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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parabelminus
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Parabelminus is a genus of bugs in the subfamily Triatominae. The species of this genus could be found in Brazil, specially in Rio de Janeiro and Bahia. It is a vector of Chagas disease.
Species
This genus has two known species:
P. carioca Lent, 1943 (Tc)
P. yurupucu Lent & Wygodzinsky, 1979
(Tc) means associated with Trypanosoma cruzi
References
Reduviidae
Insects of Brazil
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptophyte%20%28disambiguation%29
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Cryptophyte may refer to:
a plant which survives the unfavorable season underground or underwater in the Raunkiær plant life-form classification
cryptomonad, or cryptophyte, a single-celled organism of the phylum Cryptophyta or class Cryptophyceae, most of which are photosynthetic
fossil plants that produced the cryptospores
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gellan%20gum
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Gellan gum is a water-soluble anionic polysaccharide produced by the bacterium Sphingomonas elodea (formerly Pseudomonas elodea based on the taxonomic classification at the time of its discovery). The gellan-producing bacterium was discovered and isolated by the former Kelco Division of Merck & Company, Inc. in 1978 from the lily plant tissue from a natural pond in Pennsylvania. It was initially identified as a gelling agent to replace agar at significantly lower concentrations in solid culture media for the growth of various microorganisms. Its initial commercial product with the trademark as Gelrite gellan gum, was subsequently identified as a suitable agar substitute as gelling agent in various clinical bacteriological media.
Chemical structure
The repeating unit of the polymer is a tetrasaccharide, which consists of two residues of D-glucose and one of each residues of L-rhamnose and D-glucuronic acid. The tetrasaccharide repeat has the following structure:[D-Glc(β1→4)D-GlcA(β1→4)D-Glc(β1→4)L-Rha(α1→3)]n
Gellan gum products are generally put into two categories, low acyl and high acyl depending on number of acetate groups attached to the polymer. The low acyl gellan gum products form firm, non-elastic, brittle gels, whereas the high acyl gellan gum forms soft and elastic gels.
Microbiological gelling agent
Gellan gum is initially used as a gelling agent, alternative to agar, in microbiological culture. It is able to withstand 120 °C heat. It was identified as an especi
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RHD
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RHD may refer to:
RHD (gene), a gene which determines RhD positive or negative
RhD haemolytic disease of the newborn
Rh(D), an antigen within the rhesus blood group system
FAP 403 RHD, a coach bus model manufactured by Fabrika automobila Priboj
Rabbit haemorrhagic disease, a disease caused by the rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus
Red Hand Defenders, an illegal paramilitary organisation in Northern Ireland
Rheumatic heart disease, a possible result of rheumatic fever
Ribblehead railway station, North Yorkshire, England (National Rail station code)
Right hemisphere brain damage
Right-hand drive, where a car's steering wheel is mounted on the right side, see Left- and right-hand traffic
Robbery Homicide Division, an American TV series
Random House Dictionary of the English language
Roads and Highways Department, a government organization of Bangladesh
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italo-Western%20languages
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Italo-Western is, in some classifications, the largest branch of the Romance languages. It comprises two of the branches of Romance languages: Italo-Dalmatian and Western Romance. It excludes the Sardinian language and Eastern Romance.
Italo-Dalmatian languages
Based on the criterion of mutual intelligibility, Dalby lists four languages: Italian (Tuscan), Corsican, Neapolitan–Sicilian-Central Italian, and Dalmatian.
Dalmatian Romance
The Dalmatian language was spoken in the Dalmatia region of Croatia. It became extinct in the 19th century.
The Istriot language is a moribund variety spoken in the southwestern part of Istrian peninsula in Croatia.
Venetian
The Venetian language is sometimes added to Italo-Dalmatian when excluded from Gallo-Italic, and then usually grouped with Istriot. However, Venetian is not grouped into the Italo-Dalmatian languages by Ethnologue and Glottolog, unlike Istriot.
Tuscan
Tuscan-Corsican: group of dialects spoken in the Italian region of Tuscany, and the French island of Corsica.
Northern Tuscan dialects:
Florentine is spoken in the city of Florence, and was the basis for Standard Italian.
Other dialects: Pistoiese; Pesciatino or Valdinievolese; Lucchese; Versiliese; Viareggino; Pisano-Livornese.
Southern Tuscan dialects:
Dialects of Aretino-Chianaiolo, Senese, Grossetano.
Corsican, spoken on Corsica, is thought to be descended from Tuscan.
Gallurese and Sassarese, spoken on the northern tip of Sardinia, can be considered either dialects
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuronal%20galvanotropism
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Neuronal galvanotropism is the ability to direct the outgrowth of neuronal processes through the use of an extracellular electric field. This technique has been researched since the late 1920s and has been shown to direct the formation of both axonic and dendritic processes in cell culture. It is only possible to direct outgrowth of in vitro preparations at this point. In vitro preparations involve the use of a culture dish, in which there is a species-specific neuronal growth factor. Neurons are removed from a chosen animal, plated onto the dish and allowed to grow (often kept in incubation). The application of an extracellular electric field shows that the cells will grow processes in a direction that demonstrates the direction of the applied electric field. This could be either in the direction of the cathode or anode, depending on the type of substrate the cells are plated onto.
The mechanism underlying this behavior is thought to involve the effect of the electric field on receptors and membrane proteins on the cell's surface. These charged proteins would experience an electrophoretic force pulling them toward the oppositely charged pole of the electric field. Most of these membrane proteins are negatively charged, but the growth, when observed appears to be directed to the negative pole (cathode). This is a strange behavior that can only be accounted for by electroosmotic effects. Positively charged ions outside the cell experience a force towards the cathode. There is
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laplace%27s%20law
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Laplace's law or The law of Laplace may refer to several concepts,
Biot–Savart law, in electromagnetics, it describes the magnetic field set up by a steady current density.
Young–Laplace equation, describing pressure difference over an interface in fluid mechanics.
Rule of succession, a smoothing technique accounting for unseen data.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bismite
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Bismite is a bismuth oxide mineral, bismuth trioxide or Bi2O3. It is a monoclinic mineral, but the typical form of occurrence is massive and clay-like with no macroscopic crystals. The color varies from green to yellow. It has a Mohs hardness of 4 to 5 and a specific gravity of 8.5 to 9.5, quite high for a nonmetallic mineral.
Bismite is a secondary oxidation zone mineral which forms from primary bismuth minerals.
It was first described from Goldfield, Nevada in 1868, and later from the Schneeberg District, Ore Mountains, Saxony, Germany.
See also
Bismuth trioxide — details on the chemistry of this substance.
References
Mindat localities
Webmineral.com: Bismite
Bismuth minerals
Oxide minerals
Goldfield, Nevada
Monoclinic minerals
Minerals in space group 14
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniform%20theory%20of%20diffraction
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In numerical analysis, the uniform theory of diffraction (UTD) is a high-frequency method for solving electromagnetic scattering problems from electrically small discontinuities or discontinuities in more than one dimension at the same point. UTD is an extension of Joseph Keller's geometrical theory of diffraction (GTD).
The uniform theory of diffraction approximates near field electromagnetic fields as quasi optical and uses knife-edge diffraction to determine diffraction coefficients for each diffracting object-source combination. These coefficients are then used to calculate the field strength and phase for each direction away from the diffracting point.
These fields are then added to the incident fields and reflected fields to obtain a total solution.
See also
Electromagnetic modeling
Biot–Tolstoy–Medwin diffraction model
References
External links
Overview of Asymptotic Expansion Methods in Electromagnetics
Numerical differential equations
Computational electromagnetics
Diffraction
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RSA%20Secret-Key%20Challenge
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The RSA Secret-Key Challenge was a series of cryptographic contests organised by RSA Laboratories with the intent of helping to demonstrate the relative security of different encryption algorithms. The challenge ran from 28 January 1997 until May 2007.
Contest details
For each contest, RSA had posted on its website a block of ciphertext and the random initialization vector used for encryption. To win, a contestant would have had to break the code by finding the original plaintext and the cryptographic key that will generate the posted ciphertext from the plaintext. The challenge consisted of one DES contest and twelve contests based around the block cipher RC5.
Each of the RC5 contests is named after the variant of the RC5 cipher used. The name RC5-w/r/b indicates that the cipher used w-bit words, r rounds, and a key made up of b bytes. The contests are often referred to by the names of the corresponding distributed.net projects, for example RC5-32/12/9 is often known as RC5-72 due to the 72-bit key size.
The first contest was DES Challenge III (and was also part of the DES Challenges) and was completed in 22 hours 15 minutes by distributed.net and the EFF's Deep Crack machine.
In May 2007 RSA Laboratories announced the termination of the challenge, stating that they would not disclose the solutions to the remaining contents, and nor would they confirm or reward prize money for future solutions. On 8 September 2008 distributed.net announced that they would fund a prize
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal%20probability%20bound
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A universal probability bound is a probabilistic threshold whose existence is asserted by William A. Dembski and is used by him in his works promoting intelligent design. It is defined as
Dembski asserts that one can effectively estimate a positive value which is a universal probability bound. The existence of such a bound would imply that certain kinds of random events whose probability lies below this value can be assumed not to have occurred in the observable universe, given the resources available in the entire history of the observable universe. Contrapositively, Dembski uses the threshold to argue that the occurrence of certain events cannot be attributed to chance alone. Universal probability bound is then used to argue against random evolution. However evolution is not based on random events only (genetic drift), but also on natural selection.
The idea that events with fantastically small, but positive probabilities, are effectively negligible was discussed by the French mathematician Émile Borel primarily in the context of cosmology and statistical mechanics. However, there is no widely accepted scientific basis for claiming that certain positive values are universal cutoff points for effective negligibility of events. Borel, in particular, was careful to point out that negligibility was relative to a model of probability for a specific physical system.
Dembski appeals to cryptographic practice in support of the concept of the universal probability bound, noting
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War%20bride
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War brides are women who married military personnel from other countries in times of war or during military occupations, a practice that occurred in great frequency during World War I and World War II.
Allied servicemen married many women in other countries where they were stationed at the end of the war, including the United Kingdom, Japan, France, Italy, Greece, Luxembourg, the Philippines, China, and the Soviet Union. Similar marriages also occurred in Korea and Vietnam with the later wars in those countries involving U.S. troops and other anti-communist soldiers.
100,000 women from East Asia were married to American servicemen. An estimated 70,000 G.I. war brides left the United Kingdom, 50,000 from Japan, 15,500 from Australia, 14,000-20,000 from Germany, and 1,500 from New Zealand, between the years 1942 and 1952.
There were various factors contributing to the intermarriages between foreign servicemen and native women. After World War II, many women in Japan came to admire the personal attributes and status of American soldiers, while there was also mutual attraction to Japanese women among American servicemen. British women were attracted to American soldiers because they had relatively high incomes, and were perceived as friendly.
Marriage to Asian war brides had a significant impact on United States immigration law, as well as the public perception of interracial couples. The massive migration of Asian wives to the United States was challenged by pre-existing law
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neodymium-doped%20gadolinium%20orthovanadate
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Neodymium-doped gadolinium orthovanadate, typically abbreviated as Nd:GdVO4, is one of the active laser medium for diode laser-pumped solid-state lasers. Several advantages over Nd:YAG crystals include a larger emission cross-section, a pump power threshold, a wider absorption bandwidth, and a polarized output.
Optical properties
The luminescence lifetime (spontaneous emission lifetime) is a function of Nd3+ ion concentration as seen in the table.
References
Laser gain media
Crystals
Neodymium compounds
Gadolinium compounds
Vanadates
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autoreceptor
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An autoreceptor is a type of receptor located in the membranes of nerve cells. It serves as part of a negative feedback loop in signal transduction. It is only sensitive to the neurotransmitters or hormones released by the neuron on which the autoreceptor sits. Similarly, a heteroreceptor is sensitive to neurotransmitters and hormones that are not released by the cell on which it sits. A given receptor can act as either an autoreceptor or a heteroreceptor, depending upon the type of transmitter released by the cell on which it is embedded.
Autoreceptors may be located in any part of the cell membrane: in the dendrites, the cell body, the axon, or the axon terminals.
Canonically, a presynaptic neuron releases a neurotransmitter across a synaptic cleft to be detected by the receptors on a postsynaptic neuron. Autoreceptors on the presynaptic neuron will also detect this neurotransmitter and often function to control internal cell processes, typically inhibiting further release or synthesis of the neurotransmitter. Thus, release of neurotransmitter is regulated by negative feedback. Autoreceptors are usually G protein-coupled receptors (rather than transmitter-gated ion channels) and act via a second messenger.
Examples
As an example, norepinephrine released from sympathetic neurons may interact with the alpha-2A and alpha-2C adrenoreceptors to inhibit further release of norepinephrine. Similarly, acetylcholine released from parasympathetic neurons may interact with M2 and
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malcolm%20Brenner
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Malcolm K. Brenner (born August 4, 1951, in the UK) is a British clinical scientist working mostly in the field of gene therapy and immunotherapy applied to malignancy. In 2016, Dr. Brenner was elected to the National Academy of Medicine, part of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine.
He was educated at Forest School, Walthamstow and Emmanuel College, Cambridge England. He received his medical degree and subsequent Ph.D. from Cambridge University, England. In the 1980s, he was a Lecturer in Hematology at Royal Free Hospital in London. In 1990, he left the UK to work in St. Jude Children's Research Hospital in Memphis as the director of the Bone Marrow Transplant Division.
