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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KBDB-FM
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KBDB-FM is an American radio station licensed to operate on the FM frequency of 96.7 MHz. Licensed to Forks, Washington,. the station is owned by Forks Broadcasting Inc. it broadcasts an adult contemporary format. KBDB-FM is the only commercial radio station serving the West End of Clallam County, Washington. The studios are at 260 Cedar Avenue in Forks.
The station's transmitter was located next to the studios until early 2016. Because of its low-lying position in relation to the surrounding mountainous terrain—the antenna was 23 meters (75.5 feet) below average terrain—the 6,000 watt Class A signal barely reached beyond the valley. In the spring of 2016, KBDB-FM began broadcasting a Class C3 signal from a mountaintop transmitter located approximately 5.5 km (3.4 miles) north-northwest of Sappho.
References
Marketwire - Nov 19, 2012
External links
BDB-FM
Mainstream adult contemporary radio stations in the United States
Radio stations established in 1994
1994 establishments in Washington (state)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/40th%20Karlovy%20Vary%20International%20Film%20Festival
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The 40th Karlovy Vary International Film Festival took place from 1 to 9 July 2005. The Crystal Globe was won by My Nikifor, a Polish drama film directed by Krzysztof Krauze. The second prize, the Special Jury Prize was won by What a Wonderful Place, an Israeli drama film directed by Eyal Halfon. English film director and screenwriter Michael Radford was the Grand Jury President of the festival.
Juries
The following people formed the juries of the festival:
Main competition
Michael Radford, Grand Jury President (UK)
Frédéric Fonteyne (Belgium)
Ali MacGraw (USA)
Fernando Méndez - Laite Serrano (Spain)
Kornél Mundruczó (Hungary)
Ruba Nadda (Canada)
Zuzana Stivínová (Czech Republic)
Documentaries
David Fisher, Chairman (Israel)
John Appel (Netherlands)
Flavia de la Fuente (Argentina)
Jana Hádková (Czech Republic)
Ninos Fenec Mikelides (Greece)
East of the West
Andrej Plachov, Chairman (Russia)
Jannike Åhlund (Sweden)
Mira Erdevicki (UK)
Viera Langerová (Slovenia)
Roland Rust (Germany)
Official selection awards
The following feature films and people received the official selection awards:
Crystal Globe (Grand Prix) - My Nikifor (Mój Nikifor) by Krzysztof Krauze (Poland)
Special Jury Prize - What a Wonderful Place (Eize makom nifla) by Eyal Halfon (Israel)
Best Director Award - Krzysztof Krauze for My Nikifor (Poland)
Best Actress Award - Krystyna Feldman for My Nikifor (Poland)
Best Actor Award (ex aequo):
Luca Zingaretti for Come into the Light (Alla lu
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amplified%20fragment%20length%20polymorphism
|
AFLP-PCR or just AFLP is a PCR-based tool used in genetics research, DNA fingerprinting, and in the practice of genetic engineering. Developed in the early 1990s by KeyGene, AFLP uses restriction enzymes to digest genomic DNA, followed by ligation of adaptors to the sticky ends of the restriction fragments. A subset of the restriction fragments is then selected to be amplified. This selection is achieved by using primers complementary to the adaptor sequence, the restriction site sequence and a few nucleotides inside the restriction site fragments (as described in detail below). The amplified fragments are separated and visualized on denaturing on agarose gel electrophoresis, either through autoradiography or fluorescence methodologies, or via automated capillary sequencing instruments.
Although AFLP should not be used as an acronym, it is commonly referred to as "Amplified fragment length polymorphism". However, the resulting data are not scored as length polymorphisms, but instead as presence-absence polymorphisms.
AFLP-PCR is a highly sensitive method for detecting polymorphisms in DNA. The technique was originally described by Vos and Zabeau in 1993. In detail, the procedure of this technique is divided into three steps:
Digestion of total cellular DNA with one or more restriction enzymes and ligation of restriction half-site specific adaptors to all restriction fragments.
Selective amplification of some of these fragments with two PCR primers that have corresponding a
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AFLP
|
AFLP may refer to:
Amplified fragment length polymorphism, a highly sensitive tool used in molecular biology to detect DNA polymorphisms
Acute fatty liver of pregnancy, a life-threatening liver condition that may occur during pregnancy
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neospora%20caninum
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Neospora caninum is a coccidian parasite that was identified as a species in 1988. Prior to this, it was misclassified as Toxoplasma gondii due to structural similarities. The genome sequence of Neospora caninum has been determined by the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute and the University of Liverpool. Neospora caninum is an important cause of spontaneous abortion in infected livestock.
Life cycle and transmission
Neospora caninum has a heteroxenous life cycle, with the sexually reproductive stage occurring in the intestine of a definitive host. Until recently, the only known definitive host was the domestic dog. New research has determined that other canids such as coyotes (Canis latrans), gray wolves (Canis lupus), and Australian dingos (Canis lupus dingo) are also definitive hosts.
Oocysts passed in the feces of the definitive host, such as canines or canids, are ingested by an intermediate host, such as cattle. After ingestion of an oocyst, motile and rapidly dividing tachyzoites are released. These tachyzoites disseminate throughout the host, and in response to the host immune response, differentiate into bradyzoites, which form cysts in muscle and tissue. Formation of these cysts results in chronic infection of the intermediate host. Ingestion of infected intermediate host tissue by the definitive host completes the life cycle. A second route of transmission is the congenital transmission from mother to offspring. Transplacental transmission (passage from mother
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microneme
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Micronemes are secretory organelles, possessed by parasitic apicomplexans. Micronemes are located on the apical third of the protozoan body. They are surrounded by a typical unit membrane. On electron microscopy they have an electron-dense matrix due to the high protein content. They are specialized secretory organelles important for host-cell invasion and gliding motility.
These organelles secrete several proteins such as the Plasmodium falciparum apical membrane antigen-1, or PfAMA1, and Erythrocyte family antigen, or EBA, family proteins. These proteins specialize in binding to erythrocyte surface receptors and facilitating erythrocyte entry. Only by this initial chemical exchange can the parasite enter into the erythrocyte via actin-myosin motor complex.
It has been posited that this organelle works cooperatively with its counterpart organelle, the rhoptry, which also is a secretory organelle. It is possible that, while the microneme initiates erythrocyte-binding, the rhoptry secretes proteins to create the PVM, or the parasitophorous vacuole membrane, in which the parasite can survive and reproduce.
See also
Dense granule
Rhoptry
References
Parasitology
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CpG
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CpG can be:
CpG site - methylated sequences of DNA significant in gene regulation
CpG Oligodeoxynucleotide - unmethylated sequences of DNA that have immunostimulatory properties
CpG island - regions of DNA that contain several CpG sites
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spaghetti%20sort
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Spaghetti sort is a linear-time, analog algorithm for sorting a sequence of items, introduced by A. K. Dewdney in his Scientific American column. This algorithm sorts a sequence of items requiring O(n) stack space in a stable manner. It requires a parallel processor.
Algorithm
For simplicity, assume we are sorting a list of natural numbers. The sorting method is illustrated using uncooked rods of spaghetti:
For each number x in the list, obtain a rod of length x. (One practical way of choosing the unit is to let the largest number m in the list correspond to one full rod of spaghetti. In this case, the full rod equals m spaghetti units. To get a rod of length x, break a rod in two so that one piece is of length x units; discard the other piece.)
Once you have all your spaghetti rods, take them loosely in your fist and lower them to the table, so that they all stand upright, resting on the table surface. Now, for each rod, lower your other hand from above until it meets with a rod—this one is clearly the longest. Remove this rod and insert it into the front of the (initially empty) output list (or equivalently, place it in the last unused slot of the output array). Repeat until all rods have been removed.
Analysis
Preparing the n rods of spaghetti takes linear time. Lowering the rods on the table takes constant time, O(1). This is possible because the hand, the spaghetti rods and the table work as a fully parallel computing device. There are then n rods to remove so, assu
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viscosity%20index
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The viscosity index (VI) is an arbitrary, unit-less measure of a fluid's change in viscosity relative to temperature change. It is mostly used to characterize the viscosity-temperature behavior of lubricating oils. The lower the VI, the more the viscosity is affected by changes in temperature. The higher the VI, the more stable the viscosity remains over some temperature range. The VI was originally measured on a scale from 0 to 100; however, advancements in lubrication science have led to the development of oils with much higher VIs.
The viscosity of a lubricant is closely related to its ability to reduce friction in solid body contacts. Generally, the least viscous lubricant which still forces the two moving surfaces apart to achieve "fluid bearing" conditions is desired. If the lubricant is too viscous, it will require a large amount of energy to move (as in honey); if it is too thin, the surfaces will come in contact and friction will increase.
Relevance
Many lubricant applications require the lubricant to perform across a wide range of conditions, for example, automotive lubricants are required to reduce friction between engine components when the engine is started from cold (relative to the engine's operating temperatures) up to when it is running. The best oils with the highest VI will remain stable and not vary much in viscosity over the temperature range. This provides consistent engine performance within the normal working conditions. Historically, there were tw
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinc%E2%80%93carbon%20battery
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A zinc–carbon battery (or carbon zinc battery in U.S. English) is a dry cell primary battery that provides direct electric current from the electrochemical reaction between zinc (Zn) and manganese dioxide (MnO2) in the presence of an ammonium chloride (NH4Cl) electrolyte. It produces a voltage of about 1.5 volts between the zinc anode, which is typically constructed as a cylindrical container for the battery cell, and a carbon rod surrounded by a compound with a higher Standard electrode potential (positive polarity), known as the cathode, that collects the current from the manganese dioxide electrode. The name "zinc-carbon" is slightly misleading as it implies that carbon is acting as the oxidizing agent rather than the manganese dioxide.
General-purpose batteries may use an acidic aqueous paste of ammonium chloride (NH4Cl) as electrolyte, with some zinc chloride solution on a paper separator to act as what is known as a salt bridge. Heavy-duty types use a paste primarily composed of zinc chloride (ZnCl2).
Zinc–carbon batteries were the first commercial dry batteries, developed from the technology of the wet Leclanché cell. They made flashlights and other portable devices possible, because the battery provided a higher energy density at a lower cost than previously available cells. They are still useful in low-drain or intermittent-use devices such as remote controls, flashlights, clocks or transistor radios. Zinc–carbon dry cells are single-use primary cells. Zinc-carbon
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KSVG
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KSVG may refer to:
a Scalable Vector Graphics solution for KHTML based browsers
KSVG-LP, a low-power radio station (103.5 FM) licensed to serve Bakersfield, California, United States
KSVG (FM), a defunct radio station (89.7 FM) formerly licensed to serve Mettler, California
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20UK%20sites%20recognised%20for%20their%20importance%20in%20biodiversity%20conservation
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This article provides a list of sites in the United Kingdom which are recognised for their importance to biodiversity conservation. The list is divided geographically by region and county.
Inclusion criteria
Sites are included in this list if they are given any of the following designations:
Sites of importance in a global context
Biosphere Reserves (BR)
World Heritage Sites (WHS) (where biological interest forms part of the reason for designation)
all Ramsar Sites
Sites of importance in a European context
all Special Protection Areas (SPA)
all Special Area of Conservation (SAC)
all Important Bird Areas (IBA)
Sites of importance in a national context
all sites which were included in the Nature Conservation Review (NCR site)
all national nature reserves (NNR)
Sites of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI), where biological interest forms part of the justification for notification (SSSIs which are designated purely for their geological interest are not included unless they meet other criteria)
England
Southwest
Cornwall
Devon
Dorset
Somerset
Avon
Wiltshire
Gloucestershire
Southeast
Bedfordshire
Berkshire
Buckinghamshire
Essex
Greater London
Hampshire
Hertfordshire
Kent
Oxfordshire
Surrey
Sussex
Rye Harbour Nature Reserve
Midlands
Derbyshire
Herefordshire
Leicestershire
Northamptonshire
Shropshire
Staffordshire
Nottinghamshire
Warwickshire
Worcestershire
East Anglia
Northwest
Cheshire
Northeast
Lincolnshire
Yorkshire
County Durh
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basket%20cell
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Basket cells are inhibitory GABAergic interneurons of the brain, found throughout different regions of the cortex and cerebellum.
Anatomy and physiology
Basket cells are multipolar GABAergic interneurons that function to make inhibitory synapses and control the overall potentials of target cells. In general, dendrites of basket cells are free branching, contain smooth spines, and extend from 3 to 9 mm. Axons are highly branched, ranging in total from 20 to 50mm in total length. The branched axonal arborizations give rise to the name as they appear as baskets surrounding the soma of the target cell. Basket cells form axo-somatic synapses, meaning their synapses target somas of other cells. By controlling the somas of other neurons, basket cells can directly control the action potential discharge rate of target cells.
Basket cells can be found throughout the brain, in among other the cortex, hippocampus, amygdala, basal ganglia, and the cerebellum.
Cortex
In the cortex, basket cells have sparsely branched axons giving off small pericellular, basket-shaped elaborations at several intervals along their length. Basket cells make up 5-10% of total neurons in the cortex. There are three types of basket cells in the cortex, the small, large and nest type: The axon of a small basket cell arborizes in the vicinity of that same cell's dendritic range, this axon is short. In contrast, large basket cells innervate somata in different cortical columns due to a long axon. The nest basket
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amastigote
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An amastigote is a protist cell that does not have visible external flagella or cilia. The term is used mainly to describe an intracellular phase in the life-cycle of trypanosomes that replicates. It is also called the leishmanial stage, since in Leishmania it is the form the parasite takes in the vertebrate host, but occurs in all trypanosome genera.
References
Kinetoplastids
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annexin
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Annexin is a common name for a group of cellular proteins. They are mostly found in eukaryotic organisms (animal, plant and fungi).
In humans, the annexins are found inside the cell. However some annexins (Annexin A1, Annexin A2, and Annexin A5) can be secreted from the cytoplasm to outside cellular environments, such as blood.
Annexin is also known as lipocortin. Lipocortins suppress phospholipase A2. Increased expression of the gene coding for annexin-1 is one of the mechanisms by which glucocorticoids (such as cortisol) inhibit inflammation.
Introduction
The protein family of annexins has continued to grow since their association with intracellular membranes was first reported in 1977. The recognition that these proteins were members of a broad family first came from protein sequence comparisons and their cross-reactivity with antibodies. One of these workers (Geisow) coined the name Annexin shortly after.
