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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International%20Classification%20of%20Diseases%20for%20Oncology
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The International Classification of Diseases for Oncology (ICD-O) is a domain-specific extension of the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems for tumor diseases. This classification is widely used by cancer registries.
It is currently in its third revision (ICD-O-3). ICD-10 includes a list of morphology codes. They stem from ICD-O second edition (ICD-O-2) that was valid at the time of publication.
Axes
The classification has two axes: topography and morphology.
Morphology
The morphology axis addresses the microscopic structure (histology) of the tumor.
This axis has particular importance because the Systematized Nomenclature of Medicine ("SNOMED") has adopted the ICD-O classification of morphology. SNOMED has been changing continuously, and several different versions of SNOMED are in use. Accordingly, mapping of ICD-O codes to SNOMED requires careful assessment of whether entities are indeed true matches.
Topography
The topography axis addresses the tumor's site in the body. It is standardized with the C section of ICD-10.
There were no changes in the topography axis between ICD-O-2 and ICD-O-3.
See List of ICD-10 codes#(C00–C97) Malignant Neoplasms for examples.
International Classification of Diseases for Oncology, Third Edition (ICD-O-3)
5th Digit Behaviour Code for Neoplasms
/0 Benign
/1 Uncertain whether benign or malignant
Borderline malignancy
Low malignant potential
Uncertain malignant potential
/2 Carcino
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denison%20Bollay
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Denison Bollay (born 1952) is a software engineer working on programming languages and search algorithms, with applications for e-commerce and financial information.
History
In 1975, Bollay became an early quant (before the term was invented), computing real-time option pricing. Real-time stock and option data was so new, he had to design and build his own hardware to interface his Data General Eclipse computer with the Bunker Ramo machine and ticker.
Bollay is the author of ExperLogo and ExperLisp, the first incrementally compiled object-oriented programming languages for a personal computer, the Apple Macintosh. He introduced the world to the first Interface Builder in 1986, and the first dynamic interface building tool Action! in 1988. He was also the creator of DynamicDocuments in 1988, the first object-oriented, multimedia hypertext system (built in the language Lisp), WebBase, the first dynamic web server in 1995, and WebData (a database of databases web portal).
In 1999, he founded ExperClick, the first real-time internet auction market. The company's name was changed to AdECN in 2006. It was sold to Microsoft in August 2007.
He spun off a subsidiery, 3DStockCharts in 2000. It provided the first integrated real-time ECN stock market book in visual 3D graphics.
Bollay was awarded . He has many pending patents. He founded ExperTelligence in 1984, 3DStockCharts.com in 1999, ExperClick in 2000, and became Chairman of MicroMLS in 2004. He founded and still operates a
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sialidosis
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Mucolipidosis type I (ML I) is an inherited lysosomal storage disease that results from a deficiency of the enzyme alpha-N -acetyl neuraminidase (sialidase). The lack of this enzyme results in an abnormal accumulation of complex carbohydrates known as mucopolysaccharides, and of fatty substances known as mucolipids. Both of these substances accumulate in bodily tissues.
Presentation
Symptoms of ML I are either present at birth or develop within the first year of life. In many infants with ML I, excessive swelling throughout the body is noted at birth. These infants are often born with coarse facial features, such as a flat nasal bridge, puffy eyelids, enlargement of the gums, and excessive tongue size (macroglossia). Many infants with ML I are also born with skeletal malformations such as hip dislocation. Infants often develop sudden involuntary muscle contractions (called myoclonus) and have red spots in their eyes (cherry red spots). They are often unable to coordinate voluntary movement (called ataxia). Tremors, impaired vision, and seizures also occur in children with ML I. Tests reveal abnormal enlargement of the liver (hepatomegaly) and spleen (splenomegaly) and extreme abdominal swelling. Infants with ML I generally lack muscle tone (hypotonia) and have mental retardation that is either initially or progressively severe. Many patients suffer from failure to thrive and from recurrent respiratory infections. Most infants with ML I die before the age of one year.
Relate
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-competitive%20inhibition
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Non-competitive inhibition is a type of enzyme inhibition where the inhibitor reduces the activity of the enzyme and binds equally well to the enzyme whether or not it has already bound the substrate. This is unlike competitive inhibition, where binding affinity for the substrate in the enzyme is decreased in the presence of an inhibitor.
The inhibitor may bind to the enzyme whether or not the substrate has already been bound, but if it has a higher affinity for binding the enzyme in one state or the other, it is called a mixed inhibitor.
History
During his years working as a physician Michaelis a friend (Peter Rona) built a compact lab, in the hospital, and over the course of five years – Michaelis successfully became published over 100 times. During his research in the hospital, he was the first to view the different types of inhibition; specifically using fructose and glucose as inhibitors of maltase activity. Maltase breaks maltose into two units of glucose. Findings from that experiment allowed for the divergence of non-competitive and competitive inhibition. Non-competitive inhibition affects the kcat value (but not the Km) on any given graph; this inhibitor binds to a site that has specificity for the certain molecule. Michaelis determined that when the inhibitor is bound, the enzyme would become inactivated.
Like many other scientists of their time, Leonor Michaelis and Maud Menten worked on a reaction that was used to change the composition of sucrose and make i
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NRV
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NRV may stand for:
Net realizable value of an asset
Norddeutscher Regatta Verein, a German yacht club
Not Really Vanished, computer compression algorithm in UPX
Valmet Nr I and Valmet Nr II Helsinki trams
Non Return Valve (check Valve)
Nutrient Reference Value, similar to Recommended Daily Allowance.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leibniz%20integral%20rule
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In calculus, the Leibniz integral rule for differentiation under the integral sign states that for an integral of the form
where and the integrands are functions dependent on the derivative of this integral is expressible as
where the partial derivative indicates that inside the integral, only the variation of with is considered in taking the derivative. It is named after Gottfried Leibniz.
In the special case where the functions and are constants and with values that do not depend on this simplifies to:
If is constant and , which is another common situation (for example, in the proof of Cauchy's repeated integration formula), the Leibniz integral rule becomes:
This important result may, under certain conditions, be used to interchange the integral and partial differential operators, and is particularly useful in the differentiation of integral transforms. An example of such is the moment generating function in probability theory, a variation of the Laplace transform, which can be differentiated to generate the moments of a random variable. Whether Leibniz's integral rule applies is essentially a question about the interchange of limits.
General form: differentiation under the integral sign
The right hand side may also be written using Lagrange's notation as:
Stronger versions of the theorem only require that the partial derivative exist almost everywhere, and not that it be continuous. This formula is the general form of the Leibniz integral rule and can
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-epileptic%20seizure
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Non-epileptic seizures (NES), also known as non-epileptic events, are paroxysmal events that appear similar to an epileptic seizure but do not involve abnormal, rhythmic discharges of neurons in the brain. Symptoms may include shaking, loss of consciousness, and loss of bladder control.
They may or may not be caused by either physiological or psychological conditions. Physiological causes include fainting, sleep disorders, and heart arrhythmias. Psychological causes are known as psychogenic non-epileptic seizures. Diagnosis may be based on the history of the event and physical examination with support from heart testing and an EEG.
Terminology
The International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE) define an epileptic seizure as "a transient occurrence of signs and/or symptoms due to abnormal excessive or synchronous neuronal activity in the brain." Convulsive or non-convulsive seizures can occur in someone who does not have epilepsy – as a consequence of head injury, drug overdose, toxins, eclampsia or febrile convulsions. A provoked (or an un-provoked, or an idiopathic) seizure must generally occur twice before a person is diagnosed with epilepsy.
When used on its own, the term seizure usually refers to an epileptic seizure. The lay use of this word can also include sudden attacks of illness, loss of control, spasm or stroke. Where the physician is uncertain as to the diagnosis, the medical term paroxysmal event and the lay terms spells, funny turns or attacks may be used.
Sig
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclohexatriene
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Cyclohexatriene may refer to:
1,3,5-Cyclohexatriene and 2,4,6-cyclohexatriene, theoretical resonance isomers of benzene
1,2,3-Cyclohexatriene
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SRY%20%28disambiguation%29
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SRY is the HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee assigned symbol for the mammalian gene "sex determining region Y".
SRY is an abbreviation that can also mean:
Southern Railway of British Columbia
Shoeburyness railway station (National Rail station code SRY)
Surrey (Chapman code SRY and ISO 3166-2:GB geocode GB-SRY)
Dasht-e Naz Airport IATA code
"Sorry" (see Suffering), as a slang abbreviation for an expression of sympathy for another's suffering
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MFCC
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MFCC can refer to:
Mel-frequency cepstrum coefficients, mathematical coefficients for sound modeling
Marriage, family and child counselor, a credential in the field of professional counseling
Malta Fairs & Conventions Centre, a multi-purpose venue in Ta' Qali, Attard, Malta.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UGS
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UGS may stand for:
UGS Corp., specializing in Product Lifecycle Management software
Unconventional Gas Solutions, manufacturer of Membrane based gas generation and treatment systems
Unattended ground sensor, used by U.S. Army to detect presence of persons or vehicles
Union de la gauche socialiste, Union of Socialist Left, a defunct French left-wing party
Urmston Grammar, in Greater Manchester, England
Utah Genealogical Society
Utah Geological Survey, in Salt Lake City, Utah
Utah Golden Spikers, an American soccer club in Salt Lake City, Utah
Uttam Galva Steels, steel manufacturer in India
Underground gas storage, see natural gas storage
See also
Uggs, see Ugg boots
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TO-92
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The TO-92 is a widely used style of semiconductor package mainly used for transistors. The case is often made of epoxy or plastic, and offers compact size at a very low cost.
History and origin
The JEDEC TO-92 descriptor is derived from the original full name for the package: Transistor Outline Package, Case Style 92. The package is also known by the designation SOT54.
By 1966 the package was being used by Motorola for their 2N3904 devices among others.
Construction and orientation
The case is molded around the transistor elements in two parts; the face is flat, usually bearing a machine-printed part number (some early examples had the part number printed on the top surface instead). The back is semi-circularly-shaped. A line of moulding flash from the injection-moulding process can be seen around the case.
The leads protrude from the bottom of the case. When looking at the face of the transistor, the leads are commonly configured from left-to-right as the emitter, base, and collector for 2N series (JEDEC) transistors, however, other configurations are possible, such as emitter, collector, and base commonly used for 2S series (Japanese) transistors or collector, base, and emitter for many of the BC series (Pro Electron) types.
If the face has a part name made up of only one letter and a few numbers, it can be either a Japanese or a Pro Electron part number. Thus, "C1234" would likely be a 2SC1234 device, but "C547" is usually short for "BC547".
The leads coming out
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PyPy
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PyPy () is an implementation of the Python programming language. PyPy often runs faster than the standard implementation CPython because PyPy uses a just-in-time compiler. Most Python code runs well on PyPy except for code that depends on CPython extensions, which either does not work or incurs some overhead when run in PyPy. Internally, PyPy uses a technique known as meta-tracing, which transforms an interpreter into a tracing just-in-time compiler. Since interpreters are usually easier to write than compilers, but run slower, this technique can make it easier to produce efficient implementations of programming languages. PyPy's meta-tracing toolchain is called RPython.
PyPy does not have full compatibility with more recent versions of the CPython ecosystem. While it claims compatibility with Python 2.7, 3.7, 3.8 and 3.9 ("a drop-in replacement for CPython"), it lacks some of the newer features and syntax in Python 3.10, such as syntax for pattern matching.
Details and motivation
PyPy aims to provide a common translation and support framework for producing implementations of dynamic languages, emphasizing a clean separation between language specification and implementation aspects. It also aims to provide a compliant, flexible and fast implementation of the Python programming language using the above framework to enable new advanced features without having to encode low-level details into it.
RPython
The PyPy interpreter itself is written in a restricted subset of Python
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kringle%20domain
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Kringle domains are autonomous protein domains that fold into large loops stabilized by 3 disulfide linkages. These are important in protein–protein interactions with blood coagulation factors. Their name refers to the Kringle, a Scandinavian pastry which they somewhat resemble.
Kringle domains have been found in plasminogen, hepatocyte growth factors, prothrombin, and apolipoprotein(a).
Kringles are found throughout the blood clotting and fibrinolytic proteins. Kringle domains are believed to play a role in binding mediators (e.g., membranes, other proteins or phospholipids), and in the regulation of proteolytic activity. Kringle domains are characterised by a triple loop, 3-disulfide bridge structure, whose conformation is defined by a number of hydrogen bonds and small pieces of anti-parallel beta-sheet. They are found in a varying number of copies in some plasma proteins including prothrombin and urokinase-type plasminogen
activator, which are serine proteases belonging to MEROPS peptidase family S1A.
Human proteins containing this domain
ATF; F12; F2; HABP2; HGF; HGFAC; KREMEN1; KREMEN2;
LPA; LPAL2; MST1; PIK3IP1; PLAT; PLAU; PLG; PRSS12; ROR1; ROR2;
References
External links
Kringle domain in PROSITE
KR domain entry in the SMART database
Kringle domain cartoon, under Prothrombin Structure
Protein domains
Peripheral membrane proteins
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intrinsically%20photosensitive%20retinal%20ganglion%20cell
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Intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs), also called photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (pRGC), or melanopsin-containing retinal ganglion cells (mRGCs), are a type of neuron in the retina of the mammalian eye. The presence of (something like) ipRGCs was first suspected in 1927 when rodless, coneless mice still responded to a light stimulus through pupil constriction, This implied that rods and cones are not the only light-sensitive neurons in the retina. Yet research on these cells did not advance until the 1980s. Recent research has shown that these retinal ganglion cells, unlike other retinal ganglion cells, are intrinsically photosensitive due to the presence of melanopsin, a light-sensitive protein. Therefore, they constitute a third class of photoreceptors, in addition to rod and cone cells.
Overview
Compared to the rods and cones, the ipRGCs respond more sluggishly and signal the presence of light over the long term. They represent a very small subset (~1%) of the retinal ganglion cells. Their functional roles are non-image-forming and fundamentally different from those of pattern vision; they provide a stable representation of ambient light intensity. They have at least three primary functions:
They play a major role in synchronizing circadian rhythms to the 24-hour light/dark cycle, providing primarily length-of-day and length-of-night information. They send light information via the retinohypothalamic tract (RHT) directly to the circadian
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirimanoff%27s%20congruence
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In number theory, a branch of mathematics, a Mirimanoff's congruence is one of a collection of expressions in modular arithmetic which, if they hold, entail the truth of Fermat's Last Theorem. Since the theorem has now been proven, these are now of mainly historical significance, though the Mirimanoff polynomials are interesting in their own right. The theorem is due to Dmitry Mirimanoff.
