM), nihil/non/nulla per os, or complete bowel rest. A liquid-only diet may also be referred to as bowel rest.
NPO is one of the abbreviations that is not used in AMA style; "nothing by mouth" is spelled out instead.
Purpose
The typical reason for NPO instructions is the prevention of aspiration pneumonia, e.g. in those who will undergo general anesthesia, or those with weak swallowing musculature, or in case of gastrointestinal bleeding, gastrointestinal blockage, or acute pancreatitis. Alcohol overdoses that result in vomiting or severe external bleeding also warrant NPO instructions for a period.
Duration
Pre-surgery NPO orders are typically between 6 and 12 hours prior to surgery, through recovery suite discharge, but may be longer if long acting medications or oral post-meds were administered. It is not uncommon for the food NPO period to be longer than that for liquid, as the American Board of Anesthesiology advises against liquid NPO periods greater than eight hours. The NPO periods for illness tend to be much longer, although exceptions are made for small scheduled amounts of water consumption if an IV drip is not in use. With sufficient IV fluids, NPO periods of several days have been utilized successfully in non-diabetic patients (alth
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RSSSF
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The Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation (RSSSF) is an international organization dedicated to collecting statistics about association football. The foundation aims to build an exhaustive archive of football-related information from around the world.
History
This enterprise, according to its founders, was created in January 1994 by three regulars of the Rec.Sport.Soccer (RSS) Usenet newsgroup: Lars Aarhus, Kent Hedlundh, and Karel Stokkermans. It was originally known as the "North European Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation", but the geographical reference was dropped as its membership from other regions grew.
The RSSSF has members and contributors from all around the world and has spawned seven spin-off projects to more closely follow the leagues of that project's home country. The spin-off projects are dedicated to Albania, Brazil, Denmark, Norway, Romania, Uruguay, Venezuela and Egypt. In November 2002, the Polish service 90minut.pl became the official branch of RSSSF Poland.
Reception
RSSSF's database has been described as the "very best" for football data.
Rec.Sport.Soccer Player of the Year
Since 1992 a vote for the Best Footballer in the World among the readers of the rec.sport.soccer newsgroup. It was held yearly until 2005, when it was discontinued. The voting works as follows: each voter chooses five players, at most two of the same nationality, in order; these obtain five to one points. The nationality restriction was dropped for the 2003 vote, in whi
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium%20lactate
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Calcium lactate is a white crystalline salt with formula , consisting of two lactate anions (CHOH) for each calcium cation . It forms several hydrates, the most common being the pentahydrate ·5.
Calcium lactate is used in medicine, mainly to treat calcium deficiencies; and as a food additive with E number of E327. Some cheese crystals consist of calcium lactate.
Properties
The lactate ion is chiral, with two enantiomers, D (−,R) and L (+,S). The L isomer is the one normally synthesized and metabolized by living organisms, but some bacteria can produce the D form or convert the L to D. Thus calcium lactate also has D and L isomers, where all anions are of the same type.
Some synthesis processes yield a mixture of the two in equal parts, resulting in the DL (racemic) salt. Both the L and the DL forms occur as crystals on the surface of aging Cheddar cheese.
The solubility of calcium L-lactate in water increases significantly in presence of d-gluconate ions, from 6.7 g/dl) at 25 °C to 9.74 g/dl or more. Paradoxically, while the solubility of calcium L-lactate increases with temperature from 10 °C (4.8 g/dl) to 30 °C (8.5 g/dl), the concentration of free ions decreases by almost one half. This is explained as the lactate and calcium ions becoming less hydrated and forming a complex .
The DL (racemic) form of the salt is much less soluble in water than the pure L or D isomers, so that a solution that contains as little as 25% of the D form will deposit racemic DL-lactat
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glutamine%20synthetase
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Glutamine synthetase (GS) () is an enzyme that plays an essential role in the metabolism of nitrogen by catalyzing the condensation of glutamate and ammonia to form glutamine:
Glutamate + ATP + NH3 → Glutamine + ADP + phosphate
Glutamine synthetase uses ammonia produced by nitrate reduction, amino acid degradation, and photorespiration. The amide group of glutamate is a nitrogen source for the synthesis of glutamine pathway metabolites.
Other reactions may take place via GS. Competition between ammonium ion and water, their binding affinities, and the concentration of ammonium ion, influences glutamine synthesis and glutamine hydrolysis. Glutamine is formed if an ammonium ion attacks the acyl-phosphate intermediate, while glutamate is remade if water attacks the intermediate. Ammonium ion binds more strongly than water to GS due to electrostatic forces between a cation and a negatively charged pocket. Another possible reaction is upon NH2OH binding to GS, rather than NH4+, yields γ-glutamylhydroxamate.
Structure
Glutamine synthetase can be composed of 8, 10, or 12 identical subunits separated into two face-to-face rings. Bacterial GS are dodecamers with 12 active sites between each monomer. Each active site creates a ‘tunnel’ which is the site of three distinct substrate binding sites: nucleotide, ammonium ion, and amino acid. ATP binds to the top of the bifunnel that opens to the external surface of GS. Glutamate binds at the bottom of the active site. The middle of
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boyer%E2%80%93Moore
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Boyer–Moore may refer to:
Boyer–Moore majority vote algorithm
Boyer–Moore string-search algorithm
Boyer–Moore theorem prover
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noncentral%20chi-squared%20distribution
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In probability theory and statistics, the noncentral chi-squared distribution (or noncentral chi-square distribution, noncentral distribution) is a noncentral generalization of the chi-squared distribution. It often arises in the power analysis of statistical tests in which the null distribution is (perhaps asymptotically) a chi-squared distribution; important examples of such tests are the likelihood-ratio tests.
Definitions
Background
Let be k independent, normally distributed random variables with means and unit variances. Then the random variable
is distributed according to the noncentral chi-squared distribution. It has two parameters: which specifies the number of degrees of freedom (i.e. the number of ), and which is related to the mean of the random variables by:
is sometimes called the noncentrality parameter. Note that some references define in other ways, such as half of the above sum, or its square root.
This distribution arises in multivariate statistics as a derivative of the multivariate normal distribution. While the central chi-squared distribution is the squared norm of a random vector with distribution (i.e., the squared distance from the origin to a point taken at random from that distribution), the non-central is the squared norm of a random vector with distribution. Here is a zero vector of length k, and is the identity matrix of size k.
Density
The probability density function (pdf) is given by
where is distributed as chi-
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATCC%20%28company%29
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ATCC or the American Type Culture Collection is a nonprofit organization which collects, stores, and distributes standard reference microorganisms, cell lines and other materials for research and development. Established in 1925 to serve as a national center for depositing and distributing microbiological specimens, ATCC has since grown to distribute in over 150 countries. It is now the largest general culture collection in the world.
Products and collections
ATCC's collections include a wide range of biological materials for research, including cell lines, microorganisms and bioproducts. The organization holds a collection of more than 3,000 human and animal cell lines and an additional 1,200 hybridomas. ATCC's microorganism collection includes a collection of more than 18,000 strains of bacteria, as well as 3,000 different types of animal viruses and 1,000 plant viruses. In addition, ATCC maintains collections of protozoans, yeasts and fungi with over 7,500 yeast and fungus species and 1,000 strains of protists.
Services
In addition to serving as a biorepository and distributor, ATCC provides specialized services as a biological resource center. Individuals and groups can employ a safe deposit service for their own cell cultures, providing a secure back-up for valuable biomaterials if required. ATCC also is able to retain secure samples of patented materials and distribute them according to instructions and approval of the patent holder. ATCC also provides biological re
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eight%20Miles%20High
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"Eight Miles High" is a song by the American rock band the Byrds, written by Gene Clark, Jim McGuinn (a.k.a. Roger McGuinn), and David Crosby. It was first released as a single on March 14, 1966. Musically influenced by sitar player Ravi Shankar and jazz saxophonist John Coltrane, the song was influential in developing the musical styles of psychedelia and raga rock. Accordingly, critics often cite "Eight Miles High" as being the first bona fide psychedelic rock song, as well as a classic of the counterculture era.
The song was subject to a U.S. radio ban shortly after its release, following allegations published in the broadcasting trade journal the Gavin Report regarding perceived drug connotations in its lyrics. The band strenuously denied these allegations at the time, but in later years both Clark and Crosby admitted that the song was at least partly inspired by their drug use. The failure of "Eight Miles High" to reach the Billboard Top 10 is usually attributed to the broadcasting ban, but some commentators have suggested the song's complexity and uncommercial nature were greater factors.
"Eight Miles High" reached number 14 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart and number 24 on the UK Singles Chart. The song was also included on the band's third album, Fifth Dimension, which was released on July 18, 1966. "Eight Miles High" became the Byrds' third and final U.S. Top 20 hit, and was their last release before the departure of Clark, who was the band's principal songwriter at
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal%20oven
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A crystal oven is a temperature-controlled chamber used to maintain the quartz crystal in electronic crystal oscillators at a constant temperature, in order to prevent changes in the frequency due to variations in ambient temperature. An oscillator of this type is known as an oven-controlled crystal oscillator (OCXO, where "XO" is an old abbreviation for "crystal oscillator".) This type of oscillator achieves the highest frequency stability possible with a crystal. They are typically used to control the frequency of radio transmitters, cellular base stations, military communications equipment, and for precision frequency measurement.
Description
Quartz crystals are widely used in electronic oscillators to precisely control the frequency produced. The frequency at which a quartz crystal resonator vibrates depends on its physical dimensions. A change in temperature causes the quartz to expand or contract due to thermal expansion, changing the frequency of the signal produced by the oscillator. Although quartz has a very low coefficient of thermal expansion, temperature changes are still the major cause of frequency variation in crystal oscillators.
The oven is a thermally-insulated enclosure containing the crystal and one or more electrical heating elements. Since other electronic components in the circuit are also vulnerable to temperature drift, usually the entire oscillator circuit is enclosed in the oven. A thermistor temperature sensor in a closed-loop control circuit
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TO-220
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The TO-220 is a style of electronic package used for high-powered, through-hole components with pin spacing. The "TO" designation stands for "transistor outline". TO-220 packages have three leads. Similar packages with two, four, five or seven leads are also manufactured. A notable characteristic is a metal tab with a hole, used to mount the case to a heatsink, allowing the component to dissipate more heat than one constructed in a TO-92 case. Common TO-220-packaged components include discrete semiconductors such as transistors and silicon-controlled rectifiers, as well as integrated circuits.
Typical applications
The TO-220 package is a "power package" intended for power semiconductors and an example of a through-hole design rather than a surface-mount technology type of package. TO-220 packages can be mounted to a heat sink to dissipate several watts of waste heat. On a so-called "infinite heat sink", this can be 50 W or more. The top of the package has a metal tab with a hole used to mount the component to a heat sink. Thermal compound is often applied between package and heatsink to further improve heat transfer.
The metal tab is often connected electrically to the internal circuitry. This does not normally pose a problem when using isolated heatsinks, but an electrically-insulating pad or sheet may be required to electrically isolate the component from the heatsink if the heatsink is electrically conductive, grounded or otherwise non-isolated. Many materials may
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insulin-like%20growth%20factor%202
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Insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF-2) is one of three protein hormones that share structural similarity to insulin. The MeSH definition reads: "A well-characterized neutral peptide believed to be secreted by the liver and to circulate in the blood. It has growth-regulating, insulin-like and mitogenic activities. The growth factor has a major, but not absolute, dependence on somatotropin. It is believed to be a major fetal growth factor in contrast to insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), which is a major growth factor in adults."
Gene structure
In humans, the gene is located on chromosome 11p15.5, a region which contains numerous imprinted genes. In mice this homologous region is found at distal chromosome 7. In both organisms, IGF2 is imprinted, with expression resulting favourably from the paternally inherited allele. However, in some human brain regions a loss of imprinting occurs resulting in both IGF2 and being transcribed from both parental alleles.
The protein CTCF is involved in repressing expression of the gene, by binding to the H19 imprinting control region (ICR) along with Differentially-methylated Region-1 (DMR1) and Matrix Attachment Region −3 (MAR3). These three DNA sequences bind to CTCF in a way that limits downstream enhancer access to the IGF2 region. The mechanism in which CTCF binds to these regions is currently unknown, but could include either a direct DNA-CTCF interaction or it could possibly be mediated by other proteins.
In mammals (mice, human
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PRCA
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PRCA may refer to:
Professional Rodeo Cowboys Association
Protestant Reformed Churches in America
Public Relations and Communications Association
Pure red cell aplasia
Pusch Ridge Christian Academy, a school in Oro Valley, Arizona
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eupatorium
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Eupatorium is a genus of flowering plants in the family Asteraceae, containing from 36 to 60 species depending on the classification system. Most are herbaceous perennials growing to tall. A few are shrubs. The genus is native to temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere. Most are commonly called bonesets, thoroughworts or snakeroots in North America. The genus is named for Mithridates Eupator, king of Pontus.