As of 2002 160 annexin proteins have been identified in 65 different species. The criteria that a protein has to meet to be classified as an annexin are: it has to be capable of binding negatively charged phospholipids in a calcium dependent manner and must contain a 70 amino acid repeat sequence called an annexin repeat. Several proteins consist of annexin with other domains like gelsolin.
The basic structure of an annexin is composed of two major domains. The first is located at the COOH terminal and is called the “core” region. The second is located at the NH2
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spermine
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Spermine is a polyamine involved in cellular metabolism that is found in all eukaryotic cells. The precursor for synthesis of spermine is the amino acid ornithine. It is an essential growth factor in some bacteria as well. It is found as a polycation at physiological pH. Spermine is associated with nucleic acids and is thought to stabilize helical structure, particularly in viruses. It functions as an intracellular free radical scavenger to protect DNA from free radical attack. Spermine is the chemical primarily responsible for the characteristic odor of semen.
Antonie van Leeuwenhoek first described crystals of spermine phosphate in human semen in 1678. The name spermin was first used by the German chemists Ladenburg and Abel in 1888, and the correct structure of spermine was not finally established until 1926, simultaneously in England (by Dudley, Rosenheim, and Starling) and Germany (by Wrede et al.).
Derivative
A derivative of spermine, N1, N12-bis(ethyl)spermine (also known as BESm) was investigated in the late 1980s along with similar polyamine analogues for its potential as a cancer therapy.
Biosynthesis
Spermine biosynthesis in animals starts with decarboxylation of ornithine by the enzyme Ornithine decarboxylase in the presence of PLP. This decarboxylation gives putrescine. Thereafter the enzyme spermidine synthase effects two N-alkylation by decarboxy-S-adenosyl methionine. The intermediate is spermidine.
Plants employ additional routes to spermine. In one pat
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accounting%20equation
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The fundamental accounting equation, also called the balance sheet equation, represents the relationship between the assets, liabilities, and owner's equity of a person or business. It is the foundation for the double-entry bookkeeping system. For each transaction, the total debits equal the total credits. It can be expressed as furthermore:
In a corporation, capital represents the stockholders' equity. Since every business transaction affects at least two of a company's accounts, the accounting equation will always be "in balance", meaning the left side of its balance sheet should always equal the right side. Thus, the accounting formula essentially shows that what the firm owns (its assets) has been purchased with equity and/or liabilities. That is, with funds it has borrowed and therefore owes (its liabilities) plus funds invested by the founding shareholders (its shareholders' equity or capital); note that the profits earned by the company ultimately belong to its owners.
The formula can be rewritten:
Now it shows owners' equity is equal to property (assets) minus debts (liabilities). Since in a corporation owners are shareholders, owner's equity is called shareholders' equity.
Every accounting transaction affects at least one element of the equation, but always balances. Simple transactions also include:
These are some simple examples, but even the most complicated transactions can be recorded in a similar way. This equation is behind debits, credits, and jo
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20fluid%20mechanics
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The history of fluid mechanics is a fundamental strand of the history of physics and engineering. The study of the movement of fluids (liquids and gases) and the forces that act upon them dates back to pre-history. The field has undergone a continuous evolution, driven by human dependence on water, meteorological conditions and internal biological processes.
The success of early civilizations, can be attributed to developments in the understanding of water dynamics, allowing for the construction of canals and aqueducts for water distribution and farm irrigation, as well as maritime transport. Due to its conceptual complexity, most discoveries in this field relied almost entirely on experiments, at least until the development of advanced understanding of differential equations and computational methods. Significant theoretical contributions were made by notables figures like Archimedes, Johann Bernoulli, Leonhard Euler, Claude-Louis Navier and Stokes, who developed the fundamental equations to describe fluid mechanics. Advancements in experimentation and computational methods have further propelled the field, leading to practical applications in more specialized industries ranging from aerospace to environmental engineering. Fluid mechanics has also been important for the study astronomical bodies and the dynamics of galaxies.
Antiquity
Pre-history
A pragmatic, if not scientific, knowledge of fluid flow was exhibited by ancient civilizations, such as in the design of arro
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunomagnetic%20separation
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Immunomagnetic separation (IMS) is a laboratory tool that can efficiently isolate cells out of body fluid or cultured cells. It can also be used as a method of quantifying the pathogenicity of food, blood or feces. DNA analysis have supported the combined use of both this technique and Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). Another laboratory separation tool is the affinity magnetic separation (AMS), which is more suitable for the isolation of prokaryotic cells.
IMS deals with the isolation of cells, proteins, and nucleic acids through the specific capture of biomolecules through the attachment of small-magnetized particles, beads, containing antibodies and lectins. These beads are coated to bind to targeted biomolecules, gently separated and goes through multiple cycles of washing to obtain targeted molecules bound to these super paramagnetic beads, which can differentiate based on strength of magnetic field and targeted molecules, are then eluted to collect supernatant and then are able to determine the concentration of specifically targeted biomolecules. IMS obtains certain concentrations of specific molecules within targeted bacteria.
A mixture of cell population will be put into a magnetic field where cells then are attached to super paramagnetic beads, specific example are Dynabeads (4.5-μm), will remain once excess substrate is removed binding to targeted antigen. Dynabeads consists of iron-containing cores, which is covered by a thin layer of a polymer shell allowing the
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geometric%20integrator
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In the mathematical field of numerical ordinary differential equations, a geometric integrator is a numerical method that preserves geometric properties of the exact flow of a differential equation.
Pendulum example
We can motivate the study of geometric integrators by considering the motion of a pendulum.
Assume that we have a pendulum whose bob has mass and
whose rod is massless of length . Take the
acceleration due to gravity to be . Denote by
the angular displacement of the rod from the vertical,
and by the pendulum's momentum. The Hamiltonian of
the system, the sum of its kinetic and potential energies, is
which gives Hamilton's equations
It is natural to take the configuration space of all to be the unit
circle , so that lies on the
cylinder . However, we will take
, simply because -space is
then easier to plot. Define
and . Let us experiment by
using some simple numerical methods to integrate this system. As usual,
we select a constant step size, , and for an arbitrary non-negative integer we write
.
We use the following methods.
(explicit Euler),
(implicit Euler),
(symplectic Euler),
(implicit midpoint rule).
(Note that the symplectic Euler method treats q by the explicit and by the implicit Euler method.)
The observation that is constant along the solution
curves of the Hamilton's equations allows us to describe the exact
trajectories of the system: they are the level curves of . We plot, in , the exact
trajectories and the numerical solut
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matorral
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Matorral is a Spanish word, along with tomillares, for shrubland, thicket or bushes. It is used in naming and describing a Mediterranean climate ecosystem in Southern Europe.
Mediterranean region
Matorral originally referred to the Matorral shrublands and woodlands in the Mediterranean climate regions of Spain and other Mediterranean Basin countries. These scrub shrublands and woodlands are a plant community and a distinct habitat. Other common general names for this Mediterranean region shrubland habitat ecosystem are: in France as Maquis and Garrigue; in Italy as Macchia Mediterranea; in Greece as Phrygana; in Portugal as Mato; and in Israel as Batha. Now the term is used more broadly to include similar bio-assemblages where ever they occur.
In Portugal, the term mato or matagal is used to refer to the scrublands, or heaths, that formed on the Cambrian and Silurian schists in the north and central parts of Portugal.
Mediterranean Matorral shrublands are often part of a mosaic landscape, interspersed with forests, woodlands, grassland, and scrublands.
The Americas
The term matorral followed Spanish colonization of the Americas, and is used to refer to both Mediterranean (climate) woodlands and scrub, and xeric shrublands ecosystems in Mexico, Chile, and elsewhere.
There are Chilean Matorral areas in central Chile, including portions of La Campana National Park.
The Central Mexican matorral, Meseta Central matorral, Tamaulipan matorral, and Tehuacán Valley matorral a
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partial-redundancy%20elimination
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In compiler theory, partial redundancy elimination (PRE) is a compiler optimization that eliminates expressions that are redundant on some but not necessarily all paths through a program. PRE is a form of common subexpression elimination.
An expression is called partially redundant if the value computed by the expression is already available on some but not all paths through a program to that expression. An expression is fully redundant if the value computed by the expression is available on all paths through the program to that expression. PRE can eliminate partially redundant expressions by inserting the partially redundant expression on the paths that do not already compute it, thereby making the partially redundant expression fully redundant.
For instance, in the following code:
if (some_condition) {
// some code that does not alter x
y = x + 4;
}
else {
// other code that does not alter x
}
z = x + 4;
the expression x+4 assigned to z is partially redundant because it is computed twice if some_condition is true. PRE would perform code motion on the expression to yield the following optimized code:
if (some_condition) {
// some code that does not alter x
t = x + 4;
y = t;
}
else {
// other code that does not alter x
t = x + 4;
}
z = t;
An interesting property of PRE is that it performs (a form of) common subexpression elimination and loop-invariant code motion at the same time. In addition, PRE can be extended to eliminate injured part
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einstein%20coefficients
|
Einstein coefficients are quantities describing the probability of absorption or emission of a photon by an atom or molecule. The Einstein A coefficients are related to the rate of spontaneous emission of light, and the Einstein B coefficients are related to the absorption and stimulated emission of light. Throughout this article, "light" refers to any electromagnetic radiation, not necessarily in the visible spectrum.
Spectral lines
In physics, one thinks of a spectral line from two viewpoints.
An emission line is formed when an atom or molecule makes a transition from a particular discrete energy level of an atom, to a lower energy level , emitting a photon of a particular energy and wavelength. A spectrum of many such photons will show an emission spike at the wavelength associated with these photons.
An absorption line is formed when an atom or molecule makes a transition from a lower, , to a higher discrete energy state, , with a photon being absorbed in the process. These absorbed photons generally come from background continuum radiation (the full spectrum of electromagnetic radiation) and a spectrum will show a drop in the continuum radiation at the wavelength associated with the absorbed photons.
The two states must be bound states in which the electron is bound to the atom or molecule, so the transition is sometimes referred to as a "bound–bound" transition, as opposed to a transition in which the electron is ejected out of the atom completely ("bound–free" tra
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TRADIC
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The TRADIC (for TRAnsistor DIgital Computer or TRansistorized Airborne DIgital Computer) was the first transistorized computer in the USA, completed in 1954.
The computer was built by Jean Howard Felker of Bell Labs for the United States Air Force while L.C. Brown ("Charlie Brown") was a lead engineer on the project, which started in 1951. The project initially examined the feasibility of constructing a transistorized airborne digital computer. A second application was a transistorized digital computer to be used in a Navy track-while-scan shipboard radar system. Several models were completed: TRADIC Phase One computer, Flyable TRADIC, Leprechaun (using germanium alloy junction transistors in 1956) and XMH-3 TRADIC. TRADIC Phase One was developed to explore the feasibility, in the laboratory, of using transistors in a digital computer that could be used to solve aircraft bombing and navigation problems. Flyable TRADIC was used to establish the feasibility of using an airborne solid-state computer as the control element of a bombing and navigation system. Leprechaun was a second-generation laboratory research transistor digital computer designed to explore direct-coupled transistor logic (DCTL). The TRADIC Phase One computer was completed in January 1954.
The TRADIC Phase One computer has been claimed to be the world's first fully transistorized computer, ahead of the Mailüfterl in Austria or the Harwell CADET in the UK, which were each completed in 1955. In the UK, the Manc
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lempel%E2%80%93Ziv%E2%80%93Storer%E2%80%93Szymanski
|
Lempel–Ziv–Storer–Szymanski (LZSS) is a lossless data compression algorithm, a derivative of LZ77, that was created in 1982 by James A. Storer and Thomas Szymanski. LZSS was described in article "Data compression via textual substitution" published in Journal of the ACM (1982, pp. 928–951).
LZSS is a dictionary coding technique. It attempts to replace a string of symbols with a reference to a dictionary location of the same string.
The main difference between LZ77 and LZSS is that in LZ77 the dictionary reference could actually be longer than the string it was replacing. In LZSS, such references are omitted if the length is less than the "break even" point. Furthermore, LZSS uses one-bit flags to indicate whether the next chunk of data is a literal (byte) or a reference to an offset/length pair.
Example
Here is the beginning of Dr. Seuss's Green Eggs and Ham, with character numbers at the beginning of lines for convenience. Green Eggs and Ham is a good example to illustrate LZSS compression because the book itself only contains 50 unique words, despite having a word count of 170. Thus, words are repeated, however not in succession.
0: I am Sam
9:
10: Sam I am
19:
20: That Sam-I-am!
35: That Sam-I-am!
50: I do not like
64: that Sam-I-am!
79:
80: Do you like green eggs and ham?
112:
113: I do not like them, Sam-I-am.
143: I do not like green eggs and ham.
This text takes 177 bytes in uncompressed form. Assuming a break even point of 2 bytes (and thus 2 byte po
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorothy%20Maud%20Wrinch
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Dorothy Maud Wrinch (12 September 1894 – 11 February 1976; married names Nicholson, Glaser) was a mathematician and biochemical theorist best known for her attempt to deduce protein structure using mathematical principles. She was a champion of the controversial 'cyclol' hypothesis for the structure of proteins.
Career
Dorothy Wrinch was born in Rosario, Argentina, the daughter of Hugh Edward Hart Wrinch, an engineer, and Ada Souter. The family returned to England and Dorothy grew up in Surbiton, near London. She attended Surbiton High School and in 1913 entered Girton College, Cambridge to read mathematics. Wrinch often attended meetings of the Heretics Club run by Charles Kay Ogden, and it was through a 1914 lecture organised by Ogden that she first heard Bertrand Russell speak. She graduated in 1916 as a wrangler.
For the academic year 1916–1917, Wrinch took the Cambridge Moral Sciences tripos and studied mathematical logic with Russell in London. In December she was invited to Garsington Manor, the home of Russell's then mistress Ottoline Morell, and there encountered Clive Bell and other Bloomsbury Group members, and in 1917 she introduced Russell to Dora Black who would later become his second wife. From 1917 Wrinch was funded by Girton College as a research student, officially supervised by G.H. Hardy in Cambridge but in practice by Russell in London. When, in May 1918, Russell was imprisoned for his anti-war activities, Wrinch assisted with his writing projects by
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lov%C3%A1sz%20local%20lemma
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In probability theory, if a large number of events are all independent of one another and each has probability less than 1, then there is a positive (possibly small) probability that none of the events will occur. The Lovász local lemma allows one to relax the independence condition slightly: As long as the events are "mostly" independent from one another and aren't individually too likely, then there will still be a positive probability that none of them occurs. It is most commonly used in the probabilistic method, in particular to give existence proofs.
