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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturalisation%20%28biology%29
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Naturalisation (or naturalization) is the ecological phenomenon through which a species, taxon, or population of exotic (as opposed to native) origin integrates into a given ecosystem, becoming capable of reproducing and growing in it, and proceeds to disseminate spontaneously. In some instances, the presence of a species in a given ecosystem is so ancient that it cannot be presupposed whether it is native or introduced.
Generally, any introduced species may (in the wild) either go extinct or naturalise in its new environment.
Some populations do not sustain themselves reproductively, but exist because of continued influx from elsewhere. Such a non-sustaining population, or the individuals within it, are said to be adventive. Cultivated plants are a major source of adventive populations.
The above refers to naturalize as an intransitive verb, as in, "The species naturalized". In North America it is common to use naturalize as a transitive verb, as in, "City staff naturalized the park". This means to allow an environment to revert to its natural state.
Botany
In botany, naturalisation is the situation in which an exogenous plant reproduces and disperses on its own in a new environment. For example, northern white cedar is naturalised in the United Kingdom, where it reproduces on its own, while it is not in France, where human intervention via cuttings or seeds are essential for its dissemination.
Two categories of naturalisation are defined from two distinct parameter
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleotide%20exchange%20factor
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Nucleotide exchange factors (NEFs) are proteins that stimulate the exchange (replacement) of nucleoside diphosphates for nucleoside triphosphates bound to other proteins.
Function
Many cellular proteins cleave (hydrolyze) nucleoside triphosphates–adenosine triphosphate (ATP) or guanosine triphosphate (GTP)–to their diphosphate forms (ADP and GDP) as a source of energy and to drive conformational changes. These changes in turn affect the structural, enzymatic, or signalling properties of the protein.
Nucleotide exchange factors actively assist in the exchange of depleted nucleoside diphosphates for fresh nucleoside triphosphates. NEFs are specific for the nucleotides they exchange (ADP or GDP, but not both) and are often specific to a single protein or class of proteins with which they interact.
See also
Nucleoside-diphosphate kinase
Guanine nucleotide exchange factor
References
External links
Alfred Wittinghofer's Seminar: GTP-Binding Proteins as Molecular Switches
Proteins
Articles containing video clips
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleoside-diphosphate%20kinase
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Nucleoside-diphosphate kinases (NDPKs, also NDP kinase, (poly)nucleotide kinases and nucleoside diphosphokinases) are enzymes that catalyze the exchange of terminal phosphate between different nucleoside diphosphates (NDP) and triphosphates (NTP) in a reversible manner to produce nucleotide triphosphates. Many NDP serve as acceptor while NTP are donors of phosphate group. The general reaction via ping-pong mechanism is as follows: XDP + YTP ←→ XTP + YDP (X and Y each represent different nitrogenous base). NDPK activities maintain an equilibrium between the concentrations of different nucleoside triphosphates such as, for example, when guanosine triphosphate (GTP) produced in the citric acid (Krebs) cycle is converted to adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Other activities include cell proliferation, differentiation and development, signal transduction, G protein-coupled receptor, endocytosis, and gene expression.
Structure
NDPK are homohexameric proteins made up of monomers approximately 152 amino acids long with a theoretical weight of 17.17KDa. The complex is found in mitochondria and in the soluble cytoplasm of cells.
Function
NDPK are found in all cells, displaying not much specificity towards the types of nucleoside bases and are capable of accepting nucleotides and deoxyribonucleotides as substrates or donors. Therefore, NDPK is the source of RNA and DNA precursors, except ATP.
NDPK utilize specific enzyme kinetics for multi-substrate reaction, namely ping-pong mechanism.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NDK
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NDK may refer to:
Nucleoside-diphosphate kinase, an enzyme
National Palace of Culture, a congress centre in Sofia, Bulgaria
Nihon Dempa Kogyo Co., Ltd., a crystal device manufacturer in Tokyo, Japan
Nan Desu Kan, an annual anime convention located in Colorado
The Android NDK (native development kit), the C/C++ SDK for Android apps.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD34
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CD34 is a transmembrane phosphoglycoprotein protein encoded by the CD34 gene in humans, mice, rats and other species.
CD34 derives its name from the cluster of differentiation protocol that identifies cell surface antigens. CD34 was first described on hematopoietic stem cells independently by Civin et al. and Tindle et al. as a cell surface glycoprotein and functions as a cell-cell adhesion factor. It may also mediate the attachment of hematopoietic stem cells to bone marrow extracellular matrix or directly to stromal cells. Clinically, it is associated with the selection and enrichment of hematopoietic stem cells for bone marrow transplants. Due to these historical and clinical associations, CD34 expression is almost ubiquitously related to hematopoietic cells; however, it is actually found on many other cell types as well.
Function
The CD34 protein is a member of a family of single-pass transmembrane sialomucin proteins that show expression on early haematopoietic and vascular-associated progenitor cells. However, little is known about its exact function.
CD34 is also an important adhesion molecule and is required for T cells to enter lymph nodes. It is expressed on lymph node endothelia, whereas the L-selectin to which it binds is on the T cell. Conversely, under other circumstances CD34 has been shown to act as molecular "Teflon" and block mast cell, eosinophil and dendritic cell precursor adhesion, and to facilitate opening of vascular lumina. Finally, recent data
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wegener%E2%80%93Bergeron%E2%80%93Findeisen%20process
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The Wegener–Bergeron–Findeisen process (after Alfred Wegener, Tor Bergeron and ), (or "cold-rain process") is a process of ice crystal growth that occurs in mixed phase clouds (containing a mixture of supercooled water and ice) in regions where the ambient vapor pressure falls between the saturation vapor pressure over water and the lower saturation vapor pressure over ice. This is a subsaturated environment for liquid water but a supersaturated environment for ice resulting in rapid evaporation of liquid water and rapid ice crystal growth through vapor deposition. If the number density of ice is small compared to liquid water, the ice crystals can grow large enough to fall out of the cloud, melting into rain drops if lower level temperatures are warm enough.
The Bergeron process, if occurring at all, is much more efficient in producing large particles than is the growth of larger droplets at the expense of smaller ones, since the difference in saturation pressure between liquid water and ice is larger than the enhancement of saturation pressure over small droplets (for droplets large enough to considerably contribute to the total mass). For other processes affecting particle size, see rain and cloud physics.
History
The principle of ice growth through vapor deposition on ice crystals at the expense of water was first theorized by the German scientist Alfred Wegener in 1911 while studying hoarfrost formation. Wegener theorized that if this process happened in clouds and
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20thermodynamics
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The history of thermodynamics is a fundamental strand in, the history of physics, the history of chemistry, and the history of science in general. Owing in the relevance of thermodynamics in much of science and technology, its history is finely woven with the developments of classical mechanics, quantum mechanics, magnetism, and chemical kinetics, to more distant applied fields such as meteorology, information theory, and biology (physiology), and to technological developments such as the steam engine, internal combustion engine, cryogenics and electricity generation. The development of thermodynamics both drove and was driven by atomic theory. It also, albeit in a subtle manner, motivated new directions in probability and statistics; see, for example, the timeline of thermodynamics.
Antiquity
The ancients viewed heat as that related to fire. In 3000 BC, the ancient Egyptians viewed heat as related to origin mythologies. The ancient Indian philosophy including Vedic philosophy believed that five classical elements (or pancha mahā bhūta) are the basis of all cosmic creations. In the Western philosophical tradition, after much debate about the primal element among earlier pre-Socratic philosophers, Empedocles proposed a four-element theory, in which all substances derive from earth, water, air, and fire. The Empedoclean element of fire is perhaps the principal ancestor of later concepts such as phlogiston and caloric. Around 500 BC, the Greek philosopher Heraclitus became famo
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viscous%20coupling%20unit
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A viscous coupling is a mechanical device which transfers torque and rotation by the medium of a viscous fluid.
Design
Rotary viscous couplings with interleaved, perforated plates and filled with viscous fluids are used in automotive systems to transmit torque. The device consists of a number of circular plates with tabs or perforations, fitted very close to each other in a sealed drum. Alternate plates are connected to a driving shaft at one end of the assembly and a driven shaft at the other end. The drum is filled with a dilatant fluid, often silicone-based, to about 80% by volume. When the two sets of plates are rotating in unison, the fluid stays cool and remains liquid. When the plates start rotating at different speeds, the shear effect of the tabs or perforations on the fluid will cause it to heat and become nearly solid because the viscosity of dilatant fluids rapidly increases with shear. The fluid in this state will effectively glue the plates together and transmit power from one set of plates to the other. The size of the tabs or perforations, the number of plates, and the fluid used will determine the strength and onset of this mechanical transfer.
This type of device essentially differs from fluid couplings such as torque converters by using the viscosity of the medium to transfer torque, rather than its momentum. This makes it potentially useful even on very small scales and requires less cooling. The torque transmitted is sensitive to the difference in speed
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genealogical%20DNA%20test
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A genealogical DNA test is a DNA-based genetic test used in genetic genealogy that looks at specific locations of a person's genome in order to find or verify ancestral genealogical relationships, or (with lower reliability) to estimate the ethnic mixture of an individual. Since different testing companies use different ethnic reference groups and different matching algorithms, ethnicity estimates for an individual vary between tests, sometimes dramatically.
Three principal types of genealogical DNA tests are available, with each looking at a different part of the genome and being useful for different types of genealogical research: autosomal (atDNA), mitochondrial (mtDNA), and Y-chromosome (Y-DNA).
Autosomal tests may result in a large number of DNA matches to both males and females who have also tested with the same company. Each match will typically show an estimated degree of relatedness, i.e., a close family match, 1st-2nd cousins, 3rd-4th cousins, etc. The furthest degree of relationship is usually the "6th-cousin or further" level. However, due to the random nature of which, and how much, DNA is inherited by each tested person from their common ancestors, precise relationship conclusions can only be made for close relations. Traditional genealogical research, and the sharing of family trees, is typically required for interpretation of the results. Autosomal tests are also used in estimating ethnic mix.
MtDNA and Y-DNA tests are much more objective. However, they giv
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inborn%20error%20of%20lipid%20metabolism
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Numerous genetic disorders are caused by errors in fatty acid metabolism. These disorders may be described as fatty oxidation disorders or as a lipid storage disorders, and are any one of several inborn errors of metabolism that result from enzyme defects affecting the ability of the body to oxidize fatty acids in order to produce energy within muscles, liver, and other cell types.
Some of the more common fatty acid metabolism disorders are:
Coenzyme A dehydrogenase deficiencies
Very long-chain acyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase deficiency (VLCAD) - Very long-chain acyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase
Long-chain 3-hydroxyacyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase deficiency (LCHAD) - Long-chain 3-hydroxyacyl-coenzyme A
Medium-chain acyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase deficiency (MCAD) - Medium-chain acyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase
Short-chain acyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase deficiency (SCAD) - Short-chain acyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase
3-hydroxyacyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase deficiency (HADH) - 3-hydroxyacyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase
Other Coenzyme A enzyme deficiencies
2,4 Dienoyl-CoA reductase deficiency - 2,4 Dienoyl-CoA reductase
3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA lyase deficiency - 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA lyase
Malonyl-CoA decarboxylase deficiency - Malonyl-CoA decarboxylase
Carnitine related
Primary carnitine deficiency - SLC22A5 (carnitine transporter)
Carnitine-acylcarnitine translocase deficiency - Carnitine-acylcarnitine translocase
Carnitine palmitoyltransferase I deficiency (CPT) - C
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prelabor%20rupture%20of%20membranes
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Prelabor rupture of membranes (PROM), previously known as premature rupture of membranes, is breakage of the amniotic sac before the onset of labor. Women usually experience a painless gush or a steady leakage of fluid from the vagina. Complications in the baby may include premature birth, cord compression, and infection. Complications in the mother may include placental abruption and postpartum endometritis.
Risk factors include infection of the amniotic fluid, prior PROM, bleeding in the later parts of pregnancy, smoking, and a mother who is underweight. Diagnosis is suspected based on symptoms and speculum exam and may be supported by testing the vaginal fluid or by ultrasound. If it occurs before 37 weeks it is known as PPROM (preterm prelabor rupture of membranes) otherwise it is known as term PROM.
Treatment is based on how far along a woman is in pregnancy and whether complications are present. In those at or near term without any complications, induction of labor is generally recommended. Time may also be provided for labor to begin spontaneously. In those 24 to 34 weeks of gestation without complications corticosteroids and close observation is recommended. A 2017 Cochrane review found waiting generally resulted in better outcomes in those before 37 weeks. Antibiotics may be given for those at risk of Group B streptococcus. Delivery is generally indicated in those with complications, regardless of how far along in pregnancy.
About 8% of term pregnancies are compli
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell%20therapy
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Cell therapy (also called cellular therapy, cell transplantation, or cytotherapy) is a therapy in which viable cells are injected, grafted or implanted into a patient in order to effectuate a medicinal effect, for example, by transplanting T-cells capable of fighting cancer cells via cell-mediated immunity in the course of immunotherapy, or grafting stem cells to regenerate diseased tissues.
Cell therapy originated in the nineteenth century when scientists experimented by injecting animal material in an attempt to prevent and treat illness. Although such attempts produced no positive benefit, further research found in the mid twentieth century that human cells could be used to help prevent the human body rejecting transplanted organs, leading in time to successful bone marrow transplantation as has become common practice in treatment for patients that have compromised bone marrow after disease, infection, radiation or chemotherapy. In recent decades, however, stem cell and cell transplantation has gained significant interest by researchers as a potential new therapeutic strategy for a wide range of diseases, in particular for degenerative and immunogenic pathologies.
