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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manning%20formula
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The Manning formula or Manning's equation is an empirical formula estimating the average velocity of a liquid flowing in a conduit that does not completely enclose the liquid, i.e., open channel flow. However, this equation is also used for calculation of flow variables in case of flow in partially full conduits, as they also possess a free surface like that of open channel flow. All flow in so-called open channels is driven by gravity.
It was first presented by the French engineer in 1867, and later re-developed by the Irish engineer Robert Manning in 1890.
Thus, the formula is also known in Europe as the Gauckler–Manning formula or Gauckler–Manning–Strickler formula (after ).
The Gauckler–Manning formula is used to estimate the average velocity of water flowing in an open channel in locations where it is not practical to construct a weir or flume to measure flow with greater accuracy. Manning's equation is also commonly used as part of a numerical step method, such as the standard step method, for delineating the free surface profile of water flowing in an open channel.
Formulation
The Gauckler–Manning formula states:
where:
is the cross-sectional average velocity (L/T; ft/s, m/s);
is the Gauckler–Manning coefficient. Units of are often omitted, however is not dimensionless, having units of: (T/[L1/3]; s/[m1/3]).
is the hydraulic radius (L; ft, m);
is the stream slope or hydraulic gradient, the linear hydraulic head loss loss (L/L); it is the same as the
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-channel%20flow
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In fluid mechanics and hydraulics, open-channel flow is a type of liquid flow within a conduit with a free surface, known as a channel. The other type of flow within a conduit is pipe flow. These two types of flow are similar in many ways but differ in one important respect: open-channel flow has a free surface, whereas pipe flow does not, resulting in flow dominated by gravity but not hydraulic pressure.
Classifications of flow
Open-channel flow can be classified and described in various ways based on the change in flow depth with respect to time and space. The fundamental types of flow dealt with in open-channel hydraulics are:
Time as the criterion
Steady flow
The depth of flow does not change over time, or if it can be assumed to be constant during the time interval under consideration.
Unsteady flow
The depth of flow does change with time.
Space as the criterion
Uniform flow
The depth of flow is the same at every section of the channel. Uniform flow can be steady or unsteady, depending on whether or not the depth changes with time, (although unsteady uniform flow is rare).
Varied flow
The depth of flow changes along the length of the channel. Varied flow technically may be either steady or unsteady. Varied flow can be further classified as either rapidly or gradually-varied:
Rapidly-varied flow
The depth changes abruptly over a comparatively short distance. Rapidly varied flow is known as a local phenomenon. Examples are the hydraulic jump and the hydraul
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go/no-go
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A go/no-go test is a two-step verification process that uses two boundary conditions, or a binary classification. The test is passed only when the go condition has been met and also the no-go condition has been failed.
The test gives no information as to the degree of conformance to, or deviation from the boundary conditions. These tests can be used for statistical process control purposes. There are specific SPC tools that use parameter based measurements (e.g., P-charts) for determining the stability of a process.
Uses
Engineering
In engineering the test is traditionally used only to check noncritical parameters where the manufacturing process is believed to be stable and well controlled, and the tolerances are wide compared to the distribution of the parameter.
For example, the preceding launch status checks before a Space Shuttle liftoff had the flight controller perform a go/no-go check on each of the vehicle's critical systems.
Psychology
In psychology, go/no-go tests are used to measure a participant's capacity for sustained attention and response control.
For example, a go/no-go test that requires a participant to perform an action given certain stimuli (e.g., press a button) and also inhibit that action under a different set of stimuli (e.g., not press that same button).
Military
In the United States Army, drills and proficiency evaluation rubrics are based on a go/no-go (pass/fail) system. Evaluations involving numerical scores (such as the physical fitne
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P73
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p73 is a protein related to the p53 tumor protein. Because of its structural resemblance to p53, it has also been considered a tumor suppressor. It is involved in cell cycle regulation, and induction of apoptosis. Like p53, p73 is characterized by the presence of different isoforms of the protein. This is explained by splice variants, and an alternative promoter in the DNA sequence.
p73, also known as tumor protein 73 (TP73), protein was the first identified homologue of the tumor suppressor gene, p53. Like p53, p73 has several variants. It is expressed as distinct forms differing at either at the C- or the N-terminus. Currently, six different C-terminus splicing variants have been found in normal cells. The p73 gene encodes a protein with a significant sequence homology and a functional similarity with the tumor suppressor p53. The over-expression of p73 in cultured cells promotes a growth arrest and/or apoptosis similarly to p53.
The p73 gene has been mapped to a chromosome region (1p36. 2-3) a locus commonly deleted in various tumor entities and human cancers. Similar to p53 the protein product of p73 induces cell cycle arrest or apoptosis, hence its classification as a tumor suppressor. However unlike its counterpart, p73 is infrequently mutated in cancers. Perhaps, even more shocking is the fact that p73 – deficient mice do not show a tumorigenic phenotype. A deficiency of p53 almost certainly leads to unchecked cell proliferation and is noted in 60% of cancers.
An
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JEL%20classification%20codes
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Articles in economics journals are usually classified according to JEL classification codes, which derive from the Journal of Economic Literature. The JEL is published quarterly by the American Economic Association (AEA) and contains survey articles and information on recently published books and dissertations. The AEA maintains EconLit, a searchable data base of citations for articles, books, reviews, dissertations, and working papers classified by JEL codes for the years from 1969. A recent addition to EconLit is indexing of economics journal articles from 1886 to 1968 parallel to the print series Index of Economic Articles.
Structure
There are 26 primary JEL categories:
JEL Subcategories
Each JEL primary category has secondary and tertiary subcategories, for example, under JEL: D – Microeconomics:
JEL: D1 – Household Behavior and Family Economics
JEL: D11 – Consumer Economics: Theory
JEL code (sub)categories, including periodic updates, are referenced at Journal of Economic Literature (JEL) Classification System. Links to definitions of (sub)categories are at JEL Classification Codes Guide with corresponding examples of article titles linked to publication information, such as abstracts.
Purpose
Articles in economics journals also list JEL codes (for example JEL: B12), facilitating their use across search engines. Comprehensive uses of JEL (sub)classifications include:
• The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, 2008, v. 8, Appendix IV, pp. 854–69, and for the online
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuron%20%28journal%29
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Neuron is a biweekly peer-reviewed scientific journal published by Cell Press, an imprint of Elsevier. Established in 1988, it covers neuroscience and related biological processes.
The current editor in chief is Mariela Zirlinger. The founding editors were Lily Jan, A. James Hudspeth, Louis Reichardt, Roger Nicoll, and Zach Hall. A past Editor in Chief was Katja Brose.
References
External links
Neuroscience journals
Cell Press academic journals
Academic journals established in 1988
English-language journals
Biweekly journals
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association%20scheme
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The theory of association schemes arose in statistics, in the theory of experimental design for the analysis of variance. In mathematics, association schemes belong to both algebra and combinatorics. In algebraic combinatorics, association schemes provide a unified approach to many topics, for example combinatorial designs and the theory of error-correcting codes. In algebra, association schemes generalize groups, and the theory of association schemes generalizes the character theory of linear representations of groups.
Definition
An n-class association scheme consists of a set X together with a partition S of X × X into n + 1 binary relations, R0, R1, ..., Rn which satisfy:
; it is called the identity relation.
Defining , if R in S, then R* in S.
If , the number of such that and is a constant depending on , , but not on the particular choice of and .
An association scheme is commutative if for all , and . Most authors assume this property.
A symmetric association scheme is one in which each is a symmetric relation. That is:
if (x, y) ∈ Ri, then (y, x) ∈ Ri. (Or equivalently, R* = R.)