Systematics and taxonomy
Eupatorium has at times been held to contain as many as 800 species, but many of these have been moved (at least by some authors) to other genera, including Ageratina, Chromolaena,
Condylidium, Conoclinium, Critonia, Cronquistianthus, Eutrochium, Fleischmannia, Flyriella, Hebeclinium, Koanophyllon, Mikania, and Tamaulipa.
The classification of the tribe Eupatorieae, including species placed in Eupatorium in the present or past, is an area of ongoing research, so further changes are likely. What seems fairly certain by now is that there is a monophyletic group containing Eupatorium (about 42 species of white flowered plants in North America, Europe and Asia, but not South America) and the Joe-pye weeds (Eutrochium), and possibly others.
Uses
Eupatorium are grown as ornamental plants, particularly in Asia. A number of popular ornamental plants formerly included in Eupatorium have been moved to other genera, such as Bartlettina and Conoclinium.
Tobacco leaf curl virus is a pathogen occasionally affecting plants of this genus. The foliage is
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal%20allergy
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In medicine, animal allergy is hypersensitivity to certain substances produced by animals, such as the proteins in animal hair and saliva. It is a common type of allergy.
Signs and symptoms
Symptoms of an allergic reaction to animals may include itchy skin, nasal congestion, itchy nose, sneezing, chronic sore throat or itchy throat, swollen, red, itchy, and watery eyes, coughing, asthma, or rash on the face or chest.
Causes
Allergies are caused by an oversensitive immune system, leading to a misdirected immune response. The immune system normally protects the body against harmful substances such as bacteria and viruses. Allergy occurs when the immune system reacts to substances (allergens) that are generally harmless and in most people do not cause an immune response.
Animal hair and dander
cockroach calyx
dust mite excretion
See also
Cat allergy
List of allergens
References
Immune system disorders
Allergology
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-pass%20compiler
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A multi-pass compiler is a type of compiler that processes the source code or abstract syntax tree of a program several times. This is in contrast to a one-pass compiler, which traverses the program only once. Each pass takes the result of the previous pass as the input, and creates an intermediate output. In this way, the (intermediate) code is improved pass by pass, until the final pass produces the final code.
Multi-pass compilers are sometimes called wide compilers, referring to the greater scope of the passes: they can "see" the entire program being compiled, instead of just a small portion of it. The wider scope thus available to these compilers allows better code generation (e.g. smaller code size, faster code) compared to the output of one-pass compilers, at the cost of higher compiler time and memory consumption. In addition, some languages cannot be compiled in a single pass, as a result of their design.
Typical multi-pass compiler
Lexical analysis
This stage of a multi-pass compiler is to remove irrelevant information from the source program that syntax analysis will not be able to use or interpret. Irrelevant information could include things like comments and white space. In addition to removing the irrelevant information, the lexical analysis determines the lexical tokens of the language. This step means that forward declaration is generally not necessary if a multi-pass compiler is used.
This phase is focused on breaking a sequence of characters into tokens
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riedel%20%28glass%20manufacturer%29
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Riedel ( ) Crystal is a glassware manufacturer based in Kufstein, Austria, best known for its glassware designed to enhance different types of wines. According to Petr Novy, Chief curator Museum of Glass and Jewellery in Jablonec nad Nisou, Czech Republic, Riedel is the oldest family owned and operated global crystal glass brand worldwide. Established in Bohemia in 1756, the company is managed by Georg Riedel and Maximilian Riedel. Later, it was re-established by Claus J. Riedel in 1956, with the support of the Swarovski family.
History
Josef Riedel
Josef Riedel (1816–1894) was born in the time of the industrial revolution. He owned eight glassworks in 1858 to include two textile factories and coalmines. His glassworks produced glass jewellery, beads and chandelier parts and in 1873, they began producing luxury hollow glass products too. He received many accolades for his achievements: he was awarded the ‘Grand Prix’ at the World Fair in Vienna in 1873, honorary citizenship by local authorities in Franzesbad and Wiesenthal and he was awarded an Order by the Pope.
Through hard work and diligence, he was a contemporary model for success in business. His employees respectfully addressed him as ‘Mr. Father’ and his contemporaries referred to him as the ‘Glass King of the Iser Mountains’. Josef Riedel dedicated his life to building an empire with solid foundations. Instead of discounting prices, he offered only high-quality products, which customers appreciated. According t
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macromolecular%20docking
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Macromolecular docking is the computational modelling of the quaternary structure of complexes formed by two or more interacting biological macromolecules. Protein–protein complexes are the most commonly attempted targets of such modelling, followed by protein–nucleic acid complexes.
The ultimate goal of docking is the prediction of the three-dimensional structure of the macromolecular complex of interest as it would occur in a living organism. Docking itself only produces plausible candidate structures. These candidates must be ranked using methods such as scoring functions to identify structures that are most likely to occur in nature.
The term "docking" originated in the late 1970s, with a more restricted meaning; then, "docking" meant refining a model of a complex structure by optimizing the separation between the interactors but keeping their relative orientations fixed. Later, the relative orientations of the interacting partners in the modelling was allowed to vary, but the internal geometry of each of the partners was held fixed. This type of modelling is sometimes referred to as "rigid docking". With further increases in computational power, it became possible to model changes in internal geometry of the interacting partners that may occur when a complex is formed. This type of modelling is referred to as "flexible docking".
Background
The biological roles of most proteins, as characterized by which other macromolecules they interact with, are known at best
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleopolyploidy
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Paleopolyploidy is the result of genome duplications which occurred at least several million years ago (MYA). Such an event could either double the genome of a single species (autopolyploidy) or combine those of two species (allopolyploidy). Because of functional redundancy, genes are rapidly silenced or lost from the duplicated genomes. Most paleopolyploids, through evolutionary time, have lost their polyploid status through a process called diploidization, and are currently considered diploids, e.g., baker's yeast, Arabidopsis thaliana, and perhaps humans.
Paleopolyploidy is extensively studied in plant lineages. It has been found that almost all flowering plants have undergone at least one round of genome duplication at some point during their evolutionary history. Ancient genome duplications are also found in the early ancestor of vertebrates (which includes the human lineage) near the origin of the bony fishes, and another in the stem lineage of teleost fishes. Evidence suggests that baker's yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae), which has a compact genome, experienced polyploidization during its evolutionary history.
The term mesopolyploid is sometimes used for species that have undergone whole genome multiplication events (whole genome duplication, whole genome triplification, etc.) in more recent history, such as within the last 17 million years.
Eukaryotes
Ancient genome duplications are widespread throughout eukaryotic lineages, particularly in plants. Studies s
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montuno
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Montuno has several meanings pertaining to Cuban music and its derivatives. Literally, montuno means 'comes from the mountain', and so son montuno may refer to the older type of son played in the mountainous rural areas of Oriente. Another possibility is that the word montuno comes from the word montura, the Spanish word for "saddle", because the rhythm in son music is like riding a horse. Or it may mean the final section of a song-based composition; in this sense it is simply part of a piece of music. Here it is usually a faster, brasher, semi-improvised instrumental section, sometimes with a repetitive vocal refrain. Finally, the term montuno is also used for a piano guajeo, the ostinato figure accompanying the montuno section, when it describes a repeated syncopated piano vamp, often with chromatic root movement.
References
See also
Son montuno
Call and response (music)
Coro-pregón
Cuban music
Son cubano
Musical techniques
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lloyd%27s%20algorithm
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In electrical engineering and computer science, Lloyd's algorithm, also known as Voronoi iteration or relaxation, is an algorithm named after Stuart P. Lloyd for finding evenly spaced sets of points in subsets of Euclidean spaces and partitions of these subsets into well-shaped and uniformly sized convex cells. Like the closely related k-means clustering algorithm, it repeatedly finds the centroid of each set in the partition and then re-partitions the input according to which of these centroids is closest. In this setting, the mean operation is an integral over a region of space, and the nearest centroid operation results in Voronoi diagrams.
Although the algorithm may be applied most directly to the Euclidean plane, similar algorithms may also be applied to higher-dimensional spaces or to spaces with other non-Euclidean metrics. Lloyd's algorithm can be used to construct close approximations to centroidal Voronoi tessellations of the input, which can be used for quantization, dithering, and stippling. Other applications of Lloyd's algorithm include smoothing of triangle meshes in the finite element method.
History
The algorithm was first proposed by Stuart P. Lloyd of Bell Labs in 1957 as a technique for pulse-code modulation. Lloyd's work became widely circulated but remained unpublished until 1982. A similar algorithm was developed independently by Joel Max and published in 1960, which is why the algorithm is sometimes referred as the Lloyd-Max algorithm.
Algorithm de
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positive%20energy%20theorem
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The positive energy theorem (also known as the positive mass theorem) refers to a collection of foundational results in general relativity and differential geometry. Its standard form, broadly speaking, asserts that the gravitational energy of an isolated system is nonnegative, and can only be zero when the system has no gravitating objects. Although these statements are often thought of as being primarily physical in nature, they can be formalized as mathematical theorems which can be proven using techniques of differential geometry, partial differential equations, and geometric measure theory.
Richard Schoen and Shing-Tung Yau, in 1979 and 1981, were the first to give proofs of the positive mass theorem. Edward Witten, in 1982, gave the outlines of an alternative proof, which were later filled in rigorously by mathematicians. Witten and Yau were awarded the Fields medal in mathematics in part for their work on this topic.
An imprecise formulation of the Schoen-Yau / Witten positive energy theorem states the following:
The meaning of these terms is discussed below. There are alternative and non-equivalent formulations for different notions of energy-momentum and for different classes of initial data sets. Not all of these formulations have been rigorously proven, and it is currently an open problem whether the above formulation holds for initial data sets of arbitrary dimension.
Historical overview
The original proof of the theorem for ADM mass was provided by Richard Sc
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artin%20reciprocity%20law
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The Artin reciprocity law, which was established by Emil Artin in a series of papers (1924; 1927; 1930), is a general theorem in number theory that forms a central part of global class field theory. The term "reciprocity law" refers to a long line of more concrete number theoretic statements which it generalized, from the quadratic reciprocity law and the reciprocity laws of Eisenstein and Kummer to Hilbert's product formula for the norm symbol. Artin's result provided a partial solution to Hilbert's ninth problem.
Statement
Let be a Galois extension of global fields and stand for the idèle class group
of . One of the statements of the Artin reciprocity law is that there is a canonical isomorphism called the global symbol map
where denotes the abelianization of a group. The map is defined by assembling the maps called the local Artin symbol, the local reciprocity map or the norm residue symbol
for different places of . More precisely, is given by the local maps on the -component of an idèle class. The maps are isomorphisms. This is the content of the local reciprocity law, a main theorem of local class field theory.
Proof
A cohomological proof of the global reciprocity law can be achieved by first establishing that
constitutes a class formation in the sense of Artin and Tate. Then one proves that
where denote the Tate cohomology groups. Working out the cohomology groups establishes that is an isomorphism.
Significance
Artin's reciprocity l
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rational%20sieve
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In mathematics, the rational sieve is a general algorithm for factoring integers into prime factors. It is a special case of the general number field sieve. While it is less efficient than the general algorithm, it is conceptually simpler. It serves as a helpful first step in understanding how the general number field sieve works.
Method
Suppose we are trying to factor the composite number n. We choose a bound B, and identify the factor base (which we will call P), the set of all primes less than or equal to B. Next, we search for positive integers z such that both z and z+n are B-smooth — i.e. all of their prime factors are in P. We can therefore write, for suitable exponents ,
and likewise, for suitable , we have
.
But and are congruent modulo , and so each such integer z that we find yields a multiplicative relation (mod n) among the elements of P, i.e.
(where the ai and bi are nonnegative integers.)
When we have generated enough of these relations (it's generally sufficient that the number of relations be a few more than the size of P), we can use the methods of linear algebra to multiply together these various relations in such a way that the exponents of the primes are all even. This will give us a congruence of squares of the form a2≡b2 (mod n), which can be turned into a factorization of n = gcd(a-b,n)×gcd(a+b,n). This factorization might turn out to be trivial (i.e. n=n×1), in which case we have to try again with a different combination of relations; but wi
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peetre%27s%20inequality
|
In mathematics, Peetre's inequality, named after Jaak Peetre, says that for any real number and any vectors and in the following inequality holds:
The inequality was proved by J. Peetre in 1959 and has founds applications in functional analysis and Sobolev spaces.
See also
References
.
.
.
