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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kell%20factor
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The Kell factor, named after RCA engineer Raymond D. Kell, is a parameter used to limit the bandwidth of a sampled image signal to avoid the appearance of beat frequency patterns when displaying the image in a discrete display device, usually taken to be 0.7. The number was first measured in 1934 by Raymond D. Kell and his associates as 0.64 but has suffered several revisions given that it is based on image perception, hence subjective, and is not independent of the type of display. It was later revised to 0.85 but can go higher than 0.9, when fixed pixel scanning (e.g., CCD or CMOS) and fixed pixel displays (e.g., LCD or plasma) are used, or as low as 0.7 for electron gun scanning.
From a different perspective, the Kell factor defines the effective resolution of a discrete display device since the full resolution cannot be used without viewing experience degradation. The actual sampled resolution will depend on the spot size and intensity distribution. For electron gun scanning systems, the spot usually has a Gaussian intensity distribution. For CCDs, the distribution is somewhat rectangular, and is also affected by the sampling grid and inter-pixel spacing.
Kell factor is sometimes incorrectly stated to exist to account for the effects of interlacing. Interlacing itself does not affect Kell factor, but because interlaced video must be low-pass filtered (i.e., blurred) in the vertical dimension to avoid spatio-temporal aliasing (i.e., flickering effects), the Kell factor o
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American%20Nutrition%20Association
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The American Nutrition Association (ANA) is a 501(c)(3) charitable non-profit organization established to encourage the scientific investigation of nutrition and metabolism. The ANA publishes the Journal of the American Nutrition Association and hosts scientific conferences in the US and in Europe.
Previously known as the American College of Nutrition, in 2019 together with the Board for Certification of Nutrition Specialists, the Center for Nutrition Advocacy, and the American Nutrition Association Foundation, affiliated together as the American Nutrition Association. The four organizations remain legally independent entities but share a single website together.
History
The American College of Nutrition was founded in 1959 with the stated purpose of enhancing nutrition and metabolism knowledge among physicians and professionals from all disciplines with a common interest in nutrition, and to promote the application of such knowledge to the maintenance of health and treatment of disease.
Merge proposal
In October 2010, the American College of Nutrition and American Society for Nutrition proposed to merge.
Structure
The ANA is governed by a member-elected Board of Directors and the current CEO of ANA is Michael Stroka. The organization also has several advisory components which include a Scientific Advisory Board, Strategic Advisory Board, Ketogenic Nutrition Training Program Development Team, and a Nutritional Genomics Advisory Panel.
European Chapter
The European chap
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietoris%E2%80%93Begle%20mapping%20theorem
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The Vietoris–Begle mapping theorem is a result in the mathematical field of algebraic topology. It is named for Leopold Vietoris and Edward G. Begle. The statement of the theorem, below, is as formulated by Stephen Smale.
Theorem
Let and be compact metric spaces, and let be surjective and continuous. Suppose that the fibers of are acyclic, so that
for all and all ,
with denoting the th reduced Vietoris homology group. Then, the induced homomorphism
is an isomorphism for and a surjection for .
Note that as stated the theorem doesn't hold for homology theories like singular homology. For example, Vietoris homology groups of the closed topologist's sine curve and of a segment are isomorphic (since the first projects onto the second with acyclic fibers). But the singular homology differs, since the segment is path connected and the topologist's sine curve is not.
References
"Leopold Vietoris (1891–2002)", Notices of the American Mathematical Society, vol. 49, no. 10 (November 2002) by Heinrich Reitberger
Theorems in algebraic topology
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ure2p
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Ure2p is a yeast protein that represses transcription of genes involved in nitrogen catabolism. It specifically regulates the utilization of poor nitrogen sources in the presence of preferred nutrients such as ammonia or glutamine. Ure2p is one of the few yeast proteins that are known to be prions. At low frequency the protein adopts an alternative conformation that is auto-catalytic and self-propagating. Yeast cells that carry the protein in the prion conformation are designated as [URE3]. Autocatalytic conversion of Ure2p into the inactive prion form of the protein results in a loss of repression of nitrogen catabolic genes.
References
Prions
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coherence%20%28statistics%29
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In probability theory and statistics, coherence can have several different meanings. Coherence in statistics is an indication of the quality of the information, either within a single data set, or between similar but not identical data sets. Fully coherent data are logically consistent and can be reliably combined for analysis.
In probability
When dealing with personal probability assessments, or supposed probabilities derived in nonstandard ways, it is a property of self-consistency across a whole set of such assessments.
In gambling strategy
One way of expressing such self-consistency is in terms of responses to various betting propositions, as described in relation to coherence (philosophical gambling strategy).
In Bayesian decision theory
The coherency principle in Bayesian decision theory is the assumption that subjective probabilities follow the ordinary rules/axioms of probability calculations (where the validity of these rules corresponds to the self-consistency just referred to) and thus that consistent decisions can be obtained from these probabilities.
In time series analysis
In time series analysis, and particularly in spectral analysis, it is used to describe the strength of association between two series where the possible dependence between the two series is not limited to simultaneous values but may include leading, lagged and smoothed relationships.
The concepts here are sometimes known as coherency and are essentially those set out for coherence as fo
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthodite
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Anthodites (Greek ἄνθος ánthos, "flower", -ode, adjectival combining form, -ite adjectival suffix) are speleothems (cave formations) composed of long needle-like crystals situated in clusters which radiate outward from a common base. The "needles" may be quill-like or feathery. Most anthodites are made of the mineral aragonite (a variety of calcium carbonate, CaCO3), although some are composed of gypsum (CaSO4·2H2O).
The term anthodite is first cited in the scientific literature in 1965 by Japanese researcher N. Kashima, who described "flower-like dripstone" composed of "an alternation of calcite and aragonite".
Structure, composition and appearance
The individual crystals of anthodites develop in a form described as "acicular" (needle-like) and often branch out as they grow. They usually grow downward from a cave's ceiling. Aragonite crystals are contrasted with those made of calcite (another variety of calcium carbonate) in that the latter tend to be stubby or dog-tooth-like ("rhombohedral", rather than acicular). Anthodites often have a solid core of aragonite and may have huntite or hydromagnesite deposited near the ends of the branches.
Anthodite crystals vary in size from less than a millimeter to about a meter, but are commonly between 1 and 20 millimeters in length.
Occurrence
Anthodites may occur sporadically throughout some limestone caves, but may be spectacularly abundant in others, with clean white crystals growing all over the calcite or other rock surface
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistical%20Lab
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The computer program Statistical Lab (Statistiklabor) is an explorative and interactive toolbox for statistical analysis and visualization of data. It supports educational applications of statistics in business administration, economics, social sciences and humanities. The program is developed and constantly advanced by the Center for Digital Systems of the Free University of Berlin. Their website states that the source code is available to private users under the GPL. So if a commercial user wishes to obtain a copy, then they must do so indirectly, from a private user who already has a copy (any of their employees will do).
Simple or complex statistical problems can be simulated, edited and solved individually with the Statistical Lab. It can be extended by using external libraries. Via these libraries, it can also be adapted to individual and local demands like specific target groups. The versatile graphical diagrams allow demonstrative visualization of underlying data.
The Statistical Lab is the successor of Statistik interaktiv!. In contrast to the commercial SPSS the Statistical Lab is didactically driven. It is focused on providing facilities for users with little statistical experience. It combines data frames, contingency tables, random numbers, matrices in a user friendly virtual worksheet. This worksheet allows users to explore the possibilities of calculations, analysis, simulations and manipulation of data.
For mathematical calculations, the Statistical Lab us
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleoprotein
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Nucleoproteins are proteins conjugated with nucleic acids (either DNA or RNA). Typical nucleoproteins include ribosomes, nucleosomes and viral nucleocapsid proteins.
Structures
Nucleoproteins tend to be positively charged, facilitating interaction with the negatively charged nucleic acid chains. The tertiary structures and biological functions of many nucleoproteins are understood. Important techniques for determining the structures of nucleoproteins include X-ray diffraction, nuclear magnetic resonance and cryo-electron microscopy.
Viruses
Virus genomes (either DNA or RNA) are extremely tightly packed into the viral capsid. Many viruses are therefore little more than an organised collection of nucleoproteins with their binding sites pointing inwards. Structurally characterised viral nucleoproteins include influenza, rabies, Ebola, Bunyamwera, Schmallenberg, Hazara, Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever, and Lassa.
Deoxyribonucleoproteins
A deoxyribonucleoprotein (DNP) is a complex of DNA and protein. The prototypical examples are nucleosomes, complexes in which genomic DNA is wrapped around clusters of eight histone proteins in eukaryotic cell nuclei to form chromatin. Protamines replace histones during spermatogenesis.
Functions
The most widespread deoxyribonucleoproteins are nucleosomes, in which the component is nuclear DNA. The proteins combined with DNA are histones and protamines; the resulting nucleoproteins are located in chromosomes. Thus, the entire chromosome,
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Von%20Neumann%20entropy
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In physics, the von Neumann entropy, named after John von Neumann, is an extension of the concept of Gibbs entropy from classical statistical mechanics to quantum statistical mechanics. For a quantum-mechanical system described by a density matrix , the von Neumann entropy is
where denotes the trace and ln denotes the (natural) matrix logarithm. If the density matrix is written in a basis of its eigenvectors as
then the von Neumann entropy is merely
In this form, S can be seen as the information theoretic Shannon entropy.
The von Neumann entropy is also used in different forms (conditional entropies, relative entropies, etc.) in the framework of quantum information theory to characterize the entropy of entanglement.
Background
John von Neumann established a rigorous mathematical framework for quantum mechanics in his 1932 work Mathematical Foundations of Quantum Mechanics. In it, he provided a theory of measurement, where the usual notion of wave-function collapse is described as an irreversible process (the so-called von Neumann or projective measurement).
The density matrix was introduced, with different motivations, by von Neumann and by Lev Landau. The motivation that inspired Landau was the impossibility of describing a subsystem of a composite quantum system by a state vector. On the other hand, von Neumann introduced the density matrix in order to develop both quantum statistical mechanics and a theory of quantum measurements.
The density matrix formalism,
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norbornadiene
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Norbornadiene is an organic compound and a bicyclic hydrocarbon. Norbornadiene is of interest as a metal-binding ligand, whose complexes are useful for homogeneous catalysis. It has been intensively studied owing to its high reactivity and distinctive structural property of being a diene that cannot isomerize (isomers would be anti-Bredt alkenes). Norbornadiene is also a useful dienophile in Diels-Alder reactions.
Synthesis
Norbornadiene can be formed by a Diels-Alder reaction between cyclopentadiene and acetylene
Reactions
Quadricyclane, a valence isomer, can be obtained from norbornadiene by a photochemical reaction when assisted by a sensitizer such as acetophenone:
The norbornadiene-quadricyclane couple is of potential interest for solar energy storage when controlled release of the strain energy stored in quadricyclane back to norbornadiene is made possible.
Norbornadiene is reactive in cycloaddition reactions. Norbornadiene is also the starting material for the synthesis of diamantane and sumanene and it is used as an acetylene transfer agent for instance in reaction with 3,6-di-2-pyridyl-1,2,4,5-tetrazine.
As a ligand
Norbornadiene is a versatile ligand in organometallic chemistry, where it serves as a two-electron or four-electron donor. (Norbornadiene)molybdenum tetracarbonyl is used as a source of "Mo(CO)4", exploiting the lability of the diene ligand in this case. which is a useful source of "chromium tetracarbonyl," e.g. in reactions with phosphine ligand
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regime%20shift
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Regime shifts are large, abrupt, persistent changes in the structure and function of ecosystems, the climate, financial systems or other complex systems. A regime is a characteristic behaviour of a system which is maintained by mutually reinforced processes or feedbacks. Regimes are considered persistent relative to the time period over which the shift occurs. The change of regimes, or the shift, usually occurs when a smooth change in an internal process (feedback) or a single disturbance (external shocks) triggers a completely different system behavior. Although such non-linear changes have been widely studied in different disciplines ranging from atoms to climate dynamics, regime shifts have gained importance in ecology because they can substantially affect the flow of ecosystem services that societies rely upon, such as provision of food, clean water or climate regulation. Moreover, regime shift occurrence is expected to increase as human influence on the planet increases – the Anthropocene – including current trends on human induced climate change and biodiversity loss. When regime shifts are associated with a critical or bifurcation point, they may also be referred to as critical transitions.
History of the concept
Scholars have been interested in systems exhibiting non-linear change for a long time. Since the early twentieth century, mathematicians have developed a body of concepts and theory for the study of such phenomena based on the study of non-linear system dynam
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generation%20of%20primes
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In computational number theory, a variety of algorithms make it possible to generate prime numbers efficiently. These are used in various applications, for example hashing, public-key cryptography, and search of prime factors in large numbers.
For relatively small numbers, it is possible to just apply trial division to each successive odd number. Prime sieves are almost always faster. Prime sieving is the fastest known way to deterministically enumerate the primes. There are some known formulas that can calculate the next prime but there is no known way to express the next prime in terms of the previous primes. Also, there is no effective known general manipulation and/or extension of some mathematical expression (even such including later primes) that deterministically calculates the next prime.
Prime sieves
A prime sieve or prime number sieve is a fast type of algorithm for finding primes. There are many prime sieves. The simple sieve of Eratosthenes (250s BCE), the sieve of Sundaram (1934), the still faster but more complicated sieve of Atkin (2003), and various wheel sieves are most common.
A prime sieve works by creating a list of all integers up to a desired limit and progressively removing composite numbers (which it directly generates) until only primes are left. This is the most efficient way to obtain a large range of primes; however, to find individual primes, direct primality tests are more efficient. Furthermore, based on the sieve formalisms, some integer s
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CYP2A6
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Cytochrome P450 2A6 (abbreviated CYP2A6) is a member of the cytochrome P450 mixed-function oxidase system, which is involved in the metabolism of xenobiotics in the body. CYP2A6 is the primary enzyme responsible for the oxidation of nicotine and cotinine. It is also involved in the metabolism of several pharmaceuticals, carcinogens, and a number of coumarin-type alkaloids. CYP2A6 is the only enzyme in the human body that appreciably catalyzes the 7-hydroxylation of coumarin, such that the formation of the product of this reaction, 7-hydroxycoumarin, is used as a probe for CYP2A6 activity.