There, he conducted one of the first human gene therapy studies when he transduced bone marrow stem cells with a retroviral vector with the intention of marking them to study their survival and fate. This seminal study demonstrated that engrafted bone marrow stem cells contribute to long-term hematopoiesis and also that contaminating tumor cells in autografts can cause relapse. In 1994, he became the director of St. Jude's Cell and Gene Therapy Program.
The move in 1994 reflected his growing interest in the genetic-modification of T-cells for cancer therapy, cancer vaccines and monoclonal antibodies.
He was President of the International Society for Cellular Therapy and President of the American Society of Gene Therapy in 2002–2003. He was appointed Editor in Chief of the journa
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potassium%20titanyl%20phosphate
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Potassium titanyl phosphate (KTP) is an inorganic compound with the formula KTiOPO4. It is a white solid. KTP is an important nonlinear optical material that is commonly used for frequency-doubling diode-pumped solid-state lasers such as Nd:YAG and other neodymium-doped lasers.
Synthesis and structure
The compound is prepared by the reaction of titanium dioxide with a mixture of KH2PO4 and K2HPO4 near 1300 K. The potassium salts serve both as reagents and flux.
The material has been characterized by X-ray crystallography. KTP has an orthorhombic crystal structure. It features octahedral Ti(IV) and tetrahedral phosphate sites. Potassium has a high coordination number. All heavy atoms (Ti, P, K) are linked exclusively by oxides, which interconnect these atoms.
Operational aspects
Crystals of KTP are highly transparent for wavelengths between 350–2700 nm with a reduced transmission out to 4500 nm where the crystal is effectively opaque. Its second-harmonic generation (SHG) coefficient is about three times higher than KDP. It has a Mohs hardness of about 5.
KTP is also used as an optical parametric oscillator for near IR generation up to 4 µm. It is particularly suited to high power operation as an optical parametric oscillator due to its high damage threshold and large crystal aperture. The high degree of birefringent walk-off between the pump signal and idler beams present in this material limit its use as an optical parametric oscillator for very low power applications
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Path-vector%20routing%20protocol
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A path-vector routing protocol is a network routing protocol which maintains the path information that gets updated dynamically. Updates that have looped through the network and returned to the same node are easily detected and discarded. This algorithm is sometimes used in Bellman–Ford routing algorithms to avoid "Count to Infinity" problems.
It is different from the distance vector routing and link state routing. Each entry in the routing table contains the destination network, the next router and the path to reach the destination.
Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) is an example of a path vector protocol. In BGP, the autonomous system boundary routers (ASBR) send path-vector messages to advertise the reachability of networks. Each router that receives a path vector message must verify the advertised path according to its policy. If the message complies with its policy, the router modifies its routing table and the message before sending the message to the next neighbor. It modifies the routing table to maintain the autonomous systems that are traversed in order to reach the destination system. It modifies the message to add its AS number and to replace the next router entry with its identification.
Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) does not use path vectors.
It has three phases:
Initiation
Sharing
Updating
Of note, BGP is commonly referred to as an External Gateway Protocol (EGP) given its role in connecting Autonomous Systems (AS).
Communication protocols within AS
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reciprocity%20%28electromagnetism%29
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In classical electromagnetism, reciprocity refers to a variety of related theorems involving the interchange of time-harmonic electric current densities (sources) and the resulting electromagnetic fields in Maxwell's equations for time-invariant linear media under certain constraints. Reciprocity is closely related to the concept of symmetric operators from linear algebra, applied to electromagnetism.
Perhaps the most common and general such theorem is Lorentz reciprocity (and its various special cases such as Rayleigh-Carson reciprocity), named after work by Hendrik Lorentz in 1896 following analogous results regarding sound by Lord Rayleigh and light by Helmholtz (Potton, 2004). Loosely, it states that the relationship between an oscillating current and the resulting electric field is unchanged if one interchanges the points where the current is placed and where the field is measured. For the specific case of an electrical network, it is sometimes phrased as the statement that voltages and currents at different points in the network can be interchanged. More technically, it follows that the mutual impedance of a first circuit due to a second is the same as the mutual impedance of the second circuit due to the first.
Reciprocity is useful in optics, which (apart from quantum effects) can be expressed in terms of classical electromagnetism, but also in terms of radiometry.
There is also an analogous theorem in electrostatics, known as Green's reciprocity, relating the in
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monod%E2%80%93Wyman%E2%80%93Changeux%20model
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In biochemistry, the Monod–Wyman–Changeux model (MWC model, also known as the symmetry model) describes allosteric transitions of proteins made up of identical subunits. It was proposed by Jean-Pierre Changeux in his PhD thesis, and described by Jacques Monod, Jeffries Wyman, and Jean-Pierre Changeux. It contrasts with the sequential model.
The concept of two distinct symmetric states is the central postulate of the MWC model. The main idea is that regulated proteins, such as many enzymes and receptors, exist in different interconvertible states in the absence of any regulator. The ratio of the different conformational states is determined by thermal equilibrium. This
model is defined by
the following rules:
An allosteric protein is an oligomer of protomers that are symmetrically related (for hemoglobin, we shall assume, for the sake of algebraic simplicity, that all four subunits are functionally identical).
Each protomer can exist in (at least) two conformational states, designated T and R; these states are in equilibrium whether or not ligand is bound to the oligomer.
The ligand can bind to a protomer in either conformation. Only the conformational change alters the affinity of a protomer for the ligand. The regulators merely shift the equilibrium toward one state or another. For instance, an agonist will stabilize the active form of a pharmacological receptor. Phenomenologically, it looks as if the agonist provokes the conformational transition. One crucial feature of
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CXCR4
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C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 (CXCR-4) also known as fusin or CD184 (cluster of differentiation 184) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CXCR4 gene. The protein is a CXC chemokine receptor.
Function
CXCR-4 is an alpha-chemokine receptor specific for stromal-derived-factor-1 (SDF-1 also called CXCL12), a molecule endowed with potent chemotactic activity for lymphocytes. CXCR4 is one of several chemokine co-receptors that HIV can use to infect CD4+ T cells. HIV isolates that use CXCR4 are traditionally known as T-cell tropic isolates. Typically, these viruses are found late in infection. It is unclear as to whether the emergence of CXCR4-using HIV is a consequence or a cause of immunodeficiency.
CXCR4 is upregulated during the implantation window in natural and hormone replacement therapy cycles in the endometrium, producing, in presence of a human blastocyst, a surface polarization of the CXCR4 receptors suggesting that this receptor is implicated in the adhesion phase of human implantation.
CXCR4's ligand SDF-1 is known to be important in hematopoietic stem cell homing to the bone marrow and in hematopoietic stem cell quiescence. It has been also shown that CXCR4 signalling regulates the expression of CD20 on B cells. Until recently, SDF-1 and CXCR4 were believed to be a relatively monogamous ligand-receptor pair (other chemokines are promiscuous, tending to use several different chemokine receptors). Recent evidence demonstrates ubiquitin is also a natur
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polony%20%28biology%29
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Polony is a contraction of "polymerase colony," a small colony of DNA.
Polonies are discrete clonal amplifications of a single DNA molecule, grown in a gel matrix. This approach greatly improves the signal-to-noise ratio. Polonies can be generated using several techniques that include solid-phase polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in polyacrylamide gels. However, other earlier patented technologies, such as that from Manteia Predictive Medicine (acquired by Solexa), which generate DNA on a solid-phase surface by bridge amplification, are generally referred to as "clusters".
The terminology and distinction between 'polony' and 'cluster' have become confused recently. Growth of clonal copies of DNA on bead surfaces remains to be generically named although some also seek to name this technique as a "polony" method. The concept of localizing and analyzing regions containing clonal nucleic acid populations was first described in patents by Brown, et al.. (assigned to Genomic Nanosystems), however these are in liquid phase. Clusters are distinct in that they are based on solid-phase amplification of single DNA molecules where the DNA has been covalently attached to a surface. This technology, initially coined "DNA colony generation", had been invented and developed in late 1996 at Glaxo-Welcome's Geneva Biomedical Research Institute (GBRI), by Dr Pascal Mayer and Dr Laurent Farinelli, and was publicly presented for the first time in 1998. It was finally brought to market by Solexa
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrovacuum%20solution
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In general relativity, an electrovacuum solution (electrovacuum) is an exact solution of the Einstein field equation in which the only nongravitational mass–energy present is the field energy of an electromagnetic field, which must satisfy the (curved-spacetime) source-free Maxwell equations appropriate to the given geometry. For this reason, electrovacuums are sometimes called (source-free) Einstein–Maxwell solutions.
Definition
In general relativity, the geometric setting for physical phenomena is a Lorentzian manifold, which is interpreted as a curved spacetime, and which is specified by defining a metric tensor (or by defining a frame field). The Riemann curvature tensor of this manifold and associated quantities such as the Einstein tensor , are well-defined. In general relativity, they can be interpreted as geometric manifestations (curvature and forces) of the gravitational field.
We also need to specify an electromagnetic field by defining an electromagnetic field tensor on our Lorentzian manifold. To be classified as an electrovacuum solution, these two tensors are required to satisfy two following conditions
The electromagnetic field tensor must satisfy the source-free curved spacetime Maxwell field equations and
The Einstein tensor must match the electromagnetic stress–energy tensor, .
The first Maxwell equation is satisfied automatically if we define the field tensor in terms of an electromagnetic potential vector . In terms of the dual covector (o
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrameric%20protein
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A tetrameric protein is a protein with a quaternary structure of four subunits (tetrameric). Homotetramers have four identical subunits (such as glutathione S-transferase), and heterotetramers are complexes of different subunits. A tetramer can be assembled as dimer of dimers with two homodimer subunits (such as sorbitol dehydrogenase), or two heterodimer subunits (such as hemoglobin).
Subunit interactions in tetramers
The interactions between subunits forming a tetramer is primarily determined by non covalent interaction. Hydrophobic effects, hydrogen bonds and electrostatic interactions are the primary sources for this binding process between subunits. For homotetrameric proteins such as Sorbitol dehydrogenase (SDH), the structure is believed to have evolved going from a monomeric to a dimeric and finally a tetrameric structure in evolution. The binding process in SDH and many other tetrameric enzymes can be described by the gain in free energy which can be determined from the rate of association and dissociation.
The following image shows the assembly of the four subunits (A,B,C and D) in SDH.
Hydrogen bonds between subunits
Hydrogen bonding networks between subunits has been shown to be important for the stability of the tetrameric quaternary protein structure. For example, a study of SDH which used diverse methods such as protein sequence alignments, structural comparisons, energy calculations, gel filtration experiments and enzyme kinetics experiments, could reveal
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drake%20Equation%20%28album%29
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Drake Equation is a 2001 (see 2001 in music) album by the band Tub Ring. It was produced by Mr. Bungle guitarist Trey Spruance.
Reception
Track listing
"Where's the Robot?" – 1:12
"Bite the Wax Tadpole" – 5:06
"Faster" – 3:44
"Good Food: Happy Family" – 4:03
"Bernard's Three Awakenings" – 1:59
"Numbers" – 4:59
"Downloading Satan" – 1:33
"In the Future" – 3:58
"No More Refills" – 4:23
"She's the Pro" – 3:00
"God Hates Astronauts" – 5:18
"(hidden track)" – 5:06
All songs written by Tub Ring
Personnel
Kevin Gibson - vocals
Rob Kleiner - keyboards
Jason Fields - bass
Mike Gilmore - drums
Mouse - guitar
Dave Weiner - trumpet, backup vocals
Dave Smith - saxophone, backup vocals
Trey Spruance - additional guitars, keyboards, vocals & sleigh bells; producer, mixer
Randy Herman - additional keyboards
Mia Park - backup vocals
Turon Yon - engineer
Mike Casey - second engineer
Rick Barnes - assistant engineer
Chris Bauer - assistant engineer
Josh Lopatin - assistant engineer
Dan Steinman - assistant engineer for mixing
George Horn - mastering
Adam Bedore - album layout & design
Jason Fields - album layout & design
References
Tub Ring albums
2001 albums
Albums produced by Trey Spruance
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium%20pyrophosphate%20dihydrate%20crystal%20deposition%20disease
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Calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate (CPPD) crystal deposition disease, also known as pseudogout and pyrophosphate arthropathy, is a rheumatologic disease which is thought to be secondary to abnormal accumulation of calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate crystals within joint soft tissues. The knee joint is most commonly affected. The disease is metabolic in origin and its treatment remains symptomatic.
CPPD has also been classified as an Autoimmune Paraneoplastic Manifestation of Myelodysplastic Syndrome. Patients are exhausted of the classification name of "pseudogout" because it alters the course of the doctor/patient conversation and treatment.
Signs and symptoms
When symptomatic, the disease classically begins with symptoms that are similar to a gout attack (thus the moniker "pseudogout"). These include:
severe pain
warmth
swelling of one or more joints
severe fatigue
fever
feeling of malaise or flu-like symptoms
inability to walk or perform everyday tasks or hobbies
gnawing/chewing sensations in the joints
burning
The symptoms can be monoarticular (involving a single joint) or polyarticular (involving several joints). Symptoms usually last for days to weeks, and often recur. Although any joint may be affected, the knees, wrists, and hips are most common.
CPPD chrystals appear as shattered glass under the microscope. When released into the synovial fluid, it causes unbearable pain to the patient.
Flares are sudden, severe and without warning. Diet does not appear
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scalar%20field%20solution
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In general relativity, a scalar field solution is an exact solution of the Einstein field equation in which the gravitational field is due entirely to the field energy and momentum of a scalar field. Such a field may or may not be massless, and it may be taken to have minimal curvature coupling, or some other choice, such as conformal coupling.