Every symmetric association scheme is commutative.
Note, however, that while the notion of an association scheme generalizes the notion of a group, the notion of a commutative association scheme only generalizes the notion of a commutative group.
Two points x and y are called i th associates if . The definition states that if x and y are i th associates then so are y and x.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gang%20scheduling
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In computer science, gang scheduling is a scheduling algorithm for parallel systems that schedules related threads or processes to run simultaneously on different processors. Usually these will be threads all belonging to the same process, but they may also be from different processes, where the processes could have a producer-consumer relationship or come from the same MPI program.
Gang scheduling is used to ensure that if two or more threads or processes communicate with each other, they will all be ready to communicate at the same time. If they were not gang-scheduled, then one could wait to send or receive a message to another while it is sleeping, and vice versa. When processors are over-subscribed and gang scheduling is not used within a group of processes or threads which communicate with each other, each communication event could suffer the overhead of a context switch.
Gang scheduling is based on a data structure called the Ousterhout matrix. In this matrix each row represents a time slice, and each column a processor. The threads or processes of each job are packed into a single row of the matrix. During execution, coordinated context switching is performed across all nodes to switch from the processes in one row to those in the next row.
Gang scheduling is stricter than coscheduling. It requires all threads of the same process to run concurrently, while coscheduling allows for fragments, which are sets of threads that do not run concurrently with the rest of the
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NUTS%20statistical%20regions%20of%20Italy
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In the NUTS (Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics) codes of Italy (IT), the three levels are:
NUTS codes
The following codes have been discontinued:
ITC45 (Milano) was split into ITC4C and ITC4D.
ITD (Northeast Italy) became ITH.
ITE (Central Italy) became ITI.
ITF41 (Foggia) and ITF42 (Bari) were split into ITF46, ITF47, and ITF48.
ITG21 (Sassari), ITG22 (Nuoro), ITG23 (Oristano), and ITG24 (Cagliari) were split into the current divisions of ITG2.
Local administrative units
Below the NUTS levels, the two LAU (Local Administrative Units) levels are:
The LAU codes of Italy can be downloaded here: ''
See also
Subdivisions of Italy
ISO 3166-2 codes of Italy
FIPS region codes of Italy
References
Sources
Hierarchical list of the Nomenclature of territorial units for statistics - NUTS and the Statistical regions of Europe
Overview map of EU Countries - NUTS level 1
ITALIA - NUTS level 2
ITALIA - NUTS level 3
Correspondence between the NUTS levels and the national administrative units
List of current NUTS codes
Download current NUTS codes (ODS format)
Provinces of Italy, Statoids.com
Italy
Nuts
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MOS%20composite%20static%20induction%20thyristor
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MOS composite static induction thyristor (CSMT or MCS) is a combination of a MOS transistor connected in cascode relation to the SI-thyristor.
The SI thyristor (SITh) unit has a gate to which a source of MOS transistor is connected through a voltage regulation element. The low conduction loss and rugged structure MCS make it more favorable than conversional IGBT transistors.
In the blocking state nearly the complete voltage drops at the SITh. Thus the MOSFET is not exposed to high field stress. For fast switching the MOSFET with only 30–50 V blocking voltage is able. In IGBT, charge carrier concentration at emitter side in n-base layer is low as holes injected from collector easily pass to emitter electrode through p-base layer. Thus the wide-base pnp transistor operates by virtue of its current gain characteristics causing the rise collector-emitter saturation voltage.
In an MCS the positive difference between the voltage of regulation element and conduction voltage drop of MOSFET is applied to location between the collector region and emitter region of the pnp transistor. Hole concentration is accumulated at emitter side in n-base layer because of impossibility of the hole flow through forward bias collector-base junction of the pnp transistor. Carrier distribution in n-base is similar to that of saturation bipolar transistor and low saturation voltage of MCS, even at high voltage ratings, can be achieved.
References
Solid state switches
Semiconductor devices
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manifold%20System
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Manifold System is a geographic information system (GIS) software package developed by Manifold Software Limited that runs on Microsoft Windows. Manifold System handles both vector and raster data, includes spatial SQL, a built-in Internet Map Server (IMS), and other general GIS features.
History
The development team for Manifold was created in 1993 to optimize mathematics libraries for a massively-parallel supercomputer created in a joint venture between Intel Corporation and the US Department of Defense. The team subsequently embarked on a plan to create and sell mathematics libraries, including the General Graph Facilities library (GGF) and the Computational Geometry Library (CGL), under the name of the Center for Digital Algorithms.
A series of "workbench" products were created to help teach customers the operation of algorithms in the libraries using visual means. Road networks and geometric data in geographic contexts were used to provide visual familiarity and interest, in effect creating a GIS-like product. In 1997 and 1998 customers asked for a true GIS product based on the workbench products and development of Manifold System was launched. The company soon changed its name to Manifold Software Limited to match the new product's name.
Manifold System releases
Manifold System was first sold in January 1998 as Release 3.00. Releases 3.00 and 4.00 were heavily weighted to analytics, with many tools for abstract graph theory analysis but a very limited GIS toolset
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TCAP
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TCAP may refer to:
Science
Acetone peroxide, the trimer version tri-cyclic acetone peroxide, a high explosive
Telethonin, a protein encoded by the TCAP gene
Education
Tennessee Comprehensive Assessment Program, a public school standardized testing program
Transitional Colorado Assessment Program, a public school standardized testing program that replaced the Colorado Student Assessment Program
Finance
Tax Credit Assistance Program, a U.S. federal housing grant program
Thanachart Capital PCL (stock ticker: TCAP), the holding company of TBank, the Thanachart Bank
Other uses
Taipei Children's Amusement Park, an amusement park in Taipei, Taiwan
To Catch a Predator, American reality television news segment of Dateline NBC, which used hidden cameras to catch child sex predators
Transaction Capabilities Application Part (ITU-T Q.771-Q.775 or ANSI T1.114) a protocol to allow multiple simultaneous dialogs on the same subsystem
Catholic Tercio of Political Action Party (Spanish: TCAP) a local political party in Madrid in 2007, see Results breakdown of the 2007 Spanish local elections (Community of Madrid)
See also
Traverse City Area Public Schools (TCAPS)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fetal%20fibronectin
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Fetal fibronectin (fFN) is a fibronectin protein produced by fetal cells. It is found at the interface of the chorion and the decidua (between the fetal sac and the uterine lining). Fetal fibronectin is found normally in vaginal fluid in early pregnancy prior to 22 weeks due to normal growth and development of tissues at the junction of the uterus and amniotic sac. It may also be found in vaginal fluid after 36 weeks as labor approaches. However, fFN should not be detected between 22 and 36 weeks.
It can be thought of as an adhesive or "biological glue" that binds the fetal sac to the uterine lining. It is the product of alternative splicing of the fibronectin gene and contains a oncofetal domain not present in adult fibronectin.
Screening test
Fetal fibronectin "leaks" into the vagina if a preterm delivery is likely to occur and can be measured in a screening test.
Testing will produce a negative or a positive result. A positive result indicates that fetal fibronectin is present in the cervical secretions. A positive result between 22 and 34 weeks gestation signals an increased risk of preterm birth within the next 7 days. A negative result indicates that there is not fetal fibronectin in the cervical secretions. Fetal fibronectin testing has poor specificity (64%) and positive predictive value (10%). Because of this, the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists does not consider positive fFN as diagnostic of prelabor rupture of membranes in the absence of ot
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foil%20%28fluid%20mechanics%29
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A foil is a solid object with a shape such that when placed in a moving fluid at a suitable angle of attack the lift (force generated perpendicular to the fluid flow) is substantially larger than the drag (force generated parallel to the fluid flow). If the fluid is a gas, the foil is called an airfoil or aerofoil, and if the fluid is water the foil is called a hydrofoil.