Background
Cell therapy can be defined as therapy in which cellular material is injected or otherwise transplanted into a patient. The origins of cell therapy can perhaps be traced to the nineteenth century, when Charles-Édouard Brown-Séquard (1817–1894) injected animal testicle extracts in an attempt to stop
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruch%27s%20membrane
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Bruch's membrane or lamina vitrea is the innermost layer of the choroid of the eye. It is also called the vitreous lamina or Membrane vitriae, because of its glassy microscopic appearance. It is 2–4 μm thick.
Anatomy
Structure
Bruch's membrane consists of five layers (from inside to outside):
the basement membrane of the retinal pigment epithelium
the inner collagenous zone
a central band of elastic fibers
the outer collagenous zone
the basement membrane of the choriocapillaris
Development
The membrane grows thicker with age. With age, lipid-containing extracellular deposits may accumulate between the membrane and the basal lamina of the retinal pigmental epithelium, impairing exchange of solutes and contributing to age-related pathology.
Embryology
Bruch's membrane is present by midterm in fetal development as an elastic sheet.
Function
The membrane is involved in the regulation of fluid and solute passage from the choroid to the retina.
Pathology
Bruch's membrane thickens with age, slowing the transport of metabolites. This may lead to the formation of drusen in age-related macular degeneration. There is also a buildup of deposits (Basal Linear Deposits or BLinD and Basal Lamellar Deposits BLamD) on and within the membrane, primarily consisting of phospholipids. The accumulation of lipids appears to be greater in the central fundus than in the periphery. This build up seems to fragment the membrane into a lamellar structure more like puff-pastry than a barrier. I
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.NET%20Reflector
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.NET Reflector is a class browser, decompiler and static analyzer for software created with .NET Framework, originally written by Lutz Roeder. MSDN Magazine named it as one of the Ten Must-Have utilities for developers, and Scott Hanselman listed it as part of his "Big Ten Life and Work-Changing Utilities".
Overview
It can be used to inspect, navigate, search, analyze, and browse the contents of a CLI component such as an assembly and translates the binary information to a human-readable form. By default Reflector allows decompilation of CLI assemblies into C#, Visual Basic .NET, C++/CLI and Common Intermediate Language and F# (alpha version). Reflector also includes a "Call Tree" that can be used to drill down into intermediate language methods to see what other methods they call. It will show the metadata, resources and XML documentation. .NET Reflector can be used by .NET developers to understand the inner workings of code libraries, to show the differences between two versions of the same assembly, and how the various parts of a CLI application interact with each other. There are a large number of add-ins for Reflector.
.NET Reflector can be used to track down performance problems and bugs, browse classes, and maintain or help become familiar with code bases. Using the Analyzer option, it can also be used to find assembly dependencies, and even windows DLL dependencies. There is a call tree and inheritance-browser. It will pick up the same documentation or comments th
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nash%E2%80%93Moser%20theorem
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In the mathematical field of analysis, the Nash–Moser theorem, discovered by mathematician John Forbes Nash and named for him and Jürgen Moser, is a generalization of the inverse function theorem on Banach spaces to settings when the required solution mapping for the linearized problem is not bounded.
Introduction
In contrast to the Banach space case, in which the invertibility of the derivative at a point is sufficient for a map to be locally invertible, the Nash–Moser theorem requires the derivative to be invertible in a neighborhood. The theorem is widely used to prove local existence for non-linear partial differential equations in spaces of smooth functions. It is particularly useful when the inverse to the derivative "loses" derivatives, and therefore the Banach space implicit function theorem cannot be used.
History
The Nash–Moser theorem traces back to , who proved the theorem in the special case of the isometric embedding problem. It is clear from his paper that his method can be generalized. , for instance, showed that Nash's methods could be successfully applied to solve problems on periodic orbits in celestial mechanics in the KAM theory. However, it has proven quite difficult to find a suitable general formulation; there is, to date, no all-encompassing version; various versions due to Gromov, Hamilton, Hörmander, Saint-Raymond, Schwartz, and Sergeraert are given in the references below. That of Hamilton's, quoted below, is particularly widely cited.
The probl
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duncan%20Kenworthy
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Duncan Hamish Kenworthy OBE (born 1949) is a British film and television producer, and co-founder of the production company DNA Films. He is currently a producer at Toledo Productions.
Early life
Kenworthy was educated at Rydal Mount School, Colwyn Bay, North Wales, which is now Rydal Penrhos School, an independent international boarding school. The school renovated the sixth form social space in 2018 and, after a generous donation from Kenworthy during the campaign to all alumni for support, it named the study room in his honour, as The Kenworthy Study Room.
He later attended Christ's College, Cambridge, a constituent college of the University of Cambridge, from 1968, graduating in 1971 with a first class degree in English. He then studied as a postgraduate in the United States at the Annenberg School for Communication at the University of Pennsylvania.
Career
After finishing his education in the US, he remained there, working with Jim Henson. On returning to the UK, he became an independent producer, with credits including Four Weddings and a Funeral (1994), Lawn Dogs (1995), Notting Hill (1999), Love Actually (2003) and The Eagle (2011). His television productions include Jim Henson's The Storyteller and the 1996 version of Gulliver's Travels. He was also co-creator of Fraggle Rock.
Appears in photographs in the credits of Four Weddings and a Funeral (although uncredited) as "Matthew's Gorgeous New Boyfriend".
He is currently the Vice President of BAFTA, having previous
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA%20Films
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DNA Films is a British film production company founded by Andrew Macdonald and Duncan Kenworthy in 1997. They also have a television division with Walt Disney Television called DNA TV Limited.
Location
DNA Films has been one of the most successful production companies that is located in the United Kingdom. DNA Films is located in London.
Film productions
Trainspotting (1996)
Beautiful Creatures (2000)
Strictly Sinatra (2001)
The Parole Officer (2001)
Heartlands (2002)
The Final Curtain (2002)
28 Days Later (2002)
Love Actually (2003)
Separate Lies (2005)
Notes on a Scandal (2006)
The History Boys (2006)
The Last King of Scotland (2006)
Sunshine (2007)
28 Weeks Later (2007)
Never Let Me Go (2010)
Dredd (2012) (co-production with IM Global, Lionsgate, Reliance BIG Pictures, IMAX and Entertainment Film Distributors)
Sunshine on Leith (2013)
Ex Machina (2014)
Far from the Madding Crowd (2015)
T2 Trainspotting (2017)
Annihilation (2018)
Devs (2020) (TV)
Black Narcissus (2020) (TV)
Sir Alex Ferguson: Never Give In (2021)
Men (2022)
''Civil War (TBA)
References
External links
Film production companies of the United Kingdom
Mass media companies based in London
Mass media companies established in 1997
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt%20bridge
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In electrochemistry, a salt bridge or ion bridge is a laboratory device used to connect the oxidation and reduction half-cells of a galvanic cell (voltaic cell), a type of electrochemical cell. It maintains electrical neutrality within the internal circuit. If no salt bridge were present, the solution in one-half cell would accumulate a negative charge and the solution in the other half cell would accumulate a positive charge as the reaction proceeded, quickly preventing further reaction, and hence the production of electricity. Salt bridges usually come in two types: glass tubes and filter paper.
Glass tube bridges
One type of salt bridge consists of a U-shaped glass tube filled with a relatively inert electrolyte. It is usually a combination of potassium or ammonium cations and chloride or nitrate anions, which have similar mobility in solution. The combination is chosen which does not react with any of the chemicals used in the cell. The electrolyte is often gelified with agar-agar to help prevent the intermixing of fluids that might otherwise occur.
The conductivity of a glass tube bridge depends mostly on the concentration of the electrolyte solution. At concentrations below saturation, an increase in concentration increases conductivity. Beyond-saturation electrolyte content and narrow tube diameter may both lower conductivity.
Filter paper bridges
Porous paper such as filter paper may be used as a salt bridge if soaked in an appropriate electrolyte such as the el
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon%20Jordan
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Simon Jordan (born 24 September 1967) is an English businessman who made his fortune in the mobile phone industry. In 2000, he purchased Crystal Palace Football Club and remained chairman of the club until administration in early 2010. In 2002, he co-founded and funded the car magazine Octane, selling his 50% shareholding in 2006. In 2006, he opened the restaurant Club Bar and Dining in London's Warwick Street, Jordan sold it to the Ottolenghi Group in 2011 who renamed the restaurant Nopi. Jordan is currently a co-presenter on the weekday mid-morning sports programme Talksport , White and Jordan.
Early life
Jordan was an accomplished young footballer signing schoolboy forms with both Chelsea and Crystal Palace.
He has described himself as being "good enough to be a professional, but mentally I wasn't interested. You often get players who have bags of talent, but not the required application. I was one of them." His father Peter Jordan played for the Palace youth team, but never made an appearance for the first team.
In the late 1980s or early 1990s he was invited by a friend, James Wright, to join him in his business, Wright Connections, selling mobile phones via adverts placed in Loot and Exchange and Mart. Jordan and Wright rented an office from Delta 5, another mobile phone dealer, and the business lasted for a short time before changing its name to Corporate Cellular Ltd (CCL). This business was not considered to be a great success either and Jordan left in the early 1
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary%20flight%20display
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A primary flight display or PFD is a modern aircraft instrument dedicated to flight information. Much like multi-function displays, primary flight displays are built around a Liquid-crystal display or CRT display device. Representations of older six pack or "steam gauge" instruments are combined on one compact display, simplifying pilot workflow and streamlining cockpit layouts.
Most airliners built since the 1980s—as well as many business jets and an increasing number of newer general aviation aircraft—have glass cockpits equipped with primary flight and multi-function displays (MFDs). Cirrus Aircraft was the first general aviation manufacturer to add a PFD to their already existing MFD, which they made standard on their SR-series aircraft in 2003.
Mechanical gauges have not been eliminated from the cockpit with the onset of the PFD; they are retained for backup purposes in the event of total electrical failure.
Components
While the PFD does not directly use the pitot-static system to physically display flight data, it still uses the system to make altitude, airspeed, vertical speed, and other measurements precisely using air pressure and barometric readings. An air data computer analyzes the information and displays it to the pilot in a readable format. A number of manufacturers produce PFDs, varying slightly in appearance and functionality, but the information is displayed to the pilot in a similar fashion. FAA regulation describes that a PFD includes at a minimum, an
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal%20earpiece
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A crystal earpiece is a type of piezoelectric earphone, producing sound by using a piezoelectric crystal, a material that changes its shape when electricity is applied to it. It is usually designed to plug into the ear canal of the user.
Operation
A crystal earpiece typically consists of a piezoelectric crystal with metal electrodes attached to either side, glued to a conical plastic or metal foil diaphragm, enclosed in a plastic case. The piezoelectric material used in early crystal earphones was Rochelle salt, but modern earphones use barium titanate, or less often quartz. When the audio signal is applied to the electrodes, the crystal bends back and forth a little with the signal, vibrating the diaphragm. The diaphragm pushes on the air, creating sound waves. The plastic earpiece casing confines the sound waves and conducts them efficiently into the ear canal, to the eardrum. The diaphragm is generally fixed at its outer edge, relying on bending to operate. The air path in the earpiece is generally a horn shape, with a narrowing column of air which increases the air displacement at the eardrum, increasing the volume.
Application
Crystal earpieces are usually monaural devices with very low sound fidelity, but high sensitivity and impedance. Their peak use was probably with 1960s era transistor radios and hearing aids. They are not used with modern portable media players due to unacceptable sound quality. The main causes of poor performance with these earpieces are low
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron-capture%20dissociation
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Electron-capture dissociation (ECD) is a method of fragmenting gas-phase ions for structure elucidation of peptides and proteins in tandem mass spectrometry. It is one of the most widely used techniques for activation and dissociation of mass selected precursor ion in MS/MS. It involves the direct introduction of low-energy electrons to trapped gas-phase ions.
History
Electron-capture dissociation was developed by Roman Zubarev and Neil Kelleher while in Fred McLafferty's lab at Cornell University. Irradiation of melittin 4+ ions and ubiquitin 10+ ions (trapped in FT-MS cell) by laser pulses not only resulted in peculiar c', z fragmentation but also charge reduction. It was suggested that if FT cell is modified to trap cations and electrons simultaneously, secondary electrons emitted by UV photons increases the charge reduction effect and c′, z• fragmentation. Replacing UV laser with EI source led to the development of this new technique.
Principles
Electron-capture dissociation typically involves a multiply protonated molecule M interacting with a free electron to form an odd-electron ion. Liberation of the electric potential energy results in fragmentation of the product ion.
.
Rate of electron capture dissociation not only depends on the frequency of ion–electron fragmentation reactions but also on the number of ions in an ion–electron interaction volume. Electron current density and cross-section of ECD is directly proportional to fragmentation frequency. An indire
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analytic%20element%20method
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The analytic element method (AEM) is a numerical method used for the solution of partial differential equations. It was initially developed by O.D.L. Strack at the University of Minnesota. It is similar in nature to the boundary element method (BEM), as it does not rely upon the discretization of volumes or areas in the modeled system; only internal and external boundaries are discretized. One of the primary distinctions between AEM and BEMs is that the boundary integrals are calculated analytically. Although originally developed to model groundwater flow, AEM has subsequently been applied to other fields of study including studies of heat flow and conduction, periodic waves, and deformation by force.
Mathematical basis
The basic premise of the analytic element method is that, for linear differential equations, elementary solutions may be superimposed to obtain more complex solutions. A suite of 2D and 3D analytic solutions ("elements") are available for different governing equations. These elements typically correspond to a discontinuity in the dependent variable or its gradient along a geometric boundary (e.g., point, line, ellipse, circle, sphere, etc.). This discontinuity has a specific functional form (usually a polynomial in 2D) and may be manipulated to satisfy Dirichlet, Neumann, or Robin (mixed) boundary conditions. Each analytic solution is infinite in space and/or time.