The CYP2A6 gene is part of a large cluster of cytochrome P450 genes from the CYP2A, CYP2B and CYP2F subfamilies on chromosome 19q. The gene was formerly referred to as CYP2A3; however, it has been renamed CYP2A6.
Interactive pathway map
Distribution
CYP2A6 localizes to the endoplasmic reticulum and is found predominantly in the liver.
Variability
Significant interindividual variability in CYP2A6 apoprotein and mRNA levels has been observed.
Induction
CYP2A6 is known to be inducible by phenobarbital and rifampicin, and it is suspected that other antiepileptic drugs may also have this effect.
CYP2A6 Ligands
See also
List of cytochrome P450 modulators
References
Further reading
External links
2
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subbundle
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In mathematics, a subbundle of a vector bundle on a topological space is a collection of linear subspaces of the fibers of at in that make up a vector bundle in their own right.
In connection with foliation theory, a subbundle of the tangent bundle of a smooth manifold may be called a distribution (of tangent vectors).
If a set of vector fields span the vector space and all Lie commutators are linear combinations of the then one says that is an involutive distribution.
See also
Fiber bundles
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayo%2C%20Yukon
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Mayo is a village in Yukon, Canada, along the Silver Trail and the Stewart River. It had a population of 200 in 2016. The Yukon Bureau of Statistics estimated a population of 496 in 2019. It is also the home of the First Nation of Na-Cho Nyäk Dun, whose primary language is Northern Tutchone. Na-Cho Nyäk Dun translates into "big river people."
The community, formerly called Mayo Landing, is serviced by Mayo Airport. The village was named after former circus acrobat turned settler and explorer Alfred Mayo.
Its only school is J. V. Clark School, which is named after James Vincent Clark (1924–1994). The school had about 70 students in 2012. As of the 2020/2021 school year, the acting principal is Nicholas Vienneau.
History
Before Europeans came there were in the area two communities of the Na-cho Nyäk Dun people, who lived by hunting and trapping. The river now known as the Stewart River was known as the "Náhcho Nyäk" ('Great River'). The people lived across the Stewart River from the main focus of today's Mayo, in a district today called "Old Mayo village". The old settlement was reinstated on the initiative of a missionary, but in 1934 the river burst its banks and flattened much of the old village, destroying the church and many cultural treasures.
The first gold discoveries in the area were made in the 1880s: silver was also discovered some time later. Till the mid-twentieth century Mayo was connected with the outside world by the river and received any supplies by boat.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzyme%20multiplied%20immunoassay%20technique
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Enzyme multiplied immunoassay technique (EMIT) is a common method for qualitative and quantitative determination of therapeutic and recreational drugs and certain proteins in serum and urine.
It is an immunoassay in which a drug or metabolite in the sample competes with a drug/metabolite labelled with an enzyme, to bind to an antibody. The more drug there is in the sample, the more free enzyme there will be, and the increased enzyme activity causes a change in color.
Determination of drug levels in serum is particularly important when the difference in the concentrations needed to produce a therapeutic effect and adverse side reactions (the therapeutic window) is small. EMIT therapeutic drug monitoring tests provide accurate information about the concentration of such drugs such as immunosuppressant drugs and some antibiotics.
EMIT urine assays for drugs such as cannabinoids, morphine, and amphetamine are designed to detect the drug itself or a metabolite of the drug present in a concentration above a pre-specified minimum detection cutoff limit. In the U.S., the cutoff limits must be set in accordance with Mandatory Guidelines for Federal Workplace Drug Testing Programs that were developed by SAMHSA (The Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration is a branch of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services). The setting of reasonable cutoff limits help reduce false positive results that occur from assay limitations. Because of the social and legal cons
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiflatulent
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An antiflatulent (or deflatulent) agent is a drug used for the alleviation or prevention of excessive intestinal gas, i.e., flatulence.
Mechanisms of action
Preventing gas
Enzymes – Enzyme-based dietary supplements break down indigestible substances and prevent these substances from reaching the large intestine intact – where anaerobic bacteria produce gas. Substances indigestible by humans are usually present in foods associated with flatulence, like beans. When these substances reach the large intestine intact, they may be fermented by intestinal bacteria, thereby causing gas production. These supplements are usually taken with foods associated with flatulence. It is important to take the appropriate enzyme with the appropriate food. When consuming beans and other vegetables high in complex carbohydrates, it may be helpful to take a product that contains alpha-galactosidase, such as Beano or kombu. Additionally, for individuals with lactose intolerance, taking a lactase-containing product with lactose-containing foodstuffs may reduce flatulence.
Herbal inhibitors – Many herbal substances have been observed since antiquity for reducing flatulence, particularly gas from eating legumes. Cloves, nutmeg, cinnamon, and garlic are potent in reducing gas. The potency of garlic increases when heated, whereas the potency of cinnamon decreases. Other spices have a lesser effect in reducing gas, including turmeric, black pepper, asafoetida and ginger. Other common Indian spices,
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsenide%20mineral
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An arsenide mineral is a mineral that contains arsenide as its main anion. Arsenides are grouped with the sulfides in both the Dana and Strunz mineral classification systems.
Examples
algodonite
domeykite
löllingite
nickeline
rammelsbergite
safflorite
skutterudite
sperrylite
References
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbol%20rate
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In a digitally modulated signal or a line code, symbol rate, modulation rate or baud rate is the number of symbol changes, waveform changes, or signaling events across the transmission medium per unit of time. The symbol rate is measured in baud (Bd) or symbols per second. In the case of a line code, the symbol rate is the pulse rate in pulses per second. Each symbol can represent or convey one or several bits of data. The symbol rate is related to the gross bit rate, expressed in bits per second.
Symbols
A symbol may be described as either a pulse in digital baseband transmission or a tone in passband transmission using modems. A symbol is a waveform, a state or a significant condition of the communication channel that persists, for a fixed period of time. A sending device places symbols on the channel at a fixed and known symbol rate, and the receiving device has the job of detecting the sequence of symbols in order to reconstruct the transmitted data. There may be a direct correspondence between a symbol and a small unit of data. For example, each symbol may encode one or several binary digits (bits). The data may also be represented by the transitions between symbols, or even by a sequence of many symbols.
The symbol duration time, also known as unit interval, can be directly measured as the time between transitions by looking into an eye diagram of an oscilloscope. The symbol duration time Ts can be calculated as:
where fs is the symbol rate.
For example, a baud rat
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeroacoustics
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Aeroacoustics is a branch of acoustics that studies noise generation via either turbulent fluid motion or aerodynamic forces interacting with surfaces. Noise generation can also be associated with periodically varying flows. A notable example of this phenomenon is the Aeolian tones produced by wind blowing over fixed objects.
Although no complete scientific theory of the generation of noise by aerodynamic flows has been established, most practical aeroacoustic analysis relies upon the so-called aeroacoustic analogy, proposed by Sir James Lighthill in the 1950s while at the University of Manchester. whereby the governing equations of motion of the fluid are coerced into a form reminiscent of the wave equation of "classical" (i.e. linear) acoustics in the left-hand side with the remaining terms as sources in the right-hand side.
History
The modern discipline of aeroacoustics can be said to have originated with the first publication of Lighthill in the early 1950s, when noise generation associated with the jet engine was beginning to be placed under scientific scrutiny.
Lighthill's equation
Lighthill rearranged the Navier–Stokes equations, which govern the flow of a compressible viscous fluid, into an inhomogeneous wave equation, thereby making a connection between fluid mechanics and acoustics. This is often called "Lighthill's analogy" because it presents a model for the acoustic field that is not, strictly speaking, based on the physics of flow-induced/generated noise, b
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbrand%27s%20theorem
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Herbrand's theorem is a fundamental result of mathematical logic obtained by Jacques Herbrand (1930). It essentially allows a certain kind of reduction of first-order logic to propositional logic. Herbrand's theorem is the logical foundation for most automatic theorem provers. Although Herbrand originally proved his theorem for arbitrary formulas of first-order logic, the simpler version shown here, restricted to formulas in prenex form containing only existential quantifiers, became more popular.
Statement
Let
be a formula of first-order logic with quantifier-free,
though it may contain additional free variables.
This version of Herbrand's theorem states that the above formula is valid
if and only if there exists a finite sequence of terms ,
possibly in an expansion of the language, with
and ,
such that
is valid. If it is valid, it is called a Herbrand disjunction for
Informally: a formula in prenex form containing only existential quantifiers is provable (valid) in first-order logic if and only if a disjunction composed of substitution instances of the quantifier-free subformula of is a tautology (propositionally derivable).
The restriction to formulas in prenex form containing only existential quantifiers does not limit the generality of the theorem, because formulas can be converted to prenex form and their universal quantifiers can be removed by Herbrandization. Conversion to prenex form can be avoided, if structural Herbrandization is performed. Herbra
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prescaler
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A prescaler is an electronic counting circuit used to reduce a high frequency electrical signal to a lower frequency by integer division. The prescaler takes the basic timer clock frequency (which may be the CPU clock frequency or may be some higher or lower frequency) and divides it by some value before feeding it to the timer, according to how the prescaler register(s) are configured. The prescaler values, referred to as prescales, that may be configured might be limited to a few fixed values (powers of 2), or they may be any integer value from 1 to 2^P, where P is the number of prescaler bits.
The purpose of the prescaler is to allow the timer to be clocked at the rate a user desires. For shorter (8 and 16-bit) timers, there will often be a tradeoff between resolution (high resolution requires a high clock rate) and range (high clock rates cause the timer to overflow more quickly). For example, one cannot (without some tricks) achieve 1 µs resolution and a 1 sec maximum period using a 16-bit timer. In this example using 1 µs resolution would limit the period to about 65ms maximum. However the prescaler allows tweaking the ratio between resolution and maximum period to achieve a desired effect.
Example of use
Prescalers are typically used at very high frequency to extend the upper frequency range of frequency counters, phase locked loop (PLL) synthesizers, and other counting circuits. When used in conjunction with a PLL, a prescaler introduces a normally undesired change
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurie%20Scott%20%28footballer%29
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Lawrence Scott (23 April 1917 – 18 July 1999) was an English footballer who played as a full back for Bradford City, Arsenal and Crystal Palace either side of World War II. He also made 17 appearances for the England national team.
Career
Born in Sheffield, Scott joined Bradford City as a youth player, and played 39 times for the club, mostly as a winger. In February 1937 he was signed by Arsenal, in exchange for Ernie Tuckett, though he only played as a reserve for the first two years at the club. At the start of World War II, Scott joined the Royal Air Force as a PT instructor, but still guested as a player for the RAF, Arsenal, Sheffield United, and England in wartime matches.
By the time peace broke out, Scott had grown into being one of the country's most assured full backs, known for his pace and composure on the ball. He made his official first-team debut for Arsenal against West Ham United in the FA Cup in 1946, and his League debut on the first day of the 1946–47 season; he also made his official England debut against Ireland in September of that year. Arsenal won the First Division title in 1947–48, but after that Scott was blighted by injury; he was stricken with a bout of appendicitis in 1948, and then injured his knee whilst playing in an international for England against Wales on 10 November 1948.
Scott was out for the rest of the 1948–49 season and his appearances for Arsenal were limited for the next few seasons. However, he still figured in Arsenal's 1950
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prison%20cell
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A prison cell (also known as a jail cell) is a small room in a prison or police station where a prisoner is held. Cells greatly vary by their furnishings, hygienic services, and cleanliness, both across countries and based on the level of punishment to which the prisoner being held has been sentenced. Cells can be occupied by one or multiple prisoner depending on factors that include, but are not limited to, inmate population, facility size, resources, or inmate behavior.
Description
The International Committee of the Red Cross recommends that cells be at least in size for a single cell accommodation (one person in the cell). However, in shared or dormitory accommodations, it recommends a minimum of per person, including in cells where bunk beds are used.
Prison cells vary in size internationally from in Guinea, in Poland, in Germany to in Norway and in Switzerland.
Council of Europe (Strasbourg, 15 December 2015) call for a minimum standard for personal living space in prison establishments is 6m² of living space for a single-occupancy cell or of living space per prisoner in a multiple-occupancy cell for the prevention of torture and inhuman treatment.
A March 1991 federal government study of U.S. prisons reported that:
"Until recently, the Federal Bureau of Prisons based its determination of rated capacity in existing facilities on a single-bunking standard, which currently calls for providing each inmate with at least 35 square feet of unencumbered space in a s
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roughness%20length
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Roughness length () is a parameter of some vertical wind profile equations that model the horizontal mean wind speed near the ground. In the log wind profile, it is equivalent to the height at which the wind speed theoretically becomes zero in the absence of wind-slowing obstacles and under neutral conditions. In reality, the wind at this height no longer follows a mathematical logarithm. It is so named because it is typically related to the height of terrain roughness elements (i.e. protrusions from and/or depressions into the surface). For instance, forests tend to have much larger roughness lengths than tundra. The roughness length does not exactly correspond to any physical length. However, it can be considered as a length-scale representation of the roughness of the surface.
Mathematical foundation
The roughness length appears in the expression for the mean wind speed near the ground derived using the Monin–Obukhov similarity theory:
where
is the friction velocity
is the Von Kármán constant
is the elevation (as measured from the ground)
is the elevation of the displacement plane (as measured from the ground), which is an offset that accounts for wind-slowing obstacles such as buildings, trees, or any other structures which impede flow
is the Monin-Obukhov length (which is defined to be the height at which buoyancy and wind shear are equally effective at creating turbulence)
is a correction factor for stability, with indicating statically neutral conditions. Co
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcel%20Duchamp%20Prize
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The Marcel Duchamp Prize (in French : Prix Marcel Duchamp) is an annual award given to a young artist by the Association pour la Diffusion Internationale de l'Art Français (ADIAF).