There are several different versions of the lemma. The simplest and most frequently used is the symmetric version given below. A weaker version was proved in 1975 by László Lovász and Paul Erdős in the article Problems and results on 3-chromatic hypergraphs and some related questions. For other versions, see . In 2020, Robin Moser and Gábor Tardos received the Gödel Prize for their algorithmic version of the Lovász Local Lemma, which uses entropy compression to provide an efficient randomized algorithm for finding an outcome in which none of the events occurs.
Statements of the lemma (symmetric version)
Let A1, A2,..., Ak be a sequence of events such that each event occurs with probability at most p and such that each event is independent of all the other events except for at most d of them.
Lemma I (Lovász and Erdős 1973; published 1975) If
then there is a nonzero probability that none of the events occurs.
Lemma II
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Averest
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Averest is a synchronous programming language and set of tools to specify, verify, and implement reactive systems. It includes a compiler for synchronous programs, a symbolic model checker, and a tool for hardware/software synthesis.
It can be used to model and verify finite and infinite state systems, at varied abstraction levels. It is useful for hardware design, modeling communication protocols, concurrent programs, software in embedded systems, and more.
Components: compiler to translate synchronous programs to transition systems, symbolic model checker, tool for hardware/software synthesis. These cover large parts of the design flow of reactive systems, from specifying to implementing. Though the tools are part of a common framework, they are mostly independent of each other, and can be used with 3rd-party tools.
See also
Synchronous programming language
Esterel
External links
Averest Toolbox Official home site
Embedded Systems Group Research group that develops the Averest Toolbox
Synchronous programming languages
Hardware description languages
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20unit%20testing%20frameworks
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Code-driven unit testing frameworks for various programming languages are as follows. Some, but not all, are based on xUnit.
Columns (classification)
Name: This column contains the name of the framework and will usually link to it.
xUnit: This column indicates whether a framework should be considered of xUnit type.
TAP: This column indicates whether a framework can emit TAP output for TAP-compliant testing harnesses.
SubUnit: This column indicates whether a framework can emit SubUnit output.
Generators: Indicates whether a framework supports data generators. Data generators generate input data for a test and the test is run for each input data that the generator produces.
Fixtures: Indicates whether a framework supports test-local fixtures. Test-local fixtures ensure a specified environment for a single test.
Group fixtures: Indicates whether a framework supports group fixtures. Group fixtures ensure a specified environment for a whole group of Tests
MPI: Indicates whether a framework supports message passing via MPI - commonly used for high-performance scientific computing.
Other columns: These columns indicate whether a specific language / tool feature is available / used by a framework.
Remarks: Any remarks.
Languages
ABAP
ActionScript / Adobe Flex
Ada
AppleScript
ASCET
ASP
Bash
BPEL
C
C#
See .NET programming languages below.
C++
Cg
CFML (ColdFusion)
Clojure
Cobol
Common Lisp
Crystal
Curl
DataFlex
Delphi
Emacs Lisp
Erlang
Fortran
F#
Go
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inspissation
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Inspissation is the process of increasing the viscosity of a fluid, or even of causing it to solidify, typically by dehydration or otherwise reducing its content of solvents. The term also has been applied to coagulation by heating of some substances such as albumens, or cooling some such as solutions of gelatin or agar. Some forms of inspissation may be reversed by re-introducing solvent, such as by adding water to molasses or gum arabic; in other forms, its resistance to flow may include cross-linking or mutual adhesion of its component particles or molecules, in ways that prevent their dissolving again, such as in the irreversible setting or gelling of some kinds of rubber latex, egg-white, adhesives, or coagulation of blood.
Intentional use
Inspissation is the process used when heating high-protein containing media; for example to enable recovery of bacteria for testing. Once inspissation has occurred, any stained bacteria, such as Mycobacteria, can then be isolated.
A Serum inspissation or Fractional sterilization is a process of heating an article on 3 successive days as follows:
Pathologic inspissation
In cystic fibrosis, inspissation of secretions in the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts is a major mechanism of causing the disease.
References
Further reading
Textbook of Microbiology by Prof. C P Baveja,
Textbook of Microbiology by Ananthanarayan and Panikar,
Microbiology
Zoology
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystallographic%20defects%20in%20diamond
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Imperfections in the crystal lattice of diamond are common. Such defects may be the result of lattice irregularities or extrinsic substitutional or interstitial impurities, introduced during or after the diamond growth. The defects affect the material properties of diamond and determine to which type a diamond is assigned; the most dramatic effects are on the diamond color and electrical conductivity, as explained by the electronic band structure.
The defects can be detected by different types of spectroscopy, including electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), luminescence induced by light (photoluminescence, PL) or electron beam (cathodoluminescence, CL), and absorption of light in the infrared (IR), visible and UV parts of the spectrum. The absorption spectrum is used not only to identify the defects, but also to estimate their concentration; it can also distinguish natural from synthetic or enhanced diamonds.
Labeling of diamond centers
There is a tradition in diamond spectroscopy to label a defect-induced spectrum by a numbered acronym (e.g. GR1). This tradition has been followed in general with some notable deviations, such as A, B and C centers. Many acronyms are confusing though:
Some symbols are too similar (e.g., 3H and H3).
Accidentally, the same labels were given to different centers detected by EPR and optical techniques (e.g., N3 EPR center and N3 optical center have no relation).
Whereas some acronyms are logical, such as N3 (N for natural, i.e. observed in natu
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umklapp%20scattering
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In crystalline materials, Umklapp scattering (also U-process or Umklapp process) is a scattering process that results in a wave vector (usually written k) which falls outside the first Brillouin zone. If a material is periodic, it has a Brillouin zone, and any point outside the first Brillouin zone can also be expressed as a point inside the zone. So, the wave vector is then mathematically transformed to a point inside the first Brillouin zone. This transformation allows for scattering processes which would otherwise violate the conservation of momentum: two wave vectors pointing to the right can combine to create a wave vector that points to the left. This non-conservation is why crystal momentum is not a true momentum.
Examples include electron-lattice potential scattering or an anharmonic phonon-phonon (or electron-phonon) scattering process, reflecting an electronic state or creating a phonon with a momentum k-vector outside the first Brillouin zone. Umklapp scattering is one process limiting the thermal conductivity in crystalline materials, the others being phonon scattering on crystal defects and at the surface of the sample.
The left panel of Figure 1 schematically shows the possible scattering processes of two incoming phonons with wave-vectors (k-vectors) k1 and k2 (red) creating one outgoing phonon with a wave vector k3 (blue). As long as the sum of k1 and k2 stay inside the first Brillouin zone (grey squares), k3 is the sum of the former two, thus conserving pho
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Crystal%20Lake
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"The Crystal Lake" is a song by American indie rock band Grandaddy from their second album, The Sophtware Slump. It was released as a single on 29 May 2000 by record label V2, and was re-released in several formats in early 2001.
Content
Grandaddy frontman Jason Lytle described the song as "that age-old story, repeated many times in country music, of the wayward soul who leaves a small town with hopes and dreams of the unknown and winds up full of regret in some horrible little apartment in an unfriendly city".
Release and reception
"The Crystal Lake" was released as a single on 29 May 2000. It peaked at number 78 on the UK Singles Chart when first released and number 38 when re-issued in 2001.
The song was listed as the 295th best song of the 2000s by Pitchfork.
Track listings
2000 release
CD
7"
2001 releases
CD1
CD2
7"
References
External links
(original release)
(2001 re-release)
2000 singles
Grandaddy songs
2000 songs
V2 Records singles
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycogenin
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Glycogenin is an enzyme involved in converting glucose to glycogen. It acts as a primer, by polymerizing the first few glucose molecules, after which other enzymes take over. It is a homodimer of 37-kDa subunits and is classified as a glycosyltransferase.
It catalyzes the chemical reactions:
UDP-alpha-D-glucose + glycogenin UDP + alpha-D-glucosylglycogenin
UDP-alpha-D-glucose + a glucosyl-glycogenin (1,4-alpha-D-glucosyl)n-glucosyl glucogenin + UDP + H+
Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are UDP-alpha-D-glucose and glycogenin, whereas its two products are UDP and alpha-D-glucosylglycogenin.
Nomenclature
This enzyme belongs to the family of glycosyltransferases, specifically the hexosyltransferases. The systematic name of this enzyme class is UDP-alpha-D-glucose:glycogenin alpha-D-glucosyltransferase. Other names in common use include:
glycogenin,
priming glucosyltransferase, and
UDP-glucose:glycogenin glucosyltransferase.
One may also notice that the naming of glycogenin hints at its function, with the glyco prefix referring to a carbohydrate and the genin suffix derived from the Latin genesis meaning novel, source, or beginning. This hints at the role of glycogenin to simply start glycogen synthesis before glycogen synthase takes over.
Discovery
Glycogenin was discovered in 1984 by Dr. William J. Whelan, a fellow of the Royal Society of London and former professor of Biochemistry at the University of Miami.
Function
The main enzyme involved in glyco
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-vector
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A two-vector or bivector is a tensor of type and it is the dual of a two-form, meaning that it is a linear functional which maps two-forms to the real numbers (or more generally, to scalars).
The tensor product of a pair of vectors is a two-vector. Then, any two-form can be expressed as a linear combination of tensor products of pairs of vectors, especially a linear combination of tensor products of pairs of basis vectors. If f is a two-vector, then
where the f α β are the components of the two-vector. Notice that both indices of the components are contravariant. This is always the case for two-vectors, by definition. A bivector may operate on a one-form, yielding a vector:
,
although a problem might be which of the upper indices of the bivector to contract with. (This problem does not arise with mixed tensors because only one of such tensor's indices is upper.) However, if the bivector is symmetric then the choice of index to contract with is indifferent.
An example of a bivector is the stress–energy tensor. Another one is the orthogonal complement of the metric tensor.
Matrix notation
If one assumes that vectors may only be represented as column matrices and covectors as row matrices; then, since a square matrix operating on a column vector must yield a column vector, it follows that square matrices can only represent mixed tensors. However, there is nothing in the abstract algebraic definition of a matrix that says that such assumptions must be made. Then dropping
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numerical%20taxonomy
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Numerical taxonomy is a classification system in biological systematics which deals with the grouping by numerical methods of taxonomic units based on their character states. It aims to create a taxonomy using numeric algorithms like cluster analysis rather than using subjective evaluation of their properties. The concept was first developed by Robert R. Sokal and Peter H. A. Sneath in 1963 and later elaborated by the same authors. They divided the field into phenetics in which classifications are formed based on the patterns of overall similarities and cladistics in which classifications are based on the branching patterns of the estimated evolutionary history of the taxa.
Although intended as an objective method, in practice the choice and implicit or explicit weighting of characteristics is influenced by available data and research interests of the investigator. What was made objective was the introduction of explicit steps to be used to create dendrograms and cladograms using numerical methods rather than subjective synthesis of data.
See also
Computational phylogenetics
Taxonomy (biology)
References
Taxonomy (biology)
es:Taxonomía numérica
ru:Фенетика
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalina%20cycle
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The Kalina cycle, developed by Alexander Kalina, is a thermodynamic process for converting thermal energy into usable mechanical power.
It uses a solution of 2 fluids with different boiling points for its working fluid. Since the solution boils over a range of temperatures as in distillation, more of the heat can be extracted from the source than with a pure working fluid. The same applies on the exhaust (condensing) end. This provides efficiency comparable to a Combined cycle, with less complexity.
By appropriate choice of the ratio between the components of the solution, the boiling point of the working solution can be adjusted to suit the heat input temperature. Water and ammonia is the most widely used combination, but other combinations are feasible.
Because of this ability to take full advantage of the temperature difference between the particular heat source and sink available, it finds applications in reuse of industrial process heat, geothermal energy, solar energy, and use of waste heat from power plants (Bottoming cycle). Even at lower pressure, a Kalina cycle may have higher efficiency than a comparable Rankine cycle.
Kalina cycle power plants
Recoverable heat from industrial processes.
The Kalina cycle has been thought to increase thermal power output efficiencies by up to 50% in suitable installations, and is ideally suited for applications such as steel, coal, oil refineries and cement production plants.
The Kashima Steel Works operated by Sumitomo Met
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anderson%20localization
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In condensed matter physics, Anderson localization (also known as strong localization) is the absence of diffusion of waves in a disordered medium. This phenomenon is named after the American physicist P. W. Anderson, who was the first to suggest that electron localization is possible in a lattice potential, provided that the degree of randomness (disorder) in the lattice is sufficiently large, as can be realized for example in a semiconductor with impurities or defects.
Anderson localization is a general wave phenomenon that applies to the transport of electromagnetic waves, acoustic waves, quantum waves, spin waves, etc. This phenomenon is to be distinguished from weak localization, which is the precursor effect of Anderson localization (see below), and from Mott localization, named after Sir Nevill Mott, where the transition from metallic to insulating behaviour is not due to disorder, but to a strong mutual Coulomb repulsion of electrons.
Introduction
In the original Anderson tight-binding model, the evolution of the wave function ψ on the d-dimensional lattice Zd is given by the Schrödinger equation
where the Hamiltonian H is given by
with Ej random and independent, and potential V(r) falling off faster than r−3 at infinity. For example, one may take Ej uniformly distributed in [−W, +W], and
Starting with ψ0 localised at the origin, one is interested in how fast the probability distribution diffuses. Anderson's analysis shows the following:
if d is 1 or 2
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mundolinco
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Mundolinco is a constructed language created by the Dutch author J. Braakman in 1888. It is notable for apparently being the first Esperantido, i.e. the first Esperanto derivative.
Major changes from Esperanto include combining the adjective and adverb with the grammatical ending -e (whereas Esperanto uses -a for adjectives and -e for adverbs), changes to the verb conjugations, an increase in the number of Latin roots, and new affixes such as the superlative suffix -osim- where Esperanto uses the particle plej. It seems there was no accusative or adjectival agreement.
Numerals 1–10: un, du, tres, cvarto, cvinto, siso, septo, octo, nono, desem.
Writing System
There are no diacritics in the alphabet.