Commonly each analytic solution contains degrees of freedom (coefficients) that may be calcul
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrodialysis%20reversal
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Electrodialysis reversal (EDR) is an electrodialysis reversal water desalination membrane process that has been commercially used since the early 1960s. An electric current migrates dissolved salt ions, including fluorides, nitrates and sulfates, through an electrodialysis stack consisting of alternating layers of cationic and anionic ion exchange membranes. Periodically (3-4 times per hour), the direction of ion flow is reversed by reversing the polarity of the applied electric current.
Current reversal reduces clogging of membranes, as salt deposits in the membrane gets dissolved when the current flow is reversed. Electrodialysis reversal causes a small decrease in the diluted feed quality and requires increased complexity infrastructures, as reversible valves are required to change the flow direction of diluted and concentrated streams. However, it greatly increases ion exchange membranes durability, and membrane cleaning prevents electrical resistance increase of membrane as deposits accumulate in the membrane pores.
The polarity reversal of EDR alternately exposed membrane surfaces and the water flow paths to concentrate with a tendency to precipitate scale and desalted water that tends to dissolve scale. This allows the process to operate with supersaturated concentrate streams up to specific limits without chemical additions to prevent scale formation.
See also
Reversed electrodialysis (RED)
Osmotic power
References
External links
Article: Water issues prompt ne
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetically%20modified%20crops
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Genetically modified crops (GM crops) are plants used in agriculture, the DNA of which has been modified using genetic engineering methods. Plant genomes can be engineered by physical methods or by use of Agrobacterium for the delivery of sequences hosted in T-DNA binary vectors. In most cases, the aim is to introduce a new trait to the plant which does not occur naturally in the species. Examples in food crops include resistance to certain pests, diseases, environmental conditions, reduction of spoilage, resistance to chemical treatments (e.g. resistance to a herbicide), or improving the nutrient profile of the crop. Examples in non-food crops include production of pharmaceutical agents, biofuels, and other industrially useful goods, as well as for bioremediation.
Farmers have widely adopted GM technology. Acreage increased from 1.7 million hectares in 1996 to 185.1 million hectares in 2016, some 12% of global cropland. As of 2016, major crop (soybean, maize, canola and cotton) traits consist of herbicide tolerance (95.9 million hectares) insect resistance (25.2 million hectares), or both (58.5 million hectares). In 2015, 53.6 million ha of Genetically modified maize were under cultivation (almost 1/3 of the maize crop). GM maize outperformed its predecessors: yield was 5.6 to 24.5% higher with less mycotoxins (−28.8%), fumonisin (−30.6%) and thricotecens (−36.5%). Non-target organisms were unaffected, except for Braconidae, represented by a parasitoid of European corn bore
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erbin
|
Erbin may refer to:
Erbin (protein), a protein
Erbin of Dumnonia, a Cornish saint
Erbin (an unknown "Pokémon"), a character in the Pokémon Colosseum video game
Erbin of the YouTube channel "Erbin Black"
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Problematica
|
Problematica can be:
A substitute for a taxon, used for organisms whose classification cannot be decided: See incertae sedis
The second part of the binomial name of various species
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principal%20variation%20search
|
Principal variation search (sometimes equated with the practically identical NegaScout) is a negamax algorithm that can be faster than alpha–beta pruning. Like alpha–beta pruning, NegaScout is a directional search algorithm for computing the minimax value of a node in a tree. It dominates alpha–beta pruning in the sense that it will never examine a node that can be pruned by alpha–beta; however, it relies on accurate node ordering to capitalize on this advantage.
NegaScout works best when there is a good move ordering. In practice, the move ordering is often determined by previous shallower searches. It produces more cutoffs than alpha–beta by assuming that the first explored node is the best. In other words, it supposes the first node is in the principal variation. Then, it can check whether that is true by searching the remaining nodes with a null window (also known as a scout window; when alpha and beta are equal), which is faster than searching with the regular alpha–beta window. If the proof fails, then the first node was not in the principal variation, and the search continues as normal alpha–beta. Hence, NegaScout works best when the move ordering is good. With a random move ordering, NegaScout will take more time than regular alpha–beta; although it will not explore any nodes alpha–beta did not, it will have to re-search many nodes.
Alexander Reinefeld invented NegaScout several decades after the invention of alpha–beta pruning. He gives a proof of correctne
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serostim
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Serostim (recombinant DNA somatropin) is Serono's brand name prescription drug form of synthetic growth hormone, marketed for HIV-associated wasting.
In December 2007, the U.S. District Court of Massachusetts - in a class-action lawsuit that involved Merck Serono and Serostim - fined Serono a total of $704 million in criminal and civil liabilities for enacting "illegal schemes to promote, market and sell its drug."
References
External links
Settlement infoi
Growth hormones
Recombinant proteins
Merck brands
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%27Keyah%20Crystal%20Keym%C3%A1h
|
T'Keyah Crystal Keymáh (born Crystal Walker; October 13, 1962) is an American actress and singer. In addition to her status as an original cast member of the Fox sketch comedy series In Living Color (1990–1994), Keymáh is also known for her roles as Erica Lucas on the CBS sitcom Cosby (1996–2000) Tanya Baxter on the Disney Channel sitcom That's So Raven (2003–2005) and the star and host on the Keymáh Network sketch variety show The Cool Crystal Show (2020–present).
Early life
Born Crystal Walker on October 13, 1962, in Chicago, Illinois, at Cook County Hospital, Keymáh was raised Catholic on the city's South Side. Her mother, Arlene Carter, a student at Chicago State University, died when Keymáh was two years old. Keymáh's father, William Walker Sr., was an Illinois state police trooper. He is of Seminole Indian descent from Springfield, Illinois. Keymáh was raised by her maternal grandparents Mary Louis Zeno, a social worker for the Illinois public aid department, and Carneil Carter, an insurance salesperson with Metropolitan Insurance. Keymáh began entertaining her family – singing, dancing, and reciting original poems and stories — at the age of three. Keymáh wrote her first play and her first song in elementary school. For high school, Keymáh is a 1981 graduate of the Academy of Our Lady. Keymáh performed with Ali LeRoi and Lance Crouther in the Mary Wong Comedy Group in high school, and then enrolled in Florida A&M University’s School of Business and Industry. In 1988,
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20IFK%20G%C3%B6teborg%20records%20and%20statistics
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This article is about the records and statistics of the football section of IFK Göteborg. For the statistics of other sections, see IFK Göteborg (sports club).
Honours
Domestic
Swedish Champions
Winners (18): 1908, 1910, 1918, 1934–35, 1941–42, 1957–58, 1969, 1982, 1983, 1984, 1987, 1990, 1991, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 2007
League
Allsvenskan:
Winners (13): 1934–35, 1941–42, 1957–58, 1969, 1982, 1984, 1990, 1991, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 2007
Runners-up (13): 1924–25, 1926–27, 1929–30, 1939–49, 1979, 1981, 1986, 1988, 1997, 2005, 2009, 2014, 2015
Svenska Serien:
Winners (5): 1912–13, 1913–14, 1914–15, 1915–16, 1916–17
Fyrkantserien:
Winners (2): 1918, 1919
Mästerskapsserien:
Winners (1): 1991
Division 2
Winners (3): 1938–39, 1950–51, 1976
Runners-up (2): 1972, 1975
Cups
Svenska Cupen:
Winners (8): 1978–79, 1981–82, 1982–83, 1991, 2008, 2012–13, 2014–15, 2019–20
Runners-up (5): 1985–86, 1998–99, 2004, 2007, 2009
Allsvenskan play-offs:
Winners (5): 1982, 1983, 1984, 1987, 1990
Runners-up (1): 1985
Svenska Mästerskapet:
Winners (3): 1908, 1910, 1918
Svenska Supercupen:
Winners (1): 2008
Runners-up (4): 2009, 2010, 2013, 2015
Kamratmästerskapen:
Winners (11): 1909, 1910, 1912, 1913, 1914, 1915, 1920, 1921, 1922, 1924, 1940
Runners-up (2): 1906, 1908
European
UEFA Cup:
Winners (2): 1981–82, 1986–87
European Cup/UEFA Champions League:
Semi-finals (2): 1985–86, 1992–93
Quarter-finals (3): 1984–85, 1988–89, 1994–95
UEFA Cup Winners' Cup:
Quar
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlases%20of%20the%20flora%20and%20fauna%20of%20Britain%20and%20Ireland
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The biodiversity of Great Britain and Ireland is one of the most well-studied geographical areas of its size in the world. This biota work has resulted in the publication of distribution atlases for many taxonomic groups. This page lists these publications.
A full atlas is generally regarded as a definitive work on distribution, whereas a provisional atlas is typically produced as an interim stage to show survey progress.
One of the bodies responsible for publishing a great number of distribution atlases is the Institute of Terrestrial Ecology. Each atlas presents 10 km2 distribution maps for the species within its scope. Maps typically use different symbols to signify records from differing time-periods - solid symbols for 10-km squares (hectads) that have recent records, and unfilled symbols for 10-km squares for which only older records exist, according to a defined cut-off date.
The atlases are produced by the Biological Records Centre (BRC), which is run by the Institute of Terrestrial Ecology, part of the Centre for Ecology and Hydrology based at CEH Wallingford, Crowmarsh Gifford, Oxfordshire. The data used to produce the maps is gathered by volunteer biological recorders and collated by the BRC Recording Schemes.
The atlases fall into two groups:
Main Atlases are commercially published books, presenting the current state of knowledge for well-recorded groups. They typically include text information about the species, and other supporting material such as analys
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paracentesis
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Paracentesis (from Greek κεντάω, "to pierce") is a form of body fluid sampling procedure, generally referring to peritoneocentesis (also called laparocentesis or abdominal paracentesis) in which the peritoneal cavity is punctured by a needle to sample peritoneal fluid.
The procedure is used to remove fluid from the peritoneal cavity, particularly if this cannot be achieved with medication. The most common indication is ascites that has developed in people with cirrhosis.
Indications
It is used for a number of reasons:
to relieve abdominal pressure from ascites
to diagnose spontaneous bacterial peritonitis and other infections (e.g. abdominal TB)
to diagnose metastatic cancer
to diagnose blood in peritoneal space in trauma
Paracentesis for ascites
The procedure is often performed in a doctor's office or an outpatient clinic. In an expert's hands, it is usually very safe, although there is a small risk of infection, excessive bleeding or perforating a loop of bowel. These last two risks can be minimized greatly with the use of ultrasound guidance.
Ultrasound guidance
The use of ultrasound has become the standard of care when preparing a patient for paracentesis. Confirmation of an ascitic effusion reduces the risks associated with a dry or blind tap of the abdomen. Anatomic landmarks, such as the midline linea alba approach, were traditionally used as reference points for needle insertion. Phased array or curvilinear ultrasound transducers are typically used in the h
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phospholamban
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Phospholamban, also known as PLN or PLB, is a micropeptide protein that in humans is encoded by the PLN gene. Phospholamban is a 52-amino acid integral membrane protein that regulates the calcium (Ca2+) pump in cardiac muscle cells.
Function
This protein is found as a pentamer and is a major substrate for the cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) in cardiac muscle. In the unphosphorylated state, phospholamban is an inhibitor of cardiac muscle sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase (SERCA2) which transports calcium from cytosol into the sarcoplasmic reticulum. When phosphorylated (by PKA) - disinhibition of Ca2+-ATPase of SR leads to faster Ca2+ uptake into the sarcoplasmic reticulum, thereby contributing to the lusitropic response elicited in heart by beta-agonists. The protein is a key regulator of cardiac diastolic function. Mutations in this gene are a cause of inherited human dilated cardiomyopathy with refractory congestive heart failure.
When phospholamban is phosphorylated by PKA, its ability to inhibit SERCA2 is lost. Thus, activators of PKA, such as the beta-adrenergic agonist epinephrine (released by sympathetic stimulation), may enhance the rate of cardiac myocyte relaxation. In addition, since SERCA2 is more active, the next action potential will cause an increased release of calcium, resulting in increased contraction (positive inotropic effect). When phospholamban is not phosphorylated, such as when PKA is inactive, it can interact with and inhibit SERCA. Thus, t
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidden%20Field%20Equations
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Hidden Fields Equations (HFE), also known as HFE trapdoor function, is a public key cryptosystem which was introduced at Eurocrypt in 1996 and proposed by Jacques Patarin following the idea of the Matsumoto and Imai system. It is based on polynomials over finite fields of different size to disguise the relationship between the private key and public key. HFE is in fact a family which consists of basic HFE and combinatorial versions of HFE. The HFE family of cryptosystems is based on the hardness of the problem of finding solutions to a system of multivariate quadratic equations (the so-called MQ problem) since it uses private affine transformations to hide the extension field and the private polynomials. Hidden Field Equations also have been used to construct digital signature schemes, e.g. Quartz and Sflash.
Mathematical background
One of the central notions to understand how Hidden Field Equations work is to see that for two extension fields over the same base field one can interpret a system of multivariate polynomials in variables over as a function by using a suitable basis of over . In almost all applications the polynomials are quadratic, i.e. they have degree 2. We start with the simplest kind of polynomials, namely monomials, and show how they lead to quadratic systems of equations.
Consider a finite field , where is a power of 2, and an extension field . Let such that for some and gcd. The condition gcd is equivalent to requiring that the map on
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urofollitropin
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Urofollitropin is a purified form of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) that is manufactured by extraction from human urine and then purified to remove various proteins and other substances. FSH is important in the development of follicles (eggs) produced by the ovaries. Given by subcutaneous injection, it is used in combination with human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) to assist in ovulation and fertility. It is also used with in vitro fertilization methods. The dosage is adjusted to each individual's response.
The most common side effects are abdominal or pelvic pain, bloating, as well as redness, pain or swelling at the injection site. Follitropin is possibly associated with increased risk of endometrial carcinoma. It is not for use during pregnancy, as there is evidence for birth defects under follitropin treatment.
Bravelle sold in the United States from March 2014 through October 2015 is subject to a recall and refund by its maker, Ferring Pharmaceuticals, because certain batches of the medicine had a lower strength than stated.