Physics of foils
A foil generates lift primarily because of its shape and angle of attack. When oriented at a suitable angle, the foil deflects the oncoming fluid, resulting in a force on the foil in the direction opposite to the deflection. This force can be resolved into two components: lift and drag. This "turning" of the fluid in the vicinity of the foil creates curved streamlines which results in lower pressure on one side and higher pressure on the other. This pressure difference is accompanied by a velocity difference, via Bernoulli's principle, so for foils with positive angles-of attack, and other than flat-plates, the resulting flowfield about the foil has a higher average velocity on the upper surface than on the lower surface.
A more detailed description of the flowfield is given by the simplified Navier–Stokes equations, applicable when the fluid is incompressible. However, since the effects of the compressibility of air at low speeds is negligible, these simplified equations can be used for both airfoils and hydrofoils as long as the fluid flow is substantially less than the speed of sou
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freiman%27s%20theorem
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In additive combinatorics, Freiman's theorem is a central result which indicates the approximate structure of sets whose sumset is small. It roughly states that if is small, then can be contained in a small generalized arithmetic progression.
Statement
If is a finite subset of with , then is contained in a generalized arithmetic progression of dimension at most and size at most , where and are constants depending only on .
Examples
For a finite set of integers, it is always true that
with equality precisely when is an arithmetic progression.
More generally, suppose is a subset of a finite proper generalized arithmetic progression of dimension such that for some real . Then , so that
History of Freiman's theorem
This result is due to Gregory Freiman (1964, 1966). Much interest in it, and applications, stemmed from a new proof by Imre Z. Ruzsa (1994). Mei-Chu Chang proved new polynomial estimates for the size of arithmetic progressions arising in the theorem in 2002. The current best bounds were provided by Tom Sanders.
Tools used in the proof
The proof presented here follows the proof in Yufei Zhao's lecture notes.
Plünnecke-Ruzsa inequality
Ruzsa covering lemma
The Ruzsa covering lemma states the following:
Let and be finite subsets of an abelian group with nonempty, and let be a positive real number. Then if , there is a subset of with at most elements such that .
This lemma provides a bound on how many copies of one needs to cover , hence t
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermionic%20field
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In quantum field theory, a fermionic field is a quantum field whose quanta are fermions; that is, they obey Fermi–Dirac statistics. Fermionic fields obey canonical anticommutation relations rather than the canonical commutation relations of bosonic fields.
The most prominent example of a fermionic field is the Dirac field, which describes fermions with spin-1/2: electrons, protons, quarks, etc. The Dirac field can be described as either a 4-component spinor or as a pair of 2-component Weyl spinors. Spin-1/2 Majorana fermions, such as the hypothetical neutralino, can be described as either a dependent 4-component Majorana spinor or a single 2-component Weyl spinor. It is not known whether the neutrino is a Majorana fermion or a Dirac fermion; observing neutrinoless double-beta decay experimentally would settle this question.
Basic properties
Free (non-interacting) fermionic fields obey canonical anticommutation relations; i.e., involve the anticommutators {a, b} = ab + ba, rather than the commutators [a, b] = ab − ba of bosonic or standard quantum mechanics. Those relations also hold for interacting fermionic fields in the interaction picture, where the fields evolve in time as if free and the effects of the interaction are encoded in the evolution of the states.
It is these anticommutation relations that imply Fermi–Dirac statistics for the field quanta. They also result in the Pauli exclusion principle: two fermionic particles cannot occupy the same state at the same time
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitap%20algorithm
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The bitap algorithm (also known as the shift-or, shift-and or Baeza-Yates-Gonnet algorithm) is an approximate string matching algorithm. The algorithm tells whether a given text contains a substring which is "approximately equal" to a given pattern, where approximate equality is defined in terms of Levenshtein distance if the substring and pattern are within a given distance k of each other, then the algorithm considers them equal. The algorithm begins by precomputing a set of bitmasks containing one bit for each element of the pattern. Then it is able to do most of the work with bitwise operations, which are extremely fast.
The bitap algorithm is perhaps best known as one of the underlying algorithms of the Unix utility agrep, written by Udi Manber, Sun Wu, and Burra Gopal. Manber and Wu's original paper gives extensions of the algorithm to deal with fuzzy matching of general regular expressions.
Due to the data structures required by the algorithm, it performs best on patterns less than a constant length (typically the word length of the machine in question), and also prefers inputs over a small alphabet. Once it has been implemented for a given alphabet and word length m, however, its running time is completely predictableit runs in O(mn) operations, no matter the structure of the text or the pattern.
The bitap algorithm for exact string searching was invented by Bálint Dömölki in 1964 and extended by R. K. Shyamasundar in 1977, before being reinvented by Ricardo Baeza
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallel%20programming%20model
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In computing, a parallel programming model is an abstraction of parallel computer architecture, with which it is convenient to express algorithms and their composition in programs. The value of a programming model can be judged on its generality: how well a range of different problems can be expressed for a variety of different architectures, and its performance: how efficiently the compiled programs can execute. The implementation of a parallel programming model can take the form of a library invoked from a sequential language, as an extension to an existing language, or as an entirely new language.
Consensus around a particular programming model is important because it leads to different parallel computers being built with support for the model, thereby facilitating portability of software. In this sense, programming models are referred to as bridging between hardware and software.
Classification of parallel programming models
Classifications of parallel programming models can be divided broadly into two areas: process interaction and problem decomposition.
Process interaction
Process interaction relates to the mechanisms by which parallel processes are able to communicate with each other. The most common forms of interaction are shared memory and message passing, but interaction can also be implicit (invisible to the programmer).
Shared memory
Shared memory is an efficient means of passing data between processes. In a shared-memory model, parallel processes share a gl
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specific%20developmental%20disorder
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Specific developmental disorders (SDD) was a classification of disorders characterized by delayed development in one specific area or areas. Specific developmental disorders were contrasted to pervasive developmental disorders which were characterized by delays in the development of multiple basic functions including socialization and communication.
ICD-10 taxonomy
The tenth revision of the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD-10) has four categories of developmental disorders: specific developmental disorders of speech and language, specific developmental disorders of scholastic skills, specific developmental disorder of motor function, and mixed specific developmental disorder.
DSM-III taxonomy
In the third edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-III), SDD was opposed to the pervasive developmental disorders (PDD). There were two factors that were considered:
The specificity of the impairment: in SDD there is one single domain that is affected, whereas in PDD multiple areas of functioning are affected.
The nature of the impairment: development in SDD is delayed but not otherwise abnormal, whereas in PDD there are behavioral deviations that are not typical for any developmental stage.
In the DSM-IV, specific developmental disorders were no longer grouped together. Instead they were reclassified as communication disorders, learning disorders, and motor skills disorders.
Comparison and con
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embraer%20Legacy%20600
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The Embraer Legacy 600 is a business jet derivative of the Embraer ERJ family of commercial jet aircraft.
Design and development
The Legacy 600 (market designation adopted after 2005) is based on the ERJ-135 model. It was launched in 2000 at the Farnborough Airshow as the "Legacy 2000". The Legacy carries 13 passengers in three partitioned sections for or 8 passengers for . It features added range via extra fuel tanks in the tail behind the baggage compartment and forward of the wing, winglets, and an extensive drag reduction program. It is certified to altitude versus for the airline configuration. The Legacy Shuttle can seat 19 to 37 in airline-style seats but without the range.
