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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurofibrillary%20tangle
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Neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) are aggregates of hyperphosphorylated tau protein that are most commonly known as a primary biomarker of Alzheimer's disease. Their presence is also found in numerous other diseases known as tauopathies. Little is known about their exact relationship to the different pathologies.
Formation
Neurofibrillary tangles are formed by hyperphosphorylation of a microtubule-associated protein known as tau, causing it to aggregate, or group, in an insoluble form. (These aggregations of hyperphosphorylated tau protein are also referred to as PHF, or "paired helical filaments"). The precise mechanism of tangle formation is not completely understood, though it is typically recognized that tangles are a primary causative factor in neurodegenerative disease.
Cytoskeletal changes
Three different maturation states of NFT have been defined using anti-tau and anti-ubiquitin immunostaining. At stage 0 there are morphologically normal pyramidal cells showing diffuse or fine granular cytoplasmic staining with anti-tau. In other words, cells are healthy with minimal tau presence; at stage 1 some delicate elongate inclusions are stained by tau antibodies (these are early tangles); stage 2 is represented by the classic NFT demonstration with anti-tau staining; stage 3 is exemplified by ghost tangles (tangles outside of cells where the host neuron has died), which are characterized by a reduced anti-tau but marked anti-ubiquitin immunostaining.
Causes
Mutated tau
The
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydraulic%20manifold
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A hydraulic manifold is a component that regulates fluid flow between pumps and actuators and other components in a hydraulic system. It is like a switchboard in an electrical circuit because it lets the operator control how much fluid flows between which components of a hydraulic machinery. For example, in a backhoe loader a manifold turns on or shuts off or diverts flow to the telescopic arms of the front bucket and the back bucket. The manifold is connected to the levers in the operator's cabin which the operator uses to achieve the desired manifold behaviour.
A manifold is composed of assorted hydraulic valves connected to each other. It is the various combinations of states of these valves that allow complex control behaviour in a manifold.
A hydraulic manifold is a block of metal with flow paths drilled through it, connecting various ports. Hydraulic manifolds consist of one or more relative large pipes called a "barrel" or "main", with numerous junctions connecting smaller pipes and ports.
See also
Block and bleed manifold
References
Fluid mechanics
Manifold, Hydraulic
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ADAMTS13
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ADAMTS13 (a disintegrin and metalloproteinase with a thrombospondin type 1 motif, member 13)—also known as von Willebrand factor-cleaving protease (VWFCP)—is a zinc-containing metalloprotease enzyme that cleaves von Willebrand factor (vWf), a large protein involved in blood clotting. It is secreted into the blood and degrades large vWf multimers, decreasing their activity, hence ADAMTS13 acts to reduces thrombus formation.
Genetics
The ADAMTS13 gene maps to the ninth chromosome (9q34).
Discovery
Since 1982 it had been known that thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP), one of the microangiopathic hemolytic anemias (see below), was characterized in its familial form by the presence in plasma of unusually large von Willebrand factor multimers (ULVWF).
In 1994, vWF was shown to be cleaved between a tyrosine at position 1605 and a methionine at 1606 by a plasma metalloprotease enzyme when it was exposed to high levels of shear stress. In 1996, two research groups independently further characterized this enzyme. In the next two years, the same two groups showed that the congenital deficiency of a vWF-cleaving protease was associated with formation of platelet microthrombi in the small blood vessels. In addition, they reported that IgG antibodies directed against this same enzyme caused TTP in a majority of non-familial cases.
Proteomics
Genomically, ADAMTS13 shares many properties with the 19 member ADAMTS family, all of which are characterised by a protease domain (the part
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pars%20reticulata
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The pars reticulata (SNpr) is a portion of the substantia nigra and is located lateral to the pars compacta. Most of the neurons that project out of the pars reticulata are inhibitory GABAergic neurons (i.e., these neurons release GABA, which is an inhibitory neurotransmitter).
Anatomy
Neurons in the pars reticulata are much less densely packed than those in the pars compacta (they were sometimes named pars diffusa). They are smaller and thinner than the dopaminergic neurons and conversely identical and morphologically similar to the pallidal neurons (see primate basal ganglia). Their dendrites as well as the pallidal are preferentially perpendicular to the striatal afferents. The massive striatal afferents correspond to the medial end of the nigrostriatal bundle. Nigral neurons have the same peculiar synaptology with the striatal axonal endings. They make connections with the dopamine neurons of the pars compacta whose long dendrites plunge deeply in the pars reticulata. The neurons of the pars reticulata produce the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA).
The neurons of the pars reticulata through the nigrothalamic bundle send axons to a particular part of the motor thalamus. The nigral territory corresponds to the nucleus ventralis anterior (VA) (see also List of thalamic nuclei) (different from the pallidal VO). VA is the origin of one output of the basal ganglia system. It sends axons to the frontal and oculomotor cortex. In addition the pars reticulata sends
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustav%20de%20Vries
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Gustav de Vries (22 January 1866 – 16 December 1934) was a Dutch mathematician, who is best remembered for his work on the Korteweg–de Vries equation with Diederik Korteweg. He was born on 22 January 1866 in Amsterdam, and studied at the University of Amsterdam with the distinguished physical chemist Johannes van der Waals and with Korteweg. While doing his doctoral research De Vries supported himself by teaching at the Royal Military Academy in Breda (1892-1893) and at the "cadettenschool" in Alkmaar (1893-1894). Under Korteweg's supervision De Vries completed his doctoral dissertation:
Bijdrage tot de kennis der lange golven, (Contributions to the knowledge of long waves) Acad. proefschrift, Universiteit van Amsterdam, 1894, 95 pp, Loosjes, Haarlem. The following year Korteweg and De Vries published the research paper On the Change of Form of Long Waves advancing in a Rectangular Canal and on a New Type of Long Stationary Waves, Philosophical Magazine, 5th series, 39, 1895, pp. 422–443. In 1894 De Vries worked as a high school teacher at the "HBS en Handelsschool" in Haarlem, where he remained until his retirement in 1931. He died in Haarlem on 16 December 1934. The Korteweg-de Vries Institute for Mathematics is named after him.
See also
Cnoidal wave
Korteweg–de Vries equation
Further reading
Bastiaan Willink, The collaboration between Korteweg and de Vries — An enquiry into personalities, History of Physics, 16 p., October 2007 (arXiv.org).
External links
1866 birth
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osteodystrophy
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Osteodystrophy is any dystrophic growth of the bone. It is defective bone development that is usually attributable to renal disease or to disturbances in calcium and phosphorus metabolism.
One form is renal osteodystrophy.
See also
List of radiographic findings associated with cutaneous conditions
References
External links
Skeletal disorders
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuse%20%28hydraulic%29
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In hydraulic systems, a fuse (or velocity fuse) is a component which prevents the sudden loss of hydraulic fluid pressure. It is a safety feature, designed to allow systems to continue operating, or at least to not fail catastrophically, in the event of a system breach. It does this by stopping or greatly restricting the flow of hydraulic fluid through the fuse if the flow exceeds a threshold.
The term "fuse" is used here in analogy with electrical fuses which perform a similar function.
Hydraulic systems rely on high pressures (usually over 7000 kPa) to work properly. If a hydraulic system loses fluid pressure, such as due to a burst hydraulic hose, it will become inoperative and components such as actuators may collapse. This is an undesirable condition in life-critical systems such as aircraft or heavy machinery, such as forklifts. Hydraulic fuses help guard against catastrophic failure of a hydraulic system by automatically isolating the defective branch.
When a hydraulic system is damaged, there is generally a rapid flow of hydraulic fluid towards the breach. Most hydraulic fuses detect this flow and seal themselves (or restrict flow) if the flow exceeds a predetermined limit. There are many different fuse designs but most involve a passive spring-controlled mechanism which closes when the pressure differential across the fuse becomes excessive.
Many gas station pumps are equipped with a velocity fuse to limit gasoline flow. The fuse can be heard to engage wit
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SWE
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SWE may refer to:
Sensor Web Enablement, an Open Geospatial Consortium framework for defining a Sensor Web
Shallow water equations, a set of equations that describe flow below a pressure surface
Snow water equivalent
Society of Women Engineers, a non-profit engineering organization
Society of Wood Engravers, a British printmakers' group
Software engineer
Staebler–Wronski effect, light-induced changes in the properties of silicon
Sweden, the country's ISO 3166-1 alpha-3-code
Swedish language, the language's ISO 639-2 and ISO 639-3 language code
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20mesons
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This list is of all known and predicted scalar, pseudoscalar and vector mesons. See list of particles for a more detailed list of particles found in particle physics.
This article contains a list of mesons, unstable subatomic particles composed of one quark and one antiquark. They are part of the hadron particle family—particles made of quarks. The other members of the hadron family are the baryons—subatomic particles composed of three quarks. The main difference between mesons and baryons is that mesons have integer spin (thus are bosons) while baryons are fermions (half-integer spin). Because mesons are bosons, the Pauli exclusion principle does not apply to them. Because of this, they can act as force mediating particles on short distances, and thus play a part in processes such as the nuclear interaction.
Since mesons are composed of quarks, they participate in both the weak and strong interactions. Mesons with net electric charge also participate in the electromagnetic interaction. They are classified according to their quark content, total angular momentum, parity, and various other properties such as C-parity and G-parity. While no meson is stable, those of lower mass are nonetheless more stable than the most massive mesons, and are easier to observe and study in particle accelerators or in cosmic ray experiments. They are also typically less massive than baryons, meaning that they are more easily produced in experiments, and will exhibit higher-energy phenomena soon
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre%20Berthelot
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Pierre Berthelot (; born 1943) is a mathematician at the University of Rennes. He developed crystalline cohomology and rigid cohomology.
Publications
Berthelot, Pierre Cohomologie cristalline des schémas de caractéristique p>0. Lecture Notes in Mathematics, Vol. 407. Springer-Verlag, Berlin-New York, 1974. 604 pp.
Berthelot, Pierre; Ogus, Arthur Notes on crystalline cohomology. Princeton University Press, Princeton, N.J.; University of Tokyo Press, Tokyo, 1978. vi+243 pp.
References
Home page of Pierre Berthelot
External links
Author profile in the database zbMATH
Living people
École Normale Supérieure alumni
Algebraic geometers
20th-century French mathematicians
University of Paris alumni
Academic staff of the University of Rennes
1943 births
21st-century French mathematicians
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadmium%20zinc%20telluride
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Cadmium zinc telluride, (CdZnTe) or CZT, is a compound of cadmium, zinc and tellurium or, more strictly speaking, an alloy of cadmium telluride and zinc telluride. A direct bandgap semiconductor, it is used in a variety of applications, including semiconductor radiation detectors, photorefractive gratings, electro-optic modulators, solar cells, and terahertz generation and detection. The band gap varies from approximately 1.4 to 2.2 eV, depending on composition.
Characteristics
Radiation detectors using CZT can operate in direct-conversion (or photoconductive) mode at room temperature, unlike some other materials (particularly germanium) which require cooling. Their relative advantages include high sensitivity for X-rays and gamma rays, due to the high atomic numbers of Cd and Te, and better energy resolution than scintillator detectors. CZT can be formed into different shapes for different radiation-detecting applications, and a variety of electrode geometries, such as coplanar grids and small pixel detectors, have been developed to provide unipolar (electron-only) operation, thereby improving energy resolution. A 1 cm3 CZT crystal has a sensitivity range of 30 keV to 3 MeV with a 2.5% FWHM energy resolution at 662 keV. Pixelated CZT with a volume of 6 cm3 can achieve 0.71% FWHM energy resolution at 662 keV and perform Compton imaging.
See also
Scintillator
cadmium telluride
zinc telluride
Telluride (chemistry)
References
External links
National Pollutant Inv
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated%20logistics%20support
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Integrated logistics support (ILS) is a technology in the system engineering to lower a product life cycle cost and decrease demand for logistics by the maintenance system optimization to ease the product support. Although originally developed for military purposes, it is also widely used in commercial customer service organisations.
ILS defined
In general, ILS plans and directs the identification and development of logistics support and system requirements for military systems, with the goal of creating systems that last longer and require less support, thereby reducing costs and increasing return on investments. ILS therefore addresses these aspects of supportability not only during acquisition, but also throughout the operational life cycle of the system. The impact of ILS is often measured in terms of metrics such as reliability, availability, maintainability and testability (RAMT), and sometimes System Safety (RAMS).
ILS is the integrated planning and action of a number of disciplines in concert with one another to assure system availability. The planning of each element of ILS is ideally developed in coordination with the system engineering effort and with each other. Tradeoffs may be required between elements in order to acquire a system that is: affordable (lowest life cycle cost), operable, supportable, sustainable, transportable, and environmentally sound. In some cases, a deliberate process of Logistics Support Analysis will be used to identify tasks within ea
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3D%20Life
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3D Life is a cellular automaton. It is a three-dimensional extension of Game of Life, investigated by Carter Bays. A number of different semitotalistic rules for the 3D rectangular Moore neighborhood were investigated.
It was popularized by A. K. Dewdney in his "Computer Recreations" column in Scientific American magazine.
References
.
.
.
External links
Kaleidoscope of 3D Life
Cellular automaton rules
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British%20Columbia%20Film%20Classification%20Office
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The British Columbia Film Classification Office, part of Consumer Protection BC (legally known as the Business Practices and Consumer Protection Authority) in the Canadian province of British Columbia, is responsible for rating and censoring films under the province's Motion Picture Act. The BCFCO film ratings are also used by Manitoba and Saskatchewan by bilateral agreement.