References
External links
Bravelle, by Ferring Pharmaceuticals, Switzerland
Fostimon by Institut Biochemique SA, Switzerland
Schering-Plough brands
Merck & Co. brands
Merck brands
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone and gonadotropins
Human female endocrine system
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael%20H.%20Gelb
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Professor Michael H. Gelb (born 1957) is an American biochemist and chemist specializing in enzymes and particularly those of medical significance. He is the Boris and Barbara L. Weinstein Endowed Chair in Chemistry at the University of Washington in Seattle. He also teaches Honors Organic Chemistry, Chemical Biology and Enzymology.
Education
Gelb studied chemistry and biochemistry at the University of California, Davis before taking a Ph.D under Stephen G. Sligar at Yale University on aspects of the catalytic mechanism of cytochrome P450. Granted an American Cancer Society postdoctoral fellowship, he then investigated mechanism-based inactivators of serine proteases and developed fluorinated ketones as tight-binding inhibitors of several classes of proteases, working with Robert H. Abeles at Brandeis University.
Professional life
Since 1985 Gelb has been a faculty member at the University of Washington in the Departments of Chemistry and Biochemistry.
In order to investigate enzymatic processes of biomedical importance, the Gelb laboratory employs a variety of methods from molecular and cellular biochemistry as well as synthetic organic chemistry. Major accomplishments from the Gelb laboratory include: 1) The discovery of protein isoprenylation in the late 1980s (together with Professor John Glomset); 2) The development of methods to analyze enzymes that work on membrane surfaces (together with Professors Mahendra Jain and Otto Berg); 3) The development of Isotope-Cod
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyhedroid
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Polyhedroid may refer to:
A 4-polytope
A form of agate crystal
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rietveld%20refinement
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Rietveld refinement is a technique described by Hugo Rietveld for use in the characterisation of crystalline materials. The neutron and X-ray diffraction of powder samples results in a pattern characterised by reflections (peaks in intensity) at certain positions. The height, width and position of these reflections can be used to determine many aspects of the material's structure.
The Rietveld method uses a least squares approach to refine a theoretical line profile until it
matches the measured profile. The introduction of this technique was a significant step forward in the
diffraction analysis of powder samples as, unlike other techniques at that time, it was able to deal reliably with strongly overlapping reflections.
The method was first implemented in 1967, and reported in 1969 for the diffraction of monochromatic neutrons where the reflection-position is reported in terms of the Bragg angle, 2θ. This terminology will be used here although the technique is
equally applicable to alternative scales such as x-ray energy or neutron time-of-flight. The only wavelength and technique independent scale is in reciprocal space units or momentum transfer Q, which is historically rarely used in powder diffraction but very common in all other diffraction and optics techniques. The relation is
Introduction
The most common powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) refinement technique used today is based on the method proposed in the 1960s by Hugo Rietveld. The Rietveld method fits a calcula
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powder%20diffraction
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Powder diffraction is a scientific technique using X-ray, neutron, or electron diffraction on powder or microcrystalline samples for structural characterization of materials. An instrument dedicated to performing such powder measurements is called a powder diffractometer.
Powder diffraction stands in contrast to single crystal diffraction techniques, which work best with a single, well-ordered crystal.
Explanation
The most common type of powder diffraction is with x-rays, the focus of this article although some aspects of neutron powder diffraction are mentioned. (Powder electron diffraction is more complex due to dynamical diffraction and is not discussed further herein.) Typical diffractometers use electromagnetic radiation (waves) with known wavelength and frequency, which is determined by their source. The source is often x-rays, and neutrons are also common sources, with their frequency determined by their de Broglie wavelength. When these waves reach the sample, the incoming beam is either reflected off the surface, or can enter the lattice and be diffracted by the atoms present in the sample. If the atoms are arranged symmetrically with a separation distance d, these waves will interfere constructively only where the path-length difference 2d sin θ is equal to an integer multiple of the wavelength, producing a diffraction maximum in accordance with Bragg's law. These waves interfere destructively at points between the intersections where the waves are out of phase,
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johan%20van%20der%20Velde
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Johan van der Velde (born 12 December 1956 in Rijsbergen) is a former Dutch cyclist. In the 1980 Tour de France, he won the young rider classification, also placing 12th in the general classification that year. He had been a racing cyclist for only a year. In the 1981 Tour de France, he took first place on the second and 21st stages, finishing 12th overall for the second year. He rode with TI–Raleigh in the Tour de France from 1979 to 1983 and the Panasonic team where he won Stage 5 and wore the Yellow Jersey for two days in the 1986 Tour de France.
Decline
He was distinctive in the peloton for his lean, long-legged appearance, his smooth pedalling style and his long hair. He rode in support of riders such as Joop Zoetemelk, whom he could pace over mountains at impressive speed, but he was also capable of winning on his own. Success came to him early and, he said in an interview with the author Jan Siebelink ("Pijn is genot") that he had trouble coping when that success began to dry up. Van der Velde said he remembered shivering at the start of an Italian race, the skin of his arms wrinkled in goosebumps, because of the amphetamine he had taken just to start.
Addiction to amphetamine and a lifelong habit of petty theft, which he said came from seeing his father bring home things he had stolen from work, brought him into trouble with the law. He was caught stealing lawnmowers and breaking into post office stamp machines to raise money to cover his addiction and his gambling.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mokola%20lyssavirus
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Mokola lyssavirus, commonly called Mokola virus (MOKV), is an RNA virus related to rabies virus that has been sporadically isolated from mammals across sub-Saharan Africa. The majority of isolates have come from domestic cats exhibiting symptoms characteristically associated to rabies virus infection.
As of 2021, there have been two confirmed cases of Mokola virus infection in humans, of which one was fatal. The rabies vaccine does not confer cross-protective immunity to Mokola virus, and no other known treatment for MOKV exists.
Classification
Mokola virus (MOKV) is a member of the genus Lyssavirus, which belongs to the family Rhabdoviridae. MOKV is one of four lyssaviruses found in Africa. The other three viruses are the classic rabies virus, Duvenhage virus and Lagos bat virus.
Emergence
MOKV was first isolated in Nigeria, in 1968, from three shrews (Crocidura species) found in the Mokola forest, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria. The virus was shown to be morphologically and serologically related to rabies virus. Since the initial isolation of MOKV, the virus has been mainly isolated in domestic cats and small mammals in sub-Saharan Africa.
There have been two recorded cases of human infection with MOKV, with both instances occurring in Nigeria. Both cases involved young Nigerian females. The first patient, who had been suffering from a fever and convulsions, recovered fully from infection. The second case, which occurred in 1972, involved a 6-year-old girl who had been suf
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Ghost%20and%20Mrs.%20Muir
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The Ghost and Mrs. Muir is a 1947 American supernatural romantic fantasy film starring Gene Tierney and Rex Harrison. It was directed by Joseph L. Mankiewicz, and is based on a 1945 novel written by Josephine Leslie under the pseudonym of R.A. Dick. In 1945, 20th Century Fox bought the film rights to the novel, published only in the United Kingdom at that time. It was shot entirely in California.
Plot
In Britain in the early 1900s, recently widowed Mrs. Lucy Muir moves to the seaside village of Whitecliff despite the disapproval of her in-laws. She rents a house there named Gull Cottage, although it has a reputation for being haunted by the former owner, who committed suicide.
On the first night after moving in with her young daughter, Anna, and her loyal maid, Martha, Lucy is terrorized by apparitions, but she stands resolute and demands the ghost show himself. The ghost, a roguish sea captain named Daniel Gregg, manifests. He tells Lucy that his death four years ago was not a suicide, but the result of accidentally kicking the valve on a gas-fired room heater in his sleep. Daniel explains that he wants to turn Gull Cottage into a home for retired seamen, thus why he has been frightening away tenants. However, due to Lucy's headstrong attitude, as well as her appreciation of the house, Daniel reluctantly agrees to allow her to live in Gull Cottage and promises to make himself visible only to her.
Lucy's investment — her only source of income — has dried up, and her in-la
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mueller%20calculus
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Mueller calculus is a matrix method for manipulating Stokes vectors, which represent the polarization of light. It was developed in 1943 by Hans Mueller. In this technique, the effect of a particular optical element is represented by a Mueller matrix—a 4×4 matrix that is an overlapping generalization of the Jones matrix.
Introduction
Disregarding coherent wave superposition, any fully polarized, partially polarized, or unpolarized state of light can be represented by a Stokes vector ; and any optical element can be represented by a Mueller matrix (M).
If a beam of light is initially in the state and then passes through an optical element M and comes out in a state , then it is written
If a beam of light passes through optical element M1 followed by M2 then M3 it is written
given that matrix multiplication is associative it can be written
Matrix multiplication is not commutative, so in general
Mueller vs. Jones calculi
With disregard for coherence, light which is unpolarized or partially polarized must be treated using the Mueller calculus, while fully polarized light can be treated with either the Mueller calculus or the simpler Jones calculus. Many problems involving coherent light (such as from a laser) must be treated with Jones calculus, however, because it works directly with the electric field of the light rather than with its intensity or power, and thereby retains information about the phase of the waves.
More specifically, the following can be said about Muell
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mavia
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Mavia may refer to:
Mavia (queen), the warrior-queen of the Bedouin Saracens in the fourth century CE
Mavia (genus), a classification of insects
"Mavia", a character from Love from a Stranger (1947 film)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steinhart%E2%80%93Hart%20equation
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The Steinhart–Hart equation is a model of the resistance of a semiconductor at different temperatures. The equation is
where
is the temperature (in kelvins),
is the resistance at (in ohms),
, , and are the Steinhart–Hart coefficients, which vary depending on the type and model of thermistor and the temperature range of interest.
Uses of the equation
The equation is often used to derive a precise temperature of a thermistor, since it provides a closer approximation to actual temperature than simpler equations, and is useful over the entire working temperature range of the sensor. Steinhart–Hart coefficients are usually published by thermistor manufacturers.
Where Steinhart–Hart coefficients are not available, they can be derived. Three accurate measures of resistance are made at precise temperatures, then the coefficients are derived by solving three simultaneous equations.
Inverse of the equation
To find the resistance of a semiconductor at a given temperature, the inverse of the Steinhart–Hart equation must be used. See the Application Note, "A, B, C Coefficients for Steinhart–Hart Equation".
where
Steinhart–Hart coefficients
To find the coefficients of Steinhart–Hart, we need to know at-least three operating points. For this, we use three values of resistance data for three known temperatures.
With , and values of resistance at the temperatures , and , one can express , and (all calculations):
Developers of the equation
The equation is named after
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paravector
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The name paravector is used for the combination of a scalar and a vector in any Clifford algebra, known as geometric algebra among physicists.
This name was given by J. G. Maks in a doctoral dissertation at Technische Universiteit Delft, Netherlands, in 1989.
The complete algebra of paravectors along with corresponding higher grade generalizations, all in the context of the Euclidean space of three dimensions, is an alternative approach to the spacetime algebra (STA) introduced by David Hestenes. This alternative algebra is called algebra of physical space (APS).
Fundamental axiom
For Euclidean spaces, the fundamental axiom indicates that the product of a vector with itself is the scalar value of the length squared (positive)
Writing
and introducing this into the expression of the fundamental axiom
we get the following expression after appealing to the fundamental axiom again
which allows to
identify the scalar product of two vectors as
As an important consequence we conclude that two orthogonal vectors (with zero scalar product) anticommute
The three-dimensional Euclidean space
The following list represents an instance of a complete basis for the space,
which forms an eight-dimensional space, where the multiple indices indicate the product of the respective basis vectors, for example
The grade of a basis element is defined in terms of the vector multiplicity, such that
According to the fundamental axiom, two different basis vectors anticommute,
or in other w
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XRC
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XRC may refer to:
XML Resource, a user interface markup language used by wxWidgets
Extended Remote Copy, a technology for data replication
X-ray crystallography, a scientific technique for analysing molecular crystal structure using X-rays.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-tubule
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T-tubules (transverse tubules) are extensions of the cell membrane that penetrate into the center of skeletal and cardiac muscle cells. With membranes that contain large concentrations of ion channels, transporters, and pumps, T-tubules permit rapid transmission of the action potential into the cell, and also play an important role in regulating cellular calcium concentration.
Through these mechanisms, T-tubules allow heart muscle cells to contract more forcefully by synchronising calcium release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum throughout the cell. T-tubule structure and function are affected beat-by-beat by cardiomyocyte contraction, as well as by diseases, potentially contributing to heart failure and arrhythmias. Although these structures were first seen in 1897, research into T-tubule biology is ongoing.
Structure
T-tubules are tubules formed from the same phospholipid bilayer as the surface membrane or sarcolemma of skeletal or cardiac muscle cells. They connect directly with the sarcolemma at one end before travelling deep within the cell, forming a network of tubules with sections running both perpendicular (transverse) to and parallel (axially) to the sarcolemma. Due to this complex orientation, some refer to T-tubules as the transverse-axial tubular system. The inside or lumen of the T-tubule is open at the cell surface, meaning that the T-tubule is filled with fluid containing the same constituents as the solution that surrounds the cell (the extracellular fl
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95-net
|
An -net or epsilon net in mathematics may refer to:
ε-net (computational geometry) in computational geometry and in geometric probability theory
ε-net (metric spaces) in metric spaces
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD8
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CD8 (cluster of differentiation 8) is a transmembrane glycoprotein that serves as a co-receptor for the T-cell receptor (TCR). Along with the TCR, the CD8 co-receptor plays a role in T cell signaling and aiding with cytotoxic T cell-antigen interactions.
Like the TCR, CD8 binds to a major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecule, but is specific for the MHC class I protein.
There are two isoforms of the protein, alpha and beta, each encoded by a different gene. In humans, both genes are located on chromosome 2 in position 2p12.