Example
Mundolinco:
Digne Amiso! Hodie mi factos conesso con el nove universe linco del sinjoro Braakman. Mi perstudies ho linco presimente en cvinto hori ! … Ce ho linco essos el fasilosime del mundo…
Esperanto:
Digna Amiko! Hodiaŭ mi ekkonis la novan universalan lingvon de sinjoro Braakman. Mi pristudis tiun lingvon rapide en kvin horoj! … Ĉi tiu lingvo estas la plej facila de la mondo…
English:
Dignified friend! Today I became aware of the new universal language of Mr Braakman. I studied that language rapidly over five hours! … This language is the easiest in the world…
References
Braakmann, J. System voor eene internationale Reis- of Handelstaal: onder der naam van El Mundolinco, Dat is Wereldtaal. 2nd edition. Noordwijk, J.C. van Dillen, 1894.
External links
Int
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poisson%20kernel
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In mathematics, and specifically in potential theory, the Poisson kernel is an integral kernel, used for solving the two-dimensional Laplace equation, given Dirichlet boundary conditions on the unit disk. The kernel can be understood as the derivative of the Green's function for the Laplace equation. It is named for Siméon Poisson.
Poisson kernels commonly find applications in control theory and two-dimensional problems in electrostatics.
In practice, the definition of Poisson kernels are often extended to n-dimensional problems.
Two-dimensional Poisson kernels
On the unit disc
In the complex plane, the Poisson kernel for the unit disc is given by
This can be thought of in two ways: either as a function of r and θ, or as a family of functions of θ indexed by r.
If is the open unit disc in C, T is the boundary of the disc, and f a function on T that lies in L1(T), then the function u given by
is harmonic in D and has a radial limit that agrees with f almost everywhere on the boundary T of the disc.
That the boundary value of u is f can be argued using the fact that as , the functions form an approximate unit in the convolution algebra L1(T). As linear operators, they tend to the Dirac delta function pointwise on Lp(T). By the maximum principle, u is the only such harmonic function on D.
Convolutions with this approximate unit gives an example of a summability kernel for the Fourier series of a function in L1(T) . Let f ∈ L1(T) have Fourier series {fk}. After the F
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNCaP
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LNCaP cells are a cell line of human cells commonly used in the field of oncology. LNCaP cells are androgen-sensitive human prostate adenocarcinoma cells derived from the left supraclavicular lymph node metastasis from a 50-year-old caucasian male in 1977. They are adherent epithelial cells growing in aggregates and as single cells.
One major obstacle to conducting the most clinically relevant prostate cancer (PCa) research has been the lack of cell lines that closely mimic human disease progression. Two hallmarks of metastatic human prostate cancer include the shift of aggressive PCa from androgen-sensitivity to an Androgen Insensitive (AI) state, and the propensity of PCa to metastasize to bone. Although the generation of AI cell lines has been quite successful as demonstrated in the “classic” cell lines DU145 and PC3, the behavior of these cells in bone does not fully mimic clinical human disease. It is well established that human PCa bone metastasis form osteoblastic lesions rather than osteolytic lesions seen in other cancers like breast cancer. Similarly, PC-3 and DU145 cells form osteolytic tumors. To develop an AI-PCa cell model that more closely mimics clinical disease, LNCaP sublines have been generated to provide the most clinically relevant tissue culture tools to date.
History
The LNCaP (Lymph Node Carcinoma of the Prostate) cell line was established from a metastatic lesion of human prostatic adenocarcinoma. The LNCaP cells grow readily in vitro (up to 8 x
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quasar%20%28brand%29
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Quasar is an American brand of electronics, first used by Motorola in 1967 for a model line of transistorized color televisions. These TVs were marketed as containing all serviceable parts in a drawer beside the picture tube. It was then established as a subsidiary brand, with all Motorola-manufactured televisions being sold as Quasar by Motorola. In 1974, Motorola sold its television business to Matsushita Electric, now Panasonic, which continued producing and marketing televisions under the Quasar brand until 2005. In 2013, Panasonic re-registered the Quasar trademark.
History
Quasar was established as a television brand in 1967 by Motorola, who wanted to emphasize the simplified design of their all-transistor television sets; the chassis was designed in such a way that the electronic components were contained within a drawer that could be slid out by a technician for easy replacement or repair.
On May 29, 1974, Motorola, Inc., sold its television manufacturing division—including its plants in Pontiac, Illinois; Franklin Park, Illinois; and Markham, Ontario—to Matsushita. Production of home television receivers continued under a newly incorporated entity, Quasar Electronics, Inc., an American-managed subsidiary of Matsushita Electronic Corporation of America (MECA). Motorola continued to operate a plant in Quincy, Illinois, until 1976, when this also was transferred to Matsushita. In the late 1970s, Quasar Company was established as a sales operation, with Quasar Electr
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geometry%20processing
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Geometry processing, or mesh processing, is an area of research that uses concepts from applied mathematics, computer science and engineering to design efficient algorithms for the acquisition, reconstruction, analysis, manipulation, simulation and transmission of complex 3D models. As the name implies, many of the concepts, data structures, and algorithms are directly analogous to signal processing and image processing. For example, where image smoothing might convolve an intensity signal with a blur kernel formed using the Laplace operator, geometric smoothing might be achieved by convolving a surface geometry with a blur kernel formed using the Laplace-Beltrami operator.
Applications of geometry processing algorithms already cover a wide range of areas from multimedia, entertainment and classical computer-aided design, to biomedical computing, reverse engineering, and scientific computing.
Geometry processing is a common research topic at SIGGRAPH, the premier computer graphics academic conference, and the main topic of the annual Symposium on Geometry Processing.
Geometry processing as a life cycle
Geometry processing involves working with a shape, usually in 2D or 3D, although the shape can live in a space of arbitrary dimensions. The processing of a shape involves three stages, which is known as its life cycle. At its "birth," a shape can be instantiated through one of three methods: a model, a mathematical representation, or a scan. After a shape is born, it can
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fosmidomycin
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Fosmidomycin is an antibiotic that was originally isolated from culture broths of bacteria of the genus Streptomyces. It specifically inhibits DXP reductoisomerase, a key enzyme in the non-mevalonate pathway of isoprenoid biosynthesis. It is a structural analogue of 2-C-methyl-D-erythrose 4-phosphate. It inhibits the E. coli enzyme with a KI value of 38 nM (4), MTB at 80 nM, and the Francisella enzyme at 99 nM. Several mutations in the E. coli DXP reductoisomerase were found to confer resistance to fosmidomycin.
Use in malaria
The discovery of the non-mevalonate pathway in malaria parasites has indicated the use of fosmidomycin and other such inhibitors as antimalarial drugs. Indeed, fosmidomycin has been tested in combination treatment with clindamycin for treatment of malaria with favorable results. It has been shown that an increase in copy number of the target enzyme (DXP reductoisomerase) correlates with in vitro fosmidomycin resistance in the lethal malaria parasite, Plasmodium falciparum.
References
Antibiotics
Oxidoreductase inhibitors
Phosphonic acids
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount%20Hombori
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Mount Hombori (Hombori Tondo) is a mountain in Mali's Mopti Region, near the town of Hombori. At 1,155 meters, it is the highest point in Mali.
Biodiversity
Mount Hombori is an important location for biodiversity in the Sahel, with 150 different species of plants along with various species of mammals, birds, reptiles, and insects on its two-square-kilometer plateau surface.
Flora
In contrast to the surface of the plateau, the surrounding 10,000 square kilometers of flatlands contain only about 200 different species of plants. A major contributing factor to Hombori's biodiversity is a lack of cattle grazing at the summit, which is protected on all sides by sheer cliffs. For many species of plants, including Bombax costatum, Hombori is the northernmost point of their distribution, demonstrating its importance as a haven for many southern species.
Fauna
Mount Hombori is home to some animal species, namely reptiles and birds, but also some species of mammals including the rock hyrax and olive baboon.
Archaeology
Mount Hombori is a significant archaeological site, with caves inhabited more than 2,000 years ago.
See also
Dogon people
Toloy
Tellem
Dogon religion
References
Inselbergs of Africa
Mountains of Mali
Highest points of countries
Dogon Country
Dogon holy places
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genome%20%28disambiguation%29
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Genome refers to a complex biochemical system devised within living organisms to ensure their ability to vigorously survive by reproduction, which is usually directed in coded fashion by DNA, the key molecule of that system.
Genome may also refer to:
Human genome
Bovine genome
Mitochondrial genome
BBC Genome Project, a digitised searchable database of programme listings from the Radio Times from the first issue in 1923, to 2009
Genome (book), 1999 nonfiction book by Matt Ridley
Genome (novel), science fiction novel by Sergey Lukyanenko
Genome (journal), a scientific journal
G-Nome, a PC game developed by 7th Level
Genome, a superior humanoid race in Square's console role-playing game Final Fantasy IX
Chromosome (genetic algorithm), the parameter set of a proposed solution to a problem posed to a genetic algorithm
Lord Genome, a character from the anime series Tengen Toppa Gurren Lagann
The Wild Health Genomes, a professional baseball team that was based in Lexington, Kentucky
See also
Genome size
Genome project
Genomics
:Category:Genome projects
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genome%20Research
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Genome Research is a peer-reviewed scientific journal published by Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press. Disregarding review journals, Genome Research ranks 2nd in the category 'Genetics and Genomics' after Nature Genetics. The focus of the journal is on research that provides novel insights into the genome biology of all organisms, including advances in genomic medicine. This scope includes genome structure and function, comparative genomics, molecular evolution, genome-scale quantitative and population genetics, proteomics, epigenomics, and systems biology. The journal also features interesting gene discoveries and reports of cutting-edge computational biology and high-throughput biology methodologies. New data in these areas are published as research papers, or methods and resource reports that provide novel information on technologies or tools that will be of interest to a broad readership. The journal was established in 1991 as PCR Methods and Applications and obtained its current title in 1995. According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2020 impact factor of 9.043, which peaked in 2014 at 14.630.
References
External links
Genetic engineering journals
Delayed open access journals
Academic journals established in 1991
Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press academic journals
Monthly journals
English-language journals
1991 establishments in New York (state)
Genomics journals
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stagnation%20temperature
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In thermodynamics and fluid mechanics, stagnation temperature is the temperature at a stagnation point in a fluid flow. At a stagnation point the speed of the fluid is zero and all of the kinetic energy has been converted to internal energy and is added to the local static enthalpy. In both compressible and incompressible fluid flow, the stagnation temperature is equal to the total temperature at all points on the streamline leading to the stagnation point. See gas dynamics.
Derivation
Adiabatic
Stagnation temperature can be derived from the First Law of Thermodynamics. Applying the Steady Flow Energy Equation
and ignoring the work, heat and gravitational potential energy terms, we have:
where:
mass-specific stagnation (or total) enthalpy at a stagnation point
mass-specific static enthalpy at the point of interest along the stagnation streamline
velocity at the point of interest along the stagnation streamline
Substituting for enthalpy by assuming a constant specific heat capacity at constant pressure () we have:
or
where:
specific heat capacity at constant pressure
stagnation (or total) temperature at a stagnation point
temperature (or static temperature) at the point of interest along the stagnation streamline
velocity at the point of interest along the stagnation streamline
Mach number at the point of interest along the stagnation streamline
Ratio of Specific Heats (), ~1.4 for air at ~300 K
Flow with heat addition
q = Heat per unit mass added into the
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stagnation%20point
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In fluid dynamics, a stagnation point is a point in a flow field where the local velocity of the fluid is zero. A plentiful, albeit surprising, example of such points seem to appear in all but the most extreme cases of fluid dynamics in the form of the "no-slip condition"; the assumption that any portion of a flow field lying along some boundary consists of nothing but stagnation points (the question as to whether this assumption reflects reality or is simply a mathematical convenience has been a continuous subject of debate since the principle was first established). The Bernoulli equation shows that the static pressure is highest when the velocity is zero and hence static pressure is at its maximum value at stagnation points: in this case static pressure equals stagnation pressure.
The Bernoulli equation applicable to incompressible flow shows that the stagnation pressure is equal to the dynamic pressure plus static pressure. Total pressure is also equal to dynamic pressure plus static pressure so, in incompressible flows, stagnation pressure is equal to total pressure. (In compressible flows, stagnation pressure is also equal to total pressure providing the fluid entering the stagnation point is brought to rest isentropically.)
Pressure coefficient
This information can be used to show that the pressure coefficient at a stagnation point is unity (positive one):
where:
is pressure coefficient
is static pressure at the point at which pressure coefficient is being eva
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Procedural%20generation
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In computing, procedural generation (sometimes shortened as proc-gen) is a method of creating data algorithmically as opposed to manually, typically through a combination of human-generated content and algorithms coupled with computer-generated randomness and processing power. In computer graphics, it is commonly used to create textures and 3D models. In video games, it is used to automatically create large amounts of content in a game. Depending on the implementation, advantages of procedural generation can include smaller file sizes, larger amounts of content, and randomness for less predictable gameplay. Procedural generation is a branch of media synthesis.
Overview
The term procedural refers to the process that computes a particular function. Fractals are geometric patterns which can often be generated procedurally. Commonplace procedural content includes textures and meshes. Sound is often also procedurally generated, and has applications in both speech synthesis as well as music. It has been used to create compositions in various genres of electronic music by artists such as Brian Eno who popularized the term "generative music".
While software developers have applied procedural generation techniques for years, few products have employed this approach extensively. Procedurally generated elements have appeared in earlier video games: The Elder Scrolls II: Daggerfall takes place in a mostly procedurally generated world, giving a world roughly two thirds the actual size
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forest%20ecology
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Forest ecology is the scientific study of the interrelated patterns, processes, flora, fauna and ecosystems in forests. The management of forests is known as forestry, silviculture, and forest management. A forest ecosystem is a natural woodland unit consisting of all plants, animals, and micro-organisms (Biotic components) in that area functioning together with all of the non-living physical (abiotic) factors of the environment.
Importance
Forests have an enormously important role to play in the global ecosystem. Forests produce approximately 28% of the Earth's oxygen (the vast majority being created by oceanic plankton), they also serve as homes for millions of people, and billions depend on forests in some way. Likewise, a large proportion of the world's animal species live in forests. Forests are also used for economic purposes such as fuel and wood products. Forest ecology therefore has a great impact upon the whole biosphere and human activities that are sustained by it.
Approaches
Forests are studied at a number of organisational levels, from the individual organism to the ecosystem. However, as the term forest connotes an area inhabited by more than one organism, forest ecology most often concentrates on the level of the population, community or ecosystem. Logically, trees are an important component of forest research, but the wide variety of other life forms and abiotic components in most forests means that other elements, such as wildlife or soil nutrients, are
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nganasan%20language
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The Nganasan language (formerly called , tavgiysky, or , tavgiysko-samoyedsky in Russian; from the ethnonym , tavgi) is a moribund Samoyedic language spoken by the Nganasan people.