The winner receives €35,000 personally and up to €30,000 in order to produce an exhibition of their work in the Modern Art museum (Centre Georges Pompidou).
The prize is named after the artist Marcel Duchamp.
History of the Marcel-Duchamp Prize
In the early 1990s, an association was created, the ADIAF (Association for the international dissemination of French art), notably by Gilles Fuchs, international lawyer but also art collector, and by the gallery owner Daniel Templon, to participate in better promotion and distribution of the works of French visual artists. Launched by a group of five people, the ADIAF has nearly 400 members in 2020. You become a member by cooptation: you have to be a collector (but this criterion includes exceptions, in particular some gallery owners, brokers and art restorers) and be interested in the French art scene.
Prize winners
See also
List of European art awards
References
External links
Prix Marcel Duchamp official web page
Marcel Duchamp
Marcel Duchamp
French art awards
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guyon
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Guyon is a French surname.
Geographical distribution
As of 2014, 85.7% of all known bearers of the surname Guyon were residents of France (frequency 1:4,367), 4.8% of the United States (1:427,011), 2.4% of Canada (1:87,614), 1.7% of the Philippines (1:327,626) and 1.1% of Gabon (1:9,351).
In France, the frequency of the surname was higher than national average (1:4,367) in the following regions:
1. Bourgogne-Franche-Comté (1:1,012)
2. Pays de la Loire (1:1,802)
3. Centre-Val de Loire (1:2,925)
4. Brittany (1:3,370)
5. Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes (1:3,951)
6. Corsica (1:4,330)
People
Adrien Guyon (1866–?), French Olympic fencer
Alexandre Guyon (1829–1905), French actor
Isabelle Guyon (born 1961), French-born researcher in machine learning
James Guyon Jr. (1778–1846), politician and cavalry officer from Staten Island, New York
Jean Guyon du Buisson (1592–1663), master mason and early settler of Quebec, Canada
Jean Casimir Félix Guyon (1831–1920), French urologist at the University of Paris
Jean-Jacques Guyon (1932–2017), French Olympic equestrian
Jeanne Guyon (1648–1717), French Christian mystic
Joe Guyon (1892–1971), American professional football player and coach
Lionel Guyon, French Olympic equestrian
Marie-Therese Guyon Cadillac (1671–1746), early settler of Detroit, Michigan
Maxime Guyon (born 1989), French jockey
Maximilienne Guyon (1868–1903), French painter and illustrator
Olivier Guyon (born 1975), French-American astronomer
Pascal Guyon, French musician
René Guyon (
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiroshi%20Haruki
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was a Japanese mathematician. A world-renowned expert in functional equations, he is best known for discovering "Haruki's theorem" and "Haruki's Lemma" in plane geometry.
Some of his published work, such as: "On a Characteristic Property of Confocal Conic Sections" is available (open source) on Project Euclid.
Haruki earned his MSc and PhD from Osaka University and taught there. He was a professor at the University of Waterloo in Canada from 1966 till his retirement in 1986. He was a founding member of the university's computer science department (1967).
See also
List of University of Waterloo people
References
News release, Department of Computer Science, University of Waterloo.
External links
Haruki's theorem on MathWorld
Hiroshi Haruki's Lemma (Interactive Mathematics Miscellany and Puzzles)
Hiroshi Haruki's Theorem (Interactive Mathematics Miscellany and Puzzles)
Year of birth missing
1997 deaths
Euclidean geometry
Canadian mathematicians
20th-century Japanese mathematicians
Academic staff of the University of Waterloo
Osaka University alumni
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael%20D.%20Gershon
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Dr. Michael D. Gershon is the author of The Second Brain and the chairman of the department of anatomy and cell biology at Columbia University.
See also
Ulcerative colitis
Enteric nervous system
Myenteric plexus
External links
Research summary page of Columbia University
The Other Brain Also Deals With Many Woes, New York Times, 23 August 2005
Living people
1938 births
Place of birth missing (living people)
Columbia University faculty
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein%20tag
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Protein tags are peptide sequences genetically grafted onto a recombinant protein. Tags are attached to proteins for various purposes. They can be added to either end of the target protein, so they are either C-terminus or N-terminus specific or are both C-terminus and N-terminus specific. Some tags are also inserted at sites within the protein of interest; they are known as internal tags.
Affinity tags are appended to proteins so that they can be purified from their crude biological source using an affinity technique. Affinity tags include chitin binding protein (CBP), maltose binding protein (MBP), Strep-tag and glutathione-S-transferase (GST). The poly(His) tag is a widely used protein tag, which binds to matrices bearing immobilized metal ions.
Solubilization tags are used, especially for recombinant proteins expressed in species such as E. coli, to assist in the proper folding in proteins and keep them from aggregating in inclusion bodies. These tags include thioredoxin (TRX) and poly(NANP). Some affinity tags have a dual role as a solubilization agent, such as MBP and GST.
Chromatography tags are used to alter chromatographic properties of the protein to afford different resolution across a particular separation technique. Often, these consist of polyanionic amino acids, such as FLAG-tag or polyglutamate tag.
Epitope tags are short peptide sequences which are chosen because high-affinity antibodies can be reliably produced in many different species. These are
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free%20induction%20decay
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In Fourier transform nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, free induction decay (FID) is the observable NMR signal generated by non-equilibrium nuclear spin magnetization precessing about the magnetic field (conventionally along z). This non-equilibrium magnetization can be created generally by applying a pulse of radio-frequency close to the Larmor frequency of the nuclear spins.
If the magnetization vector has a non-zero component in the xy plane, then the precessing magnetisation will induce a corresponding oscillating voltage in a detection coil surrounding the sample. This time-domain signal (a sinusoid) is typically digitised and then Fourier transformed in order to obtain a frequency spectrum of the NMR signal i.e. the NMR spectrum.
The duration of the NMR signal is ultimately limited by T2 relaxation, but mutual interference of the different NMR frequencies present also causes the signal to be damped more quickly.
When NMR frequencies are well-resolved, as is typically the case in the NMR of samples in solution, the overall decay of the FID is relaxation-limited and the FID is approximately exponential (with the time constant T2 changed, indicated by T2*). FID durations will then be of the order of seconds for nuclei such as 1H.
Particularly if a limited number of frequency components are present, the FID may be analysed directly for quantitative determinations of physical properties, such as hydrogen content in aviation fuel, solid and liquid ratio in dai
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal%20code%20%28data%20compression%29
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In data compression, a universal code for integers is a prefix code that maps the positive integers onto binary codewords, with the additional property that whatever the true probability distribution on integers, as long as the distribution is monotonic (i.e., p(i) ≥ p(i + 1) for all positive i), the expected lengths of the codewords are within a constant factor of the expected lengths that the optimal code for that probability distribution would have assigned. A universal code is asymptotically optimal if the ratio between actual and optimal expected lengths is bounded by a function of the information entropy of the code that, in addition to being bounded, approaches 1 as entropy approaches infinity.
In general, most prefix codes for integers assign longer codewords to larger integers. Such a code can be used to efficiently communicate a message drawn from a set of possible messages, by simply ordering the set of messages by decreasing probability and then sending the index of the intended message. Universal codes are generally not used for precisely known probability distributions, and no universal code is known to be optimal for any distribution used in practice.
A universal code should not be confused with universal source coding, in which the data compression method need not be a fixed prefix code and the ratio between actual and optimal expected lengths must approach one. However, note that an asymptotically optimal universal code can be used on independent ident
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F-22%20Interceptor
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F-22 Interceptor is a 1991 combat flight simulator created by Ned Lerner and Gene Kusmiak. It was released by Electronic Arts and Ingram Entertainment for the Sega Genesis.
The player controls one aircraft, the F-22 Raptor, throughout the game. At that time, the prototype of the F-22, the Lockheed YF-22, had only first flown in 1990. Like LHX Attack Chopper, another flight simulator by EA, the playable aircraft had not yet been developed.
Gameplay
The player has three skill levels to choose from: Cadet, Training, and Combat. The player must then pick one of four campaigns, called 'US', 'Korea' (North Korea), 'Iraq', and 'Russia' (Soviet Union). In each level, the player's F-22 is targeted by surface-to-air missiles, enemy aircraft, and artillery. The mission is to destroy the targets and complete the objectives using a wide range of missiles, from heat seeking missiles, precision-guided bombs, and chaff. The aircraft is also given two cannons for engaging enemy targets.
At the end of each mission, the player is required to either land on a runway or an aircraft carrier. Sometimes in-flight refueling is needed to prevent the F-22 from crashing.
As the game progresses, the player will be able to unlock an Aces campaign, where they will face off with advanced pilots from North Korea, Iraq, the Soviet Union, and the United States, the four countries the player visits while playing through the first four campaigns.
The game also had a rudimentary mission editor.
Although t
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juxtaglomerular%20cell
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Juxtaglomerular cells (JG cells), also known as juxtaglomerular granular cells are cells in the kidney that synthesize, store, and secrete the enzyme renin. They are specialized smooth muscle cells mainly in the walls of the afferent arterioles (and some in the efferent arterioles) that deliver blood to the glomerulus. In synthesizing renin, they play a critical role in the renin–angiotensin system and thus in autoregulation of the kidney.
Juxtaglomerular cells secrete renin in response to a drop in pressure detected by stretch receptors in the vascular walls, or when stimulated by macula densa cells. Macula densa cells are located in the distal convoluted tubule, and stimulate juxtaglomerular cells to release renin when they detect a drop in chloride concentration in tubular fluid. Together, juxtaglomerular cells, extraglomerular mesangial cells and macula densa cells comprise the juxtaglomerular apparatus.
In appropriately stained tissue sections, juxtaglomerular cells are distinguished by their granulated cytoplasm.
The juxtaglomerular cell is a cell that is located near the glomerulus, hence its name.
Similar to cardiac tissue, juxtaglomerular cells harbor β1 adrenergic receptors. When stimulated by epinephrine or norepinephrine, these receptors induce the secretion of renin. These cells also respond directly to a decrease in systemic blood pressure which is manifested as a lower renal perfusion pressure.
See also
Juxtaglomerular cell tumor
Juxtaglomerular apparatu
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pocket%20protein%20family
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Pocket protein family consists of three proteins:
RB – Retinoblastoma protein
p107 – Retinoblastoma-like protein 1
p130 – Retinoblastoma-like protein 2
They play crucial roles in the metazoan cell cycle through interaction with members of the E2F transcription factors family.
References
Protein families
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zein
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Zein is a class of prolamine protein found in corn (maize). It is usually manufactured as a powder from corn gluten meal. Zein is one of the best understood plant proteins. Pure zein is clear, odorless, tasteless, hard, water-insoluble, and edible, and it has a variety of industrial and food uses.
Commercial uses
Historically, zein has been used in the manufacture of a wide variety of commercial products, including coatings for paper cups, soda bottle cap linings, clothing fabric, buttons, adhesives, coatings and binders. The dominant historical use of zein was in the textile fibers market where it was produced under the name "Vicara". With the development of synthetic alternatives, the use of zein in this market eventually disappeared. By using electrospinning, zein fibers have again been produced in the lab, where additional research will be performed to re-enter the fiber market. It can be used as a water and grease coating for paperboards and allows recyclability.
Zein's properties make it valuable in processed foods and pharmaceuticals, in competition with insect shellac. It is now used as a coating for candy, nuts, fruit, pills, and other encapsulated foods and drugs. In the United States, it may be labeled as "confectioner's glaze" (which may also refer to shellac-based glazes) and used as a coating on bakery products or as "vegetable protein." It is classified as Generally Recognized as Safe (GRAS) by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. For pharmaceutical coat
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiroshi%20Okamura
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was a Japanese mathematician who made contributions to analysis and the theory of differential equations. He was a professor at Kyoto University.
He discovered the necessary and sufficient conditions on initial value problems of ordinary differential equations for the solution to be unique. He also refined the second mean value theorem of integration.
Works
(posthumous)
References
1905 births
1948 deaths
20th-century Japanese mathematicians
Mathematical analysts
Academic staff of Kyoto University
Kyoto University alumni
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marker%20gene
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In biology, a marker gene may have several meanings. In nuclear biology and molecular biology, a marker gene is a gene used to determine if a nucleic acid sequence has been successfully inserted into an organism's DNA. In particular, there are two sub-types of these marker genes: a selectable marker and a marker for screening. In metagenomics and phylogenetics, a marker gene is an orthologous gene group which can be used to delineate between taxonomic lineages.
Selectable marker
A selectable marker protects the organism from a selective agent that would normally kill it or prevent its growth. In a transformation reaction, depending on the transformation efficiency, only one in several million to billion cells may take up DNA. Rather than checking every single cell, scientists use a selective agent to kill all cells that do not contain the foreign DNA, leaving only the desired ones.
Antibiotics are the most common selective agents. In bacteria, antibiotics are used almost exclusively. In plants, antibiotics that kill the chloroplast are often used as well, although tolerance to salts and growth-inhibiting hormones is becoming more popular. In mammals, resistance to antibiotics that would kill the mitochondria is used as a selectable marker.
Screenable marker
A screenable marker will make cells containing the gene look different. There are three types of screening commonly used:
Green fluorescent protein makes cells glow green under UV light. A specialized microscope is
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serial%20number%20arithmetic
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Many protocols and algorithms require the serialization or enumeration of related entities. For example, a communication protocol must know whether some packet comes "before" or "after" some other packet. The IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force) attempts to define "serial number arithmetic" for the purposes of manipulating and comparing these sequence numbers. In short, when the absolute serial number value decreases by more than half of the maximum value (e.g. 128 in an 8-bit value), it is considered to be "after" the former, whereas other decreases are considered to be "before".
This task is rather more complex than it might first appear, because most algorithms use fixed-size (binary) representations for sequence numbers. It is often important for the algorithm not to "break down" when the numbers become so large that they are incremented one last time and "wrap" around their maximum numeric ranges (go instantly from a large positive number to 0 or a large negative number). Some protocols choose to ignore these issues and simply use very large integers for their counters, in the hope that the program will be replaced (or they will retire) before the problem occurs (see Y2K).