Tissue distribution
The CD8 co-receptor is predominantly expressed on the surface of cytotoxic T cells, but can also be found on natural killer cells, cortical thymocytes, and dendritic cells. The CD8 molecule is a marker for cytotoxic T cell population. It is expressed in T cell lymphoblastic lymphoma and hypo-pigmented mycosis fungoides.
Structure
To function, CD8 forms a dimer, consisting of a pair of CD8 chains. The most common form of CD8 is composed of a CD8-α and CD8-β chain, both members of the immunoglobulin superfamily with an immunoglobulin variable (IgV)-like extracellular domain connected to the membrane by a thin stalk, and an intracellular tail. Less-common homodimers of the CD8-α chain are also expressed on some cells. The molecular weight of each CD8 chain is about 34 kDa. The structure of the CD8 molecule was determined by Leahy, D.J., Axel, R., and Hendrickson, W.A. by X-ray Diffraction at a 2.6A resolution. The structure was d
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravity-gradient%20stabilization
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Gravity-gradient stabilization or tidal stabilization is a passive method of stabilizing artificial satellites or space tethers in a fixed orientation using only the mass distribution of the orbited body and the gravitational field. The main advantage over using active stabilization with propellants, gyroscopes or reaction wheels is the low use of power and resources. It can also reduce or prevent the risk of propellant contamination of sensitive components.
The technique exploits the Earth's gravitational field and tidal forces to keep the spacecraft aligned along the desired orientation. The gravity of the Earth decreases according to the inverse-square law, and by extending the long axis perpendicular to the orbit, the "lower" part of the orbiting structure will be more attracted to the Earth. The effect is that the satellite will tend to align its axis of minimum moment of inertia vertically.
The first attempt to use this technique in human spaceflight occurred on September 13, 1966 during the US Gemini 11 mission. The Gemini spacecraft was attached to the Agena target vehicle by a tether. The attempt was a failure, as insufficient gradient was produced to keep the tether taut.
The Department of Defense Gravity Experiment (DODGE) satellite was the first successful use of the method in a near-geosynchronous orbit on the satellite in July 1967.
Gravity-gradient stabilization was first used in low Earth orbit and was tested unsuccessfully for geosynchronous orbit in t
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver%20Schr%C3%B6der
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Oliver Schröder (born 11 June 1980 in West Berlin, West Germany) is a retired German footballer, currently serving as assistant coach for the under-16 team of Hertha BSC.
Career statistics
1.Includes German Cup.
2.Includes UEFA Cup.
3.Includes German League Cup.
References
External links
Player profile at fc-hansa.de
1980 births
Living people
German men's footballers
Hertha BSC II players
1. FC Köln II players
1. FC Köln players
Hertha BSC players
VfL Bochum players
FC Hansa Rostock players
FC Erzgebirge Aue players
SC Fortuna Köln players
Bundesliga players
2. Bundesliga players
3. Liga players
Regionalliga players
Footballers from Berlin
Men's association football defenders
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periodic%20acid%E2%80%93Schiff%20stain
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Periodic acid–Schiff (PAS) is a staining method used to detect polysaccharides such as glycogen, and mucosubstances such as glycoproteins, glycolipids and mucins in tissues. The reaction of periodic acid oxidizes the vicinal diols in these sugars, usually breaking up the bond between two adjacent carbons not involved in the glycosidic linkage or ring closure in the ring of the monosaccharide units that are parts of the long polysaccharides, and creating a pair of aldehydes at the two free tips of each broken monosaccharide ring. The oxidation condition has to be sufficiently regulated so as to not oxidize the aldehydes further. These aldehydes then react with the Schiff reagent to give a purple-magenta color. A suitable basic stain is often used as a counterstain.
• PAS diastase stain (PAS-D) is PAS stain used in combination with diastase, an enzyme that breaks down glycogen.
• Alcian blue/periodic acid–Schiff (AB/PAS or AB-PAS) uses alcian blue before the PAS step.
Uses
PAS staining is mainly used for staining structures containing a high proportion of carbohydrate macromolecules (glycogen, glycoprotein, proteoglycans), typically found in e.g. connective tissues, mucus, the glycocalyx, and basal laminae.
PAS staining can be used to assist in the diagnosis of several medical conditions:
Glycogen storage disease (versus other storage disorders).
Adenocarcinomas, which often secrete neutral mucins.
Paget disease of the breast.
Alveolar soft part sarcoma.
Staining mac
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index%20of%20solar%20energy%20articles
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This is a list of solar energy topics.
A
Air mass coefficient
Artificial photosynthesis
B
BP Solar
BrightSource Energy
Building-integrated photovoltaics
C
Carbon nanotubes in photovoltaics
Central solar heating plant
Community solar farm
Compact linear Fresnel reflector
Concentrating photovoltaics
Concentrating solar power
Crookes radiometer
D
Daylighting
Horace de Saussure
Desertec
Drake Landing Solar Community
Duck curve
Dye-sensitized solar cell
E
Effect of sun angle on climate
Energy tower (downdraft)
EURO-SOLAR Programme
European Photovoltaic Industry Association
F
Feed-in tariff
First Solar
Flip Flap
Fresnel reflector
Charles Fritts
Calvin Fuller
G
Geomagnetic storm
Global dimming
Greenhouse
Growth of photovoltaics
H
Halo (optical phenomenon)
Helioseismology
Heliostat
Home Energy Storage
I
Indosolar
Insolation
Installed solar power capacity
Abram Ioffe
ISE (Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems)
Ivanpah Solar Power Facility
J
Jinko Solar
L
Light tube
List of photovoltaic power stations
List of solar thermal power stations
Loanpal
M
Magnetic sail
Auguste Mouchout
Moura photovoltaic power station
N
Nanocrystal solar cell
Net metering
Nevada Solar One
P
Parabolic reflector
Parabolic trough
Passive solar
Passive solar building design
Photoelectric effect
Photovoltaic array
Photovoltaic system
Photovoltaic thermal hybrid solar collector
Photovoltaics
Photovoltaics in transport
Poly
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y-STR
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A Y-STR is a short tandem repeat (STR) on the Y-chromosome. Y-STRs are often used in forensics, paternity, and genealogical DNA testing.
Y-STRs are taken specifically from the male Y chromosome. These Y-STRs provide a weaker analysis than autosomal STRs because the Y chromosome is only found in males, which are only passed down by the father, making the Y chromosome in any paternal line practically identical. This causes a significantly smaller amount of distinction between Y-STR samples. Autosomal STRs provide a much stronger analytical power because of the random matching that occurs between pairs of chromosomes during the zygote-making process.
Nomenclature
Y-STRs are assigned names by the HUGO gene nomenclature committee (HGNC).
Some testing companies have different formats for the way STR markers are written. For example, the marker DYS455 may be written as DYS455, DYS 455, DYS#455, or DYS# 455. The scientific standard accepted by HUGO and NIST is DYS455.
DYS
DYS is a variation on the jargon used in human autosomal STR testing where the second character is typically reserved for the chromosome number (e.g. D8S1179).
D = DNA
Y = Y-chromosome
S = (unique) segment
Y-STR analysis
There are regions on DNA that are made up of multiple copies of short repeating sequences of bases (for example TATT) which repeat a variable number of times depending on the individual. These regions, called "variable number short tandem repeats", are what is looked at when performing STR anal
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Y-STR%20markers
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The Y-STR markers in the following list are commonly used in forensic and genealogical DNA testing.
DYS454 is the least diverse, and multi-copy marker DYS464 is the most diverse Y-STR marker.
The location on the Y-chromosome of numbered Y-STR markers can be roughly given with cytogenetic localization. For example, DYS449 is located at Yp11.2 - meaning the Y-chromosome, petit arm, band 1, sub-band 1, sub-sub-band 2 - DYS449.
Forensic labs usually use PowerPlex Y (Promega Corporation) and Yfiler (Applied Biosystems) kits that examine 12 or 17 Y-STRs, respectively. Genealogical DNA test labs examine up to 700 Y-STRs.
Mutation rates
Mutation rates are those per generation, as estimated in Chandler (2006). The quoted estimated errors are typically +/- 15-20%. Alternative estimates (for forensic use therefore not all markers are covered) from observed pedigrees are also available at the Y Chromosome Haplotype Reference Database.
It appears that some trinucleotide markers may have much higher mutation rates at some repeat lengths than at others. For example, variation of the trinucleotide DYS388 is generally very slow in most haplogroups, when it takes the values 11–13. But there appears to be much greater variation and more rapid mutation in Haplogroup J, where it typically has values 14–18. Similarly the trinucleotide DYS392 is reported to be "fast" in haplogroups N and Q, where it takes values 14-16 which are rare in other groups.
Y-STR markers
Y-STR allele nomenclatur
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stigler%20Commission
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Formally known as the Price Statistics Review Committee, the Stigler Commission was convened in 1961 to study the measurement of inflation in the United States. Headed by economist George Stigler, its mandate was to conduct research into all types of price indices, including the Consumer Price Index (CPI). Based on its recommendations, the Bureau of Labor Statistics established a price research division.
The next major commission like it was the Boskin Commission in 1996, which was solely focused on evaluating the CPI.
Economy of the United States
1961 establishments in the United States
1961 in economics
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komatiite
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Komatiite () is a type of ultramafic mantle-derived volcanic rock defined as having crystallised from a lava of at least 18 wt% magnesium oxide (MgO). It is classified as a 'picritic rock'. Komatiites have low silicon, potassium and aluminium, and high to extremely high magnesium content. Komatiite was named for its type locality along the Komati River in South Africa, and frequently displays spinifex texture composed of large dendritic plates of olivine and pyroxene.
Komatiites are rare rocks; almost all komatiites were formed during the Archaean Eon (4.0–2.5 billion years ago), with few younger (Proterozoic or Phanerozoic) examples known. This restriction in age is thought to be due to cooling of the mantle, which may have been hotter during the Archaean. The early Earth had much higher heat production, due to the residual heat from planetary accretion, as well as the greater abundance of radioactive isotopes, particularly shorter lived ones like uranium 235 which produce more decay heat. Lower temperature mantle melts such as basalt and picrite have essentially replaced komatiites as an eruptive lava on the Earth's surface.
Geographically, komatiites are predominantly restricted in distribution to the Archaean shield areas, and occur with other ultramafic and high-magnesian mafic volcanic rocks in Archaean greenstone belts. The youngest komatiites are from the island of Gorgona on the Caribbean oceanic plateau off the Pacific coast of Colombia, and a rare example of Pr
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chain%20ganging
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Chain ganging is a term in the field of international relations describing the elevated probability for interstate conflict or conflagration due to several states having joined in alliances or coalitions.
The agreed principles of such alliances typically include mutual defence clauses requiring that, in the case of one member state suffering military attack from another power, all members must declare hostilities against that offending power. The result of such an arrangement is an elevated probability for an international conflagration, since the case of an actor attacking another power would almost certainly trigger, whether intentionally or not, a multinational conflict potentially involving many more actors than the original two states which had attacked and been attacked, respectively.
According to sworn agreements or treaties no member state has the option to refuse to participate in this involvement: once the states have agreed to the alliance, they are bound by obligation to join in the hostilities or conflagration as soon as they have begun in one state (though this obligation is not always honoured).
Chain ganging is believed to be most effective in a scenario with a multipolar balance of power where the allied states have a military advantage over potential enemies. Chain ganging is also often discussed in relation and comparison to its counterpart Buck passing. Both are derived from Neorealism and are existent in a multipolar system but chain ganging requires a
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endogenous%20retrovirus
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Endogenous retroviruses (ERVs) are endogenous viral elements in the genome that closely resemble and can be derived from retroviruses. They are abundant in the genomes of jawed vertebrates, and they comprise up to 5–8% of the human genome (lower estimates of ~1%).
ERVs are a vertically inherited proviral sequence and a subclass of a type of gene called a transposon, which can normally be packaged and moved within the genome to serve a vital role in gene expression and in regulation. ERVs however lack most transposon functions, are typically not infectious and are often defective genomic remnants of the retroviral replication cycle. They are distinguished as germline provirus retroelements due to their integration and reverse-transcription into the nuclear genome of the host cell.
Researchers have suggested that retroviruses evolved from a type of transposon called a retrotransposon, a Class I element; these genes can mutate and instead of moving to another location in the genome they can become exogenous or pathogenic. This means that not all ERVs may have originated as an insertion by a retrovirus but that some may have been the source for the genetic information in the retroviruses they resemble. When integration of viral DNA occurs in the germ-line, it can give rise to an ERV, which can later become fixed in the gene pool of the host population.
Formation
The replication cycle of a retrovirus entails the insertion ("integration") of a DNA copy of the viral genome int
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NeoMagic
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NeoMagic Corporation is a fabless semiconductor company and supplier of low-power audio and video integrated circuits for mobile use (MagicMedia).
In October 2012, NeoMagic entered into the e-commerce arena with the acquisition of its MercadoMagico.com division. MercadoMagico.com provides a multivendor platform where users buy and sell products from one another or buy electronic products directly.
History
NeoMagic Corporation was founded in 1993 in California. Working with semiconductor vendor Mitsubishi Electric as a key foundry supplier, NeoMagic introduced its first graphics processors in 1995; these were notable for being the first chips to combine a graphics logic and DRAM video memory into one chip. As this was a more power-efficient method than ones previously used by graphics processors, most of the major laptop manufacturers of the time began to use NeoMagic graphics chips in their systems. In 2000, NeoMagic left the laptop market completely, and switched their focus to producing systems on a chip, or SOCs, for mobile phones and other handheld devices, like PDAs. The firm's first handheld chips were unveiled in 2001, when NeoMagic introduced the MiMagic line. The initial MiMagic chips were based on a 32-bit MIPS Technologies RISC processor core, and featured 4MB of embedded DRAM, as well as a 1024x768-capable graphics chip, and an AC'97-compatible sound processor. Subsequent versions of the MiMagic chip family starting from the MiMagic 3 in 2002, were based on 32-b
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caco-2
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Caco-2 (from Cancer coli, "colon cancer") is an immortalized cell line of human colorectal adenocarcinoma cells. It is primarily used as a model of the intestinal epithelial barrier. In culture, Caco-2 cells spontaneously differentiate into a heterogeneous mixture of intestinal epithelial cells. It was developed in 1977 by Jorgen Fogh at the Sloan-Kettering Institute for Cancer Research.