Definition
The nth Mirimanoff polynomial for the prime p is
In terms of these polynomials, if t is one of the six values {-X/Y, -Y/X, -X/Z, -Z/X, -Y/Z, -Z/Y} where Xp+Yp+Zp=0 is a solution to Fermat's Last Theorem, then
φp-1(t) ≡ 0 (mod p)
φp-2(t)φ2(t) ≡ 0 (mod p)
φp-3(t)φ3(t) ≡ 0 (mod p)
...
φ(p+1)/2(t)φ(p-1)/2(t) ≡ 0 (mod p)
Other congruences
Mirimanoff also proved the following:
If an odd prime p does not divide one of the numerators of the Bernoulli numbers Bp-3, Bp-5, Bp-7 or Bp-9, then the first case of Fermat's Last Theorem, where p does not divide X, Y or Z in the equation Xp+Yp+Zp=0, holds.
If the first case of Fermat's Last Theorem fails for the prime p, then 3p-1 ≡ 1 (mod p2). A prime number with this property is sometimes called a Mirimanoff prime, in analogy to a Wieferich prime which is a prime such that 2p-1 ≡ 1 (mod p2). The existence of primes satisfying such congruences was recognized long before their implications for the first case of Fermat's Last Theorem became apparent; but while the discovery of the first Wieferich prime came after these theoretical developm
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Adventure%20of%20Sherlock%20Holmes%27%20Smarter%20Brother
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The Adventure of Sherlock Holmes' Smarter Brother is a 1975 American musical comedy film with Gene Wilder, Marty Feldman, Madeline Kahn, Dom DeLuise, Roy Kinnear, and Leo McKern. The film was Wilder's directorial debut, from his own original script.
Douglas Wilmer and Thorley Walters appear as Sherlock Holmes and Dr. Watson, respectively. Wilmer had previously appeared as Sherlock Holmes in the 1960s BBC TV series, and Walters played Watson in three other films: Sherlock Holmes and the Deadly Necklace (1962), The Best House in London (1969), and Silver Blaze (1977).
Plot
In 1891, Foreign Secretary Lord Redcliff haphazardly receives a document from Queen Victoria; the document is stolen from his safe later that night. Sherlock Holmes and Dr. Watson discuss the case. Deciding to lie low for a while, Holmes informs Watson that he will delegate cases to his younger brother, Sigerson, who has toiled in his brother's shadow without credit for decades. At a railway station, Holmes passes the message to Scotland Yard records clerk Orville Sacker.
Arriving at Sigerson's flat, Sacker finds him practicing his fencing and swordplay. Sigerson expresses bitterness and resentment over being unable to replicate Sherlock's success, mocking his big brother as "Sheer Luck" Holmes. Arriving next is a woman claiming to be Bessie Bellwood, but who is really Jenny Hill, a music hall singer who believes she is being blackmailed by opera singer Eduardo Gambetti over a lewd letter she sent him.
S
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pancreatic%20pseudocyst
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A pancreatic pseudocyst is a circumscribed collection of fluid rich in pancreatic enzymes, blood, and non-necrotic tissue, typically located in the lesser sac of the abdomen. Pancreatic pseudocysts are usually complications of pancreatitis, although in children they frequently occur following abdominal trauma. Pancreatic pseudocysts account for approximately 75% of all pancreatic masses.
Signs and symptoms
Signs and symptoms of pancreatic pseudocyst include abdominal pain, bloating, nausea, vomiting and lack of appetite.
Complications
Complications of pancreatic pseudocysts include infection, hemorrhage, obstruction and rupture. For obstruction, it can cause compression in the GI tract from the stomach to colon, compression in urinary system, biliary system, and arteriovenous system.
Causes
Pancreatic pseudocyst can occur due to a variety of reasons, among them pancreatitis (chronic), pancreatic neoplasm and/or pancreatic trauma.
Pathophysiology
Pancreatic pseudocysts are sometimes called false cysts because they do not have an epithelial lining. The wall of the pseudocyst is vascular and fibrotic, encapsulated in the area around the pancreas. Pancreatitis or abdominal trauma can cause its formation. Treatment usually depends on the mechanism that brought about the pseudocyst. Pseudocysts take up to 6 weeks to completely form.
Diagnosis
Diagnosis of pancreatic pseudocyst can be based on cyst fluid analysis:
Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and CA-125 (low in pseudocysts
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volodymyr%20Korolyuk
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Volodymyr Semenovych Korolyuk (, 19 August 1925 – 4 April 2020) was a Soviet and Ukrainian mathematician who made significant contributions to probability theory and its applications, academician of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine (1976).
Korolyuk was born in Kyiv in August 1925. Between 1949 and 2005 Volodymyr Korolyuk published over 300 papers and 22 monographs. He died in Kyiv in April 2020 at the age of 94.
Awards and honors
Volodymyr Korolyuk has been awarded a number of scientific prizes.
Krylov Prize of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 1976
State Prize of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic, 1978
Glushkov Prize of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 1988
Bogolyubov Prize of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 1995
Ostrogradsky Medal, 2002
State Prize of Ukraine, 2003
References
Biography at the website of the Kyiv Mathematical Society (in Ukrainian)
Yu. A. Mitropolskiy, A. V. Skorokhod, D. V. Gusak, Vladimir Semenovich Korolyuk (in honor of 60th anniversary), Ukrainian Math. Journal, 37, No 4, 1985, pp 488–489 (in Russian)
1925 births
2020 deaths
20th-century Ukrainian mathematicians
Scientists from Kyiv
Laureates of the State Prize of Ukraine in Science and Technology
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anisonema
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Anisonema is a genus of colorless flagellates that occur in marine, brackish, and freshwater habitats. The cell is typically ovoid, somewhat flattened, and rigid. The name Anisonema derives from Greek for "unequal thread", in reference to the two flagella that are of unequal lengths. The shorter flagellum extends forwards and propels movement with a sweeping motion, while the longer flagellum, up to three times the length of the cell, trails behind, with jerking contractions.
The genus was first named by French biologist Félix Dujardin his 1841 Histoire naturelle des zoophytes. Infusoires, comprenant la physiologie et la classification de ces animaux, et la manière de les étudier à l'aide du microscope.
, there are around 20 accepted species in the genus.
References
Euglenozoa
Euglenozoa genera
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cycloconverter
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A cycloconverter (CCV) or a cycloinverter converts a constant amplitude, constant frequency AC waveform to another AC waveform of a lower frequency by synthesizing the output waveform from segments of the AC supply without an intermediate DC link ( and ). There are two main types of CCVs, circulating current type or blocking mode type, most commercial high power products being of the blocking mode type.
Characteristics
Whereas phase-controlled semiconductor controlled rectifier devices (SCR) can be used throughout the range of CCVs, low cost, low-power TRIAC-based CCVs are inherently reserved for resistive load applications. The amplitude and frequency of converters' output voltage are both variable. The output to input frequency ratio of a three-phase CCV must be less than about one-third for circulating current mode CCVs or one-half for blocking mode CCVs. Output waveform quality improves as the pulse number of switching-device bridges in phase-shifted configuration increases in CCV's input. In general, CCVs can be with 1-phase/1-phase, 3-phase/1-phase and 3-phase/3-phase input/output configurations, most applications however being 3-phase/3-phase.
Applications
The competitive power rating span of standardized CCVs ranges from few megawatts up to many tens of megawatts. CCVs are used for driving mine hoists, rolling mill main motors, ball mills for ore processing, cement kilns, ship propulsion systems, slip power recovery wound-rotor induction motors (i.e., Scherbius d
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adherens%20junction
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Adherens junctions (or zonula adherens, intermediate junction, or "belt desmosome") are protein complexes that occur at cell–cell junctions and cell–matrix junctions in epithelial and endothelial tissues, usually more basal than tight junctions. An adherens junction is defined as a cell junction whose cytoplasmic face is linked to the actin cytoskeleton.
They can appear as bands encircling the cell (zonula adherens) or as spots of attachment to the extracellular matrix (focal adhesion).
Adherens junctions uniquely disassemble in uterine epithelial cells to allow the blastocyst to penetrate between epithelial cells.
A similar cell junction in non-epithelial, non-endothelial cells is the fascia adherens. It is structurally the same, but appears in ribbonlike patterns that do not completely encircle the cells. One example is in cardiomyocytes.
Proteins
Adherens junctions are composed of the following proteins:
cadherins. The cadherins are a family of transmembrane proteins that form homodimers in a calcium-dependent manner with other cadherin molecules on adjacent cells.
p120 (sometimes called delta catenin) binds the juxtamembrane region of the cadherin.
γ-catenin or gamma-catenin (plakoglobin) binds the catenin-binding region of the cadherin.
α-catenin or alpha-catenin binds the cadherin indirectly via β-catenin or plakoglobin and links the actin cytoskeleton with cadherin. Significant protein dynamics are thought to be involved.
Models
Adherens junctions were,
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harmonic%20number%20%28disambiguation%29
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In number theory, the harmonic numbers are the sums of the inverses of integers, forming the harmonic series. Harmonic number may also refer to:
Harmonic, a periodic wave with a frequency that is an integral multiple of the frequency of another wave
Harmonic divisor numbers, also called Ore numbers or Ore's harmonic numbers, positive integers whose divisors have an integral harmonic mean
3-smooth numbers, numbers whose only prime factors are 2 and 3
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steinhaus%E2%80%93Johnson%E2%80%93Trotter%20algorithm
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The Steinhaus–Johnson–Trotter algorithm or Johnson–Trotter algorithm, also called plain changes, is an algorithm named after Hugo Steinhaus, Selmer M. Johnson and Hale F. Trotter that generates all of the permutations of elements. Each permutation in the sequence that it generates differs from the previous permutation by swapping two adjacent elements of the sequence. Equivalently, this algorithm finds a Hamiltonian cycle in the permutohedron.
This method was known already to 17th-century English change ringers, and calls it "perhaps the most prominent permutation enumeration algorithm". A version of the algorithm can be implemented in such a way that the average time per permutation is constant. As well as being simple and computationally efficient, this algorithm has the advantage that subsequent computations on the permutations that it generates may be sped up because of the similarity between consecutive permutations that it generates.
Algorithm
The sequence of permutations generated by the Steinhaus–Johnson–Trotter algorithm has a natural recursive structure, that can be generated by a recursive algorithm. However the actual Steinhaus–Johnson–Trotter algorithm does not use recursion, instead computing the same sequence of permutations by a simple iterative method. A later improvement allows it to run in constant average time per permutation.
Recursive structure
The sequence of permutations for a given number can be formed from the sequence of permutations for by p
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cover%20Girl%20%28film%29
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Cover Girl is a 1944 American musical romantic comedy film directed by Charles Vidor, and starring Rita Hayworth and Gene Kelly. The film tells the story of a chorus girl given a chance at stardom when she is offered an opportunity to be a highly paid cover girl. It was one of the most popular musicals of the war years.
Primarily a showcase for Hayworth, the film has lavish modern and 1890s costumes, eight dance routines for Hayworth, and songs by Jerome Kern and Ira Gershwin, including "Long Ago (and Far Away)".
Plot
Rusty is a very lovely and beautiful chorus girl at a Brooklyn nightclub run by her boyfriend Danny McGuire. Fellow showgirl Maurine Martin enters a contest to be on the cover of Vanity magazine, so Rusty tries out as well. When Maurine is given a lukewarm evaluation by Cornelia Jackson, she sabotages Rusty's chances, giving her terrible advice on how to act toward Cornelia. Cornelia's boss, magazine editor John Coudair, decides to check out Maurine at Danny's nightclub, but his eye is immediately drawn to Rusty. It turns out that 40 years earlier, he had become instantly smitten with showgirl Maribelle Hicks, whom Rusty looks exactly like; he later discovers that Maribelle is Rusty's recently deceased grandmother.
Danny is worried that, with her newfound fame, Rusty will leave him. She is quite willing to stay if only Danny would ask her. John brings along impresario Noel Wheaton to see Rusty perform; Noel is impressed by both her marvelous beauty and talent
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jump%20search
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In computer science, a jump search or block search refers to a search algorithm for ordered lists. It works by first checking all items Lkm, where and m is the block size, until an item is found that is larger than the search key. To find the exact position of the search key in the list a linear search is performed on the sublist L[(k-1)m, km].
The optimal value of m is , where n is the length of the list L. Because both steps of the algorithm look at, at most, items the algorithm runs in O() time. This is better than a linear search, but worse than a binary search. The advantage over the latter is that a jump search only needs to jump backwards once, while a binary can jump backwards up to log n times. This can be important if jumping backwards takes significantly more time than jumping forward.
The algorithm can be modified by performing multiple levels of jump search on the sublists, before finally performing the linear search. For a k-level jump search the optimum block size ml for the l th level (counting from 1) is n(k-l)/k. The modified algorithm will perform k backward jumps and runs in O(kn1/(k+1)) time.
Implementation
algorithm JumpSearch is
input: An ordered list L, its length n and a search key s.
output: The position of s in L, or nothing if s is not in L.
a ← 0
b ← ⌊√n⌋
while Lmin(b,n)-1 < s do
a ← b
b ← b + ⌊√n⌋
if a ≥ n then
return nothing
while La < s do
a ←
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ponta%20Grossa
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Ponta Grossa () is a municipality in the state of Paraná, southern Brazil. The estimated population is 355,336 according to official data from the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics and it is the 4th most populous city in Paraná (76th in Brazil). It is also the largest city close to Greater Curitiba region, so within a radius of 186 miles (300 km) of Ponta Grossa.
It is also known as Princesa dos Campos (in English: Princess of the Fields) and Capital Cívica do Paraná (in English: Civic Capital of Paraná). The city is connected to the Caminho das Tropas (in English: Path of the Troops), being one of the network of routes used by drovers (tropeiros) in the middle of a high hill inside a grassy vegetation. The city is considered of average size, located around a central hill, while most of its growth occurred in the second half of the twentieth century with the weakening of the primary economy.
Ponta Grossa is one of the largest tourist destinations in the Paraná, especially because of the area of natural beauty, Vila Velha State Park which is located within the limits of the municipality. The cup of Vila Velha refers to its location in the collective imagination. The München Fest, a party dedicated to German culture and also known as the Festa Nacional do Chopp Escuro (in English: Dark Chopp National Party), is the biggest event in Paraná and usually lasts a week between November and December.