Definition
In general relativity, the geometric setting for physical phenomena is a Lorentzian manifold, which is physically interpreted as a curved spacetime, and which is mathematically specified by defining a metric tensor (or by defining a frame field). The curvature tensor of this manifold and associated quantities such as the Einstein tensor , are well-defined even in the absence of any physical theory, but in general relativity they acquire a physical interpretation as geometric manifestations of the gravitational field.
In addition, we must specify a scalar field by giving a function . This function is required to satisfy two following conditions:
The function must satisfy the (curved spacetime) source-free wave equation ,
The Einstein tensor must match the stress-energy tensor for the scalar field, which in the simplest case, a minimally coupled massless scalar field, can be written
.
Both conditions follow from varying the Lagrangian density for the scalar field, which in the case of a minimally coupled massless scalar field is
Here,
gives the wave equation, while
gives the Einstein equation (in the case where t
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lambdavacuum%20solution
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In general relativity, a lambdavacuum solution is an exact solution to the Einstein field equation in which the only term in the stress–energy tensor is a cosmological constant term. This can be interpreted physically as a kind of classical approximation to a nonzero vacuum energy. These are discussed here as distinct from the vacuum solutions in which the cosmological constant is vanishing.
Terminological note: this article concerns a standard concept, but there is apparently no standard term to denote this concept, so we have attempted to supply one for the benefit of Wikipedia.
Definition
The Einstein field equation is often written as
with a so-called cosmological constant term . However, it is possible to move this term to the right hand side and absorb it into the stress–energy tensor , so that the cosmological constant term becomes just another contribution to the stress–energy tensor. When other contributions to that tensor vanish, the result
is a lambdavacuum. An equivalent formulation in terms of the Ricci tensor is
Physical interpretation
A nonzero cosmological constant term can be interpreted in terms of a nonzero vacuum energy. There are two cases:
: positive vacuum energy density and negative isotropic vacuum pressure, as in de Sitter space,
: negative vacuum energy density and positive isotropic vacuum pressure, as in anti-de Sitter space.
The idea of the vacuum having a nonvanishing energy density might seem counterintuitive, but this does make sense
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preah%20Pithu
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Preah Pithu (, ) is a group of five temples at Angkor, Cambodia.
In fact they were in all probability not designed as a group. Despite their ruined state, the remains have good decorative carving and their semi-wooded setting is attractive and peaceful.
The site
The temples are located in Angkor Thom, north-east of the Bayon, in front of Tep Pranam. The temples are near but they weren't built in the same period, except for two of them, so there is no apparent order. They're identified by letters: T, U, V, W and X. "X" is a Buddhist temple, it remained unfinished and is probably the latest. The others are Hindu. The five temples are in bad conditions, upper levels are ruined, but their carvings are interesting and the site is rather peaceful, wooded and scarcely crowded. A moat, often dry, surrounds some of the temples. They were cleaned first by Jean Commaille in 1908, then by Henri Marchal from 1918 to 1920.
Temples "T" and "U"
They were built together quite for sure, as they are on the same W-E axis and are surrounded by a single moat. They're oriented to the west, having a cruciform terrace on two levels with nāgas balustrades as entrance. The temple "T" has a sandstone enclosure, which measures 45 by 40 meters, and has two gopuras on the main W-E axis. The sanctuary, on a 3-levels ornated platform 6 meters high, has a chamber which sheltered a large linga on its pedestal. The fragments of the lintel of western door, on the ground, show a stylized depiction of the "Ch
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herald%20Hunt
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The Herald Hunt, formerly the Tropic Hunt, is an annual puzzle hunt in Miami, Florida. It was co-created by Miami Herald columnist Dave Barry, along with Tropic editors Gene Weingarten and Tom Shroder. The Tropic Hunt debuted in 1984, and as of 2018 there have been a total of 18 Hunts (plus one played-from-home 'non-hunt'). The winners of the 2011 Herald Hunt were Jeffrey Kobal, Cheryl Kobal, and Adam Horowitz.
Early history and name change
The hunt got its name from the Sunday magazine supplement to the Miami Herald called Tropic, in which Dave Barry had a regular column. For the Hunt, the magazine, and a large section of South Florida, were turned into a large scavenger hunt/puzzle, which has attracted thousands of people from all over the United States. The hunt in 1998 was the last Tropic Hunt, because the Miami Herald ceased publishing Tropic magazine shortly thereafter. The Miami Herald reinstated the hunt in 2001, now calling it the Herald Hunt. It creates a special magazine section each time for the Hunt.
Format
The first two years, the Hunt was a car-based chase around South Florida, In 1986, it changed to the still current design, where Hunters gathered in one walkable urban neighborhood. Hunts have been held in Downtown Miami, South Miami, Miami Beach, Coconut Grove, Coral Gables, and Hollywood.
The Hunt consists of three parts. Answering the "opening questions" directs Hunters to five puzzle sites scattered through the Hunt area. Solving the five Hunt puzzl
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken%20Goldberg
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Kenneth Yigael Goldberg (born 1961) is an American artist, writer, inventor, and researcher in the field of robotics and automation. He is professor and chair of the industrial engineering and operations research department at the University of California, Berkeley, and holds the William S. Floyd Jr. Distinguished Chair in Engineering at Berkeley, with joint appointments in Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences (EECS), Art Practice, and the School of Information. Goldberg also holds an appointment in the Department of Radiation Oncology at the University of California, San Francisco.
Background
Goldberg was born in Ibadan, Nigeria, where his parents taught at Mayflower Private School, and grew up in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania. Goldberg's father worked as an engineer, and Ken would work on projects with his father. Goldberg expressed an interest in art during high school, but his parents suggested he study something more practical. He received a BS in electrical engineering and BS in economics, summa cum laude, from the University of Pennsylvania in 1984. Goldberg also received his Ph.D. in computer science from Carnegie Mellon University in 1990. While studying abroad in Edinburgh, Goldberg took a course on artificial intelligence that began his interest in robotics and their artistic potential. He then taught in the department of computer science at the University of Southern California from 1991 to 1995 and was visiting faculty in 2000 at MIT.
Career
Robotics
Gold
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricci%20decomposition
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In the mathematical fields of Riemannian and pseudo-Riemannian geometry, the Ricci decomposition is a way of breaking up the Riemann curvature tensor of a Riemannian or pseudo-Riemannian manifold into pieces with special algebraic properties. This decomposition is of fundamental importance in Riemannian and pseudo-Riemannian geometry.
Definition of the decomposition
Let (M,g) be a Riemannian or pseudo-Riemannian n-manifold. Consider its Riemann curvature, as a (0,4)-tensor field. This article will follow the sign convention
written multilinearly, this is the convention
With this convention, the Ricci tensor is a (0,2)-tensor field defined by Rjk=gilRijkl and the scalar curvature is defined by R=gjkRjk. (Note that this is the less common sign convention for the Ricci tensor; it is more standard to define it by contracting either the first and third or the second and fourth indices, which yields a Ricci tensor with the opposite sign. Under that more common convention, the signs of the Ricci tensor and scalar must be changed in the equations below.) Define the traceless Ricci tensor
and then define three (0,4)-tensor fields S, E, and W by
The "Ricci decomposition" is the statement
As stated, this is vacuous since it is just a reorganization of the definition of W. The importance of the decomposition is in the properties of the three new tensors S, E, and W.
Terminological note. The tensor W is called the Weyl tensor. The notation W is standard in mathematics literature,
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/False%20nearest%20neighbor%20algorithm
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Within abstract algebra, the false nearest neighbor algorithm is an algorithm for estimating the embedding dimension. The concept was proposed by Kennel et al. (1992). The main idea is to examine how the number of neighbors of a point along a signal trajectory change with increasing embedding dimension. In too low an embedding dimension, many of the neighbors will be false, but in an appropriate embedding dimension or higher, the neighbors are real. With increasing dimension, the false neighbors will no longer be neighbors. Therefore, by examining how the number of neighbors change as a function of dimension, an appropriate embedding can be determined.
See also
Commutative ring
Local ring
Nearest neighbor
Time series
References
Statistical algorithms
Dynamical systems
Nonlinear time series analysis
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congelation
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Congelation (from Latin: , ) was a term used in medieval and early modern alchemy for the process known today as crystallization.
In the ('The Secret of Alchemy') attributed to Khalid ibn Yazid (), it is one of "the four principal operations", along with Solution, Albification ('whitening'), and Rubification ('reddening').
It was one of the twelve alchemical operations involved in the creation of the philosophers' stone as described by Sir George Ripley () in his Compound of Alchymy, as well as by Antoine-Joseph Pernety in his Dictionnaire mytho-hermétique (1758).
See also
Alchemical process
Magnum opus (alchemy)
References
Works cited
Alchemical processes
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potentiostat
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A potentiostat is the electronic hardware required to control a three electrode cell and run most electroanalytical experiments. A Bipotentiostat and polypotentiostat are potentiostats capable of controlling two working electrodes and more than two working electrodes, respectively.
The system functions by maintaining the potential of the working electrode at a constant level with respect to the reference electrode by adjusting the current at an auxiliary electrode. The heart of the different potentiostatic electronic circuits is an operational amplifier (op amp). It consists of an electric circuit which is usually described in terms of simple op amps.
Primary use
This equipment is fundamental to modern electrochemical studies using three electrode systems for investigations of reaction mechanisms related to redox chemistry and other chemical phenomena. The dimensions of the resulting data depend on the experiment. In voltammetry, electric current in amps is plotted against electric potential in voltage. In a bulk electrolysis total coulombs passed (total electric charge) is plotted against time in seconds even though the experiment measures electric current (amperes) over time. This is done to show that the experiment is approaching an expected number of coulombs.
Most early potentiostats could function independently, providing data output through a physical data trace. Modern potentiostats are designed to interface with a personal computer and operate throug
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles-Victor%20Mauguin
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Charles-Victor Mauguin (; 19 September 1878 – 25 April 1958), more often Charles Mauguin, was a French mineralogist and crystallographer. He and Carl Hermann invented an international standard notation for crystallographic groups called Hermann–Mauguin notation (also sometimes called international notation).
Education and career
Mauguin originally intended to become a school teacher and enrolled at École normale supérieure de Saint-Cloud in 1902. Later he moved to École Normale Supérieure, Paris, where he obtained his Doctor of Science in 1910 in the field of organic chemistry. During his chemistry studies, he also attended lectures on mathematics offered at Sorbonne University, including those by Émile Picard, Henri Poincaré, Paul Painlevé, and Édouard Goursat. Before World War I, Mauguin was briefly a faculty member at University of Bordeaux in 1912 and at University of Nancy from 1913 to 1919. He moved back to University of Paris in 1919 and worked under Frédéric Wallerant as an associate professor of mineralogy. He took over the position in 1933 and became a professor of mineralogy at University of Paris and worked until 1948, when Mauguin retired.
Mauguin was the first to notice that when he sandwiched the semi-solid liquid crystals between two aligned polarizers, he could twist them in relation to each other, but the light continued to be transmitted. This phenomenon is called Mauguin regime (waveguide regime) in twisted nematic effect
.
References
1878 births
19
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl%20H.%20Hermann
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Carl Heinrich Hermann (17 June 1898 – 12 September 1961), or Carl Hermann , was a German physicist and crystallographer known for his research in crystallographic symmetry, nomenclature, and mathematical crystallography in N-dimensional spaces. Hermann was a pioneer in crystallographic databases and, along with Paul Peter Ewald, published the first volume of the influential Strukturbericht (Structure Report) in 1931.
Education and career
Hermann was born in the north German port town of Wesermünde to parents both of long-time ministerial families. He studied mathematics and physics at the University of Göttingen, where he received his doctorate in 1923, as a pupil of Max Born and a fellow student with Werner Heisenberg. Upon graduation, he moved to Berlin-Dahlem to work under Herman Francis Mark at the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Fiber Chemistry (now Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society). Later in 1925, he joined Paul P. Ewald at the University of Stuttgart, where he achieved his habilitation in 1931 with the thesis title Die Symmetriegruppen der amorphen und mesomorphen Phasen. Along with Ewald in Stuttgart, he nurtured the growing field of crystallography, especially the study of space groups, and began what was later to become Structure Reports (Strukturbericht), a reference series giving every known crystal structure determination. During his Stuttgart years, Hermann also developed the first description of anisotropic properties of materials from a crystallo
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunoelectrophoresis
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Immunoelectrophoresis is a general name for a number of biochemical methods for separation and characterization of proteins based on electrophoresis and reaction with antibodies. All variants of immunoelectrophoresis require immunoglobulins, also known as antibodies, reacting with the proteins to be separated or characterized. The methods were developed and used extensively during the second half of the 20th century. In somewhat chronological order: Immunoelectrophoretic analysis (one-dimensional immunoelectrophoresis ad modum Grabar), crossed immunoelectrophoresis (two-dimensional quantitative immunoelectrophoresis ad modum Clarke and Freeman or ad modum Laurell), rocket-immunoelectrophoresis (one-dimensional quantitative immunoelectrophoresis ad modum Laurell), fused rocket immunoelectrophoresis ad modum Svendsen and Harboe, affinity immunoelectrophoresis ad modum Bøg-Hansen.
Methods
Immunoelectrophoresis is a general term describing many combinations of the principles of electrophoresis and reaction of antibodies, also known as immunodiffusion.