Classification
Nganasan is the most divergent language of the Samoyedic branch of the Uralic language family (Janhunen 1998). There are two main dialects, Avam (, ) and Vadeyev (). A part of the vocabulary can be traced to elements of unknown substrate origin, which are roughly twice as common in Nganasan than in other Samoyedic languages like Nenets or Enets, and bear no apparent resemblance to the neighboring Tungusic and Yukaghir languages. The source of this substrate remains a mystery so far.
Phonology
Nganasan has 10 vowel phonemes and 21 consonant phonemes.
Several disyllabic sequences of vowels are possible:
The sequences // and // also occur, but only across morpheme boundaries.
The vowels and only occur in initial syllables.
Vowels can be divided two pairs of groups based on harmony: Front vs Back , and Unrounded vs Rounded . Backness harmony only applies to high vowels.
Front vowels do not occur after initial dental consonants.
do not occur after initial palatal consonants, having been neutralized into .
does not occur after palatal consonants, having been neutralized into .
does not occur after initial labial consonants, having been neutralized into .
One of the main features of Nganasan is consonant gradation, which concerns the consonant phonemes alternating with
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Covariance%20and%20correlation
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In probability theory and statistics, the mathematical concepts of covariance and correlation are very similar. Both describe the degree to which two random variables or sets of random variables tend to deviate from their expected values in similar ways.
If X and Y are two random variables, with means (expected values) μX and μY and standard deviations σX and σY, respectively, then their covariance and correlation are as follows:
covariance
correlation
so that
where E is the expected value operator. Notably, correlation is dimensionless while covariance is in units obtained by multiplying the units of the two variables.
If Y always takes on the same values as X, we have the covariance of a variable with itself (i.e. ), which is called the variance and is more commonly denoted as the square of the standard deviation. The correlation of a variable with itself is always 1 (except in the degenerate case where the two variances are zero because X always takes on the same single value, in which case the correlation does not exist since its computation would involve division by 0). More generally, the correlation between two variables is 1 (or –1) if one of them always takes on a value that is given exactly by a linear function of the other with respectively a positive (or negative) slope.
Although the values of the theoretical covariances and correlations are linked in the above way, the probability distributions of sample estimates of these quantities are not linked in
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear%20amplifier
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A linear amplifier is an electronic circuit whose output is proportional to its input, but capable of delivering more power into a load. The term usually refers to a type of radio-frequency (RF) power amplifier, some of which have output power measured in kilowatts, and are used in amateur radio. Other types of linear amplifier are used in audio and laboratory equipment. Linearity refers to the ability of the amplifier to produce signals that are accurate copies of the input. A linear amplifier responds to different frequency components independently, and tends not to generate harmonic distortion or intermodulation distortion. No amplifier can provide perfect linearity however, because the amplifying devices—transistors or vacuum tubes—follow nonlinear transfer function and rely on circuitry techniques to reduce those effects. There are a number of amplifier classes providing various trade-offs between implementation cost, efficiency, and signal accuracy.
Explanation
Linearity refers to the ability of the amplifier to produce signals that are accurate copies of the input, generally at increased power levels. Load impedance, supply voltage, input base current, and power output capabilities can affect the efficiency of the amplifier.
Class-A amplifiers can be designed to have good linearity in both single ended and push-pull topologies. Amplifiers of classes AB1, AB2 and B can be linear only when a tuned tank circuit is employed, or in the push-pull topology, in which two ac
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NAICS%2021
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NAICS 21 is the category within the North American Industry Classification System which is composed of establishments that extract naturally occurring mineral solids(i.e. as metals, coal and other industrial minerals), liquid minerals (i.e. crude petroleum) and gases (i.e. natural gas).
Definition of mining
NAICS 21 uses the term "mining" to include quarrying, well operations, beneficiating and other mineral preparation customarily performed at the mine sites, or as a part of mining activity and distinguishes two basic activities:
Mine operation
Mine operation includes companies that operate mines, quarries, or oil and gas wells for themselves, and companies which operate them on a contract or fee basis.
Mining support activities
Mining support activities include companies that perform exploration (except geophysical surveying) and other mining services, on a contract or fee basis, with the exception of mine site preparation and construction of oil/gas pipelines.
Further breakdown
Companies are grouped and classified according to the natural resource which is or will be mined. Industries include establishments that develop the mine site, extract the natural resources, and/or those that process the mineral mined.
Smelting and refining
Smelting and refining take place in both the "mineral processing" (NAICS 21) stages and the manufacturing stages (NACIS 31-31).
References
Mining in Canada
Mining in Mexico
Mining in the United States
Mining in North America
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infantile%20neuronal%20ceroid%20lipofuscinosis
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Infantile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses (INCL) or Santavuori disease or Hagberg-Santavuori disease or Santavuori-Haltia disease or Infantile Finnish type neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis or Balkan disease is a form of NCL and inherited as a recessive autosomal genetic trait. The disorder is progressive, degenerative and fatal, extremely rare worldwide – with approximately 60 official cases reported by 1982, perhaps 100 with the condition in total today – but relatively common in Finland due to the local founder effect.
Presentation
The development of children born with INCL is normal for the first 8–18 months, but will then flounder and start to regress both physically and mentally. Motor skills and speech are lost, and optic atrophy causes blindness. A variety of neurological symptoms, such as epilepsy and myoclonic seizures, appear. The senses of hearing and touch remain unaffected. The average lifespan of an INCL child is 9–11 years.
Causes
It has been associated with palmitoyl-protein thioesterase.
Diagnosis
Treatment
Treatment is limited. Drugs can alleviate the symptoms, such as sleep difficulties and epilepsy. Physiotherapy helps affected children retain the ability to remain upright for as long as possible, and prevents some of the pain.
Recent attempts to treat INCL with cystagon have been unsuccessful.
See also
FAIDD (The Finnish Association on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities)
References
External links
GeneReviews/NCBI/NIH/UW entry on Neuron
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/STN%20display
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A super-twisted nematic (STN) display is a type of monochrome passive-matrix liquid crystal display (LCD).
History
This type of LCD was first patented by C. M. Waters and E. P. Raynes in 1982 whilst work was also conducted at the Brown Boveri Research Center, Baden, Switzerland, in 1983. For years a better scheme for multiplexing was sought. Standard twisted nematic (TN) LCDs with a 90 degrees twisted structure of the molecules have a contrast vs. voltage characteristic unfavorable for passive-matrix addressing as there is no distinct threshold voltage. STN displays, with the molecules twisted from 180 to 270 degrees, have superior characteristics.
Features
The main advantage of STN LCDs is their more pronounced electro-optical threshold allowing for passive-matrix addressing with many more lines and columns. For the first time, a prototype STN matrix display with 540x270 pixels was made by Brown Boveri (today ABB) in 1984, which was considered a breakthrough for the industry.
STN LCDs require less power and are less expensive to manufacture than TFT LCDs, another popular type of LCD that has largely superseded STN for mainstream laptops. STN displays typically suffer from lower image quality and slower response time than TFT displays. However, STN LCDs can be made purely reflective for viewing under direct sunlight. STN displays are used in some inexpensive mobile phones and informational screens of some digital products. In the early 1990s, they had been used in some
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lomaria
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Lomaria is a genus of ferns belonging to the family Blechnaceae.
Species
In the circumscription used in the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I), the genus contains six species:
Lomaria brunea (M.Kessler & A.R.Sm.) Gasper & V.A.O.Dittrich
Lomaria discolor (G.Forst.) Willd.
Lomaria inflexa Kunze
Lomaria nuda (Labill.) Willd. (syn. Blechnum nudum (Labill.) Mett.)
Lomaria oceanica (Rosenst.) Gasper & V.A.O.Dittrich (syn. Blechnum oceanicum (Rosenst.) Brownlie
Lomaria spannagelii (Rosenst.) Gasper & V.A.O.Dittrich (syn. Blechnum spannagelii Rosenst.)
References
Blechnaceae
Fern genera
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amyloid%20plaques
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Amyloid plaques (also known as neuritic plaques, amyloid beta plaques or senile plaques) are extracellular deposits of the amyloid beta (Aβ) protein mainly in the grey matter of the brain. Degenerative neuronal elements and an abundance of microglia and astrocytes can be associated with amyloid plaques. Some plaques occur in the brain as a result of aging, but large numbers of plaques and neurofibrillary tangles are characteristic features of Alzheimer's disease. Abnormal neurites in amyloid plaques are tortuous, often swollen axons and dendrites. The neurites contain a variety of organelles and cellular debris, and many of them include characteristic paired helical filaments, the ultrastructural component of neurofibrillary tangles. The plaques are highly variable in shape and size; in tissue sections immunostained for Aβ, they comprise a log-normal size distribution curve with an average plaque area of 400-450 square micrometers (µm²). The smallest plaques (less than 200 µm²), which often consist of diffuse deposits of Aβ, are particularly numerous. The apparent size of plaques is influenced by the type of stain used to detect them, and by the plane through which they are sectioned for analysis under the microscope. Plaques form when Aβ misfolds and aggregates into oligomers and longer polymers, the latter of which are characteristic of amyloid. Misfolded and aggregated Aβ is thought to be neurotoxic, especially in its oligomeric state.
History
In 1892, Paul Blocq and Gh
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystallographic%20restriction%20theorem
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The crystallographic restriction theorem in its basic form was based on the observation that the rotational symmetries of a crystal are usually limited to 2-fold, 3-fold, 4-fold, and 6-fold. However, quasicrystals can occur with other diffraction pattern symmetries, such as 5-fold; these were not discovered until 1982 by Dan Shechtman.
Crystals are modeled as discrete lattices, generated by a list of independent finite translations . Because discreteness requires that the spacings between lattice points have a lower bound, the group of rotational symmetries of the lattice at any point must be a finite group (alternatively, the point is the only system allowing for infinite rotational symmetry). The strength of the theorem is that not all finite groups are compatible with a discrete lattice; in any dimension, we will have only a finite number of compatible groups.
Dimensions 2 and 3
The special cases of 2D (wallpaper groups) and 3D (space groups) are most heavily used in applications, and they can be treated together.
Lattice proof
A rotation symmetry in dimension 2 or 3 must move a lattice point to a succession of other lattice points in the same plane, generating a regular polygon of coplanar lattice points. We now confine our attention to the plane in which the symmetry acts , illustrated with lattice vectors in the figure.
Now consider an 8-fold rotation, and the displacement vectors between adjacent points of the polygon. If a displacement exists between any two la
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vessel%20element
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A vessel element or vessel member (also called a xylem vessel) is one of the cell types found in xylem, the water conducting tissue of plants. Vessel elements are found in angiosperms (flowering plants) but absent from gymnosperms such as conifers. Vessel elements are the main feature distinguishing the "hardwood" of angiosperms from the "softwood" of conifers.
Anatomy
Xylem is the tissue in vascular plants that conducts water (and substances dissolved in it) upwards from the roots to the shoots. Two kinds of cell are involved in xylem transport: tracheids and vessel elements. Vessel elements are the building blocks of vessels, the conducting pathways that constitute the major part of the water transporting system in flowering plants. Vessels form an efficient system for transporting water (including necessary minerals) from the root to the leaves and other parts of the plant.
In secondary xylem – the xylem that is produced as a stem thickens rather than when it first appears – a vessel element originates from the vascular cambium. A long cell, oriented along the axis of the stem, called a "fusiform initial", divides along its length forming new vessel elements. The cell wall of a vessel element becomes strongly "lignified", i.e. it develops reinforcing material made of lignin. The side walls of a vessel element have pits: more or less circular regions in contact with neighbouring cells. Tracheids also have pits, but only vessel elements have openings at both ends that con
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adatom
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An adatom is an atom that lies on a crystal surface, and can be thought of as the opposite of a surface vacancy. This term is used in surface chemistry and epitaxy, when describing single atoms lying on surfaces and surface roughness. The word is a portmanteau of "adsorbed atom". A single atom, a cluster of atoms, or a molecule or cluster of molecules may all be referred to by the general term "adparticle". This is often a thermodynamically unfavorable state. However, cases such as graphene may provide counter-examples.
Adatom growth
″Adatom″ is a portmanteau word, short for adsorbed atom. When the atom arrives at a crystal surface, it is adsorbed by the periodic potential of the crystal, thus becoming an adatom. The minima of this potential form a network of adsorption sites on the surface. There are different types of adsorption sites. Each of these sites corresponds to a different structure of the surface. There are five different types of adsorption sites, which are: on a terrace, where the adsorption site is on top of the surface layer that is growing; at the step edge, which is next to the growing layer; in the kink of a growing layer; in the step edge of a growing layer, and in the surface layer, where the adsorption site is inside the lower layer.
Out of these adsorption site types, kink sites play the most important role in crystal growth. Kink density is a major factor of growth kinetics. Attachment of an atom to the kink site, or removal of the atom from the
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RHLI
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RHLI may refer to:
The Royal Hamilton Light Infantry (Wentworth Regiment)
Acyl-homoserine-lactone synthase, an enzyme
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclophilin
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Cyclophilins (CYPs) are a family of proteins named after their ability to bind to ciclosporin (cyclosporin A), an immunosuppressant which is usually used to suppress rejection after internal organ transplants. They are found in all domains of life. These proteins have peptidyl prolyl isomerase activity, which catalyzes the isomerization of peptide bonds from trans form to cis form at proline residues and facilitates protein folding.
Cyclophilin A is a cytosolic and highly abundant protein. The protein belongs to a family of isozymes, including cyclophilins B and C, and natural killer cell cyclophilin-related protein. Major isoforms have been found within single cells, including inside the Endoplasmic reticulum, and some are even secreted.
Mammalian cyclophilins
Human genes encoding proteins containing the cyclophilin domain include:
PPIA, PPIB, PPIC, PPID, PPIE, PPIF, PPIG, PPIH
PPIL1, PPIL2, PPIL3, PPIL4, PPIAL4, PPIL6
PPWD1
Cyclophilin A
Cyclophilin A (CYPA) also known as peptidylprolyl isomerase A (PPIA), which is found in the cytosol, has a beta barrel structure with two alpha helices and a beta-sheet. Other cyclophilins have similar structures to cyclophilin A. The cyclosporin-cyclophilin A complex inhibits a calcium/calmodulin-dependent phosphatase, calcineurin, the inhibition of which is thought to suppress organ rejection by halting the production of the pro-inflammatory molecules TNF alpha and interleukin 2.