Many communication protocols apply serial number arithmetic to packet sequence numbers in their implementation of a sliding window protocol. Some versions of TCP use protection against wrapped sequence numbers (PAWS). PAWS applies the same serial number arithmetic to packet timestamps, using the
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandhoff%20disease
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Sandhoff disease is a lysosomal genetic, lipid storage disorder caused by the inherited deficiency to create functional beta-hexosaminidases A and B. These catabolic enzymes are needed to degrade the neuronal membrane components, ganglioside GM2, its derivative GA2, the glycolipid globoside in visceral tissues, and some oligosaccharides. Accumulation of these metabolites leads to a progressive destruction of the central nervous system and eventually to death. The rare autosomal recessive neurodegenerative disorder is clinically almost indistinguishable from Tay–Sachs disease, another genetic disorder that disrupts beta-hexosaminidases A and S. There are three subsets of Sandhoff disease based on when first symptoms appear: classic infantile, juvenile and adult late onset.
Symptoms and signs
Sandhoff disease symptoms are clinically indeterminable from Tay–Sachs disease. The classic infantile form of the disease has the most severe symptoms and is incredibly hard to diagnose at this early age. The first signs of symptoms begin before 6 months of age and the parents’ notice when the child begins regressing in their development. If the children had the ability to sit up by themselves or crawl they will lose this ability. This is caused by a slow deterioration of the muscles in the child's body from the buildup of GM2 gangliosides. Since the body is unable to create the enzymes it needs within the central nervous system, it is unable to attach to these gangliosides to break t
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CPT2
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CPT2 may refer to:
Carnitine palmitoyltransferase II, an important metabolic enzyme.
Carnitine palmitoyltransferase II deficiency, a condition that prevents the body from converting certain fats into energy
Killarney Airport, CPT2 ICAO airport code, located in Killarney, Ontario, Canada
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaican%20Blue%20Mountain%20Coffee
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Jamaican Blue Mountain Coffee or Jamaica Blue Mountain Coffee is a classification of coffee grown in the Blue Mountains of Jamaica. The coffee was introduced to Jamaica in 1728.
Jamaican Blue Mountain Coffee is an Arabica variety of the coffee bean that is called Typica that originated in southwestern Ethiopia.
The best lots of Blue Mountain coffee are noted for their mild flavour and lack of bitterness. Over the past few decades, this coffee has developed a reputation that has made it one of the most expensive and sought-after coffees in the world. Over 80% of all Jamaican Blue Mountain Coffee is exported to Japan. In addition to its use for brewed coffee, the beans are the flavour base of Tia Maria coffee liqueur.
Jamaican Blue Mountain Coffee is a globally protected certification mark, meaning only coffee certified by the Jamaica Commodities Regulatory Authority (previously the Coffee Industry Board of Jamaica) can be labelled as such. It comes from a recognised growing region in the Blue Mountain region of Jamaica, and its cultivation is monitored by the Coffee Industry Board of Jamaica.
The Blue Mountains are generally located between Kingston to the south and Port Antonio to the north. Rising to , they are some of the highest mountains in the Caribbean. The climate of the region is cool and misty with high rainfall. The soil is rich, with excellent drainage. This combination of climate and soil is considered ideal for coffee.
The Coffee Industry Regulation Act
The
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TEX86
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{{DISPLAYTITLE:TEX86}}
TEX86 is an organic paleothermometer based upon the membrane lipids of mesophilic marine Nitrososphaerota (formerly Marine Group 1 Crenarchaeota).
Basics
The membrane lipids of Nitrososphaerota are composed of glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraethers (GDGTs) which contain 0-3 cyclopentane moieties (commonly annotated as GDGT-n where n = numbers of cyclopentane moieties). Nitrososphaerota also synthesise crenarchaeol (cren) which contains four cyclopentane moieties and a single cyclohexane moiety and a regio-isomer (cren'). The cyclohexane and cyclopentane rings, formed by internal cyclisation of one of the biphytane chains, have a pronounced effect on the thermal transition points of the Nitrososphaerota cell membrane. Mesocosm studies demonstrate that the degree of cyclisation is generally governed by growth temperature.
Calibrations
Based upon the relative distribution of isoprenoidal GDGTs, Schouten et al. (2002) proposed the tetraether index of 86 carbon atoms (TEX86) as a proxy for sea surface temperature (SST). GDGT-0 is excluded from the calibration as it can have multiple sources while cren is omitted as it exhibits no correlation with SST and is often an order of magnitude more abundant than its isomer and the other GDGTs. The most recent TEX86 calibration invokes two separate indices and calibrations: TEX86H uses the same combination of GDGTs as in the original TEX86 relationship:
GDGT ratio-2 is correlated to SST using the calibration equat
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroxystilbamidine
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Hydroxystilbamidine is a fluorescent dye that emits different frequencies of light when bound to DNA and RNA. It is used as a retrograde tracer for outlining neurons, and as a histochemical stain.
References
Amidines
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daily%20News%20and%20Analysis
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The Daily News and Analysis, abbreviated as DNA, is a Hindi-language news programme on Zee TV that was earlier a newspaper with multiple local city editions across India. DNA was first launched as a broadsheet, English-language newspaper out of Mumbai, Maharashtra, India, on 30 July 2005 through a 50:50 joint venture between the Zee Media Corporation and the Dainik Bhaskar group under the company name Diligent Media Corporation Ltd.
The newspaper had first launched its outdoor advertising campaign through billboards and placards in Mumbai during early 2005, with the tagline, "Speak Up, It's in Your DNA", which became its catch-phrase over the months. With the announcement of the launch of DNA came several other rival newspapers by large media conglomerates in the city, including the first-time-ever Mumbai edition of the predominantly north-Indian Hindustan Times and the Times of India's rival Mumbai Mirror newspaper that was later digitised into a web portal during the pandemic.
The competition battleground between the three media conglomerates led to a massive spike in journalists' salaries in Bombay by almost 40–50 per cent of the earlier market rate, or even more, in the 3–4 months prior to the launches, as journalists began receiving hefty counter-offers from the opponent publication they were set to be joining.
It also saw a hike in salary of internal staff in TOI's Delhi office in order to ensure the editorial staff could be retained. Finally, the Times Group signed
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic%20frequency%20control
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In radio equipment, Automatic Frequency Control (AFC), also called Automatic Fine Tuning (AFT), is a method or circuit to automatically keep a resonant circuit tuned to the frequency of an incoming radio signal. It is primarily used in radio receivers to keep the receiver tuned to the frequency of the desired station.
In radio communication, AFC is needed because, after the bandpass frequency of a receiver is tuned to the frequency of a transmitter, the two frequencies may drift apart, interrupting the reception. This can be caused by a poorly controlled transmitter frequency, but the most common cause is drift of the center bandpass frequency of the receiver, due to thermal or mechanical drift in the values of the electronic components.
Assuming that a receiver is nearly tuned to the desired frequency, the AFC circuit in the receiver develops an error voltage proportional to the degree to which the receiver is mistuned. This error voltage is then fed back to the tuning circuit in such a way that the tuning error is reduced. In most frequency modulation (FM) detectors, an error voltage of this type is easily available. See Negative feedback.
AFC was mainly used in radios and television sets around the mid-20th century. In the 1970s, receivers began to be designed using frequency synthesizer circuits, which synthesized the receiver's input frequency from a crystal oscillator using the vibrations of an ultra-stable quartz crystal. These maintained sufficiently stable f
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS.12/AS.12
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The SS.12 and AS.12 are two variants of the same missile: SS for surface-to-surface and AS for air-to-surface. It was designed in 1955–1957 by Nord Aviation, later Aérospatiale. It was a derivative of the NORD SS.10 and SS.11 missiles which were surface-to-surface wire-guided missiles for use by infantry, vehicle or a helicopter primarily in the anti-tank role, but also anti-material, anti-personnel and against light field fortifications. The SS.12/AS.12 was basically a scaled-up version of the SS.11/AS.11, with a massive increase in range and warhead weight. The SS.12/AS.12 original mission was primarily to be anti-shipping from naval helicopters and combat aircraft or ground launchers, and secondarily for use against heavy field fortifications. The range and the destructive power of its warhead are roughly equivalent to a 127 mm (5-inch) artillery shell.
Development
The SS.12 was originally intended to be a surface-to-surface weapon. A naval surface-to-surface version, the SS.12M was developed at the same time. Trials of the weapon began in 1956. An air-launched version, the AS.12, was trialed in 1957.
Description
The missile has a distinctive bulging nose and four clipped triangular wings. The missile has two solid fuel rocket motors. One is a powerful booster rocket that burns for 2.2 seconds, and the other is a sustainer motor that burns for 28 seconds. The booster motor exhausts through two nozzles on the sides near the trailing edge of the wings and the sustainer mo
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celadonite
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Celadonite is a mica group mineral, a phyllosilicate of potassium, iron in both oxidation states, aluminium and hydroxide with formula .
It crystallizes in the monoclinic system and usually forms massive aggregates of prismatic crystallites or, more commonly, in dull clay masses. It is soft with a Mohs hardness of 2 and a specific gravity of 3. It forms vesicle fillings and linings in altered basaltic lavas. Early research suggests this mineral has ties to weakly metamorphosed plutonic rocks during formation, and is also found with montmorillonite clays or zeolite crystals. Association with zeolites may indicate these minerals favor the same underlying conditions of crystal growth.
It was first described in 1847 on Monte Baldo, near Verona, Italy. The name is from the French celadon, for sea-green. It is one of two minerals, along with glauconite, used in making the pigment known as green earth.
Common impurities are manganese, calcium and sodium (previously known as natrium).
References
Potassium minerals
Iron(II,III) minerals
Magnesium minerals
Aluminium minerals
Mica group
Monoclinic minerals
Minerals in space group 5
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flying%20Down%20to%20Rio
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Flying Down to Rio is a 1933 American pre-Code RKO musical film famous for being the first screen pairing of Fred Astaire and Ginger Rogers, although lead actors Dolores del Río and Gene Raymond received top billing. Among the featured players are Franklin Pangborn and Eric Blore. The songs in the film were written by Vincent Youmans (music), Gus Kahn and Edward Eliscu (lyrics), with musical direction and additional music by Max Steiner. During the 7th Academy Awards, the film was nominated for the new category of Best Original Song for "Carioca", but it lost to "The Continental" from The Gay Divorcee, the next Astaire and Rogers film (and their first with top billing).
The black-and-white film, which had a color-tinted sequence, was directed by Thornton Freeland and produced by Merian C. Cooper and Lou Brock. The screenplay was written by Erwin S. Gelsey, H. W. Hanemann and Cyril Hume, based on a story by Lou Brock and a play by Anne Caldwell. Linwood Dunn did the special effects for the celebrated airplane-wing dance sequence at the end of the film. In this film, Dolores del Río became the first major actress to wear a two-piece women's bathing suit onscreen.
The film follows composer Roger Bond as he falls in love with Brazilian woman Belinha De Rezende, although she is actually already engaged to a friend of Roger's. Roger's bandmate Fred Ayres and Ayres' companion Honey Hales support Roger through various musical misadventures.
Plot
Composer Roger Bond (Gene Raymond)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wetware%20computer
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A wetware computer is an organic computer (which can also be known as an artificial organic brain or a neurocomputer) composed of organic material "wetware" such as "living" neurons. Wetware computers composed of neurons are different than conventional computers because they use biological materials, and offer the possibility of substantially more energy-efficient computing. While a wetware computer is still largely conceptual, there has been limited success with construction and prototyping, which has acted as a proof of the concept's realistic application to computing in the future. The most notable prototypes have stemmed from the research completed by biological engineer William Ditto during his time at the Georgia Institute of Technology. His work constructing a simple neurocomputer capable of basic addition from leech neurons in 1999 was a significant discovery for the concept. This research acted as a primary example driving interest in the creation of these artificially constructed, but still organic brains.
Overview
The concept of wetware is an application of specific interest to the field of computer manufacturing. Moore’s law, which states that the number of transistors which can be placed on a silicon chip is doubled roughly every two years, has acted as a goal for the industry for decades, but as the size of computers continues to decrease, the ability to meet this goal has become more difficult, threatening to reach a plateau. Due to the difficulty in reducing
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recurrent%20corneal%20erosion
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Recurrent corneal erosion is a disorder of the eyes characterized by the failure of the cornea's outermost layer of epithelial cells to attach to the underlying basement membrane (Bowman's layer). The condition is excruciatingly painful because the loss of these cells results in the exposure of sensitive corneal nerves. This condition can often leave patients with temporary blindness due to extreme light sensitivity (photophobia).
Signs and symptoms
Symptoms include recurring attacks of severe acute ocular pain, foreign-body sensation, photophobia (i.e. sensitivity to bright lights), and tearing often at the time of awakening or during sleep when the eyelids are rubbed or opened. Signs of the condition include corneal abrasion or localized roughening of the corneal epithelium, sometimes with map-like lines, epithelial dots or microcysts, or fingerprint patterns. An epithelial defect may be present, usually in the inferior interpalpebral zone.
Cause
Most cases of recurrent corneal erosion are acquired. There is often a history of recent corneal injury (corneal abrasion or ulcer), but also may be due to corneal dystrophy or corneal disease. In other words, one may develop corneal erosions as a result of another disorder, such as map-dot fingerprint dystrophy. Familial corneal erosions occur in dominantly inherited recurrent corneal erosion dystrophy (ERED) in which COL17A1 gene is mutated.
Diagnosis
The erosion may be seen by an eye doctor using the magnification of a biomi
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duncan%27s%20new%20multiple%20range%20test
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In statistics, Duncan's new multiple range test (MRT) is a multiple comparison procedure developed by David B. Duncan in 1955. Duncan's MRT belongs to the general class of multiple comparison procedures that use the studentized range statistic qr to compare sets of means.