The first flight was made in June 2000, with the prototype of the ERJ-135 (PT-ZJA). This same aircraft was once the prototype of the first ERJ-145. New winglets and new wing-to-fuselage fairing was added, but no additional fuel tanks were available. The new fuselage fuel tanks were ready for the second prototype (PT-XJO), along with engine and avionics, that flew only in 31 March 2001. It was the second Embraer model to feature winglets, as the first were installed on the EMB-145SA military model. Embraer winglet models differed in shape and structure, due to their optimum design speed.
The Legacy 600 competes on the upper end of the small to mid-sized range of business jets and is considered a "Heavy Jet" aircraft. It has nearly the opposite design progression as the rival Canadair Challeng
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zone%20d%27%C3%A9tudes%20et%20d%27am%C3%A9nagement%20du%20territoire
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In 1967 the (French National Institute for Statistics and Economic Studies, INSEE), together with the French Commissariat général and DATAR () declared the nominal division of France into eight large regions. These were named (Research and National Development Zones) or ZEAT.
Until 2016, the ZEAT corresponded to the first level in the European Union Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics (NUTS 1).
External links
ZEAT
ZEAT
Types of geographical division
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single%20crystal
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In materials science, a single crystal (or single-crystal solid or monocrystalline solid) is a material in which the crystal lattice of the entire sample is continuous and unbroken to the edges of the sample, with no grain boundaries. The absence of the defects associated with grain boundaries can give monocrystals unique properties, particularly mechanical, optical and electrical, which can also be anisotropic, depending on the type of crystallographic structure. These properties, in addition to making some gems precious, are industrially used in technological applications, especially in optics and electronics.
Because entropic effects favor the presence of some imperfections in the microstructure of solids, such as impurities, inhomogeneous strain and crystallographic defects such as dislocations, perfect single crystals of meaningful size are exceedingly rare in nature. The necessary laboratory conditions often add to the cost of production. On the other hand, imperfect single crystals can reach enormous sizes in nature: several mineral species such as beryl, gypsum and feldspars are known to have produced crystals several meters across.
The opposite of a single crystal is an amorphous structure where the atomic position is limited to short-range order only. In between the two extremes exist polycrystalline, which is made up of a number of smaller crystals known as crystallites, and paracrystalline phases. Single crystals will usually have distinctive plane faces and som
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CCM%20mode
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CCM mode (counter with cipher block chaining message authentication code; counter with CBC-MAC) is a mode of operation for cryptographic block ciphers. It is an authenticated encryption algorithm designed to provide both authentication and confidentiality. CCM mode is only defined for block ciphers with a block length of 128 bits.
The nonce of CCM must be carefully chosen to never be used more than once for a given key.
This is because CCM is a derivation of counter (CTR) mode and the latter is effectively a stream cipher.
Encryption and authentication
As the name suggests, CCM mode combines counter (CTR) mode for confidentiality with cipher block chaining message authentication code (CBC-MAC) for authentication. These two primitives are applied in an "authenticate-then-encrypt" manner: CBC-MAC is first computed on the message to obtain a message authentication code (MAC), then the message and the MAC are encrypted using counter mode. The main insight is that the same encryption key can be used for both, provided that the counter values used in the encryption do not collide with the (pre-)initialization vector used in the authentication. A proof of security exists for this combination, based on the security of the underlying block cipher. The proof also applies to a generalization of CCM for any block size, and for any size of cryptographically strong pseudo-random function (since in both counter mode and CBC-MAC, the block cipher is only ever used in one direction).
CC
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continuity
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Continuity or continuous may refer to:
Mathematics
Continuity (mathematics), the opposing concept to discreteness; common examples include
Continuous probability distribution or random variable in probability and statistics
Continuous game, a generalization of games used in game theory
Law of continuity, a heuristic principle of Gottfried Leibniz
Continuous function, in particular:
Continuity (topology), a generalization to functions between topological spaces
Scott continuity, for functions between posets
Continuity (set theory), for functions between ordinals
Continuity (category theory), for functors
Graph continuity, for payoff functions in game theory
Continuity theorem may refer to one of two results:
Lévy's continuity theorem, on random variables
Kolmogorov continuity theorem, on stochastic processes
In geometry:
Parametric continuity, for parametrised curves
Geometric continuity, a concept primarily applied to the conic sections and related shapes
In probability theory
Continuous stochastic process
Science
Continuity equations applicable to conservation of mass, energy, momentum, electric charge and other conserved quantities
Continuity test for an unbroken electrical path in an electronic circuit or connector
In materials science:
a colloidal system, consists of a dispersed phase evenly intermixed with a continuous phase
a continuous wave, an electromagnetic wave of constant amplitude and frequency
Entertainment
Continuity (broadcasting),
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell%20group
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The cell group is a form of church organization that is used in many Christian churches. Cell groups are generally intended to teach the Bible and personalize Christian fellowship. They are always used in cell churches, but also occur in parachurch organizations and other interdenominational settings, where they are usually referred to as such as Bible study groups. In Methodism, they are known as class meetings and are a means of grace; in Catholicism, they are known as basic ecclesial communities.
The cell group differs from the house church in that the group is part of an overall church congregation, whereas the house church is a self-contained congregation.
Terminology
The term cell group is derived from biology: the cell is the basic unit of life in a body. In a metaphorical sense, just as a body is made up of many cells that give it life, the cell church is made of cell groups that give it life.
These groups are known by a variety of other names, including life groups, small groups, home groups, classes or class meetings (used historically in Methodism) and fellowship groups.
Colin Marshall uses the term growth group, suggesting that the aim is for group members to "grow in Christ", and, through the group, for the gospel to "grow and bear fruit."
Another term, typically employed in Missional Communities, is huddle. This refers to a small group in which discipleship is emphasized and in which membership is by invitation only.
History
Christian Bible
David Hunsick
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intrinsic%20semiconductor
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An intrinsic (pure) semiconductor, also called an undoped semiconductor or i-type semiconductor, is a pure semiconductor without any significant dopant species present. The number of charge carriers is therefore determined by the properties of the material itself instead of the amount of impurities. In intrinsic semiconductors the number of excited electrons and the number of holes are equal: n = p. This may be the case even after doping the semiconductor, though only if it is doped with both donors and acceptors equally. In this case, n = p still holds, and the semiconductor remains intrinsic, though doped. This means that some conductors are both intrinsic as well as extrinsic but only if n (electron donor dopant/excited electrons) is equal to p (electron acceptor dopant/vacant holes that act as positive charges).
The electrical conductivity of chemically pure semiconductors can still be affected by crystallographic defects of technological origin (like vacancies), some of which can behave similar to dopants. Their effect can often be neglected, though, and the number of electrons in the conduction band is then exactly equal to the number of holes in the valence band. The conduction of current of intrinsic semiconductor is enabled purely by electron excitation across the band-gap, which is usually small at room temperature except for narrow-bandgap semiconductors, like .
The conductivity of a semiconductor can be modeled in terms of the band theory of solids. The band mo
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vector%20sum%20excited%20linear%20prediction
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Vector sum excited linear prediction (VSELP) is a speech coding method used in several cellular standards. The VSELP algorithm is an analysis-by-synthesis coding technique and belongs to the class of speech coding algorithms known as CELP (Code Excited Linear Prediction).