External links
Planetmath.org: Peetre's inequality
Functional analysis
Inequalities
Linear algebra
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian%20algorithm
|
The Hungarian method is a combinatorial optimization algorithm that solves the assignment problem in polynomial time and which anticipated later primal–dual methods. It was developed and published in 1955 by Harold Kuhn, who gave the name "Hungarian method" because the algorithm was largely based on the earlier works of two Hungarian mathematicians: Dénes Kőnig and Jenő Egerváry.
James Munkres reviewed the algorithm in 1957 and observed that it is (strongly) polynomial. Since then the algorithm has been known also as the Kuhn–Munkres algorithm or Munkres assignment algorithm. The time complexity of the original algorithm was , however Edmonds and Karp, and independently Tomizawa noticed that it can be modified to achieve an running time. One of the most popular variants is the Jonker–Volgenant algorithm. Ford and Fulkerson extended the method to general maximum flow problems in form of the Ford–Fulkerson algorithm. In 2006, it was discovered that Carl Gustav Jacobi had solved the assignment problem in the 19th century, and the solution had been published posthumously in 1890 in Latin.
The problem
Example
In this simple example, there are three workers: Alice, Bob and Dora. One of them has to clean the bathroom, another sweep the floors and the third washes the windows, but they each demand different pay for the various tasks. The problem is to find the lowest-cost way to assign the jobs. The problem can be represented in a matrix of the costs of the workers doing the jo
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean%20Mayer
|
Jean Mayer (19 April 1920 – 1 January 1993) was a French-American scientist best known for his research on the physiological bases of hunger and the metabolism of essential nutrients, and for his role in shaping policy on world hunger at both the national and international levels. As a professor at the Harvard School of Public Health, Mayer directed a laboratory that did groundbreaking work on the hypothalamic regulation of obesity and various metabolic disorders. In 1968-69, having worked as an adviser to the World Health Organization and UNICEF, he was appointed principal organizer and chair of the first White House Conference on Food, Nutrition, and Health. At Harvard University, he served as Master of Dudley House before leaving in 1976 to become the tenth President of Tufts University in Medford, Massachusetts, where he is given credit for having brought about an unprecedented rise in the university's national reputation. He died unexpectedly on January 1, 1993.
Early life and education
Mayer was born in Paris in 1920 into a distinguished French scientific family. His father, André Mayer, was a celebrated physiologist at the College de France, his mother an outstanding doctoral student in André Mayer's laboratory when they met. Jean Mayer's sister, Dr. Geneviéve Massé would become a Professor of Biostatistics at the French National Superior School of Public Health.
Mayer worked in his father's laboratory as a schoolboy, while devoting the greater part of his intellect
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myhill%20isomorphism%20theorem
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In computability theory the Myhill isomorphism theorem, named after John Myhill, provides a characterization for two numberings to induce the same notion of computability on a set.
Theorem
Definitions
Sets A and B of natural numbers are said to be recursively isomorphic if there is a total computable bijective function f on the natural numbers such that for any , .
A set A of natural numbers is said to be one-one reducible to a set B if there is a total computable injective function f on the natural numbers such that and .
Stetement
Myhill's isomorphism theorem states that two sets A and B of natural numbers are recursively isomorphic if and only if A is one-reducible to B and B is one-reducible to A.
Corollaries
Two total numberings are one-equivalent if and only if they are recursively isomorphic.
Discussion
The theorem implies that given two injective reductions in opposing directions, there is a computable bijection on the naturals that puts the sets in question in bijective correspondence. This is reminiscent of the Schröder–Bernstein theorem about general sets, and Myhill's theorem has been called a constructive version of it.
Their proofs are however different. The proof of Schröder-Bernstein uses the inverses of the two injections, which is impossible in the setting of the Myhill theorem since these inverses might not be recursive. The proof of the Myhill theorem, on the other hand, defines the bijection inductively, which is impossible in the setting of S
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-phase%20modulation
|
Self-phase modulation (SPM) is a nonlinear optical effect of light–matter interaction.
An ultrashort pulse of light, when travelling in a medium, will induce a varying refractive index of the medium due to the optical Kerr effect. This variation in refractive index will produce a phase shift in the pulse, leading to a change of the pulse's frequency spectrum.
Self-phase modulation is an important effect in optical systems that use short, intense pulses of light, such as lasers and optical fiber communications systems.
Self-phase modulation has also been reported for nonlinear sound waves propagating in biological thin films, where the phase modulation results from varying elastic properties of the lipid films.
Theory with Kerr nonlinearity
The evolution along distance z of the equivalent lowpass electric field A(z) obeys the nonlinear Schrödinger equation which, in absence of dispersion, is:
with j the imaginary unit and γ the nonlinear coefficient of the medium. The cubic nonlinear term on the right hand side is called Kerr effect, and is multiplied by -j according to the engineer's notation used in the definition of Fourier transform.
The power of the electric field is invariant along z, since:
with * denoting conjugation.
Since the power is invariant, the Kerr effect can manifest only as a phase rotation. In polar coordinates, with , it is:
such that:
The phase φ at coordinate z therefore is:
Such a relation highlights that SPM is induced by the power of the elec
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patos%20de%20Minas
|
Patos de Minas is a municipality in the state of Minas Gerais in Brazil.
Geography
According to the modern (2017) geographic classification by Brazil's National Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE), the city is the main municipality in the Intermediate Geographic Region of Patos de Minas.
History
The name is derived from the ranch known as farmhouse Os Patos, owned by the original settlers, which had the name because of the large number of wild ducks found in the region. In 1826 the first settlers, Antônio da Silva Guerra and his wife, Luísa Correia de Andrade, donated lands for the new settlement, called Vila de Santo Antônio dos Patos. In 1892 Patos de Minas gained city status with the name of Patos, which was lengthened in 1944 to Patos de Minas.
High standard of living
Patos de Minas occupies a privileged position in the ranking of cities in the state and country in socio-economic development. A study in Veja magazine in 2001 placed Patos in fifth place among five thousand cities with the greatest socio-economic development between 1970 and 1996.
Rare among Brazilian cities of this size, around 99% of all the streets of the city are paved and have public lighting and almost all of the inhabitants (97%) receive treated water. Sewage treatment reached 98% of the urban population. City government site
Municipal Human Development Index: 0.813 (2000)
State ranking: 19 out of 853 municipalities as of 2000
National ranking: 318 out of 5,138 municipalities as of
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T.%20Ryan%20Gregory
|
T. Ryan Gregory (born May 16, 1975) is a Canadian evolutionary biologist and genome biologist and a Professor of the Department of Integrative Biology and the Division of Genomic Diversity within the Biodiversity Institute of Ontario at the University of Guelph in Guelph, Ontario, Canada.
Career
Gregory completed his B.Sc. (Hons) at McMaster University in Hamilton, Ontario in 1997 and his Ph.D. in evolutionary biology and zoology at the University of Guelph in 2002. He then carried out postdoctoral work at the American Museum of Natural History in New York City (2002–2003) and the Natural History Museum in London, England (2003–2004) before returning to the University of Guelph as a faculty member.
He has broad interests in the life science, including genomics, cytogenetics, cell biology, morphology, behaviour, physiology, developmental biology, ecology, and palaeontology -- all linked by the unifying theme of evolution. His main research focuses primarily on the issue of genome size evolution (the "C-value enigma") in animals and the origins and biological significance of "junk DNA". He outlined the Onion Test as a "reality check for anyone who thinks they have come up with a universal function for junk DNA". He created the Animal Genome Size Database in 2001. He is also active in the DNA barcoding initiative spearheaded by his former Ph.D. adviser, Paul D.N. Hebert at the University of Guelph, with a particular focus on parasites, pathogens, and disease vectors.
Greg
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul%20D.%20N.%20Hebert
|
Paul David Neil Hebert (born 1947) is a Canadian biologist. He is founder and director of the Centre for Biodiversity Genomics at the University of Guelph in Ontario, Canada. He applied the technique invented by Carl Woese and colleagues in the 1980s to arthropods and called it DNA barcoding.
Hebert holds the Tier 1 Canada Research Chair in molecular biodiversity at the University of Guelph where he is a tenured professor in the Department of Integrative Biology. He is an Officer of the Order of Canada, a fellow of the Royal Society of Canada, and received the 2018 Heineken Prize for environmental sciences, and the 2020 MIDORI Prize for Biodiversity.
In 2021 he was awarded the honorary degree of Doctor Honoris Causa at the Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU). Hebert also holds honorary degrees from Western University, University of Windsor and University of Waterloo in Canada.
References
1947 births
Living people
Canadian biologists
Carcinologists
Evolutionary biologists
Fellows of the Royal Society of Canada
Academic staff of the University of Guelph
Canada Research Chairs
Officers of the Order of Canada
Winners of the Heineken Prize
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camphoric%20acid
|
Camphoric acid, C10H16O4 or in Latin form Acidum camphoricum, is a white crystallisable substance obtained from the oxidation of camphor. It exists in three optically different forms; the dextrorotatory one is obtained by the oxidation of dextrorotatory camphor and is used in pharmaceuticals.
History
Acidum camphoricum was studied and isolated for the first time by French pharmacist Nicolas Vauquelin in the early 19th century but it wasn't until September 1874 that Dutch chemist Jacobus H. van 't Hoff proposed the first suggestion for its molecular structure and optical properties. Haller and Blanc synthesized camphor from camphoric acid. In 1904, Finnish chemist Gustav Komppa became the first to succeed in manufacturing synthetic camphoric acid from diethyl oxalate and 3,3-dimethylpentanoic acid, and thus proving the structure of camphor.
Chemical properties and isolation
Camphoric acid may be prepared by oxidising camphor with nitric acid.
References
Dicarboxylic acids
Antiseptics
Cyclopentanes
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parker%20v.%20Flook
|
Parker v. Flook, 437 U.S. 584 (1978), was a 1978 United States Supreme Court decision that ruled that an invention that departs from the prior art only in its use of a mathematical algorithm is patent eligible only if there is some other "inventive concept in its application." The algorithm itself must be considered as if it were part of the prior art, and the claim must be considered as a whole. The exact quotation from the majority opinion is:
"Respondent’s process is unpatentable under §101, not because it contains a mathematical algorithm as one component, but because once that algorithm is assumed to be within the prior art, the application, considered as a whole, contains no patentable invention." "The fact that the algorithm may not have actually been known previously and that, when taken in combination with other claim elements, it might produce an invention that is novel
and nonobvious, plays no part in the analysis."
The case was argued on April 25, 1978 and was decided June 22, 1978. This case is the second member of the Supreme Court's patent-eligibility trilogy.
Prior history
The case revolves around a patent application for a "Method for Updating Alarm Limits". These limits are numbers between which a catalytic converter is operating normally. The numbers are determined by taking a time-weighted average of values of a relevant operating parameter, such as temperature inside the reactor, in accordance with a smoothing algorithm. When the values of these numbers
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy%20Linighan
|
Andrew Linighan (born 18 June 1962) is an English former professional footballer who played as a defender from 1980 until 2000, notably in the Premier League for Arsenal and Crystal Palace.
He also played in the Football League for Hartlepool United, Leeds United, Oldham Athletic, Norwich City, Queens Park Rangers and Oxford United before finishing his career with Non-league St Albans City.
Career
Linighan was born in Hartlepool into a footballing family as his brothers David and Brian were also professional footballers. He first played for his local side, Hartlepool United, before he signed for Leeds United in 1984. He spent two season at Elland Road, being part of the team which narrowly missed out on promotion to the First Division in his first season there and then signed for Oldham Athletic.
In March 1988, a 25-year-old Linighan finally arrived on the First Division scene when Oldham sold him to Norwich City for £350,000. A tall, imposing centre back, Linighan became notable for his calm performances in defence for Norwich, who finished fourth in the league and reached the FA Cup semi finals in his first full season with them.
He was then signed by George Graham for Arsenal in a £1.2million deal in July 1990. Linighan had been very reluctant to leave Norwich, but was told by then-chairman Robert Chase that he was being sold.
Linighan mainly played as backup to England international defenders Tony Adams and Steve Bould in his first season, in which Arsenal won the Fi
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal%20Genome%20Size%20Database
|
The Animal Genome Size Database is a catalogue of published genome size estimates for vertebrate and invertebrate animals. It was created in 2001 by Dr. T. Ryan Gregory of the University of Guelph in Canada. As of September 2005, the database contains data for over 4,000 species of animals. A similar database, the Plant DNA C-values Database (C-value being analogous to genome size in diploid organisms) was created by researchers at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, in 1997.
See also
List of organisms by chromosome count
References
External links
Animal Genome Size Database
Plant DNA C-values Database
Fungal Genome Size Database
Cell Size Database
Animal genetics
Genome databases
Biology websites
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega%20network
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An Omega network is a network configuration often used in parallel computing architectures. It is an indirect topology that relies on the perfect shuffle interconnection algorithm.