Rating System
Since January 1, 1997, the BCFCO has used the following motion picture rating system, based on the Canadian Home Video Rating System, for theatrical releases:
General. Suitable for viewing by persons of all ages. Occasional violence, swearing and coarse language, and the most innocent of sexually suggestive scenes and nudity, are permitted in this category. According to the Manitoba Film Classification Board (which now uses the same ratings as British Columbia), this rating is similar to the MPAA's G rating used in the United States and the Australian Classification Board's G Rating.
Parental Guidance. Parental guidance advised. Theme or content may not be suitable for all children although there is no age restriction. Motion pictures in this category may contain less subtle sexually suggestive scenes and nudity and a more realistic portrayal of violence than in the General category; coarse language may occur more often than in the General category. This rating is also similar to the similarly-named MPAA rating and Australian Classification Board rating. (formerly Mature)
14A. Suitable f
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carboxysome
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Carboxysomes are bacterial microcompartments (BMCs) consisting of polyhedral protein shells filled with the enzymes ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (RuBisCO)—the predominant enzyme in carbon fixation and the rate limiting enzyme in the Calvin cycle—and carbonic anhydrase.
Carboxysomes are thought to have evolved as a consequence of the increase in oxygen concentration in the ancient atmosphere; this is because oxygen is a competing substrate to carbon dioxide in the RuBisCO reaction. To overcome the inefficiency of RuBisCO, carboxysomes concentrate carbon dioxide inside the shell by means of co-localized carbonic anhydrase activity, which produces carbon dioxide from the bicarbonate that diffuses into the carboxysome. The resulting concentration of carbon dioxide near RuBisCO decreases the proportion of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate oxygenation and thereby avoids costly photorespiratory reactions. The surrounding shell provides a barrier to carbon dioxide loss, helping to increase its concentration around RuBisCO.
Carboxysomes are an essential part of the broader metabolic network called the Carbon dioxide-Concentrating Mechanism (CCM), which functions in two parts: (1) Membrane transporters concentrate inorganic carbon (Ci) in the cell cytosol which is devoid of carbonic anhydrases. Carbon is primarily stored in the form of HCO3- which cannot re-cross the lipid membrane, as opposed to neutral CO2 which can easily escape the cell. This stockpiles carbon in the c
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methylindole
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A variety of isomers of methyl indole derivatives are known:
1-methylindole
2-methylindole
skatole (3-methylindole)
4-methylindole
5-methylindole
6-methylindole
7-methylindole
External links
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suction%20pressure
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Suction pressure is also called Diffusion Pressure Deficit. If some solute is dissolved in solvent, its diffusion pressure decreases. The difference between diffusion pressure of pure solvent and solution is called diffusion pressure deficit (DPD). It is a reduction in the diffusion pressure of solvent in the solution over its pure state due to the presence of solutes in it and forces opposing diffusion.
When a plant cell is placed in a hypotonic solution, water enters into a cell by endosmosis and as a result turgor pressure (TP) develops in the cell. The cell membrane becomes stretched and the osmotic pressure (OP) of the cell decreases. As the cell absorbs more and more water its turgor pressure increases and osmotic pressure decreases. When a cell is fully turgid, its OP is equal to TP and DPD is zero. Turgid cells cannot absorb any more water. Thus, with reference to plant cells, the DPD can be described as the actual thirst of a cell for water and can be expressed as :
Thus it is DPD that tends to equate and represents the water-absorbing ability of a cell, it is also called suction force (SF) or suction pressure (SP). The actual pressure with which a cell absorbs water is called "suction pressure".
Factors affecting DPD
DPD is directly proportional to the height of the plant, tree or organism.
DPD is governed by two factors i.e. turgor pressure and osmotic pressure. Turgor pressure can be denoted as wall pressure in some cases.
DPD is directly pro
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capacity%20optimization
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Capacity optimization is a general term for technologies used to improve storage use by shrinking stored data. Primary technologies used for capacity optimization are data deduplication and data compression. These are delivered as software or hardware, integrated with storage systems or delivered as standalone products. Deduplication algorithms look for redundancy in sequences of bytes across comparison windows. Typically using cryptographic hash functions as identifiers of unique sequences, sequences are compared to the history of other such sequences, and where possible, the first uniquely stored version of a sequence is referenced rather than stored again. Different methods for selecting data windows include 4KB blocks to full-file comparisons known as single-instance storage (SIS).
Capacity optimization generally refers to the use of this kind of technology in a storage system. An example of this kind of system is the Venti file system in the Plan9 open source OS. There are also implementations in networking (especially wide-area networking), where they are sometimes called bandwidth optimization or WAN optimization.
Commercial implementations of capacity optimization are most often found in backup/recovery storage, where storage of iterating versions of backups day to day creates an opportunity for reduction in space using this approach. The term was first used widely in 2005.
References
Capacity optimization through sensing threshold adaptation for cognitive r
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTD%28f%29
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MTD(f) is an alpha-beta game tree search algorithm modified to use ‘zero-window’ initial search bounds, and memory (usually a transposition table) to reuse intermediate search results. MTD(f) is a shortened form of MTD(n,f) which stands for Memory-enhanced Test Driver with node ‘n’ and value ‘f’. The efficacy of this paradigm depends on a good initial guess, and the supposition that the final minimax value lies in a narrow window around the guess (which becomes an upper/lower bound for the search from root). The memory structure is used to save an initial guess determined elsewhere.
MTD(f) was introduced in 1994 and largely supplanted NegaScout (PVS), the previously dominant search paradigm for chess, checkers, othello and other game automatons.
Origin
MTD(f) was first described in a University of Alberta Technical Report authored by Aske Plaat, Jonathan Schaeffer, Wim Pijls, and Arie de Bruin, which would later receive the ICCA Novag Best Computer Chess Publication award for 1994/1995. The algorithm MTD(f) was created out of a research effort to understand the SSS* algorithm, a best-first search algorithm invented by George Stockman in 1979. SSS* was found to be equivalent to a series of Alpha-beta pruning|alpha-beta calls, provided that alpha-beta used storage, such as a transposition table.
The name MTD(f) stands for Memory-enhanced Test Driver, referencing Judea Pearl's Test algorithm, which performs Zero-Window Searches. MTD(f) is described in depth in Aske Plaat's 1
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inclusion%20bodies
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Inclusion bodies are aggregates of specific types of protein found in neurons, a number of tissue cells including red blood cells, bacteria, viruses, and plants. Inclusion bodies of aggregations of multiple proteins are also found in muscle cells affected by inclusion body myositis and hereditary inclusion body myopathy.
Inclusion bodies in neurons may be accumulated in the cytoplasm or nucleus, and are associated with many neurodegenerative diseases.
Inclusion bodies in neurodegenerative diseases are aggregates of misfolded proteins (aggresomes) and are hallmarks of many of these diseases, including Lewy bodies in Lewy body dementias, and Parkinson's disease, neuroserpin inclusion bodies called Collins bodies in familial encephalopathy with neuroserpin inclusion bodies, inclusion bodies in Huntington's disease, Papp–Lantos bodies in multiple system atrophy, and various inclusion bodies in frontotemporal dementia including Pick bodies. Bunina bodies in motor neurons are a core feature of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.
Other usual cell inclusions are often temporary inclusions of accumulated proteins, fats, secretory granules or other insoluble components.
Inclusion bodies are found in bacteria as particles of aggregated protein. They have a higher density than many other cell components but are porous. They typically represent sites of viral multiplication in a bacterium or a eukaryotic cell and usually consist of viral capsid proteins.
Inclusion bodies contain very littl
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanner%20graph
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In coding theory, a Tanner graph, named after Michael Tanner, is a bipartite graph used to state constraints or equations which specify error correcting codes. In coding theory, Tanner graphs are used to construct longer codes from smaller ones. Both encoders and decoders employ these graphs extensively.
Origins
Tanner graphs were proposed by Michael Tanner as a means to create larger error correcting codes from smaller ones using recursive techniques. He generalized the techniques of Elias for product codes.
Tanner discussed lower bounds on the codes obtained from these graphs irrespective of the specific characteristics of the codes which were being used to construct larger codes.
Tanner graphs for linear block codes
Tanner graphs are partitioned into subcode nodes and digit nodes. For linear block codes, the subcode nodes denote rows of the parity-check matrix H. The digit nodes represent the columns of the matrix H. An edge connects a subcode node to a digit node if a nonzero entry exists in the intersection of the corresponding row and column.
Bounds proven by Tanner
Tanner proved the following bounds
Let be the rate of the resulting linear code, let the degree of the digit nodes be and the degree of the subcode nodes be . If each subcode node is associated with a linear code (n,k) with rate r = k/n, then the rate of the code is bounded by
Computational complexity of Tanner graph based methods
The advantage of these recursive techniques is that they are comp
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apo2.7
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Apo2.7 is a protein confined to the mitochondrial membrane. It can be detected during early stages of apoptosis. It can be used to detect apoptosis via flow cytometry.
References
Apoptosis
Proteins
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bootstrapping%20%28compilers%29
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In computer science, bootstrapping is the technique for producing a self-compiling compiler – that is, a compiler (or assembler) written in the source programming language that it intends to compile. An initial core version of the compiler (the bootstrap compiler) is generated in a different language (which could be assembly language); successive expanded versions of the compiler are developed using this minimal subset of the language. The problem of compiling a self-compiling compiler has been called the chicken-or-egg problem in compiler design, and bootstrapping is a solution to this problem.
Bootstrapping is a fairly common practice when creating a programming language. Many compilers for many programming languages are bootstrapped, including compilers for BASIC, ALGOL, C, C#, D, Pascal, PL/I, Haskell, Modula-2, Oberon, OCaml, Common Lisp, Scheme, Go, Java, Elixir, Rust, Python, Scala, Nim, Eiffel, TypeScript, Vala, Zig and more.
Process
A typical bootstrap process works in three or four stages:
Stage 0: preparing an environment for the bootstrap compiler to work with. This is where the source language and output language of the bootstrap compiler are chosen. In the case of a "bare machine" (one where no compiler for any language exist) the source and output are written as binary machine code, or may be created by cross compiling on some other machine than the target. Otherwise, the bootstrap compiler is to be written in one of the programming languages which does exis
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Final%20Frontier%20%28Keel%20album%29
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The Final Frontier is a 1986 album by the American glam metal band Keel. It was the band's second album to be produced by KISS bassist Gene Simmons. Videos were filmed for the tracks "Because the Night" (a Patti Smith Group cover) and "Tears of Fire".
Track listing
Side one
"The Final Frontier" (Ron Keel, Greg Chaisson) - 3.20
"Rock and Roll Animal" (Marc Ferrari) - 4.47
"Because the Night" (Bruce Springsteen, Patti Smith) - 3.47
"Here Today, Gone Tomorrow" (R. Keel) - 4.06
"Arm and a Leg" (R. Keel, Ferrari, Bryan Jay, Chaisson) - 3.08
Side two
"Raised on Rock" (Ferrari) - 3.10
"Just Another Girl" (R. Keel) - 3.16
"Tears of Fire" (Ferrari) - 4.20
"Nightfall" (Ferrari) - 1.56
"No Pain No Gain" (R. Keel) - 3.44
Personnel
Band members
Ron Keel – vocals, guitars, keyboards
Marc Ferrari – guitars, backing vocals
Bryan Jay – guitars, backing vocals
Kenny Chaisson – bass, backing vocals
Dwain Miller – drums, backing vocals
Guest musicians
Michael Des Barres - vocals on "Raised on Rock"
Joan Jett - rhythm guitar on "Raised on Rock"
Jaime St. James - backing vocals on "Rock and Roll Animal"
Gregg Giuffria - backing vocals on "No Pain No Gain"
Mitch Perry - guitar on "Tears of Fire"
Production
Gene Simmons - producer
Dave Wittman - engineer, mixing
Bruce Buchhalter, Tom Nist, Kevin Smith - assistant engineers
George Marino - mastering at Sterling Sound, New York
John Taylor Dismukes - art direction
Neil Zlozower - photography
References
Keel (band) albums
1986 albums
M
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taylor%20number
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In fluid dynamics, the Taylor number (Ta) is a dimensionless quantity that characterizes the importance of centrifugal "forces" or so-called inertial forces due to rotation of a fluid about an axis, relative to viscous forces.
In 1923 Geoffrey Ingram Taylor introduced this quantity in his article on the stability of flow.
The typical context of the Taylor number is in characterization of the Couette flow between rotating colinear cylinders or rotating concentric spheres. In the case of a system which is not rotating uniformly, such as the case of cylindrical Couette flow, where the outer cylinder is stationary and the inner cylinder is rotating, inertial forces will often tend to destabilize a system, whereas viscous forces tend to stabilize a system and damp out perturbations and turbulence.
On the other hand, in other cases the effect of rotation can be stabilizing. For example, in the case of cylindrical Couette flow with positive Rayleigh discriminant, there are no axisymmetric instabilities. Another example is a bucket of water that is rotating uniformly (i.e. undergoing solid body rotation). Here the fluid is subject to the Taylor-Proudman theorem which says that small motions will tend to produce purely two-dimensional perturbations to the overall rotational flow. However, in this case the effects of rotation and viscosity are usually characterized by the Ekman number and the Rossby number rather than by the Taylor number.