Variations of this codec have been used in several 2G cellular telephony standards, including IS-54, IS-136 (D-AMPS), GSM (Half Rate speech) and iDEN. It was also used in the first version of RealAudio for audio over the Internet. The IS-54 VSELP standard was published by the Telecommunications Industry Association in 1989.
D-AMPS (IS-54 and IS-136) VSELP specifies an encoding of each 20 ms of speech into 159-bit frames, thus achieving a raw data rate of 7.95 kbit/s. In an actual TDMA cell phone, the vocoder output is packaged with error correction and signaling information, resulting in an over-the-air data rate of 16.2 kbit/s. For internet audio, each 159-bit frame is stored in 20 bytes, leaving 1 bit unused. The resulting file thus has a data rate of exactly 8 kbit/s.
GSM half-rate VSELP (GSM 06.20) uses 20 ms frames with 112 bits per frame, giving a raw data rate of 5.6 kbit/s. The iDEN VSELP coder has three modes:
30 ms frames at 126 bits per frame with a raw data rate of 4.2 kbit/s,
22.5 ms frames at 99 bits per frame with a raw data rate of 4.4 kbit/s and
22.5 ms frames at 180 bits per frame with a raw data rate of 8.0 kbit/s.
A major drawback of VSELP is its limited ability to encode non-spe
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosaic%20%28geodemography%29
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Mosaic is Experian's system for geodemographic classification of households. It applies the principles of geodemography to consumer household and individual data collated from a number of government and commercial sources. The statistical development of the system was led by professor Richard Webber in association with Experian in the 1980s, and it has been regularly refreshed and reclassified since then, each based on more recent data from national censuses and other sources. Since its initial development in the UK, the Mosaic brand name has also been used to market separate products which classify other national consumers including most of Western Europe, USA, selected Asian regions and Australia.
The initial UK version was based at the postcode level, which would cover an average of 20 properties with the same code. More recent versions have been developed at the individual household level and offer more accurate classification based on specific characteristics of each household. The 2009 Mosaic UK version, for example, classified the UK population into 15 main socio-economic groups and, within this, 67 different types.
Professor Webber also developed the competing ACORN system with CACI. Both Mosaic and Acorn have found application outside their original purpose of direct marketing, including governmental estimates and forecasts, and it is regularly employed by life insurance companies and pension funds in the UK to assess longevity for pricing and reserving. Both are a
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Develo
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The Develo (デベロ) is an official Japanese PC Engine hobbyist development accessory for NEC's console. It includes a C compiler and an assembler. Some games made with this kit were published on demo discs, such as Frisbee Ken John.
NEC consoles
Video game development software
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progesterone%20receptor
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The progesterone receptor (PR), also known as NR3C3 or nuclear receptor subfamily 3, group C, member 3, is a protein found inside cells. It is activated by the steroid hormone progesterone.
In humans, PR is encoded by a single PGR gene residing on chromosome 11q22, it has two isoforms, PR-A and PR-B, that differ in their molecular weight. The PR-B is the positive regulator of the effects of progesterone, while PR-A serve to antagonize the effects of PR-B.
Mechanism
Progesterone is necessary to induce activation of the progesterone receptors. When no binding hormone is present the carboxyl terminal inhibits transcription. Binding to a hormone induces a structural change that removes the inhibitory action. Progesterone antagonists prevent the structural reconfiguration.
After progesterone binds to the receptor, restructuring with dimerization follows and the complex enters the nucleus and binds to DNA. There transcription takes place, resulting in formation of messenger RNA that is translated by ribosomes to produce specific proteins.
Structure
In common with other steroid receptors, the progesterone receptor has a N-terminal regulatory domain, a DNA binding domain, a hinge section, and a C-terminal ligand binding domain. A special transcription activation function (TAF), called TAF-3, is present in the progesterone receptor-B, in a B-upstream segment (BUS) at the amino acid terminal. This segment is not present in the receptor-A.
Isoforms
As demonstrated in progesteron
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrocortisone%20acetate
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Hydrocortisone acetate is a synthetic glucocorticoid corticosteroid and a corticosteroid ester.
The acetate group helps to protect the hydrocortisone molecule from being broken down by enzymes in the body (prolongs the duration of action of hydrocortisone) and allows it to be absorbed more easily.
Oral bioavailability
Hydrocortisone has a lower bioavailability than hydrocortisone acetate when taken orally, because hydrocortisone is rapidly metabolized in the liver and excreted by the kidneys before reaching its target tissue. On the other hand, hydrocortisone acetate is more stable and less susceptible to metabolism, allowing a higher proportion of the drug to be absorbed and reach systemic circulation. Therefore, hydrocortisone acetate is often preferred for oral administration over hydrocortisone.
References
Corticosteroid esters
Glucocorticoids
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airlink%20%28Papua%20New%20Guinea%29
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Airlink was an airline based in Madang, Papua New Guinea that ceased operations in late July 2007. It provided high-frequency scheduled and charter services to outlying regions of Papua New Guinea. Its main base was Madang Airport, with hubs at Rabaul Airport, Kavieng Airport, Wewak International Airport and Mount Hagen Airport.
Code data
IATA Code: ND
History
The airline was established in 1989 and started scheduled operations in June 1990. It bought out the assets of Talair in the New Guinea Islands Region in October 1990. The company suffered considerable hardships due to the 1994 Rabaul volcanic eruptions, including the loss of four aircraft.
Accidents and incidents
On 30 March 2007, an Airlink Embraer EMB-110-P1 Bandeirante carrying newspapers crashed in West New Britain province between Gasmata and Kandrian. Both pilots were instantly killed whilst faulty maintenance is suspected.
Two weeks later on 13 April 2007, Airlink Flight P2ALK, a Cessna 404 Titan crashed on landing at Goroka Airport. The three women and the pilot on board survived. The plane was in a holding pattern over the airport and waiting for low clouds to lift. Pilot error is believed to be the cause as the pilot proceeded to land in the wrong direction on a one-way strip and overran the runway.
Airlink suffered two fatal crashes in 1999, when an Islander crashed near Hoskins in West New Britain Province, killing all aboard, and a couple of months later when an Embraer EMB-110-P1 Bandeirante flew
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumble%20%28noise%29
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A rumble is a continuous deep, resonant sound, such as the sound made by heavy vehicles or thunder. In the context of audio reproduction rumble refers to a low frequency sound from the bearings inside a turntable. This is most noticeable in low quality turntables with ball bearings. Higher quality turntables use slide bearings, minimizing rumble.
Some phono pre-amplifiers implement a rumble filter, in an attempt to remove the noise. A heavier platter can also help dampen this.
Rumble measurement is carried out on turntables (for vinyl recordings) which tend to generate very low frequency noise originating from the centre bearing and from drive pulleys or belts, as well as from irregularities in the record disc itself.
It can be heard as low-frequency noise and becomes a serious problem when playing records on audio systems with a good low-frequency response. Even when not audible, rumble can cause intermodulation, modulating of the amplitude of other frequencies. The ‘unweighted’ response curve is intended for use in assessing the level of inaudible rumble with such intermodulation in mind.
Turntable design
One way to reduce rumble is to make the turntable very heavy, so that it acts as mechanical damper or low-pass filter, but even with the best turntables a lot of rumble tends to be generated by warped records or pressing irregularities sometimes visible as ‘bobbles’ in the surface. An important factor affecting rumble is low-frequency resonance resulting from pickup
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farid%20F.%20Abraham
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Farid F. Abraham (born May 5, 1937) is an American scientist.
He has pioneered new methods of using computer modeling in the fields of fracture mechanics, membrane dynamics and phase transformation behavior of matter. He has written two textbooks and over 200 papers published in international journals. He won the Aneesur Rahman Prize in Computational Physics, which is the highest prize given by the American Physical Society.