David B. Duncan developed this test as a modification of the Student–Newman–Keuls method that would have greater power. Duncan's MRT is especially protective against false negative (Type II) error at the expense of having a greater risk of making false positive (Type I) errors. Duncan's test is commonly used in agronomy and other agricultural research.
The result of the test is a set of subsets of means, where in each subset means have been found not to be significantly different from one another.
This test is often followed by the Compact Letter Display (CLD) methodology that renders the output of such test much more accessible to non-statistician audiences.
Definition
Assumptions:
1.A sample of observed means , which have been drawn independently from n normal populations with "true" means, respectively.
2.A common standard error . This standard error is unknown, but there is available the usual estimate , which is independent of the observed means and is based on a number of degrees of freedom, denoted by . (More precisely, , has the property that is distributed as with degrees of freedom, independently of sample means).
The exact definition of the test is:
The difference between any tw
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CDC%20classification%20system%20for%20HIV%20infection
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The CDC Classification System for HIV Infection is the medical classification system used by the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) to classify HIV disease and infection. The system is used to allow the government to handle epidemic statistics and define who receives US government assistance.
In adults and adolescents
This classification system is how the United States agency, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) classifies HIV disease and infection. This is to allow the government to handle epidemic statistics and define who receives US government assistance. In 1993, the CDC added pulmonary tuberculosis, recurrent pneumonia, and invasive cervical cancer to the list of clinical conditions in the AIDS surveillance case definition published in 1987 and expanded the AIDS surveillance case definition to include all HIV-infected persons with CD4+ T-lymphocyte counts of less than 200 cells/uL or a CD4+ percentage of less than 14. Considerable variation exists in the relative risk of death following different AIDS defining clinical conditions.
According to the US CDC definition, one has AIDS if he/she is infected with HIV and present with one of the following:
A CD4+ T-cell count below 200 cells/μl (or a CD4+ T-cell percentage of total lymphocytes of less than 14%)
OR
he/she has one of the following defining illnesses:
Candidiasis of bronchi, trachea, or lungs
Candidiasis esophageal
Cervical cancer (invasive)
Coccidioidomycosis,
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalytic%20triad
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A catalytic triad is a set of three coordinated amino acids that can be found in the active site of some enzymes. Catalytic triads are most commonly found in hydrolase and transferase enzymes (e.g. proteases, amidases, esterases, acylases, lipases and β-lactamases). An acid-base-nucleophile triad is a common motif for generating a nucleophilic residue for covalent catalysis. The residues form a charge-relay network to polarise and activate the nucleophile, which attacks the substrate, forming a covalent intermediate which is then hydrolysed to release the product and regenerate free enzyme. The nucleophile is most commonly a serine or cysteine amino acid, but occasionally threonine or even selenocysteine. The 3D structure of the enzyme brings together the triad residues in a precise orientation, even though they may be far apart in the sequence (primary structure).
As well as divergent evolution of function (and even the triad's nucleophile), catalytic triads show some of the best examples of convergent evolution. Chemical constraints on catalysis have led to the same catalytic solution independently evolving in at least 23 separate superfamilies. Their mechanism of action is consequently one of the best studied in biochemistry.
History
The enzymes trypsin and chymotrypsin were first purified in the 1930s. A serine in each of trypsin and chymotrypsin was identified as the catalytic nucleophile (by diisopropyl fluorophosphate modification) in the 1950s. The structure of chym
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leucine%20zipper
|
A leucine zipper (or leucine scissors) is a common three-dimensional structural motif in proteins. They were first described by Landschulz and collaborators in 1988 when they found that an enhancer binding protein had a very characteristic 30-amino acid segment and the display of these amino acid sequences on an idealized alpha helix revealed a periodic repetition of leucine residues at every seventh position over a distance covering eight helical turns. The polypeptide segments containing these periodic arrays of leucine residues were proposed to exist in an alpha-helical conformation and the leucine side chains from one alpha helix interdigitate with those from the alpha helix of a second polypeptide, facilitating dimerization.
Leucine zippers are a dimerization motif of the bZIP (Basic-region leucine zipper) class of eukaryotic transcription factors. The bZIP domain is 60 to 80 amino acids in length with a highly conserved DNA binding basic region and a more diversified leucine zipper dimerization region. The localization of the leucines are critical for the DNA binding to the proteins. Leucine zippers are present in both eukaryotic and prokaryotic regulatory proteins, but are mainly a feature of eukaryotes.
They can also be annotated simply as ZIPs, and ZIP-like motifs have been found in proteins other than transcription factors and are thought to be one of the general protein modules for protein–protein interactions.
Sequence and structure
Leucine zipper is created
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger%20Mayer%20%28engineer%29
|
Roger Mayer is an electrical engineer who developed several electric guitar effects, including the Octavia, a fuzz effects pedal which also doubled signal frequency, with a sound that was not attainable by simply connecting an octave pedal and a fuzz pedal together. The effect was popularized by Jimi Hendrix, and can be heard during the solos on the song "Purple Haze".
The Octavia, as well as several other effects, are still being produced under Roger Mayer's name.
Background
Mayer was originally an acoustic engineer working for the British Admiralty on underwater research projects. At a time when guitar effects were virtually unknown, he designed and built fuzz boxes for leading English guitarists such as Big Jim Sullivan, Jimmy Page, and Jeff Beck. His effects can be heard on P.J. Proby singles such as "Hold Me" (1964) and on numerous Yardbirds tracks.
Mayer was awarded 'Innovator of the Year Award 2018' by Vintage Guitar magazine not for a particular product, for his work and design across the board.
Jimi Hendrix
Just having turned 21, Mayer saw Hendrix playing live and in his words was "blown away by his live show". It was after one of Hendrix's shows at the Bag O’Nails club which was in Soho, London. After introducing himself backstage and talking in-depth about tone and a desire to create a totally different sound, he was invited by the guitarist to a gig the following week. Via a small amp back stage, Hendrix listened to the Octavia and was really impressed and exc
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polybasite
|
Polybasite is a sulfosalt mineral of silver, copper, antimony and arsenic. Its chemical formula is .
It forms black monoclinic crystals (thin, tabular, with six corners) which can show dark red internal reflections. It has a Mohs hardness of 2.5 to 3. It is found worldwide and is an ore of silver. The name comes from the number of base metals in the mineral.
Images
References
Silver minerals
Copper(I) minerals
Antimony minerals
Arsenic minerals
Sulfosalt minerals
Monoclinic minerals
Minerals in space group 15
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyhalite
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Polyhalite is an evaporite mineral, a hydrated sulfate of potassium, calcium and magnesium with formula: . Polyhalite crystallizes in the triclinic system, although crystals are very rare. The normal habit is massive to fibrous. It is typically colorless, white to gray, although it may be brick red due to iron oxide inclusions. It has a Mohs hardness of 3.5 and a specific gravity of 2.8.
It is used as a fertilizer.
Polyhalite was first described in 1818 for specimens from its type locality in Salzburg, Austria.
It occurs in sedimentary marine evaporites and is a major potassium ore mineral in the Carlsbad deposits of New Mexico. It is also present as a 2–3% contaminant of Himalayan salt.
The only deposit currently being mined lies under North Yorkshire, extending under the adjacent North Sea.
Name
The name comes from the German Polyhalit, which comes from the Ancient Greek words (polys) and (hals), which mean "many" and "salt", and the German ending -it (which comes from the Latin ending -ites, which originally also came from Greek), which is used like the English ending -ite to form the names of certain chemical compounds.
Despite the similarity in names between polyhalite and halite (the naturally occurring form of table salt), their only connection is that both are evaporite minerals. The use of the Greek words for many and salt in polyhalite is due to polyhalite consisting of several metals that can form salts in the more general sense of the word salt used in chem
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NT2
|
NT2 may refer to:
The NTERA-2 human embryonal carcinoma cell line
The Nam Theun 2 Dam, a hydroelectric dam located on the Nam Theun River in Laos.
The Staatsexamen Nederlands als tweede taal NT2, a standardised examination for Dutch language in the Netherlands.
National Treasure: Book of Secrets, the second movie in the National Treasure series.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actin-binding%20protein
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Actin-binding proteins (also known as ABPs) are proteins that bind to actin. This may mean ability to bind actin monomers, or polymers, or both.
Many actin-binding proteins, including α-actinin, β-spectrin, dystrophin, utrophin and fimbrin, do this through the actin-binding calponin homology domain.
This is a list of actin-binding proteins in alphabetical order.
0–9
25kDa
25kDa ABP from aorta p185neu
30akDA 110 kD dimer ABP
30bkDa 110 kD (Drebrin)
34kDA
45kDa
p53
p58gag
p116rip
A
a-actinin
Abl
ABLIM Actin-Interacting MAPKKK
ABP120
ABP140
Abp1p
ABP280 (Filamin)
ABP50 (EF-1a)
Acan 125 (Carmil)
ActA
Actibind
Actin
Actinfilin
Actinogelin
Actin-regulating kinases
Actin-Related Proteins
Actobindin
Actolinkin
Actopaxin
Actophorin
Acumentin (= L-plastin)
Adducin
ADF/Cofilin
Adseverin (scinderin)
Afadin
AFAP-110
Affixin
Aginactin
AIP1
Aldolase
Angiogenin
Anillin
Annexins
Aplyronine
Archvillin
Arginine kinase
Arp2/3 complex
B
Band 4.1
Band 4.9(Dematin)
b-actinin
b-Cap73
Bifocal
Bistramide A
BPAG1
Brevin (Gelsolin)
C
c-Abl
Calpactin (Annexin)
CHO1
Cortactin
CamKinase II
Calponin
Chondramide
Cortexillin
CAP
Caltropin
CH-ILKBP
CPb3
Cap100
Calvasculin
Ciboulot
Coactosin
CAP23
CARMIL
Acan125
Cingulin
Cytovillin (Ezrin)
CapZ/Capping Protein
a-Catenin
Cofilin
CR16
Caldesmon
CCT
Comitin
Calicin
Centuarin
Coronin
D
DBP40
Drebrin
Dematin (Band 4.9)
Dynacortin
Destrin (ADF/cofilin)
Dystonins
Diaphanous
Dystroglycan
DNase I
Dystrophin
Doliculide
Dolastatins
E
EAST
Endossin
EF-1a (ABP50)
E
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic%20parallelization
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Automatic parallelization, also auto parallelization, or autoparallelization refers to converting sequential code into multi-threaded and/or vectorized code in order to use multiple processors simultaneously in a shared-memory multiprocessor (SMP) machine. Fully automatic parallelization of sequential programs is a challenge because it requires complex program analysis and the best approach may depend upon parameter values that are not known at compilation time.
The programming control structures on which autoparallelization places the most focus are loops, because, in general, most of the execution time of a program takes place inside some form of loop.
There are two main approaches to parallelization of loops: pipelined multi-threading and cyclic multi-threading. For example, consider a loop that on each iteration applies a hundred operations, and runs for a thousand iterations. This can be thought of as a grid of 100 columns by 1000 rows, a total of 100,000 operations. Cyclic multi-threading assigns each row to a different thread. Pipelined multi-threading assigns each column to a different thread.
Automatic parallelization technique
Parse
This is the first stage where the scanner will read the input source files to identify all static and extern usages. Each line in the file will be checked against pre-defined patterns to segregate into tokens. These tokens will be stored in a file which will be used later by the
grammar engine. The grammar engine will check patterns
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumer%20Expenditure%20Survey
|
The Consumer Expenditure Survey (CE or CEX) is a Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) household survey that collects information on the buying habits of U.S. consumers. The program consists of two components — the Interview Survey and the Diary Survey — each with its own sample. The surveys collect data on expenditures, income, and consumer unit characteristics. In May 2020, the American Association for Public Opinion Research recognized the CE program with its 2020 Policy Impact Award, for joint work by the BLS -- including CE and the Division of Price and Index Number Research -- and the Census Bureau on the Supplemental Poverty thresholds and measure, and the essential contributions these data products have made to the understanding, discussion, and advancement of public policy related to the alleviation of poverty in the United States.
Interview Survey
For the Interview Survey, each consumer unit is interviewed once per quarter, for four consecutive quarters. This survey is designed to capture large purchases, such as spending on rent, property, vehicles and expenses that occur on a regular basis such as rent or utilities. Since April 2003, data have been collected using a Computer Assisted Personal Interview (CAPI). Prior to that, interviews were administered using paper and pencil. An example of the most recent CAPI instrument is available on the Consumer Expenditure Survey website.
Diary Survey
The Diary Survey is self-administered, and each consumer unit keeps a
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ideal%20chain
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In polymer chemistry, an ideal chain (or freely-jointed chain) is the simplest model to describe polymers, such as nucleic acids and proteins. It assumes that the monomers in a polymer are located at the steps of a hypothetical random walker that does not remember its previous steps. By neglecting interactions among monomers, this model assumes that two (or more) monomers can occupy the same location. Although it is simple, its generality gives insight about the physics of polymers.
In this model, monomers are rigid rods of a fixed length , and their orientation is completely independent of the orientations and positions of neighbouring monomers. In some cases, the monomer has a physical interpretation, such as an amino acid in a polypeptide. In other cases, a monomer is simply a segment of the polymer that can be modeled as behaving as a discrete, freely jointed unit. If so, is the Kuhn length. For example, chromatin is modeled as a polymer in which each monomer is a segment approximately 14-46 kbp in length.
The model
N mers form the polymer, whose total unfolded length is:
where N is the number of mers.
In this very simple approach where no interactions between mers are considered, the energy of the polymer is taken to be independent of its shape, which means that at thermodynamic equilibrium, all of its shape configurations are equally likely to occur as the polymer fluctuates in time, according to the Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution.
Let us call the total end t
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oseledets%20theorem
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In mathematics, the multiplicative ergodic theorem, or Oseledets theorem provides the theoretical background for computation of Lyapunov exponents of a nonlinear dynamical system. It was proved by Valery Oseledets (also spelled "Oseledec") in 1965 and reported at the International Mathematical Congress in Moscow in 1966. A conceptually different proof of the multiplicative ergodic theorem was found by M. S. Raghunathan. The theorem has been extended to semisimple Lie groups by V. A. Kaimanovich and further generalized in the works of David Ruelle, Grigory Margulis, Anders Karlsson, and François Ledrappier.