There are various definitions of the Tay
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triosephosphate%20isomerase
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Triose-phosphate isomerase (TPI or TIM) is an enzyme () that catalyzes the reversible interconversion of the triose phosphate isomers dihydroxyacetone phosphate and D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate.
TPI plays an important role in glycolysis and is essential for efficient energy production. TPI has been found in nearly every organism searched for the enzyme, including animals such as mammals and insects as well as in fungi, plants, and bacteria. However, some bacteria that do not perform glycolysis, like ureaplasmas, lack TPI.
In humans, deficiencies in TPI are associated with a progressive, severe neurological disorder called triose phosphate isomerase deficiency. Triose phosphate isomerase deficiency is characterized by chronic hemolytic anemia. While there are various mutations that cause this disease, most include the replacement of glutamic acid at position 104 with an aspartic acid.
Triose phosphate isomerase is a highly efficient enzyme, performing the reaction billions of times faster than it would occur naturally in solution. The reaction is so efficient that it is said to be catalytically perfect: It is limited only by the rate the substrate can diffuse into and out of the enzyme's active site.
Mechanism
The mechanism involves the intermediate formation of an enediol. The relative free energy of each ground state and transition state has been determined experimentally, and is displayed in the figure.
The structure of TPI facilitates the conversion between dihydr
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Singers%20Unlimited
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The Singers Unlimited was a four-part jazz vocal group formed by Gene Puerling in 1971. The group included Len Dresslar (better known as the Jolly Green Giant in General Mills commercials), Bonnie Herman, and Don Shelton.
History
Gene Puerling (1929-2008) and Don Shelton (1934-Present) had formed part of Puerling's vocal group, The Hi-Lo's some years previously, though Shelton was a 1959 replacement for Hi-Lo's member Bob Strasen. The Singers Unlimited were created to record for commercials, but as time passed they were persuaded to record albums. On the recommendation of jazz pianist Oscar Peterson, they signed a contract with MPS Records in Germany. Peterson's trio played on their first-recorded album, In Tune. The group made fifteen albums. Fourteen were recorded for MPS between 1971 and 1982 and were collected in the box set Magic Voices.
Puerling's arrangements for Singers Unlimited earned him a reputation as one of the best vocal writers in the world. Members of the vocal group Take 6 often give credit to him and the Singers Unlimited as innovators in a cappella, claiming they "went to school" on his arrangements.
Puerling took advantage of cutting-edge, multi-tracking techniques of German studio engineer Hans Georg Brunner-Schwer to create his harmonic concepts and the group's signature sound. In the overdubbing process, baritone Puerling and tenor Shelton would often add two additional middle parts, after which all parts were "doubled" and "tripled." Creating these
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PDZ
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PDZ may refer to:
Panzer Dragoon II Zwei, a video game released for the Sega Saturn in 1996
Perfect Dark Zero, a video game released for the Xbox 360 in 2005
PDZ domain, a protein domain
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taylor%E2%80%93Couette%20flow
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In fluid dynamics, the Taylor–Couette flow consists of a viscous fluid confined in the gap between two rotating cylinders. For low angular velocities, measured by the Reynolds number Re, the flow is steady and purely azimuthal. This basic state is known as circular Couette flow, after Maurice Marie Alfred Couette, who used this experimental device as a means to measure viscosity. Sir Geoffrey Ingram Taylor investigated the stability of Couette flow in a ground-breaking paper. Taylor's paper became a cornerstone in the development of hydrodynamic stability theory and demonstrated that the no-slip condition, which was in dispute by the scientific community at the time, was the correct boundary condition for viscous flows at a solid boundary.
Taylor showed that when the angular velocity of the inner cylinder is increased above a certain threshold, Couette flow becomes unstable and a secondary steady state characterized by axisymmetric toroidal vortices, known as Taylor vortex flow, emerges. Subsequently, upon increasing the angular speed of the cylinder the system undergoes a progression of instabilities which lead to states with greater spatio-temporal complexity, with the next state being called wavy vortex flow. If the two cylinders rotate in opposite sense then spiral vortex flow arises. Beyond a certain Reynolds number there is the onset of turbulence.
Circular Couette flow has wide applications ranging from desalination to magnetohydrodynamics and also in viscosimetr
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microcin
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Microcins are very small bacteriocins, composed of relatively few amino acids. For this reason, they are distinct from their larger protein cousins. The classic example is microcin V, of Escherichia coli. Subtilosin A is another bacteriocin from Bacillus subtilis. The peptide has a cyclized backbone and forms three cross-links between the sulphurs of Cys13, Cys7 and Cys4 and the alpha-positions of Phe22, Thr28 and Phe31.
Microcins produced by commensal E. coli strains target and eliminate enteric pathogens such as Salmonella enterica by mimicking the siderophores the pathogens use for iron scavenging. Microcins also help commensal strains of E. coli outcompete pathogenic strains.
BACTIBASE database is an open-access database for bacteriocins including microcins.
References
Bacterial toxins
Peripheral membrane proteins
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybrid%20automaton
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In automata theory, a hybrid automaton (plural: hybrid automata or hybrid automatons) is a mathematical model for precisely describing hybrid systems, for instance systems in which digital computational processes interact with analog physical processes. A hybrid automaton is a finite state machine with a finite set of continuous variables whose values are described by a set of ordinary differential equations. This combined specification of discrete and continuous behaviors enables dynamic systems that comprise both digital and analog components to be modeled and analyzed.
Examples
A simple example is a room-thermostat-heater system where the temperature of the room evolves according to laws of thermodynamics and the state of the heater (on/off); the thermostat senses the temperature, performs certain computations and turns the heater on and off. In general, hybrid automata have been used to model and analyze a variety of embedded systems including vehicle control systems, air traffic control systems, mobile robots, and processes from systems biology.
Formal definition
An Alur–Henzinger hybrid automaton comprises the following components:
A finite set of real-numbered variables. The number is called the dimension of . Let be the set of dotted variables that represent first derivatives during continuous change, and let be the set of primed variables that represent values at the conclusion of discrete change.
A finite multidigraph . The vertices in are called contr
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollow-cathode%20lamp
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A hollow-cathode lamp (HCL) is type of cold cathode lamp used in physics and chemistry as a spectral line source (e.g. for atomic absorption spectrometers) and as a frequency tuner for light sources such as lasers. An HCL takes advantage of the hollow cathode effect, which causes conduction at a lower voltage and with more current than a cold cathode lamp that does not have a hollow cathode.
An HCL usually consists of a glass tube containing a cathode, an anode, and a buffer gas (usually a noble gas). A large voltage across the anode and cathode will cause the buffer gas to ionize, creating a plasma. The buffer gas ions will then be accelerated into the cathode, sputtering off atoms from the cathode. Both the buffer gas and the sputtered cathode atoms will in turn be excited by collisions with other atoms/particles in the plasma. As these excited atoms decay to lower states, they will emit photons. These photons will then excite the atoms in the sample, which will release their own photons and be used to generate data.
An HCL can also be used to tune light sources to a specific atomic transition by making use of the optogalvanic effect, which is a result of direct or indirect photoionization. By shining the light source into the HCL, one can excite or even eject electrons (directly photoionize) from the atoms inside the lamp, so long as the light source includes frequencies corresponding to the right atomic transitions. Indirect photoionization can then occur when el
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San%20Bartolom%C3%A9%20Perulap%C3%ADa
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San Bartolomé Perulapía is a municipality in the Cuscatlán department of El Salvador. It is located on the highway between San Martín and Suchitoto.
The following statistics are for a city of the same name within the municipality:
Municipality statistics
Population: 12,000 (according to mayorship) or 6909 (according to SIBASI 2001)
One Hospital
Two Schools
Ten Churches
Water, electricity, phone services
Two Alcoholics Anonymous groups
A police force
A court
History
When the Spanish conquistadors came, the location was part of three native towns called pupulapan. The towns were then called, by the Europeans, San Martín, San Pedro, y San Bartolomé Perulapán, also called pupulapía, y transformed into perulapía. In 1770 Pedro Cortés y Larraz estimated that the population was 421 natives and 6 Latinos in population.
It was part of the department of San Salvador from 1824 until 1835, at which time it was turned over to Cuscatlán. Because of an earthquake in 1872, the town was moved a kilometer from its original location. Its population was 960 inhabitants in 1890.
External links
http://www.gobernacion.gob.sv/observatorio/Iniciativas%20Locales/WEB/Cuscatl%C3%A1n/snbartolomeperulapia.htm Information
Municipalities of the Cuscatlán Department
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artin%20approximation%20theorem
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In mathematics, the Artin approximation theorem is a fundamental result of in deformation theory which implies that formal power series with coefficients in a field k are well-approximated by the algebraic functions on k.
More precisely, Artin proved two such theorems: one, in 1968, on approximation of complex analytic solutions by formal solutions (in the case ); and an algebraic version of this theorem in 1969.
Statement of the theorem
Let denote a collection of n indeterminates, the ring of formal power series with indeterminates over a field k, and a different set of indeterminates. Let
be a system of polynomial equations in , and c a positive integer. Then given a formal power series solution , there is an algebraic solution consisting of algebraic functions (more precisely, algebraic power series) such that
Discussion
Given any desired positive integer c, this theorem shows that one can find an algebraic solution approximating a formal power series solution up to the degree specified by c. This leads to theorems that deduce the existence of certain formal moduli spaces of deformations as schemes. See also: Artin's criterion.
Alternative statement
The following alternative statement is given in Theorem 1.12 of .
Let be a field or an excellent discrete valuation ring, let be the henselization at a prime ideal of an -algebra of finite type, let m be a proper ideal of , let be the m-adic completion of , and let
be a functor sending filtered colimits to fi
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CFTC
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CFTC may refer to:
Commodity Futures Trading Commission, an American federal agency that regulates U.S. derivatives markets
Confédération Française des Travailleurs Chrétiens (French Confederation of Christian Workers), a major French confederation of trade unions
Commonwealth Fund for Technical Cooperation, a Commonwealth of Nations programme
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vec
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Vec may mean:
Mathematics:
vec(A), the vectorization of a matrix A.
Vec denotes the category of vector spaces over the reals.
Other:
Venetian language (Vèneto), language code.
Vecuronium, a muscle relaxant.
vec, a sentient moravec robot from the Orion's Arm Universe Project (see also Moravec_(robot))
See also
VEC (disambiguation)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channelopathy
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Channelopathies are a group of diseases caused by the dysfunction of ion channel subunits or their interacting proteins. These diseases can be inherited or acquired by other disorders, drugs, or toxins. Mutations in genes encoding ion channels, which impair channel function, are the most common cause of channelopathies. There are more than 400 genes that encode ion channels, found in all human cell types and are involved in almost all physiological processes. Each type of channel is a multimeric complex of subunits encoded by a number of genes. Depending where the mutation occurs it may affect the gating, conductance, ion selectivity, or signal transduction of the channel.
Channelopathies can be categorized based on the organ system which they are associated with. In the cardiovascular system, the electrical impulse needed for each heartbeat is made possible by the electrochemical gradient of each heart cell. Because the heartbeat is dependent on the proper movement of ions across the surface membrane, cardiac channelopathies make up a key group of heart diseases. Long QT syndrome, the most common form of cardiac channelopathy, is characterized by prolonged ventricular repolarization, predisposing to a high risk of ventricular tachyarrhythmias (e.g., torsade de pointes), syncope, and sudden cardiac death.
The channelopathies of human skeletal muscle include hyper- and hypokalemic (high and low potassium blood concentrations) periodic paralysis, myotonia congenita and param
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isochore
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Isochore may refer to:
Isochoric process, in thermodynamics
Isochore (genetics)
Isochore map, in geology
Isochore, in chemistry as a line representing the variation of pressure with temperature when the volume of the substance operated on is constant. See Isochoric process
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Association%20of%20Cricket%20Statisticians%20and%20Historians
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The Association of Cricket Statisticians and Historians (ACS) was founded in England in 1973 for the purpose of researching and collating information about the history and statistics of cricket. Originally called the Association of Cricket Statisticians, the words "and Historians" were added in 1992 but it has continued to use the initialism ACS.
The ACS headquarters were formerly in Nottingham, opposite Trent Bridge Cricket Ground, but relocated to Cardiff in 2006.
Although constituted in England, the ACS has a worldwide membership and is open to anyone with a relevant interest.
Origin
Following the formal definition of first-class cricket by the then Imperial Cricket Conference (ICC) in May 1947, and particularly given ICC's statement that the definition does not have retrospective effect, a number of cricket statisticians became interested in developing an agreed list of matches played before 1947 from which to compile accurate first-class records.
Roy Webber published his Playfair Book of Cricket Records in 1951 and stated his view that first-class cricket records (i.e., for statistical purposes) should not include matches played before 1864. In this first edition, Webber accepted the records used by Wisden Cricketers' Almanack, including those that summarised the career of W G Grace. In his second edition (1961), Webber challenged many existing views about match status and produced, inter alia, an alternative career record for Grace that did not include some of the
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HLP
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HLP may refer to:
Halim Perdanakusuma Airport, in East Jakarta, Indonesia, IATA code
Haryana Lokhit Party, a political party; see Haryana Legislative Assembly
Hepatocyte growth factor-like protein
Houston Lighting & Power, HL&P, former Texas, US utility
Huntington Library Press, an American publisher
.hlp, a file extension for several help file types, including WinHelp
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egusi
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Egusi ( Yoruba: Egusi, Igbo: Egwusi) also known as agusi, ohue, Ikpan, Ikon, agushi or mbíka) is the name for the protein-rich seeds of certain cucurbitaceous plants (squash, melon, gourd), which, after being dried and ground, are used as a major ingredient in West African cuisine.