In this city, the industrial sector is fundamental (supported by ag
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computational%20genomics
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Computational genomics refers to the use of computational and statistical analysis to decipher biology from genome sequences and related data, including both DNA and RNA sequence as well as other "post-genomic" data (i.e., experimental data obtained with technologies that require the genome sequence, such as genomic DNA microarrays). These, in combination with computational and statistical approaches to understanding the function of the genes and statistical association analysis, this field is also often referred to as Computational and Statistical Genetics/genomics. As such, computational genomics may be regarded as a subset of bioinformatics and computational biology, but with a focus on using whole genomes (rather than individual genes) to understand the principles of how the DNA of a species controls its biology at the molecular level and beyond. With the current abundance of massive biological datasets, computational studies have become one of the most important means to biological discovery.
History
The roots of computational genomics are shared with those of bioinformatics. During the 1960s, Margaret Dayhoff and others at the National Biomedical Research Foundation assembled databases of homologous protein sequences for evolutionary study. Their research developed a phylogenetic tree that determined the evolutionary changes that were required for a particular protein to change into another protein based on the underlying amino acid sequences. This led them to creat
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve%20Kabba
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Sorfiyu Tejan "Steve" Kabba (born 7 March 1981) is an English former professional footballer turned football agent. He played as a forward from 1999 to 2013.
Kabba began his career with Crystal Palace in 1999 but failed to make an impact at Selhurst Park and following loan spells with Southend United and Luton Town he joined Grimsby Town initially on a one-month loan in August 2002. His performances for Grimsby earned him a permanent switch to Sheffield United. He went on to earn promotion with United and would feature for the club in the Premier League whilst also being a key part of the Blades squad in several successful campaigns. He eventually moved on to Watford before a series of injury woes began to damage his career and after several short loans with Blackpool and Oldham Athletic he moved on to Brentford and Burton Albion before spending his final two seasons with Barnet. He announced his retirement at the end of the 2012–13 season at the age of 32.
Club career
Crystal Palace
Born in Lambeth, London, Kabba started his career at Crystal Palace and was promoted to the first team at the start of the 1999–2000 season under the management of Steve Coppell. He made his first professional appearance for Palace on 4 December 1999 in the club's 2–0 league defeat against Crewe Alexandra. Kabba started the game and was substituted in the 39th minute with Richard Harris replacing him.
After struggling to break into the first team, Kabba was loaned out to Southend United for
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomsonite
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Thomsonite is the name of a series of tecto-silicate minerals of the zeolite group. Prior to 1997, thomsonite was recognized as a mineral species, but a reclassification in 1997 by the International Mineralogical Association changed it to a series name, with the mineral species being named thomsonite-Ca and thomsonite-Sr. Thomsonite-Ca, by far the more common of the two, is a hydrous sodium, calcium and aluminium silicate, NaCa2Al5Si5O20·6H2O. Strontium can substitute for the calcium and the appropriate species name depends on the dominant element. The species are visually indistinguishable and the series name thomsonite is used whenever testing has not been performed. Globally, thomsonite is one of the rarer zeolites.
Thomsonite was first identified in material from Scotland in 1820. It is named for the Scottish chemist Thomas Thomson. The crystal system of thomsonite is orthorhombic. The Mohs hardness is 5 to 5.5. It is transparent to translucent and has a density of 2.3 to 2.4. It may be colorless, white, beige, or somewhat green, yellow, or red. The crystals tend to be long thin blades that typically form radial aggregates, and sometimes fans and tufts. The aggregates are variable and may be spikey in appearance, dense and ball-like, or form worm-like growths. Tight acicular radiating clusters and sphericules are common forms.
Thomsonite occurs with other zeolites in the amygdaloidal cavities of basaltic volcanic rocks, and occasionally in granitic pegmatite
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sequest
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Sequest (often stylized as SEQUEST) is a tandem mass spectrometry data analysis program used for protein identification. Sequest identifies collections of tandem mass spectra to peptide sequences that have been generated from databases of protein sequences.
Algorithm
Sequest identifies each tandem mass spectrum individually. The software evaluates protein sequences from a database to compute the list of peptides that could result from each. The peptide's intact mass is known from the mass spectrum, and Sequest uses this information to determine the set of candidate peptides sequences that could meaningfully be compared to the spectrum by including only those near the mass of the observed peptide ion. For each candidate peptide, Sequest projects a theoretical tandem mass spectrum, and Sequest compares these theoretical spectra to the observed tandem mass spectrum by the use of cross correlation. The candidate sequence with the best matching theoretical tandem mass spectrum is reported as the best identification for this spectrum.
See also
Bottom-up proteomics
Mascot (software)
Shotgun proteomics
References
External links
https://proteomicsresource.washington.edu/protocols06/sequest.php
Proteomics
Bioinformatics software
Mass spectrometry software
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shizuo%20Kakutani
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was a Japanese-American mathematician, best known for his eponymous fixed-point theorem.
Biography
Kakutani attended Tohoku University in Sendai, where his advisor was Tatsujirō Shimizu. At one point he spent two years at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton at the invitation of the mathematician Hermann Weyl. While there, he also met John von Neumann.
Kakutani received his Ph.D. in 1941 from Osaka University and taught there through World War II. He returned to the Institute for Advanced Study in 1948, and was given a professorship by Yale in 1949, where he won a students' choice award for excellence in teaching.
Kakutani received two awards of the Japan Academy, the Imperial Prize and the Academy Prize in 1982, for his scholarly achievements in general and his work on functional analysis in particular. He was a Plenary Speaker of the ICM in 1950 in Cambridge, Massachusetts.
Kakutani was married to Keiko ("Kay") Uchida, who was a sister to author Yoshiko Uchida. His daughter, Michiko Kakutani, is a Pulitzer Prize-winning former literary critic for The New York Times.
Work
The Kakutani fixed-point theorem is a generalization of Brouwer's fixed-point theorem, holding for generalized correspondences instead of functions. Its most important uses are in proving the existence of Nash equilibria in game theory, and the Arrow–Debreu–McKenzie model of general equilibrium theory in microeconomics.
Kakutani's other mathematical contributions include Markov–Kakutani
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubidium%20nitrate
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Rubidium nitrate is an inorganic compound with the formula RbNO3. This alkali metal nitrate salt is white and highly soluble in water.
Properties
Rubidium nitrate is a white crystalline powder that is highly soluble in water and very slightly soluble in acetone. In a flame test, RbNO3 gives a mauve/light purple colour.
Uses
Rubidium compounds have very few applications. Like caesium nitrate, it is used in infrared radiation optics, in pyrotechnic compositions as a pyrotechnic colorant and as an oxidizer, e.g. in decoys and illumination flares although it is rarely used in fireworks to produce a red-violet colour. It is also used as a raw material for preparation of other rubidium compounds and rubidium metal, for manufacture of catalysts and in scintillation counters.
Production
RbNO3 can be prepared either by dissolving rubidium metal, its hydroxide or carbonate in nitric acid.
RbOH + HNO3 → RbNO3 + H2O
Rb2CO3 + 2 HNO3 → 2 RbNO3 + CO2 + H2O
2 Rb + 2 HNO3 → 2 RbNO3 + H2
References
Rubidium compounds
Nitrates
Pyrotechnic oxidizers
Pyrotechnic colorants
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitochondrial%20trifunctional%20protein%20deficiency
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Mitochondrial trifunctional protein deficiency (MTP deficiency or MTPD) is an autosomal recessive fatty acid oxidation disorder that prevents the body from converting certain fats to energy, particularly during periods without food. People with this disorder have inadequate levels of an enzyme that breaks down a certain group of fats called long-chain fatty acids.
Signs and symptoms
The presentation of mitochondrial trifunctional protein deficiency may begin during infancy, features that occur are: low blood sugar, weak muscle tone, and liver problems. Infants with this disorder are at risk for heart problems, breathing difficulties, and pigmentary retinopathy. Signs and symptoms of mitochondrial trifunctional protein deficiency that may begin after infancy include hypotonia, muscle pain, a breakdown of muscle tissue, and a loss of sensation in the extremities called peripheral neuropathy. Some who have MTP deficiency show a progressive course associated with myopathy, and recurrent rhabdomyolysis.
Genetics
The genetics of mitochondrial trifunctional protein deficiency is based on mutations in the HADHA and HADHB genes which cause this disorder. These genes each provide instructions for making part of an enzyme complex called mitochondrial trifunctional protein. This enzyme complex functions in mitochondria, the energy-producing centers within cells: mitochondrial trifunctional protein contains three enzymes that each perform a different function. This enzyme complex is r
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Very%20long-chain%20acyl-coenzyme%20A%20dehydrogenase%20deficiency
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Very long-chain acyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase deficiency is a fatty-acid metabolism disorder which prevents the body from converting certain fats to energy, particularly during periods without food.
Those affected by this disorder have inadequate levels of an enzyme that breaks down a group of fats called very long-chain fatty acids.
Signs and symptoms
Signs and symptoms can include:
hypoglycemia
lethargy
hepatomegaly
muscle pain
cardiomyopathy
Early onset-pericardial effusion
heart arrhythmias
vomiting
Coma
Death
Rhabdomyolysis
Hypoketotic Hypoglycemia
Causes
VLCAD (very long-chain-acyl-dehydrogenase) deficiency is exclusively linked to genetic mutations in DNA. A change of the gene that codes for very long-chain-acyl-CoA-dehydrogenase (VLCAD) results in a deficiency or malfunction of the produced VLCAD enzyme. This mutation occurs on chromosome 17 and can be altered via a variety of pathways. These can range from frameshift mutations, deletion mutations, insertion mutations, and missense mutations. All of which cause the enzyme to function differently in the mitochondria, or in some cases not at all. Due to this mutation, effective levels of very long-chain-acyl-CoA-dehydrogenase are low or absent in the body, giving rise to the array of symptoms listed above.
Genetics
Mutations in the ACADVL gene lead to inadequate levels of an enzyme called very long-chain acyl-coenzyme A (CoA) dehydrogenase. Without this enzyme, long-chain fatty acids from food and fats store
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACADVL
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Very long-chain specific acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, mitochondrial (VLCAD) is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ACADVL gene.
Mutations in the ACADVL are associated with very long-chain acyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase deficiency. The protein encoded by this gene is targeted to the inner mitochondrial membrane, where it catalyzes the first step of the mitochondrial fatty acid beta-oxidation pathway. This acyl-Coenzyme A dehydrogenase is specific to long-chain and very-long-chain fatty acids. A deficiency in this gene product reduces myocardial fatty acid beta-oxidation and is associated with cardiomyopathy. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms.
Structure
The ACADVL gene contains 20 exons, and is about 5.4 kb long. VLCAD has interesting gene structure in humans, in that is located in a head-to-head structure with the DLG4 gene on Chromosome 17, and that the transcribed regions of these genes overlap. It has been shown that treatment with DEHP results in upregulation by the minimal promoter. While DLG4 and VLCAD share common regulatory elements, they each have separate and distinct tissue-specific elements that confer their function. In mice, these two genes are in a head-to-head orientation, but they do not overlap.
Function
The VLCAD enzyme catalyzes most of fatty acid beta-oxidation by forming a C2-C3 trans-double bond in the fatty acid. VLCAD is specific to very long-chain fatty acids, typically C16-acylCoA and lon
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genesis%20II%20%28film%29
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Genesis II is a 1973 American made-for-television science fiction film created and produced by Gene Roddenberry and directed by John Llewellyn Moxey. The film, which opens with the line, "My name is Dylan Hunt. My story begins the day on which I died", is the story of a 20th-century man thrown forward in time, to a post-apocalyptic future, by an accident in suspended animation. The film stars Alex Cord, Mariette Hartley, Ted Cassidy, Percy Rodrigues, Harvey Jason, Titos Vandis, Bill Striglos, Lynne Marta, Harry Raybould, and Majel Barrett.
Plot
In 1979, NASA scientist Dylan Hunt is working on "Project Ganymede", a suspended animation system for astronauts on long-duration spaceflights. As chief of the project he volunteers for the first multi-day test. He places himself in chemically induced hibernation deep inside Carlsbad Caverns; while there, his laboratory is buried in an earthquake. The monitoring equipment is damaged and fails to wake him at the intended end of the test. He awakens instead in 2133, emerging into a chaotic post-apocalyptic world. An event called "the Great Conflict" — a third and final World War — destroyed the civilization of Hunt's time. Various new civilizations have emerged in a struggle for control of available resources. Those with the greatest military might and the will to use it have the greatest advantage.
Hunt is accidentally found and rescued by an organization calling themselves "PAX" (the Latin word for "peace"). PAX members are the desce
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kniest%20dysplasia
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Kniest dysplasia is a rare form of dwarfism caused by a mutation in the COL2A1 gene on chromosome 12. The COL2A1 gene is responsible for producing type II collagen. The mutation of COL2A1 gene leads to abnormal skeletal growth and problems with hearing and vision. What characterizes Kniest dysplasia from other type II osteochondrodysplasia is the level of severity and the dumb-bell shape of shortened long tubular bones.
This condition was first described by Dr. Wilhelm Kniest in 1952, publishing the case history of a 3 1⁄2 year-old girl. Dr. Kniest noticed that his patient had bone deformities and restricted joint mobility. The patient also had short stature and later developed blindness, resulting from retinal detachment and glaucoma. Upon analysis of the patient's DNA in 1992, sequencing revealed deletion of a 28 base pair sequence encompassing a splice site in exon 12 and a G to A transition in exon 50 of the COL2A1 gene.
This condition is very rare and occurs less than 1 in 1,000,000 people. Males and females have equal chances of having this condition. Currently, there is no cure for Kniest dysplasia. Alternative names for Kniest Dysplasia can include Kniest syndrome, swiss cheese cartilage syndrome, Kniest chondrodystrophy, or metatrophic dwarfism type II.
Signs and symptoms
Because collagen plays an important role in the development of the body, people with Kniest Dysplasia will typically have their first symptoms at birth. These symptoms can include:
Musculoskelet
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonlinear%20junction%20detector
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The non-linear junction detector, or an NLJD, is a device that illuminates a small region of space with high-frequency RF energy. Any "non linear junction" in the vicinity—for example, and particularly, the p–n junction—will receive this energy, and because of the asymmetric response of the junction to an electric field, it will mangle it, re-emitting some of it on multiples of the illumination frequency (see harmonic). The detector has a sensitive receiver tuned to these harmonics, as well as appropriate processing and displays to make their presence known to the user of the device.