History
The line was developed in 1977 by Jorgen Fogh at the Sloan-Kettering Institute for Cancer Research. The research application of Caco-2 cells was developed during the 1980s by Alain Zweibaum group at INSERM, France as well as Ismael Hidalgo, at the Borchardt laboratory, University of Kansas and Tom Rauband at the Upjohn Company. The first publication of the discovery of the spontenous enterocyte like differentiation was published by Alain Zweibaum group in 1983 (3).
Characteristics
Although derived from a colon (large intestine) carcinoma, when cultured under specific conditions the cells become differentiated and polarized such that their phenotype, morphologically and functionally, resembles the enterocytes lining the small intestine. Polarized caco-2 cells express tight junctions, microvilli, and a number of enzymes and transporters that are characteristic of such enterocytes: peptidases, esterases, P-glycoprotein, uptake transporters for amino acids, bile acids, carboxylic acids, etc.
Research applications
Microscopically, Caco-2 cell cultures show obvious heterogeneity likely r
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioprocess
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A bioprocess is a specific process that uses complete living cells or their components (e.g., bacteria, enzymes, chloroplasts) to obtain desired products.
Transport of energy and mass is fundamental to many biological and environmental processes. Areas, from food processing (including brewing beer) to thermal design of buildings to biomedical devices, manufacture of monoclonal antibodies to pollution control and global warming, require knowledge of how energy and mass can be transported through materials (momentum, heat transfer, etc.).
Cell bioprocessing
Cell therapy bioprocessing is a discipline that bridges the fields of cell therapy and bioprocessing (i.e., biopharmaceutical manufacturing), and is a sub-field of bioprocess engineering. The goals of cell therapy bioprocessing are to establish reproducible and robust manufacturing processes for the production of therapeutic cells. Commercially relevant bioprocesses will:
Produce products that maintain all of the quality standards of biopharmaceutical drugs
Supply both clinical and commercial quantities of therapeutic cells throughout the various stages of development. The processes and production technologies must be scalable, and
Control the cost of goods (CoGs) of the final drug product. This aspect is critical to building the foundation for a commercially viable industry.
Upstream bioprocessing
Therapeutic cell manufacturing processes can be separated into upstream processes and downstream processes. The upstr
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nerve%20growth%20factor
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Nerve growth factor (NGF) is a neurotrophic factor and neuropeptide primarily involved in the regulation of growth, maintenance, proliferation, and survival of certain target neurons. It is perhaps the prototypical growth factor, in that it was one of the first to be described. Since it was first isolated by Nobel Laureates Rita Levi-Montalcini and Stanley Cohen in 1956, numerous biological processes involving NGF have been identified, two of them being the survival of pancreatic beta cells and the regulation of the immune system.
Structure
NGF is initially in a 7S, 130-kDa complex of 3 proteins – Alpha-NGF, Beta-NGF, and Gamma-NGF (2:1:2 ratio) when expressed. This form of NGF is also referred to as proNGF (NGF precursor). The gamma subunit of this complex acts as a serine protease, and cleaves the N-terminal of the beta subunit, thereby activating the protein into functional NGF.
The term nerve growth factor usually refers to the 2.5S, 26-kDa beta subunit of the protein, the only component of the 7S NGF complex that is biologically active (i.e. acting as a signaling molecule).
Function
As its name suggests, NGF is involved primarily in the growth, as well as the maintenance, proliferation, and survival of nerve cells (neurons). In fact, NGF is critical for the survival and maintenance of sympathetic and sensory neurons, as they undergo apoptosis in its absence. However, several recent studies suggest that NGF is also involved in pathways besides those regulating the l
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midibus
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A midibus is a classification of single-decker minibuses which are generally larger than a traditional minibus but smaller than a full-size single decker and can be anywhere between and long. While used in many parts of the world, the midibus is perhaps most common in the United Kingdom, where operators have found them more economical, and to have a sufficient number of seats compared to full size single-decker buses.
Midibuses are often designed to be lightweight to save on diesel fuel (e.g. smaller wheels than on larger buses), making them not as durable as heavier 'full size' buses. Some midibuses, such as the Scania OmniTown, are heavier and therefore more durable.
In some places such as Hong Kong, some bus routes have to be served by midibuses due to the winding roads along such routes.
United States designs
The term "midibus" is not in common use in the United States, such smaller and lighter-duty buses not being employed in public transit roles there except in some very specialized instances. For example, Muni in San Francisco operates both and versions of the Orion VII transit bus to serve routes that include some of the steeper and curvier hills.
In charter / tour roles, there is indeed a gap between the minibus (12-28 seats) and the touring coach (47-50 seats). Several shuttle bus companies such as Goshen Coach and Crystal have manufactured rear-engined vehicles that have 30–35 seats, but no generic term has ever been applied to them. They are usually lumped
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In%20situ%20hybridization
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In situ hybridization (ISH) is a type of hybridization that uses a labeled complementary DNA, RNA or modified nucleic acids strand (i.e., probe) to localize a specific DNA or RNA sequence in a portion or section of tissue (in situ) or if the tissue is small enough (e.g., plant seeds, Drosophila embryos), in the entire tissue (whole mount ISH), in cells, and in circulating tumor cells (CTCs). This is distinct from immunohistochemistry, which usually localizes proteins in tissue sections.
In situ hybridization is used to reveal the location of specific nucleic acid sequences on chromosomes or in tissues, a crucial step for understanding the organization, regulation, and function of genes. The key techniques currently in use include in situ hybridization to mRNA with oligonucleotide and RNA probes (both radio-labeled and hapten-labeled), analysis with light and electron microscopes, whole mount in situ hybridization, double detection of RNAs and RNA plus protein, and fluorescent in situ hybridization to detect chromosomal sequences. DNA ISH can be used to determine the structure of chromosomes. Fluorescent DNA ISH (FISH) can, for example, be used in medical diagnostics to assess chromosomal integrity. RNA ISH (RNA in situ hybridization) is used to measure and localize RNAs (mRNAs, lncRNAs, and miRNAs) within tissue sections, cells, whole mounts, and circulating tumor cells (CTCs). In situ hybridization was invented by American biologists Mary-Lou Pardue and Joseph G. Gall.
Cha
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lexra
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Lexra (1997–2003) was a semiconductor intellectual property core company based in Waltham, Massachusetts. Lexra developed and licensed semiconductor intellectual property cores that implemented the MIPS I architecture, except for the four unaligned load and store (lwl, lwr, swl, swr) instructions.
Lexra did not implement those instructions because they are not necessary for good performance in modern software. Silicon Graphics owned a patent that was initially granted to MIPS Computer Systems Inc. for implementing unaligned loads and stores in a RISC processor. Lexra did not wish to pay a high license fee for permission to use the patent.
Lexra licensed soft cores, unlike ARM Ltd at the time. Lexra was probably the first semiconductor intellectual property core company to do so.
In 1998 Silicon Graphics spun out MIPS Technologies Inc. as a semiconductor IP licensing company that would compete directly with Lexra. MIPS Technologies soon sued Lexra, asserting trademark infringement by Lexra's claims of compatibility with MIPS I. Lexra and MIPS Technologies settled the dispute by agreeing that Lexra would explicitly describe its products as not implementing unaligned loads and stores.
In 1999, MIPS Technologies sued Lexra again, but this time for infringing its patents on unaligned loads and stores. Though Lexra's processor designs did not implement unaligned loads and stores, it was possible to emulate their functionality through a series of other instructions. The ability
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion%20in%20Albania
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The most common religion in Albania is Islam, with the second-most-common religion being Christianity. There are also a number of irreligious Albanians. There are no official statistics regarding the number of practicing religious people per each religious group.
Albania has been a secular state since 1912, and as such, is "neutral in questions of belief and conscience": The former socialist government declared Albania the world's first "atheist state", even though the Soviet Union had already done so. Believers faced harsh punishments, and many clergymen were killed. Religious observance and practice is generally lax today, and polls have shown that, compared to the populations of other countries, few Albanians consider religion to be a dominant factor in their lives. When asked about religion, people generally refer to their family's historical religious legacy and not to their own choice of faith.
The 2011 census on religion and ethnicity has been deemed unreliable by the Council of Europe, as well as other internal and external organisations and groups.
History
Antiquity
Christianity spread to urban centers in the region of Albania, at the time composed mostly Epirus Nova and part of south Illyricum, during the later period of Roman era and reached the region relatively early. St. Paul preached the Gospel 'even unto Illyricum' (Romans 15:19). Schnabel asserts that Paul probably preached in Shkodra and Durrës. The steady growth of the Christian community in Dyrrhach
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LF-space
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In mathematics, an LF-space, also written (LF)-space, is a topological vector space (TVS) X that is a locally convex inductive limit of a countable inductive system of Fréchet spaces.
This means that X is a direct limit of a direct system in the category of locally convex topological vector spaces and each is a Fréchet space. The name LF stands for Limit of Fréchet spaces.
If each of the bonding maps is an embedding of TVSs then the LF-space is called a strict LF-space. This means that the subspace topology induced on by is identical to the original topology on .
Some authors (e.g. Schaefer) define the term "LF-space" to mean "strict LF-space," so when reading mathematical literature, it is recommended to always check how LF-space is defined.
Definition
Inductive/final/direct limit topology
Throughout, it is assumed that
is either the category of topological spaces or some subcategory of the category of topological vector spaces (TVSs);
If all objects in the category have an algebraic structure, then all morphisms are assumed to be homomorphisms for that algebraic structure.
is a non-empty directed set;
is a family of objects in where is a topological space for every index ;
To avoid potential confusion, should not be called 's "initial topology" since the term "initial topology" already has a well-known definition. The topology is called the original topology on or 's given topology.
is a set (and if objects in also have algebraic structur
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PYC
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PYC or pyc may refer to:
.pyc, filename extension for Python (programming language)
Shatin Pui Ying College, in Sha Tin, Hong Kong
Patrol Yacht, coastal, a classification of patrol vessels of the United States Navy
See also
Rus (disambiguation) (Cyrillic: )
Pyrolytic carbon
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluid%20solution
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In general relativity, a fluid solution is an exact solution of the Einstein field equation in which the gravitational field is produced entirely by the mass, momentum, and stress density of a fluid.
In astrophysics, fluid solutions are often employed as stellar models. (It might help to think of a perfect gas as a special case of a perfect fluid.) In cosmology, fluid solutions are often used as cosmological models.
Mathematical definition
The stress–energy tensor of a relativistic fluid can be written in the form
Here
the world lines of the fluid elements are the integral curves of the velocity vector ,
the projection tensor projects other tensors onto hyperplane elements orthogonal to ,
the matter density is given by the scalar function ,
the pressure is given by the scalar function ,
the heat flux vector is given by ,
the viscous shear tensor is given by .
The heat flux vector and viscous shear tensor are transverse to the world lines, in the sense that
This means that they are effectively three-dimensional quantities, and since the viscous stress tensor is symmetric and traceless, they have respectively three and five linearly independent components. Together with the density and pressure, this makes a total of 10 linearly independent components, which is the number of linearly independent components in a four-dimensional symmetric rank two tensor.
Special cases
Several special cases of fluid solutions are noteworthy (here speed of light c = 1):
A perfect
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euchroite
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Euchroite is a hydrated copper arsenate hydroxide mineral with formula: Cu2AsO4OH·3H2O. It is a vitreous green to emerald green mineral crystallizing in the orthorhombic system. It has a Mohs hardness of 3.5 - 4.0 and a specific gravity of 3.39 - 3.45. It was first described in 1823 in Ľubietová, Slovakia.
References
External links
Mindat localities
Webmineral
Copper(II) minerals
Arsenate minerals
Orthorhombic minerals
Minerals in space group 19
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Currency%20swap
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In finance, a currency swap (more typically termed a cross-currency swap, XCS) is an interest rate derivative (IRD). In particular it is a linear IRD, and one of the most liquid benchmark products spanning multiple currencies simultaneously. It has pricing associations with interest rate swaps (IRSs), foreign exchange (FX) rates, and FX swaps (FXSs).
General description
A cross-currency swap's (XCS's) effective description is a derivative contract, agreed between two counterparties, which specifies the nature of an exchange of payments benchmarked against two interest rate indexes denominated in two different currencies. It also specifies an initial exchange of notional currency in each different currency and the terms of that repayment of notional currency over the life of the swap.
The most common XCS, and that traded in interbank markets, is a mark-to-market (MTM) XCS, whereby notional exchanges are regularly made throughout the life of the swap according to FX rate fluctuations. This is done to maintain a swap whose MTM value remains neutral and does not become either a large asset or liability (due to FX rate fluctuations) throughout its life.
The more unconventional, but simpler to define, non-MTM XCS includes an upfront notional exchange of currencies with a re-exchange of that same notional at maturity of the XCS.
The floating indexes are commonly the 3-month tenor EURIBOR, and compounded overnight rates.
Each series of payments (either denominated in the first
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISPS
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ISPS may refer to:
Isoprene synthase, an enzyme
International Ship and Port Facility Security Code
International Sports Promotion Society
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recreation%20Park
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Recreation Park may refer to:
Canada
Recreation Park (Ontario), a classification of Ontario provincial parks
Recreation Park (Vancouver), a former baseball park; until 1913 the home of a team owned by Bob Brown
Scotland
Recreation Park, Alloa, a football ground
Recreation Park, Lochgelly, a former football ground
Recreation Park, a former football ground in Peterhead, former home of Peterhead F.C.