Egusi melon seeds are large and white in appearance; sometimes they look brownish in color but the main egusi color is white.
Scholars disagree whether the word is used more properly for the seeds of the colocynth, those of a particular large-seeded variety of the watermelon, or generically for those of any cucurbitaceous plant. Egusi seeds are in a class of their own and should never be mistaken for pumpkin or watermelon seeds. In particular the name "egusi" may refer to either or both plants (or more generically to other cucurbits) in their capacity as seed crops, or to a soup made from these seeds and popular in West Africa.
The characteristics and uses of all these seeds are broadly similar. Major egusi-growing nations include Nigeria, Burkina Faso, Togo, Ghana, Côte d'Ivoire, Benin, Mali, and Cameroon.
Species from which egusi is derived include Cucumeropsis mannii and Citrullus lanatus.
Usage
Egusi soup is a soup of Yoruba origin which is thickened with the blended seeds. It is popular in West Africa, with considerable local variations. Besides the seeds, water, and oil, egusi soup typically contains leafy greens, other vegetables, seasonings, and meat. Leafy greens typically used for
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quazepam
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Quazepam, sold under brand name Doral among others, is a relatively long-acting benzodiazepine derivative drug developed by the Schering Corporation in the 1970s. Quazepam is used for the treatment of insomnia including sleep induction and sleep maintenance. Quazepam induces impairment of motor function and has relatively (and uniquely) selective hypnotic and anticonvulsant properties with considerably less overdose potential than other benzodiazepines (due to its novel receptor-subtype selectivity). Quazepam is an effective hypnotic which induces and maintains sleep without disruption of the sleep architecture.
It was patented in 1970 and came into medical use in 1985.
Medical uses
Quazepam is used for short-term treatment of insomnia related to sleep induction or sleep maintenance problems and has demonstrated superiority over other benzodiazepines such as temazepam. It had a fewer incidence of side effects than temazepam, including less sedation, amnesia, and less motor-impairment. Usual dosage is 7.5 to 15 mg orally at bedtime.
Quazepam is effective as a premedication prior to surgery.
Side effects
Quazepam has fewer side effects than other benzodiazepines and less potential to induce tolerance and rebound effects. There is significantly less potential for quazepam to induce respiratory depression or to adversely affect motor coordination than other benzodiazepines. The different side effect profile of quazepam may be due to its more selective binding profile to type
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van%20der%20Waals%20constants%20%28data%20page%29
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The following table lists the Van der Waals constants (from the Van der Waals equation) for a number of common gases and volatile liquids.
To convert from to , multiply by 100.
To convert from to , divide by 10.
To convert from to , divide by 1000.
Units
1 J·m3/mol2 = 1 m6·Pa/mol2 = 10 L2·bar/mol2
1 L2atm/mol2 = 0.101325 J·m3/mol2 = 0.101325 Pa·m6/mol2
1 dm3/mol = 1 L/mol = 1 m3/kmol = 0.001 m3/mol (where kmol is kilomoles = 1000 moles)
References
Gas laws
Constants (Data Page)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy%20Hodgson
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Roy Hodgson (born 9 August 1947) is an English football manager and former player who is the manager of Premier League club Crystal Palace.
He has managed 22 different teams in eight countries, beginning in Sweden with Halmstads BK in the 1976 season. He later guided the Switzerland national team to the last 16 of the 1994 World Cup and qualification for Euro 1996; Switzerland had not qualified for a major tournament since the 1960s. From 2006 to 2007, he managed the Finland national team, guiding them to their highest-ever FIFA ranking of 33rd place and coming close to qualifying for a major tournament for the first time in their history. He managed the England national team from May 2012 to June 2016. Other clubs that Hodgson has managed include Inter Milan, Blackburn Rovers, Malmö FF, Grasshoppers, FC Copenhagen, Udinese, Fulham, Liverpool, West Bromwich Albion, and Watford.
Hodgson served several times as a member of UEFA's technical study group at the European Championships and was also a member of the FIFA technical study group at the 2006 World Cup. Hodgson speaks five languages and has worked as a television pundit in several of the countries in which he has coached.
Early life
Hodgson was born in Croydon, Surrey. His mother was a baker in the town, and his father, Bill, a Newcastle United fan, worked as a bus driver south of the River Thames. Hodgson's family lived in the same building as Steve Kember, one of Hodgson's schoolmates at John Ruskin Grammar School. T
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inseparable
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Inseparable may refer to:
Mathematics
Inseparable differential equation, an ordinary differential equation that cannot be solved by using separation of variables
Inseparable extension, a field extension by elements that do not all satisfy a separable polynomial
Inseparable polynomial, a polynomial that does not have distinct roots in a splitting field
Music
Inseparable (album), by Natalie Cole, 1975
"Inseparable" (song), the title song
Inseparable (EP), by Veridia, 2014
Les inséparables, an album by Corneille, 2011
"Inseperable", a song by Jonas Brothers from Jonas Brothers, 2007
"Inseperable", a song by Mariah Carey from Memoirs of an Imperfect Angel, 2009
Other uses
Inseparable (book), a 2019 sports autobiography by Shaquem Griffin and Shaquill Griffin, with Mark Schlabach
Inseparable (film), a 2011 Chinese film by Dayyan Eng
The Inseparables, a 1929 British film by Adelqui Migliar and John Stafford
Inseparability, in marketing, a quality of services as distinct from goods
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oogonium
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An oogonium (: oogonia) is a small diploid cell which, upon maturation, forms a primordial follicle in a female fetus or the female (haploid or diploid) gametangium of certain thallophytes.
In the mammalian fetus
Oogonia are formed in large numbers by mitosis early in fetal development from primordial germ cells. In humans they start to develop between weeks 4 and 8 and are present in the fetus between weeks 5 and 30.
Structure
Normal oogonia in human ovaries are spherical or ovoid in shape and are found amongst neighboring somatic cells and oocytes at different phases of development. Oogonia can be distinguished from neighboring somatic cells, under an electron microscope, by observing their nuclei. Oogonial nuclei contain randomly dispersed fibrillar and granular material whereas the somatic cells have a more condensed nucleus that creates a darker outline under the microscope. Oogonial nuclei also contain dense prominent nucleoli. The chromosomal material in the nucleus of mitotically dividing oogonia shows as a dense mass surrounded by vesicles or double membranes.
The cytoplasm of oogonia appears similar to that of the surrounding somatic cells and similarly contains large round mitochondria with lateral cristae. The endoplasmic reticulum (E.R.) of oogonia, however, is very underdeveloped and is made up of several small vesicles. Some of these small vesicles contain cisternae with ribosomes and are found located near the golgi apparatus.
Oogonia that are undergoing
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semenogelase
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Semenogelase (, prostate-specific antigen, alpha-seminoprotein, seminin, P-30 antigen, antigen (human clone HPSA-1 prostate-specific protein moiety reduced), gamma-seminoglycoprotein (human protein moiety reduced), gamma-SM, antigen PSA (human prostate-specific), human glandular kallikrein, antigen PSA (human clone 5P1 protein moiety reduced)) is an enzyme. This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction
Preferential cleavage: -Tyr-
This peptidase from trypsin family is present in seminal plasma.
See also
Prostate-specific antigen
References
External links
EC 3.4.21
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gametid
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A gametid is a complementary gamete to the gamete that gives rise to a zygote after conception. During meiosis, four gametes, or haploid cells, are the products of diploid cell division. Two gametes, one egg and one sperm, unite during conception, yielding a zygote. For each gamete that makes a zygote, there is a complementary gamete, or gametid. There are gametids for both egg and sperm gametes. Another word for a gametid is a nontransmitted gamete. These gametids come from the same primary gametocyte that yields the gamete that fuses to form the zygote. Gametids do not always develop into mature gametes. A common example of a gametid that does not develop into a mature gamete is a polar body. Gametogenesis is the process by which mature gametes are produced. In sequential order, gametes develop from primary gametocytes, to secondary gametocytes, to gametids, and then finally to gametes.
References
Germ cells
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spermiogenesis
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Spermiogenesis is the final stage of spermatogenesis, during which the spermatids develop into mature spermatozoa. At the beginning of the stage, the spermatid is a more or less circular cell containing a nucleus, Golgi apparatus, centriole and mitochondria; by the end of the process, it has radically transformed into an elongated spermatozoon, complete with a head, midpiece, and tail.
Phases
The process of spermiogenesis is traditionally divided into four stages: the Golgi phase, the cap phase, formation of the tail, and the maturation stage.
Golgi phase
The spermatids, which up until now have been mostly radially symmetrical, begin to develop polarity. The head forms at one end, where the Golgi apparatus creates enzymes that will become the acrosome. At the other end, it develops a thickened midpiece, where the mitochondria gather and the distal centriole begins to form an axoneme.
Spermatid DNA also undergoes packaging, becoming highly condensed. The DNA is first packaged with specific nuclear basic proteins, which are subsequently replaced with protamines during spermatid elongation. The resultant tightly packed chromatin is transcriptionally inactive.
Cap/acrosome phase
The Golgi apparatus surrounds the condensed nucleus, becoming the acrosomal cap.
Formation of tail
One of the centrioles of the cell elongates to become the tail of the sperm. A temporary structure called the "manchette" assists in this elongation.
During this phase, the developing spermatozoa orie
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustentacular%20cell
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A sustentacular cell is a type of cell primarily associated with structural support, they can be found in various tissues.
Sustentacular cells of the olfactory epithelium (also called supporting cells or Sertoli cells) have been shown to be involved in the phagocytosis of dead neurons, odorant transformation and xenobiotic metabolism.
One type of sustentacular cell is the Sertoli cell, in the testicle. It is located in the walls of the seminiferous tubules and supplies nutrients to sperm. They are responsible for the differentiation of spermatids, the maintenance of the blood-testis barrier, and the secretion of inhibin, androgen-binding protein and Mullerian-inhibiting factor.
The organ of Corti in the inner ear and taste buds also contain sustentacular cells.
Another type of sustentacular cell is found with glomus cells of the carotid and aortic bodies.
About 40% of carcinoids have a scattering of sustentacular cells, which stain positive for S-100.
References
Human cells
Olfactory system
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R2d2%20%28mouse%20gene%29
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R2d2 is a mouse gene that is sometimes a selfish gene.
R2d2 is short for "Responder to meiotic drive 2", It was discovered by UNC School of Medicine researchers to display transmission bias.
R2d2 is a stretch of DNA on mouse chromosome 2 that contains multiple copies of the Cwc22 gene. When seven or more copies of that latter gene are present, R2d2 becomes selfish.
In one lab breeding population, in a selective sweep, R2d2 increased from being in 50 percent of the lab mice's chromosomes to 85 percent in 10 generations. By 15 generations, it reached fixation.
In female mice, R2d2 somehow displaces the chromosome that doesn’t contain it and it is preferentially incorporated into eggs. It has spread in the wild to several parts of the world.
See also
gene drive
Homing endonuclease gene
References
Genes
Mice
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta%20wave
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Beta waves, or beta rhythm, are a type of neural oscillations (brainwave) in the brain with a frequency range of between 12.5 and 30 Hz (12.5 to 30 cycles per second). Beta waves can be split into three sections: Low Beta Waves (12.5–16 Hz, "Beta 1"); Beta Waves (16.5–20 Hz, "Beta 2"); and High Beta Waves (20.5–28 Hz, "Beta 3"). Beta states are the states associated with normal waking consciousness.
History
Beta waves were discovered and named by the German psychiatrist Hans Berger, who invented electroencephalography (EEG) in 1924, as a method of recording electrical brain activity from the human scalp. Berger termed the larger amplitude, slower frequency waves that appeared over the posterior scalp when the subject's eye were closed alpha waves. The smaller amplitude, faster frequency waves that replaced alpha waves when the subject opened their eyes were then termed beta waves.
Function
Low-amplitude beta waves with multiple and varying frequencies are often associated with active, busy or anxious thinking and active concentration.
Over the motor cortex, beta waves are associated with the muscle contractions that happen in isotonic movements and are suppressed prior to and during movement changes, with similar observations across fine and gross motor skills. Bursts of beta activity are associated with a strengthening of sensory feedback in static motor control and reduced when there is movement change. Beta activity is increased when movement has to be resisted or vol
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karush%E2%80%93Kuhn%E2%80%93Tucker%20conditions
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In mathematical optimization, the Karush–Kuhn–Tucker (KKT) conditions, also known as the Kuhn–Tucker conditions, are first derivative tests (sometimes called first-order necessary conditions) for a solution in nonlinear programming to be optimal, provided that some regularity conditions are satisfied.
Allowing inequality constraints, the KKT approach to nonlinear programming generalizes the method of Lagrange multipliers, which allows only equality constraints. Similar to the Lagrange approach, the constrained maximization (minimization) problem is rewritten as a Lagrange function whose optimal point is a (global) saddle point, i.e. a global maximum (minimum) over the domain of the choice variables and a global minimum (maximum) over the multipliers, which is why the Karush–Kuhn–Tucker theorem is sometimes referred to as the saddle-point theorem.