Because the basis of almost all semiconductor electronics is the p-n junction, an NLJD is correspondingly capable of detecting almost any unshielded electronic device containing semiconductors, whether the electronics are actively powered or not.
In its basic form, an NLJD can also detect things that are not themselves electronic in nature, so the use of the device requires a modicum of skill and experience. For example, a rusty nail inside a wall can give a false positive. For this reason, most modern NLJDs examine the ratio between the second and the third harmonic of the illumination frequency. When a true (electronic) p-n junction is encountered, the second harmonic will generally be stronger than the third.
History
The NLJD was invented by Charles Bovill during WWII. It was initially used to discover corrosion below painted surfaces on airplanes. In 1972, shortly after Bovill had become
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aggregated%20diamond%20nanorod
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Aggregated diamond nanorods, or ADNRs, are a nanocrystalline form of diamond, also known as nanodiamond or hyperdiamond.
Discovery
Nanodiamond or hyperdiamond was produced by compression of graphite in 2003 by a group of researchers in Japan and in the same work, published in Nature, it was shown to be much harder than bulk diamond. Later, it was also produced by compression of fullerene and confirmed to be the hardest and least compressible known material, with an isothermal bulk modulus of 491 gigapascals (GPa), while a conventional diamond has a modulus of 442–446 GPa; these results were inferred from X-ray diffraction data, which also indicated that ADNRs are 0.3% denser than regular diamond. The same group later described ADNRs as "having a hardness and Young's modulus comparable to that of natural diamond, but with 'superior wear resistance'".
Hardness
A <111> surface (normal to the largest diagonal of a cube) of pure diamond has a hardness value of 167±6 GPa when scratched with a nanodiamond tip, while the nanodiamond sample itself has a value of 310 GPa when tested with a nanodiamond tip. However, the test only works properly with a tip made of harder material than the sample being tested due to cracking. This means that the true value for nanodiamond is likely lower than 310 GPa. Due to its hardness, a hyperdiamond could possibly exceed 10 on the Mohs scale of mineral hardness.
Synthesis
ADNRs (hyperdiamonds/nanodiamonds) are produced by compressing fullerite
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leakage
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A leakage occurs when fluid is lost through a leak.
Leakage may also refer to:
Leakage (chemistry), a process in which material is lost through holes or defects in containers
Leakage (economics)
Carbon leakage or emissions leakage, whereby another country increases its greenhouse gas emissions in response to a unilateral climate policy
Leakage (electronics)
Leakage (electric current), an occurrence of electric current through a surface which is supposed to be insulating
Crosstalk (electronics), also known as Leakage, where signals are picked up by an unintended device
Spill (audio), where audio from one source is picked up by a microphone intended for a different source
Leakage (machine learning)
Leakage (retail)
Leakage effect, the loss of tourist revenue from a country
Memory leak, in computer science
Spectral leakage, in signal processing
Similar uses
Extravasation
Fecal incontinence
Urinary incontinence
See also
Leak (disambiguation)
ja:リーク電流
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diffusion%20MRI
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Diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (DWI or DW-MRI) is the use of specific MRI sequences as well as software that generates images from the resulting data that uses the diffusion of water molecules to generate contrast in MR images. It allows the mapping of the diffusion process of molecules, mainly water, in biological tissues, in vivo and non-invasively. Molecular diffusion in tissues is not random, but reflects interactions with many obstacles, such as macromolecules, fibers, and membranes. Water molecule diffusion patterns can therefore reveal microscopic details about tissue architecture, either normal or in a diseased state. A special kind of DWI, diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), has been used extensively to map white matter tractography in the brain.
Introduction
In diffusion weighted imaging (DWI), the intensity of each image element (voxel) reflects the best estimate of the rate of water diffusion at that location. Because the mobility of water is driven by thermal agitation and highly dependent on its cellular environment, the hypothesis behind DWI is that findings may indicate (early) pathologic change. For instance, DWI is more sensitive to early changes after a stroke than more traditional MRI measurements such as T1 or T2 relaxation rates. A variant of diffusion weighted imaging, diffusion spectrum imaging (DSI), was used in deriving the Connectome data sets; DSI is a variant of diffusion-weighted imaging that is sensitive to intra-voxel heterogeneiti
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dovetailing%20%28computer%20science%29
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Dovetailing, in algorithm design, is a technique that interweaves different computations, performing them essentially simultaneously. Algorithms that use dovetailing are sometimes referred to as dovetailers.
Examples
Consider a tree that potentially contains a path of infinite length (but each node has only finitely many children): if a depth-first search is performed in this environment, the search may move down an infinite path and never return, potentially leaving part of the tree unexplored. However, if a breadth-first search is used, the existence of an infinite path is no longer a problem: each node is visited in a branching manner according to its distance from the root, so an infinite path will only impact the part of the search travelling down that path.
We can regard this tree as analogous to a collection of programs; in this case, the depth-first approach corresponds to running one program at a time, moving to the next only when the current program has finished running. In the case where one of the programs runs for an infinite amount of time, this transition will never happen. The breadth-first approach of visiting each child on the same level of the tree is an instance of dovetailing, where a single step is performed for every program before moving to the next. Thus, progress is made in each program, regardless of the potential existence of a non-terminating program.
Another example is simulating a non-deterministic Turing machine M by a deterministic one (e.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio%20One%20%28New%20Zealand%29
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Radio One (also known simply as "The One") is a student radio station operating from the University of Otago in Dunedin, New Zealand. It broadcasts on a frequency of 91.0 MHz. it is a member of the Student Radio Network group of stations, all of which are run from New Zealand University campuses.
The impetus for the station began with an open letter to the President of the Otago University Students' Association (then Phyllis Comerford) from Alastair Thomson, who had worked on the Waikato University student radio station. This letter brought together other interested parties including members of the bands Netherworld Dancing Toys and The Verlaines:Graham Cockroft was the first station manager. With a grant from the OUSA of approximately $12,000, the station first went to air in early 1984 broadcasting from the OUSA's former boardroom. The station initially ran on a part-time basis during the university year until the 1986 when it started operating round-the-clock throughout the year. In 1987 Radio 1 shifted into a new annex to the Student Union building which was specifically designed to house the station, the OUSA's offices, and the university's student newspaper Critic. The station celebrated its 25th birthday at the beginning of 2009.
In the station's early years, its 100 Watt transmitter was located on the top of the campus's tallest building (the 11-storey Richardson Building, then known as the Hocken Building), but since the 1987 it has had a transmitter on the top of
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrens
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Barrens may refer to:
Pine barrens, a type of ecosystem found in the Northeastern United States
Pine Barrens (New Jersey), a pine barren in the state of New Jersey
List of pine barrens which includes some other locations called "Pine Barrens" or "Barrens"
Serpentine barrens, a grassland or savanna ecosystem in which toxic metals in the soil from minerals of the serpentine group inhibit the growth of many plants
Urchin barrens, where the proliferation of sea urchins has caused a massive kelp die-off
The Barrens may refer to:
the Tundra of northern Canada, sometimes specific to the Tundra of Northern Manitoba as referenced in the 1956 book Lost in the Barrens by Farley Mowat. Also called 'Barren Lands'.
a location in the Warcraft Universe
a novel by F. Paul Wilson
a novel by Joyce Carol Oates
The Barrens (It), a location in the novel It by Stephen King
The Barrens (film), a 2012 American horror film written and directed by Darren Lynn Bousman and starring Stephen Moyer and Mia Kirshner
an area in the video game OneShot
See also
Barren vegetation
Barren (disambiguation)
Barren Island (disambiguation)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synzyme
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Synzymes are substances with catalytic capabilities. The name synzyme is derived from synthetic enzyme. Current synzymes consist mainly of organic molecules tailored in such a way that they catalyse certain kinds of reactions. Like enzymes, they bind a transition state of a substrate in an active site, and like enzymes they generally obey Michaelis-Menten kinetics.
Derivatised proteins:
If [Ru(NH3)5]3+ is attached to certain histidine residues in a myoglobin protein, myoglobin is no longer a passive oxygen carrier, but gains enzymatic activity of an oxidase. Ascorbic acid is oxidised with molecular oxygen.
Antibodies can act as enzymes, then named abzymes, if they are selected against transition state analogues. Abzymes have a low KM, meaning that they readily bind a target molecule, but have low Vmax values, indicating a slow reaction rate.
Synzymes from organic molecules:
Cyclodextrins are cap structures with a hydrophilic exterior but a hydrophobic interior. If pyridoxal is anchored in the interior the cyclodextran shows transaminase activity.
See also
Artificial enzyme
Catalysis
References
External links
http://www.lsbu.ac.uk/biology/enztech/artificial.html
Enzymes
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD-R%20DL
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DVD-R DL (DL stands for Dual Layer), also called DVD-R9, is a derivative of the DVD-R format standard. DVD-R DL discs hold 8.5 GB by utilizing two recordable dye layers, each capable of storing a little less than the 4.7 gigabyte (GB) of a single layer disc, almost doubling the total disc capacity. Discs can be read in many DVD devices (older units are less compatible) and can only be written using DVD-R DL compatible recorders. It is part of optical disc recording technologies for digital recording to optical disc.
Capacities
Compatibility
DVD-R DL has compatibility issues with legacy DVD-ROM drives known as pickup head overrun. To avoid this issue, the two layers of the disc need to be equally recorded. But this is a contradiction with the sequential nature of the DVD recording. Thus DVD Forum under Pioneer's lead developed a technology known as Layer Jump Recording (LJR), which incrementally record smaller sections of each layer to maintain compatibility with DVD-ROM drives. DVD-R DL media has been discontinued by most manufacturers. DVD+R DL is dominating the market for dual layered media.
Dual layer recording
Dual Layer recording allows DVD-R and DVD+R discs to store significantly more data, up to 8.5 GB, per disc, compared with 4.7 GB for single-layer discs. DVD-R DL was developed for the DVD Forum by Pioneer Corporation, DVD+R DL (formally known as Double Layer) was developed for the DVD+RW Alliance by Philips and Mitsubishi Kagaku Media (MKM).
A Dual Layer di
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conserved%20sequence
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In evolutionary biology, conserved sequences are identical or similar sequences in nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) or proteins across species (orthologous sequences), or within a genome (paralogous sequences), or between donor and receptor taxa (xenologous sequences). Conservation indicates that a sequence has been maintained by natural selection.
A highly conserved sequence is one that has remained relatively unchanged far back up the phylogenetic tree, and hence far back in geological time. Examples of highly conserved sequences include the RNA components of ribosomes present in all domains of life, the homeobox sequences widespread amongst eukaryotes, and the tmRNA in bacteria. The study of sequence conservation overlaps with the fields of genomics, proteomics, evolutionary biology, phylogenetics, bioinformatics and mathematics.
History
The discovery of the role of DNA in heredity, and observations by Frederick Sanger of variation between animal insulins in 1949, prompted early molecular biologists to study taxonomy from a molecular perspective. Studies in the 1960s used DNA hybridization and protein cross-reactivity techniques to measure similarity between known orthologous proteins, such as hemoglobin and cytochrome c. In 1965, Émile Zuckerkandl and Linus Pauling introduced the concept of the molecular clock, proposing that steady rates of amino acid replacement could be used to estimate the time since two organisms diverged. While initial phylogenies closely matched the
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homogeneity%20and%20heterogeneity%20%28statistics%29
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In statistics, homogeneity and its opposite, heterogeneity, arise in describing the properties of a dataset, or several datasets. They relate to the validity of the often convenient assumption that the statistical properties of any one part of an overall dataset are the same as any other part. In meta-analysis, which combines the data from several studies, homogeneity measures the differences or similarities between the several studies (see also Study heterogeneity).
Homogeneity can be studied to several degrees of complexity. For example, considerations of homoscedasticity examine how much the variability of data-values changes throughout a dataset. However, questions of homogeneity apply to all aspects of the statistical distributions, including the location parameter. Thus, a more detailed study would examine changes to the whole of the marginal distribution. An intermediate-level study might move from looking at the variability to studying changes in the skewness. In addition to these, questions of homogeneity apply also to the joint distributions.
The concept of homogeneity can be applied in many different ways and, for certain types of statistical analysis, it is used to look for further properties that might need to be treated as varying within a dataset once some initial types of non-homogeneity have been dealt with.
Of variance
Examples
Regression
Differences in the typical values across the dataset might initially be dealt with by constructing a regression mode
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish%20as%20food
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Many species of fish are caught by humans and consumed as food in virtually all regions around the world. Fish has been an important dietary source of protein and other nutrients throughout human history.
The English language does not have a special culinary name for food prepared from fish like with other animals (as with pig vs. pork), or as in other languages (such as Spanish pez vs. pescado). In culinary and fishery contexts, fish may include so-called shellfish such as molluscs, crustaceans, and echinoderms; more expansively, seafood covers both fish and other marine life used as food.
Since 1961, the average annual increase in global apparent food fish consumption (3.2 percent) has outpaced population growth (1.6 percent) and exceeded consumption of meat from all terrestrial animals, combined (2.8 percent) and individually (bovine, ovine, porcine, etc.), except poultry (4.9 percent). In per capita terms, food fish consumption has grown from in 1961 to in 2015, at an average rate of about 1.5 percent per year. The expansion in consumption has been driven not only by increased production, but also by a combination of many other factors, including reduced wastage, better utilization, improved distribution channels and growing consumer demand, linked with population growth, rising disposable incomes and urbanization.
Europe, Japan and the United States of America together accounted for 47 percent of the world's total food fish consumption in 1961, but only about 20 per
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TE%20buffer
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TE buffer is a commonly used buffer solution in molecular biology, especially in procedures involving DNA, cDNA or RNA. "TE" is derived from its components: Tris, a common pH buffer, and EDTA, a molecule that chelates cations like Mg2+. The purpose of TE buffer is to solubilize DNA or RNA, while protecting it from degradation.
Recipe
A typical recipe for making 1X TE buffer is:
10 mM Tris, bring to pH 8.0 with HCl
1 mM EDTA, bring to pH 8.0 with NaOH
TE buffer is also known as T10E1 buffer, which can be read as "T ten E one buffer".
To make a 100 ml solution of T10E1 buffer, 1 ml of 1 M Tris base (pH 10–11) and 0.2 ml EDTA (0.5 M) are mixed and made up with double distilled water up to 100ml. Add microliter amounts of high molarity HCl to lower the pH to 8.
Based on nuclease studies from the 1980s, the pH is usually adjusted to 7.5 for RNA and 8.0 for DNA. The respective DNA and RNA nucleases are supposed to be less active at these pH values, but pH 8.0 can safely be used for storage of both DNA and RNA .