Agarose as 1% gel slabs of about 1 mm thickness buffered at high pH (around 8.6) is traditionally preferred for electrophoresis and the reaction with antibodies. The agarose was chosen as the gel matrix because it has large pores allowing free passage and separation of proteins but provides an anchor for the immunoprecipitates of protein and specific antibodies. The high pH was chosen because antibodies are practically immobile a
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluid%20balance
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Fluid balance is an aspect of the homeostasis of organisms in which the amount of water in the organism needs to be controlled, via osmoregulation and behavior, such that the concentrations of electrolytes (salts in solution) in the various body fluids are kept within healthy ranges. The core principle of fluid balance is that the amount of water lost from the body must equal the amount of water taken in; for example, in humans, the output (via respiration, perspiration, urination, defecation, and expectoration) must equal the input (via eating and drinking, or by parenteral intake). Euvolemia is the state of normal body fluid volume, including blood volume, interstitial fluid volume, and intracellular fluid volume; hypovolemia and hypervolemia are imbalances. Water is necessary for all life on Earth. Humans can survive for 4 to 6 weeks without food but only for a few days without water.
Profuse sweating can increase the need for electrolyte replacement. Water-electrolyte imbalance produces headache and fatigue if mild; illness if moderate, and sometimes even death if severe. For example, water intoxication (which results in hyponatremia), the process of consuming too much water too quickly, can be fatal. Deficits to body water result in volume contraction and dehydration. Diarrhea is a threat to both body water volume and electrolyte levels, which is why diseases that cause diarrhea are great threats to fluid balance.
Implications
Water consumption
Medical use
Effects o
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morphine-6-glucuronide
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Morphine-6-glucuronide (M6G) is a major active metabolite of morphine. M6G is formed from morphine by the enzyme UGT2B7. It has analgesic effects more potent than morphine. M6G can accumulate to toxic levels in kidney failure.
History of discovery
This analgesic activity of M6G (in animals) was first noted by Yoshimura.
Subsequent work at St Bartholomew's Hospital, London in the 1980s, using a sensitive and specific high-performance liquid chromatography assay, accurately defined for the first time the metabolism of morphine, and the abundance of this metabolite (along with morphine-3-glucuronide, considered an inactive metabolite).
It was postulated that kidney impairment would result in accumulation of the kidney-excreted active agent M6G, leading to potentially fatal toxicity such as respiratory depression. The frequent use of morphine in critically ill patients, and the common occurrence of kidney failure in this group implied that M6G accumulation could be a common, but previously unanticipated problem. The first studies demonstrated massive levels of M6G in 3 patients with kidney failure, which resolved as kidney function returned. Accumulation of M3G and M6G also decrease with return of kidney function after kidney transplantation.
A key step in defining the importance of M6G in humans came in 1992 when the substance was artificially synthesised and administered to patients with pain, the majority of whom described pain relief.
See also
Codeine-6-glucuronide
Mo
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vortex%20%28disambiguation%29
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A vortex is a dynamic phenomenon of fluids.
Vortex may also refer to:
Physics
Vortex ring, a torus-shaped vortex in a fluid or gas
Vorticity, a mathematical concept used in fluid dynamics
Quantum vortex, a topological defect exhibited in superfluids and superconductors
Autowave vortex, in active media described by parabolic equation with non-linear free member of a special form
Books
The Vortex, a play by Noël Coward
The Vortex (novel), a 1924 novel by Colombian author José Eustasio Rivera
Vortex (Cleary novel), a 1978 novel by Australian author Jon Cleary
Vortex (Bond and Larkin novel), a 1991 war novel by Larry Bond and Patrick Larkin
Vortex (Wilson novel), a 2011 science fiction novel by Robert Charles Wilson, the sequel to Axis
Film and TV
The Vortex (film), a 1927 film adaptation of the Noël Coward play
Vortex, or Vortex, the Face of Medusa, a 1967 Greek film
Vortex (1981 film), written and directed by Scott B and Beth B
Vortex (2009 film)
Vortex (2021 film)
Vortex (Transformers), a member of the Combaticons from Transformers who transforms into a helicopter
Cindy Vortex, a fictional character in the Jimmy Neutron cartoon franchise
Vortex, a planet in the Star Wars franchise
Television
"Vortex" (Star Trek: Deep Space Nine), a 1993 first-season episode of Star Trek: Deep Space Nine
Vortex (Smallville), the first episode in Season 2 of Smallville
Vortex (YTV), an anime programming block produced by YTV and hosted by Paula Lemyre
Vortexx, a def
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zebrafish%20AB9%20cell%20line
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Zebrafish AB9 cells are a primary fibroblast cell line developed from fin tissue of the AB strain. These cells are commonly used for studies focusing on the biochemical and molecular properties of zebrafish. Cells are grown in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM) supplemented with 15% fetal bovine serum (FBS) in a humid, 5% CO2-enriched atmosphere at 28 °C. Under these conditions, cells passaged 1 in 4 doubled every 72 hours when fed with fresh culture medium at 3-day intervals.
Primary Zebrafish Embryonic Fibroblast Cell Culture
Zebrafish is an important vertebrate and emerged as an important model for genetics, developmental biology, chemical biology, and regeneration. In order to establish cell culture about 200-300 zebrafish Ab strain embryos at 5-10 somite stage were dechlorinated by 300 ul/mL protease treatment and washed with PBS. Followed by dilution in 1:400 in PBS for 2 minutes and broken up into small parts with 0.05% trypsin/EDTA and plated on 25 cm^2 Collagen I Biocoated flask. Cells were cultured in a medium composed of DMEM. The medium is further enriched with 25 ng/ml human epidermal growth factor. After the second passage, cells were cultured again in a medium similar to the first with the exclusion EGF and bbFGF. Primary zebrafish embryonic fibroblasts, ZEF1 and ZEF2 were maintained at 29C and 5% for two and three months before transfection.
Immunofluorescence on AB9 cells
AB9 cells were incubated at 5% at 28 C and grown in tissue culture dishes
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedunculopontine%20nucleus
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The pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN) or pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus (PPT or PPTg) is a collection of neurons located in the upper pons in the brainstem. It lies caudal to the substantia nigra and adjacent to the superior cerebellar peduncle. It has two divisions of subnuclei; the pars compacta containing mainly cholinergic neurons, and the pars dissipata containing mainly glutamatergic neurons and some non-cholinergic neurons. The pedunculopontine nucleus is one of the main components of the reticular activating system. It was first described in 1909 by Louis Jacobsohn-Lask, a German neuroanatomist.
Projections
Pedunculopontine nucleus neurons project axons to a wide range of areas in the brain, particularly parts of the basal ganglia such as the subthalamic nucleus, substantia nigra pars compacta, and globus pallidus internus. It also sends them to targets in the thalamus, cerebellum, basal forebrain, and lower brainstem, and in the cerebral cortex, the supplementary motor area and somatosensory and motor cortices.
It receives inputs from many areas of the brain. It both projects to and receives input from most parts of the basal ganglia, with the exception of the substantia nigra pars compacta (which it projects to but does not receive input from), and the substantia nigra pars reticulata (which it receives input from but does not project to).
Functions
The pedunculopontine nucleus is involved in many functions, including arousal, attention, learning, reward, and vo
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NCES
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NCES may refer to:
National Center for Education Statistics, part of the U.S. Department of Education
Net-Centric Enterprise Services, a United States Department of Defense program
Normal curve equivalents, a type of scale score based on the normal curve
See also
NCE (disambiguation)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orlan
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Orlan (born 1947) is a French multi-media artist.
who uses sculpture, photography, performance, video, 3D, video games, augmented reality, artificial intelligence, and robotics as well as scientific and medical techniques such as surgery and biotechnology to question modern social phenomena.
She has said that her art is not body art, but 'carnal art,' which lacks the suffering aspect of body art.
Biography
Since the 1960s and the 1970s, Orlan has questioned the status of the body and the political, religious, social, and traditional pressures that are inscribed in it. Her work denounces the violence done to the body and in particular to women's bodies, and thus engages in a feminist struggle. She makes her body the privileged instrument where our own relationship to otherness is played out. This work of Orlan on the body is done in particular by the means of photography.
In 1976, for example, she walked the streets wearing a dress on which her naked body was represented. In the same period, in Portugal, she offered photos glued to wood and cut out corresponding to pieces of herself: an arm, a piece of breast, etc.
In 1977, Orlan performed Kiss of the artist (Baiser de l'artiste), during the International Fair of Contemporary Art (FIAC ), in the Grand Palais in Paris. Orlan displayed a life-size photograph of her own nude torso, which she sat behind. The life-sized photograph was turned into a slot machine. A spectator would insert a coin and could see it descending to t
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theorem%20on%20friends%20and%20strangers
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The theorem on friends and strangers is a mathematical theorem in an area of mathematics called Ramsey theory.
Statement
Suppose a party has six people. Consider any two of them. They might be meeting for the first time—in which case we will call them mutual strangers; or they might have met before—in which case we will call them mutual acquaintances. The theorem says:
In any party of six people, at least three of them are (pairwise) mutual strangers or mutual acquaintances.
Conversion to a graph-theoretic setting
A proof of the theorem requires nothing but a three-step logic. It is convenient to phrase the problem in graph-theoretic language.
Suppose a graph has 6 vertices and every pair of (distinct) vertices is joined by an edge. Such a graph is called a complete graph (because there cannot be any more edges). A complete graph on vertices is denoted by the symbol .
Now take a . It has 15 edges in all. Let the 6 vertices stand for the 6 people in our party. Let the edges be coloured red or blue depending on whether the two people represented by the vertices connected by the edge are mutual strangers or mutual acquaintances, respectively. The theorem now asserts:
No matter how you colour the 15 edges of a with red and blue, you cannot avoid having either a red triangle—that is, a triangle all of whose three sides are red, representing three pairs of mutual strangers—or a blue triangle, representing three pairs of mutual acquaintances. In other words, whatever col
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Membrane-introduction%20mass%20spectrometry
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Membrane-introduction mass spectrometry (MIMS) is a method of introducing analytes into the mass spectrometer's vacuum chamber via a semi-permeable membrane. Usually a thin, gas-permeable, hydrophobic membrane is used, for example polydimethylsiloxane. Samples can be almost any fluid including water, air or sometimes even solvents. The great advantage of the method of sample introduction is its simplicity. MIMS can be used to measure a variety of analytes in real-time, with little or no sample preparation. MIMS is most useful for the measurement of small, non-polar molecules, since molecules of this type have a greater affinity for the membrane material than the sample. The advantage of this method is that complex samples that cannot diffuse through the membrane are not incorporated into the mass spectroscopic measurements, highlighting the simplicity of only analyzing (small) molecules of interest.
See also
Atmospheric pressure chemical ionization
Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry
References
Mass spectrometry
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kismat%20Radio
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Kismat Radio was a radio station broadcasting from the Crystal Palace Transmitter in south-east London.
Background
Kismat Radio was part of the Sunrise Radio Group, aimed at an audience of British Asians and South Asian expats aged 30+. Programme formats comprised Asian Talk and music.
The station could be heard on 1035 AM in London, DAB Digital Radio across Bradford and Huddersfield, Sky channel 0173, and also broadcast a live web stream from its website.
The station was removed from Sky on 20 March 2013, having gone silent the previous day. The station continued broadcasting on AM and the website, but closed in early 2014 or before.
The 1035 AM band was taken over by DilSe radio.
References
External links
Archive from 2010
Radio stations in London
Asian mass media in the United Kingdom
British Indian mass media
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variable-frequency%20transformer
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A variable-frequency transformer (VFT) is used to transmit electricity between two (asynchronous or synchronous) alternating current frequency domains. The VFT is a relatively recent development. Most asynchronous grid inter-ties use high-voltage direct current converters, while synchronous grid inter-ties are connected by lines and "ordinary" transformers, but without the ability to control power flow between the systems, or with phase-shifting transformer with some flow control.
It can be thought of as a very high power synchro, or a rotary converter acting as a frequency changer, which is more efficient than a motor–generator of the same rating.
Construction and operation
A variable-frequency transformer is a doubly fed electric machine resembling a vertical shaft hydroelectric generator with a three-phase wound rotor, connected by slip rings to one external power circuit. The stator is connected to the other. With no applied torque, the shaft rotates due to the difference in frequency between the networks connected to the rotor and stator. A direct-current torque motor is mounted on the same shaft; changing the direction of torque applied to the shaft changes the direction of power flow.
The variable-frequency transformer behaves as a continuously adjustable phase-shifting transformer. It allows control of the power flow between two networks. Unlike power electronics solutions such as back-to-back HVDC, the variable frequency transformer does not demand harmonic filte
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parting
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Parting may refer to:
Parting (film), a 2016 Afghan-Iranian film
Parting.com, a funeral home directory
Parting tradition
Cleavage (crystal)#Parting
Side-parting, a common male hairstyle: see Regular haircut
PartinG (gamer), a South Korean StarCraft II player
The Parting, an opera by Tom Cipullo
Gold parting or just parting, a final stage in gold extraction
See also
Part (disambiguation)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSLI
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CSLI may refer to:
Center for the Study of Language and Information, a part of Stanford University
Cell site location information, a component of mobile phone tracking
CubeSat Launch Initiative
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consolidated%20R2Y
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The Consolidated R2Y "Liberator Liner" (Consolidated Model 39) was an airliner derivative of the B-24 Liberator built for the United States Navy by Consolidated Aircraft.
Development and service
The XR2Y-1, as the single prototype was known in Navy service, used the high-aspect wing and tricycle landing gear of the Liberator. The fuselage was an entirely new design, and the vertical stabilizer was taken from the PB4Y Privateer. The final design looked much like a smaller, high-wing Boeing B-29 Superfortress, but with windows for passengers.
The aircraft was meant to carry passengers or cargo to distant Navy bases, but after a brief evaluation the prototype was demilitarized in the mid-1940s, returned to Convair, and leased to American Airlines as a freighter with the name "City of Salinas".