The KKT conditions were originally named after Harold W. Kuhn and Albert W. Tucker, who first published the conditions in 1951. Later scholars discovered that the necessary conditions for this problem had been stated by William Karush in his master's thesis in 1939.
Nonlinear optimization problem
Consider the following nonlinear optimization problem in standard form:
minimize
subject to
where is the optimization variable chosen from a convex subset of , is the objective or utility function, are the inequality constraint functions and are the equality constraint functions. The numbers of inequalities and equalities are d
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Eliteserien%20top%20scorers
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List of top goal scorers in the top flight of Norwegian football, currently known as Eliteserien. The statistics begin with the 1948–49 season. The League of Norway, played from 1937–38 to 1947–48, was divided in eleven conferences with different numbers of game weeks and is therefore not included in this statistics.
Top scorers
By season
The following is a list of top scorers in the top football league of Norway by season.
By player
By club
By nationality
All-time topscorers with over 50 goals
The following is an all-time top-scorer list. Players who have scored 50 or more goals are included.
References
top scorers
Norway
Norway
Association football player non-biographical articles
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unit%20root
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In probability theory and statistics, a unit root is a feature of some stochastic processes (such as random walks) that can cause problems in statistical inference involving time series models. A linear stochastic process has a unit root if 1 is a root of the process's characteristic equation. Such a process is non-stationary but does not always have a trend.
If the other roots of the characteristic equation lie inside the unit circle—that is, have a modulus (absolute value) less than one—then the first difference of the process will be stationary; otherwise, the process will need to be differenced multiple times to become stationary. If there are d unit roots, the process will have to be differenced d times in order to make it stationary. Due to this characteristic, unit root processes are also called difference stationary.
Unit root processes may sometimes be confused with trend-stationary processes; while they share many properties, they are different in many aspects. It is possible for a time series to be non-stationary, yet have no unit root and be trend-stationary. In both unit root and trend-stationary processes, the mean can be growing or decreasing over time; however, in the presence of a shock, trend-stationary processes are mean-reverting (i.e. transitory, the time series will converge again towards the growing mean, which was not affected by the shock) while unit-root processes have a permanent impact on the mean (i.e. no convergence over time).
If a root of th
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Univariate
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In mathematics, a univariate object is an expression, equation, function or polynomial involving only one variable. Objects involving more than one variable are multivariate. In some cases the distinction between the univariate and multivariate cases is fundamental; for example, the fundamental theorem of algebra and Euclid's algorithm for polynomials are fundamental properties of univariate polynomials that cannot be generalized to multivariate polynomials.
In statistics, a univariate distribution characterizes one variable, although it can be applied in other ways as well. For example, univariate data are composed of a single scalar component. In time series analysis, the whole time series is the "variable": a univariate time series is the series of values over time of a single quantity. Correspondingly, a "multivariate time series" characterizes the changing values over time of several quantities. In some cases, the terminology is ambiguous, since the values within a univariate time series may be treated using certain types of multivariate statistical analyses and may be represented using multivariate distributions.
In addition to the question of scaling, a criterion (variable) in univariate statistics can be described by two important measures (also key figures or parameters): Location & Variation.
Measures of Location Scales (e.g. mode, median, arithmetic mean) describe in which area the data is arranged centrally.
Measures of Variation (e.g. span, interquartile dist
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vector%20autoregression
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Vector autoregression (VAR) is a statistical model used to capture the relationship between multiple quantities as they change over time. VAR is a type of stochastic process model. VAR models generalize the single-variable (univariate) autoregressive model by allowing for multivariate time series. VAR models are often used in economics and the natural sciences.
Like the autoregressive model, each variable has an equation modelling its evolution over time. This equation includes the variable's lagged (past) values, the lagged values of the other variables in the model, and an error term. VAR models do not require as much knowledge about the forces influencing a variable as do structural models with simultaneous equations. The only prior knowledge required is a list of variables which can be hypothesized to affect each other over time.
Specification
Definition
A VAR model describes the evolution of a set of k variables, called endogenous variables, over time. Each period of time is numbered, t = 1, ..., T. The variables are collected in a vector, yt, which is of length k. (Equivalently, this vector might be described as a (k × 1)-matrix.) The vector is modelled as a linear function of its previous value. The vector's components are referred to as yi,t, meaning the observation at time t of the i th variable. For example, if the first variable in the model measures the price of wheat over time, then y1,1998 would indicate the price of wheat in the year 1998.
VAR models are c
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBH
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NBH may refer to:
No break here, a C1 control code used in computer systems that use ASCII and derivatives of ASCII, such as Unicode
Non-breaking hyphen, a special variation of the hyphen character used in computer systems
New Broadcasting House, the 2011 extension to the BBC Headquarters
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal%20Mill
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The Crystal Mill, or the Old Mill is an 1892 wooden powerhouse located on an outcrop above the Crystal River in Crystal, Colorado, United States. It is accessible from Marble, Colorado via four-wheel drive. Although called a Watermill, it is more correctly denoted as a compressor station, which used a water turbine to drive an air compressor, and was originally built with a horizontal wheel. The compressed air was then used to power other machinery or tools.
Names
In the 21st century, the mill is usually called the Crystal Mill or the Old Crystal Mill. Many decades ago, when the mill was still in use, it was called the Sheep Mountain Power House at the Lost Horse Millsite, or simply the Lost Horse Mill. The building is built on a mining claim named "Lost Horse". Sometimes it is erroneously called the Dead Horse Mill. The site is referred to as a "mill" because there was a 3-stamp mill for crushing ore, in a building directly adjacent to the south of the surviving structure.
History
The mill was constructed in 1893 by George C. Eaton and B.S. Phillips, promoters of the Sheep Mountain Tunnel and Mining Company. It was built as a power plant for the Sheep Mountain Tunnel. Originally it had a horizontal waterwheel that generated compressed air for miners in the nearby silver mines. It fell into disuse in 1917 when the Sheep Mountain Tunnel mine closed. The mill was placed on the National Register of Historic Places on July 5, 1985.
See also
National Register of Historic Pl
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second-order%20cellular%20automaton
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A second-order cellular automaton is a type of reversible cellular automaton (CA) invented by Edward Fredkin where the state of a cell at time depends not only on its neighborhood at time , but also on its state at time .
General technique
In general, the evolution rule for a second-order automaton may be described as a function that maps the neighborhood of a cell to a permutation on the states of the automaton. In each time step , for each cell of the automaton, this function is applied to the neighborhood of to give a permutation . Then, this permutation is applied to the state of cell at time , and the result is the state of the cell at time
. In this way, the configuration of the automaton at each time step is computed from two previous time steps: the immediately previous step determines the permutations that are applied to the cells, and the time step before that one gives the states on which these permutations operate.
The reversed time dynamics of a second-order automaton may be described by another second-order automaton with the same neighborhood, in which the function mapping neighborhoods to permutations gives the inverse permutation to . That is, on each possible neighborhood , and should be inverse permutations. With this reverse rule, the automaton described by function correctly computes the configuration at time from the configurations at time and . Because every second-order automaton can be reversed in this way, it follows that they are all
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Block%20cellular%20automaton
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A block cellular automaton or partitioning cellular automaton is a special kind of cellular automaton in which the lattice of cells is divided into non-overlapping blocks (with different partitions at different time steps) and the transition rule is applied to a whole block at a time rather than a single cell. Block cellular automata are useful for simulations of physical quantities, because it is straightforward to choose transition rules that obey physical constraints such as reversibility and conservation laws.
Definition
A block cellular automaton consists of the following components:
A regular lattice of cells
A finite set of the states that each cell may be in
A partition of the cells into a uniform tessellation in which each tile of the partition has the same size and shape
A rule for shifting the partition after each time step
A transition rule, a function that takes as input an assignment of states for the cells in a single tile and produces as output another assignment of states for the same cells.
In each time step, the transition rule is applied simultaneously and synchronously to all of the tiles in the partition. Then, the partition is shifted and the same operation is repeated in the next time step, and so forth. In this way, as with any cellular automaton, the pattern of cell states changes over time to perform some nontrivial computation or simulation.
Neighborhoods
The simplest partitioning scheme is probably the Margolus neighborhood, named after Norman M
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund%20Rolls
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Edmund T. Rolls is a neuroscientist and Professor at the University of Warwick.
Rolls is a neuroscientist with research interests in computational neuroscience, including the operation of real neuronal networks in the brain involved in vision, memory, attention, and decision-making; functional neuroimaging of vision, taste, olfaction, feeding, the control of appetite, memory, and emotion; neurological disorders of emotion; psychiatric disorders including depression and schizophrenia; and the brain processes underlying consciousness.
These studies include investigations in patients, and are performed with the aim of contributing to understanding the human brain in health and disease, and of treating its disorders.
Education
Edmund Rolls read preclinical Medicine at the University of Cambridge, and then performed graduate research in neuroscience at the University of Oxford where he was awarded a Doctor of Philosophy (DPhil) degree in 1970. He was awarded a DSc at the University of Oxford in 1986.
Career and Research
Rolls was elected to a Fellowship by Examination at Magdalen College, University of Oxford (1969-1973). Rolls was then Lecturer and later Professor of Experimental Psychology at the University of Oxford (1973–2008). Rolls also served as Fellow and Tutor in Psychology at Corpus Christi College, University of Oxford (1973–2008; and Vice President of Corpus Christi 2003–2006).
In 2008 (–present), Rolls moved to the University of Warwick, where he is Professor of
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crashout
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Crashout is a 1955 American film noir crime film directed by Lewis R. Foster and starring William Bendix, Arthur Kennedy, Luther Adler, William Talman, Gene Evans, Marshall Thompson, and Beverly Michaels.
Plot
Convict Van Duff is the leader of a large-scale prison break. The breakout works as the six survivors hide out in a forgotten mine working near the prison.
Once the coast is clear they then set out on a long, dangerous journey. The convicts take by foot, car, train and truck in an attempt to get to some hidden stolen bank loot. On the journey, the doomed prisoners meet with some locals including a farm woman, a kidnapped doctor and a young woman on a train). Joe Quinn, the only one of the escapees with a conscience, is prepared to run off with the girl on the train until he hears the radio blaring his description and realizes he can't drag her into things.
As they near their goal in freezing weather, Luther Remsen, a religious fanatic who kills on orders from God, goes insane and Duff has to kill him in self-defense. Once the money is recovered, Duff turns on Quinn and leaves him for dead. Quinn finds Duff frozen to death the next morning, still holding the money. Quinn, the only survivor of the six, gives himself up to an approaching search party and is grateful for their presence.
Cast
William Bendix as Van Morgan Duff
Arthur Kennedy as Joe Quinn
Luther Adler as Pete Mendoza
William Talman as Luther Remsen
Gene Evans as Maynard "Monk" Collins
Marshall Thomps
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angle%20bisector%20theorem
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In geometry, the angle bisector theorem is concerned with the relative lengths of the two segments that a triangle's side is divided into by a line that bisects the opposite angle. It equates their relative lengths to the relative lengths of the other two sides of the triangle.
Theorem
Consider a triangle . Let the angle bisector of angle intersect side at a point between and . The angle bisector theorem states that the ratio of the length of the line segment to the length of segment is equal to the ratio of the length of side to the length of side :
and conversely, if a point on the side of divides in the same ratio as the sides and , then is the angle bisector of angle .
The generalized angle bisector theorem states that if lies on the line , then
This reduces to the previous version if is the bisector of . When is external to the segment , directed line segments and directed angles must be used in the calculation.
The angle bisector theorem is commonly used when the angle bisectors and side lengths are known. It can be used in a calculation or in a proof.
An immediate consequence of the theorem is that the angle bisector of the vertex angle of an isosceles triangle will also bisect the opposite side.
Proofs
There exist many different ways of proving the angle bisector theorem. A few of them are shown below.
Proof using similar triangles
As shown in the accompanying animation, the theorem can be proved using similar triangles. In the version illus
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Static%20build
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A static build is a compiled version of a program which has been statically linked against libraries.
Linking
In computer science, linking means taking one or more objects generated by compilers and assembling them into a single executable program. The objects are program modules containing machine code and symbol definitions, which come in two varieties:
Defined or exported symbols are functions or variables that are present in the module represented by the object, and which should be available for use by other modules.
Undefined or imported symbols are functions or variables that are called or referenced by this object, but not internally defined.
A linker program then resolves references to undefined symbols by finding out which other object defines a symbol in question, and replacing placeholders with the symbol's address. Linkers can take objects from a collection called a library. The final program does not include the whole library, only those objects from it that are needed. Libraries for diverse purposes exist, and one or more system libraries are usually linked in by default.
Dynamic linking
Modern operating system environments allow dynamic linking, or the postponing of the resolving of some undefined symbols until a program is run. That means that the executable still contains undefined symbols, plus a list of objects or libraries that will provide definitions for these. Loading the program will load these objects/libraries as well, and perform a final linking.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ankyloglossia
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Ankyloglossia, also known as tongue-tie, is a congenital oral anomaly that may decrease the mobility of the tongue tip and is caused by an unusually short, thick lingual frenulum, a membrane connecting the underside of the tongue to the floor of the mouth. Ankyloglossia varies in degree of severity from mild cases characterized by mucous membrane bands to complete ankyloglossia whereby the tongue is tethered to the floor of the mouth.