EDTA further inactivates DNase, by binding to metal cations required by this enzyme.
Genomic and plasmid DNA can be stored in TE Buffer at 4 °C (39.2 °F) for short-term use, or -20 °C (-4 °F) to -80 °C (-112 °F) for long-term storage. Repeated freeze-thaw cycles should be avoided.
Low TE or TE Low EDTA
The operation of the TE buffer is based on chelating metal cations such as Mg2+. The problem is that the PCR polymerase also requires Mg2+ to function, so if the
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complement%20component%203
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Complement component 3, often simply called C3, is a protein of the immune system that is found primarily in the blood. It plays a central role in the complement system of vertebrate animals and contributes to innate immunity. In humans it is encoded on chromosome 19 by a gene called C3.
Function
C3 plays a central role in the activation of the complement system. Its activation is required for both classical and alternative complement activation pathways. People with C3 deficiency are susceptible to bacterial infection.
One form of C3-convertase, also known as C4b2a, is formed by a heterodimer of activated forms of C4 and C2. It catalyzes the proteolytic cleavage of C3 into C3a and C3b, generated during activation through the classical pathway as well as the lectin pathway. C3a is an anaphylotoxin and the precursor of some cytokines such as ASP, and C3b serves as an opsonizing agent. Factor I can cleave C3b into C3c and C3d, the latter of which plays a role in enhancing B cell responses. In the alternative complement pathway, C3 is cleaved by C3bBb, another form of C3-convertase composed of activated forms of C3 (C3b) and factor B (Bb). Once C3 is activated to C3b, it exposes a reactive thioester that allows the peptide to covalently attach to any surface that can provide a nucleophile such as a primary amine or a hydroxyl group. Activated C3 can then interact with factor B. Factor B is then activated by factor D, to form Bb. The resultant complex, C3bBb, is called the alt
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MK484
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The MK484 AM radio IC is a fully functional AM radio detector on a chip. It is constructed in a TO-92 case, resembling a small transistor. It replaces the similar ZN414 AM radio IC from the 1970s. The MK484 is favored by many hobbyists. It is advantageous in that it performs well with minimal discrete components, and can run from a single 1.5-volt cell.
The MK484 has now in turn been replaced by the TA7642.
Standard operation
The simplest circuit employing the MK484 can be constructed using only a battery, an earphone (or high-impedance speaker), a coil and a variable capacitor.
Extended operation
The output of the MK484 can be fed into the base of a transistor to provide greater amplification as a class-A amplifier, however this is often an inefficient design. Conversely, the LM386 audio amplifier may be used to drive a small speaker.
Note that higher voltage is required if the LM386 is to be used. Therefore, small signal diodes (such as 1N4148) are recommended to create a voltage drop, or use a Zener DC–DC converter with a red LED (in forward, can double as a power indicator) and a resistor (several hundred ohms for 9V operation), to avoid overvolting the MK484.
Advantages
Compact size
Low power consumption
Low cost: Rs 40 to 60 in Indian electronic markets
Retails from 65 cents each on various websites
References
External links
Ferranti ZN414Z/ZN415E/ZN416E datasheet
GEC Plessey ZN414Z/415E/416E datasheet
Rapid MK484 datasheet
Rapid TA7642 datasheet
Mi
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Now%21%20%28Bobby%20Hutcherson%20album%29
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Now! is an album by jazz vibraphonist Bobby Hutcherson, released on the Blue Note label. The album is the first of Hutcherson's to feature vocals, contributed by Gene McDaniels and a chorus. The CD reissue includes four tracks recorded live at the Hollywood Bowl, in 1977.
Track listing
"Slow Change" (Hutcherson, McDaniels) - 7:17
"Hello to the Wind" (Chambers, McDaniels) - 5:59
"Now" (Hutcherson, McDaniels) - 2:46
"The Creators" (Herbie Lewis) - 12:35
"Black Heroes" (Harold Land) - 7:06
Bonus tracks on CD:
"Slow Change" (Hutcherson, McDaniels) - 5:05
"Now" (Hutcherson, McDaniels) - 2:49
"Hello to the Wind" (Chambers, McDaniels) - 3:08
"Now" [Reprise] (Hutcherson, McDaniels) - 1:43
Personnel
Tracks 2-3
Bobby Hutcherson - vibraphone, marimba
Harold Land - tenor saxophone
Kenny Barron - piano
Wally Richardson - guitar
Herbie Lewis - bass
Joe Chambers - drums
Candido Camero - congas
Gene McDaniels- lead vocals
Hilda Harris, Albertine M. Robinson, Christine Spencer - backing vocals
Recorded at A & R Studios, New York on October 3, 1969.
Tracks 1, 4-5
Bobby Hutcherson - vibes
Harold Land - tenor saxophone
Stanley Cowell - piano, electric piano
Wally Richardson - guitar
Herbie Lewis - bass
Joe Chambers - drums
Candido Camero - congas, bongo
Gene McDaniels - lead vocals
Eileen Gilbert, Christine Spencer, Maeretha Stewart - backing vocals
Recorded at A & R Studios, New York on November 5, 1969.
Tracks 6-9
Bobby Hutcherson - vibes
Manny Boyd - tenor sax, soprano sax
George Cables
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farnesyltransferase
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Farnesyltransferase () is one of the three enzymes in the prenyltransferase group. Farnesyltransferase (FTase) adds a 15-carbon isoprenoid called a farnesyl group to proteins bearing a CaaX motif: a four-amino acid sequence at the carboxyl terminus of a protein. Farnesyltransferase's targets include members of the Ras superfamily of small GTP-binding proteins critical to cell cycle progression. For this reason, several FTase inhibitors are undergoing testing as anti-cancer agents. FTase inhibitors have shown efficacy as anti-parasitic agents, as well. FTase is also believed to play an important role in development of progeria and various forms of cancers.
Farnesyltransferase catalyzes the chemical reaction
farnesyl diphosphate + protein-cysteine S-farnesyl protein + diphosphate
Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are farnesyl diphosphate and protein-cysteine, whereas its two products are S-farnesyl protein and diphosphate.
Overview
Farnesyltransferase posttranslationally-modifies proteins by adding an isoprenoid lipid called a farnesyl group to the -SH of the cysteine near the end of target proteins to form a thioether linkage. This process, called farnesylation (which is a type of prenylation), causes farnesylated proteins to become membrane-associated due to the hydrophobic nature of the farnesyl group. Most farnesylated proteins are involved in cellular signaling wherein membrane association is critical for function.
Farnesyltransferase structure and function
Farn
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Shadow%20of%20the%20Torturer
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The Shadow of the Torturer is a fantasy novel by American writer Gene Wolfe, published by Simon & Schuster in May 1980. It is the first of four volumes in The Book of the New Sun which Wolfe had completed in draft before The Shadow of the Torturer was published. It relates the story of Severian, an apprentice Seeker for Truth and Penitence (the guild of torturers), from his youth through his expulsion from the guild and subsequent journey out of his home city of Nessus.
In 1987, Locus magazine ranked The Shadow of the Torturer number four among the 33 "All-Time Best Fantasy Novels", based on a poll of subscribers.
Plot summary
Severian, an apprentice in the Torturers' Guild, barely survives a swim in the River Gyoll. On his way back to the Citadel, Severian and several other apprentices sneak into a necropolis where Severian encounters Vodalus, a legendary revolutionary. Vodalus, along with two others, including a woman named Thea, are robbing a grave. Vodalus and his companions are confronted by volunteer guards. Severian saves Vodalus's life, earning his trust and the reward of a single coin.
Shortly before Severian is elevated to journeyman he encounters and falls in love with Thecla, a beautiful aristocratic prisoner. Thecla's crime is never made clear, though it is implied that she is imprisoned for political reasons since Thecla's half-sister is Thea, Vodalus's lover. The Autarch (ruler of the Commonwealth) wishes to use Thecla to capture Vodalus. When finally Th
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Claw%20of%20the%20Conciliator
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The Claw of the Conciliator is a science fantasy novel by American writer Gene Wolfe, first released in 1981. It is the second volume in the four-volume series The Book of the New Sun.
Plot introduction
The book continues the story of Severian, a journeyman in the Seekers for Truth and Penitence (the guild of torturers), describing his travels north to the city of Thrax.
An independent tale in the book, "The Tale of the Student and his Son", was later published separately in The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction, October 1981.
Plot summary
The book continues shortly after the previous installment left off, skipping Severian's journey from the gate of Nessus to the nearby town of Saltus. Having been separated from the rest of the group he was traveling with, Severian pauses his search for them here as he is given an opportunity to practice his art (in this case, execution) on two people. The first was accused of being a servant of Vodalus, a revolutionary leader. As the man is dragged out of his home by a mob, Severian glimpses Agia amidst the crowd, a woman who with her twin brother had formerly tried to swindle and then kill Severian to gain his valuable executioner's sword. (Severian executed the brother at the request of the local authorities.) Realizing she has been sighted, Agia flees and Severian, still in love with her, follows, searching for her at the town fair. Unable to find her, he ends up at a tent containing a man whose skin is green. The green man is
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Citadel%20of%20the%20Autarch
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The Citadel of the Autarch is a science fantasy novel by American writer Gene Wolfe, first released in 1983. It is the fourth and final volume in the four-volume series The Book of the New Sun.
Plot introduction
Unlike the first books in the series, The Citadel of the Autarch picks up right after the end of the previous one, The Sword of the Lictor. It tells of the travels of Severian, weak and defenseless after his encounter with Baldanders and Dr. Talos. Severian continues his travels, which lead him into war.
Plot
Severian finds himself wandering around when he first happens upon a dead soldier whom he revives with the Claw. The soldier remains unable to speak as they make their way to the Pelerines camp. In the camp, Severian suffers a fever and is treated along with others injured in the war. While recovering, Severian judges a story telling contest. Before leaving he returns the Claw by putting it in an altar. Outside the church Severian is tasked to visit a friend of the Pelerines in the mountain, to bring him back from the danger of the war to the safety of the camp. Severian arrives to the man's house but, due to time-travel related phenomena, the man disappears as he is led away. Upon returning to the camp, Severian discovers it has been attacked and abandoned. Severian soon finds the new camp where most of those he met during his stay are dead or dying.
Eventually, Severian is drawn into war against armies of the North composed of people known as Ascian
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Sword%20of%20the%20Lictor
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The Sword of the Lictor is a science fantasy novel by American writer Gene Wolfe. First released in 1982, it is the third volume in the four-volume series The Book of the New Sun.
Plot introduction
The book continues the story of Severian, a lictor in the Seekers for Truth and Penitence, describing his time as a torturer in the city Thrax and then his travels after soon leaving Thrax.
Plot summary
Having completed the journey he was sent upon when he was exiled from the Citadel, Severian takes up his position as the Lictor (or Master of Chains) of the city of Thrax. His lover Dorcas falls into depression, in part because of her position as the partner of a reviled and feared figure in a strange city. She is also becoming increasingly upset by her mysterious past, and convinced that she must unravel its secrets, however disturbing they may turn out to be.
Escaping an exotic creature that incinerates things, which seems to have come to Thrax to find him, Severian finds himself again showing mercy to a condemned prisoner and is forced to flee the city. He and Dorcas separate, and he journeys alone into the mountains in search of the Pelerines, whom he believes to be the rightful keepers of the priceless relic which he carries, the Claw of the Conciliator.
On the road, he battles his enemy Agia, and the Alzabo—a beast which acquires the memories of those it consumes, as well as a gang of men who have opted to become as animals. In the wake of this violence, he takes an orphan
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock%20School
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Rock School (also known as Gene Simmons' Rock School) is a British reality television series starring Gene Simmons from the rock band Kiss, in which he has a short time to turn a class of schoolchildren into a fully fledged rock band, following which they had to perform in a supporting slot for a leading rock band.
Rock School was made by British production company RDF Media and was shown on Channel 4 in the UK, RTL 7 in the Netherlands, Channel Ten and Channel V in Australia, TVNZ2 in New Zealand, VH-1 in the United States and Latin America, TV 2 Zebra in Norway, Nelonen in Finland, TV4 in Sweden, Much Music in Canada, Vitaya in Belgium and ORF eins in Austria.
A comedy film with a similar theme, starring Jack Black, called School of Rock, was released in 2003, before the first series began. The creative team and Simmons insisted that they did not make the show because of the film, and that the show had been in the works since 2002.
Series 1
The first series was broadcast in the autumn of 2005 and took place at Christ's Hospital, a co-educational boarding school near Horsham, West Sussex, which is famous for its strong musical tradition. The chosen class of year 9 students were all classically trained and it was insinuated that they had no interest in rock music.
The band consisted of Josh (also known as "The Emperor") as lead singer, Dudley ("Dudders") as drummer, Jesse ("Bagpuss") as guitarist, Kwamé ("Mr. Cool") on keyboards and bassist Camilla (who refused to have a
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seminaphtharhodafluor
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Seminaphtharhodafluor or SNARF is a fluorescent dye that changes color with pH.
It can be used to construct optical biosensors that use enzymes that change pH.
The absorption peak of the derivative carboxy-SNARF at pH 6.0 is at wavelength (515 and) 550 nm, while that at pH 9.0 is at 575 nm.
The emission peak of carboxy-SNARF at pH 6.0 is at wavelength 585 nm, while that at pH 9.0 is at 640 nm.
SNARF-1 can serve as a substrate for the MRP1 (multidrug resistance-associated protein-1) drug transporter, to measure the activity of the MRP1 transporter. For this purpose, an acetomethoxyester group is added to SNARF-1. Cellular esterases cleave off SNARF-1, and its transport out of the cells can be measured by following the loss of fluorescence from the cells.
References
Fluorone dyes
Spiro compounds
Lactones
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perivascular%20space
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A perivascular space, also known as a Virchow–Robin space, is a fluid-filled space surrounding certain blood vessels in several organs, including the brain, potentially having an immunological function, but more broadly a dispersive role for neural and blood-derived messengers. The brain pia mater is reflected from the surface of the brain onto the surface of blood vessels in the subarachnoid space. In the brain, perivascular cuffs are regions of leukocyte aggregation in the perivascular spaces, usually found in patients with viral encephalitis.
Perivascular spaces vary in dimension according to the type of blood vessel. In the brain where most capillaries have an imperceptible perivascular space, select structures of the brain, such as the circumventricular organs, are notable for having large perivascular spaces surrounding highly permeable capillaries, as observed by microscopy. The median eminence, a brain structure at the base of the hypothalamus, contains capillaries with wide perivascular spaces.