Specifications (R2Y-1)
See also
References
External links
NX30039 American Airlines
Consolidated R2Y
R2Y
Four-engined tractor aircraft
High-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1944
1940s United States airliners
Four-engined piston aircraft
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudounipolar%20neuron
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A pseudounipolar neuron is a type of neuron which has one extension from its cell body. This type of neuron contains an axon that has split into two branches. A single process arises from the cell body and then divides into an axon and a dendrite. They develop embryologically as bipolar in shape, and are thus termed pseudounipolar instead of unipolar.
Structure
A pseudounipolar neuron has one axon that projects from the cell body for relatively a very short distance, before splitting into two branches. Pseudounipolar neurons are sensory neurons that have no dendrites, the branched axon serving both functions. The peripheral branch extends from the cell body to organs in the periphery including skin, joints and muscles, and the central branch extends from the cell body to the spinal cord.
In the dorsal root ganglia
The cell body of a pseudounipolar neuron is located within a dorsal root ganglion. The axon leaves the cell body (and out of the dorsal root ganglion) into the dorsal root, where it splits into two branches. The central branch goes to the dorsal columns of the spinal cord, where it forms synapses with other neurons. The peripheral branch travels through the distal dorsal root into the spinal nerve all the way until skin, joint, and muscle.
In most sensory ganglia of cranial nerves
Pseudounipolar neurons are found in the sensory ganglia of most cranial nerves.
Specifically the:
trigeminal ganglion
geniculate ganglion
superior ganglion of the glossopharyngea
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vector%20Burn
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Vector Burn aka Oliver Scott, is a drum and bass producer from the US. With numerous releases on drum and bass labels of note in the US and Europe, his music has been part of the burgeoning North American drum and bass scene since the turn of the millennium. Influenced by a wide range of artists and composers from within and without the realm of electronic music. He has released on Metalheadz, Barcode Recordings, Human Imprint and Force Recordings, among other labels.
A bootleg version of a remix of Future Sound Of London's "Papua New Guinea" was released on whitelabel in UK in 2004.
Along with fellow Phoenix producer Castor, he formed a politically charged drum and bass group called The Riot in 2005, with releases on Bad Habit Recordings, Barcode recordings, and Force Recordings.
After some years of absence from the drum and bass scene he released his previously unreleased material as a free album (containing 46 tracks) on the netlabel Internet Recordings in 2014.
Vector Burn's trip-hop project called "Lightning Tree" ebbed toward "Experimental depressive Hip Hop using aspects of classic jungle, soul, post-rock, trap, and shoegaze to create dusky interior soundscapes. Carrying strong '90s influences forward with sort-of new production techniques." Lightning Tree released "Mask Of Stars" LP on Herd Killing Recordings in 2014 available on iTunes, Amazon and eMusic. In 2017, Lightning Tree released an LP named "Bad Gateway" in advocacy of the organization American Civil Lib
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CASTEP
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CASTEP is a shared-source academic and commercial software package which uses density functional theory with a plane wave basis set to calculate the electronic properties of crystalline solids, surfaces, molecules, liquids and amorphous materials from first principles. CASTEP permits geometry optimisation and finite temperature molecular dynamics with implicit symmetry and geometry constraints, as well as calculation of a wide variety of derived properties of the electronic configuration. Although CASTEP was originally a serial, Fortran 77-based program, it was completely redesigned and rewritten from 1999 to 2001 using Fortran 95 and MPI for use on parallel computers by researchers at the Universities of York, Durham, St. Andrews, Cambridge and Rutherford Labs.
History
CASTEP was created in the late 1980s and early 1990s in the TCM Group of the Cavendish Laboratory in Cambridge. It was then an academic code written in Fortran77, and the name was originally derived from CAmbridge Serial Total Energy Package. In the mid 1990s it was commercialised by licensing it to Molecular Simulations International (the company was later purchased by Accelrys, in turn purchased by Biovia) in an arrangement through which the University of Cambridge received a share of the royalties, and much of the development remained with the original academic authors. The code was then redesigned and completely rewritten from 1999–2001 to make use of the features of modern Fortran, enable parallelism t
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybrid%20integrated%20circuit
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A hybrid integrated circuit (HIC), hybrid microcircuit, hybrid circuit or simply hybrid is a miniaturized electronic circuit constructed of individual devices, such as semiconductor devices (e.g. transistors, diodes or monolithic ICs) and passive components (e.g. resistors, inductors, transformers, and capacitors), bonded to a substrate or printed circuit board (PCB). A PCB having components on a Printed Wiring Board (PWB) is not considered a true hybrid circuit according to the definition of MIL-PRF-38534.
Overview
"Integrated circuit" as the term is currently used refers to a monolithic IC which differs notably from a HIC in that a HIC is fabricated by inter-connecting a number of components on a substrate whereas an IC's (monolithic) components are fabricated in a series of steps entirely on a single wafer which is then diced into chips. Some hybrid circuits may contain monolithic ICs, particularly Multi-chip module (MCM) hybrid circuits.
Hybrid circuits could be encapsulated in epoxy, as shown in the photo, or in military and space applications, a lid was soldered onto the package. A hybrid circuit serves as a component on a PCB in the same way as a monolithic integrated circuit; the difference between the two types of devices is in how they are constructed and manufactured. The advantage of hybrid circuits is that components which cannot be included in a monolithic IC can be used, e.g., capacitors of large value, wound components, crystals, inductors. In military
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KDR
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KDR may refer to:
Kappa Delta Rho, an American college fraternity
The ISO 639-3 code for the Karaim language
Kinase insert domain receptor, a human protein
Short distance radio or KDR 444, Norway and Sweden
KDR, IATA airport code of Kandrian Airport in Papua New Guinea
Knockdown resistance of insects to pesticides
Radioplane KDR Quail, 1940s US target drone aircraft
Kill-death ratio, a statistic in player-versus-player combat multiplayer video games
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CGN
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CGN may refer to:
CGN, a gene that encodes for the protein cingulin
Ceredigion, formerly Cardiganshire, historic county in Wales, Chapman code
China General Nuclear Power Group, a Chinese energy company
Compagnie Générale de Navigation sur le lac Léman, a Swiss company operating boats on Lake Léman
Childhood gender nonconformity, a childhood behavioral pattern
CGN, IATA code for Cologne Bonn Airport, Germany
CGN, National Rail station code for Cogan railway station, Wales
CGN, U.S. Navy designation for a nuclear-powered guided missile cruiser
Carrier-grade NAT, an approach to IPv4 network design where end sites are configured with private network addresses
CGN, cis Golgi network, compartment of the Golgi apparatus
Crescentic glomerulonephritis, a syndrome of the kidney that is characterized by a rapid loss of kidney function
CGN, Computer Glitch Ninjas, A computer hardware and software hacker collective.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National%20Socialist%20Factory%20Cell%20Organization
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The National Socialist Factory Cell Organization (, NSBO or NSBZO) was a workers organization in Nazi Germany.
In 1927, some NSDAP workers in large factories, located mostly in the Berlin area, joined as an alternative to social democratic and Christian labor unions. The NSBO was established in 1928 by these groups.
On 15 January 1931, the NSBO was declared the "Reichsbetriebszellenabteilung" (Reich Factory Cell Department) within the Nazi Party Reichsleitung (National Leadership) and was placed under the leadership of Walter Schuhmann. It began to increase its membership by means of aggressive campaigns, which included both propaganda and violence, under the war-cry: "Hinein in die Betriebe!" (Into the Factories!), which was shortened to "Hib".
The NSBO had overall little success among German organized workers, except in certain regions where they supported strikes, such as the 1932 Berlin transport strike. As a result of the "Hib" campaign, the NSBO increased its membership to only about 300,000 by the end of 1931, while the Democratic and Christian labor unions had still well over 5 million members.
Some sections of the NSBO had an ideology similar to National Bolshevism. They believed that after the "national revolution" occurred, a "social revolution" had to follow, to do away with the existing elites. This attitude earned them sympathies in some places, like in Nordhorn, a textile industrial city in the county of Bentheim, where the NSBO defeated the formerly strong
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saba%20Valadkhan
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Saba Valadkhan () is an Iranian American biomedical scientist, and an Assistant Professor and RNA researcher at Case Western Reserve University in Cleveland, Ohio. In 2005, she was awarded the GE / Science Young Scientist Award for her breakthrough in understanding the mechanism of spliceosomes - "akin to finding the Holy Grail of the splicing catalysis field" - a critical area of research, given that "20 percent or 30 percent of all human genetic diseases are caused by mistakes that the spliceosome makes".
Education
Valadkhan qualified as a medical doctor at Tehran University of Medial Sciences in Iran in 1996. She moved to America to pursue her Ph.D. at Columbia University, New York. In 2004, she joined as an Assistant Professor Case Western Reserve University in Cleveland, Ohio.
Doctoral research
Valadkhan studied the role of small nuclear RNAs in the human spliceosome under the supervision of Prof. James Manley. The main focus of her research is elucidating the structure and function of the catalytic core of the spliceosome by taking advantage of a novel, minimal spliceosome she recently developed. This minimal system, which consists of only two spliceosomal snRNAs, catalyzes a reaction identical to the splicing reaction. In addition to providing direct evidence for RNA catalysis in the spliceosome, and thus, settling the longstanding and central question of the identity of the catalytic domain, the minimal system provides a novel and powerful tool for studying the s
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilot%201000
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The Pilot 1000 and Pilot 5000 are the first generations of PDAs produced by Palm Computing (then a subsidiary of U.S. Robotics). It was introduced in March 1996.
The Pilot uses a Motorola 68328 processor at 16 MHz, and had 128 kB (Pilot 1000) or 512 kB (Pilot 5000) built in Random-access memory.
The PDA has a plastic case (various colors). Its dimensions are 120x80x18 mm and weight is 160 grams. The Pilot has a 160x160 pixel monochrome LCD tactile panel, with a "Graffiti input zone" presented in the bottom third of the screen. Underneath the screen sits a green on/off button, four applications buttons (Date Book, Address Book, To Do List, and Memo Pad) and two scroll buttons. At left, contrast control. At right top, stylus slot. On the back of the device there is a Memory Slot door, Reset button, battery compartment (held two AAA batteries) and Serial Port (for use with the PalmPilot Cradle).
Memory is kept in a "memory slot" under a plastic cover at the back top of the PDA. A 512 kB ROM chip stores the Palm OS 1.0 and resident applications. RAM is available in 128 kB, 512 kB or 1 MB; with a PalmPilot Professional memory card, up to 2 MB of RAM. Hardware limit is 12 MB of RAM and 4 MB of ROM.
After a calibration test presented during the initial power up, the Pilot would boot and be ready for use and synchronization. Connecting and synchronizing the PDA was initially done through a utility called Pilot Desktop. For the PC, Pilot Desktop was distributed either on 3½ inch
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloramphenicol%20acetyltransferase
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Chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (or CAT) is a bacterial enzyme () that detoxifies the antibiotic chloramphenicol and is responsible for chloramphenicol resistance in bacteria. This enzyme covalently attaches an acetyl group from acetyl-CoA to chloramphenicol, which prevents chloramphenicol from binding to ribosomes. A histidine residue, located in the C-terminal section of the enzyme, plays a central role in its catalytic mechanism.
The crystal structure of the type III enzyme from Escherichia coli with chloramphenicol bound has been determined. CAT is a trimer of identical subunits (monomer Mr 25,000) and the trimeric structure is stabilised by a number of hydrogen bonds, some of which result in the extension of a beta-sheet across the subunit interface. Chloramphenicol binds in a deep pocket located at the boundary between adjacent subunits of the trimer, such that the majority of residues forming the binding pocket belong to one subunit while the catalytically essential histidine belongs to the adjacent subunit. His195 is appropriately positioned to act as a general base catalyst in the reaction, and the required tautomeric stabilisation is provided by an unusual interaction with a main-chain carbonyl oxygen.
Application
CAT is used as a reporter system to measure the level of a promoter or its tissue-specific expression. The CAT assay involves monitoring acetylation of radioactively labeled chloramphenicol on a TLC plate; CAT activity is determined by looking for th
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dendrotoxin
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Dendrotoxins are a class of presynaptic neurotoxins produced by mamba snakes (Dendroaspis) that block particular subtypes of voltage-gated potassium channels in neurons, thereby enhancing the release of acetylcholine at neuromuscular junctions. Because of their high potency and selectivity for potassium channels, dendrotoxins have proven to be extremely useful as pharmacological tools for studying the structure and function of these ion channel proteins.
Dendrotoxins have been shown to block particular subtypes of voltage-gated potassium (K+) channels in neuronal tissue. In the nervous system, voltage-gated K+ channels control the excitability of nerves and muscles by controlling the resting membrane potential and by repolarizing the membrane during action potentials. Dendrotoxin has been shown to bind the nodes of Ranvier of motor neurons and to block the activity of these potassium channels. In this way, dendrotoxins prolong the duration of action potentials and increase acetylcholine release at the neuromuscular junction, which may result in muscle hyperexcitability and convulsive symptoms.
Dendrotoxin structure
Dendrotoxins are ~7kDa proteins consisting of a single peptide chain of approximately 57-60 amino acids. Several homologues of alpha-dendrotoxin have been isolated, all possessing a slightly different sequence. However, the molecular architecture and folding conformation of these proteins are all very similar. Dendrotoxins possess a very short 310-helix near t
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Focal%20adhesion
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In cell biology, focal adhesions (also cell–matrix adhesions or FAs) are large macromolecular assemblies through which mechanical force and regulatory signals are transmitted between the extracellular matrix (ECM) and an interacting cell. More precisely, focal adhesions are the sub-cellular structures that mediate the regulatory effects (i.e., signaling events) of a cell in response to ECM adhesion.