Presentation
Ankyloglossia can affect eating, especially breastfeeding, speech and oral hygiene as well as have mechanical/social effects. Ankyloglossia can also prevent the tongue from contacting the anterior palate. This can then promote an infantile swallow and hamper the progression to an adult-like swallow which can result in an open bite deformity. It can also result in mandibular prognathism; this happens when the tongue contacts the anterior portion of the mandible with exaggerated anterior thrusts.
Opinion varies regarding how frequently ankyloglossia truly causes problems. Some professionals believe it is rarely symptomatic, whereas others believe it is associated with a variety of problems. The disagreement among professionals was documented in a study by Messner and Lalakea (2000).
Feeding
Messner et al. studied ankyloglossia and infant feeding. Thirty-six infants with ankyloglossia were compared to a control group without ankyloglossia. The two groups were followed for six months to assess possible breastfeeding difficulties; d
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lanczos%20tensor
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The Lanczos tensor or Lanczos potential is a rank 3 tensor in general relativity that generates the Weyl tensor. It was first introduced by Cornelius Lanczos in 1949. The theoretical importance of the Lanczos tensor is that it serves as the gauge field for the gravitational field in the same way that, by analogy, the electromagnetic four-potential generates the electromagnetic field.
Definition
The Lanczos tensor can be defined in a few different ways. The most common modern definition is through the Weyl–Lanczos equations, which demonstrate the generation of the Weyl tensor from the Lanczos tensor. These equations, presented below, were given by Takeno in 1964. The way that Lanczos introduced the tensor originally was as a Lagrange multiplier on constraint terms studied in the variational approach to general relativity. Under any definition, the Lanczos tensor H exhibits the following symmetries:
The Lanczos tensor always exists in four dimensions but does not generalize to higher dimensions. This highlights the specialness of four dimensions. Note further that the full Riemann tensor cannot in general be derived from derivatives of the Lanczos potential alone. The Einstein field equations must provide the Ricci tensor to complete the components of the Ricci decomposition.
The Curtright field has a gauge-transformation dynamics similar to that of Lanczos tensor. But Curtright field exists in arbitrary dimensions > 4D.
Weyl–Lanczos equations
The Weyl–Lanczos equ
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DCPS
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DCPS may refer to:
Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences, a research focus area of Freie Universität Berlin, Germany
DCPS (gene), a human gene that encodes the scavenger mRNA-decapping enzyme DcpS
DCPS (TV channel), a public-access television station based in Duval County, Florida
Distributed cyber-physical system, a cyber-physical system which involves extensive distributed computation
District of Columbia Public Schools, which operates the public schools in Washington, DC
Dominican Convent Primary School, Bulawayo, an independent school in Bulawayo, Zimbabwe
Dulwich College Preparatory School, a private school in the United Kingdom
Duval County Public Schools, which operates public schools in Jacksonville, Florida
M7GpppX diphosphatase, an enzyme
It might also be used for
Miami-Dade County Public Schools
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celsian
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Celsian is an uncommon feldspar mineral, barium aluminosilicate, BaAl2Si2O8. The mineral occurs in contact metamorphic rocks with significant barium content. Its crystal system is monoclinic, and it is white, yellow, or transparent in appearance. In pure form, it is transparent. Synthetic barium aluminosilicate is used as a ceramic in dental fillings and other applications.
The mineral is named after Anders Celsius (1701–1744).
Composition
Celsian is a barium feldspar with a chemical composition BaAl2Si2O8. It forms part of the feldspar group and belongs to the celsian-hyalophane series and the celsian-orthoclase series. It has some resemblance to anorthite, and it has four distinct polymorphs. The essential elements are silicon, aluminum, oxygen, and barium. Some common impurities in the mineral are iron, titanium, magnesium, potassium, and calcium. Celsian is stable from room temperature up to 1590 °C (Lin and Foster, 1968). The most common trace elements are potassium and calcium, in an analysis of the approximate chemical composition of celsian the following wt% were found:
• SiO2—35.1
• Al2O3---26.8
• BaO----35.8
• K2O-----2.3
Total:100.0 (Newham and Megaw, 1960).
Geologic occurrence
Celsian is of limited occurrence. Most of the barium feldspars are associated with exhalative hydrothermal processes and low-and medium-grade metamorphism (Moro and Cembranos and Fernandez, 2001). It is also associated with sedimentary and meta sedimentary rocks, manganese, fer
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew%20Sandoval
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Andrew Paul Sandoval is an American, best known as a Grammy Award nominated reissuer and compiler and engineer of historical albums, containing popular music from the rock era. Additionally, Sandoval has ongoing careers as author, DJ, journalist, songwriter and professional musician. Born in Santa Monica, California, his career in music began in 1986 as the editor and publisher of a fanzine called New Breed, a project that blossomed into work as a reissue director for such labels as Rhino and PolyGram. His writing has appeared in the form of liner notes to record and CD releases, as well as in articles featured in The Hollywood Reporter and Shindig!
Career
In December 1989, Sandoval performed his first live show as a solo musician and began professionally recording his music soon after (though his first record release did not appear until 1995). His last performances as a musician took place in Spain during a 2010 tour.
On September 11, 2006, Sandoval added DJ to his list of credits when he launched a weekly radio show called Come To The Sunshine on Luxuriamusic.com, which is broadcast live from Los Angeles every Monday from 3 to 5 p.m. (Pacific Time Zone). A website chronicling the show was launched during the program's second series. On May 28, 2017, Come To The Sunshine moved from Luxuriamusic.com to WFMU's Rock & Soul Ichiban.
On December 1, 2010, Sandoval received his first Grammy nomination as a compiler and engineer for the Rhino release Where the Action Is! Los An
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurosteroid
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Neurosteroids, also known as neuroactive steroids, are endogenous or exogenous steroids that rapidly alter neuronal excitability through interaction with ligand-gated ion channels and other cell surface receptors. The term neurosteroid was coined by the French physiologist Étienne-Émile Baulieu and refers to steroids synthesized in the brain. The term, neuroactive steroid refers to steroids that can be synthesized in the brain, or are synthesized by an endocrine gland, that then reach the brain through the bloodstream and have effects on brain function. The term neuroactive steroids was first coined in 1992 by Steven Paul and Robert Purdy. In addition to their actions on neuronal membrane receptors, some of these steroids may also exert effects on gene expression via nuclear steroid hormone receptors. Neurosteroids have a wide range of potential clinical applications from sedation to treatment of epilepsy and traumatic brain injury. Ganaxolone, a synthetic analog of the endogenous neurosteroid allopregnanolone, is under investigation for the treatment of epilepsy.
Classification
Based on differences in activity and structure, neurosteroids can be broadly categorized into several different major groupings.
Inhibitory neurosteroids
These neurosteroids exert inhibitory actions on neurotransmission. They act as positive allosteric modulators of the GABAA receptor (especially δ subunit-containing isoforms), and possess, in no particular order, antidepressant, anxiolytic, stress
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetization
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In classical electromagnetism, magnetization is the vector field that expresses the density of permanent or induced magnetic dipole moments in a magnetic material. Accordingly, physicists and engineers usually define magnetization as the quantity of magnetic moment per unit volume.
It is represented by a pseudovector M. Magnetization can be compared to electric polarization, which is the measure of the corresponding response of a material to an electric field in electrostatics.
Magnetization also describes how a material responds to an applied magnetic field as well as the way the material changes the magnetic field, and can be used to calculate the forces that result from those interactions.
The origin of the magnetic moments responsible for magnetization can be either microscopic electric currents resulting from the motion of electrons in atoms, or the spin of the electrons or the nuclei. Net magnetization results from the response of a material to an external magnetic field.
Paramagnetic materials have a weak induced magnetization in a magnetic field, which disappears when the magnetic field is removed. Ferromagnetic and ferrimagnetic materials have strong magnetization in a magnetic field, and can be magnetized to have magnetization in the absence of an external field, becoming a permanent magnet. Magnetization is not necessarily uniform within a material, but may vary between different points.
Definition
The magnetization field or M-field can be defined accordi
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friis%20transmission%20equation
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The Friis transmission formula is used in telecommunications engineering, equating the power at the terminals of a receive antenna as the product of power density of the incident wave and the effective aperture of the receiving antenna under idealized conditions given another antenna some distance away transmitting a known amount of power. The formula was presented first by Danish-American radio engineer Harald T. Friis in 1946. The formula is sometimes referenced as the Friis transmission equation.
Friis' original formula
Friis' original idea behind his transmission formula was to dispense with the usage of directivity or gain when describing antenna performance. In their place is the descriptor of antenna capture area as one of two important parts of the transmission formula that characterizes the behavior of a free-space radio circuit.
This leads to his published form of his transmission formula:
where:
is the power fed into the transmitting antenna input terminals;
is the power available at receiving antenna output terminals;
is the effective aperture area of the receiving antenna;
is the effective aperture area of the transmitting antenna;
is the distance between antennas;
is the wavelength of the radio frequency;
and are in the same units of power;
, , , and are in the same units.
Distance large enough to ensure a plane wave front at the receive antenna sufficiently approximated by where is the largest linear dimension of either of the antennas.
Friis st
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poincar%C3%A9%20recurrence%20theorem
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In mathematics and physics, the Poincaré recurrence theorem states that certain dynamical systems will, after a sufficiently long but finite time, return to a state arbitrarily close to (for continuous state systems), or exactly the same as (for discrete state systems), their initial state.
The Poincaré recurrence time is the length of time elapsed until the recurrence. This time may vary greatly depending on the exact initial state and required degree of closeness. The result applies to isolated mechanical systems subject to some constraints, e.g., all particles must be bound to a finite volume. The theorem is commonly discussed in the context of ergodic theory, dynamical systems and statistical mechanics. Systems to which the Poincaré recurrence theorem applies are called conservative systems.
The theorem is named after Henri Poincaré, who discussed it in 1890 and proved by Constantin Carathéodory using measure theory in 1919.
Precise formulation
Any dynamical system defined by an ordinary differential equation determines a flow map f t mapping phase space on itself. The system is said to be volume-preserving if the volume of a set in phase space is invariant under the flow. For instance, all Hamiltonian systems are volume-preserving because of Liouville's theorem. The theorem is then: If a flow preserves volume and has only bounded orbits, then, for each open set, any orbit that intersects this open set intersects it infinitely often.
Discussion of proof
The proof, s
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91-Methyl-p-tyrosine
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α-Methyl-p-tyrosine (AMPT), or simply α-methyltyrosine, also known in its chiral 2-(S) form as metirosine, is a tyrosine hydroxylase enzyme inhibitor and is therefore a drug involved in inhibiting the catecholamine biosynthetic pathway. AMPT inhibits tyrosine hydroxylase whose enzymatic activity is normally regulated through the phosphorylation of different serine residues in regulatory domain sites. Catecholamine biosynthesis starts with dietary tyrosine, which is hydroxylated by tyrosine hydroxylase and it is hypothesized that AMPT competes with tyrosine at the tyrosine-binding site, causing inhibition of tyrosine hydroxylase.
It has been used in the treatment of pheochromocytoma. It has been demonstrated to inhibit the production of melanin. It is available as a generic medication.
Structure and stereochemistry
AMPT is related to tyrosine, an amino-acid component of proteins. It contains an extra methyl group in the α-position where tyrosine would have a hydrogen atom. This position is a stereocentre and in natural amino-acids takes the S absolute configuration. However, the alternative R form of AMPT is also known, as is the racemic material which contains equal amounts of the R and S isomers. The S isomer has been developed as the drug metirosine and, as with many chiral drugs, the racemate was also of interest as a potentially cheaper material, known as racemetirosine.
Pharmacology
Effect on catecholamine biosynthesis
AMPT inhibits catecholamine biosynthesis at the
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anisodesmic%20crystal
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An anisodesmic crystal (sometimes anisodemic crystal) is a crystal containing bonds with differing electrostatic valencies. An example is anhydrite. All other crystals are known as isodesmic crystals (or isodemic) and examples include diamond and halite. These terms are of particular importance when discussing the structural chemistry of minerals.
The electrostatic valency is a measure of the strength of bonds, being the valence charge divided by the coordination number. Linus Pauling's second rule of ionic bonding, the Electrostatic Valence Principle states, "An ionic structure will be stable to the extent that the sum of the strengths of the electrostatic bonds that reach an anion equals the charge on that anion."
When there is more than one type of bonding in a crystal, strongly anisotropic physical properties can result such as those of graphite. Many other substances have anisotropic physical properties. Such properties are directly related to the atomic structures of the substances. Conversely, halite is an example of an isotropic crystal with equal hardness in all directions.
External links
BBO Crystal
Crystals
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thymosin
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Thymosins are small proteins present in many animal tissues. They are named thymosins because they were originally isolated from the thymus, but most are now known to be present in many other tissues. Thymosins have diverse biological activities, and two in particular, thymosins α1 and β4, have potentially important uses in medicine, some of which have already progressed from the laboratory to the clinic. In relation to diseases, thymosins have been categorized as biological response modifiers. Thymosins are important for proper T-cell development and differentiation.