Cyclophilin A is also known to be recruited by t
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Hum
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The Hum is a name often given to widespread reports of a persistent and invasive low-frequency humming, rumbling, or droning noise audible to many but not all people. Hums have been reported all over the world, including the United States, the United Kingdom, Australia and Canada. They are sometimes named according to the locality where the problem has been particularly publicized, such as the "Taos Hum" in New Mexico and the "Windsor Hum" in Ontario.
The Hum does not appear to be a single phenomenon. Different causes have been attributed, including local mechanical sources, often from industrial plants, as well as manifestations of tinnitus or other biological auditory effects.
Description
A 1973 report cites a university study of fifty cases of people complaining about a "low throbbing background noise" that others were unable to hear. The sound, always peaking between 30 and 40 Hz, was found to only be heard during cool weather with a light breeze, and often early in the morning. These noises were often confined to a wide area.
Taos Hum
A study into the Taos Hum in the early 1990s in Taos, New Mexico indicated that at least two percent could hear it; each hearer at a different frequency between 32 Hz and 80 Hz, modulated from 0.5 to 2 Hz. Similar results have been found in an earlier British study. It seems possible for hearers to move away from it, with one hearer of the Taos Hum reporting its range was . There are approximately equal percentages of male and female he
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotating-wave%20approximation
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The rotating-wave approximation is an approximation used in atom optics and magnetic resonance. In this approximation, terms in a Hamiltonian that oscillate rapidly are neglected. This is a valid approximation when the applied electromagnetic radiation is near resonance with an atomic transition, and the intensity is low. Explicitly, terms in the Hamiltonians that oscillate with frequencies are neglected, while terms that oscillate with frequencies are kept, where is the light frequency, and is a transition frequency.
The name of the approximation stems from the form of the Hamiltonian in the interaction picture, as shown below. By switching to this picture the evolution of an atom due to the corresponding atomic Hamiltonian is absorbed into the system ket, leaving only the evolution due to the interaction of the atom with the light field to consider. It is in this picture that the rapidly oscillating terms mentioned previously can be neglected. Since in some sense the interaction picture can be thought of as rotating with the system ket only that part of the electromagnetic wave that approximately co-rotates is kept; the counter-rotating component is discarded.
The rotating-wave approximation is closely related to, but different from, the secular approximation.
Mathematical formulation
For simplicity consider a two-level atomic system with ground and excited states and , respectively (using the Dirac bracket notation). Let the energy difference between the states b
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1950%20in%20radio
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The year 1950 saw a number of significant happenings in radio broadcasting history.
Events
15 March – The Copenhagen Frequency Plan is implemented by broadcasters throughout Europe.
1 May – Springbok Radio, South Africa's first commercial radio station, takes to the airwaves. It will broadcast for 35 years, until 31 December 1985.
5 June – In the Federal Republic of Germany, Bayerischer Rundfunk, Hessischer Rundfunk, Nordwestdeutscher Rundfunk, Radio Bremen, Süddeutscher Rundfunk, and Südwestfunk jointly establish the ARD consortium of public broadcasting authorities.
Debuts
Programs
1 January – Hopalong Cassidy debuts on Mutual.
6 January – The Halls of Ivy debuts on NBC.
9 January – Hannibal Cobb debuts on ABC.
16 January – Listen with Mother debuts on the BBC Light Programme.
22 January – The Adventures of Christopher London debuts on NBC.
30 January – Mark Trail debuts on Mutual.
1 February – Big Jon and Sparkie debuts on ABC.
6 February – Dangerous Assignment debuts on NBC.
7 May
The Big Guy debuts on NBC.
Cloak and Dagger debuts on NBC.
6 June – Educating Archie debuts on the BBC Light Programme.
7 June – The Archers pilot episodes debut on BBC radio; it will still be running 65 years later.
2 July – Hashknife Hartley debuts on Mutual.
3 July – Granby's Green Acres debuts on CBS.
24 September – Charlie Wild, Private Detective debuts on NBC.
29 October – Meet Frank Sinatra debuts on CBS.
5 November
The Big Show introduced by Tallulah Bankhead deb
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solid%20solution
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A solid solution, a term popularly used for metals, is a homogeneous mixture of two different kinds of atoms in solid state and having a single crystal structure. Many examples can be found in metallurgy, geology, and solid-state chemistry. The word "solution" is used to describe the intimate mixing of components at the atomic level and distinguishes these homogeneous materials from physical mixtures of components. Two terms are mainly associated with solid solutions – solvents and solutes, depending on the relative abundance of the atomic species.
In general if two compounds are isostructural then a solid solution will exist between the end members (also known as parents). For example sodium chloride and potassium chloride have the same cubic crystal structure so it is possible to make a pure compound with any ratio of sodium to potassium (Na1-xKx)Cl by dissolving that ratio of NaCl and KCl in water and then evaporating the solution. A member of this family is sold under the brand name Lo Salt which is (Na0.33K0.66)Cl, hence it contains 66% less sodium than normal table salt (NaCl). The pure minerals are called halite and sylvite; a physical mixture of the two is referred to as sylvinite.
Because minerals are natural materials they are prone to large variations in composition. In many cases specimens are members for a solid solution family and geologists find it more helpful to discuss the composition of the family than an individual specimen. Olivine is described by the f
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Promega
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Promega Corporation is a Madison, Wisconsinbased manufacturer of enzymes and other products for biotechnology and molecular biology with a portfolio covering the fields of genomics, protein analysis and expression, cellular analysis, drug discovery, and genetic identity.
History
Promega Corporation was founded by Bill Linton in 1978 to provide restriction enzymes for biotechnology. The company now offers more than 4,000 life science products used by scientists, researchers and life science and pharmaceutical companies. Promega has 1,601 employees. Revenue is approaching $450 million (USD) in 2019.
The privately held company has branch offices in 16 countries and more than 50 global distributors serving 100 countries. Promega Corporation also established the first biotechnology joint venture in China (Sino-American Biotechnology Co. in 1985).
The company has developed an on-site stocking system, which uses radio frequency identification (RFID) linked to the Internet to track and manage remote inventory. This resulted in the spin-off company Terso Solutions that specializes in the design and manufacturing of small RFID storage units.
In February 2020, Foreign Policy reported that Promega had sold equipment to the Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps. In 2021, The New York Times reported that, despite bans, Promega equipment continued to be sold to police in Xinjiang.
Product areas and technologies
Genomics
The company's portfolio began with products for genomic
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LSF
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LSF may refer to:
Science and technology
IBM Spectrum LSF, a software job scheduler formerly called Platform LSF
Laser-stimulated fluorescence, a spectroscopic method
Late SV40 factor, a protein
Lightweight steel framing, a building material
Line spectral frequencies, in signal processing
Line spread function, in optics
Organisations
Financial Security Law of France ()
Ledøje-Smørum Fodbold, an association football club in Denmark
Other uses
French Sign Language ()
Latino sine flexione, a constructed language
"L.S.F." (song) or "L.S.F. (Lost Souls Forever)", by Kasabian
Law Society's Final Examination, replaced by the Legal Practice Course, UK
Liberty Security Force, a faction in the video game Freelancer
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD1
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CD1 (cluster of differentiation 1) is a family of glycoproteins expressed on the surface of various human antigen-presenting cells. CD1 glycoproteins are structurally related to the class I MHC molecules, however, in contrast to MHC class 1 proteins, they present lipids, glycolipids and small molecules antigens to T cells. Both αβ and γδ T cells recognise CD1 molecules.
The human CD1 gene cluster is located on chromosome 1. Genes of the CD1 family were first cloned in 1986, by Franco Calabi and C. Milstein, whereas the first known lipid antigen for CD1 was discovered in 1994, during studies of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The first antigen that was discovered to be able to bind CD1 and then be recognised by TCR is C80 mycolic acid. Even though their precise function is unknown, The CD1 system of lipid antigen recognition by TCR offers the prospect of discovering new approaches to therapy and developing immunomodulatory agents.
Types
CD1 glycoproteins can be classified primarily into two groups of CD1 isoforms which differ in their lipid anchoring, as well as their expression patterns of the CD1 genes (CD1d is constitutively expressed, whereas the group 1 CD1 genes are inducible and coordinately regulated by myeloid cells).
CD1a, CD1b and CD1c (group 1 CD1 molecules) are expressed on cells specialized for antigen presentation.
CD1d (group 2 CD1) is expressed in a wider variety of cells.
CD1e is an intermediate form, a soluble lipid transfer protein that is expressed intr
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bartlett%27s%20test
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In statistics, Bartlett's test, named after Maurice Stevenson Bartlett, is used to test homoscedasticity, that is, if multiple samples are from populations with equal variances. Some statistical tests, such as the analysis of variance, assume that variances are equal across groups or samples, which can be verified with Bartlett's test.
In a Bartlett test, we construct the null and alternative hypothesis. For this purpose several test procedures have been devised. The test procedure due to M.S.E (Mean Square Error/Estimator) Bartlett test is represented here. This test procedure is based on the statistic whose sampling distribution is approximately a Chi-Square distribution with (k − 1) degrees of freedom, where k is the number of random samples, which may vary in size and are each drawn from independent normal distributions.
Bartlett's test is sensitive to departures from normality. That is, if the samples come from non-normal distributions, then Bartlett's test may simply be testing for non-normality. Levene's test and the Brown–Forsythe test are alternatives to the Bartlett test that are less sensitive to departures from normality.
Specification
Bartlett's test is used to test the null hypothesis, H0 that all k population variances are equal against the alternative that at least two are different.
If there are k samples with sizes and sample variances then Bartlett's test statistic is
where and is the pooled estimate for the variance.
The test statistic has approxi
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strong%20cryptography
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Strong cryptography or cryptographically strong are general terms used to designate the cryptographic algorithms that, when used correctly, provide a very high (usually unsurmountable) level of protection against any eavesdropper, including the government agencies. There is no precise definition of the boundary line between the strong cryptography and (breakable) weak cryptography, as this border constantly shifts due to improvements in hardware and cryptanalysis techniques. These improvements eventually place the capabilities once available only to the NSA within the reach of a skilled individual, so in practice there are only two levels of cryptographic security, "cryptography that will stop your kid sister from reading your files, and cryptography that will stop major governments from reading your files" (Bruce Schneier).
The strong cryptography algorithms have high security strength, for practical purposes usually defined as a number of bits in the key. For example, the United States government, when dealing with export control of encryption, considers any implementation of the symmetric encryption algorithm with the key length above 56 bits or its public key equivalent to be strong and thus potentially a subject to the export licensing. To be strong, an algorithm needs to have a sufficiently long key and be free of known mathematical weaknesses, as exploitation of these effectively reduces the key size. At the beginning of the 21st century, the typical security strengt
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atopic%20dermatitis
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Atopic dermatitis (AD), also known as atopic eczema, is a long-term type of inflammation of the skin (dermatitis). It results in itchy, red, swollen, and cracked skin. Clear fluid may come from the affected areas, which can thicken over time. AD may also simply be called eczema, a term that generally refers to a larger group of skin conditions.
Atopic dermatitis affects about 20% of people at some point in their lives. It is more common in younger children. Females are slightly more affected than males. Many people outgrow the condition.
While the condition may occur at any age, it typically starts in childhood, with changing severity over the years. In children under one year of age, the face and limbs and much of the body may be affected. As children get older, the areas on the insides of the knees and folds of the elbows and around the neck are most commonly affected. In adults, the hands and feet are commonly affected. Scratching the affected areas worsens the eczema and increases the risk of skin infections. Many people with atopic dermatitis develop hay fever or asthma.
The cause is unknown but believed to involve genetics, immune system dysfunction, environmental exposures, and difficulties with the permeability of the skin. If one identical twin is affected, the other has an 85% chance of having the condition. Those who live in cities and dry climates are more commonly affected. Exposure to certain chemicals or frequent hand washing makes symptoms worse. While em
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cycloleucine
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Cycloleucine is a non-proteinogenic amino acid. It could be classified as a cyclic derivate of norleucine, having two hydrogen atoms less. Leading structure is a cyclopentane-ring. The α-carbon atom is not a stereocenter.
Cycloleucine is a non-metabolisable amino acid and is a specific and reversible inhibitor of nucleic acid methylation, and as such is widely used in biochemical experiments.
In 2007, a research study performed on primary rat hepatocytes had shown that cycloleucine can lower S-Adenosyl_methionine (SAM) levels in control hepatocytes by inhibiting the conversion of 5'-methylthioadenosine to SAM through the methionine salvage pathway. Cycloleucine treatment in conjunction with higher levels of cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1) and lower SAM levels in pyrazole hepatocytes had shown an increased amount of cell apoptosis when compared to control hepatocytes.
In a 2015 study on the role of N6-methyladenosine (m6A) demethylation on adipogenesis, researchers treated porcine adipocytes with increasing concentrations of cycloleucine. The researchers measured mRNA concentration of m6A using the Dot Blot method, and the results showed that cycloleucine increased adipocyte growth by blocking methylation by inhibiting m6A levels relative to the control adipocytes.
Building on the findings on cycloleucine’s role in the inhibition of N6-methyladenosine activity a 2022 study showed that cycloleucine inhibits porcine oocyte and embryo development. Researchers cultured porcine oo
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laminin
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Laminins are a family of glycoproteins of the extracellular matrix of all animals. They are major constituents of the basement membrane, namely the basal lamina (the protein network foundation for most cells and organs). Laminins are vital to biological activity, influencing cell differentiation, migration, and adhesion.
Laminins are heterotrimeric proteins with a high molecular mass (~400 to ~900 kDa) and possess three different chains (α, β and γ) encoded by five, four, and three paralogous genes in humans, respectively. The laminin molecules are named according to their chain composition, e.g. laminin-511 contains α5, β1, and γ1 chains. Fourteen other chain combinations have been identified in vivo. The trimeric proteins intersect, composing a cruciform structure that is able to bind to other molecules of the extracellular matrix and cell membrane. The three short arms have an affinity for binding to other laminin molecules, conducing sheet formation. The long arm is capable of binding to cells and helps anchor organized tissue cells to the basement membrane.