Cocycles
The multiplicative ergodic theorem is stated in terms of matrix cocycles of a dynamical system. The theorem states conditions for the existence of the defining limits and describes the Lyapunov exponents. It does not address the rate of convergence.
A cocycle of an autonomous dynamical system X is a map
C : X×T → Rn×n satisfying
where X and T (with T = Z⁺ or T = R⁺) are the phase space
and the time range, respectively, of the dynamical system,
and In is the n-dimensional unit matrix.
The dimension n of the matrices C is not related to the phase space X.
Examples
A prominent example of a cocycle is given by the matrix Jt in the theory of Lyapunov exponents. In this special case, the dimension n of the matrices is the same as the dimension of the manifold X.
For any cocycle C, the determinant det C(x, t) is a one-dimensional cocycle.
Statement of the the
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal%20Kingdom%20Dizzy
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Crystal Kingdom Dizzy is an adventure video game featuring the character Dizzy released in December 1992 by Codemasters. The Oliver Twins—who were heavily involved in the design and programming of previous Dizzy games—had less involvement with this one.
The game was the last title in the core Dizzy series until the release of Wonderful Dizzy in 2020.
At £9.99, this was the first full-price Dizzy game released for home computers; previous games had been released at budget prices (£2-3). This elicited some criticism, as despite the much higher tag, the game was no bigger or more complex than its much lower-priced predecessors.
The Spectrum version of the game knocked Rainbow Islands from the top of the UK sales chart, and prevented Street Fighter II from being number one. This version was voted number 70 in the Your Sinclair Readers Top 100 Games of All Time.
The Commodore 64 and Amstrad CPC versions were the only core games in the series to be entirely coded for those platforms as opposed to porting over the graphic designs from the Spectrum versions as previously.
References
External links
Crystal Kingdom Dizzy at Amiga Hall of Light
Crystal Kingdom Dizzy at Atari Mania
1992 video games
Amiga games
Amstrad CPC games
Atari ST games
Amiga CD32 games
Codemasters games
Commodore 64 games
Dizzy (series)
Europe-exclusive video games
ZX Spectrum games
Video games developed in the United Kingdom
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autolysis%20%28biology%29
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In biology, autolysis, more commonly known as self-digestion, refers to the destruction of a cell through the action of its own enzymes. It may also refer to the digestion of an enzyme by another molecule of the same enzyme.
The term derives from the Greek αὐτο- 'self' and λύσις 'splitting'.
Biochemical mechanisms of cell destruction
Autolysis is uncommon in living adult organisms and usually occurs in necrotic tissue as enzymes act on components of the cell that would not normally serve as substrates. These enzymes are released due to the cessation of active processes in the cell that provide substrates in healthy, living tissue; autolysis in itself is not an active process. In other words, though autolysis resembles the active process of digestion of nutrients by live cells, the dead cells are not actively digesting themselves as is often claimed, and as the synonym self-digestion suggests. Failure of respiration and subsequent failure of oxidative phosphorylation is the trigger of the autolytic process. The reduced availability and subsequent absence of high-energy molecules that are required to maintain the integrity of the cell and maintain homeostasis causes significant changes in the biochemical operation of the cell.
Molecular oxygen serves as the terminal electron acceptor in the series of biochemical reactions known as oxidative phosphorylation that are ultimately responsible for the synthesis of adenosine triphosphate, the main source of energy for otherwise t
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental%20education
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Environmental education (EE) refers to organized efforts to teach how natural environments function, and particularly, how human beings can manage behavior and ecosystems to live sustainably. It is a multi-disciplinary field integrating disciplines such as biology, chemistry, physics, ecology, earth science, atmospheric science, mathematics, and geography.
The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) states that EE is vital in imparting an inherent respect for nature among society and in enhancing public environmental awareness. UNESCO emphasises the role of EE in safeguarding future global developments of societal quality of life (QOL), through the protection of the environment, eradication of poverty, minimization of inequalities and insurance of sustainable development.
The term often implies education within the school system, from primary to post-secondary. However, it sometimes includes all efforts to educate the public and other audiences, including print materials, websites, media campaigns, etc.. There are also ways that environmental education is taught outside the traditional classroom. Aquariums, zoos, parks, and nature centers all have ways of teaching the public about the environment.
UNESCO and environmental awareness and education
UNESCO's involvement in environmental awareness and education goes back to the very beginnings of the Organization, with the creation in 1948 of the IUCN (International Union for the Conservation
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predictive%20modelling
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Predictive modelling uses statistics to predict outcomes. Most often the event one wants to predict is in the future, but predictive modelling can be applied to any type of unknown event, regardless of when it occurred. For example, predictive models are often used to detect crimes and identify suspects, after the crime has taken place.
In many cases, the model is chosen on the basis of detection theory to try to guess the probability of an outcome given a set amount of input data, for example given an email determining how likely that it is spam.
Models can use one or more classifiers in trying to determine the probability of a set of data belonging to another set. For example, a model might be used to determine whether an email is spam or "ham" (non-spam).
Depending on definitional boundaries, predictive modelling is synonymous with, or largely overlapping with, the field of machine learning, as it is more commonly referred to in academic or research and development contexts. When deployed commercially, predictive modelling is often referred to as predictive analytics.
Predictive modelling is often contrasted with causal modelling/analysis. In the former, one may be entirely satisfied to make use of indicators of, or proxies for, the outcome of interest. In the latter, one seeks to determine true cause-and-effect relationships. This distinction has given rise to a burgeoning literature in the fields of research methods and statistics and to the common statement that "c
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourism%20in%20Laos
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Tourism in Laos is governed by a ministry-level government agency, the Lao National Tourism Administration (LNTA).
Statistics
Annual statistics
Notes:
1.COVID-19 pandemic.
2.SARS epidemic
3.September 11 attacks
International visitor arrivals
∗ASEAN nation
See also
Visa policy of Laos
References
External links
Laos Cultural Profile (Ministry of Information and Culture/Visiting Arts)
The official Laos Tourism Authority site
Laos virtual tour
Laos Tourism Video
Laos
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical%20theorem
|
In physics, the optical theorem is a general law of wave scattering theory, which relates the zero-angle scattering amplitude to the total cross section of the scatterer. It is usually written in the form
where (0) is the scattering amplitude with an angle of zero, that is the amplitude of the wave scattered to the center of a distant screen and is the wave vector in the incident direction.
Because the optical theorem is derived using only conservation of energy, or in quantum mechanics from conservation of probability, the optical theorem is widely applicable and, in quantum mechanics, includes both elastic and inelastic scattering.
The generalized optical theorem, first derived by Werner Heisenberg, follows from the unitary condition and is given by
where is the scattering amplitude that depends on the direction of the incident wave and the direction of scattering and is the differential solid angle. When , the above relation yields the optical theorem since the left-hand side is just twice the imaginary part of and since . For scattering in a centrally symmetric field, depends only on the angle between and , in which case, the above relation reduces to
where and are the angles between and and some direction .
History
The optical theorem was originally developed independently by Wolfgang Sellmeier and Lord Rayleigh in 1871. Lord Rayleigh recognized the zero-angle scattering amplitude in terms of the index of refraction as
(where is the number density
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VP-Info
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VP-Info is a database language and compiler for the personal computer. VP-Info was a competitor to the Clipper and dBase applications in the late 1980s and 1990s. VP-Info was originally intended to run on MS-DOS, DR-DOS and the PC-MOS/386 operating system, but now is run in the vDOS, Windows environment. The last release of VP-Info, a multi-tasking, multi-user version released in 1992 was named SharkBase, or simply "Shark".
Origin
In the early 1980s, David Clark met George Gratzer, a mathematics professor at the University of Manitoba, at ComputerLand in Winnipeg where Gratzer was looking for someone who could program in dBase. Clark had been using dBase II, but was frustrated by its limitations for reporting on more than 2 tables at a time. While working for Standard Knitting (a client of Gratzer's and Clark's), David wrote a report generator called dComp that would allow up to six related data files to be in use at one time and run faster than the slow, dBase II. Clark and Gratzer subsequently formed a partnership in a company called "Sub Rosa" that developed dComp into a full dBase II compatible language/database called Max that had more speed and "power tools" than even dBase III contained. Clark designed and developed the program while Gratzer wrote the reference and tutorial manuals. This product was published by Paperback Software and sold over 30,000 copies (worldwide) in 1987 alone. The published reference manual for VP-Info was over 900 pages and the program w
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two%20envelopes%20problem
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The two envelopes problem, also known as the exchange paradox, is a paradox in probability theory. It is of special interest in decision theory and for the Bayesian interpretation of probability theory. It is a variant of an older problem known as the necktie paradox.
The problem is typically introduced by formulating a hypothetical challenge like the following example:
Since the situation is symmetric, it seems obvious that there is no point in switching envelopes. On the other hand, a simple calculation using expected values suggests the opposite conclusion, that it is always beneficial to swap envelopes, since the person stands to gain twice as much money if they switch, while the only risk is halving what they currently have.
Introduction
Problem
A person is given two indistinguishable envelopes, each of which contains a sum of money. One envelope contains twice as much as the other. The person may pick one envelope and keep whatever amount it contains. They pick one envelope at random but before they open it they are given the chance to take the other envelope instead.
The switching argument
Now suppose the person reasons as follows:
The puzzle
The puzzle is to find the flaw in the line of reasoning in the switching argument. This includes determining exactly why and under what conditions that step is not correct, to be sure not to make this mistake in a situation where the misstep may not be so obvious. In short, the problem is to solve the paradox. The puzzle is
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Route%20poisoning
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Route poisoning is a method to prevent a router from sending packets through a route that has become invalid within computer networks. Distance-vector routing protocols in computer networks use route poisoning to indicate to other routers that a route is no longer reachable and should not be considered from their routing tables. Unlike the split horizon with poison reverse, route poisoning provides for sending updates with unreachable hop counts immediately to all the nodes in the network.
When the protocol detects an invalid route, all of the routers in the network are informed that the bad route has an infinite (∞) route metric. This makes all nodes on the invalid route seem infinitely distant, preventing any of the routers from sending packets over the invalid route.
Some distance-vector routing protocols, such as RIP, use a maximum hop count to determine how many routers the traffic must go through to reach the destination. Each route has a hop count number assigned to it which is incremented as the routing information is passed from router to router. A route is considered unreachable if the hop count exceeds the maximum allowed. Route poisoning is a method of quickly forgetting outdated routing information from other router's routing tables by changing its hop count to be unreachable (higher than the maximum number of hops allowed) and sending a routing update. In the case of RIP, the maximum hop count is 15, so to perform route poisoning on a route its hop count is ch
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dean%20Kiely
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Dean Laurence Kiely (born 10 October 1970) is a former professional footballer who played as a goalkeeper. He is the goalkeeping coach at Premier League club Crystal Palace and the Republic of Ireland national team. Born in England, he won eleven caps for the Republic of Ireland as a player. Kiely has previously worked as the goalkeeping coach at West Bromwich Albion and Norwich City.
Club career
Born in Salford, Lancashire, Kiely trained with the West Bromwich Albion youth system as a schoolboy before being accepted into the FA School of Excellence at Lilleshall. After Albion he progressed through the Coventry City youth system as a trainee before signing a professional contract on 30 October 1987. He went to Ipswich Town on loan in November 1989 but failed to make any league appearances. Kiely joined York City on loan on 9 March 1990 before joining permanently in May, when he was given his first chance at regular first-team football. He made 210 league appearances for them between 1990 and 1996, and played in their 3–0 win over Manchester United at Old Trafford in the League Cup.
Following a trial with Plymouth Argyle, Kiely signed for Bury on 15 August 1996 for a tribunal-decided fee of £125,000. He spent three seasons at Bury, making 137 league appearances in the process. He was instrumental in Bury winning the Second Division title in the 1996–97 season, most notably with an 88th-minute penalty save in the penultimate game of the season from Watford's Tommy Mooney. Bur
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klotho%20%28biology%29
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Klotho is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the KL gene. The three subfamilies of klotho are α-klotho, β-klotho, and γ-klotho. α-klotho activates FGF23, and β-klotho activates FGF19 and FGF21. When the subfamily is not specified, the word "klotho" typically refers to the α-klotho subfamily, because α-klotho was discovered before the other members.
α-klotho is highly expressed in the brain, liver and kidney. β-klotho is predominantly expressed in the liver. γ-klotho is expressed in the skin.
Klotho can exist in a membrane-bound form or a (hormonal) soluble, circulating form. Proteases can convert the membrane-bound form into the circulating form.
The KL gene encodes a type-I single-pass transmembrane protein that is related to β-glucuronidases. Reduced production of this protein has been observed in patients with chronic kidney failure (CKF), and this may be one of the factors underlying degenerative processes (e.g., arteriosclerosis, osteoporosis, and skin atrophy) seen in CKF. Mutations within the family have been associated with ageing, bone loss and alcohol consumption. Transgenic mice that overexpress Klotho live longer than wild-type mice.
Structure
The α-klotho gene is located on chromosome 13, and is translated into a single-pass integral membrane protein. The intracellular portion of the α-klotho protein is short (11 amino acids), whereas the extracellular portion is long (980 amino acids). The transmembrane portion is also comparatively short (21 amino acid
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiplication%20%28music%29
|
The mathematical operations of multiplication have several applications to music. Other than its application to the frequency ratios of intervals (for example, Just intonation, and the twelfth root of two in equal temperament), it has been used in other ways for twelve-tone technique, and musical set theory. Additionally ring modulation is an electrical audio process involving multiplication that has been used for musical effect.
A multiplicative operation is a mapping in which the argument is multiplied. Multiplication originated intuitively in interval expansion, including tone row order number rotation, for example in the music of Béla Bartók and Alban Berg. Pitch number rotation, Fünferreihe or "five-series" and Siebenerreihe or "seven-series", was first described by Ernst Krenek in Über neue Musik. Princeton-based theorists, including James K. Randall, Godfrey Winham, and Hubert S. Howe "were the first to discuss and adopt them, not only with regards to twelve-tone series".