Discovery
The discovery of thymosins in the mid 1960s emerged from investigations of the role of the thymus in development of the vertebrate immune system. Begun by Allan L. Goldstein in the Laboratory of Abraham White at the Albert Einstein College of Medicine in New York, the work continued at University of Texas Medical Branch in Galveston and at The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences in Washington D.C. The supposition that the role of the thymus might involve a hormone-like mechanism led to the isolation from thymus tissue of a biologically active preparation. Known as "Thymosin Fraction 5", this was able to restore some aspects of immune function in animals lacking thymus gland. Fraction 5 was found to contain over 40 small peptides (molecular weights ranging from 1000 to 15,000 Da.), which were named "thymosins" and classified as α, β and γ thymosins on the basis of the
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaczmarz%20method
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The Kaczmarz method or Kaczmarz's algorithm is an iterative algorithm for solving linear equation systems . It was first discovered by the Polish mathematician Stefan Kaczmarz, and was rediscovered in the field of image reconstruction from projections by Richard Gordon, Robert Bender, and Gabor Herman in 1970, where it is called the Algebraic Reconstruction Technique (ART). ART includes the positivity constraint, making it nonlinear.
The Kaczmarz method is applicable to any linear system of equations, but its computational advantage relative to other methods depends on the system being sparse. It has been demonstrated to be superior, in some biomedical imaging applications, to other methods such as the filtered backprojection method.
It has many applications ranging from computed tomography (CT) to signal processing. It can be obtained also by applying to the hyperplanes, described by the linear system, the method of successive projections onto convex sets (POCS).
Algorithm 1: Kaczmarz algorithm
Let be a system of linear equations, let be the number of rows of A, be the th row of complex-valued matrix , and let be arbitrary complex-valued initial approximation to the solution of . For compute:
where and denotes complex conjugation of .
If the system is consistent, converges to the minimum-norm solution, provided that the iterations start with the zero vector.
A more general algorithm can be defined using a relaxation parameter
There are versions of the meth
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weighted%20least%20squares
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Weighted least squares (WLS), also known as weighted linear regression, is a generalization of ordinary least squares and linear regression in which knowledge of the unequal variance of observations (heteroscedasticity) is incorporated into the regression.
WLS is also a specialization of generalized least squares, when all the off-diagonal entries of the covariance matrix of the errors, are null.
Formulation
The fit of a model to a data point is measured by its residual, , defined as the difference between a measured value of the dependent variable, and the value predicted by the model, :
If the errors are uncorrelated and have equal variance, then the function
is minimised at , such that .
The Gauss–Markov theorem shows that, when this is so, is a best linear unbiased estimator (BLUE). If, however, the measurements are uncorrelated but have different uncertainties, a modified approach might be adopted. Aitken showed that when a weighted sum of squared residuals is minimized, is the BLUE if each weight is equal to the reciprocal of the variance of the measurement
The gradient equations for this sum of squares are
which, in a linear least squares system give the modified normal equations,
When the observational errors are uncorrelated and the weight matrix, W=Ω−1, is diagonal, these may be written as
If the errors are correlated, the resulting estimator is the BLUE if the weight matrix is equal to the inverse of the variance-covariance matrix of the observations.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirby%2064%3A%20The%20Crystal%20Shards
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Kirby 64: The Crystal Shards is a 2000 platform game developed by HAL Laboratory and published by Nintendo for the Nintendo 64 (N64). It is the first Kirby game to feature 3D computer graphics and follows Kirby as he attempts to reassemble a sacred crystal shattered by Dark Matter. Gameplay is viewed from a 2.5D perspective and is similar to previous Kirby titles; the player traverses levels and obtains powers by eating enemies. Kirby 64 introduces Power Combos, the ability to mix powers to create more powerful ones. In a multiplayer mode, up to four players can compete in three minigames.
Development began in September 1997. The game was intended for the N64's 64DD add-on, but became a standard N64 title after the add-on failed. HAL initially planned to use the N64 controller's analog stick for Kirby 64, but switched to the D-pad about a year before release.
The game received mainly positive reviews, with praise directed at its colorful visuals and classic style of gameplay, but criticism towards its underwhelming low difficulty and short length. The game was rereleased for the Virtual Console on the Wii in 2008, Wii U in 2015, and the Nintendo Switch Online + Expansion Pack in 2022. The game was also included in the Wii compilation Kirby's Dream Collection (2012). Kirby 64: The Crystal Shards was the last traditional Kirby game for home consoles until Kirby's Return to Dream Land (2011).
Gameplay
Kirby 64: The Crystal Shards is a side-scrolling platformer similar to pre
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basic%20helix%E2%80%93loop%E2%80%93helix
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A basic helix–loop–helix (bHLH) is a protein structural motif that characterizes one of the largest families of dimerizing transcription factors. The word "basic" does not refer to complexity but to the chemistry of the motif because transcription factors in general contain basic amino acid residues in order to facilitate DNA binding.
bHLH transcription factors are often important in development or cell activity. For one, BMAL1-Clock (also called ARNTL) is a core transcription complex in the molecular circadian clock. Other genes, like c-Myc and HIF-1, have been linked to cancer due to their effects on cell growth and metabolism.
Structure
The motif is characterized by two α-helices connected by a loop. In general, transcription factors (including this type) are dimeric, each with one helix containing basic amino acid residues that facilitate DNA binding. In general, one helix is smaller, and due to the flexibility of this loop, allows dimerization by folding and packing against another helix. The larger helix typically contains the DNA-binding regions. bHLH proteins typically bind to a consensus sequence called an E-box, CANNTG. The canonical E-box is CACGTG (palindromic), however some bHLH transcription factors, notably those of the bHLH-PAS family, bind to related non-palindromic sequences, which are similar to the E-box. bHLH TFs may homodimerize or heterodimerize with other bHLH TFs and form a large variety of dimers, each one with specific functions.
Examples
A p
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copo%20National%20Park
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Copo National Park () is a federal protected area in Santiago del Estero Province, Argentina. Established on 22 November 2000, it houses a representative sample of the Dry Chaco biodiversity in average state of conservation.
Located in the Copo Department, it has an area of .
Biodiversity
The climate is warm, with annual rainfall between . A large part of the park is made up of forests, with the Santiago red quebracho (quebracho colorado santiagueño) being its characteristic tree species. This tree has a strong wood and high content of tannin, and in the past it suffered a devastating exploitation in other parts of the country. At the beginning of the 20th century, Santiago del Estero was 80% quebracho scrubland; nowadays only 20% remain.
Some of the endangered species that live in this park include the maned wolf, jaguar, the giant anteater, the chacoan peccary and the giant armadillo.
References
Bibliography
External links
Administración de Parques Nacionales - Argentina's National Park Administration (in Spanish)
National parks of Argentina
Protected areas of Santiago del Estero Province
Protected areas established in 1998
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small%20t%20intron
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Plasmid vectors are circular strands of DNA, found in virions, that are used in genetic engineering to integrate new genes into a host cell genome.
The small T intron is an intron, that is used in some plasmid vectors, in order to induce gene expression in mammalian cells.
Function
The function of this intron in the vectors is unknown, but it is theorized that it might be involved in splicing or translation efficiency.
Vectors such as pME18s contain it.
References
Gene expression
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smouldering%20Fires%20%28novel%29
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Smouldering Fires is a historical novel by Anya Seton. It was published by Doubleday, New York, NY, U.S.A., 1975.
This book covers reincarnation and past lives regression and shares some of the territory the author covered in her best selling novel, Green Darkness.
Plot introduction
A teenage girl is troubled by dreams and fantasies that parallel the life of another girl who lived over 200 years before.
The book revolves around a young New Englander, Amy Delatour, a teenager of French Acadian-English lineage, who often goes into a fugue state where she believes she is a tormented soul named Ange-Marie, a French Acadian in exile in eighteenth century Connecticut who had been separated from her beloved husband, Paul. The shy and bookish Amy lives in a state of anguish and uncertainty, until one of her high school teachers, Martin Stone, takes an interest in this unusual, highly intelligent young woman. Together they try to get to the bottom of her mysterious dream states and her fire phobia.
Reception
Smouldering Fires received a critical review from Kirkus Reviews. It read, "Best leave the whole smoldering pile to burn itself out".
References
1975 American novels
American historical novels
Novels by Anya Seton
Novels set in Connecticut
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald%20G.%20Saari
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Donald Gene Saari (born March 1940) is an American mathematician, a Distinguished Professor of Mathematics and Economics and former director of the Institute for Mathematical Behavioral Sciences at the University of California, Irvine.
His research interests include the -body problem, the Borda count voting system, and application of mathematics to the social sciences.
Contributions
Saari has been widely quoted as an expert in voting methods and lottery odds. He is opposed to the use of the Condorcet criterion in evaluating voting systems, and among positional voting schemes he favors using the Borda count over plurality voting, because it reduces the frequency of paradoxical outcomes (which however cannot be avoided entirely in ranking systems because of Arrow's impossibility theorem). For instance, as he has pointed out, plurality voting can lead to situations where the election outcome would remain unchanged if all voters' preferences were reversed; this cannot happen with the Borda count. Saari has defined, as a measure of the inconsistency of a voting method, the number of different combinations of outcomes that would be possible for all subsets of a field of candidates. According to this measure, the Borda count is the least inconsistent possible positional voting scheme, while plurality voting is the most inconsistent. However, other voting theorists such as Steven Brams, while agreeing with Saari that plurality voting is a bad system, disagree with his advocacy of t
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal%20diffusion
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Thermal diffusion may refer to:
A thermal force on a gas due to a temperature gradient, also called thermal diffusion or Thermal transpiration.
It is used to drive a gas pump with no moving parts called a Knudsen pump.
It is the currently accepted theory for the rotation of the Crookes radiometer.
Diffusion in a temperature gradient, also called thermodiffusion or thermophoresis.
It can be used as an obsolete method of making enriched uranium (see enriched uranium § thermal diffusion).
Thermal diffusion can be used to measure fluid flow, including perfusion and rCBF at one location over time.
Brownian motion (at a constant non-zero absolute temperature).
See also:
Molecular diffusion
Heat conduction (i.e., diffusion of heat)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrolyzed%20vegetable%20protein
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Hydrolyzed vegetable protein (HVP) products are foodstuffs obtained by protein hydrolysis and are used as ingredients to create a bouillon (broth) taste without the vegetables, bones, simmering, or other standard elements of creating bouillon from scratch.
Regarding the production process, a distinction can be made between acid-hydrolyzed vegetable protein (aHVP), enzymatically produced HVP, and other seasonings, e.g., fermented soy sauce. Hydrolyzed vegetable protein products are particularly used to round off the taste of soups, sauces, meat products, snacks, and other dishes, as well as for the production of ready-to-cook soups and bouillons.
History
Food technologists have long known that protein hydrolysis produces a meat bouillon-like odor and taste. In 1831, Berzelius obtained products having a meat bouillon taste when hydrolysing proteins with hydrochloric acid. Julius Maggi produced acid-catalyzed hydrolyzed vegetable protein industrially for the first time in 1886.
In 1906, Fischer found that amino acids contributed to the specific taste. In 1954, D. Phillips found that the bouillon odor required the presence of proteins containing threonine. Another important substance giving a characteristic taste is glutamic acid.
Manufacture
Almost all products rich in protein are suitable for the production of HVP. Today, it is made mainly from protein resources of vegetable origin, such as defatted oil seeds (soybean meal, grapeseed meal) and protein from maize (Corn glute
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium%20caseinate
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Calcium caseinate is one of several milk proteins derived from casein in skim and 1% milk. Calcium caseinate has a papery, sweet and overall bland flavor, and is primarily used in meal preparation and fat breakdown. Caseinates are produced by adding an alkali to another derivative of casein, acid casein. The type of caseinate is determined by the cation added alongside the acid casein. Other cations used to form caseinates besides calcium include ammonium, potassium, and sodium.
Calcium caseinate contains about 17% glutamic acid. This provides many health benefits such as treating low blood sugar, improving memory and focus, boosting the immune system and treating intellectual disorders. Calcium caseinate is also soluble and does not clot in the stomach.
Calcium caseinate is mostly composed of 3.5% moisture, 1.0% fat, 90.9% protein, 0.1% lactose, 4.5% ash, although this may vary slightly by manufacturer. Calcium caseinate is semi-soluble in water, contrary to acid casein and rennet casein which are not soluble in water. Sodium caseinate is more water soluble than calcium caseinate, due to its polarity.
Physical properties
Caseins are found in milk which is held together by colloidal calcium phosphate. Calcium caseinate is generally stable at a pH above 5.7, and appears as a milky liquid. This is unlike ammonium, potassium, and sodium caseinates, which are practically clear. At a neutral or acidic pH, casein is relatively insoluble in water, and is easily separated from
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodnius
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Rhodnius is a genus of assassin bugs in the subfamily Triatominae (the kissing bugs), and is an important vector in the spread of Chagas disease. The Rhodnius species were important models for Sir Vincent Wigglesworth's studies of insect physiology, specifically growth and development.
Species
Rhodnius amazonicus Almeida, Santos & Sposina, 1973
Rhodnius brethesi Matta, 1919 (Tc)
Rhodnius colombiensis Moreno Mejía, Galvão & Jurberg, 1999
Rhodnius dalessandroi Carcavallo & Barreto, 1976
Rhodnius domesticus Neiva & Pinto, 1923 (Tc)
Rhodnius ecuadoriensis Lent & León, 1958 (Tc)
Rhodnius milesi Carcavallo, Rocha, Galvão, Jurberg, 2001
Rhodnius nasutus Stål, 1859 (Tc)
Rhodnius neglectus Lent, 1954 (Tc)
Rhodnius neivai Lent, 1953
Rhodnius pallescens Barber, 1932 (Tc) (principal vector in Panama).