In humans, perivascular spaces surround arteries and veins can usually be seen as areas of dilatation on MRI images. While many normal brains will show a few dilated spaces, an increase in these spaces may correlate with the incidence of several neurodegenerative diseases, making the spaces a topic of research.
Structure
Perivascular spaces are gaps containing interstitial fluid that span between blood vessels and their host organ, such as the brain, which they penetrate an
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bis-tris%20propane
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Bis-tris propane, or 1,3-bis(tris(hydroxymethyl)methylamino)propane, also known as BTP, is a chemical substance that is used in buffer solutions. It is a white to off-white crystalline powder that is soluble in water. It has a wide buffering range, from 6 to 9.5 due to its two pKa values which are close in value. This buffer is primarily used in biochemistry and molecular biology.
Applications
A review of DNA polymerase fidelity cites bis-tris propane as a suitable buffer for polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Bis-Tris propane has also been used with HCl buffer for stabilization of farnesyl diphosphate isolated from a strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. It has also been used in a study of the effects of buffer identity on electric signals of light-excited bacteriorhodopsin. Use of Bis-Tris propane has also been documented in an investigation of the MgATPase activity of the myosin subfragment 1 monomer. The effect of buffer identity on the kinetics of the restriction enzyme EcoRV has been studied in various buffers, including Bis-Tris propane. Bis-Tris propane wide buffering range is also useful for calibration of genetically encoded pH indicators expressed in the cytosol or mitochondria. Bis-Tris propane has been used as the buffering agent in separation of full and empty capsids of recombinant adeno-associated virus vectors with anion-exchange chromatography.
See also
Bis-tris methane
Tris
Tricine
References
Amines
Polyols
Buffer solutions
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prefoldin%20subunit%203
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Prefoldin subunit 3 (VBP-1), also Von Hippel–Lindau binding protein 1, is a prefoldin chaperone protein that binds to von Hippel–Lindau protein and transports it from perinuclear granules to the nucleus or cytoplasm inside the cell. It is also involved in transporting nascent polypeptides to cytosolic chaperonins for post-translational folding.
VBP-1 is a 197–amino acid heterohexamer comprising two prefoldin-α and four prefoldin-β subunits, and is a member of the prefoldin-α subunit family. It is ubiquitously expressed in tissues, and is located in the cell nucleus and cytoplasm. The VBP1 gene is located at Xq28. Homologues are known to exist between human VBP-1 and proteins in mice, Drosophila and C. elegans.
See also
Von Hippel–Lindau tumor suppressor
Von Hippel–Lindau disease
Eugen von Hippel
Arvid Lindau
References
External links
Proteins
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascian%20language
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The Ascian language is a fictional language invented by Gene Wolfe for his science fiction series The Book of the New Sun.
The language is spoken by the inhabitants of the “northern continents” of the future earth, the Ascians, who are enslaved by their masters (the Group of Seventeen) in a way much like the people of Oceania in George Orwell's book 1984.
The language
The Ascian language consists of two levels: On the low level it is an ordinary language, of whose syntax, grammar and vocabulary virtually nothing is known. The second level is more complex and unique.
Although Ascian is their mother tongue, adult Ascians do not understand plain Ascian sentences unless they are direct quotations from governmental propaganda materials, referred to as Correct Thought. Thus, in order to communicate, an Ascian has to know by heart thousands of these quotations (sentences) on many different topics.
As the northern continents are at war with the southern Commonwealth (where most protagonists of the books live), there are interpreters in the Ascian army to interrogate prisoners. These speak the language of the Commonwealth, but as they are unable to think outside the approved texts, what they say is merely literal translations of the Ascian approved sentences.
A very similar concept of a language is presented in the Star Trek: The Next Generation episode "Darmok" from 1991.
Psychology
The reason for the Group of Seventeen to impose on their people this complicated concept of a la
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridgman%20effect
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The Bridgman effect (named after P. W. Bridgman), also called the internal Peltier effect, is a phenomenon that occurs when an electric current passes through an anisotropic crystal – there is an absorption or liberation of heat because of the non-uniformity in current distribution.
The Bridgman effect is observable in geology. It describes slip-stick behavior of materials under very high pressure.
References
Electricity
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas%20Red
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Texas Red or sulforhodamine 101 acid chloride is a red fluorescent dye, used in histology for staining cell specimens, for sorting cells with fluorescent-activated cell sorting machines, in fluorescence microscopy applications, and in immunohistochemistry.
Texas Red fluoresces at about 615 nm, and the peak of its absorption spectrum is at 589 nm. The powder is dark purple. Solutions can be excited by a dye laser tuned to 595-605 nm, or less efficiently a krypton laser at 567 nm. The absorption extinction coefficient at 596 nm is about 85,000 M−1cm−1.
The compound is usually a mixture of two monosulfonyl chlorides, i.e., as pictured, or with the SO3 and SO2Cl groups exchanged. It can be used as a marker of proteins, with which it easily forms conjugates via the sulfonyl chloride (SO2Cl) group. In water, the sulfonyl chloride group of unreacted Texas Red molecules hydrolyses to sulfonate and the molecule becomes the very water-soluble sulforhodamine 101 which is easy to wash out selectively. This is one of the advantages of conjugating with Texas Red vs. using a rhodamine-isothiocyanate for conjugation.
A protein with the Texas Red chromophore attached can then itself act as a fluorescent labeling agent; an antibody with a fluorescent marker attached will bind to a specific antigen and then show the location of the antigens as shining spots when irradiated. It is relatively bright, and therefore can be used to detect even weakly expressed antigens. Other molecules can be l
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FLC
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FLC may refer to:
Federal Laboratory Consortium, a U.S.-based technology transfer organization
Feminist literary criticism
Ferroelectric liquid crystal
Fisheries Law Centre, in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
FLIC (file format), used to store animation files
Florida Literacy Coalition, Inc., an American non-profit organization
Flowering Locus C, a plant gene
Folsom Lake College, in California, United States
Football League Championship, in England
Football League Cup, in England
Forest Lake Camp, in New York, United States
Forming limit curve
Fort Lewis College, in Durango, Colorado, United States
Free light chains of antibodies
Front de Liberation du Champa in Southeast Asia
Full load current
Fun Lovin' Criminals, an American band
See also
floruit circa (fl. c.)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferrovanadium
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Ferrovanadium (FeV) is an alloy formed by combining iron and vanadium with a vanadium content range of 35–85%. The production of this alloy results in a grayish silver crystalline solid that can be crushed into a powder called "ferrovanadium dust".
Ferrovanadium is a universal hardener, strengthener and anti-corrosive additive for steels like high-strength low-alloy steel, tool steels, as well as other ferrous-based products. It has significant advantages over both iron and vanadium individually. Ferrovanadium is used as an additive to improve the qualities of ferrous alloys. One such use is to improve corrosion resistance to alkaline reagents as well as sulfuric and hydrochloric acids. It is also used to improve the tensile strength to weight ratio of the material. One application of such steels is in the chemical processing industry for high pressure high throughput fluid handling systems dealing with industrial scale sulfuric acid production. It is also commonly used for hand tools e.g. spanners (wrenches), screwdrivers, ratchets, etc.
Composition
Vanadium content in ferrovanadium ranges from 35% to 85%. FeV80 (80% Vanadium) is the most common ferrovanadium composition. In addition to iron and vanadium, small amounts of silicon, aluminum, carbon, sulfur, phosphorus, arsenic, copper, and manganese are found in ferrovanadium. Impurities can make up to 11% by weight of the alloy. Concentrations of these impurities determine the grade of ferrovanadium.
Synthesis
Eighty-five
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AM%20expanded%20band
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The extended mediumwave broadcast band, commonly known as the AM expanded band, refers to the broadcast station frequency assignments immediately above the earlier upper limits of 1600 kHz in International Telecommunication Union (ITU) Region 2 (the Americas), and 1602 kHz in ITU Regions 1 (Europe, northern Asia and Africa) and 3 (southern Asia and Oceania).
In Region 2, this consists of ten additional frequencies, spaced 10 kHz apart, and running from 1610 kHz to 1700 kHz. In Regions 1 and 3, where frequency assignments are spaced nine kHz apart, the result is eleven additional frequencies, from 1611 kHz to 1701 kHz.
ITU Region 1
Europe
The extended band is not officially allocated in Europe, and the trend of national broadcasters in the region has been to reduce the number of their AM band stations in favor of FM and digital transmissions. However, new Low-Power AM (LPAM) stations have recently come on the air from countries like Finland, Sweden, Norway, Denmark, the Netherlands and Italy. These frequencies are also used by a number of "hobby" pirate radio stations, particularly in the Netherlands, Greece, and Serbia. Vatican Radio for many years transmitted on 1611 kHz, before ceasing broadcasts on this frequency in 2012. Since 2014 a licensed Norwegian project has been broadcasting both Radio Northern Star and The Sea on 1611 kHz.
ITU Region 2
In 1979, a World Administrative Radio Conference (WARC-79) adopted "Radio Regulation No. 480", which stated that "In Region 2,
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese%20theorem%20for%20cyclic%20polygons
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In geometry, the Japanese theorem states that no matter how one triangulates a cyclic polygon, the sum of inradii of triangles is constant.
Conversely, if the sum of inradii is independent of the triangulation, then the polygon is cyclic. The Japanese theorem follows from Carnot's theorem; it is a Sangaku problem.
Proof
This theorem can be proven by first proving a special case: no matter how one triangulates a cyclic quadrilateral, the sum of inradii of triangles is constant.
After proving the quadrilateral case, the general case of the cyclic polygon theorem is an immediate corollary. The quadrilateral rule can be applied to quadrilateral components of a general partition of a cyclic polygon, and repeated application of the rule, which "flips" one diagonal, will generate all the possible partitions from any given partition, with each "flip" preserving the sum of the inradii.
The quadrilateral case follows from a simple extension of the Japanese theorem for cyclic quadrilaterals, which shows that a rectangle is formed by the two pairs of incenters corresponding to the two possible triangulations of the quadrilateral. The steps of this theorem require nothing beyond basic constructive Euclidean geometry.
With the additional construction of a parallelogram having sides parallel to the diagonals, and tangent to the corners of the rectangle of incenters, the quadrilateral case of the cyclic polygon theorem can be proved in a few steps. The equality of the sums of the radii
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MLD
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MLD may refer to:
Medicine
Manual lymphatic drainage
Metachromatic leukodystrophy, a rare neurometabolic genetic condition
Science and technology
Mean log deviation in statistics and econometrics
Mixed layer depth in hydrography
Multicast Listener Discovery, in computer networking
Million liter per day, in environmental engineering
Other
ICAO airline designator of Air Moldova
Maldives, ITU country code
Maniac Latin Disciples, a street gang
Marine Luchtvaart Dienst, the Dutch Naval Aviation Service
Mutually locally derivable, a mathematical property of aperiodic tile sets
EU Money Laundering Directive
Miluo East railway station, China Railway pinyin code MLD
Monolingual learner's dictionary, type of dictionary designed to meet the reference needs of people learning a foreign language.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ehrenfest%20theorem
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The Ehrenfest theorem, named after Austrian theoretical physicist Paul Ehrenfest, relates the time derivative of the expectation values of the position and momentum operators x and p to the expectation value of the force on a massive particle moving in a scalar potential ,
The Ehrenfest theorem is a special case of a more general relation between the expectation of any quantum mechanical operator and the expectation of the commutator of that operator with the Hamiltonian of the system
where is some quantum mechanical operator and is its expectation value.
It is most apparent in the Heisenberg picture of quantum mechanics, where it amounts to just the expectation value of the Heisenberg equation of motion. It provides mathematical support to the correspondence principle.
The reason is that Ehrenfest's theorem is closely related to Liouville's theorem of Hamiltonian mechanics, which involves the Poisson bracket instead of a commutator. Dirac's rule of thumb suggests that statements in quantum mechanics which contain a commutator correspond to statements in classical mechanics where the commutator is supplanted by a Poisson bracket multiplied by . This makes the operator expectation values obey corresponding classical equations of motion, provided the Hamiltonian is at most quadratic in the coordinates and momenta. Otherwise, the evolution equations still may hold approximately, provided fluctuations are small.
Relation to classical physics
Although, at first glanc
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milt
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Milt is the seminal fluid of fish, mollusks, and certain other water-dwelling animals which reproduce by spraying this fluid, which contains the sperm, onto roe (fish eggs). It can also refer to the sperm sacs or testes that contain the semen.
Milt as food
Milt (sometimes spelled melt) or soft roe also refers to the male genitalia of fish when they contain sperm, used as food. Many cultures eat milt, often fried, though not usually as a dish by itself.
In Indonesian cuisine, the milt (called telur ikan; fish egg) of snakehead and snapper is usually made into kari or woku.
In Japanese cuisine, the testes (白子 shirako 'white children') of cod (tara), anglerfish (ankō), salmon (sake), squid (ika) and pufferfish (fugu) are eaten.
In Korean cuisine, the milt ( iri) of Alaska pollock, cod, blackmouth angler, bogeo, and sea bream are eaten.
In Romanian cuisine, the milt of carp and other fresh water fish is called "Lapți" (from the Latin word lactes) and is usually fried.
In Russian cuisine, herring milt (молока, "moloka") is pickled the same way as the rest of the fish, but eaten separately, sometimes combined with pickled herring roe. Various whitefish soft roes are usually consumed fried and it is an inexpensive everyday dish.
In Sicilian cuisine, the milt of tuna is called "lattume" and is used as a typical pasta topping.
In British cuisine, cod soft roes are a traditional dish, usually fried in butter and spread on toast.
See also
List of delicacies
References
Repr
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluid%20theory%20of%20electricity
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Fluid theories of electricity are outdated theories that postulated one or more electrical fluids which were thought to be responsible for many electrical phenomena in the history of electromagnetism. The "two-fluid" theory of electricity, created by Charles François de Cisternay du Fay, postulated that electricity was the interaction between two electrical 'fluids.' An alternate simpler theory was proposed by Benjamin Franklin, called the unitary, or one-fluid, theory of electricity. This theory claimed that electricity was really one fluid, which could be present in excess, or absent from a body, thus explaining its electrical charge. Franklin's theory explained how charges could be dispelled (such as those in Leyden jars) and how they could be passed through a chain of people. The fluid theories of electricity eventually became updated to include the effects of magnetism, and electrons (upon their discovery).