Biography
Abraham is a native of Phoenix, Arizona and received both his B.S. (1959) and Ph.D. (1962) degrees in physics from the University of Arizona. He spent two postdoctoral years (1962–63) at the Enrico Fermi Institute at the University of Chicago and two years as a research scientist at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory in California. He joined IBM in 1966 as a staff member at its Palo Alto Scientific Center. In 1971, he was named the first Consulting Professor at Stanford University and developed a graduate course in computational applied science in its Materials Science Department. In 1972, he moved to the IBM Research Division's San Jose Research Laboratory, known since 1985 as the Almaden Research Center. During 1994, he held the Sandoval Vallarta Chair at the Universidad Autonoma Metropolitana in Mexico City.
For the period of 1995 to 2003, he was awarded several computer grants at the National Science Foundation Computational Centers and Department of Defence Grand Challenge Grants at the Maui High Performance Computing Center (
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FSSP
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FSSP may refer to:
Families of structurally similar proteins, a protein structures database
Federal Bailiffs Service (Russia), abbreviated FSSP in Russian
Firing squad synchronization problem, a problem in computer science and cellular automata
Frances Slocum State Park, a state park in Luzerne County, Pennsylvania
Priestly Fraternity of Saint Peter, a society of traditionalist Catholic priests and seminarians
Fresh Start Schools Programme, a programme for schools in South Africa
Forward Scattering Spectrometer Probe, a class of optical instruments designed to measure size and concentration of particles suspended in the air (such as cloud droplets)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium%20propionate
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Sodium propanoate or sodium propionate is the sodium salt of propionic acid which has the chemical formula Na(C2H5COO). This white crystalline solid is deliquescent in moist air.
Reactions
It is produced by the reaction of propionic acid and sodium carbonate or sodium hydroxide.
Uses
It is used as a food preservative and is represented by the food labeling E number E281 in Europe; it is used primarily as a mold inhibitor in bakery products. It is approved for use as a food additive in the EU, USA and Australia and New Zealand (where it is listed by its INS number 281).
Structure
Anhydrous sodium propionate is a polymeric structure, featuring trigonal prismatic Na+ centers bonded to six oxygen ligands provided by the carboxylates. A layered structure is observed, with the hydrophobic ethyl groups projecting into the layered galleries. With hydrated sodium propionate, some of these Na-carboxylate linkages are displaced by water.
See also
Propionic acid, E 280
Calcium propionate, E 282
Potassium propionate, E 283
References
External links
Sodium propanoate at Sci-toys.com
Propionates
Organic sodium salts
E-number additives
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clery%20Act
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The Jeanne Clery Disclosure of Campus Security Policy and Campus Crime Statistics Act or Clery Act, signed in 1990, is a federal statute codified at , with implementing regulations in the U.S. Code of Federal Regulations at .
The Clery Act requires all colleges and universities that participate in federal financial aid programs to keep and disclose information about crime on and near their respective campuses. Compliance is monitored by the United States Department of Education, which can impose civil penalties, up to $67,544 per violation, against institutions for each infraction and can suspend institutions from participating in federal student financial aid programs.
The law is named after Jeanne Clery, a 19-year-old Lehigh University student who was raped and murdered in her campus residence hall in 1986. Her murder triggered a backlash against unreported crime on campuses across the country.
Jeanne Clery
Josoph M. Henry, another student, raped and murdered Jeanne Clery in April 1986 in Stoughton Hall at Lehigh University in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania. Henry was given a death sentence via the electric chair by a trial court, a decision which was upheld by the Pennsylvania Supreme Court when appealed. The attack on Clery was one of 38 violent crimes recorded at the university in three years. Her parents argued that, had the university's crime record been known, Clery would not have attended. They sued, were awarded $2 million, and founded Security on Campus, a non-profit
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liu%20Yifei
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Crystal Liu (born An Feng; August 25, 1987), better known by her stage name Liu Yifei (), is a Chinese-American actress, singer, and model. She has appeared multiple times on Forbes China Celebrity 100 list and was named one of the New Four Dan actresses of China in 2009. She is widely known as "Fairy Sister" in China.
In 2020, Liu became known to international audiences for starring as the titular character in the Disney live-action film Mulan. The role earned her nominations for a Critics' Choice Super Award, a Kids' Choice Award and a Saturn Award.
Early life
Liu was born in Tongji Hospital in Wuhan, Hubei as An Feng (). She is an only child. Her father is An Shaokang (), a 1st Secretary in the Chinese Embassy in France and a French language university professor from Beijing, and her mother is Liu Xiaoli (), a dancer and stage performer from Hubei. Her parents divorced when she was 10 years old, and she was raised solely by her mother. That same year, she adopted her mother's surname and changed her name to "Liu Ximeizi" (). Her godfather is Chen Jinfei (), the Chairman of Beijing Tongchan Investment Group.
In 1997, when Liu was 10 years old, she and her mother immigrated to the United States. She lived in Queens, New York City where she attended Louis Pasteur Middle School 67. In 2002, she returned to China to pursue an acting career and took the stage name "Liu Yifei" (). Several weeks after returning to China, Liu was accepted into the Performance Institute of Beiji
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naphazoline
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Naphazoline is a medicine used as a decongestant, and a vasoconstrictor added to eye drops to relieve red eye. It has a rapid action in reducing swelling when applied to mucous membranes. It is a sympathomimetic agent with marked alpha adrenergic activity that acts on alpha-receptors in the arterioles of the conjunctiva to produce constriction, resulting in decreased congestion.
It was patented in 1934 and came into medical use in 1942.
Medical uses
Nasal administration
Nasal decongestant.
Ophthalmic drug administration
Eye drops (brand names Clear Eyes, and Cleari) narrowing swollen blood vessels (ophthalmic arteries, and ophthalmic veins) to relieve red eye.
Temporary red eye can safely be treated when the cause of the redness is established (eg cannabis induces corneal vasodilation)[Insufficient Bibliography]. However, continuous use is not recommended without knowing an underlying condition.
Side effects
A few warnings and contraindications that apply to all naphazoline-containing substances intended for medicinal use are:
Hypersensitivity to naphazoline
Use in infants and children can result in central nervous system depression, leading to coma and marked reduction in body temperature
Should be used with caution in patients with severe cardiovascular disease including cardiac arrhythmia and in patients with diabetes, especially those with a tendency toward diabetic ketoacidosis
A possible association with stroke has been suggested.
Nasal administration
Exte
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20bird%20species%20described%20in%20the%202000s
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This page details the bird species described as new to science in the years 2000 to 2010:
Summary statistics
Number of species described per year
Countries with high numbers of newly described species
Brazil
Colombia
Peru
Indonesia
The birds, year-by-year
2000
Foothill elaenia, Myiopagis olallai
Coopmans, P. & Krabbe, N. (2000) A new species of flycatcher (Tyrannidae: Myiopagis) from eastern Ecuador and eastern Peru Wilson Bulletin 112: 305–312
Caatinga antwren, Herpsilochmus sellowi
Whitney, B.M.; Pacheco, J.F.; Buzzetti, D.R.C. & Parrini, R. (2000) Systematic revision and biogeography of the Herpsilochmus pileatus complex, with description of a new species from northeastern Brazil Auk 117: 869–891
Taiwan bush-warbler, Bradypterus alishanensis
Rasmussen, P.C.; Round, P.D.; Dickinson, E.C. & Rozendaal, F.G. (2000) A new bush-warbler (Sylviidae, Bradypterus) from Taiwan The Auk 117: 279–289
Scarlet-banded barbet or Wallace's scarlet-banded barbet, Capito wallacei
O'Neill, Lane, Kratter, Capparella & Fox Joo, 2000.