Pitch-class multiplication modulo 12
When dealing with pitch-class sets, multiplication modulo 12 is a common operation. Dealing with all twelve tones, or a tone row, there are only a few numbers which one may multiply a row by and still end up with a set of twelve distinct tones. Taking the prime or unaltered form as P0, multiplication is indicated by Mx, x being the multiplicator:
Mx(y) ≡ xy mod 12
The following table lists all possible multiplications of a chromatic twelve-tone row:
Note th
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equidistribution%20theorem
|
In mathematics, the equidistribution theorem is the statement that the sequence
a, 2a, 3a, ... mod 1
is uniformly distributed on the circle , when a is an irrational number. It is a special case of the ergodic theorem where one takes the normalized angle measure .
History
While this theorem was proved in 1909 and 1910 separately by Hermann Weyl, Wacław Sierpiński and Piers Bohl, variants of this theorem continue to be studied to this day.
In 1916, Weyl proved that the sequence a, 22a, 32a, ... mod 1 is uniformly distributed on the unit interval. In 1937, Ivan Vinogradov proved that the sequence pn a mod 1 is uniformly distributed, where pn is the nth prime. Vinogradov's proof was a byproduct of the odd Goldbach conjecture, that every sufficiently large odd number is the sum of three primes.
George Birkhoff, in 1931, and Aleksandr Khinchin, in 1933, proved that the generalization x + na, for almost all x, is equidistributed on any Lebesgue measurable subset of the unit interval. The corresponding generalizations for the Weyl and Vinogradov results were proven by Jean Bourgain in 1988.
Specifically, Khinchin showed that the identity
holds for almost all x and any Lebesgue integrable function ƒ. In modern formulations, it is asked under what conditions the identity
might hold, given some general sequence bk.
One noteworthy result is that the sequence 2ka mod 1 is uniformly distributed for almost all, but not all, irrational a. Similarly, for the sequence bk = 2ka
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extracellular%20digestion
|
Extracellular phototropic digestion is a process in which saprobionts feed by secreting enzymes through the cell membrane onto the food. The enzymes catalyze the digestion of the food ie diffusion, transport, osmotrophy or phagocytosis. Since digestion occurs outside the cell, it is said to be extracellular. It takes place either in the lumen of the digestive system, in a gastric cavity or other digestive organ, or completely outside the body. During extracellular digestion, food is broken down outside the cell either mechanically or with acid
by special molecules called enzymes. Then the newly broken down nutrients can be absorbed by the cells nearby. Humans use extracellular digestion when they eat. Their teeth grind the food up, enzymes and acid in the stomach liquefy it, and additional enzymes in the small intestine break the food down into parts their cells can use.
Extracellular digestion is a form of digestion found in all saprobiontic annelids, crustaceans, arthropods, lichens and chordates, including vertebrates.
In fungi
Fungi are heterotrophic organisms. Heterotrophic nutrition means that fungi utilize extracellular sources of organic energy, organic material or organic matter, for their maintenance, growth and reproduction. Energy is derived from the breakdown of the chemical bond between carbon and either carbon or other components of compounds such as a phosphate ion. The extracellular sources of energy may be simple sugars, polypeptides or more complex carbo
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Categorical
|
Categorical may refer to:
Categorical imperative, a concept in philosophy developed by Immanuel Kant
Categorical theory, in mathematical logic
Morley's categoricity theorem, a mathematical theorem in model theory
Categorical data analysis
Categorical distribution, a probability distribution
Categorical logic, a branch of category theory within mathematics with notable connections to theoretical computer science
Categorical syllogism, a kind of logical argument
Categorical proposition, a part of deductive reasoning
Categorization
Categorical perception
Category theory in mathematics
Categorical set theory
Recursive categorical syntax in linguistics
See also
Category (disambiguation)
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-sectional%20regression
|
In statistics and econometrics, a cross-sectional regression is a type of regression in which the explained and explanatory variables are all associated with the same single period or point in time. This type of cross-sectional analysis is in contrast to a time-series regression or longitudinal regression in which the variables are considered to be associated with a sequence of points in time.
For example, in economics a regression to explain and predict money demand (how much people choose to hold in the form of the most liquid assets) could be conducted with either cross-sectional or time series data. A cross-sectional regression would have as each data point an observation on a particular individual's money holdings, income, and perhaps other variables at a single point in time, and different data points would reflect different individuals at the same point in time. In contrast, a regression using time series would have as each data point an entire economy's money holdings, income, etc. at one point in time, and different data points would be drawn on the same economy but at different points in time.
See also
Linear regression
Regression analysis
References
Preprint
External links
A Review of Cross Sectional Regression for Financial Data Lecture notes by Gary Koop, Department of Economics, University of Strathclyde
Regression analysis
Cross-sectional analysis
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krylov%20subspace
|
In linear algebra, the order-r Krylov subspace generated by an n-by-n matrix A and a vector b of dimension n is the linear subspace spanned by the images of b under the first r powers of A (starting from ), that is,
Background
The concept is named after Russian applied mathematician and naval engineer Alexei Krylov, who published a paper about it in 1931.
Properties
.
Let . Then are linearly independent unless , for all , and . So is the maximal dimension of the Krylov subspaces .
The maximal dimension satisfies and .
Consider , where is the minimal polynomial of . We have . Moreover, for any , there exists a for which this bound is tight, i.e. .
is a cyclic submodule generated by of the torsion -module , where is the linear space on .
can be decomposed as the direct sum of Krylov subspaces.
Use
Krylov subspaces are used in algorithms for finding approximate solutions to high-dimensional linear algebra problems. Many linear dynamical system tests in control theory, especially those related to controllability and observability, involve checking the rank of the Krylov subspace. These tests are equivalent to finding the span of the Gramians associated with the system/output maps so the uncontrollable and unobservable subspaces are simply the orthogonal complement to the Krylov subspace.
Modern iterative methods such as Arnoldi iteration can be used for finding one (or a few) eigenvalues of large sparse matrices or solving large systems of linear equations. T
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infusion%20pump
|
An infusion pump infuses fluids, medication or nutrients into a patient's circulatory system. It is generally used intravenously, although subcutaneous, arterial and epidural infusions are occasionally used.
Infusion pumps can administer fluids in ways that would be impractically expensive or unreliable if performed manually by nursing staff. For example, they can administer as little as 0.1 mL per hour injections (too small for a drip), injections every minute, injections with repeated boluses requested by the patient, up to maximum number per hour (e.g. in patient-controlled analgesia), or fluids whose volumes vary by the time of day.
Because they can also produce quite high but controlled pressures, they can inject controlled amounts of fluids subcutaneously (beneath the skin), or epidurally (just within the surface of the central nervous system – a very popular local spinal anesthesia for childbirth).
Types of infusion
The user interface of pumps usually requests details on the type of infusion from the technician or nurse that sets them up:
Continuous infusion usually consists of small pulses of infusion, usually between 500 nanoliters and 10 milliliters, depending on the pump's design, with the rate of these pulses depending on the programmed infusion speed.
Intermittent infusion has a "high" infusion rate, alternating with a low programmable infusion rate to keep the cannula open. The timings are programmable. This mode is often used to administer antibiotics,
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SH2%20domain
|
The SH2 (Src Homology 2) domain is a structurally conserved protein domain contained within the Src oncoprotein and in many other intracellular signal-transducing proteins. SH2 domains bind to phosphorylated tyrosine residues on other proteins, modifying the function or activity of the SH2-containing protein. The SH2 domain may be considered the prototypical modular protein-protein interaction domain, allowing the transmission of signals controlling a variety of cellular functions. SH2 domains are especially common in adaptor proteins that aid in the signal transduction of receptor tyrosine kinase pathways.
Structure and interactions
SH2 domains contain about 100 amino acid residues and exhibit a central antiparallel β-sheet centered between two α-helices. Binding to phosphotyrosine-containing peptides involves a strictly-conserved Arg residue that pairs with the negatively-charged phosphate on the phosphotyrosine, and a surrounding pocket that recognizes flanking sequences on the target peptide. Compared to other signaling proteins, SH2 domains exhibit only a moderate degree of specificity for their target peptides, due to the relative weakness of the interactions with the flanking sequences.
Over 100 human proteins are known to contain SH2 domains. A variety of tyrosine-containing sequences have been found to bind SH2 domains and are conserved across a wide range of organisms, performing similar functions. Binding of a phosphotyrosine-containing protein to an SH2 do
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiation%20burn
|
A radiation burn is a damage to the skin or other biological tissue and organs as an effect of radiation. The radiation types of greatest concern are thermal radiation, radio frequency energy, ultraviolet light and ionizing radiation.
The most common type of radiation burn is a sunburn caused by UV radiation. High exposure to X-rays during diagnostic medical imaging or radiotherapy can also result in radiation burns. As the ionizing radiation interacts with cells within the body—damaging them—the body responds to this damage, typically resulting in erythema—that is, redness around the damaged area. Radiation burns are often discussed in the same context as radiation-induced cancer due to the ability of ionizing radiation to interact with and damage DNA, occasionally inducing a cell to become cancerous. Cavity magnetrons can be improperly used to create surface and internal burning. Depending on the photon energy, gamma radiation can cause deep gamma burns, with 60Co internal burns common. Beta burns tend to be shallow as beta particles are not able to penetrate deeply into a body; these burns can be similar to sunburn. Alpha particles can cause internal alpha burns if inhaled, with external damage (if any) being limited to minor erythema.
Radiation burns can also occur with high power radio transmitters at any frequency where the body absorbs radio frequency energy and converts it to heat. The U.S. Federal Communications Commission (FCC) considers 50 watts to be the lowest
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capacitance%20multiplier
|
A capacitance multiplier is designed to make a capacitor function like a much larger capacitor. This can be achieved in at least two ways.
An active circuit, using a device such as a transistor or operational amplifier
A passive circuit, using autotransformers. These are typically used for calibration standards. The General Radio / IET labs 1417 is one such example.
Capacitor multipliers make low-frequency filters and long-duration timing circuits possible that would be impractical with actual capacitors. Another application is in DC power supplies where very low ripple voltage (under load) is of paramount importance, such as in class-A amplifiers.
Transistor-based
Here the capacitance of capacitor C1 is multiplied by approximately the transistor's current gain (β).
Without Q, R2 would be the load on the capacitor. With Q in place, the loading imposed upon C1 is simply the load current reduced by a factor of (β + 1). Consequently, C1 appears multiplied by a factor of (β + 1) when viewed by the load.
Another way is to look at this circuit as an emitter follower with capacitor C1 holding voltage at base constant with load of input impedance of Q1: R2 multiplied by (1 + β), so the output current is stabilized much more against power line voltage noise.
Operational amplifier based
Here, the capacitance of capacitor C1 is multiplied by the ratio of resistances: C = C1 * R1 / R2 at the Vi node.
The synthesized capacitance also brings a series resistance approximately e
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HFT
|
HFT may refer to:
Hammerfest Airport, in Norway
Harbor Freight Tools, an American retailer
High-flow therapy, a method of delivering respiratory gases
High-frequency trading, type of algorithmic trading
Hoh Fuk Tong stop (MTR station code), in Hong Kong
Human Friendly Transmission, a motorcycle transmission
Hunter Field Target, a target shooting sport
hft a learning disability charity in the United Kingdom
Hardware Fault Tolerance in IEC 61508
Himalayan Frontal Thrust, a geologic fault
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WNZR
|
WNZR, operating at a frequency of 90.9 FM MHz, signed on the air in October 1986. The station is owned and operated by Mount Vernon Nazarene University. The station's studios are located in Founders Hall and are part of the University's Communication Department and the School of Arts and Humanities. WNZR's broadcast tower and transmitter building is located off of Glen Road on the east end of the campus. The station serves a dual purpose as a laboratory for radio broadcasting classes and a broadcast ministry of MVNU.
WNZR is licensed by the Federal Communications Commission as a non-commercial educational (NCE) station, and is located in the NCE range of the FM bandwidth. WNZR was originally licensed to operate around 140 watts. In May 2008, the station was approved for a power increase up to 1300 watts and went live with a new transmitter on May 21, 2010. WNZR's signal now reaches into bordering counties (Licking, Morrow, and Richland). WNZR also streams online at www.wnzr.fm and has a smartphone app available on both the Google Play/Android platform and on the iTunes App Store.
WNZR is funded through support from the university's general academic budget, donations from listeners, and underwriting support from area businesses and organizations. It operates 24 hours a day, seven days a week, 365 days a year, broadcasting primarily an Adult Contemporary (AC) Christian music format, along with a variety of Christian teaching programs and athletic events. Core music artists at
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Americablog
|
Americablog (stylized as blog) is an American liberal blog founded by John Aravosis in April 2004, with several co-bloggers. The blog helped expose Jeff Gannon in 2005, and in 2006 helped make cell phone privacy an issue by obtaining General Wesley Clark's call records. The blog focuses on U.S. politics.
Members
John Aravosis, lawyer, journalist, Democratic political consultant, and civil rights advocate who served five years as the senior foreign policy adviser to United States Senator Ted Stevens (R-AK), and wrote as a stringer for the Economist.
Joe Sudbay, Democratic political consultant and former gun control activist, held staff positions with Violence Policy Center, and Handgun Control, Inc.
Chris Ryan, who lives in Paris, France.
Steven Kyle, a professor in economics at Cornell University.
Naomi Seligman, a communications professional from Santa Monica, California.
History
Americablog first received widespread media attention after it revealed that Jeff Gannon, a member of the White House press corps with a reputation for asking "softball" questions at opportune moments for Press Secretary Scott McClellan, was actually James Guckert and had advertised his services as an escort.