Fluid theories
In the 1700s many physical phenomena were thought of in terms of an aether, which was a fluid that could permeate matter. This idea had been used for centuries, and was the basis of thinking about physical phenomena, such as electricity, as liquids. Other 18th century examples of fluid models are Lavoisier's caloric and the magnetic fluids of Coulomb and Aepinus.
Two-fluid theory
By the 18th century, one of a few theories explaining observed electrical phenomena was the two-fluid theory. This theory is generally attributed to Charles François de Ciste
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amplitude-companded%20single-sideband%20modulation
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Amplitude-companded single-sideband (ACSB) is a narrowband modulation method using a single-sideband with a pilot tone, allowing an expander in the receiver to restore the amplitude that was severely compressed by the transmitter. The pilot tone serves as a frequency reference for the receiver, eliminating the signal distortion that would occur with single-sideband suppressed carrier modulation when the receiver is off frequency.
It offers improved effective range over standard SSB modulation while simultaneously retaining backwards compatibility with standard SSB radios. ACSB also offers reduced bandwidth and improved range for a given power level compared with narrow band FM modulation.
The companding used in ACSB is a type of dynamic range reduction wherein the difference in amplitude between the louder and softer sounds is reduced prior to transmission. A corresponding expander circuit in the receiver inverts this transformation in order to restore the dynamic range. If a conventional SSB receiver is used to receive ACSB signals, some distortion may be noticed but generally the signals are quite intelligible. Similar techniques are used in audio noise reduction circuits such as those developed for Dolby.
ACSB is being used by amateur radio operators, air-to-ground phones, as well as mobile-satellite services.
External links
Mobile and Mobile-Satellite Services
Property Rights In Radio Communication: The Key to the Reform of Telecommunications Regulation Milton Muel
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary%20Dotson
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Gary E. Dotson (born August 3, 1957) is an American man who was the first person to be exonerated of a criminal conviction by DNA evidence. In May 1979, he was found guilty and sentenced to 25 to 50 years' imprisonment for rape, and another 25 to 50 years for aggravated kidnapping, the terms to be served concurrently. This conviction was upheld by the appellate court in 1981. In 1985, the accusing witness recanted her testimony, which had been the main evidence against Dotson. He was not exonerated or pardoned at that time, but due to popular belief that he was a victim of a false rape accusation, Dotson went through a series of paroles and re-incarcerations until DNA evidence proved his innocence in 1988. Dotson was subsequently cleared of his conviction.
Personal background
Gary E. Dotson was a high-school dropout who, at the time of his arrest, was living in Country Club Hills, a modest Chicago suburb, with his mother Barbara and his sisters Debbie, Gail and Laura. After conviction in 1979, the next eight years of his life were spent in prison; another four were spent on legal proceedings which led to charges being dropped in 1988 and a full pardon in 2002.
After his first release from prison in 1985, Dotson married Camille Dardanes, a woman who had come to know him during the hearings following his conviction. In March 1986, under difficult financial circumstances, the couple moved in with Dotson's mother. In January, 1987, they had a daughter, Ashley. Near the end o
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NNW
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NNW may refer to:
Neural network, an interconnected group of neurons or artificial neurons
North-northwest or Nor-norwest, a compass direction (one of the eight "half-winds")
NetNewsWire desktop news aggregator for Mac OS X
National Nursing Week, observed in the U.S. and Canada, incorporating International Nurses Day
Net national welfare, another name for Net economic welfare, a proposed national income measure
New native woodland, areas of reforestation created in the UK by the Woodland Trust
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rammelsbergite
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Rammelsbergite is a nickel arsenide mineral with formula NiAs2. It forms metallic silvery to tin white to reddish orthorhombic prismatic crystals, and is usually massive in form. It has a Mohs hardness of 5.5 and a specific gravity of 7.1.
It was first described in 1854 from its type locality in the Schneeberg District in Saxony, Germany. It was named after the German chemist and mineralogist, Karl Friedrich August Rammelsberg (1813–1899).
It occurs as a hydrothermal mineral in medium temperature veins association with skutterudite, safflorite, lollingite, nickeline, native bismuth, native silver, algodonite, domeykite and uraninite.
See also
List of minerals named after people
References
Mineral Galleries
Nickel minerals
Arsenide minerals
Orthorhombic minerals
Minerals in space group 58
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magic%20Spirits
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MAGIC SPIRITS is a German producer of various vodka brands.
Beginning in 1991 sales of Magic Crystal vodka increases up to 13,5 mio. bottles per year. Magic Crystal vodka is produced in 37,5% vol. (75 proof) and 40,0% vol. (80 proof). Further there is Black Magic vodka with 56% vol. (112 proof) which is a winner of a silver medal at the International Wine and Spirit Competition 2005 in London. Additional there is vodka Magic 78 with 156 proof and Magic Crystal Citrus vodka.
External links
MAGIC SPIRITS — The official site for Magic Spirits
German vodkas
Distilleries in Germany
Companies based in Hamburg
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20scheduling
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List scheduling is a greedy algorithm for Identical-machines scheduling. The input to this algorithm is a list of jobs that should be executed on a set of m machines. The list is ordered in a fixed order, which can be determined e.g. by the priority of executing the jobs, or by their order of arrival. The algorithm repeatedly executes the following steps until a valid schedule is obtained:
Take the first job in the list (the one with the highest priority).
Find a machine that is available for executing this job.
If a machine is found, schedule this job on that machine.
Otherwise (no suitable machine is available), select the next job in the list.
Example
Suppose there are five jobs with processing-times {4,5,6,7,8}, and m=2 processors. Then, the resulting schedule is {4,6,8}, {5,7}, and the makespan is max(18,12)=18; if m=3, then the resulting schedule is {4,7}, {5,8}, {6}, and the makespan is max(11,13,6)=13.
Performance guarantee
The algorithm runs in time , where n is the number of jobs. The algorithm always returns a partition of the jobs whose makespan is at most times the optimal makespan. This is due to the fact that both the length of the longest job and the average length of all jobs are lower bounds for the optimal makespan. The algorithm can be used as an online algorithm, when the order in which the items arrive cannot be controlled.
Ordering strategies
Instead of using an arbitrary order, one can pre-order the jobs in order to attain better guarantees.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman%20Lloyd%20Johnson
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Norman Lloyd Johnson (9 January 1917, Ilford, Essex, England – 18 November 2004, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States) was a professor of statistics and author or editor of several standard reference works in statistics and probability theory.
Education
Johnson attended Ilford County High School, and went on to University College London, where he obtained a B.Sc. in mathematics 1936 and a B.Sc. and M.Sc. in statistics in 1937 and 1938.
Career
On qualification in 1938, Johnson was appointed Assistant Lecturer in the Department of Statistics at UCL. During World War II, he served under his former Professor Egon Pearson as an Experimental Officer with the Ordnance Board. He returned to the Statistics Department at UCL in 1945 and stayed there until 1962, as Assistant Lecturer, Lecturer and then Reader. In 1948 he was awarded a Ph.D. in Statistics for his work on the Johnson system of frequency curves. In 1949 he became a Fellow of the Institute of Actuaries.
Two visiting appointments in the USA, at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (UNC) in 1952–1953 and at Case Institute of Technology in Cleveland, Ohio, in 1960–1961, led to his permanent appointment as Professor in the Department of Statistics at UNC in 1962. He was Chairman 1971–1976 and officially retired in 1982, but continued to be active in scholarship and research as Professor Emeritus almost until his death. UNC named a distinguished endowed chair in his honour. He expressed a wish to retire
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bapoo%20Mama
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Bapoo Burjorji 'B.B.' Mama (April 8, 1924 in Bombay – March 18, 1995 in Bombay) was a cricket statistician.
Bapoo Mama was a major figure in Indian cricket statistics in the second half of the twentieth century. In the 1970s and eighties, he contributed columns like Follow 'em with BBM, Figures are Fun, Factfile and Down the Memory Lane to prominent periodicals like the Sportstar, Sportsweek, Times of India and Pakistan Cricket International. He was also a regular contributor to the Indian sections in the Wisden. He served as the official statistician of the national channel Doordarshan from 1973 to 1988.
Mama was educated in Bombay but moved to Panchgani in Maharashtra in 1948 for reasons of health. He lived most of the rest of his life there. He died following a short illness of intestinal and lung complications.
References
Obituary in Indian Cricket 1996
Cricket historians and writers
Cricket scorers
Parsi people
1995 deaths
1924 births
Cricket statisticians
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal%20Mover
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The Crystal Mover is a rubber-tired automated people mover (APM) system for airport and public transport applications manufactured at Mitsubishi Heavy Industries (MHI) Mihara Machinery Works in Mihara, Japan. The Crystal Mover, initially based on the Japanese APM standard, is used in automated guideway transit (AGT) systems in China, Japan, Singapore, South Korea, the United Arab Emirates and the United States.
Since 2010s MHI has been building and delivering a new family of AGT systems branded Urbanismo as the successor to the Crystal Mover. The Urbanismo family consists of a higher-speed model called "Urbanismo Super AGT" with a top speed of 120 km/h and three customizable models called "Urbanismo-22", "Urbanismo-18", and "Urbanismo-16" with a gross weight of over 22, 18, and 16 tons, respectively.
Public transport
Japan
Between 2014 and 2016, Yurikamome, Inc., which operates the Yurikamome line in Tokyo, purchased a fleet of 18 six-car 7300 series trainsets based on the Urbanismo-18 class to replace all of the 18 six-car 7000 series trainsets. Between June 2018 and June 2020, MHI also delivered 8 six-car 7500 series (upgraded version of 7300 series) trainsets to replace the fleet of 7200 series trainsets.
Saitama New Urban Transit Co., Ltd., which operates the New Shuttle in Saitama Prefecture, purchased a fleet of 5 six-car 2020 series trainsets based on the Urbanismo-16 class to replace the fleet of 3 six-car 1010 series trainsets and 2 six-car 1050 series trainset
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hippocampal%20sclerosis
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Hippocampal sclerosis (HS) or mesial temporal sclerosis (MTS) is a neuropathological condition with severe neuronal cell loss and gliosis in the hippocampus. Neuroimaging tests such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and positron emission tomography (PET) may identify individuals with hippocampal sclerosis. Hippocampal sclerosis occurs in 3 distinct settings: mesial temporal lobe epilepsy, adult neurodegenerative disease and acute brain injury.
History
In 1825, Bouchet and Cazauvieilh described palpable firmness and atrophy of the uncus and medial temporal lobe of brains from epileptic and non-epileptic individuals. In 1880, Wilhelm Sommer investigated 90 brains and described the classical Ammon's horn sclerosis pattern, severe neuronal cell loss in hippocampal subfield cornum Ammonis 1 (CA1) and some neuronal cell loss in hippocampal subfield CA4. a finding later confirmed by Bratz. In 1927, Spielmeyer described cell loss of all hippocampal subfields, the total Ammon's horn sclerosis pattern, and in 1966, Margerison and Corsellis described cell loss primarily involving the CA4 subfield, the end folium sclerosis pattern. In 1935. Stauder linked mesial temporal lobe seizures to hippocampal sclerosis.
Hippocampal sclerosis was later found to occur in older adults with neurodegenerative diseases such as frontotemporal lobar degeneration and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. In 2006, researchers determined that amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and frontotemporal lobar degeneration a
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recursive%20Bayesian%20estimation
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In probability theory, statistics, and machine learning, recursive Bayesian estimation, also known as a Bayes filter, is a general probabilistic approach for estimating an unknown probability density function (PDF) recursively over time using incoming measurements and a mathematical process model. The process relies heavily upon mathematical concepts and models that are theorized within a study of prior and posterior probabilities known as Bayesian statistics.
In robotics
A Bayes filter is an algorithm used in computer science for calculating the probabilities of multiple beliefs to allow a robot to infer its position and orientation. Essentially, Bayes filters allow robots to continuously update their most likely position within a coordinate system, based on the most recently acquired sensor data. This is a recursive algorithm. It consists of two parts: prediction and innovation. If the variables are normally distributed and the transitions are linear, the Bayes filter becomes equal to the Kalman filter.
In a simple example, a robot moving throughout a grid may have several different sensors that provide it with information about its surroundings. The robot may start out with certainty that it is at position (0,0). However, as it moves farther and farther from its original position, the robot has continuously less certainty about its position; using a Bayes filter, a probability can be assigned to the robot's belief about its current position, and that probability can
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Left%20shift%20%28medicine%29
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Left shift or blood shift is an increase in the number of immature cell types among the blood cells in a sample of blood. Many (perhaps most) clinical mentions of left shift refer to the white blood cell lineage, particularly neutrophil-precursor band cells, thus signifying bandemia. Less commonly, left shift may also refer to a similar phenomenon in the red blood cell lineage in severe anemia, when increased reticulocytes and immature erythrocyte-precursor cells appear in the peripheral circulation.
Definition
The standard definition of a left shift is an absolute band form count greater than 7700/microL. There are competing explanations for the origin of the phrase "left shift," including the left-most button arrangement of early cell sorting machines and a 1920s publication by Josef Arneth, containing a graph in which immature neutrophils, with fewer segments, shifted the median left. In the latter view, the name reflects a curve's preponderance shifting to the left on a graph of hematopoietic cellular differentiations.
Morphology
It is usually noted on microscopic examination of a blood smear. This systemic effect of inflammation is most often seen in the course of an active infection and during other severe illnesses such as hypoxia and shock. Döhle bodies may also be present in the neutrophil's cytoplasm in the setting of sepsis or severe inflammatory responses.
Pathogenesis
It is believed that cytokines (including IL-1 and TNF) accelerate the release of cells from t
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein%20subcellular%20localization%20prediction
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Protein subcellular localization prediction (or just protein localization prediction) involves the prediction of where a protein resides in a cell, its subcellular localization.
In general, prediction tools take as input information about a protein, such as a protein sequence of amino acids, and produce a predicted location within the cell as output, such as the nucleus, Endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, extracellular space, or other organelles. The aim is to build tools that can accurately predict the outcome of protein targeting in cells.
Prediction of protein subcellular localization is an important component of bioinformatics based prediction of protein function and genome annotation, and it can aid the identification of drug targets.
Background
Experimentally determining the subcellular localization of a protein can be a laborious and time consuming task. Immunolabeling or tagging (such as with a green fluorescent protein) to view localization using fluorescence microscope are often used. A high throughput alternative is to use prediction.
Through the development of new approaches in computer science, coupled with an increased dataset of proteins of known localization, computational tools can now provide fast and accurate localization predictions for many organisms. This has resulted in subcellular localization prediction becoming one of the challenges being successfully aided by bioinformatics, and machine learning.