Gunnison sage-grouse, Centrocercus minimus
Young, Braun, Oyler-McCance, Hupp & Quinn, 2000.
Newly split species:
Gray-crested cacholote, Pseudoseisura unirufa, formerly included in the Caatinga cacholote
Zimmer, Kevin J. & Whittaker, Andrew (2000): The Rufous Cacholote (Furnariidae: Pseudoseisura) is two species. Condor 102(2): 409–422. PDF fulltext
2001
Bukidnon woodcock, Scolopax bukidnonensis, from Mindanao and Luzon, Philippines.
Kennedy, Ro
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orphan%20receptor
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In biochemistry, an orphan receptor is a protein that has a similar structure to other identified receptors but whose endogenous ligand has not yet been identified. If a ligand for an orphan receptor is later discovered, the receptor is referred to as an "adopted orphan". Conversely, the term orphan ligand refers to a biological ligand whose cognate receptor has not yet been identified.
Examples
Examples of orphan receptors are found in the G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) and nuclear receptor families.
If an endogenous ligand is found, the orphan receptor is "adopted" or "de-orphanized". An example is the nuclear receptor farnesoid X receptor (FXR) and the GPCR TGR5/GPCR19/G protein-coupled bile acid receptor, both of which are activated by bile acids. Adopted orphan receptors in the nuclear receptor group include FXR, liver X receptor (LXR), and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR). Another example of an orphan receptor site is the PCP binding site in the NMDA receptor, a type of ligand-gated ion channel. This site is where the recreational drug PCP works, but no endogenous ligand is known to bind to this site.
GPCR orphan receptors are usually given the name "GPR" followed by a number, for example GPR1. In the GPCR family, nearly 100 receptor-like genes remain orphans.
Discovery
Historically, receptors were discovered by using ligands to "fish" for their receptors. Hence, by definition, these receptors were not orphans. However, with modern molecular bi
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belonger%20status
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Belonger status is a legal classification normally associated with British Overseas Territories. It refers to people who have close ties to a specific territory, normally by birth or ancestry. The requirements for belonger status, and the rights that it confers, vary from territory to territory.
Rights
The rights associated with belonger status normally include the right to vote, to hold elected office, to own real property without the necessity for a licence, to enter and reside in that territory without immigration restrictions, and to freely accept employment without the requirement of a work permit. In general, to be born with belonger status a person must be born in a territory to a parent who holds belonger status. Belonger status can sometimes be passed to a child born outside the territory, but this is purposely limited, to minimise the number of belongers who will not live in the territory. In most independent countries, these rights would be associated with citizenship or nationality. However, as the British Overseas Territories are not independent countries, they cannot confer citizenship. Instead, people with close ties to Britain's Overseas Territories all hold the same nationality: British Overseas Territories Citizen (BOTC). The status of BOTC is defined by the British Nationality Act 1981 and subsequent amendments.
BOTC, however, does not confer any right to live in any British Overseas Territory, including the territory from which it is derived. It is the
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A1ramo
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Páramo () may refer to a variety of alpine tundra ecosystems located in the Andes Mountain Range, South America. Some ecologists describe the páramo broadly as "all high, tropical, montane vegetation above the continuous timberline". A narrower term classifies the páramo according to its regional placement in the northern Andes of South America and adjacent southern Central America. The páramo is the ecosystem of the regions above the continuous forest line, yet below the permanent snowline. It is a "Neotropical high mountain biome with a vegetation composed mainly of giant rosette plants, shrubs and grasses". According to scientists, páramos may be "evolutionary hot spots", that meaning that it's among the fastest evolving regions on Earth.
Location
The Northern Andean Páramo global ecoregion includes the Cordillera Central páramo (Ecuador, Peru), Santa Marta páramo (Colombia), Cordillera de Merida páramo (Venezuela) and Northern Andean páramo (Colombia, Ecuador) terrestrial ecoregions.
The Costa Rican páramo in Costa Rica and Panama is another páramo ecoregion.
In the strictest sense of the term, all páramo ecosystems are in the Neotropics, specifically South and Central America. Scattered throughout the regions between 11°N and 8°S latitudes, these ecosystems are mainly in the northwest corner of South America, in Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Venezuela.
In Venezuela, the páramo occurs in the Cordillera de Mérida. Páramo ecosystems are also found in the Sierra Nevada d
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aceh%20%28disambiguation%29
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Aceh is a province of Indonesia.
Aceh or ACEH may also refer to:
Aceh Sultanate
Aceh cattle
Mie Aceh
Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2, an enzyme
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1960%20in%20Singapore
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The following lists events that happened during 1960 in Singapore.
Statistics
Births
There were 61770 recorded births
Deaths
There were 10210 recorded deaths.
Incumbents
Yang di-Pertuan Negara – Yusof Ishak
Prime Minister – Lee Kuan Yew
Events
February
1 February – The Housing and Development Board is set up by Lim Kim San, replacing the Singapore Improvement Trust. The Planning Authority takes over SIT's functions of land use in Singapore.
July
1 July – The People's Association is formed.
September
6 September – The National Library launches a new mobile library service.
8 September – Tan Howe Liang wins a silver medal during the 1960 Summer Olympics.
November
12 November – The Old National Library Building (demolished in 2004) was opened.
Date unknown
– Far East Organization, a property developer was founded.
Births
7 January – Hong Huifang, actress.
24 January – Jack Neo, film director.
17 March – Ruth Langsford, presenter in the United Kingdom.
29 March – Paddy Chew, actor (d. 1999).
20 June – Jeremy Monteiro, singer.
19 August – Wee Siew Kim, former politician.
24 November – Shirley Ng, sports shooter.
Isa Kamari, author.
See also
List of years in Singapore
References
Singapore
Years in Singapore
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gateaux%20derivative
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In mathematics, the Gateaux differential or Gateaux derivative is a generalization of the concept of directional derivative in differential calculus. Named after René Gateaux, a French mathematician who died at age 25 in World War I, it is defined for functions between locally convex topological vector spaces such as Banach spaces. Like the Fréchet derivative on a Banach space, the Gateaux differential is often used to formalize the functional derivative commonly used in the calculus of variations and physics.
Unlike other forms of derivatives, the Gateaux differential of a function may be nonlinear. However, often the definition of the Gateaux differential also requires that it be a continuous linear transformation. Some authors, such as , draw a further distinction between the Gateaux differential (which may be nonlinear) and the Gateaux derivative (which they take to be linear). In most applications, continuous linearity follows from some more primitive condition which is natural to the particular setting, such as imposing complex differentiability in the context of infinite dimensional holomorphy or continuous differentiability in nonlinear analysis.
Definition
Suppose and are locally convex topological vector spaces (for example, Banach spaces), is open, and The Gateaux differential of at in the direction is defined as
If the limit exists for all then one says that is Gateaux differentiable at
The limit appearing in () is taken relative to the topolo
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Past%20life%20regression
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Past life regression is a method that uses hypnosis to recover what practitioners believe are memories of past lives or incarnations. The practice is widely considered discredited and unscientific by medical practitioners, and experts generally regard claims of recovered memories of past lives as fantasies or delusions or a type of confabulation. Past-life regression is typically undertaken either in pursuit of a spiritual experience, or in a psychotherapeutic setting. Most advocates loosely adhere to beliefs about reincarnation, though religious traditions that incorporate reincarnation generally do not include the idea of repressed memories of past lives.