In 2006, Aravosis learned that a number of commercial websites were selling people's private cell phone records, and that the practice was legal. In order to publicize what he considered a problem, Aravosis purchased the call records of former presidential candidate and Supreme Allied
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enstrophy
|
In fluid dynamics, the enstrophy can be interpreted as another type of potential density; or, more concretely, the quantity directly related to the kinetic energy in the flow model that corresponds to dissipation effects in the fluid. It is particularly useful in the study of turbulent flows, and is often identified in the study of thrusters as well as in combustion theory and meteorology.
Given a domain and a once-weakly differentiable vector field which represents a fluid flow, such as a solution to the Navier-Stokes equations, its enstrophy is given by:where . This quantity is the same as the squared seminorm of the solution in the Sobolev space .
Incompressible flow
In the case that the flow is incompressible, or equivalently that , the enstrophy can be described as the integral of the square of the vorticity :
or, in terms of the flow velocity:
In the context of the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations, enstrophy appears in the following useful result:
The quantity in parentheses on the left is the kinetic energy in the flow, so the result says that energy declines proportional to the kinematic viscosity times the enstrophy.
See also
Atmospheric circulation
Turbulence
References
Further reading
Continuum mechanics
Fluid dynamics
Turbulence
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O%20visa
|
An O visa is a classification of non-immigrant temporary worker visa granted by the United States to an alien "who possesses extraordinary ability in the sciences, arts, education, business, or athletics, or who has a demonstrated record of extraordinary achievement in the motion picture or television industry and has been recognized nationally or internationally for those achievements", and to certain assistants and immediate family members of such aliens.
According to United States Citizenship and Immigration Services, there are three types of O visas:
O-1A: individuals with an extraordinary ability in the sciences, education, business, or athletics (not including the arts, motion pictures or television industry)
O-1B: individuals with an extraordinary ability in the arts or extraordinary achievement in motion picture or television industry.
O-2: individuals who will accompany an O-1, artist or athlete, to assist in a specific event or performance. "For an O-1A, the O-2's assistance must be an 'integral part' of the O-1A's activity. For an O-1B, the O-2's assistance must be 'essential' to the completion of the O-1B's production. The O-2 worker has critical skills and experience with the O-1 that cannot be readily performed by a U.S. worker and which are essential to the successful performance of the O-1."
O-3: individuals who are the spouse or children of O-1s and O-2s.
An O-1 visa is initially granted for up to three years. Subsequently, it can be extended for one y
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromalveolata
|
Chromalveolata was a eukaryote supergroup present in a major classification of 2005, then regarded as one of the six major groups within the eukaryotes. It was a refinement of the kingdom Chromista, first proposed by Thomas Cavalier-Smith in 1981. Chromalveolata was proposed to represent the organisms descended from a single secondary endosymbiosis involving a red alga and a bikont. The plastids in these organisms are those that contain chlorophyll c.
However, the monophyly of the Chromalveolata has been rejected. Thus, two papers published in 2008 have phylogenetic trees in which the chromalveolates are split up, and recent studies continue to support this view.
Groups and classification
Historically, many chromalveolates were considered plants, because of their cell walls, photosynthetic ability, and in some cases their morphological resemblance to the land plants (Embryophyta). However, when the five-kingdom system (proposed in 1969) took prevalence over the animal–plant dichotomy, most of what we now call chromalveolates were put into the kingdom Protista, but the water molds and slime nets were put into the kingdom Fungi, while the brown algae stayed in the plant kingdom. These various organisms were later grouped together and given the name Chromalveolata by Cavalier-Smith. He believed them to be a monophyletic group, but this is not the case.
In 2005, in a classification reflecting the consensus at the time, the Chromalveolata were regarded as one of the six major
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphplan
|
Graphplan is an algorithm for automated planning developed by Avrim Blum and Merrick Furst in 1995. Graphplan takes as input a planning problem expressed in STRIPS and produces, if one is possible, a sequence of operations for reaching a goal state.
The name graphplan is due to the use of a novel planning graph, to reduce the amount of search needed to find the solution from straightforward exploration of the state space graph.
In the state space graph:
the nodes are possible states,
and the edges indicate reachability through a certain action.
On the contrary, in Graphplan's planning graph:
the nodes are actions and atomic facts, arranged into alternate levels,
and the edges are of two kinds:
from an atomic fact to the actions for which it is a condition,
from an action to the atomic facts it makes true or false.
the first level contains true atomic facts identifying the initial state.
Lists of incompatible facts that cannot be true at the same time and incompatible actions that cannot be executed together are also maintained.
The algorithm then iteratively extends the planning graph, proving that there are no solutions of length l-1 before looking for plans of length l by backward chaining: supposing the goals are true, Graphplan looks for the actions and previous states from which the goals can be reached, pruning as many of them as possible thanks to incompatibility information.
A closely related approach to planning is the Planning as Satisfiability (Sat
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wassily%20Hoeffding
|
Wassily Hoeffding (June 12, 1914 – February 28, 1991) was a Finnish statistician and probabilist. Hoeffding was one of the founders of nonparametric statistics, in which Hoeffding contributed the idea and basic results on U-statistics.
In probability theory, Hoeffding's inequality provides an upper bound on the probability for the sum of random variables to deviate from its expected value.
Personal life
Hoeffding was born in Mustamäki, Finland, (Gorkovskoye, Russia since 1940), although his place of birth is registered as St. Petersburg on his birth certificate. His father was an economist and a disciple of Peter Struve, the Russian social scientist and public figure. His paternal grandparents were Danish and his father's uncle was the Danish philosopher Harald Høffding. His mother, née Wedensky, had studied medicine. Both grandfathers had been engineers. In 1918 the family left Tsarskoye Selo for Ukraine and, after traveling through scenes of civil war, finally left Russia for Denmark in 1920, where Wassily entered school.
In 1924 the family settled in Berlin. Hoeffding obtained his PhD in 1940 at the University of Berlin. He migrated with his mother to the United States in 1946. His younger brother, Oleg, became a military historian in the United States.
Hoeffding's ashes were buried in a small cemetery on land owned by George E. Nicholson, Jr.'s family in Chatham County, NC about 11 miles south of Chapel Hill, NC.
Work
In 1948, he introduced the concept of U-stati
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA%20bank
|
DNA banking is the secure, long term storage of an individual’s genetic material. DNA is most commonly extracted from blood, but can also be obtained from saliva and other tissues. DNA banks allow for conservation of genetic material and comparative analysis of an individual's genetic information. Analyzing an individual's DNA can allow scientists to predict genetic disorders, as used in preventive genetics or gene therapy, and prove that person's identity, as used in the criminal justice system. There are multiple methods for testing and analyzing genetic information including restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) and polymerase chain reactions (PCR).
Uses
DNA banking is used to conserve genetic material, especially that of organisms that face extinction. This is a more prominent issue today due to deforestation and climate change, which serve as a threat to biodiversity. The genetic information can be stored within lambda phage and plasma vectors. The National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences (NIAS) DNA Bank, for example, collects the DNA of agricultural organisms, such as rice and fish, for scientific research. Most DNA provided by DNA banks is used for studies to attempt to develop more productive or more environmentally friendly agricultural species. Some DNA banks also store the DNA of rare or endangered species to ensure their survival.
The DNA bank can be used to compare and analyze DNA samples. Comparison of DNA samples allowed scientists to work on
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provable%20prime
|
In number theory, a provable prime is an integer that has been calculated to be prime using a primality-proving algorithm. Boot-strapping techniques using Pocklington primality test are the most common ways to generate provable primes for cryptography.
Contrast with probable prime, which is likely (but not certain) to be prime, based on the output of a probabilistic primality test.
In principle, every prime number can be proved to be prime in polynomial time by using the AKS primality test. Other methods which guarantee that their result is prime, but which do not work for all primes, are useful for the random generation of provable primes.
Provable primes have also been generated on embedded devices.
See also
Probable prime
Primality test
References
Primality tests
Prime numbers
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Membrane%20switch
|
A membrane switch is a custom switch assembly that can open or close the conducting path in an electrical circuit and requires at least one contact made of or attached to a flexible substrate. Its assembly differs from traditional mechanical switches: a membrane switch's construction consists of various thin layers sandwiched together using pressure-sensitive adhesives. Each layer in a membrane switch assembly serves a different purpose, and custom features require the addition of specialty layers. Typical implementations arrange multiple membrane switches across its layered structure to form a keypad interface that allows human interaction to control electronic systems.
Unique to membrane switches, they are the only switches that can utilize the benefits of flexible printed electronics. These circuits are generally printed on Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) or Indium Tin Oxide (ITO) substrates. The ink used for printing the circuit is usually filled with copper, silver, or graphite and therefore conductive.
Construction
The ASTM defines a membrane switch as "a momentary switch device in which at least one contact is on, or made of, a flexible substrate."
A membrane switch typically has 5 or more layers made of flexible substrate.
Common Membrane Switch Layers
•Graphic overlay: The top layer of a membrane switch is the graphic overlay. This layer serves as the user interface, as it will typically show the user how to operate the device. This layer will often be made b
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scalding
|
Scalding is a form of thermal burn resulting from heated fluids such as boiling water or steam. Most scalds are considered first- or second-degree burns, but third-degree burns can result, especially with prolonged contact. The term is from the Latin word calidus, meaning hot.
Causes
Most scalds result from exposure to high-temperature water, such as tap water in baths and showers, water heaters, or cooking water, or from spilled hot drinks, such as coffee.
Scalds can be more severe when steam impinges on the naked skin, because steam can reach higher temperatures than water, and it transfers latent heat by condensation. However, when clothes are soaked with hot water, the heat transfer is often of a longer duration, since the body part cannot be removed from the heat source as quickly.
Temperatures
The temperature of tap water should not exceed to prevent discomfort and scalding. However, it is necessary to keep warm water at a temperature of to inhibit the growth of legionella bacteria.
The American Burn Association states that a scalding injury can occur when skin is placed in contact with water measuring 155 degrees Fahrenheit, or 68 degrees Celsius, for one second.
Burn injuries may occur in two seconds, for water measuring 148 degrees Fahrenheit, or 64 degrees Celsius. At 140 degrees Fahrenheit, or 60 degrees Celsius, scalding injuries may occur within five seconds. Scalding injuries can occur within 15 seconds of exposure to water that is 133 degrees Fahrenh
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geothermal%20gradient
|
Geothermal gradient is the rate of change in temperature with respect to increasing depth in Earth's interior. As a general rule, the crust temperature rises with depth due to the heat flow from the much hotter mantle; away from tectonic plate boundaries, temperature rises in about 25–30 °C/km (72–87 °F/mi) of depth near the surface in most of the world. However, in some cases the temperature may drop with increasing depth, especially near the surface, a phenomenon known as or geothermal gradient. The effects of weather, the Sun, and season only reach a depth of roughly .
Strictly speaking, geo-thermal necessarily refers to Earth, but the concept may be applied to other planets. In SI units, the geothermal gradient is expressed as °C/km, K/km, or mK/m. These are all equivalent.
Earth's internal heat comes from a combination of residual heat from planetary accretion, heat produced through radioactive decay, latent heat from core crystallization, and possibly heat from other sources. The major heat-producing nuclides in Earth are potassium-40, uranium-238, uranium-235, and thorium-232. The inner core is thought to have temperatures in the range of 4000 to 7000 K, and the pressure at the centre of the planet is thought to be about 360 GPa (3.6 million atm). (The exact value depends on the density profile in Earth.) Because much of the heat is provided for by radioactive decay, scientists believe that early in Earth's history, before nuclides with short half-lives had been de
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perylene
|
Perylene or perilene is a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon with the chemical formula C20H12, occurring as a brown solid. It or its derivatives may be carcinogenic, and it is considered to be a hazardous pollutant. In cell membrane cytochemistry, perylene is used as a fluorescent lipid probe. It is the parent compound of a class of rylene dyes.
Reactions
Like other polycyclic aromatic compounds, perylene is reduced by alkali metals to give a deeply colored radical anion and a dianion. The diglyme solvates of these salts have been characterized by X-ray crystallography.
Emission
Perylene displays blue fluorescence. It is used as a blue-emitting dopant material in OLEDs, either pure or substituted. Perylene can be also used as an organic photoconductor. It has an absorption maximum at 434 nm, and as with all polycyclic aromatic compounds, low water solubility (1.2 x 10−5 mmol/L). Perylene has a molar absorptivity of 38,500 M−1cm−1 at 435.7 nm.
Structure
The perylene molecule consists of two naphthalene molecules connected by a carbon-carbon bond at the 1 and 8 positions on both molecules. All of the carbon atoms in perylene are sp2 hybridized. The structure of perylene has been extensively studied by X-ray crystallography.
Biology
Naturally occurring perylene quinones have been identified in lichens Laurera sanguinaria Malme and Graphis haematites Fée.
References
IARC Group 3 carcinogens
Membrane biology
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
Organic semiconductors
Fluorescen
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port%20Olry
|
Port Olry is a small Francophone village on the island of Espiritu Santo in the Sanma Province of Vanuatu, with a population of 1,300, as estimated in 2009.
Known for its verdant green hills, crystal clear waters and white sand beaches, the village of Port Olry offers tourists access to two local nature reserve islands, via an underwater sandbar traversed at low tide. Port Olry has a large Catholic population, and is home to a Catholic mission. In 1998, Port Olry was hit hard by Tropical Cyclone Zuman, but it has since recovered, and living standards and amenities have noticeably improved in the village.
Economy
The local economy is heavily dependent on fishing, a traditional male role, while many females find work gardening. Port Olry produces octopus, beef, copra, and cocoa. The economy is male-centric, women are usually not given a say in typical daily business deals, and rely on their husbands.
Port Olry's standard of living has improved since 2009, and citizens now enjoy electricity, tar-sealed roads, improved healthcare (a renovated health centre with new facilities), commercial bank access (NBV - Vanuatu's own bank branch), a new post office branch, a renovation for its secondary school, new restaurants, bungalows along the beach, and more retail shops.
Transportation to Luganville, the largest town in the area, is usually done by taxi and bus. However, locals often hitchhike on trucks travelling to the town, typically loaded with bags of copra and other market pr
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