Connection architecture
An 8x8 Omega network is a multistage interconnection network, meaning that processing elements (PEs) are connected using multiple stages of switches. Inputs and outputs are given addresses as shown in the figure. The outputs from each stage are connected to the inputs of the next stage using a perfect shuffle connection system. This means that the connections at each stage represent the movement of a deck of cards divided into 2 equal decks and then shuffled together, with each card from one deck alternating with the corresponding card from the other deck. In terms of binary representation of the PEs, each stage of the perfect shuffle can be thought of as a cyclic logical left shift; each bit in the address is shifted once to the left, with the most significant bit moving to the least significant bit.
At each stage, adjacent pairs of inputs are connected to a simple exchange element, which can be set either straight (pass inputs directly through to outputs) or crossed (send top input to bottom output, and vice versa). For N processing element, an Omega network contains N/2 switches at each stage, and log2N stages. The manner in which these switches are set determines the connection paths available in the network at any given time. Two such methods are destination-tag routi
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant%20DNA%20C-values%20Database
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The Plant DNA C-values Database (https://cvalues.science.kew.org/) is a comprehensive catalogue of C-value (nuclear DNA content, or in diploids, genome size) data for land plants and algae. The database was created by Prof. Michael D. Bennett and Dr. Ilia J. Leitch of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, UK. The database was originally launched as the "Angiosperm DNA C-values Database" in April 1997, essentially as an online version of collected data lists that had been published by Prof. Bennett and colleagues since the 1970s. Release 1.0 of the more inclusive Plant DNA C-values Database was launched in 2001, with subsequent releases 2.0 in January 2003 and 3.0 in December 2004. In addition to the angiosperm dataset made available in 1997, the database has been expanded taxonomically several times and now includes data from pteridophytes (since 2000), gymnosperms (since 2001), bryophytes (since 2001), and algae (since 2004) (see (1) for update history). (Note that each of these subset databases is cited individually as they may contain different sets of authors).
The most recent release of the database (release 7.1) went live in April 2019. It contains data for 12,273 species of plants comprising 10,770 angiosperms, 421 gymnosperms, 303 pteridophytes (246 ferns and fern allies and 57 lycophytes), 334 bryophytes, and 445 algae.
A similar Animal Genome Size Database was created in 2001 by Dr. T. Ryan Gregory of the University of Guelph, Canada.
References
Bennett, M.D. an
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ophanin
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Ophanin is a toxin found in the venom of the King Cobra (Ophiophagus hannah), which lives throughout South East Asia. This toxin belongs to the cysteine-rich secretory protein (CRISP) family. Ophanin weakly blocks the contraction of smooth muscles elicited by high potassium-induced depolarization, suggesting that it inhibits voltage-dependent calcium channels.
Etymology
The toxin was named ophanin after the snake whose venom it is derived from, the King Cobra (Ophiophagus hannah).
Sources
Ophanin is produced in the venom glands of the King Cobra (O. Hannah).
Although the venom has relatively low toxicity, this is compensated by the high amounts of it injected into the prey for each bite.
Chemistry
Structure
Ophanin was successfully isolated from O. Hannah venom by gel filtration and cation-exchange chromatography. Its molecular weight is 25 kDa (from positions 19 – 239), which conforms to the molecular mass predicted from its cDNA sequences.
Homology
Ophanin is a cysteine-rich secretory protein and therefore belongs to the CRISP family.
These proteins possess 16 strictly conserved cysteines and contain 8 disulfide bonds.
Ten of the 16 cysteine residues are clustered at the C-terminal end of the protein.
Ophanin belongs to the “long” CRISPs subgroup, which consists of the 9 CRISPs with the longest sequences. Snake venom CRISPs belonging to different subgroups act on different biological targets, contributing in this way to the diversity of damaging effects of sn
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminite
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Aluminite is a hydrous aluminium sulfate mineral with formula: Al2SO4(OH)4·7H2O. It is an earthy white to gray-white monoclinic mineral which almost never exhibits crystal form. It forms botryoidal to mammillary clay-like masses. It has a very soft Mohs hardness of 1–2 and a specific gravity of 1.66–1.82.
It forms in clay and lignite deposits as an oxidation product of pyrite and marcasite along with aluminium silicates. It also occurs in volcanic sublimates, in native sulfur deposits and rarely in caves. It occurs in association with basaluminite, gibbsite, epsomite, gypsum, celestine, dolomite and goethite.
It was first described in 1807 from Halle, Saxony-Anhalt, Germany and named for its aluminium content. It is also known as alley stone, halite and websterite (named after Orcadian geologist Thomas Webster).
Aluminite is used by tile and masonry workers to reduce the setting time of mortars.
References
External links
Aluminium minerals
Sulfate minerals
Monoclinic minerals
Minerals in space group 14
Luminescent minerals
Drone Video of the Outcrop at Newhaven
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nielsen%E2%80%93Olesen%20string
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In theoretical physics, Nielsen–Olesen string is a one-dimensional object or equivalently a classical solution of certain equations of motion. The solution does not depend on the direction along the string; the dependence on the other two, transverse dimensions is identical as in the case of a Nielsen–Olesen vortex.
Quantum field theory
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theta%20structure
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A theta structure is an intermediate structure formed during the replication of a circular DNA molecule. Two replication forks can proceed independently around the DNA ring and when viewed from above the structure resembles the Greek letter "theta" (θ). Originally discovered by John Cairns, it led to the understanding that (in this case) bidirectional DNA replication could take place. Proof of the bidirectional nature came from providing replicating cells with a pulse of tritiated thymidine, quenching rapidly and then autoradiographing. Results showed that the radioactive thymidine was incorporated into both forks of the theta structure, not just one, indicating synthesis at both forks in opposite directions around the loop.
References
DNA replication
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faithful%20representation
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In mathematics, especially in an area of abstract algebra known as representation theory, a faithful representation ρ of a group on a vector space is a linear representation in which different elements of are represented by distinct linear mappings .
In more abstract language, this means that the group homomorphism is injective (or one-to-one).
Caveat
While representations of over a field are de facto the same as -modules (with denoting the group algebra of the group ), a faithful representation of is not necessarily a faithful module for the group algebra. In fact each faithful -module is a faithful representation of , but the converse does not hold. Consider for example the natural representation of the symmetric group in dimensions by permutation matrices, which is certainly faithful. Here the order of the group is while the matrices form a vector space of dimension . As soon as is at least 4, dimension counting means that some linear dependence must occur between permutation matrices (since ); this relation means that the module for the group algebra is not faithful.
Properties
A representation of a finite group over an algebraically closed field of characteristic zero is faithful (as a representation) if and only if every irreducible representation of occurs as a subrepresentation of (the -th symmetric power of the representation ) for a sufficiently high . Also, is faithful (as a representation) if and only if every irreducible representation of
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitational%20instanton
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In mathematical physics and differential geometry, a gravitational instanton is a four-dimensional complete Riemannian manifold satisfying the vacuum Einstein equations. They are so named because they are analogues in quantum theories of gravity of instantons in Yang–Mills theory. In accordance with this analogy with self-dual Yang–Mills instantons, gravitational instantons are usually assumed to look like four dimensional Euclidean space at large distances, and to have a self-dual Riemann tensor. Mathematically, this means that they are asymptotically locally Euclidean (or perhaps asymptotically locally flat) hyperkähler 4-manifolds, and in this sense, they are special examples of Einstein manifolds. From a physical point of view, a gravitational instanton is a non-singular solution of the vacuum Einstein equations with positive-definite, as opposed to Lorentzian, metric.
There are many possible generalizations of the original conception of a gravitational instanton: for example one can allow gravitational instantons to have a nonzero cosmological constant or a Riemann tensor which is not self-dual. One can also relax the boundary condition that the metric is asymptotically Euclidean.
There are many methods for constructing gravitational instantons, including the Gibbons–Hawking Ansatz, twistor theory, and the hyperkähler quotient construction.
Introduction
Gravitational instantons are interesting, as they offer insights into the quantization of gravity. For example, pos
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conformal%20Killing%20vector%20field
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In conformal geometry, a conformal Killing vector field on a manifold of dimension n with (pseudo) Riemannian metric (also called a conformal Killing vector, CKV, or conformal colineation), is a vector field whose (locally defined) flow defines conformal transformations, that is, preserve up to scale and preserve the conformal structure. Several equivalent formulations, called the conformal Killing equation, exist in terms of the Lie derivative of the flow e.g.
for some function on the manifold. For there are a finite number of solutions, specifying the conformal symmetry of that space, but in two dimensions, there is an infinity of solutions. The name Killing refers to Wilhelm Killing, who first investigated Killing vector fields.
Densitized metric tensor and Conformal Killing vectors
A vector field is a Killing vector field if and only if its flow preserves the metric tensor (strictly speaking for each compact subsets of the manifold, the flow need only be defined for finite time). Formulated mathematically, is Killing if and only if it satisfies
where is the Lie derivative.
More generally, define a w-Killing vector field as a vector field whose (local) flow preserves the densitized metric , where is the volume density defined by (i.e. locally ) and is its weight. Note that a Killing vector field preserves and so automatically also satisfies this more general equation. Also note that is the unique weight that makes the combination invariant under s
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MCS%20algorithm
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For mathematical optimization, Multilevel Coordinate Search (MCS) is an efficient algorithm for bound constrained global optimization using function values only.
To do so, the n-dimensional search space is represented by a set of non-intersecting hypercubes (boxes). The boxes are then iteratively split along an axis plane according to the value of the function at a representative point of the box (and its neighbours) and the box's size. These two splitting criteria combine to form a global search by splitting large boxes and a local search by splitting areas for which the function value is good.
Additionally, a local search combining a (multi-dimensional) quadratic interpolant of the function and line searches can be used to augment performance of the algorithm (MCS with local search); in this case the plain MCS is used to provide the starting (initial) points. The information provided by local searches (local minima of the objective function) is then fed back to the optimizer and affects the splitting criteria, resulting in reduced sample clustering around local minima, faster convergence and higher precision.
Simplified workflow
The MCS workflow is visualized in Figures 1 and 2. Each step of the algorithm can be split into four stages:
Identify a potential candidate for splitting (magenta, thick).
Identify the optimal splitting direction and the expected optimal position of the splitting point (green).
Evaluate the objective function at the splitting point or recover
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BRST%20algorithm
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Boender-Rinnooy-Stougie-Timmer algorithm (BRST) is an optimization algorithm suitable for finding global optimum of black box functions. In their paper Boender et al. describe their method as a stochastic method involving a combination of sampling, clustering and local search, terminating with a range of confidence intervals on the value of the global minimum.
The algorithm of Boender et al. has been modified by Timmer. Timmer considered several clustering methods. Based on experiments a method named "multi level single linkage" was deemed most accurate.
Csendes' algorithms are implementations of the algorithm of [Boender et al.] and originated the public domain software product GLOBAL. The local algorithms used are a random direction, linear search algorithm also used by Törn, and a quasi—Newton algorithm not using the derivative of the function. The results show the dependence of the result on the auxiliary local algorithm used.
Background
Extending the class of functions to include multimodal functions makes the global optimization problem unsolvable in general. In order to be solvable some smoothness condition on the function in addition to continuity must be known.
The existence of several local minima and unsolvability in general are important characteristics of global optimization. Unsolvability here means that a solution cannot be guaranteed in a finite number of steps.
There are two ways to deal with the unsolvability problem. First, "a priori" conditions on f
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kung%20Fu%20master
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Kung Fu Master. or derivatives thereof, may refer to:
Kung Fu Master (film), a 1988 French drama film directed by Agnès Varda
The Kung Fu Master (TV series), a 1994 Hong Kong martial arts television series
The Kung Fu Master, a 2020 Indian Malayalam-language martial arts film
Kung Fu Master, a 2005 film directed and produced by Gordon Chan
Kung-Fu Master (video game), a side-scrolling beat 'em up game
The Kung-Fu Master Jackie Chan, a 1995 fighting arcade game developed and published by Kaneko
See also
Kung Fu Cult Master, a 1993 Hong Kong wuxia film adapted from Louis Cha's novel The Heaven Sword and Dragon Saber
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flow%20%28mathematics%29
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In mathematics, a flow formalizes the idea of the motion of particles in a fluid. Flows are ubiquitous in science, including engineering and physics. The notion of flow is basic to the study of ordinary differential equations. Informally, a flow may be viewed as a continuous motion of points over time. More formally, a flow is a group action of the real numbers on a set.