United States
Alphabetical by state, then city
City parks
Recreation Park (El Segundo), California
Recreation Park (Long Beach, California)
Recreation Park (Raymore), Missouri
Recreation Park (Binghamton), New York
Recreation Park Complex (Chehalis, Washington)
Baseball parks
Recreation Park (San Francisco), California, several former baseball parks
Recreation Park (Visalia), California, now Valley Strong Ballpark
Recreation Park (Detroit), Michigan (defunct)
Recreation Park (Columbus), Ohio (defunct)
Recreation Park (Philadelphia), Pennsylvania (defunct)
Recreation Park (Pittsburgh), Pennsylvania (defunct)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synonymous%20substitution
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A synonymous substitution (often called a silent substitution though they are not always silent) is the evolutionary substitution of one base for another in an exon of a gene coding for a protein, such that the produced amino acid sequence is not modified. This is possible because the genetic code is "degenerate", meaning that some amino acids are coded for by more than one three-base-pair codon; since some of the codons for a given amino acid differ by just one base pair from others coding for the same amino acid, a mutation that replaces the "normal" base by one of the alternatives will result in incorporation of the same amino acid into the growing polypeptide chain when the gene is translated. Synonymous substitutions and mutations affecting noncoding DNA are often considered silent mutations; however, it is not always the case that the mutation is silent.
Since there are 22 codes for 64 codons, roughly we should expect a random substitution to be synonymous with probability about 22/64 = 34%. The actual value is around 20%.
A synonymous mutation can affect transcription, splicing, mRNA transport, and translation, any of which could alter the resulting phenotype, rendering the synonymous mutation non-silent. The substrate specificity of the tRNA to the rare codon can affect the timing of translation, and in turn the co-translational folding of the protein. This is reflected in the codon usage bias that is observed in many species. A nonsynonymous substitution results
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SNARE%20protein
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SNARE proteins – "SNAP REceptors" – are a large protein family consisting of at least 24 members in yeasts, more than 60 members in mammalian cells, and some numbers in plants. The primary role of SNARE proteins is to mediate the fusion of vesicles with the target membrane; this notably mediates exocytosis, but can also mediate the fusion of vesicles with membrane-bound compartments (such as a lysosome). The best studied SNAREs are those that mediate the release of synaptic vesicles containing neurotransmitters in neurons. These neuronal SNAREs are the targets of the neurotoxins responsible for botulism and tetanus produced by certain bacteria.
Types
SNAREs can be divided into two categories: vesicle or v-SNAREs, which are incorporated into the membranes of transport vesicles during budding, and target or t-SNAREs, which are associated with nerve terminal membranes. Evidence suggests that t-SNAREs form stable subcomplexes which serve as guides for v-SNARE, incorporated into the membrane of a protein-coated vesicle, binding to complete the formation of the SNARE complex. Several SNARE proteins are located on both vesicles and target membranes, therefore, a more recent classification scheme takes into account structural features of SNAREs, dividing them into R-SNAREs and Q-SNAREs. Often, R-SNAREs act as v-SNAREs and Q-SNAREs act as t-SNAREs. R-SNAREs are proteins that contribute an arginine (R) residue in the formation of the zero ionic layer in the assembled core SNA
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classification%20of%20electromagnetic%20fields
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In differential geometry and theoretical physics, the classification of electromagnetic fields is a pointwise classification of bivectors at each point of a Lorentzian manifold. It is used in the study of solutions of Maxwell's equations and has applications in Einstein's theory of relativity.
The classification theorem
The electromagnetic field at a point p (i.e. an event) of a Lorentzian spacetime is represented by a real bivector defined over the tangent space at p.
The tangent space at p is isometric as a real inner product space to E1,3. That is, it has the same notion of vector magnitude and angle as Minkowski spacetime. To simplify the notation, we will assume the spacetime is Minkowski spacetime. This tends to blur the distinction between the tangent space at p and the underlying manifold; fortunately, nothing is lost by this specialization, for reasons we discuss as the end of the article.
The classification theorem for electromagnetic fields characterizes the bivector F in relation to the Lorentzian metric by defining and examining the so-called "principal null directions". Let us explain this.
The bivector Fab yields a skew-symmetric linear operator defined by lowering one index with the metric. It acts on the tangent space at p by . We will use the symbol F to denote either the bivector or the operator, according to context.
We mention a dichotomy drawn from exterior algebra. A bivector that can be written as , where v, w are linearly independent, is cal
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claudio%20Chiappucci
|
Claudio Chiappucci (born 28 February 1963 in Uboldo, Varese, Lombardy) is a retired Italian professional cyclist. He was on the podium three times in the Tour de France general classification: second in 1990, third in 1991 and second again in 1992.
Career
After a quiet start to his career he burst onto the scene in the 1990 Tour de France. Chiappucci found himself almost casually wearing the yellow jersey after a stage one attack which the favourites allowed him to arrive with a 10-minute time advantage. In subsequent stages he resisted the return of Greg LeMond, only losing the lead of the race in stage 20, the final time trial. In the end, LeMond won the Tour by 2' 16", Chiappucci came home with a surprising second place and, moreover, the status of a cycling star. He was the first Italian cyclist to arrive on the podium at the Tour since Felice Gimondi in 1972. This first successful campaign highlighted Chiappucci's main weakness, the time trial. Although vowing to return the following year as a better racer against the clock, Chiappucci never was able to master this discipline.
The year of 1991 confirmed to the cycling community that Chiappucci was able to perform consistently. Beginning with a win in the opening classic of the season, the Milan San-Remo, Chiappucci rode the Giro d'Italia and the Tour of France.
However, Chiappucci declined quickly. After riding a solid Giro it looked like his 1993 Tour de France was to be a big showdown with Miguel Induráin. But from
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senior%20Executive%20Service%20%28United%20States%29
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The Senior Executive Service (SES) is a position classification in the civil service of the United States federal government equivalent to general officer or flag officer rank in the U.S. Armed Forces. It was created in 1979 when the Civil Service Reform Act of 1978 went into effect under President Jimmy Carter.
Characteristics
According to the Office of Personnel Management, the SES was designed to be a corps of executives selected for their leadership qualifications, serving in key positions just below the top presidential appointees as a link between them and the rest of the federal (civil service) workforce. SES positions are considered to be above the GS-15 level of the General Schedule, and below Level III of the Executive Schedule. Career members of the SES ranks are eligible for the Presidential Rank Awards program.
Up to 10% of SES positions can be filled as political appointments rather than by career employees. About half of the SES is designated "Career Reserved", which can only be filled by career employees. The other half is designated "General", which can be filled by either career employees or political appointments as desired by the administration. Due to the 10% limitation, most General positions are still filled by career appointees.
Senior level employees of several agencies are exempt from the SES but have their own senior executive positions; these include the Federal Bureau of Investigation, Central Intelligence Agency, Defense Intelligence Agency
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VQA
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VQA is a three-letter acronym that may refer to:
Vintners Quality Alliance, a regulatory system for Canadian wines
.VQA, or Vector Quantized Animation, a file format for video encoding
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vesicle-associated%20membrane%20protein
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Vesicle associated membrane proteins (VAMPs) are a family of SNARE proteins with similar structure, and are mostly involved in vesicle fusion.
VAMP1 and VAMP2 proteins known as synaptobrevins are expressed in brain and are constituents of the synaptic vesicles, where they participate in neurotransmitter release.
VAMP3 (known as cellubrevin) is ubiquitously expressed and participates in regulated and constitutive exocytosis as a constituent of secretory granules and secretory vesicles.
VAMP5 and VAMP7 participate in constitutive exocytosis.
VAMP5 is a constituent of secretory vesicles, myotubes and tubulovesicular structures.
VAMP7 is found both in secretory granules and endosomes.
VAMP8 (known as endobrevin) participates in endocytosis and is found in early endosomes. VAMP8 also participates the regulated exocytosis in pancreatic acinar cells.
VAMP4 is involved in transport from the Golgi.
References
External links
Membrane proteins
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synaptobrevin
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Synaptobrevins (synaptobrevin isotypes 1-2) are small integral membrane proteins of secretory vesicles with molecular weight of 18 kilodalton (kDa) that are part of the vesicle-associated membrane protein (VAMP) family.
Synaptobrevin is one of the SNARE proteins involved in formation of the SNARE complexes.
Structure
Out of four α-helices of the core SNARE complex one is contributed by synaptobrevin, one by syntaxin, and two by SNAP-25 (in neurons).
Function
SNARE proteins are the key components of the molecular machinery that drives fusion of membranes in exocytosis. Their function however is subject to fine-tuning by various regulatory proteins collectively referred to as SNARE masters.
Classification
In the Q/R nomenclature for organizing SNARE proteins, VAMP/synaptobrevin family members are classified as R-SNAREs, so named for the presence of an arginine at a specific location within the primary sequence of the protein (as opposed to the SNAREs of the target membrane, which contain a glutamine and are so named Q-SNAREs). Synaptobrevin is classified as a V-SNARE in the V/T nomenclature, an alternative classification scheme in which SNAREs are classified as V-SNAREs and T-SNAREs for their localization to vesicles and target membranes, respectively.
Clinical significance
Synaptobrevin is degraded by tetanospasmin, a protein derived from the bacterium Clostridium tetani, which causes tetanus. A related bacterium, Clostridium botulinum, produces the botulinum toxin. Vario
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Link%20adaptation
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Link adaptation, comprising adaptive coding and modulation (ACM) and others (such as Power Control), is a term used in wireless communications to denote the matching of the modulation, coding and other signal and protocol parameters to the conditions on the radio link (e.g. the pathloss, the interference due to signals coming from other transmitters, the sensitivity of the receiver, the available transmitter power margin, etc.). For example, WiMAX uses a rate adaptation algorithm that adapts the modulation and coding scheme (MCS) according to the quality of the radio channel, and thus the bit rate and robustness of data transmission. The process of link adaptation is a dynamic one and the signal and protocol parameters change as the radio link conditions change—for example in High-Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) in Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) this can take place every 2 ms.
Adaptive modulation systems invariably require some channel state information at the transmitter. This could be acquired in time-division duplex systems by assuming the channel from the transmitter to the receiver is approximately the same as the channel from the receiver to the transmitter. Alternatively, the channel knowledge can also be directly measured at the receiver, and fed back to the transmitter. Adaptive modulation systems improve rate of transmission, and/or bit error rates, by exploiting the channel state information that is present at the transmitter. Especially o
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodland%20period
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In the classification of archaeological cultures of North America, the Woodland period of North American pre-Columbian cultures spanned a period from roughly 1000 BCE to European contact in the eastern part of North America, with some archaeologists distinguishing the Mississippian period, from 1000 CE to European contact as a separate period. The term "Woodland Period" was introduced in the 1930s as a generic term for prehistoric sites falling between the Archaic hunter-gatherers and the agriculturalist Mississippian cultures. The Eastern Woodlands cultural region covers what is now eastern Canada south of the Subarctic region, the Eastern United States, along to the Gulf of Mexico.
This period is variously considered a developmental stage, a time period, a suite of technological adaptations or "traits", and a "family tree" of cultures related to earlier Archaic cultures. It can be characterized as a chronological and cultural manifestation without any massive changes in a short time but instead having a continuous development in stone and bone tools, leather crafting, textile manufacture, cultivation, and shelter construction. Many Woodland peoples used spears and atlatls until the end of the period, when they were replaced by bows and arrows; however, Southeastern Woodland peoples also used blowguns.
The most cited technological distinction of this period was the widespread use of pottery (although pottery manufacture had arisen during the Archaic period in some places),
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACOA
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ACOA or Acoa may refer to:
Acoa, a historic country house in Habersham County, Georgia, United States
Adult Children of Alcoholics, an American organization
Ant colony optimization algorithms, probabilistic techniques for solving computational problems that can be reduced to finding good paths through graphs
Atlantic Canada Opportunities Agency, the Canadian federal government agency responsible for helping to develop economic capacity in the Atlantic Provinces
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Degrees%20of%20freedom%20%28statistics%29
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In statistics, the number of degrees of freedom is the number of values in the final calculation of a statistic that are free to vary.
Estimates of statistical parameters can be based upon different amounts of information or data. The number of independent pieces of information that go into the estimate of a parameter is called the degrees of freedom. In general, the degrees of freedom of an estimate of a parameter are equal to the number of independent scores that go into the estimate minus the number of parameters used as intermediate steps in the estimation of the parameter itself. For example, if the variance is to be estimated from a random sample of independent scores, then the degrees of freedom is equal to the number of independent scores (N) minus the number of parameters estimated as intermediate steps (one, namely, the sample mean) and is therefore equal to .
Mathematically, degrees of freedom is the number of dimensions of the domain of a random vector, or essentially the number of "free" components (how many components need to be known before the vector is fully determined).
The term is most often used in the context of linear models (linear regression, analysis of variance), where certain random vectors are constrained to lie in linear subspaces, and the number of degrees of freedom is the dimension of the subspace. The degrees of freedom are also commonly associated with the squared lengths (or "sum of squares" of the coordinates) of such vectors, and the
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroid%20%28botany%29
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A hydroid is a type of vascular cell that occurs in certain bryophytes. In some mosses such as members of the Polytrichaceae family, hydroids form the innermost layer of cells in the stem. At maturity they are long, colourless, thin walled cells of small diameter, containing water but no living protoplasm. Collectively, hydroids function as a conducting tissue, known as the hydrome, transporting water and minerals drawn from the soil. They are surrounded by bundles of living cells known as leptoids which carry sugars and other nutrients in solution. The hydroids are analogous to the tracheids of vascular plants but there is no lignin present in the cell walls to provide structural support.
Hydroids have been found in some fossilised plants from the Rhynie chert, including Aglaophyton, where they were initially mistaken for xylem tracheids.