Laminins are integral to the structural scaffolding of almost every tissue of an organism—secreted and incorporated into cell-associated extracellular matrices. These glycoproteins are imperative to the maintenance and vitality of tissues; defective laminins can cause muscles to form improperly, leading to a form of muscular dystrophy, lethal skin blistering disease (junctional epidermolysis bullosa), and/or defects
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene%20Simmons%20%28album%29
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Gene Simmons is the debut studio album by Gene Simmons, the bassist and co-lead vocalist of the hard rock band Kiss. It is one of four solo albums released by each member of Kiss. It was released on September 18, 1978. Reaching number 22 on the US Billboard 200 albums chart, it was the highest-placing of all the four Kiss solo albums. Mainly a hard rock style album, it also features choirs and string arrangements on some songs, as well as incorporating various musical genres including Beatles-inspired pop, 1970s funk, and rock and roll.
Album information
Although he is the bass player in Kiss, Simmons played mainly electric and acoustic guitars on the album, leaving the bass duties to Neil Jason. The album features guest appearances from well-known musicians, including Aerosmith's Joe Perry, Bob Seger, Cheap Trick's Rick Nielsen, Donna Summer, Helen Reddy and Cher. Though an unknown at the time, backing vocalist Katey Sagal would go on to a successful television career.
Simmons re-recorded "See You in Your Dreams" because he reportedly was not happy with the way it was recorded on Rock and Roll Over. Simmons said that he covered "When You Wish Upon a Star" because he related to the song and was a fan of Disney movies. "When I first heard that song I could barely speak English but I knew the words were true. Anybody can have what they want, the world and life can give its rewards to anyone".
The songs "Burning Up with Fever", "Man of 1000 Faces" and "True Confessions" were
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific%20classification%20%28disambiguation%29
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Scientific classification is a practice and science of categorization.
Scientific classification may also refer to:
Chemical classification
Mathematical classification, construction of subsets into a set
Statistical classification, the mathematical problem of assigning a label to an object based on a set of its attributes or features
Biology
Taxonomy (biology)
Alpha taxonomy, the science of finding, describing and naming organisms
Cladistics, a newer way of classifying organisms, based solely on phylogeny
Linnaean taxonomy, the classic scientific classification system
Virus classification, naming and sorting viruses
Astronomy
Galaxy morphological classification
Stellar classification
See also
Categorization, general
Classification of the sciences (Peirce)
Linguistic typology
Systematic name
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mains%20hum
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Mains hum, electric hum, cycle hum, or power line hum is a sound associated with alternating current which is twice the frequency of the mains electricity. The fundamental frequency of this sound is usually double that of fundamental 50/60Hz, i.e.100/120Hz, depending on the local power-line frequency. The sound often has heavy harmonic content above 50/60Hz. Because of the presence of mains current in mains-powered audio equipment as well as ubiquitous AC electromagnetic fields from nearby appliances and wiring, 50/60Hz electrical noise can get into audio systems, and is heard as mains hum from their speakers. Mains hum may also be heard coming from powerful electric power grid equipment such as utility transformers, caused by mechanical vibrations induced by magnetostriction in magnetic core. Onboard aircraft (or spacecraft) the frequency heard is often higher pitched, due to the use of 400 Hz AC power in these settings because 400 Hz transformers are much smaller and lighter.
Causes
Electric hum around transformers is caused by stray magnetic fields causing the enclosure and accessories to vibrate. Magnetostriction is a second source of vibration, in which the core iron changes shape minutely when exposed to magnetic fields. The intensity of the fields, and thus the "hum" intensity, is a function of the applied voltage. Because the magnetic flux density is strongest twice every electrical cycle, the fundamental "hum" frequency will be twice the electrical frequency. Add
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadrupole%20ion%20trap
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In experimental physics, a quadrupole ion trap or paul trap is a type of ion trap that uses dynamic electric fields to trap charged particles. They are also called radio frequency (RF) traps or Paul traps in honor of Wolfgang Paul, who invented the device and shared the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1989 for this work. It is used as a component of a mass spectrometer or a trapped ion quantum computer.
Overview
A charged particle, such as an atomic or molecular ion, feels a force from an electric field. It is not possible to create a static configuration of electric fields that traps the charged particle in all three directions (this restriction is known as Earnshaw's theorem). It is possible, however, to create an average confining force in all three directions by use of electric fields that change in time. To do so, the confining and anti-confining directions are switched at a rate faster than it takes the particle to escape the trap. The traps are also called "radio frequency" traps because the switching rate is often at a radio frequency.
The quadrupole is the simplest electric field geometry used in such traps, though more complicated geometries are possible for specialized devices. The electric fields are generated from electric potentials on metal electrodes. A pure quadrupole is created from hyperbolic electrodes, though cylindrical electrodes are often used for ease of fabrication. Microfabricated ion traps exist where the electrodes lie in a plane with the trapping r
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinanthropus
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Sinanthropus (from Sino-, "China", and anthro-, "man") is an archaic genus in the scientific classification system to which the early hominid fossils of Peking man, Lantian Man, Nanjing Man, and Yuanmou Man were once assigned. All of them have now been reclassified as Homo erectus, and the genus Sinanthropus is disused. Beginning in the year 1928 to the year 1937, 14 fragmented skulls belonging to the hominids were found in various locations in China. Peking and Chou K’ou-tien are two notable places with fossils found. It has been noted by researchers that it is likely that the found fragmented skulls were brought to the cave after being severed from the bodies they belonged to. This is very likely, because most of the found pieces are teeth and jaws. Some skulls are missing large parts which indicates separation before they were fossilized, not the loss of pieces due to fossilization process.
Sinanthropus contained four species:
Peking Man — Sinanthropus pekinensis (currently Homo erectus pekinensis)
Lantian Man — Sinanthropus lantianensis (currently Homo erectus lantianensis)
Nanjing Man — Sinanthropus nankinensis (currently Homo erectus nankinensis)
Yuanmou Man — Sinanthropus yuanmouensis (currently Homo erectus yuanmouensis)
Discovery
Of the four species placed within the genus Sinanthropus, the first to be found were remnants of the Peking man (Sinanthropus pekinensis). The first fossil was retrieved by Otto Zdansky (1894-1988) near the village of Chou K'ou-tie
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Factored%20language%20model
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The factored language model (FLM) is an extension of a conventional language model introduced by Jeff Bilmes and Katrin Kirchoff in 2003. In an FLM, each word is viewed as a vector of k factors: An FLM provides the probabilistic model where the prediction of a factor is based on parents . For example, if represents a word token and represents a Part of speech tag for English, the expression gives a model for predicting current word token based on a traditional Ngram model as well as the Part of speech tag of the previous word.
A major advantage of factored language models is that they allow users to specify linguistic knowledge such as the relationship between word tokens and Part of speech in English, or morphological information (stems, root, etc.) in Arabic.
Like N-gram models, smoothing techniques are necessary in parameter estimation. In particular, generalized back-off is used in training an FLM.
References
Language modeling
Statistical natural language processing
Probabilistic models
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphorus%20pentoxide
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Phosphorus pentoxide is a chemical compound with molecular formula P4O10 (with its common name derived from its empirical formula, P2O5). This white crystalline solid is the anhydride of phosphoric acid. It is a powerful desiccant and dehydrating agent.
Structure
Phosphorus pentoxide crystallizes in at least four forms or polymorphs. The most familiar one, a metastable form (shown in the figure), comprises molecules of P4O10. Weak van der Waals forces hold these molecules together in a hexagonal lattice (However, in spite of the high symmetry of the molecules, the crystal packing is not a close packing). The structure of the P4O10 cage is reminiscent of adamantane with Td symmetry point group. It is closely related to the corresponding anhydride of phosphorous acid, P4O6. The latter lacks terminal oxo groups. Its density is 2.30 g/cm3. It boils at 423 °C under atmospheric pressure; if heated more rapidly it can sublimate. This form can be made by condensing the vapor of phosphorus pentoxide rapidly, and the result is an extremely hygroscopic solid.
The other polymorphs are polymeric, but in each case the phosphorus atoms are bound by a tetrahedron of oxygen atoms, one of which forms a terminal P=O bond involving the donation of the terminal oxygen p-orbital electrons to the antibonding phosphorus-oxygen single bonds. The macromolecular form can be made by heating the compound in a sealed tube for several hours, and maintaining the melt at a high temperature before cooling t
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stack%20search
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Stack search (also known as Stack decoding algorithm) is a search algorithm similar to beam search. It can be used to explore tree-structured search spaces and is often employed in Natural language processing applications, such as parsing of natural languages, or for decoding of error correcting codes where the technique goes under the name of sequential decoding.
Stack search keeps a list of the best n candidates seen so far. These candidates are incomplete solutions to the search problems, e.g. partial parse trees. It then iteratively expands the best partial solution, putting all resulting partial solutions onto the stack and then trimming the resulting list of partial solutions to the top n candidates, until a real solution (i.e. complete parse tree) has been found.
Stack search is not guaranteed to find the optimal solution to the search problem. The quality of the result depends on the quality of the search heuristic.
References
Example applications of the stack search algorithm can be found in the literature:
Frederick Jelinek. Fast sequential decoding algorithm using a stack. IBM Journal of Research and Development, pp. 675-685, 1969.
Ye-Yi Wang and Alex Waibel. Decoding algorithm in statistical machine translation. Proceedings of the 8th conference on European chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics, pp. 366-372. Madrid, Spain, 1997.
Search algorithms
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pound%E2%80%93Rebka%20experiment
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The Pound–Rebka experiment monitored frequency shifts in gamma rays as they rose and fell in the gravitational field of the Earth. The experiment tested Einstein's 1907 and 1911 predictions, based on the equivalence principle, that photons would gain energy when descending a gravitational potential, and would lose energy when rising through a gravitational potential. It was proposed by Robert Pound and his graduate student Glen A. Rebka Jr. in 1959, and was the last of the classical tests of general relativity to be verified. The measurement of gravitational redshift and blueshift by this experiment validated the prediction of the equivalence principle that clocks should be measured as running at different rates in different places of a gravitational field. It is considered to be the experiment that ushered in an era of precision tests of general relativity.
Background
Equivalence principle argument predicting gravitational red- and blueshift
In the decade preceding Einstein's publication of the definitive version of his theory of general relativity, he anticipated several of the results of his final theory with heuristic arguments, not all of which were to prove to be correct.
To show that the equivalence principle implies that light is Doppler-shifted in a gravitational field, Einstein considered a light source separated along the z-axis by a distance above a receiver in a homogeneous gravitational field having a force per unit mass of 1 A continuous beam of electr
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BDS%20C
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BDS C (or the BD Software C Compiler) is a compiler for a sizeable subset of the C programming language, that ran on and generated code for the Intel 8080 and Zilog Z80 processors. It was the first C compiler for CP/M. It was written by Leor Zolman and first released in 1979 when he was 20 years old. "BDS" stands for "Brain Damage Software."
BDS C was popular and influential among CP/M users and developers. It ran much faster than other Z80-hosted compilers. It was possible to run BDS C on single-floppy machines with as little as 30K of RAM in comparison to most other commercial compilers which required many passes and the writing of intermediate files to disk.
Weak points of BDS C were that the floating point math routines and the file access functions were incompatible with the C compiler used on UNIX, and that its relocatable object files were incompatible with the Microsoft MACRO-80 assembler, making it more difficult to integrate C code with assembly language.
BDS C was bundled with a subset of the Unix system written in about 1980, called MARC (Machine Assisted Resource Coordinator). This effort in some ways resembled GNU, though MARC was to be able to run CP/M software through emulation. Unfortunately MARC's author, Ed Ziemba, perished in a snorkeling accident before he could complete the project.
In 2002, Leor Zolman released the 8080 assembly language source code for BDS C into the public domain.
Reception
Around 75,000 copies were sold, including a stripped d
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20computer%20algebra%20systems
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The following tables provide a comparison of computer algebra systems (CAS). A CAS is a package comprising a set of algorithms for performing symbolic manipulations on algebraic objects, a language to implement them, and an environment in which to use the language. A CAS may include a user interface and graphics capability; and to be effective may require a large library of algorithms, efficient data structures and a fast kernel.
General
These computer algebra systems are sometimes combined with "front end" programs that provide a better user interface, such as the general-purpose GNU TeXmacs.
Functionality
Below is a summary of significantly developed symbolic functionality in each of the systems.
via SymPy
<li> via qepcad optional package
Those which do not "edit equations" may have a GUI, plotting, ASCII graphic formulae and math font printing. The ability to generate plaintext files is also a sought-after feature because it allows a work to be understood by people who do not have a computer algebra system installed.
Operating system support
The software can run under their respective operating systems natively without emulation. Some systems must be compiled first using an appropriate compiler for the source language and target platform. For some platforms, only older releases of the software may be available.
Graphing calculators
Some graphing calculators have CAS features.
See also
:Category:Computer algebra systems
Comparison of numerical-analysis software
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universally%20measurable%20set
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In mathematics, a subset of a Polish space is universally measurable if it is measurable with respect to every complete probability measure on that measures all Borel subsets of . In particular, a universally measurable set of reals is necessarily Lebesgue measurable (see below).
Every analytic set is universally measurable. It follows from projective determinacy, which in turn follows from sufficient large cardinals, that every projective set is universally measurable.
Finiteness condition
The condition that the measure be a probability measure; that is, that the measure of itself be 1, is less restrictive than it may appear. For example, Lebesgue measure on the reals is not a probability measure, yet every universally measurable set is Lebesgue measurable. To see this, divide the real line into countably many intervals of length 1; say, N0=[0,1), N1=[1,2), N2=[-1,0), N3=[2,3), N4=[-2,-1), and so on. Now letting μ be Lebesgue measure, define a new measure ν by
Then easily ν is a probability measure on the reals, and a set is ν-measurable if and only if it is Lebesgue measurable. More generally a universally measurable set must be measurable with respect to every sigma-finite measure that measures all Borel sets.
Example contrasting with Lebesgue measurability
Suppose is a subset of Cantor space ; that is, is a set of infinite sequences of zeroes and ones. By putting a binary point before such a sequence, the sequence can be viewed as a real number between 0
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distribution%20ensemble
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In cryptography, a distribution ensemble or probability ensemble is a family of distributions or random variables where is a (countable) index set, and each is a random variable, or probability distribution. Often and it is required that each have a certain property for n sufficiently large.
For example, a uniform ensemble is a distribution ensemble where each is uniformly distributed over strings of length n. In fact, many applications of probability ensembles implicitly assume that the probability spaces for the random variables all coincide in this way, so every probability ensemble is also a stochastic process.
See also
Provable security
Statistically close
Pseudorandom ensemble
Computational indistinguishability
References
Goldreich, Oded (2001). Foundations of Cryptography: Volume 1, Basic Tools. Cambridge University Press. . Fragments available at the author's web site.