The idea of a vector flow, that is, the flow determined by a vector field, occurs in the areas of differential topology, Riemannian geometry and Lie groups. Specific examples of vector flows include the geodesic flow, the Hamiltonian flow, the Ricci flow, the mean curvature flow, and Anosov flows. Flows may also be defined for systems of random variables and stochastic processes, and occur in the study of ergodic dynamical systems. The most celebrated of these is perhaps the Bernoulli flow.
Formal definition
A flow on a set is a group action of the additive group of real numbers on . More explicitly, a flow is a mapping
such that, for all and all real numbers and ,
It is customary to write instead of , so that the equations above can be expressed as (the identity function) and (group law). Then, for all the mapping is a bijection with inverse This follows from the above definition, and the real parameter may be taken as a generalized functional power, as in function iteration.
Flows are usually required to be compatible with structures furnished on the set . In particular, if is equippe
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vector%20flow
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In mathematics, the vector flow refers to a set of closely related concepts of the flow determined by a vector field. These appear in a number of different contexts, including differential topology, Riemannian geometry and Lie group theory. These related concepts are explored in a spectrum of articles:
exponential map (Riemannian geometry)
matrix exponential
exponential function
infinitesimal generator (→ Lie group)
integral curve (→ vector field)
one-parameter subgroup
flow (geometry)
geodesic flow
Hamiltonian flow
Ricci flow
Anosov flow
injectivity radius (→ glossary)
Vector flow in differential topology
Relevant concepts: (flow, infinitesimal generator, integral curve, complete vector field)
Let V be a smooth vector field on a smooth manifold M. There is a unique maximal flow D → M whose infinitesimal generator is V. Here D ⊆ R × M is the flow domain. For each p ∈ M the map Dp → M is the unique maximal integral curve of V starting at p.
A global flow is one whose flow domain is all of R × M. Global flows define smooth actions of R on M. A vector field is complete if it generates a global flow. Every smooth vector field on a compact manifold without boundary is complete.
Vector flow in Riemannian geometry
Relevant concepts: (geodesic, exponential map, injectivity radius)
The exponential map
exp : TpM → M
is defined as exp(X) = γ(1) where γ : I → M is the unique geodesic passing through p at 0 and whose tangent vector at 0 is X. Here I is the maximal open interval
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrix
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Tetrix may refer to:
Tetrix (band), a Canadian rock/improv band
Tetrix (insect), a genus of insects in the family Tetrigidae called ground-hoppers
Tetrix Robotics Kit, an educational robotics kit
8598 Tetrix, a main-belt asteroid
A three-dimensional analog of the Sierpiński triangle.
The name of some clones of the video game Tetris.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PPMD
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PPMD may refer to:
People
Kevin Nanney, an e-sports professional known by his gamer tag PPMD
Computer science
the compression algorithm PPMd, a variant of the Prediction by partial matching (PPM) compression technique
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UBA1
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Ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzyme 1 (UBA1) is an enzyme which in humans is encoded by the UBA1 gene. UBA1 participates in ubiquitination and the NEDD8 pathway for protein folding and degradation, among many other biological processes. This protein has been linked to X-linked spinal muscular atrophy type 2, neurodegenerative diseases, and cancers.
Structure
Gene
The UBA1 gene is located in the chromosome band Xp11.23, consisting of 31 exons.
Protein
The UBA1 for ubiquitin (Ub) is a 110–120 kDa monomeric protein, and the UBA1 for the ubiquitin-like protein (Ubls) NEDD8 and SUMO are heterodimeric complexes with similar molecular weights. All eukaryotic UBA1 contain a two-fold repeat of a domain, derived from the bacterial MoeB and ThiF proteins, with one occurrence each in the N-terminal and C-terminal half of the UBA1 for Ub, or the separate subunits of the UBA1 for NEDD8 and SUMO. The UBA1 for Ub consists of four building blocks: First, the adenylation domains composed of two MoeB/ThiF-homology motifs, the latter of which binds ATP and Ub; second, the catalytic cysteine half-domains, which contain the E1 active site cysteine inserted into each of the adenylation domains; third, a four-helix bundle that represents a second insertion in the inactive adenylation domain and immediately follows the first catalytic cysteine half-domain; and fourth, the C-terminal ubiquitin-fold domain, which recruits specific E2s.
Function
The protein encoded by this gene catalyzes the
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal%20Ball%20function
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The Crystal Ball function, named after the Crystal Ball Collaboration (hence the capitalized initial letters), is a probability density function commonly used to model various lossy processes in high-energy physics. It consists of a Gaussian core portion and a power-law low-end tail, below a certain threshold. The function itself and its first derivative are both continuous.
The Crystal Ball function is given by:
where
,
,
,
,
.
(Skwarnicki 1986) is a normalization factor and , , and are parameters which are fitted with the data. erf is the error function.
External links
J. E. Gaiser, Appendix-F Charmonium Spectroscopy from Radiative Decays of the J/Psi and Psi-Prime, Ph.D. Thesis, SLAC-R-255 (1982). (This is a 205-page document in .pdf form – the function is defined on p. 178.)
M. J. Oreglia, A Study of the Reactions psi prime --> gamma gamma psi, Ph.D. Thesis, SLAC-R-236 (1980), Appendix D.
T. Skwarnicki, A study of the radiative CASCADE transitions between the Upsilon-Prime and Upsilon resonances, Ph.D Thesis, DESY F31-86-02(1986), Appendix E.
Functions and mappings
Continuous distributions
Experimental particle physics
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lysinuric%20protein%20intolerance
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Lysinuric protein intolerance (LPI) is an autosomal recessive metabolic disorder affecting amino acid transport.
About 140 patients have been reported, almost half of them of Finnish origin. Individuals from Japan, Italy, Morocco and North Africa have also been reported plus one in Bixby, Oklahoma.
Signs and symptoms
Infants with LPI are usually symptom-free when breastfed because of the low protein concentration in human milk, but develop vomiting and diarrhea after weaning. The patients show failure to thrive, poor appetite, growth retardation, enlarged liver and spleen, prominent osteoporosis and osteopenia, delayed bone age and spontaneous protein aversion. Forced feeding of protein may lead to convulsions and coma. Mental development is normal if prolonged episode of hyperammonemia can be avoided. Some patients develop severe pulmonary and kidney complications. High levels of plasma glutamine and glycine are observed.
Causes
It has been associated with SLC7A7.
Mechanism
In LPI, urinary excretion of cationic amino acids (ornithine, arginine and lysine) is increased and these amino acids are poorly absorbed from the intestine. Therefore, their plasma concentrations are low and their body pools become depleted. Deficiency of arginine and ornithine restricts the function of the urea cycle and leads to hyperammonemia after protein-rich meals. Deficiency of lysine may play a major role in the skeletal and immunological abnormalities observed in LPI patients.
Diagnosis
T
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relative%20risk
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The relative risk (RR) or risk ratio is the ratio of the probability of an outcome in an exposed group to the probability of an outcome in an unexposed group. Together with risk difference and odds ratio, relative risk measures the association between the exposure and the outcome.
Statistical use and meaning
Relative risk is used in the statistical analysis of the data of ecological, cohort, medical and intervention studies, to estimate the strength of the association between exposures (treatments or risk factors) and outcomes. Mathematically, it is the incidence rate of the outcome in the exposed group, , divided by the rate of the unexposed group, . As such, it is used to compare the risk of an adverse outcome when receiving a medical treatment versus no treatment (or placebo), or for environmental risk factors. For example, in a study examining the effect of the drug apixaban on the occurrence of thromboembolism, 8.8% of placebo-treated patients experienced the disease, but only 1.7% of patients treated with the drug did, so the relative risk is .19 (1.7/8.8): patients receiving apixaban had 19% the disease risk of patients receiving the placebo. In this case, apixaban is a protective factor rather than a risk factor, because it reduces the risk of disease.
Assuming the causal effect between the exposure and the outcome, values of relative risk can be interpreted as follows:
RR = 1 means that exposure does not affect the outcome
RR < 1 means that the risk of the outc
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IVT
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IVT may refer to:
In computing
Interrupt vector table, a memory construct in some processors
Intel Virtualization Technology, a computer processor feature to simplify virtualization
Other
Intermediate value theorem, an analysis theorem
Initial value theorem, a mathematical theorem using Laplace transform
Integrated water vapor transport, a meteorological term used in describing atmospheric rivers.
Current, Voltage, Temperature
Infinitely Variable Transmission, a type of continuously variable transmission system for motor vehicles and other applications
Illini Variable Temperature diluent
In Vitro transcription/translation, a molecular biology technique to produce RNA in a tube
Intermittent vacuum therapy, a medical treatment for venous and arterial issues
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portland%20Seven
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The Portland Seven was a group of American Muslims from the Portland, Oregon area arrested in October 2002 as part of an FBI operation attempting to close down a terrorist cell. The seven were attempting to join al Qaeda forces in their fight against the United States military and coalition forces in Afghanistan, or aiding in that attempt.
Originally referred to as "The Portland Six", Patrice Lumumba Ford, Jeffrey Leon Battle, October Martinique Lewis (Battle's ex-wife), Muhammad Ibrahim Bilal, Ahmed Ibrahim Bilal, and Habis Abdulla al Saoub made up the original six members arrested in October 2002. In April 2003, Maher "Mike" Hawash was arrested, and the name became "The Portland Seven".
The members of the Portland Seven "were all named in the 15-count superseding indictment that included charges of conspiracy to levy war against the United States, conspiracy to provide material support and resources to al Qaeda, conspiracy to contribute services to al Qaeda and the Taliban, conspiracy to possess and discharge firearms in furtherance of crimes of violence, possessing firearms in furtherance of crimes of violence and money laundering."
Background
On September 29, 2001, Battle, Ford and al Saoub were discovered while engaged in shooting practice in a gravel pit in Skamania County, Washington, near Washougal. Also present was Ali Khalid Steitiye, who did not become an indicted member of the Portland Seven on terrorism charges but was separately charged with other crimes.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcipotriol
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Calcipotriol, also known as calcipotriene, is a synthetic derivative of calcitriol, a form of vitamin D. It is used in the treatment of psoriasis. It is safe for long-term application in psoriatic skin conditions.
It was patented in 1985 and approved for medical use in 1991. It is marketed under the trade name "Dovonex" in the United States, "Daivonex" outside North America, and "Psorcutan" in Germany.
It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.
Calcipotriol is also available as Calcipotriol/betamethasone dipropionate, a fixed-dose combination medication with the synthetic corticosteroid betamethasone dipropionate for the treatment of plaque psoriasis.
Medical uses
Chronic plaque psoriasis is the chief medical use of calcipotriol. It has also been used successfully in the treatment of alopecia areata.
Contraindications
Hypersensitivity, use on face, hypercalcaemia, or evidence of vitamin D toxicity are the only contraindications for calcipotriol use.
Cautions include exposure to excessive natural or artificial light, due to the potential for calcipotriol to cause photosensitivity.
Adverse effects
Adverse effects by frequency:
Very common (> 10% frequency)
Burning
Itchiness
Skin irritation
Common (1–10% frequency)
Dermatitis
Dry skin
Erythema
Peeling
Worsening of psoriasis including facial/scalp
Rash
Uncommon (0.1–1% frequency)
Exacerbation of psoriasis
Rare (< 0.1% frequency)
Allergic contact dermatitis
Hypercalcaemia
Photos
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FDC
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FDC may refer to:
Organizations
Companies
Food Donation Connection, an American surplus food rescue company
Football DataCo, a British football media company
Forensic DNA Consultants, a South African forensics company
Filinvest, a Philippine real estate conglomerate
First Data, an American financial services company
Government and politics
Congolese Democratic Front, a political party in the Republic of the Congo
Democratic Front of Cabinda (Portuguese: ), a rebel group in Cabinda, Angola
Democratic Front of the Comoros (French: ), a defunct Comoran political party
Federal detention center, part of the US Bureau of Prisons
Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, of the US federal government
Federation for a Democratic China, a political group in China
Florida Department of Corrections, in the US
Forum for Democratic Change, a political party in Uganda
Education
Forward Degree College, in Pakistan
Fundação Dom Cabral, a Brazilian business school
Science and technology
Floppy-disk controller, hardware that controls a computer floppy disk drive
HP Flexible Data Center, a modular data center built from prefabricated components by Hewlett-Packard
Flow duration curve, used to evaluate small hydro-electric plants
Medicine
Ferulic acid decarboxylase (Fdc), decarboxylase enzymes
Fixed dose combination, a medicine that includes two or more active ingredients combined in a single dosage form
Follicular dendritic cells, of the immune system
Other uses
FIFA Disc
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unshelved
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Unshelved was a daily comic strip set in a public library. Published by Overdue Media, the webcomic was created by writer Gene Ambaum, a librarian, and co-writer/artist Bill Barnes, and appeared at the rate of a strip per day from February 16, 2002, through November 9, 2016, with a virtual circulation in excess of 45,000 readers via RSS feed, website and email subscription. Beginning on February 29, 2016, Chris Hallbeck took over as the illustrator. Hallbeck had previously been a guest illustrator for over a year. On April 29, Barnes announced that he had also left as co-writer of the strip. It is part of the Create a Comic Project. On October 10, 2016, it was announced that the final comic strip would be released on November 9. Bill Barnes returned to draw and co-author the final week of strips.