Focal adhesions serve as the mechanical linkages to the ECM, and as a biochemical signaling hub to concentrate and direct numerous signaling proteins at sites of integrin binding and clustering.
Structure and function
Focal adhesions are integrin-containing, multi-protein structures that form mechanical links between intracellular actin bundles and the extracellular substrate in many cell types. Focal adhesions are large, dynamic protein complexes through which the cytoskeleton of a cell connects to the ECM. They are limited to clearly defined ranges of the cell, at which the plasma membrane closes to within 15 nm of the ECM substrate. Focal adhesions are in a state of constant flux: proteins associate and disassociate with it continually as signals are transmitted to other parts of the cell, relating to anything from cell motility to cell cycle. Focal adhesions can contain over 100 different proteins, which suggests a considerable functional diversity. More than anchoring the cell, they function as signal carriers (sensors), which inform the cell about the condition of the ECM
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Podosome
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Podosomes are conical, actin-rich structures found on the outer surface of the plasma membrane of animal cells. Their size ranges from approximately 0.5 µm to 2.0 µm in diameter. While usually situated on the periphery of the cellular membrane, these unique structures display a polarized pattern of distribution in migrating cells, situating at the front border between the lamellipodium and lamellum. Their primary purpose is connected to cellular motility and invasion; therefore, they serve as both sites of attachment and degradation along the extracellular matrix. Many different specialized cells exhibit these dynamic structures such as invasive cancer cells, osteoclasts, vascular smooth muscle cells, endothelial cells, and certain immune cells like macrophages and dendritic cells.
Characteristics
A podosome consists of a core rich in actin surrounded by adhesion and scaffolding proteins. The actin filaments within these structures are highly regulated by many actin nucleators, polymerization activators, actin binding and crosslinking proteins, kinases, small GTPases, and scaffold proteins; therefore, total actin turnover occurs within seconds. To distinguish podosomes from others types of cellular adhesions, the protein Tks5 and WASP (Wiskott–Aldrich syndrome protein) are used as markers alongside actin, cortactin and the Arp2/3 complex to localize and isolate these protrusions because Tks5 and WASP are unique to the podosome when compared with other actin-based cellular
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grad%E2%80%93Shafranov%20equation
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The Grad–Shafranov equation (H. Grad and H. Rubin (1958); Vitalii Dmitrievich Shafranov (1966)) is the equilibrium equation in ideal magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) for a two dimensional plasma, for example the axisymmetric toroidal plasma in a tokamak. This equation takes the same form as the Hicks equation from fluid dynamics. This equation is a two-dimensional, nonlinear, elliptic partial differential equation obtained from the reduction of the ideal MHD equations to two dimensions, often for the case of toroidal axisymmetry (the case relevant in a tokamak). Taking as the cylindrical coordinates, the flux function is governed by the equation,where is the magnetic permeability, is the pressure, and the magnetic field and current are, respectively, given by
The nature of the equilibrium, whether it be a tokamak, reversed field pinch, etc. is largely determined by the choices of the two functions and as well as the boundary conditions.
Derivation (in Cartesian coordinates)
In the following, it is assumed that the system is 2-dimensional with as the invariant axis, i.e. produces 0 for any quantity. Then the magnetic field can be written in cartesian coordinates as
or more compactly,
where is the vector potential for the in-plane (x and y components) magnetic field. Note that based on this form for B we can see that A is constant along any given magnetic field line, since is everywhere perpendicular to B. (Also note that -A is the flux function mentioned above.)
T
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%2884719%29%202002%20VR128
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, also written (84719) 2002 VR128, is a trans-Neptunian object (TNO). It was discovered in 2002 by Michael Brown and Chad Trujillo. The object is a plutino, an object in 2:3 orbital resonance with Neptune.
Physical properties
The size of was measured by the Herschel Space Telescope to be . The surface of is red in the visible spectral range.
References
External links
Orbit simulation from NASA JPL site
Orbital details from the IAU Minor Planets Center
2002 VR128
Plutinos
2002 VR128
Possible dwarf planets
20021103
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pamela%20Silver
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Pamela Ann Silver is an American cell and systems biologist and a bioengineer. She holds the Elliot T. and Onie H. Adams Professorship of Biochemistry and Systems Biology at Harvard Medical School in the Department of Systems Biology. Silver is one of the founding Core Faculty Members of the Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University.
She has made contributions to other disciplines including cell and nuclear biology, systems biology, RNA biology, cancer therapeutics, international policy research, and graduate education. Silver was the first director of the Harvard University Graduate Program in Systems Biology. She serves as a member of the National Science Advisory Board for Biosecurity.
Education and early life
Silver grew up in Atherton, California, where she attended Laurel and Encinal Elementary Schools. During this time, she was a winner of the IBM Math Competition, winning a slide rule and received special recognition for her early aptitude in science. She attended Menlo Atherton High School and graduated from Castilleja School in Palo Alto. She received her B.A. in chemistry from the University of California, Santa Cruz and her PhD in Biological Chemistry from the University of California, Los Angeles in the laboratory of William T. Wickner, working largely on the coat assembly of the M13 coliphage.
Career and research
Silver did her postdoctoral research with Mark Ptashne at Harvard University where she discovered one of the fir
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antimonate%20mineral
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Antimonate minerals are those minerals containing the antimonate (SbO43−) anion group. Both the Dana and the Strunz mineral classifications place the antimonates in with the phosphate minerals.
References
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erie%20County%20Fair
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The Erie County Fair is a fair held in Hamburg in Erie County, New York, every August. Based on 2018 attendance statistics, The Erie County Fair is the second largest fair in New York and the fourth largest county fair in North America, often drawing over one million in attendance.
History
1820 to 1867
The Erie County Agricultural Society is a private, not for profit membership corporation established in 1819, then called the Niagara County Horticultural Society. It held its first fair in 1820 on what is now the site of the Donovan Office Building in Buffalo. One year later, Niagara County split into Erie and Niagara Counties, and so did the agricultural society. The Erie County Agricultural Society is the oldest civic, community member organization in Erie County. The only time in the history of the fair where the event was not held was 1943 during World War II due to rationing of supplies for the war effort. The fair was briefly renamed America's Fair during the early to mid-2000s in an effort to expand the fair beyond Erie County; it has since been renamed the Erie County Fair.
The region's first agricultural society was founded in 1819 with the goal of sponsoring a county fair to promote education and competition among farmers. This goal was realized when the first fairs were held on the Buffalo waterfront in 1820 and 1821. Dr. Cyrenius Chapin, one of Buffalo's most active energetic pioneers was elected President for the fledgling organization. The location was nea
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceramide
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Ceramides are a family of waxy lipid molecules. A ceramide is composed of sphingosine and a fatty acid joined by an amide bond. Ceramides are found in high concentrations within the cell membrane of eukaryotic cells, since they are component lipids that make up sphingomyelin, one of the major lipids in the lipid bilayer. Contrary to previous assumptions that ceramides and other sphingolipids found in cell membrane were purely supporting structural elements, ceramide can participate in a variety of cellular signaling: examples include regulating differentiation, proliferation, and programmed cell death (PCD) of cells.
The word ceramide comes from the Latin cera (wax) and amide. Ceramide is a component of vernix caseosa, the waxy or cheese-like white substance found coating the skin of newborn human infants.
Pathways for ceramide synthesis
There are three major pathways of ceramide generation. First, the sphingomyelinase pathway uses an enzyme to break down sphingomyelin in the cell membrane and release ceramide. Second, the de novo pathway creates ceramide from less complex molecules. Third, in the "salvage" pathway, sphingolipids that are broken down into sphingosine are reused by reacylation to form ceramide.
Sphingomyelin hydrolysis
Hydrolysis of sphingomyelin is catalyzed by the enzyme sphingomyelinase. Because sphingomyelin is one of the four common phospholipids found in the plasma membrane of cells, the implications of this method of generating ceramide is tha
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aircraft%20Reactor%20Experiment
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The Aircraft Reactor Experiment (ARE) was an experimental nuclear reactor designed to test the feasibility of fluid-fuel, high-temperature, high-power-density reactors for the propulsion of supersonic aircraft. It operated between November 8-12, 1954 at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) with a maximum sustained power of 2.5 megawatts (MW), and generated a total of 96 MW-hours of energy.
The ARE was the first reactor to use circulating molten salt fuel. The hundreds of engineers and scientists working on ARE provided technical data, facilities, equipment, and experience that enabled the broader development of molten salt reactors as well as liquid metal cooled reactors.
Background
The concept of nuclear-powered aircraft was first formally studied in May 1946 by the US Army Air Forces. It was supposed that the unique characteristics of nuclear power could be applied to long-range supersonic flight, which was considered highly valuable in terms of military strategy. Challenges in the proposal were understood immediately, and by 1950 the Atomic Energy Commission joined with the Air Force to study the possibilities via technology development in the Aircraft Nuclear Propulsion (ANP) program.
The ORNL staff of the ANP project decided that technical information and experience needed to support the objective of nuclear-powered flight could most economically be obtained from building and operating the ARE. They considered the task of flying a supersonic airplane on nuclear e
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil%20physics
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Soil physics is the study of soil's physical properties and processes. It is applied to management and prediction under natural and managed ecosystems. Soil physics deals with the dynamics of physical soil components and their phases as solids, liquids, and gases. It draws on the principles of physics, physical chemistry, engineering, and meteorology. Soil physics applies these principles to address practical problems of agriculture, ecology, and engineering.
Prominent soil physicists
Edgar Buckingham (1867–1940)
The theory of gas diffusion in soil and vadose zone water flow in soil.
Willard Gardner (1883-1964)
First to use porous cups and manometers for capillary potential measurements and accurately predicted the moisture distribution above a water table.
Lorenzo A. Richards (1904–1993)
General transport of water in unsaturated soil, measurement of soil water potential using tensiometer.
John R. Philip (1927–1999)
Analytical solution to general soil water transport, Environmental Mechanics.
See also
Agrophysics
Bulk density
Capacitance probe
Frequency domain sensor
Geotechnical engineering
Irrigation
Irrigation scheduling
Neutron probe
Soil porosity
Soil thermal properties
Time domain reflectometer
Water content
Notes
Horton, Horn, Bachmann & Peth eds. 2016: Essential Soil Physics Schweizerbart,
Encyclopedia of Soil Science, edts. Ward Chesworth, 2008, Uniw. of Guelph Canada, Publ. Springer,
External links
SSSA Soil Physics Division
Soil science
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha%20wave
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Alpha waves, or the alpha rhythm, are neural oscillations in the frequency range of 8–12 Hz likely originating from the synchronous and coherent (in phase or constructive) electrical activity of thalamic pacemaker cells in humans. Historically, they are also called "Berger's waves" after Hans Berger, who first described them when he invented the EEG in 1924.
Alpha waves are one type of brain waves detected by electrophysiological and closely related methods, such as by electroencephalography (EEG) or magnetoencephalography (MEG), and can be quantified using quantitative electroencephalography (qEEG). They can be predominantly recorded from the occipital lobes during wakeful relaxation with closed eyes and were the earliest brain rhythm recorded in humans. Alpha waves are reduced with open eyes and sleep, while they are enhanced during drowsiness. Occipital alpha waves during periods of eyes closed are the strongest EEG brain signals.
Historically, alpha waves were thought to represent the activity of the visual cortex in an idle state. More recently, research suggests that they inhibit areas of the cortex not in use, or alternatively that they play an active role in network coordination and communication. Whether they are inhibitory or play an active role in attention links to their direction of propagation, with top-down rearward waves being inhibitory, and forward bottom-up ones aiding visual attentional processes.
An alpha-like variant called a mu wave can be found ov
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formulario%20mathematico
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Formulario Mathematico (Latino sine flexione: Formulary for Mathematics) is a book by Giuseppe Peano which expresses fundamental theorems of mathematics in a symbolic language developed by Peano. The author was assisted by Giovanni Vailati, Mario Pieri, Alessandro Padoa, Giovanni Vacca, Vincenzo Vivanti, Gino Fano and Cesare Burali-Forti.
The Formulario was first published in 1894. The fifth and last edition was published in 1908.
Hubert Kennedy wrote "the development and use of mathematical logic is the guiding motif of the project". He also explains the variety of Peano's publication under the title:
the five editions of the Formulario [are not] editions in the usual sense of the word. Each is essentially a new elaboration, although much material is repeated. Moreover, the title and language varied: the first three, titled Formulaire de Mathématiques, and the fourth, titled, Formulaire Mathématique, were written in French, while Latino sine flexione, Peano's own invention, was used for the fifth edition, titled Formulario Mathematico. ... Ugo Cassina lists no less than twenty separately published items as being parts of the 'complete' Formulario!
Peano believed that students needed only precise statement of their lessons. He wrote:
Each professor will be able to adopt this Formulario as a textbook, for it ought to contain all theorems and all methods. His teaching will be reduced to showing how to read the formulas, and to indicating to the students the theorems that he
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GSAT-1
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GSAT-1 was an experimental communications satellite launched aboard the maiden flight of the GSLV rocket. The spacecraft was equipped with instrumentation to test Pulse-code modulation (PCM) transmitting on S-band frequencies and transponders operating in the C-band. The spacecraft was unable to complete its mission after a launch failure left it in a lower than planned orbit and propulsion issues prevented the satellite from correcting this via its own maneuvering system.
Overview
GSAT-1 failed to achieve its target orbit, which prevented it from fulfilling its primary communications mission. The 1.54-tonne satellite was orbiting with a period of 23 hours two minutes, instead of the planned 24-hour geosynchronous orbit, only permitting a limited series of experiments to be conducted, including digital audio broadcasting and compressed digital TV signal transmission.