Theory of cryptography
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerosinusitis
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Aerosinusitis, also called barosinusitis, sinus squeeze or sinus barotrauma is a painful inflammation and sometimes bleeding of the membrane of the paranasal sinus cavities, normally the frontal sinus. It is caused by a difference in air pressures inside and outside the cavities.
Presentation
Typically, sinus barotrauma is preceded by an upper respiratory tract infection or allergy. The affected person has a sudden sharp facial pain or headache during descent, which increases as the aircraft approaches ground level. The pain can ultimately become disabling unless the ambient pressure is reversed.
The pressure difference causes the mucosal lining of the sinuses to become swollen and submucosal bleeding follows with further difficulties ventilating the sinus, especially if the orifices are involved. Ultimately fluid or blood will fill the space.
In most cases of sinus barotrauma, localized pain to the frontal area is the predominant symptom. This is due to pain originating from the frontal sinus, it being above the brow bones. Less common is pain referred to the temporal, occipital, or retrobulbar region. Epistaxis or serosanguineous secretion from the nose may occur. Neurological symptoms may affect the adjacent fifth cranial nerve and especially the infraorbital nerve.
Pathology
The pathology of sinus barotrauma is directly related to Boyle's law, which states that the volume of a gas is inversely proportional to the pressure on it, when temperature is constant (P1 × V1
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bohm%20diffusion
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The diffusion of plasma across a magnetic field was conjectured to follow the Bohm diffusion scaling as indicated from the early plasma experiments of very lossy machines. This predicted that the rate of diffusion was linear with temperature and inversely linear with the strength of the confining magnetic field.
The rate predicted by Bohm diffusion is much higher than the rate predicted by classical diffusion, which develops from a random walk within the plasma. The classical model scaled inversely with the square of the magnetic field. If the classical model is correct, small increases in the field lead to much longer confinement times. If the Bohm model is correct, magnetically confined fusion would not be practical.
Early fusion energy machines appeared to behave according to Bohm's model, and by the 1960s there was a significant stagnation within the field. The introduction of the tokamak in 1968 was the first evidence that the Bohm model did not hold for all machines. Bohm predicts rates that are too fast for these machines, and classical too slow; studying these machines has led to the neoclassical diffusion concept.
Description
Bohm diffusion is characterized by a diffusion coefficient equal to
where B is the magnetic field strength, T is the electron gas temperature, e is the elementary charge, kB is the Boltzmann constant.
History
It was first observed in 1949 by David Bohm, E. H. S. Burhop, and Harrie Massey while studying magnetic arcs for use in isotope sepa
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acentric%20factor
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The acentric factor is a conceptual number introduced by Kenneth Pitzer in 1955, proven to be useful in the description of fluids. It has become a standard for the phase characterization of single & pure components, along with other state description parameters such as molecular weight, critical temperature, critical pressure, and critical volume (or critical compressibility).
Pitzer defined from the relationship
where
is the reduced saturation vapor pressure and
is the reduced temperature.
The acentric factor is said to be a measure of the non-sphericity (centricity) of molecules. As it increases, the vapor curve is "pulled" down, resulting in higher boiling points. For many monatomic fluids,
is close to 0.1, which leads to . In many cases, lies above the boiling temperature of liquids at atmosphere pressure.
Values of can be determined for any fluid from accurate experimental vapor pressure data. The definition of gives values which are close to zero for the noble gases argon, krypton, and xenon. is also very close to zero for molecules which are nearly spherical. Values of correspond to vapor pressures above the critical pressure, and are non-physical.
The acentric factor can be predicted analytically from some equations of state. For example, it can be easily shown from the above definition that a van der Waals fluid has an acentric factor of about −0.302024, which if applied to a real system would indicate a small, ultra-spherical molecule.
Values of s
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scarecrow%20%281973%20film%29
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Scarecrow is a 1973 American road drama film directed by Jerry Schatzberg and starring Gene Hackman and Al Pacino. The story involves the relationship between two men who travel from California seeking to start a business in Pittsburgh.
At the 1973 Cannes Film Festival, the film tied for the Grand Prix du Festival International du Film, the highest honor. While it fared poorly commercially, Scarecrow later gained cult status.
Plot
Two vagabonds, Max Millan, a short-tempered ex-convict, and Francis Lionel "Lion" Delbuchi, a childlike former sailor, meet on the road in California and agree to become partners in a car-wash business once they reach Pittsburgh. Lion is traveling to Detroit to see a child whom he has never met and make amends with his wife Annie, to whom he has sent all of the money that he had earned while at sea. Max agrees to take a detour on his way to Pittsburgh, where the bank to which Max has been sending all his seed money is located.
While visiting Max's sister in Denver, the pair's antics land them in a prison farm for a month. Max blames Lion for their incarceration and shuns him. Lion is befriended by a powerful inmate named Riley, who later tries to sexually assault Lion and physically savages and emotionally traumatizes him. Max rekindles his friendship with Lion and becomes his protector, eventually exacting revenge by fighting Riley.
After their release, Max and Lion continue to have a profound effect on each other, although they have both unde
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/It%27s%20Almost%20Tomorrow
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"It's Almost Tomorrow" is a 1955 popular song with music by Gene Adkinson and lyrics by Wade Buff. The song was actually written in 1953, when Adkinson and Buff were in high school. Hit versions were released in 1955 by The Dream Weavers, Jo Stafford, David Carroll, and Snooky Lanson.
The song reached No. 6 on the Cash Box Top 50, in a tandem ranking of The Dream Weavers, Jo Stafford, David Carroll, Snooky Lanson, and Lawrence Welk's versions, with The Dream Weavers and Jo Stafford's versions marked as bestsellers, while reaching No. 4 on Cash Boxs chart of "The Nation's Top Ten Juke Box Tunes", in the same tandem ranking. The song also reached No. 4 on Billboards Honor Roll of Hits, with The Dream Weavers and Jo Stafford's versions listed as best sellers.
The song was ranked No. 36 on Billboards ranking of "1956's Top Tunes", based on the Honor Roll of Hits.
The Dream Weavers version
The Dream Weavers, a singing group including writers Adkinson and Buff, recorded the most successful version of the song for Decca Records (catalog number 29683). Their version first charted in Billboard on November 12, 1955, and reached No. 7 on Billboards chart of Most Played in Juke Boxes, No. 8 on Billboards Top 100, No. 8 on Billboards chart of Best Sellers in Stores, No. 10 on Billboards chart of Most Played by Jockeys, and No. 9 on Cash Boxs chart of "The Ten Records Disk Jockeys Played Most This Week". The Dream Weavers' version also reached No. 1 on the UK's New Musical Express chart
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyrosine%20sulfation
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Tyrosine sulfation is a posttranslational modification where a sulfate group is added to a tyrosine residue of a protein molecule. Secreted proteins and extracellular parts of membrane proteins that pass through the Golgi apparatus may be sulfated. Sulfation was first discovered by Bettelheim in bovine fibrinopeptide B in 1954 and later found to be present in animals and plants but not in prokaryotes or in yeast.
Function
Sulfation plays a role in strengthening protein-protein interactions. Types of human proteins known to undergo tyrosine sulfation include adhesion molecules, G-protein-coupled receptors, coagulation factors, serine protease inhibitors, extracellular matrix proteins, and hormones.
Tyrosine O-sulfate is a stable molecule and is excreted in urine in animals. No enzymatic mechanism of tyrosine sulfate desulfation is known to exist.
By knock-out of TPST genes in mice, it may be observed that tyrosine sulfation has effects on the growth of the mice, such as body weight, fecundity, and postnatal viability.
Mechanism
Sulfation is catalyzed by tyrosylprotein sulfotransferase (TPST) in the Golgi apparatus. The reaction catalyzed by TPST is a transfer of sulfate from the universal sulfate donor 3'-phosphoadenosine-5'-phosphosulfate (PAPS) to the side-chain hydroxyl group of a tyrosine residue. Sulfation sites are tyrosine residues exposed on the surface of the protein typically surrounded by acidic residues; a detailed description of the characteristics of the sulfa
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westerdijk%20Institute
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The Westerdijk Institute, or Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, is part of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences.
The institute was renamed on 10 February 2017, after Johanna Westerdijk, the first female professor in the Netherlands and director of the institute from 1907 to 1958. The former name of the institute was CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre or Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures (Central Bureau of Fungal Cultures in English). Despite the name change the collection maintained by the institute remains the CBS collections and the use of CBS numbers for the strains continues.
The institute is located in Utrecht Science Park, a suburb of Utrecht. Before it had been located between offices at the university in Delft and in Baarn. CBS was established in 1904 as a collection of living fungi and algae at the Eleventh International Botanical Congress in Vienna. Since 2002 Pedro Willem Crous has been director of CBS as the successor of Dirk van der Mei.
Since its inception the institute has built one of the world's largest collections of fungi, yeasts and bacteria. The collection serves as an International standard for microbiologists, ecologists and geneticists.
The institute is roughly divided into two parts: Collection Management and Research. Researchers carry out investigations in taxonomy (biology) and evolutionary biology of fungi, ecological and genomic issues are often involved. The institute also acts as a centre of expertise for questions
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MOPAC
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MOPAC is a popular computer program used in computational chemistry. It is designed to implement semi-empirical quantum chemistry algorithms, and it runs on Windows, Mac, and Linux.
MOPAC2016 is the current version. MOPAC2016 is able to perform calculations on small molecules and enzymes using PM7, PM6, PM3, AM1, MNDO, and RM1. The Sparkle model (for lanthanide chemistry) is also available. Academic users can use this program for free, whereas government and commercial users must purchase the software.
MOPAC was largely written by Michael Dewar's research group at the University of Texas at Austin. Its name is derived from Molecular Orbital PACkage, and it is also a pun on the Mopac Expressway that runs around Austin.
MOPAC2007 included the new Sparkle/AM1, Sparkle/PM3, RM1 and PM6 models, with an increased emphasis on solid state capabilities. However, it does not have yet MINDO/3, PM5, analytical derivatives, the Tomasi solvation model and intersystem crossing. MOPAC2007 was followed by the release of MOPAC2009 in 2008 which presents many improved features
The latest versions are no longer public domain software as were the earlier versions such as MOPAC6 and MOPAC7. However, there are recent efforts to keep MOPAC7 working as open source software. An open source version of MOPAC7 for Linux is also available. The author of MOPAC, James Stewart, released in 2006 a public domain version of MOPAC7 entirely written in Fortran 90 called MOPAC7.1.
See also
Semi-empirical qua
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Von%20Neumann%20cellular%20automaton
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Von Neumann cellular automata are the original expression of cellular automata, the development of which was prompted by suggestions made to John von Neumann by his close friend and fellow mathematician Stanislaw Ulam. Their original purpose was to provide insight into the logical requirements for machine self-replication, and they were used in von Neumann's universal constructor.
Nobili's cellular automaton is a variation of von Neumann's cellular automaton, augmented with the ability for confluent cells to cross signals and store information. The former requires an extra three states, hence Nobili's cellular automaton has 32 states, rather than 29. Hutton's cellular automaton is yet another variation, which allows a loop of data, analogous to Langton's loops, to replicate.
Definition
Configuration
In general, cellular automata (CA) constitute an arrangement of finite state automata (FSA) that sit in positional relationships between one another, each FSA exchanging information with those other FSAs to which it is positionally adjacent. In von Neumann's cellular automaton, the finite state machines (or cells) are arranged in a two-dimensional Cartesian grid, and interface with the surrounding four cells. As von Neumann's cellular automaton was the first example to use this arrangement, it is known as the von Neumann neighbourhood.
The set of FSAs define a cell space of infinite size. All FSAs are identical in terms of state-transition function, or rule-set.
The nei
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Movistar%20Team%20%28men%27s%20team%29
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Movistar Team () is a professional road bicycle racing team which participates at UCI WorldTeam level and has achieved thirteen general classification (GC) victories in Grand Tours. The title sponsor is the Spanish mobile telephone company Telefónica, with the team riding under the name of the company's brand Movistar.
The team was formed as Reynolds, led by Ángel Arroyo and later by Pedro Delgado, who won a Tour de France and a Vuelta a España, and was subsequently sponsored by Banesto, under which name the team included 5-time Tour de France winner Miguel Induráin and Alex Zülle, twice winner of the Vuelta a España. The team offices are in Egüés, in Navarre, Spain. A later sponsor was Caisse d'Epargne, a French semi-cooperative banking group.
Having previously used Pinarello bikes, the team rode Canyon frames in 2014, with Campagnolo parts. Since 2008, Eusebio Unzué has been the manager of the team after the long running manager, José Miguel Echavarri, retired from the sport. The directeurs sportifs of the team are José Vicente García, Pablo Lastras, José Luis Jaimerena, Patxi Vila and Max Sciandri.
History
Reynolds (1980–1989)
The team began in 1980 as the Reynolds team which José Miguel Echavarri as the directeur sportif. In 1982 signed a young Pedro Delgado who acted as a domestique for team leader Ángel Arroyo during the 1982 Vuelta a España. Arroyo won the Vuelta after his team controlled the race after he took the lead. 48 hours after his Vuelta win, the results
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpeedStep
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Enhanced SpeedStep is a series of dynamic frequency scaling technologies (codenamed Geyserville and including SpeedStep, SpeedStep II, and SpeedStep III) built into some Intel microprocessors that allow the clock speed of the processor to be dynamically changed (to different P-states) by software. This allows the processor to meet the instantaneous performance needs of the operation being performed, while minimizing power draw and heat generation. EIST (SpeedStep III) was introduced in several Prescott 6 series in the first quarter of 2005, namely the Pentium 4 660. Intel Speed Shift Technology (SST) was introduced in Intel Skylake Processor.
Enhanced Intel SpeedStep Technology is sometimes abbreviated as EIST. Intel's trademark of "INTEL SPEEDSTEP" was cancelled due to the trademark being invalidated in 2012.
Explanation
Running a processor at high clock speeds allows for better performance. However, when the same processor is run at a lower frequency (speed), it generates less heat and consumes less power. In many cases, the core voltage can also be reduced, further reducing power consumption and heat generation. By using SpeedStep, users can select the balance of power conservation and performance that best suits them, or even change the clock speed dynamically as the processor burden changes.
The power consumed by a CPU with a capacitance C, running at frequency f and voltage V is approximately:
For a given processor, C is a fixed value. However, V and f can vary c
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