References
External links
Unshelved
2000s webcomics
2010s webcomics
Webcomics in print
Library science publications
Works set in libraries
2002 webcomic debuts
Workplace webcomics
American comedy webcomics
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abell%202029
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Abell 2029 or A2029 is a large and relaxed cluster of galaxies 315 megaparsecs (1.027 billion light-years) away in the constellation Virgo. A2029 is a Bautz–Morgan classification type I cluster due to its large central galaxy, IC 1101. Abell 2029 has a diameter of 5.8–8 million light-years. This type of galaxy is called a cD-type brightest cluster galaxy and may have grown to its large size by accreting nearby galaxies. Despite its relaxed state, it is the central member of a large supercluster which shows clear signs of interaction.
References
External links
The Scale of the Universe (Astronomy Picture of the Day 2012 March 12)
Galaxy clusters
2029
Virgo (constellation)
Abell richness class 2
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Path%20coefficient
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Path coefficients are standardized versions of linear regression weights which can be used in examining the possible causal linkage between statistical variables in the structural equation modeling approach. The standardization involves multiplying the ordinary regression coefficient by the standard deviations of the corresponding explanatory variable: these can then be compared to assess the relative effects of the variables within the fitted regression model. The idea of standardization can be extended to apply to partial regression coefficients.
The term "path coefficient" derives from Wright (1921), where a particular diagram-based approach was used to consider the relations between variables in a multivariate system.
See also
Path analysis (statistics)
Notes
References
Shipley, B. (2000) Cause and Correlation in Biology: A User's Guide to Path Analysis, Structural Equations and Causal Inference Cambridge University Press.
Wright, S. (1921) "Correlation and causation", Journal of Agricultural Research, 20, 557–585.
Structural equation models
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrian%20Bell
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Adrian Hanbury Bell (4 October 1901 – 5 September 1980) was an English ruralist journalist and farmer, and the first compiler of The Times crossword.
Early life
Bell was born at Stretford, Lancashire, son of Robert Bell (1865-1949), editor of The Observer, and artist Emily Jane Frances (1873-1954), second of three daughters of architect and surveyor Charles de Witt Hanbury, of Leeds, later of Manchester, descendant of the Royalist politician John Hanbury and related to the nonconformist historian Benjamin Hanbury. The Bell family later moved to London. He was educated at Uppingham School in Rutland.
Career
At the age of 19 he ventured into the countryside in Hundon, Suffolk, to learn about agriculture, and he farmed in various locations over the next sixty years, until his death in September 1980. His work on farms included the rebuilding of a near-derelict smallholding at Redisham, near Beccles.
Out of his early experiences of farming at Bradfield St. George, in Suffolk, came the book Corduroy, published in 1930. Bell's friend, the author and poet Edmund Blunden, advised him and helped secure his first publishing deal. Corduroy was an immediate best-seller and was followed by two more books on the countryside, Silver Ley in 1931 and The Cherry Tree in 1932, the three books forming a ruralist farm trilogy. The popularity of literary back-to-the-land writing in England in the 1930s can be put in the context of, for example, Vita Sackville-West's long narrative poem The La
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GLUT2
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Glucose transporter 2 (GLUT2) also known as solute carrier family 2 (facilitated glucose transporter), member 2 (SLC2A2) is a transmembrane carrier protein that enables protein facilitated glucose movement across cell membranes. It is the principal transporter for transfer of glucose between liver and blood Unlike GLUT4, it does not rely on insulin for facilitated diffusion.
In humans, this protein is encoded by the SLC2A2 gene.
Tissue distribution
GLUT2 is found in cellular membranes of:
liver (Primary)
pancreatic β cell (Primary in mice, tertiary in humans after GLUT1 and GLUT3)
hypothalamus (Not overly significant)
basolateral membrane of small intestine and apical GLUT2 is also suggested.
basolateral membrane of renal tubular cells
Function
GLUT2 has high capacity for glucose but low affinity (high KM, ca. 15–20 mM) and thus functions as part of the "glucose sensor" in the pancreatic β-cells of rodents, though in human β-cells the role of GLUT2 seems to be a minor one. It is a very efficient carrier for glucose. Similarly, a recent study showed that lack of GLUT2 in β-cells doesn't impair glucose homeostasis or glucose-stimulated insulin secretion in mice.
GLUT2 also carries glucosamine.
When the glucose concentration in the lumen of the small intestine goes above 30 mM, such as occurs in the fed-state, GLUT2 is up-regulated at the brush border membrane, enhancing the capacity of glucose transport. Basolateral GLUT2 in enterocytes also aids in the transport o
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/STAT%20protein
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Members of the signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) protein family are intracellular transcription factors that mediate many aspects of cellular immunity, proliferation, apoptosis and differentiation. They are primarily activated by membrane receptor-associated Janus kinases (JAK). Dysregulation of this pathway is frequently observed in primary tumors and leads to increased angiogenesis which enhances the survival of tumors and immunosuppression. Gene knockout studies have provided evidence that STAT proteins are involved in the development and function of the immune system and play a role in maintaining immune tolerance and tumor surveillance.
STAT family
The first two STAT proteins were identified in the interferon system. There are seven mammalian STAT family members that have been identified: STAT1, STAT2, STAT3, STAT4, STAT5 (STAT5A and STAT5B), and STAT6.
STAT1 homodimers are involved in type II interferon signalling, and bind to the GAS (Interferon-Gamma Activated Sequence) promoter to induce expression of interferon stimulated genes (ISG). In type I interferon signaling, STAT1-STAT2 heterodimer combines with IRF9 (Interferon Response Factor) to form ISGF3 (Interferon Stimulated Gene Factor), which binds to the ISRE (Interferon-Stimulated Response Element) promoter to induce ISG expression.
Structure
All seven STAT proteins share a common structural motif consisting of an N-terminal domain followed by a coiled-coil, DNA-binding domain, linker, S
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ECLiPSe
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ECLiPSe is a software system for the development and deployment of constraint logic programming applications, e.g., in the areas of optimization, planning, scheduling, resource allocation, timetabling, transport, etc. It is also suited for teaching most aspects of combinatorial problem solving, e.g., problem modeling, constraint programming, mathematical programming, and search techniques. It contains constraint solver libraries, a high-level modeling and control language (a superset of Prolog), interfaces to third-party solvers, an integrated development environment and interfaces for embedding into host environments.
ECLiPSe was developed until 1995 at the European Computer‐Industry Research Centre (ECRC) in Munich, and then until 2005 at the Centre for Planning and Resource Control at Imperial College London (IC-Parc). It was purchased by Cisco Systems. In September 2006, it was released as open source software under an equivalent of the Mozilla Public License, and is now hosted on SourceForge.
Language
The ECLiPSe language is largely backward-compatible with Prolog and supports different dialects, including ISO Prolog. Due to being declarative, it can be used both as a modelling language to describe problems, and as a general purpose programming language.
Beyond the basic Prolog data types, the following are available: strings, unlimited precision integer and rational numbers, and floating point intervals. Array syntax and structures with field names are also supported
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fusarium%20venenatum
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Fusarium venenatum is a microfungus of the genus Fusarium that has a high protein content. One of its strains is used commercially for the production of the single cell protein mycoprotein Quorn.
Fusarium venenatum was discovered growing in soil in Buckinghamshire in the United Kingdom, in 1967 by ICI as part of the effort during the 1960s to find alternative sources of food to fill the protein gap caused by the growing world population. It was originally misidentified as Fusarium graminearum.
The strain Fusarium venenatum A3/5 (IMI 145425, ATCC PTA-2684) was developed commercially by an ICI and Rank Hovis McDougall joint venture to derive a mycoprotein used as a food. Because the hyphae of the fungus are similar in length and width to animal muscle fibres the mycoprotein is used as an alternative to meat and is marketed as Quorn. It is also suitable as a substitute for fat in dairy products and a substitute for cereal in breakfast cereals and snacks.
Commercial production
Fusarium venenatum intended for use in Quorn products is grown under aerobic conditions in culture vessels by what is known as the 'Quorn Process'. The vessels are composed of two vertical cylinders around high, connected to one another at their top and bottom so as to form a continuous loop with a volume of about . Ports on the vessel allow the various ingredients involved to be added and removed. The culture broth is composed of 95% glucose, derived by the predigestion of maize starch. Potassium, m
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bowring
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Bowring is a surname of English origin. At the time of the British Census of 1881, its relative frequency was highest in Dorset (36.5 times the British average), followed by Nottinghamshire, Derbyshire, Gloucestershire, Northamptonshire, Hampshire, Surrey, the Channel Islands, Shropshire and Somerset.
The name Bowring may refer to:
Arthur Bowring (1873–1944), American rancher and politician, husband of Eva Bowring
Benjamin Bowring (1778–1846), English-Newfoundland businessman
Charles Calvert Bowring (1872–1945), British colonial administrator (East Africa), son of J. C. Bowring
Charles R. Bowring (1840–1890), Newfoundland politician and merchant, grandson of Benjamin Bowring and brother of Sir William Bowring.
Edgar Alfred Bowring (1826–1911), British translator and author, son of John Bowring
Edgar Rennie Bowring (1858–1943), businessman and first high commissioner of Newfoundland, grandson of Benjamin Bowring and first cousin of Charles R. Bowring and William Bowring (1837–1918).
Eva Bowring (1892–1985), American politician, wife of Arthur Bowring.
Humphrey Bowring (1874–1952) – British admiral, son of J. C. Bowring
John Bowring (1792–1872), an English political economist and writer. Governor of Hong Kong from 1854 to 1859. First cousin once removed of Benjamin Bowring
J. C. Bowring (1820–1893), the eldest son of John Bowring.
Kevin Bowring, former rugby union player and coach.
Lewin Bentham Bowring (1824–1910), son of John Bowring
Richard Bowring (b. 1947), Professor of
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syntax-directed%20translation
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Syntax-directed translation refers to a method of compiler implementation where the source language translation is completely driven by the parser.
A common method of syntax-directed translation is translating a string into a sequence of actions by attaching one such action to each rule of a grammar. Thus, parsing a string of the grammar produces a sequence of rule applications. SDT provides a simple way to attach semantics to any such syntax.
Overview
Syntax-directed translation fundamentally works by adding actions to the productions in a context-free grammar, resulting in a Syntax-Directed Definition (SDD). Actions are steps or procedures that will be carried out when that production is used in a derivation. A grammar specification embedded with actions to be performed is called a syntax-directed translation scheme (sometimes simply called a 'translation scheme'.)
Each symbol in the grammar can have an attribute, which is a value that is to be associated with the symbol. Common attributes could include a variable type, the value of an expression, etc. Given a symbol X, with an attribute t, that attribute is referred to as X.t
Thus, given actions and attributes, the grammar can be used for translating strings from its language by applying the actions and carrying information through each symbol's attribute.
Metacompilers
Early metacompilers use the terms syntax-driven and syntax-directed translation in their descriptions. They have metaprogramming language features
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal%2C%20Nevada
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Crystal is the name of two locations in Nevada:
Crystal, Clark County, Nevada
Crystal, Nye County, Nevada
ar:كريستال، نيفادا
vo:Crystal (Nevada)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le%20Cam%27s%20theorem
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In probability theory, Le Cam's theorem, named after Lucien Le Cam (1924 – 2000), states the following.
Suppose:
are independent random variables, each with a Bernoulli distribution (i.e., equal to either 0 or 1), not necessarily identically distributed.
(i.e. follows a Poisson binomial distribution)
Then
In other words, the sum has approximately a Poisson distribution and the above inequality bounds the approximation error in terms of the total variation distance.
By setting pi = λn/n, we see that this generalizes the usual Poisson limit theorem.
When is large a better bound is possible: , where represents the operator.
It is also possible to weaken the independence requirement.
References
External links
Probability theorems
Probabilistic inequalities
Statistical inequalities
Theorems in statistics
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Los%20Angeles%20Angels%20broadcasters
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One of the primary reasons why Los Angeles was awarded an American League expansion franchise for the 1961 season was because actor/singer turned broadcast mogul Gene Autry wanted to secure radio broadcast rights for the newly planned Los Angeles American League franchise. His KMPC (710 AM, now KSPN) was the radio home of the Los Angeles Dodgers, from the time they arrived from Brooklyn, New York in time for the 1958 baseball season, and actually came away from the 1960 Winter Meetings with his own baseball team.