The GSLV (Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle) suffered a performance shortfall during its first flight resulting in the injection of the experimental satellite into a geosynchronous transfer orbit (GTO) of 181 x 32.051 km, inclined at 19.2 degrees, having an apogee about 4,000 km below the targeted orbit of 185 x 35.975 km. The satellite used its onboard propulsion system to raise both its apogee and its perigee to geostationary orbit as well as to decrease the orbital inclination to zero, however its propellant was depleted prior to successfully raising its orbit. The satellite used two different propella
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcos%20Val%C3%A9rio
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Marcos Valério Fernandes de Souza (born January 29, 1961) is a Brazilian businessman in the field of public relations.
He is the owner of two communications firms: DNA and SMP&B. Because of his involvement in the Mensalão scandal, he was sentenced to more than 40 years of imprisonment.
Career
The son of Aidê Fernandes de Souza and Adeliro Francisco de Souza, he was born on January 29, 1961, in Curvelo, Minas Gerais. He spent his early life in the northeast of Belo Horizonte.
His professional career began in the , known as Bemge (bought by Banco Itaú, in 1998).
He entered the business of public relations in 1996 with a partnership with Clésio Andrade, Cristiano Paz and Ramon Cardoso with the public relations and advertising firm . Later, he bought Andrade's stake and also bought shares of another agency, DNA.
He was one of the main accused in the Mensalão scandal and found guilty of bribery, embezzlement, money laundering, tax evasion and conspiracy. In October 2012 he was given a sentence of 40 years 2 months and 10 days imprisonment and a fine of R$2.72 million. His associates Ramon Hollerbach, Cristiano Paz and Simone Vasconcelos were sentenced to 29 years, 7 months, 20 days respectively 25 `years, 11 months, 20 days imprisonment and 12 years imprisonment.
References
1961 births
Living people
Brazilian businesspeople
Prisoners and detainees of Brazil
Brazilian prisoners and detainees
Brazilian criminals
People convicted of bribery
People convicted of embezzlement
P
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library%20sort
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Library sort or gapped insertion sort is a sorting algorithm that uses an insertion sort, but with gaps in the array to accelerate subsequent insertions. The name comes from an analogy:
Suppose a librarian were to store their books alphabetically on a long shelf, starting with the As at the left end, and continuing to the right along the shelf with no spaces between the books until the end of the Zs. If the librarian acquired a new book that belongs to the B section, once they find the correct space in the B section, they will have to move every book over, from the middle of the Bs all the way down to the Zs in order to make room for the new book. This is an insertion sort. However, if they were to leave a space after every letter, as long as there was still space after B, they would only have to move a few books to make room for the new one. This is the basic principle of the Library Sort.
The algorithm was proposed by Michael A. Bender, Martín Farach-Colton, and Miguel Mosteiro in 2004 and was published in 2006.
Like the insertion sort it is based on, library sort is a comparison sort; however, it was shown to have a high probability of running in O(n log n) time (comparable to quicksort), rather than an insertion sort's O(n2). There is no full implementation given in the paper, nor the exact algorithms of important parts, such as insertion and rebalancing. Further information would be needed to discuss how the efficiency of library sort compares to that of other sorting
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inhibitor%20of%20DNA-binding%20protein
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Inhibitor of DNA-binding/differentiation proteins, also known as ID proteins comprise a family of proteins that heterodimerize with basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factors to inhibit DNA binding of bHLH proteins. ID proteins also contain the HLH-dimerization domain but lack the basic DNA-binding domain and thus regulate bHLH transcription factors when they heterodimerize with bHLH proteins. The first helix-loop-helix proteins identified were named E-proteins because they bind to Ephrussi-box (E-box) sequences. In normal development, E proteins form dimers with other bHLH transcription factors, allowing transcription to occur. However, in cancerous phenotypes, ID proteins can regulate transcription by binding E proteins, so no dimers can be formed and transcription is inactive. E proteins are members of the class I bHLH family and form dimers with bHLH proteins from class II to regulate transcription. Four ID proteins exist in humans: ID1, ID2, ID3, and ID4. The ID homologue gene in Drosophila is called extramacrochaetae (EMC) and encodes a transcription factor of the helix-loop-helix family that lacks a DNA binding domain. EMC regulates cell proliferation, formation of organs like the midgut, and wing development. ID proteins could be potential targets for systemic cancer therapies without inhibiting the functioning of most normal cells because they are highly expressed in embryonic stem cells, but not in differentiated adult cells. Evidence suggests that ID prote
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index%20ellipsoid
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In crystal optics, the index ellipsoid (also known as the optical indicatrix or sometimes as the dielectric ellipsoid) is a geometric construction which concisely represents the refractive indices and associated polarizations of light, as functions of the orientation of the wavefront, in a doubly-refractive crystal (provided that the crystal does not exhibit optical rotation). When this ellipsoid is cut through its center by a plane parallel to the wavefront, the resulting intersection (called a central section or diametral section) is an ellipse whose major and minor semiaxes have lengths equal to the two refractive indices for that orientation of the wavefront, and have the directions of the respective polarizations as expressed by the electric displacement vector . The principal semiaxes of the index ellipsoid are called the principal refractive indices.
It follows from the sectioning procedure that each principal semiaxis of the ellipsoid is generally not the refractive index for propagation in the direction of that semiaxis, but rather the refractive index for wavefronts tangential to that direction, with the vector parallel to that direction, propagating perpendicular to that direction. Thus the direction of propagation (normal to the wavefront) to which each principal refractive index applies is in the plane perpendicular to the associated principal semiaxis.
Terminology
The index ellipsoid is not to be confused with the index surface, whose radius vector (from the
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Claude%20Simon
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Jean-Claude Simon (born 1948) is a researcher in the field of semiconductor optical amplifiers.
Since 1998 he was permanent professor at ENSSAT / University of Rennes1. Director of FOTON, research department in Optics and Optoelectronics for Telecom, affiliated to CNRS.
Biography
Jean-Claude Simon was born in Da Lat, Vietnam, on 14 September 1948. He received the
Doctorate degree from Université d’Orsay, France, in 1975, and the Doctorate d’Etat degree from University of Nice Sophia Antipolis, France, in 1983.
In 1972, he joined the Centre national d'études des télécommunications (CNET), in Lannion, France, the research center of the
French PTT (later France Télécom) for his thesis work.
Since 1973, he was employed by CNET as a research scientist on optical communication, in particular on the subject of optical amplifiers.
From 1983 to 1997, he was leader of a group in the field of semiconductor optical amplifiers and their applications for nonlinear optical devices.
From 1997 to 1998, he was responsible for the management of several research projects.
In 1999 he moved to University of Rennes 1, France, where he was appointed to professor.
He has authored or coauthored approximately 130 papers, including about 25 invited conferences. He has been
involved in European research programs RACE, ESPRIT, and ACTS.
References
Publications
J.C. Simon, "Polarization characteristics of a TW-type Al Ga As semiconductor laser amplifier", Electronics Letters, 27 May 1982.
J.C. Sim
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erepsin
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Erepsin is a mixture of enzymes contained in a protein fraction found in the intestinal juices that digest peptones into amino acids. It is produced and secreted by the intestinal glands in the ileum and the pancreas, but it is also found widely in other cells. It is, however, a term now rarely used in scientific literature as more precise terms are preferred.
History
Erepsin was discovered at the beginning of the twentieth century by German physiologist Otto Cohnheim (1873-1953) who found a substance that breaks down peptones into amino acid in the intestines. He termed this hypothetical protease in his protein extract "erepsin" in 1901, derived from a Greek word meaning "I break down" (έρείπω). His discovery was significant as it overturned the previous "hypothesis of resynthesis" which proposed that proteins get broken down into peptones from which proteins may then be resynthesized, and helped establish the idea of free amino acids instead of peptones being the building blocks of protein.
Erepsin was originally thought to be a single enzyme or a mixture of a few enzymes involved in the terminal stages of the breakdown of peptides to free amino acids in the intestines. However, it became clear later that erepsin is in fact a complex mixture of different peptidases. It was also found not to be unique to intestinal mucosa and is present widely in many other cells and organisms. The term erepsin fell from use in scientific literature in the latter half of the twentieth c
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model%2098a%20rifle
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The Model 98a carbine (Karabin wzor 98a, abbreviated to Kb wz.98a) was a Polish derivative of the German Gewehr 98 bolt-action rifle.
Design history
After gaining independence, the Polish Army was armed mainly with a mixture of Russian, Austrian and German rifles. French rifles also were brought to Poland by returning Blue Army soldiers. As a result, at the end of the Polish-Soviet War in 1921, the Polish army was armed with approximately 24 types of guns and 22 types of rifles, all firing different ammunition. Since such a combination of designs adversely affected training and logistics, work on one standard rifle was carried out starting in 1919. Initially, it was assumed that the Lebel would be adopted, but it was quickly rejected as an obsolete design. Later on, proposals for adoption as a standard rifle included the Mannlicher M1895 or Steyr M1912 Mauser.
The situation changed when the Council of Ambassadors resolution of 10 March 1921 ordered the transfer to Poland of machinery, equipment, documentation, and large stocks of raw materials from the former Prussian Royal Arsenal in Danzig. During World War I, this factory produced the Gewehr 98, facilitating the choice of the Mauser 98 action as the basis for any new Polish military rifle. With the transfer of the machinery and equipment from Danzig, production of the Kb wz.98, the Polish copy of the standard Gewehr 98 started in Radom and Warsaw in 1922. In 1924, after approximately 22,000 rifles were manufactured, w
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard%20Peto
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Sir Richard Peto (born 14 May 1943) is an English statistician and epidemiologist who is Professor of Medical Statistics and Epidemiology at the University of Oxford, England.
Education
He attended Taunton's School in Southampton and subsequently studied the Natural Sciences Tripos at Trinity College, Cambridge followed by a Master of Science degree in Statistics at Imperial College London.
Career and research
His career has included collaborations with Richard Doll beginning at the Medical Research Council Statistical Research Unit in London. He set up the Clinical Trial Service Unit (CTSU) in Oxford in 1975 and is currently co-director. Peto's paradox is named after him.
Awards and honours
He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1989 for his contributions to the development of meta-analysis. He is a leading expert on deaths related to tobacco use. "When Sir Richard Peto began work with the late Richard Doll fifty years ago, the UK had the worst death rates from smoking in the world. Smoking was the cause of more than half of all premature deaths of British men." He was knighted for his services to epidemiology and to cancer prevention in 1999, and he received an honorary Doctor of Medical Sciences degree from Yale University in 2011.
Personal life
His brother Julian Peto, with whom he has published work in mathematical statistics (e.g. on the logrank test), is also a distinguished epidemiologist. His family runs a Thai restaurant in the Covered Market, Oxford,
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lung%20abscess
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Lung abscess is a type of liquefactive necrosis of the lung tissue and formation of cavities (more than 2 cm) containing necrotic debris or fluid caused by microbial infection.
This pus-filled cavity is often caused by aspiration, which may occur during anesthesia, sedation, or unconsciousness from injury. Alcoholism is the most common condition predisposing to lung abscesses.
Lung abscess is considered primary (60%) when it results from existing lung parenchymal process and is termed secondary when it complicates another process e.g. vascular emboli or follows rupture of extrapulmonary abscess into lung.
Signs and symptoms
Onset of symptoms is often gradual, but in necrotizing staphylococcal or gram-negative bacillary pneumonias patients can be acutely ill. Cough, fever with shivering, and night sweats are often present. Cough can be productive of foul smelling purulent mucus (≈70%) or less frequently with blood in one third of cases). Affected individuals may also complain of chest pain, shortness of breath, lethargy and other features of chronic illness.
Those with a lung abscess are generally cachectic at presentation. Finger clubbing is present in one third of patients. Dental decay is common especially in alcoholics and children. On examination of the chest there will be features of consolidation such as localized dullness on percussion and bronchial breath sounds.
Complications
Although rare in modern times, can include spread of infection to other lung segme
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles%20River%20Laboratories
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Charles River Laboratories International, Inc., is an American pharmaceutical company specializing in a variety of preclinical and clinical laboratory, gene therapy and cell therapy services for the Pharmaceutical, Medical device and Biotechnology industries. It also supplies assorted biomedical products, outsourcing services, and animals for research and development in the pharmaceutical industry (for example, contract research organization services) and offers support in the fields of basic research, drug discovery, safety and efficacy, clinical support, and manufacturing.
According to the company, it supported the development of approximately 85% of novel FDA-approved drugs in 2021.
Its customers include leading pharmaceutical, biotechnology, agrochemical, government, and academic organization around the globe. The company has over 90 facilities, operates in 20 countries, and employs approximately 18,400 people worldwide.
Charles River Laboratories is often criticized by animal rights activists who condemn the company's usage of dogs and non-human primates for pharmaceutical purposes. The company is also a major harvester of horseshoe crab blood.
History
Charles River was founded in 1947 by Henry Foster, a young veterinarian who purchased one thousand rat cages from a Virginia farm and set up a one-person laboratory in Boston overlooking the Charles River. To fulfill the regional need for laboratory animal models, he bred, fed, and cared for the animals and personally
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER%20Class%20A1
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Class A1 in the London and North Eastern Railway's classification system may refer to any of the following British steam locomotives :
The GNR Class A1 or "Gresley A1", a class of 52 Pacific locomotives designed by Sir Nigel Gresley, including Flying Scotsman
The LNER Thompson Class A1/1, a single Pacific locomotive designed by Edward Thompson and rebuilt from a Gresley A1
The LNER Peppercorn Class A1, a class of 49 Pacific locomotives designed by A. H. Peppercorn
LNER Peppercorn Class A1 60163 Tornado, a new locomotive completed in 2008
See also
LNER Pacifics
References
A1
4-6-2 locomotives
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Those%20Were%20the%20Days%20%28song%29
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"Those Were the Days" is a song credited to Gene Raskin, who put a new English lyric to the Russian romance song "Дорогой длинною" (Romance transliteration "Dorogoj dlinnoju", literally "By the long road"), composed by Boris Fomin (1900–1948) with words by the poet Konstantin Podrevsky. It deals with reminiscence upon youth and romantic idealism. It also deals with tavern activities, which include drinking, singing and dancing.