Rhodnius paraensis Sherlock, Guitton & Miles, 1977 (Tc)
Rhodnius pictipes Stål, 1872 (Tc)
Rhodnius prolixus Stål, 1859 (Tc) (principal vector in Colombia and Venezuela, and in Guatemala, Honduras and some parts of Nicaragua and El Salvador).
Rhodnius robustus Larrousse, 1927 (Tc)
Rhodnius stali Lent, Jurberg & Galvão, 1993 (Tc)
Species marked with (Tc) are associated with Trypanosoma cruzi
References
External links
Summary of Rhodnius species from metapathogen.com
Reduviidae
Taxa named by Carl Stål
Cimicomorpha genera
Insect vectors of human pathogens
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JAL%20%28compiler%29
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JAL (Just Another Language) is a Pascal-like programming language and compiler that generates executable code for PIC microcontrollers. It is a free-format language with a compiler that runs on Linux, MS-Windows and MS-DOS (OSX support). It is configurable and extendable through the use of libraries and can even be combined with PIC assembly language.
History
JAL was originally created by Wouter van Ooijen and released as free software under the GNU General Public License in 2003. In 2006, Stef Mientki initiated the development of a new version, JALV2, which was programmed by Kyle York and beta tested by an international user group.
Sample code
-- JAL 2.3
include 16f877_bert--define the variables
var byte resist--define the pins
pin_a0_direction = input--variable resistor
pin_d7_direction = input--switch
pin_c2_direction = output--pwm led--enable pulse width modulation
PWM_init_frequency (true, true)
forever loop--convert analog on a0 to digital
resist = ADC_read_low_res(0)
-- run measurement through flash memory
program_eeprom_write(2000,resist)
program_eeprom_read(2000,resist)
-- run measurement through data memory
data_eeprom_write(10,resist)
data_eeprom_read(10,resist)
-- if the switch is pressed return random value
if pin_d7 == high then
resist = random_byte
end if--send resistance to PC
serial_sw_write(resist)
delay_100ms(1)
-- set actual PWM duty cycle
PWM_Set_DutyCycle (resist, resist)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mepraia
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Mepraia is a genus in the subfamily Triatominae, endemic in Chile, and vectors of Chagas disease.
Species
Mepraia eratyrusiformis (Del Ponte, 1929)
Mepraia gajardoi Frías, Henry & González, 1998
Mepraia parapatrica Frías, 2010
Mepraia spinolai (Porter, 1934)
References
Reduviidae
Arthropods of Chile
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IRG
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IRG may stand for:
IATA airport code for Lockhart River Airport
Ideographic Research Group on coded Han character sets
Intelligent Robotics Group
International Resources Group, a professional services firm
Iranian Revolutionary Guard
International Ratings Group, a credit ratings agency
Interest rate guarantee, a financial instrument
Island Reggae Greats
Immunity Related Guanosine Triphosphatases (IRGs)
See also
Satellite IRG, the Satellite Interference Reduction Group
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABL%20%28gene%29
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Tyrosine-protein kinase ABL1 also known as ABL1 is a protein that, in humans, is encoded by the ABL1 gene (previous symbol ABL) located on chromosome 9. c-Abl is sometimes used to refer to the version of the gene found within the mammalian genome, while v-Abl refers to the viral gene, which was initially isolated from the Abelson murine leukemia virus.
Function
The ABL1 proto-oncogene encodes a cytoplasmic and nuclear protein tyrosine kinase that has been implicated in processes of cell differentiation, cell division, cell adhesion, and stress response such as DNA repair. Activity of ABL1 protein is negatively regulated by its SH3 domain, and deletion of the SH3 domain turns ABL1 into an oncogene. The t(9;22) translocation results in the head-to-tail fusion of the BCR and ABL1 genes, leading to a fusion gene present in many cases of chronic myelogenous leukemia. The DNA-binding activity of the ubiquitously expressed ABL1 tyrosine kinase is regulated by CDC2-mediated phosphorylation, suggesting a cell cycle function for ABL1. The ABL1 gene is expressed as either a 6- or a 7-kb mRNA transcript, with alternatively spliced first exons spliced to the common exons 2–11.
Clinical significance
Mutations in the ABL1 gene are associated with chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML). In CML, the gene is activated by being translocated within the BCR (breakpoint cluster region) gene on chromosome 22. This new fusion gene, BCR-ABL, encodes an unregulated, cytoplasm-targeted tyrosine k
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poncelet%27s%20closure%20theorem
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In geometry, Poncelet's closure theorem, also known as Poncelet's porism, states that whenever a polygon is inscribed in one conic section and circumscribes another one, the polygon must be part of an infinite family of polygons that are all inscribed in and circumscribe the same two conics. It is named after French engineer and mathematician Jean-Victor Poncelet, who wrote about it in 1822; however, the triangular case was discovered significantly earlier, in 1746 by William Chapple.
Poncelet's porism can be proved by an argument using an elliptic curve, whose points represent a combination of a line tangent to one conic and a crossing point of that line with the other conic.
Statement
Let C and D be two plane conics. If it is possible to find, for a given n > 2, one n-sided polygon that is simultaneously inscribed in C (meaning that all of its vertices lie on C) and circumscribed around D (meaning that all of its edges are tangent to D), then it is possible to find infinitely many of them. Each point of C or D is a vertex or tangency (respectively) of one such polygon.
If the conics are circles, the polygons that are inscribed in one circle and circumscribed about the other are called bicentric polygons, so this special case of Poncelet's porism can be expressed more concisely by saying that every bicentric polygon is part of an infinite family of bicentric polygons with respect to the same two circles.
Proof sketch
View C and D as curves in the complex projective plan
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climbing%20fiber
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Climbing fibers are the name given to a series of neuronal projections from the inferior olivary nucleus located in the medulla oblongata.
These axons pass through the pons and enter the cerebellum via the inferior cerebellar peduncle where they form synapses with the deep cerebellar nuclei and Purkinje cells. Each climbing fiber will form synapses with 1-10 Purkinje cells.
Early in development, Purkinje cells are innervated by multiple climbing fibers, but as the cerebellum matures, these inputs gradually become eliminated resulting in a single climbing fiber input per Purkinje cell.
These fibers provide very powerful, excitatory input to the cerebellum which results in the generation of complex spike excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) in Purkinje cells. In this way climbing fibers (CFs) perform a central role in motor behaviors.
The climbing fibers carry information from various sources such as the spinal cord, vestibular system, red nucleus, superior colliculus, reticular formation and sensory and motor cortices.
Climbing fiber activation is thought to serve as a motor error signal sent to the cerebellum, and is an important signal for motor timing. In addition to the control and coordination of movements, the climbing fiber afferent system contributes to sensory processing and cognitive tasks likely by encoding the timing of sensory input independently of attention or awareness.
In the central nervous system, these fibers are able to undergo remarkable regene
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GABAergic
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In molecular biology and physiology, something is GABAergic or GABAnergic if it pertains to or affects the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). For example, a synapse is GABAergic if it uses GABA as its neurotransmitter, and a GABAergic neuron produces GABA. A substance is GABAergic if it produces its effects via interactions with the GABA system, such as by stimulating or blocking neurotransmission.
A GABAergic or GABAnergic agent is any chemical that modifies the effects of GABA in the body or brain. Some different classes of GABAergic drugs include agonists, antagonists, modulators, reuptake inhibitors and enzymes.
See also
Adenosinergic
Adrenergic
Cannabinoidergic
Cholinergic
Dopaminergic
Glutamatergic
Glycinergic
Histaminergic
Melatonergic
Monoaminergic
Neurotransmission
Opioidergic
Serotonergic
References
Neurochemistry
Neurotransmitters
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purkinje%20cell
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Purkinje cells, or Purkinje neurons, are a class of GABAergic inhibitory neurons located in the cerebellum. They are named after their discoverer, Czech anatomist Jan Evangelista Purkyně, who characterized the cells in 1839.
Structure
These cells are some of the largest neurons in the human brain (Betz cells being the largest), with an intricately elaborate dendritic arbor, characterized by a large number of dendritic spines. Purkinje cells are found within the Purkinje layer in the cerebellum. Purkinje cells are aligned like dominos stacked one in front of the other. Their large dendritic arbors form nearly two-dimensional layers through which parallel fibers from the deeper-layers pass. These parallel fibers make relatively weaker excitatory (glutamatergic) synapses to spines in the Purkinje cell dendrite, whereas climbing fibers originating from the inferior olivary nucleus in the medulla provide very powerful excitatory input to the proximal dendrites and cell soma. Parallel fibers pass orthogonally through the Purkinje neuron's dendritic arbor, with up to 200,000 parallel fibers forming a Granule-cell-Purkinje-cell synapse with a single Purkinje cell.
Canonically, each adult Purkinje cell receives approximately 500 climbing fiber synapses, all originating from a single climbing fiber from the inferior olive. This has led to the notion that a "highly conserved one-to-one relationship renders Purkinje dendrites into a single computational compartment". However, multi-i
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norepinephrine%20transporter
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The norepinephrine transporter (NET), also known as noradrenaline transporter (NAT), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the solute carrier family 6 member 2 (SLC6A2) gene.
NET is a monoamine transporter and is responsible for the sodium-chloride (Na+/Cl−)-dependent reuptake of extracellular norepinephrine (NE), which is also known as noradrenaline. NET can also reuptake extracellular dopamine (DA). The reuptake of these two neurotransmitters is essential in regulating concentrations in the synaptic cleft. NETs, along with the other monoamine transporters, are the targets of many antidepressants and recreational drugs. In addition, an overabundance of NET is associated with ADHD. There is evidence that single-nucleotide polymorphisms in the NET gene (SLC6A2) may be an underlying factor in some of these disorders.
Gene
The norepinephrine transporter gene, SLC6A2 is located on human chromosome 16 locus 16q12.2. This gene is encoded by 14 exons. Based on the nucleotide and amino acid sequence, the NET transporter consists of 617 amino acids with 12 membrane-spanning domains. The structural organization of NET is highly homologous to other members of a sodium/chloride-dependent family of neurotransmitter transporters, including dopamine, epinephrine, serotonin and GABA transporters.
Single-nucleotide polymorphisms
A single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) is a genetic variation in which a genome sequence is altered by a single nucleotide (A, T, C or G). NET proteins with an
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramanujan%E2%80%93Nagell%20equation
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In mathematics, in the field of number theory, the Ramanujan–Nagell equation is an equation between a square number and a number that is seven less than a power of two. It is an example of an exponential Diophantine equation, an equation to be solved in integers where one of the variables appears as an exponent.
The equation is named after Srinivasa Ramanujan, who conjectured that it has only five integer solutions, and after Trygve Nagell, who proved the conjecture. It implies non-existence of perfect binary codes with the minimum Hamming distance 5 or 6.
Equation and solution
The equation is
and solutions in natural numbers n and x exist just when n = 3, 4, 5, 7 and 15 .
This was conjectured in 1913 by Indian mathematician Srinivasa Ramanujan, proposed independently in 1943 by the Norwegian mathematician Wilhelm Ljunggren, and proved in 1948 by the Norwegian mathematician Trygve Nagell. The values of n correspond to the values of x as:-
x = 1, 3, 5, 11 and 181 .
Triangular Mersenne numbers
The problem of finding all numbers of the form 2b − 1 (Mersenne numbers) which are triangular is equivalent:
The values of b are just those of n − 3, and the corresponding triangular Mersenne numbers (also known as Ramanujan–Nagell numbers) are:
for x = 1, 3, 5, 11 and 181, giving 0, 1, 3, 15, 4095 and no more .
Equations of Ramanujan–Nagell type
An equation of the form
for fixed D, A , B and variable x, n is said to be of Ramanujan–Nagell type. The result of Siegel implies th
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiat%20Fiorino
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The Fiat Fiorino is a small commercial vehicle produced by the Italian car manufacturer Fiat since 1977. Its first two generations have been the panel van derivatives of other small models, such as the Fiat 127 and Fiat Uno, while the current third generation was developed jointly with PSA Peugeot Citroën (both of which merged into Stellantis), and is based on the Fiat Small platform.
The current generation, the Sevel LAV, is also built with a passenger body style, as the Fiat Qubo, and is marketed along with its rebadged versions, the Citroën Nemo and the Peugeot Bipper. It is positioned below the Fiat Doblò, the Citroën Berlingo, and the Peugeot Partner, in each manufacturer's model line up.
The name comes from the fiorino d'oro, an old Italian coin normally translated into English as the Florin.
First generation (1977–1988)
Originally called Fiat 127 Fiorino, the first generation (Codeproject Type 147) was based on the Series 2 Fiat 127 with the back being a van box, i.e. a tall "high cube" design, an arrangement subsequently emulated by several European automakers. The platform is a stretched version of the Brazilian 147 with a different rear suspension.
It was launched in early November 1977 as a panel van with the same 903 cc (100 GL.000) OHV inline-four petrol engine as used in the Fiat 127. In March 1979 the 1050 cc OHC Fiasa engine was added, as was the glazed passenger version (Panorama). 1979 was also when right-hand drive production began, enabling sales in
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