Radio
Naturally, KMPC became the longtime radio outlet for Angels games throughout Southern California, although there was a period from 1997 that KRLA/1110 and 1998 to 2002 that KLAC (570 AM) became the team's flagship radio home. However, the Angels returned to their ancestral radio home at KSPN 710 AM, now since rebranded 710 ESPN, Los Angeles's ESPN Radio-operated outlet from the 2003 through 2007 seasons.
In 2006 team owner Arte Moreno purchased his own radio station, KMXE (830 AM), an Orange County-licensed Spanish-language formatted station. By mid-2006, 830 AM's programming was mostly in English (the principal exception being Angels games in Spanish), and the station's call sign was changed to KLAA. In October 2007, the Angels announced that KWKW "ESPN Deportes 1330" would carry games in Spanish, and AM 830 will carry Angels games in English, although games that conflict with Anaheim Ducks games will be transferred to another station.
In time for the 2
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foidolite
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Foidolite () is a rare phaneritic (coarse-grained) intrusive igneous rock in which more than 60% (by volume) of light-coloured minerals are feldspathoids. Crystals of alkali feldspar, plagioclase, biotite, amphibole, pyroxene, and/or olivine may be present within the rock. The volcanic equivalents are termed foidite and phonolitic or tephritic foidites.
Some foidolites are a potential source of aluminium.
See also
QAPF diagram
References
External links
Foidolite (at University of Manitoba) - Retrieved 2009-05-15
Igneous rocks
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acoustic%20wave%20equation
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In physics, the acoustic wave equation is a second-order partial differential equation that governs the propagation of acoustic waves through a material medium resp. a standing wavefield. The equation describes the evolution of acoustic pressure or particle velocity as a function of position and time . A simplified (scalar) form of the equation describes acoustic waves in only one spatial dimension, while a more general form describes waves in three dimensions. Propagating waves in a pre-defined direction can also be calculated using first order one-way wave equation.
For lossy media, more intricate models need to be applied in order to take into account frequency-dependent attenuation and phase speed. Such models include acoustic wave equations that incorporate fractional derivative terms, see also the acoustic attenuation article or the survey paper.
In one dimension
Equation
The wave equation describing a standing wave field in one dimension (position ) is
where is the acoustic pressure (the local deviation from the ambient pressure), and where is the speed of sound.
Solution
Provided that the speed is a constant, not dependent on frequency (the dispersionless case), then the most general solution is
where and are any two twice-differentiable functions. This may be pictured as the superposition of two waveforms of arbitrary profile, one () traveling up the x-axis and the other () down the x-axis at the speed . The particular case of a sinusoidal wave
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunt%E2%80%93V%C3%A4is%C3%A4l%C3%A4%20frequency
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In atmospheric dynamics, oceanography, asteroseismology and geophysics, the Brunt–Väisälä frequency, or buoyancy frequency, is a measure of the stability of a fluid to vertical displacements such as those caused by convection. More precisely it is the frequency at which a vertically displaced parcel will oscillate within a statically stable environment. It is named after David Brunt and Vilho Väisälä. It can be used as a measure of atmospheric stratification.
Derivation for a general fluid
Consider a parcel of water or gas that has density . This parcel is in an environment of other water or gas particles where the density of the environment is a function of height: . If the parcel is displaced by a small vertical increment , and it maintains its original density, so that its volume does not change, it will be subject to an extra gravitational force against its surroundings of:
where is the gravitational acceleration, and is defined to be positive. We make a linear approximation to , and move to the RHS:
The above second-order differential equation has straightforward solutions of:
where the Brunt–Väisälä frequency is:
For negative , the displacement has oscillating solutions (and N gives our angular frequency). If it is positive, then there is run away growth – i.e. the fluid is statically unstable.
In meteorology and astrophysics
For a gas parcel, the density will only remain fixed as assumed in the previous derivation if the pressure, , is constant with height, w
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International%20Display%20Works
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International Display Works, Inc. () manufactures and designs liquid crystal display LCD products internationally though its factories in the People's Republic of China. Its products are found in the telecommunications, automotive, medical, computing, home appliance, and consumer electronics industries.
History
September 16, 2005, Oppenheimer research group initiates a buy
December 5, 2005, Whirlpool announces it will use IDWK's LCD screens in upcoming washing machines
April 4, 2006, IDWK receives a 5 million dollar order from an undisclosed client
September 5, 2006, Flextronics to acquire International DisplayWorks for $300 Million
Products
International Display Works manufactures many different types of nematics (liquid crystals) which are a main component in LCD televisions. These include twisted nematic, high performance twisted nematic, super-twisted nematic, color super-twisted nematic, and film compensated super-twisted nematic LCDs.
LCD screens are used in many products, including calculators, watches, cellular telephones, washing machines, office equipment, hand held computers, automotive equipment, and medical electronics.
Management
IDWK is managed day-to-day by an executive group composed of members from both China and the United States. As customary for a publicly traded company, IDWK is also overseen by a board of directors that votes on important company decisions. The executive chairman and chief executive officer both hold positions on the board of direc
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information%20Security%20Oversight%20Office
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The Information Security Oversight Office (ISOO) is responsible to the President for policy and oversight of the government-wide security classification system and the National Industrial Security Program in the United States. The ISOO is a component of the National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and receives policy and program guidance from the National Security Council (NSC).
History
On December 1, 1978, President Jimmy Carter established the Information Security Oversight Office through Executive Order 12065, "National Security Information". ISOO replaced the Interagency Classification Review Committee (ICRC), which had been created by Executive Order 11652 issued by President Richard Nixon in 1972.
The ICRC was composed of representatives from the Departments of Defense, Justice and State; the predecessor to the United States Department of Energy, the Atomic Energy Commission, and the CIA. John Eisenhower chaired the ICRC, which met monthly at the White House. After Eisenhower resigned in 1973, the administrative function of the ICRC was moved to the National Archives and Records Service, a component of the General Services Administration, with the Archivist of the United States, James Rhodes, named as acting chairman. William L. Brown, an attorney with the Atomic Energy Commission, was appointed executive director in October 1973 and served until December, 1975. The committee continued to meet monthly in the Roosevelt Room of the White House.
Former Iowa
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal%20Palace%20Park
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Crystal Palace Park is a large park in south-east London, Grade II* listed on the Register of Historic Parks and Gardens. It was laid out in the 1850s as a pleasure ground, centred around the re-location of The Crystal Palace -- the largest glass building of the time -- from central London to this area on the border of Kent and Surrey; the suburb that grew around the park is known by the same name.
The Palace had been relocated from Hyde Park after the 1851 Great Exhibition and rebuilt with some modifications and enlargements to form the centrepiece of the park, before being destroyed by fire in 1936. The park features full-scale models of dinosaurs in a landscape, a maze, lakes, and a concert bowl.
This site contains the National Sports Centre, previously a football stadium that hosted the FA Cup Final from 1895 to 1914 as well as Crystal Palace F.C.'s matches from their formation in 1905 until the club was forced to relocate during the First World War. The London County Cricket Club also played matches at Crystal Palace Park Cricket Ground from 1900 to 1908, when they folded, and the cricket ground staged a number of other first-class cricket matches and had first been used by Kent County Cricket Club as a first-class venue in 1864.
The park is situated halfway along the Norwood Ridge at one of its highest points. This ridge offers views northward to central London, eastward to the Queen Elizabeth II Bridge and Greenwich, and southward to Croydon and the North Downs
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telluride%20mineral
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A telluride mineral is a mineral that has the telluride anion as a main component.
Tellurides are similar to sulfides and are grouped with them in both the Dana and Strunz mineral classification systems.
Examples include:
altaite
calaverite
coloradoite
empressite
hessite
kostovite
krennerite
melonite
merenskyite
petzite
rickardite
stützite
sylvanite
tellurobismuthite
temagamite
tetradymite
vulcanite
See also
Cripple Creek & Victor Gold Mine
References
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemstone%20%28disambiguation%29
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A gemstone is a piece of mineral crystal or rock used to make jewelry or other adornments.
Gemstone or gemstones may also refer to:
Gemstone (database), or GemStone/S, commercial software by GemStone Systems
GemStone IV, GemStone III and GemStone II, multiplayer online role-playing video games
Gemstone Publishing, an American company
Gemstones (album) by Adam Green, 2005
Gemstones (rapper) (Demarco Lamonte Castle, born 1981)
Operation Gemstone, a planned series of clandestine acts leading to the Watergate burglary
See also
Gem (disambiguation)
Gems (disambiguation)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patterson%20function
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The Patterson function is used to solve the phase problem in X-ray crystallography. It was introduced in 1935 by Arthur Lindo Patterson while he was a visiting researcher in the laboratory of Bertram Eugene Warren at MIT.
The Patterson function is defined as
It is essentially the Fourier transform of the intensities rather than the structure factors. The Patterson function is also equivalent to the electron density convolved with its inverse:
Furthermore, a Patterson map of N points will have peaks, excluding the central (origin) peak and any overlap.
The peaks' positions in the Patterson function are the interatomic distance vectors and the peak heights are proportional to the product of the number of electrons in the atoms concerned.
Because for each vector between atoms i and j there is an oppositely oriented vector of the same length (between atoms j and i), the Patterson function always has centrosymmetry.
One-dimensional example
Consider the series of delta functions given by
The Patterson function is given by the following series of delta functions and unit step functions
References
External links
Crystallography
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein%20methods
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Protein methods are the techniques used to study proteins. There are experimental methods for studying proteins (e.g., for detecting proteins, for isolating and purifying proteins, and for characterizing the structure and function of proteins, often requiring that the protein first be purified). Computational methods typically use computer programs to analyze proteins. However, many experimental methods (e.g., mass spectrometry) require computational analysis of the raw data.
Genetic methods
Experimental analysis of proteins typically requires expression and purification of proteins. Expression is achieved by manipulating DNA that encodes the protein(s) of interest. Hence, protein analysis usually requires DNA methods, especially cloning. Some examples of genetic methods include conceptual translation, Site-directed mutagenesis, using a fusion protein, and matching allele with disease states. Some proteins have never been directly sequenced, however by translating codons from known mRNA sequences into amino acids by a method known as conceptual translation. (See genetic code.) Site-directed mutagenesis selectively introduces mutations that change the structure of a protein. The function of parts of proteins can be better understood by studying the change in phenotype as a result of this change. Fusion proteins are made by inserting protein tags, such as the His-tag, to produce a modified protein that is easier to track. An example of this would be GFP-Snf2H which consists of
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzyme%20assay
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Enzyme assays are laboratory methods for measuring enzymatic activity. They are vital for the study of enzyme kinetics and enzyme inhibition.
Enzyme units
The quantity or concentration of an enzyme can be expressed in molar amounts, as with any other chemical, or in terms of activity in enzyme units.
Enzyme activity
Enzyme activity is a measure of the quantity of active enzyme present and is thus dependent on various physical conditions, which should be specified.
It is calculated using the following formula:
where
Enzyme activity
Moles of substrate converted per unit time
Rate of the reaction
Reaction volume
The SI unit is the katal, 1 katal = 1 mol s−1 (mole per second), but this is an excessively large unit. A more practical and commonly used value is enzyme unit (U) = 1 μmol min−1 (micromole per minute). 1 U corresponds to 16.67 nanokatals.
Enzyme activity as given in katal generally refers to that of the assumed natural target substrate of the enzyme. Enzyme activity can also be given as that of certain standardized substrates, such as gelatin, then measured in gelatin digesting units (GDU), or milk proteins, then measured in milk clotting units (MCU). The units GDU and MCU are based on how fast one gram of the enzyme will digest gelatin or milk proteins, respectively. 1 GDU approximately equals 1.5 MCU.
An increased amount of substrate will increase the rate of reaction with enzymes, however once past a certain point, the rate of reaction will level out becau
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asteroids%20Deluxe
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Asteroids Deluxe is a multidirectional shooter arcade video game with monochrome vector graphics released in April 1981 by Atari, Inc. It is the sequel to Asteroids and was designed to combat the saucer-hunting strategy of the original allowing experts to play for extended periods. These modifications made it significantly more difficult and less accessible to players. Ports of Asteroids Deluxe were released for the BBC Micro in 1984 and the Atari ST in 1987.
The game was followed-up with Space Duel in 1982 and the more direct sequel Blasteroids in 1987.