Many prediction methods now exceed the ac
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyn%20St.%20James
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Lyn St. James (born Evelyn Gene Cornwall; March 13, 1947) is an American former race car driver. She competed in the IndyCar series, with eleven CART and five Indy Racing League starts to her name. St. James is one of nine women who have qualified for the Indianapolis 500, and became the first woman to win the Indianapolis 500 Rookie of the Year award (oldest to win the award at 45, a record she held 30 years until Jimmie Johnson won it when he was 46 in 2022). She also has two class victories at the 24 Hours of Daytona, and won the GTO class, partnering with Calvin Fish and Robby Gordon, at the 1990 12 Hours of Sebring. Additionally she has competed in endurance racing in Europe, including the 24 Hours of Le Mans and the 24 Hours of Nürburgring, at which her AMC Spirit AMX team placed first and second in class in 1979.
St. James founded the Women in the Winner's Circle Foundation in 1994 and is a motivational speaker. She has served on the board of trustees of Kettering University, and since 2015, serves as an appeal panelist for NASCAR's National Motorsports Appeals Panel.
In 1986, she was driving a Ford Probe during the IMSA LA Times Grand Prix at Riverside International Raceway and was in a big accident involving both Chip Robinson and Doc Bundy.
Career
Achievements
Lyn St. James has been invited to the White House on multiple occasions, meeting with Presidents Ronald Reagan, George H.W. Bush, and Bill Clinton. She was also named by Sports Illustrated as among the
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International%20Society%20for%20Heart%20Research
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The International Society for Heart Research began as an "International Study Group for Research in Cardiac Metabolism" in Dubrovnik in 1968; at the 1976 World Congress in Tokyo, it adopted the name "International Society for Heart Research". It currently has over 3,000 members and comprises 7 international Sections (Australasian, Chinese, European, Indian, Japanese, Latin American and North American). The current president is Dr. Yoshihiko Saito Nara.
The Society publishes its own journal (Journal of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology) and newsletter (Heart News and Views).
The ISHR has developed a number of awards (Peter Harris Distinguished Scientist Award, Research Achievement Award, Outstanding Investigator Award, three named Distinguished Lecture Awards and Distinguished Leader Award for Faculty). It also gives the Richard J. Bing Award for Young Investigators, an award named after its first President and founder.
References
Heart disease organizations
International medical associations
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simple%20linear%20regression
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In statistics, simple linear regression is a linear regression model with a single explanatory variable. That is, it concerns two-dimensional sample points with one independent variable and one dependent variable (conventionally, the x and y coordinates in a Cartesian coordinate system) and finds a linear function (a non-vertical straight line) that, as accurately as possible, predicts the dependent variable values as a function of the independent variable.
The adjective simple refers to the fact that the outcome variable is related to a single predictor.
It is common to make the additional stipulation that the ordinary least squares (OLS) method should be used: the accuracy of each predicted value is measured by its squared residual (vertical distance between the point of the data set and the fitted line), and the goal is to make the sum of these squared deviations as small as possible. Other regression methods that can be used in place of ordinary least squares include least absolute deviations (minimizing the sum of absolute values of residuals) and the Theil–Sen estimator (which chooses a line whose slope is the median of the slopes determined by pairs of sample points). Deming regression (total least squares) also finds a line that fits a set of two-dimensional sample points, but (unlike ordinary least squares, least absolute deviations, and median slope regression) it is not really an instance of simple linear regression, because it does not separate the coordinates i
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lanczos%20algorithm
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The Lanczos algorithm is an iterative method devised by Cornelius Lanczos that is an adaptation of power methods to find the "most useful" (tending towards extreme highest/lowest) eigenvalues and eigenvectors of an Hermitian matrix, where is often but not necessarily much smaller than . Although computationally efficient in principle, the method as initially formulated was not useful, due to its numerical instability.
In 1970, Ojalvo and Newman showed how to make the method numerically stable and applied it to the solution of very large engineering structures subjected to dynamic loading. This was achieved using a method for purifying the Lanczos vectors (i.e. by repeatedly reorthogonalizing each newly generated vector with all previously generated ones) to any degree of accuracy, which when not performed, produced a series of vectors that were highly contaminated by those associated with the lowest natural frequencies.
In their original work, these authors also suggested how to select a starting vector (i.e. use a random-number generator to select each element of the starting vector) and suggested an empirically determined method for determining , the reduced number of vectors (i.e. it should be selected to be approximately 1.5 times the number of accurate eigenvalues desired). Soon thereafter their work was followed by Paige, who also provided an error analysis. In 1988, Ojalvo produced a more detailed history of this algorithm and an efficient eigenvalue error test.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basilar%20skull%20fracture
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A basilar skull fracture is a break of a bone in the base of the skull. Symptoms may include bruising behind the ears, bruising around the eyes, or blood behind the ear drum. A cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leak occurs in about 20% of cases and may result in fluid leaking from the nose or ear. Meningitis occurs in about 14% of cases. Other complications include injuries to the cranial nerves or blood vessels.
A basilar skull fracture typically requires a significant degree of trauma to occur. It is defined as a fracture of one or more of the temporal, occipital, sphenoid, frontal or ethmoid bone. Basilar skull fractures are divided into anterior fossa, middle fossa and posterior fossa fractures. Facial fractures often also occur. Diagnosis is typically by CT scan.
Treatment is generally based on the extent and location of the injury to structures inside the head. Surgery may be performed to seal a CSF leak that does not stop, to relieve pressure on a cranial nerve or repair injury to a blood vessel. Prophylactic antibiotics do not provide a clinical benefit in preventing meningitis. A basilar skull fracture occurs in about 12% of people with a severe head injury.
Signs and symptoms
Battle's sign – bruising of the mastoid process of the temporal bone.
Raccoon eyes – bruising around the eyes, i.e. "black eyes"
Cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea
Cranial nerve palsy
Bleeding (sometimes profuse) from the nose and ears
Hemotympanum
Conductive or perceptive deafness, nystagmus, v
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KLH
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KLH may refer to:
Keyhole limpet hemocyanin, a carrier protein
Kolhapur Airport (IATA code KLH), a regional airport in Kolhapur, Maharashtra, India
Korean Light Helicopter, a designation used by the Republic of Korea Army
KLH (company), an audio company founded in 1957 in Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States
KLH-Arena, a set of ski jump hills in Murau, Austria
KLH Vajgar Jindřichův Hradec, an ice hockey team in Jindřichův Hradec, Czech Republic
WKLH (also known simply as KLH), a radio station in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States
See also
KHL
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langmuir%20%28unit%29
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The langmuir (symbol: L) is a unit of exposure (or dosage) to a surface (e.g. of a crystal) and is used in ultra-high vacuum (UHV) surface physics to study the adsorption of gases. It is a practical unit, and is not dimensionally homogeneous, and so is used only in this field. It is named after American physicist Irving Langmuir.
Definition
The langmuir is defined by multiplying the pressure of the gas by the time of exposure. One langmuir corresponds to an exposure of 10−6 Torr during one second. For example, exposing a surface to a gas pressure of 10−8 Torr for 100 seconds corresponds to 1 L.
Similarly, keeping the pressure of oxygen gas at 2.5·10−6 Torr for 40 seconds will give a dose of 100 L.
Conversion
Since both different pressures and exposure times can give the same langmuir (see Definition) it can be difficult to convert Langmuir (L) to exposure pressure × time (Torr·s) and vice versa. The following equation can be used to easily convert between the two: Here, and are any two numbers whose product equals the desired Langmuir value, is an integer allowing different magnitudes of pressure or exposure time to be used in conversion. The units are represented in the [square brackets]. Using the prior example, for a dose of 100 L a pressure of 2.5 × 10−6 Torr can be applied for 40 seconds, thus, , and . However, this dosage could also be gained with 8 × 10−8 Torr for 1250 seconds, here , , . In both scenarios .
Derivation
Exposure of a surface in surface physics
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Crystal%20Cave
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The Crystal Cave is a 1970 fantasy novel by Mary Stewart. The first in a quintet of novels covering the Arthurian legend, it is followed by The Hollow Hills.
Plot introduction
The protagonist of this story is a boy named Myrddin Emrys, also known as Merlin, which is the Welsh form of the word "falcon". (Welsh dd is pronounced th as in thus, so Myrddin is roughly pronounced Murthin.) This story is told in first-person narrative and includes his journey to find a home as he travels through Wales, Brittany, England and Ireland. Emrys is also known as Ambrosius, or Prince of Light.
Plot summary
This novel covers the time from Merlin's sixth year until he becomes a young man. The Romans have recently left Britain, which is now divided into a number of kingdoms loosely united under a High King. Merlin is the illegitimate son of a Welsh princess, who refuses to name his father. Small for his age and often abused or neglected, Merlin occasionally has clairvoyant visions. These visions and his unknown parentage cause him to be referred to as "the son of a devil" and "bastard child". Educated by a hermit, Galapas, who teaches him to use his psychic powers as well as his earthly gifts, Merlin eventually finds his way to the court of Ambrosius Aurelianus in Brittany. There, he assists in Ambrosius's preparations to invade and unify Britain, defeat Vortigern and his Saxon allies, and become its High King. Also exiled in Brittany is Uther, Ambrosius's brother, heir and supporter.
It is
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rathke%27s%20pouch
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In embryogenesis, Rathke's pouch is an evagination at the roof of the developing mouth in front of the buccopharyngeal membrane. It gives rise to the anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis), a part of the endocrine system.
Development
Rathke's pouch, and therefore the anterior pituitary, is derived from ectoderm.
The pouch eventually loses its connection with the pharynx giving rise to the anterior pituitary. The anterior wall of Rathke's pouch proliferates, filling most of the pouch to form pars distalis and pars tuberalis. The posterior wall forms pars intermedia.
In some organisms, the proliferating anterior wall does not fully occupy Rathke's pouch, leaving a remnant (Rathke's cleft) between the pars distalis and pars intermedia. This remnant may develop into a large cyst, the Rathke's cleft cyst. This cyst typically doesn't cause symptoms, but, if large enough, it may cause vision loss, bitemporal hemianopsia, blurry vision, and dulled color vision.
Clinical significance
Rathke's pouch may develop benign cysts. Craniopharyngioma is a neoplasm which can arise from the epithelium within the cleft.
Eponym
It is named for Martin Rathke.
See also
Rathke's cleft cyst
References
External links
Diagram at cushings-help.com
https://web.archive.org/web/20070930075847/http://www.lib.mcg.edu/edu/eshuphysio/program/section5/5ch2/s5ch2_2.htm
Embryology of digestive system
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurogenic%20placode
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A neurogenic placode is an area of thickening of the epithelium in the embryonic head ectoderm layer that gives rise to neurons and other structures of the sensory nervous system.
Placodes are embryonic structures that give rise to structures such as hair follicles, feathers and teeth. The term "neurogenic placode" generally refers to cranial placodes that have neurogenic potential - i.e. those that give rise to neurons associated with the special senses and cranial ganglia. Cranial placodes include a diverse range of structures found across chordates, but the neurogenic placodes found in vertebrates arose later in evolution.
In humans
The cranial placodes that have neurogenic potential (i.e. give rise to neurons) can be divided into two groups, the dorsolateral placodes and the epibranchial placodes.
dorsolateral placodes includes:
The trigeminal placode, which consists of ophthalmic and maxillomandibular parts, and gives rise to the cells of the trigeminal ganglion
The otic placode forms the otic pit and the otic vesicle, giving rise eventually to organs of hearing and equilibrium.
The epibranchial or epipharyngeal placodes generate the distal portion of the ganglia of cranial nerves VII, IX and X:
The geniculate placode, associated with the first pharyngeal groove, generates the geniculate ganglion and distal parts of cranial nerve VII
The petrosal placode, associated with the second pharyngeal groove, generates the inferior ganglion of glossopharyngeal nerve and
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trans-tubular%20potassium%20gradient
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The trans-tubular potassium gradient (TTKG) is an index reflecting the conservation of potassium in the cortical collecting ducts (CCD) of the kidneys. It is useful in diagnosing the causes of hyperkalemia or hypokalemia. The TTKG estimates the ratio of potassium in the lumen of the CCD to that in the peritubular capillaries.
The following is the formula for calculating the TTKG:
Note that this formula is valid only when Uosm >300 and UNa >25
The validity of this measurement falls on three assumptions:
(1) Few solutes are reabsorbed in the medullary collecting duct (MCD)
(2) Potassium is neither secreted nor reabsorbed in the MCD
(3)The osmolality of the fluid in the terminal CCD is known
Significant reabsorption or secretion of K in the MCD seldom occurs, except in profound K depletion or excess, respectively.
A typical TTKG in a normal person on a normal diet is 8-9. During hyperkalemia or high potassium intake, more potassium should be excreted in the urine and the TTKG should be above 10. Low levels (<7) during hyperkalemia may indicate mineralocorticoid deficiency, especially if accompanied by hyponatremia and high urine Na.
During potassium depletion or hypokalemia, the TTKG should fall to less than 3, indicating appropriately reduced urinary excretion of potassium.
See also
Hyperkalemia
Hypoaldosteronism
Aldosterone
Fractional sodium excretion
References
Nephrology
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphofructokinase%202
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Phosphofructokinase-2 (6-phosphofructo-2-kinase, PFK-2) or fructose bisphosphatase-2 (FBPase-2), is an enzyme indirectly responsible for regulating the rates of glycolysis and gluconeogenesis in cells. It catalyzes formation and degradation of a significant allosteric regulator, fructose-2,6-bisphosphate (Fru-2,6-P2) from substrate fructose-6-phosphate. Fru-2,6-P2 contributes to the rate-determining step of glycolysis as it activates enzyme phosphofructokinase 1 in the glycolysis pathway, and inhibits fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase 1 in gluconeogenesis. Since Fru-2,6-P2 differentially regulates glycolysis and gluconeogenesis, it can act as a key signal to switch between the opposing pathways. Because PFK-2 produces Fru-2,6-P2 in response to hormonal signaling, metabolism can be more sensitively and efficiently controlled to align with the organism's glycolytic needs. This enzyme participates in fructose and mannose metabolism. The enzyme is important in the regulation of hepatic carbohydrate metabolism and is found in greatest quantities in the liver, kidney and heart. In mammals, several genes often encode different isoforms, each of which differs in its tissue distribution and enzymatic activity. The family described here bears a resemblance to the ATP-driven phospho-fructokinases, however, they share little sequence similarity, although a few residues seem key to their interaction with fructose 6-phosphate.
PFK-2 is known as the "bifunctional enzyme" because of its notable
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