Mary Hopkin's 1968 debut single of "Those Were the Days", which was produced by Paul McCartney of the Beatles, and arranged by Richard Hewson, became a number one hit on the UK Singles Chart and on the Canadian RPM Magazine charts. The song also reached number two on the Billboard Hot 100, behind "Hey Jude" by the Beatles. It was number one in the first edition of the French National Hit Parade launched by the Centre d'Information et de Documentation du Disque. The song was featured on the US version of the debut album Post Card.
Early history
Georgian singer Tamara Tsereteli (1900–1968) and Russian singer Alexander Vertinsky made what were probably the earliest recordings of the song, in 1925 and 1926 respectively.
The song appears in the 1953 British/French movie Innocents in Paris, in which it was sung with its original Russian lyrics by the Russian Tzigane chanteuse Ludmila Lopato. Mary Hopkin's 1968 recording of it with Gene Raskin's lyric was a chart-topping hit in much of the Northern Hemisphere. On most recordings of the song, Raskin is cred
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octafluoropropane
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Octafluoropropane (C3F8) is the perfluorocarbon counterpart to the hydrocarbon propane. This non-flammable synthetic material has applications in semiconductor production and medicine. It is also an extremely potent greenhouse gas.
Manufacture
Octafluoropropane can be produced either by electrochemical fluorination or by the Fowler process using cobalt fluoride.
Applications
In the electronics industry, octafluoropropane is mixed with oxygen and used as a plasma etching material for SiO2 layers in semiconductor applications, as oxides are selectively etched versus their metal substrates.
In medicine, octafluoropropane may compose the gas cores of microbubble contrast agents used in contrast-enhanced ultrasound. Octafluoropropane microbubbles reflect sound waves well and are used to improve the ultrasound signal backscatter.
It is used in eye surgery, such as pars plana vitrectomy procedures where a retina hole or tear is repaired. The gas provides a long-term tamponade, or plug, of a retinal hole or tear and allows re-attachment of the retina to occur over the several days following the procedure.
Under the name R-218, octafluoropropane is used in other industries as a component of refrigeration mixtures.
It has been featured in some plans for terraforming Mars. With a greenhouse gas effect 24,000 times greater than carbon dioxide (CO2), octafluoropropane could dramatically reduce the time and resources it takes to terraform Mars.
It is the active liquid in PICO-2L dar
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neural%20gas
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Neural gas is an artificial neural network, inspired by the self-organizing map and introduced in 1991 by Thomas Martinetz and Klaus Schulten. The neural gas is a simple algorithm for finding optimal data representations based on feature vectors. The algorithm was coined "neural gas" because of the dynamics of the feature vectors during the adaptation process, which distribute themselves like a gas within the data space. It is applied where data compression or vector quantization is an issue, for example speech recognition, image processing or pattern recognition. As a robustly converging alternative to the k-means clustering it is also used for cluster analysis.
Algorithm
Given a probability distribution of data vectors and a finite number of feature vectors .
With each time step , a data vector randomly chosen from is presented. Subsequently, the distance order of the feature vectors to the given data vector is determined. Let denote the index of the closest feature vector, the index of the second closest feature vector, and the index of the feature vector most distant to . Then each feature vector is adapted according to
with as the adaptation step size and as the so-called neighborhood range. and are reduced with increasing . After sufficiently many adaptation steps the feature vectors cover the data space with minimum representation error.
The adaptation step of the neural gas can be interpreted as gradient descent on a cost function. By adapting not onl
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACEO
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ACEO may refer to:
ACEO (brand), a brand name for the NSAID medication Acemetacin
AC Electro-osmosis, a methodology for Optoelectrofluidics
Art Cards, Editions and Originals, the Artist trading cards
Association of Caribbean Electoral Organizations, a component of the International Foundation for Electoral Systems
Advisory Committee for Earth Observation, a department of the European Space Agency's Mission Science Division
Associação Comercial e Empresarial de Osasco, a leading company located in Osasco, São Paulo, Brazil
See also
ace (disambiguation)
CEO (disambiguation)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kernick
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Kernick (, meaning rocky place) is a settlement in west Cornwall, England, UK. It is a part of the town of Penryn, now a suburb of Falmouth. The name Kernick is a derivative of Cernic / Carnak meaning 'rocky' in Cornish, like Carnac in Brittany/
Kernick is located near Mabe, a village on the edge of a new urban area. Kernick has thrived as an industrial area since the late 1970s with two industrial parks, and one large industrial estate, with about 100 factories. An Asda supermarket was recently constructed nearby, which has taken much business from the small town shops. Kernick is also thriving as a suburban housing area, with three housing estates in the vicinity, two of which (Littleoaks and Woodland Avenue) have in excess of 200 houses each. There is also another housing estate nearby, and a large area called Greenwood, which has in excess of 500 houses and bungalows. Kernick is also the site of the new Combined Universities in Cornwall (CUC).
There is also a place called Kernick in St Stephen in Brannel parish; the meaning here is "little corner" which also applies to Kernock, also in Cornwall.
References
Populated places in Cornwall
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneumonia%20severity%20index
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The pneumonia severity index (PSI) or PORT Score is a clinical prediction rule that medical practitioners can use to calculate the probability of morbidity and mortality among patients with community acquired pneumonia.
The PSI/PORT score is often used to predict the need for hospitalization in people with pneumonia. This is consistent with the conclusions stated in the original report that published the PSI/PORT score: "The prediction rule we describe accurately identifies the patients with community-acquired pneumonia who are at low risk for death and other adverse outcomes. This prediction rule may help physicians make more rational decisions about hospitalization for patients with pneumonia."
Mortality prediction is similar to that when using CURB-65.
Development
The rule uses demographics (whether someone is older, and is male or female), the coexistence of co-morbid illnesses, findings on physical examination and vital signs, and essential laboratory findings. This study demonstrated that patients could be stratified into five risk categories, Risk Classes I-V, and that these classes could be used to predict 30-day survival.
Usage
The purpose of the PSI is to classify the severity of a patient's pneumonia to determine the amount of resources to be allocated for care. Most commonly, the PSI scoring system has been used to decide whether patients with pneumonia can be treated as outpatients or as (hospitalized) inpatients.
A Risk Class I or Risk Class II pneumonia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z9
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Z9 may refer to:
Motorola Z9, a cell phone model
Aero Zambia IATA code
BlueAnt Z9, a Bluetooth Headset
BMW Z9, a concept car by BMW
German destroyer Z9 Wolfgang Zenker
Galindo Mellado Cruz
Harbin Z-9, a military Chinese aircraft
IBM System z9, a mainframe
Nikon Z 9, a full-frame mirrorless camera produced by Nikon
Zbrojovka Z9, a Czechoslovak car of the 1930s
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viral%20pneumonia
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Viral pneumonia is a pneumonia caused by a virus. Pneumonia is an infection that causes inflammation in one or both of the lungs. The pulmonary alveoli fill with fluid or pus making it difficult to breathe. Pneumonia can be caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi or parasites. Viruses are the most common cause of pneumonia in children, while in adults bacteria are a more common cause.
Signs and symptoms
Symptoms of viral pneumonia include fever, productive cough, runny nose, chest pain and systemic symptoms (e.g. myalgia, headache). Different viruses cause different symptoms.
Diagnosis
Diagnosis, like with any infection, relies on the detection of the infectious cause. With viral pneumonia, samples are taken from the upper and/or lower respiratory tracts. The samples can then be run through polymerase chain reaction (PCR), allowing for amplification of the virus as that allows better detection if present in the sample. Other ways for a diagnosis to be obtained is by ordering a chest x-ray, blood tests, pulse oximetry, and a medical/family history to see if there are any known risks or previous exposures to a person with viral pneumonia. If the person is in serious condition and in the hospital there are more invasive studies that can be run to diagnosis the person.
Cause
Common causes of viral pneumonia are:
Influenza virus A and B
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)
Human parainfluenza viruses (in children)
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)
Rarer
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gummel
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Gummel may refer to:
In people:
Margitta Gummel (1941–2021), an athlete from East Germany
Hermann Gummel (1923–2022), a German-born physicist and pioneer in semiconductor industry
In other uses:
Gumel, or Gummel, a town and traditional emirate in Jigawa State, Nigeria
Gummel–Poon model, a model of the bipolar junction transistor
Gummel plot, transistor plot
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-frequency%20approximation
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A high-frequency approximation (or "high energy approximation") for scattering or other wave propagation problems, in physics or engineering, is an approximation whose accuracy increases with the size of features on the scatterer or medium relative to the wavelength of the scattered particles.
Classical mechanics and geometric optics are the most common and extreme high frequency approximation, where the wave or field properties of, respectively, quantum mechanics and electromagnetism are neglected entirely.
Less extreme approximations include, the WKB approximation, physical optics, the geometric theory of diffraction, the uniform theory of diffraction, and the physical theory of diffraction. When these are used to approximate quantum mechanics, they are called semiclassical approximations.
See also
Electromagnetic modeling
Scattering
Scattering, absorption and radiative transfer (optics)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goldwasser%E2%80%93Micali%20cryptosystem
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The Goldwasser–Micali (GM) cryptosystem is an asymmetric key encryption algorithm developed by Shafi Goldwasser and Silvio Micali in 1982. GM has the distinction of being the first probabilistic public-key encryption scheme which is provably secure under standard cryptographic assumptions. However, it is not an efficient cryptosystem, as ciphertexts may be several hundred times larger than the initial plaintext. To prove the security properties of the cryptosystem, Goldwasser and Micali proposed the widely used definition of semantic security.
Basis
The GM cryptosystem is semantically secure based on the assumed intractability of the quadratic residuosity problem modulo a composite N = pq where p, q are large primes. This assumption states that given (x, N) it is difficult to determine whether x is a quadratic residue modulo N (i.e., x = y2 mod N for some y), when the Jacobi symbol for x is +1. The quadratic residue problem is easily solved given the factorization of N, while new quadratic residues may be generated by any party, even without knowledge of this factorization. The GM cryptosystem leverages this asymmetry by encrypting individual plaintext bits as either random quadratic residues or non-residues modulo N, all with quadratic residue symbol +1. Recipients use the factorization of N as a secret key, and decrypt the message by testing the quadratic residuosity of the received ciphertext values.
Because Goldwasser–Micali produces a value of size approxima
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dornase%20alfa
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Dornase alfa, sold under the brand name Pulmozyme, is used for the treatment of cystic fibrosis. It is a recombinant human deoxyribonuclease I (rhDNase), an enzyme which selectively cleaves DNA. Dornase alfa hydrolyzes the DNA present in sputum/mucus and reduces viscosity in the lungs, promoting improved clearance of secretions. It is produced in Chinese hamster ovary cells.
Medical uses
Dornase alfa is indicated for the management of people with cystic fibrosis to improve pulmonary function.
Society and culture
Legal status
Dornase alfa is an orphan drug.
Research
Dornase alfa has been shown to improve lung function in non-cystic fibrosis pre-term infants atelectasis.
References
Drugs acting on the respiratory system
Recombinant proteins
Hoffmann-La Roche brands
Genentech brands
de:Desoxyribonuklease#Verwendung als Arzneistoff
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitewater%20River
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Whitewater River may refer to:
The occurrence of whitewater rapids in rivers
Whitewater river (river type), a classification used in contrast to clear and blackwater rivers, mainly in South America
Specific rivers in the United States
Whitewater River (California)
Whitewater River (Keowee River tributary), in North Carolina and South Carolina
Whitewater River (Great Miami River tributary), in Indiana and Ohio
Whitewater River (Kansas)
Whitewater River (Minnesota)
Whitewater River (Missouri)
Whitewater River (Oregon)
Specific rivers outside the United States
Whitewater River (New Zealand)
See also
List of whitewater rivers
Whitewater (disambiguation)
Whitewater Canyon (disambiguation)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brake%20bleeding
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Brake bleeding is the procedure performed on hydraulic brake systems whereby the brake lines (the pipes and hoses containing the brake fluid) are purged of any air bubbles. This is necessary because, while the brake fluid is an incompressible liquid, air bubbles are compressible gas and their presence in the brake system greatly reduces the hydraulic pressure that can be developed within the system. The same methods used for bleeding are also used for brake flushing or purging, where the old fluid is replaced with new fluid, which is necessary maintenance.
Methods
The process is performed by forcing clean, bubble-free brake fluid through the entire system, usually from the master cylinder(s) to the calipers of disc brakes (or the wheel cylinders of drum brakes), but in certain cases in the opposite direction. A brake bleed screw is normally mounted at the highest point on each cylinder or caliper.
There are five main methods of bleeding:
The pump and hold method, the brake pedal is pressed while one bleed screw at a time is opened, allowing air to escape. The bleed screw must be closed before releasing the pedal, or a one-way valve must be fitted.
In the vacuum method, a vacuum pump is attached to the bleeder valve, which is opened and fluid extracted with the pump until it runs clear of bubbles.
In the pressure method, a pressure pump is attached to the master cylinder, pressurizing the system, and the bleeder valves are opened one at a time until the fluid is clear of a
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