See also
Leptoid, a related sucrose-transporting vessel analogous to the phloem of vascular plants
References
Plant physiology
pt:Hidróide
simple:Hydroid
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinal%20and%20bulbar%20muscular%20atrophy
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Spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy (SBMA), popularly known as Kennedy's disease, is a rare, adult-onset, X-linked recessive lower motor neuron disease caused by trinucleotide CAG repeat expansions in exon 1 of the androgen receptor (AR) gene, which results in both loss of AR function and toxic gain of function.
In men, the disease slowly progresses over decades with bulbar and lower motor neuron loss, muscle denervation, and direct skeletal muscle involvement. The disease causes progressive muscle loss with weakness, fasciculations, and cramps. Weakness of the bulbar muscles follows causing difficulties in speech (dysarthria) and swallowing (dysphagia). Female carriers do not show symptoms. Although there is no cure, supportive intervention can improve mobility and reduce complications. The prevalence of SBMA has been estimated at 2.6:100,000 males.
There is no known cure for SBMA. Supportive care is focused on preventing disease complications and maintaining independence.
Signs and symptoms
Neuromuscular symptoms include muscle weakness and wasting of the limb, bulbar and respiratory muscles, tremor, fasciculations, muscle cramps, speech and swallowing difficulties, decreased or absent deep tendon reflexes, and sensory neuropathy. Other manifestations of SBMA include androgen insensitivity (gynecomastia, erectile dysfunction, reduced fertility, testicular atrophy), and metabolic impacts (glucose resistance, hyperlipidemia, fatty liver disease).
Neuromuscular effects
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge%20Reference%20Sequence
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The Cambridge Reference Sequence (CRS) for human mitochondrial DNA was first announced in 1981.
A group led by Fred Sanger at the University of Cambridge had sequenced the mitochondrial genome of one woman of European descent during the 1970s, determining it to have a length of 16,569 base pairs (0.0006% of the nuclear human genome) containing some 37 genes and published this sequence in 1981.
When other researchers repeated the sequencing, some striking discrepancies were noted. The original published sequence included eleven errors, including one extra base pair in position 3107, and incorrect assignments of single base pairs. Some of these were the result of contamination with bovine and HeLa specimens. The corrected revised CRS was published by Andrews et al. in 1999. (The original nucleotide numbering was retained to avoid confusion.) The reference sequence belongs to European haplogroup H2a2a1. The revised CRS is designated as rCRS. It is deposited in the GenBank NCBI database under accession number NC_012920.
When mitochondrial DNA sequencing is used for genealogical purposes, the results are often reported as differences from the revised CRS. The CRS is a reference sequence rather than a record of the earliest human mtDNA. A difference between a tested sample and the CRS may have arisen in the lineage of the CRS or in the lineage of the tested sample.
An alternative African (Yoruba) reference sequence has also been used sometimes instead of the Cambridge. It has
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sperm
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Sperm (: sperm or sperms) is the male reproductive cell, or gamete, in anisogamous forms of sexual reproduction (forms in which there is a larger, female reproductive cell and a smaller, male one). Animals produce motile sperm with a tail known as a flagellum, which are known as spermatozoa, while some red algae and fungi produce non-motile sperm cells, known as spermatia. Flowering plants contain non-motile sperm inside pollen, while some more basal plants like ferns and some gymnosperms have motile sperm.
Sperm cells form during the process known as spermatogenesis, which in amniotes (reptiles and mammals) takes place in the seminiferous tubules of the testes. This process involves the production of several successive sperm cell precursors, starting with spermatogonia, which differentiate into spermatocytes. The spermatocytes then undergo meiosis, reducing their chromosome number by half, which produces spermatids. The spermatids then mature and, in animals, construct a tail, or flagellum, which gives rise to the mature, motile sperm cell. This whole process occurs constantly and takes around 3 months from start to finish.
Sperm cells cannot divide and have a limited lifespan, but after fusion with egg cells during fertilization, a new organism begins developing, starting as a totipotent zygote. The human sperm cell is haploid, so that its 23 chromosomes can join the 23 chromosomes of the female egg to form a diploid cell with 46 paired chromosomes. In mammals, sperm is s
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nenitzescu%20indole%20synthesis
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The Nenitzescu indole synthesis is a chemical reaction that forms 5-hydroxyindole derivatives from benzoquinone and β-aminocrotonic esters.
This reaction was named for its discoverer, Costin Nenițescu, who first reported it in 1929. It can be performed with a number of different combinations of R-groups, which include methyl, methoxy, ethyl, propyl, and H substituents. There is also a solid-state variation in which the reaction takes place on a highly cross-linked polymer scaffold. The synthesis is particularly interesting because indoles are the foundation for a number of biochemically important molecules, including neurotransmitters and a new class of antitumor compounds.
Mechanism
The mechanism of a Nenitzescu reaction consists of a Michael addition, followed by a nucleophilic attack by the enamine pi bond, and then an elimination.
The reaction was first published by Nenitzescu in 1929, and has since been refined by Allen et al. In his 1996 publication, Allen and coworkers investigated the effects that different substituents on the benzoquinone starting material had on the arrangement of the final product. These steric effects also gave evidence that one of the two current proposed mechanisms was more likely than the other, which led to the publication of the mechanism shown above.
Conditions
A preliminary study conducted by Katkevica et al. investigated the reaction conditions for a Nenitzescu synthesis, and reported on the behavior of the reaction when it takes pla
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bifurcation%20theory
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Bifurcation theory is the mathematical study of changes in the qualitative or topological structure of a given family of curves, such as the integral curves of a family of vector fields, and the solutions of a family of differential equations. Most commonly applied to the mathematical study of dynamical systems, a bifurcation occurs when a small smooth change made to the parameter values (the bifurcation parameters) of a system causes a sudden 'qualitative' or topological change in its behavior. Bifurcations occur in both continuous systems (described by ordinary, delay or partial differential equations) and discrete systems (described by maps).
The name "bifurcation" was first introduced by Henri Poincaré in 1885 in the first paper in mathematics showing such a behavior.
Bifurcation types
It is useful to divide bifurcations into two principal classes:
Local bifurcations, which can be analysed entirely through changes in the local stability properties of equilibria, periodic orbits or other invariant sets as parameters cross through critical thresholds; and
Global bifurcations, which often occur when larger invariant sets of the system 'collide' with each other, or with equilibria of the system. They cannot be detected purely by a stability analysis of the equilibria (fixed points).
Local bifurcations
A local bifurcation occurs when a parameter change causes the stability of an equilibrium (or fixed point) to change. In continuous systems, this corresponds to the real p
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texture%20synthesis
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Texture synthesis is the process of algorithmically constructing a large digital image from a small digital sample image by taking advantage of its structural content. It is an object of research in computer graphics and is used in many fields, amongst others digital image editing, 3D computer graphics and post-production of films.
Texture synthesis can be used to fill in holes in images (as in inpainting), create large non-repetitive background images and expand small pictures.
Contrast with procedural textures
Procedural textures are a related technique which may synthesise textures from scratch with no source material. By contrast, texture synthesis refers to techniques where some source image is being matched or extended.
Textures
"Texture" is an ambiguous word and in the context of texture synthesis may have one of the following meanings:
In common speech, the word "texture" is used as a synonym for "surface structure". Texture has been described by five different properties in the psychology of perception: coarseness, contrast, directionality, line-likeness and roughness .
In 3D computer graphics, a texture is a digital image applied to the surface of a three-dimensional model by texture mapping to give the model a more realistic appearance. Often, the image is a photograph of a "real" texture, such as wood grain.
In image processing, every digital image composed of repeated elements is called a "texture."
Texture can be arranged along a spectrum going from regu
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorescein%20isothiocyanate
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Fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) is a derivative of fluorescein used in wide-ranging applications including flow cytometry. First described in 1942, FITC is the original fluorescein molecule functionalized with an isothiocyanate reactive group (−N=C=S), replacing a hydrogen atom on the bottom ring of the structure. It is typically available as a mixture of isomers, fluorescein 5-isothiocyanate (5-FITC) and fluorescein 6-isothiocyanate (6-FITC). FITC is reactive towards nucleophiles including amine and sulfhydryl groups on proteins. It was synthesized by Robert Seiwald and Joseph Burckhalter in 1958.
A succinimidyl-ester functional group attached to the fluorescein core, creating "NHS-fluorescein", forms another common amine reactive derivative that has much greater specificity toward primary amines in the presence of other nucleophiles.
FITC has excitation and emission spectrum peak wavelengths of approximately 495 nm and 519 nm, giving it a green color. Like most fluorochromes, it is prone to photobleaching. Due to the problem of photobleaching, derivatives of fluorescein such as Alexa 488 and DyLight 488 have been tailored for various chemical and biological applications where greater photostability, higher fluorescence intensity, or different attachment groups are needed. In addition, some experiments make use of FITC's propensity for photobleaching in order to measure proteins' lateral mobility in membranes, through the technique of fluorescence recovery after photo
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theanine
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Theanine , also known as L-γ-glutamylethylamide and N5-ethyl-L-glutamine, is an amino acid analogue of the proteinogenic amino acids L-glutamate and L-glutamine and is found primarily in particular plant and fungal species. It was discovered as a constituent of green tea in 1949; in 1950, it was isolated from gyokuro leaves. It constitutes about 1–2% of the dry weight of green tea leaves. Theanine provides a unique brothy or savory (umami) flavor to green tea infusions.
The name theanine without a prefix generally implies the enantiomer, L-theanine, which is the form found in tea leaves and as a dietary supplement ingredient. Most studies have used L-theanine. The opposite enantiomer, D-theanine, has been studied less.
Theanine is sold as a dietary supplement and is considered to be safe at doses up to 250 milligrams (mg) by the US Food and Drug Administration. The European Food Safety Authority found there was insufficient evidence for a cause-and-effect relationship between theanine consumption and improved cognitive function, alleviation of psychological stress, maintenance of normal sleep, or reduction of menstrual discomfort.
Structure and properties
The chemical name N5-ethyl-L-glutamine and other synonyms (see box) for theanine reflect its chemical structure. The name theanine, without prefix, is generally understood to imply the L- (S-) enantiomer, derived from the related proteinogenic L-amino acid glutamic acid. Theanine is an analog of this amino acid, and its
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton-exchange%20membrane
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A proton-exchange membrane, or polymer-electrolyte membrane (PEM), is a semipermeable membrane generally made from ionomers and designed to conduct protons while acting as an electronic insulator and reactant barrier, e.g. to oxygen and hydrogen gas. This is their essential function when incorporated into a membrane electrode assembly (MEA) of a proton-exchange membrane fuel cell or of a proton-exchange membrane electrolyser: separation of reactants and transport of protons while blocking a direct electronic pathway through the membrane.
PEMs can be made from either pure polymer membranes or from composite membranes, where other materials are embedded in a polymer matrix. One of the most common and commercially available PEM materials is the fluoropolymer (PFSA) Nafion, a DuPont product. While Nafion is an ionomer with a perfluorinated backbone like Teflon, there are many other structural motifs used to make ionomers for proton-exchange membranes. Many use polyaromatic polymers, while others use partially fluorinated polymers.
Proton-exchange membranes are primarily characterized by proton conductivity (σ), methanol permeability (P), and thermal stability.
PEM fuel cells use a solid polymer membrane (a thin plastic film) which is permeable to protons when it is saturated with water, but it does not conduct electrons.
History
Early proton-exchange membrane technology was developed in the early 1960s by Leonard Niedrach and Thomas Grubb, chemists working for the General
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen%20Fodor
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Stephen P. A. "Steve" Fodor (born in Seattle, Washington in 1953) is a scientist and businessman in the field of DNA microarray technology.
He is the co-founder of Affymetrix, a company that produces DNA microarrays to screen gene expression and genetic variations in large portions of such genomes as human, rat, and mouse, which is currently widely used in research, and could be used to screen patients for diseases.
He was awarded the Association of Biomolecular Resource Facilities Award for outstanding contributions to Biomolecular Technologies in 2005 and the European Inventor of the Year Award in 2006. He was elected to the National Academy of Engineering in 2009. Awarded the Newcomb Cleveland Prize in 1990.
Fodor is a member of the Board of Trustees Carnegie Institution for Science.
Education
Fodor received a BS and MS in Biology from Washington State University. He received a PhD in chemistry from Princeton in 1985.
References
External links
Steve Fodor Biography on Affymetrix web site
21st-century American biologists
Living people
Members of the United States National Academy of Engineering
European Inventor Award winners
1953 births
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matrigel
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Matrigel is the trade name for the solubilized basement membrane matrix secreted by Engelbreth-Holm-Swarm (EHS) mouse sarcoma cells produced by Corning Life Sciences. Matrigel resembles the laminin/collagen IV-rich basement membrane extracellular environment found in many tissues and is used by cell biologists as a substrate (basement membrane matrix) for culturing cells.
Cell culture
A common laboratory procedure is to dispense small volumes of chilled (4 °C) liquid Matrigel onto plastic tissue culture labware. When incubated at 37 °C (body temperature) the Matrigel proteins polymerize (solidify) producing a recombinant basement membrane that covers the labware's surface.
Cells cultured on Matrigel demonstrate complex cellular behavior that is otherwise difficult to observe under laboratory conditions. For example, endothelial cells create intricate spiderweb-like networks on Matrigel-coated surfaces but not on plastic surfaces. Such networks are highly suggestive of the microvascular capillary systems that suffuse living tissues with blood. Hence, Matrigel allows them to observe the process by which endothelial cells construct such networks that are of great research interest.
Metastasis model
In some instances researchers may prefer to use greater volumes of Matrigel to produce thick three-dimensional gels. Thick gels induce cells to migrate from the gel's surface to its interior. This migratory behavior is studied by researchers as a model of tumor cell metastasis.
Ca
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