Gameplay
Like in the original Asteroids, the objective is to score points by destroying asteroids and flying saucers. The player controls a ship that can rotate left and right, fire shots straight forward, and thrust forward. When shot, larger asteroids break apart into smaller pieces and fly in random directions, while the smallest asteroids are destroyed when hit. Deluxe replaces the hyperspace feature with shields which deplete with use. This game also introduces the "Killer Satellite", a cluster of ships that break apart and chase the player's ship when hit. Objects "wrap" from each edge of the screen to the opposite edge (e.g. from the right edge to the left, or the top edge to the bottom), as in the original.
In addition to the shield feature and the Killer Satellite, the most significant change in this version of the game is that the flying saucers can now target the player's ship across the screen boundary - mea
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolf%20effect
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The Wolf effect (sometimes Wolf shift) is a frequency shift in the electromagnetic spectrum.
The phenomenon occurs in several closely related phenomena in radiation physics, with analogous effects occurring in the scattering of light. It was first predicted by Emil Wolf in 1987 and subsequently confirmed in the laboratory in acoustic sources by Mark F. Bocko, David H. Douglass, and Robert S. Knox, and a year later in optic sources by Dean Faklis and George Morris in 1988.
Theoretical description
In optics, two non-Lambertian sources that emit beamed energy can interact in a way that causes a shift in the spectral lines. It is analogous to a pair of tuning forks with similar frequencies (pitches), connected together mechanically with a sounding board; there is a strong coupling that results in the resonant frequencies getting "dragged down" in pitch. The Wolf Effect requires that the waves from the sources are partially coherent - the wavefronts being partially in phase. Laser light is coherent while candlelight is incoherent, each photon having random phase. It can produce either redshifts or blueshifts, depending on the observer's point of view, but is redshifted when the observer is head-on.
For two sources interacting while separated by a vacuum, the Wolf effect cannot produce shifts greater than the linewidth of the source spectral line, since it is a position-dependent change in the distribution of the source spectrum, not a method by which new frequencies may be gener
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oligoastrocytoma
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Oligoastrocytomas are a subset of brain tumors that present with an appearance of mixed glial cell origin, astrocytoma and oligodendroglioma. However, the term "Oligoastrocytoma" is now considered obsolete by the National Comprehensive Cancer Network stating "the term should no longer be used as such morphologically ambiguous tumors can be reliably resolved into astrocytomas and oligodendrogliomas with molecular testing."
These types of glial cells that become cancerous are involved with insulating and regulating the activity of neuron cells in the central nervous system. Often called a "mixed glioma", about 2.3% of all reported brain tumors are diagnosed as oligoastrocytoma. The median age of diagnosis is 42.5.
Oligoastrocytomas, like astrocytomas and oligodendrogliomas, can be divided into low-grade and anaplastic variant, the latter characterized by high cellularity, conspicuous cytologic atypism, mitotic activity and, in some cases, microvascular proliferation and necrosis.
However, lower grades can have less aggressive biology.
These are largely supratentorial tumors of adulthood that favor the frontal and temporal lobes.
Signs and symptoms
There are many possible symptoms of oligodendrogliomas that are similar to other gliomas. These symptoms may include headache, seizure and speech or motor changes.
Diagnosis
An X-ray computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan is necessary to characterize the anatomy of this tumor as to size, location, a
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appressorium
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An appressorium is a specialized cell typical of many fungal plant pathogens that is used to infect host plants. It is a flattened, hyphal "pressing" organ, from which a minute infection peg grows and enters the host, using turgor pressure capable of punching through even Mylar.
Following spore attachment and germination on the host surface, the emerging germ tube perceives physical cues such as surface hardness and hydrophobicity, as well as chemical signals including wax monomers that trigger appressorium formation. Appressorium formation begins when the tip of the germ tube ceases polar growth, hooks, and begins to swell. The contents of the spore are then mobilized into the developing appressorium, a septum develops at the neck of the appressorium, and the germ tube and spore collapse and die. As the appressorium matures, it becomes firmly attached to the plant surface and a dense layer of melanin is laid down in the appressorium wall, except across a pore at the plant interface. Turgor pressure increases inside the appressorium and a penetration hypha emerges at the pore, which is driven through the plant cuticle into the underlying epidermal cells. The osmotic pressure exerted by the appressorium can reach up to 8 MPa, which allows it to puncture the plant cuticle. This pressure is achievable due to a melanin-pigmented cell wall which is impermeable to compounds larger than water molecules, so the highly-concentrated ions cannot escape from it.
Formation
The attachmen
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward%20Lawry%20Norton
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Edward Lawry Norton (July 28, 1898 – January 28, 1983) was an accomplished engineer and scientist. He worked at Bell Labs and is known for Norton's theorem.
His areas of active research included network theory, acoustical systems, electromagnetic apparatus, and data transmission. A graduate of MIT and Columbia University, he held nineteen patents on his work.
Edward L. Norton is best remembered for development of the dual of Thevenin's equivalent circuit, currently referred to as Norton's equivalent Circuit.
He was interested in communications circuit theory and the transmission of data at high speeds over telephone lines. Norton began his telephone career in 1922 with the western Electric Company's Engineering Department (which later became Bell Laboratories).
Biography
He attended the University of Maine for two years before transferring to M.I.T. and received a S.B. degree (electrical engineering) in 1922. He received an M.A. degree from Columbia University in 1925.
Work
Norton and his associates at AT&T in the early 1920s are recognized as some of the first to perform pioneering work applying Thevenin's equivalent circuit and who referred to this concept simply as Thévenin's theorem.
In 1926, he proposed the equivalent circuit using a current source and parallel resistor to assist in the design of recording instrumentation that was primarily current driven.
Edward Lawry Norton is one of the founders of the Acoustical Society of America (ASA). with other reno
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue%20ice%20%28glacial%29
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Blue ice occurs when snow falls on a glacier, is compressed, and becomes part of the glacier. During compression, air bubbles are squeezed out, so ice crystals enlarge. This enlargement is responsible for the ice's blue colour.
Small amounts of regular ice appear to be white because of air bubbles inside and also because small quantities of water appear to be colourless. In glaciers, the pressure causes the air bubbles to be squeezed out, increasing the density of the created ice. Water is blue in large quantities, as it absorbs other colours more efficiently than blue. A large piece of compressed ice, or a glacier, similarly appears blue.
The blue color is sometimes wrongly attributed to Rayleigh scattering, which is responsible for the color of the sky. Rather, water ice is blue for the same reason that large quantities of liquid water are blue: it is a result of an overtone of an oxygen–hydrogen (O−H) bond stretch in water, which absorbs light at the red end of the visible spectrum. In the case of oceans or lakes, some of the light hitting the surface of water is reflected back directly, but most of it penetrates the surface, interacting with its molecules. The water molecule can vibrate in different modes when light hits it. The red, orange, yellow, and green wavelengths of light are absorbed so that the remaining light is composed of the shorter wavelengths of blue and violet. This is the main reason why the ocean is blue. So, water owes its intrinsic blueness to se
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IL-12
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IL-12 or IL 12 may refer to:
Interleukin 12, a protein encoded in humans
Ilyushin Il-12, a Soviet twin-engine airliner and military transport aircraft
Illinois's 12th congressional district
Illinois Route 12, a highway in Illinois, United States
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aequorin
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Aequorin is a calcium-activated photoprotein isolated from the hydrozoan Aequorea victoria. Its bioluminescence was studied decades before the protein was isolated from the animal by Osamu Shimomura in 1962. In the animal, the protein occurs together with the green fluorescent protein to produce green light by resonant energy transfer, while aequorin by itself generates blue light.
Discussions of "jellyfish DNA" that can make "glowing" animals often refer to transgenic animals that express the green fluorescent protein, not aequorin, although both originally derive from the same animal.
Apoaequorin, the protein portion of aequorin, is an ingredient in the dietary supplement Prevagen. The US Federal Trade Commission (FTC) has charged the maker with false advertising for its memory improvement claims.
Discovery
Work on aequorin began with E. Newton Harvey in 1921. Though Harvey was unable to demonstrate a classical luciferase-luciferin reaction, he showed that water could produce light from dried photocytes and that light could be produced even in the absence of oxygen. Later, Osamu Shimomura began work into the bioluminescence of Aequorea in 1961. This involved tedious harvesting of tens of thousands of jellyfish from the docks in Friday Harbor, Washington. It was determined that light could be produced from extracts with seawater, and more specifically, with calcium. It was also noted during the extraction the animal creates green light due to the presence of the green fl
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A9nonces
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Bénonces () is a commune in the Ain department in eastern France.
Geography
Climate
Bénonces has a oceanic climate (Köppen climate classification Cfb) closely bordering on a humid continental climate (Dfb). The average annual temperature in Bénonces is . The average annual rainfall is with October as the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in July, at around , and lowest in January, at around . The highest temperature ever recorded in Bénonces was on 13 August 2003; the coldest temperature ever recorded was on 9 January 1985.
Population
See also
Communes of the Ain department
References
Communes of Ain
Ain communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XAA
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XAA may refer to:
Science
Xaa, the abbreviation for an unspecified amino acid
Xaa-Pro aminopeptidase, an enzyme
Xaa-Xaa-Pro tripeptidyl-peptidase, an enzyme
Other uses
ISO 639:xaa, Andalusian Arabic
XFree86 Acceleration Architecture, an X Window System driver architecture
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Martini%20Henry%20Rifles
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The Martini Henry Rifles were a British noise-punk band based in Cardiff, Wales.
Influences and genre classification
Most of their quoted influences are noise and punk (most noticeably Brainiac, whose influence is clear in the Martinis' work), hence the most common noise-punk genre classification. The band never put any kind of genre label on its work, while on the other hand some people just choose to describe its sound as "chaotic", mostly derived from very energetic live performances.
History of the band
In late 2000, Cez Mathias and Jason Lorch advertised in a record shop to find musicians. Chris Warlow responded and some months later "Fudge" Wilson joined to complete the line-up. They started by using the name Luxinterior until April 2001, when The Martini Henry Rifles was finally chosen.
In November 2001, they released the limited edition single "Kill"/"Summer"/"Shit". It attracted the attention of Sean McClusky, who released the Martinis' subsequent "Luger 6000" single and became their manager. The band appeared on McClusky's Sonic Mook Experiment compilation Future Rock & Roll.
In 2003, they signed with the independent label FF Vinyl. Reportedly, the band refused to sign the contract unless it was to be done in a strip club or somewhere similar. The place chosen was a lapdancing club called Fantasy Lounge. In December 2003, they released the single "And Then We Hit A Truck", just before taking on a break to record their first album.
In November 2004, after almos
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apyrase
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Apyrase (, ATP-diphosphatase, adenosine diphosphatase, ADPase, ATP diphosphohydrolase) is a calcium-activated plasma membrane-bound enzyme (magnesium can also activate it) () that catalyses the hydrolysis of ATP to yield AMP and inorganic phosphate. Two isoenzymes are found in commercial preparations from S. tuberosum. One with a higher ratio of substrate selectivity for ATP:ADP (approx 10) and another with no selectivity (ratio 1).
It can also act on ADP and other nucleoside triphosphates and diphosphates with the general reaction being NTP -> NDP + Pi -> NMP + 2Pi. This is the same activity that has been employed in the degradation of unincorporated nucleosides during pyrosequencing.
The salivary apyrases of blood-feeding arthropods are nucleotide hydrolysing enzymes that are implicated in the inhibition of host platelet aggregation through the hydrolysis of extracellular adenosine diphosphate.
References
External links
Protein families
EC 3.6.1
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandr%20Dianin
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Aleksandr Pavlovich Dianin (; 20 April 1851 – 6 December 1918) was a Russian Empire chemist from Saint Petersburg. He carried out studies on phenols and discovered a phenol derivative now known as bisphenol A and the accordingly named Dianin's compound. He was married to the adopted daughter of fellow chemist Alexander Borodin. In 1887, Dianin succeeded his father-in-law as chair of the Chemistry Department at the Imperial Medical-Surgical Academy in St. Petersburg (now the S.M. Kirov Military Medical Academy).
Bisphenol A and Dianin's compound
Dianin's method for preparing bisphenol A from 1891 remains the most widely-known approach to this important compound, though the method has been refined for industrial-scale synthesis. It involves the catalysed condensation of a 2:1 mixture of phenol and acetone in the presence of concentrated hydrochloric acid or sulfuric acid. The reaction proceeds readily at room temperature producing a crude product containing a great variety of side products (including Dianin's compound) in a matter of hours. The overall equation is simple, with water as the only by-product:
Mechanistically, the acid catalyst converts the acetone to a carbenium ion that undergoes an electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction with the phenol, producing predominantly para-substituted products. A second carbenium species is produced by protonation and loss of the aliphatic hydroxyl group, leading to bisphenol A (4,4'-isopropylidenediphenol) after a second ar
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