The technique used during past-life regression involves the subject answering a series of questions while hypnotized to reveal identity and events of alleged past lives, a method similar to that used in recovered memory therapy and one that, similarly, often misrepresents memory as a faithful recording of previous events rather than a constructed set of recollections. The use of hypnosis and suggestive questions can tend to leave the subject particularly likely to hold distorted or false memories. The source of the memories is more likely cryptomnesia and confabulations that combine experiences, knowledge, imagination and suggestion or guidance from the hypnotist than recall of a previous existence. Once created, those memories are indistinguishable from memories based on events that occurred during the subject's life. I
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal%20Lake%20South%20High%20School
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Crystal Lake South High School, often referred to as "South" or "CLS," is one of three high schools in Crystal Lake, Illinois, and currently has a body of roughly 1916 students. As Crystal Lake's second oldest school, it was constructed from 1976 to 1978 and opened in September 1978 after Crystal Lake Community High School, now Crystal Lake Central High School, split into two schools due to the pressures of the population growth in the communities it served, Crystal Lake, a part of Lake in the Hills and a small portion of Algonquin. South graduated its first class in 1979 - this class consisted of approximately 250 seniors who were transferred from Crystal Lake Central High School. South graduated its first class who attended all four years in 1982.
After the community's school split, the South Gators and Central Tigers became rivals in the Fox Valley Conference. Though recently, focus of rivalry has primarily shifted to the Cary-Grove High School Trojans and the Prairie Ridge Wolves due to vastly increased competition in football games between the two schools. However, an underlying tone of competition still vibrates between the two Crystal Lake schools.
The city of Crystal Lake has grown rapidly since South first opened it doors. The school reached its structural capacity in 2002. A new addition opened for the 2003-2004 school year, with several dozen new classrooms. However, due to the phenomenal growth of the city, the addition was already insufficient by the 2005-2
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20urban-format%20radio%20stations%20in%20the%20United%20States
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The classification of urban-formatted radio stations range from the radio formats of rhythmic contemporary hit radio to Urban contemporary gospel. Though urban contemporary was the originator of the format, there have come to be many variations of the format in the last 30 years.
Alabama
Birmingham
WAGG/WENN – Heaven 610 WAGG – Urban contemporary gospel
WATV – V-94.9 – Urban contemporary
WJLD – AM 1400 WJLD – Urban oldies/Blues
WBHJ – 95.7 Jamz – Rhythmic contemporary hit radio (Urban contemporary hit radio)
WBHK – 98.7 Kiss FM – Urban adult contemporary
WMJJ-HD2 – 104.1 The Beat – Mainstream urban
WUHT – Hot 107.7 – Urban adult contemporary
WERC-HD2 – Hallelujah 105.1 – Urban contemporary gospel
WERC-HD3 – B106.5 – Urban adult contemporary
WDXB-HD2/W224CK - Birmingham's BIN 92.7 - Black-oriented news
Mobile
WGOK – Gospel 900 – Urban contemporary gospel
WBLX-FM – 93BLX – Urban contemporary
WDLT-FM – 104.1 WDLT – Urban adult contemporary
WRGV - 107.3 The Beat - Mainstream urban
WMXC-HD2 - 100.3 Hallelujah FM - Urban Gospel
WZEW HD-3 - 92.5 The Soul Of Mobile - Urban Oldies
WASG - AM 540 - Urban gospel
WERM - Gospel 1220 - Urban gospel
Huntsville
WDJL – Gospel Explosions 1000 AM – Urban Gospel
WEUP – Worship 94.5 – Urban contemporary gospel and urban adult contemporary
WEUV – Worship 94.5 - simulcasts WEUP (AM) – Urban contemporary gospel and urban adult contemporary
WHIY – AM 1600 Party Oldies & Blues – Urban Oldies, Blues
WEUP-FM – 103.1 WEUP – Ma
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motor%20unit%20recruitment
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Motor unit recruitment is the activation of additional motor units to accomplish an increase in contractile strength in a muscle.
A motor unit consists of one motor neuron and all of the muscle fibers it stimulates. All muscles consist of a number of motor units and the fibers belonging to a motor unit are dispersed and intermingle amongst fibers of other units. The muscle fibers belonging to one motor unit can be spread throughout part, or most of the entire muscle, depending on the number of fibers and size of the muscle. When a motor neuron is activated, all of the muscle fibers innervated by the motor neuron are stimulated and contract.
The activation of one motor neuron will result in a weak but distributed muscle contraction. The activation of more motor neurons will result in more muscle fibers being activated, and therefore a stronger muscle contraction. Motor unit recruitment is a measure of how many motor neurons are activated in a particular muscle, and therefore is a measure of how many muscle fibers of that muscle are activated. The higher the recruitment the stronger the muscle contraction will be. Motor units are generally recruited in order of smallest to largest (smallest motor neurons to largest motor neurons, and thus slow to fast twitch) as contraction increases. This is known as Henneman's size principle.
Neuronal mechanism of recruitment
Henneman proposed that the mechanism underlying the size principle was that the smaller motor neurons had a small
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PAC%20Cresco
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The PAC Cresco is a turboprop-powered derivative of the Fletcher FU-24 (later called the PAC Fletcher) aerial topdressing aircraft, manufactured by the Pacific Aerospace Corporation in Hamilton, New Zealand. The Cresco was superseded by the PAC P-750 XSTOL in the early 21st century, but in 2019 was returned to production with the first new aircraft being completed 3 December 2020.
Design and development
The Cresco is a low-wing monoplane which, like the Fletcher but unlike most topdressers, has tricycle undercarriage and places the cabin forward of the hopper, at the leading edge of the wing - which gives the pilot of the Cresco a good field of vision. The high-lift wing has pronounced dihedral on the outer span. The prototype Cresco (ZK-LTP) had an all-moving tailplane, but was lost when the tailplane separated in flight, (the pilot parachuting to safety). Subsequent aircraft have had conventional tails.
Sales of the Cresco were not as impressive as those of the piston-engine powered Fletcher, with only 39 examples being built before production was terminated. The Cresco has been sold in several countries and has pioneered new utility roles not explored by the Fletcher. Although used primarily to spread superphosphate fertiliser, the Cresco is also used in the utility role, especially as a skydiving platform, where its fast rate of climb () has made it popular, and as a firefighting water bomber, a role it can perform with little alteration from its standard agricultur
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iterative%20deepening%20A%2A
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Iterative deepening A* (IDA*) is a graph traversal and path search algorithm that can find the shortest path between a designated start node and any member of a set of goal nodes in a weighted graph. It is a variant of iterative deepening depth-first search that borrows the idea to use a heuristic function to conservatively estimate the remaining cost to get to the goal from the A* search algorithm. Since it is a depth-first search algorithm, its memory usage is lower than in A*, but unlike ordinary iterative deepening search, it concentrates on exploring the most promising nodes and thus does not go to the same depth everywhere in the search tree. Unlike A*, IDA* does not utilize dynamic programming and therefore often ends up exploring the same nodes many times.
While the standard iterative deepening depth-first search uses search depth as the cutoff for each iteration, the IDA* uses the more informative , where is the cost to travel from the root to node and is a problem-specific heuristic estimate of the cost to travel from to the goal.
The algorithm was first described by Richard Korf in 1985.
Description
Iterative-deepening-A* works as follows: at each iteration, perform a depth-first search, cutting off a branch when its total cost exceeds a given threshold. This threshold starts at the estimate of the cost at the initial state, and increases for each iteration of the algorithm. At each iteration, the threshold used for the next iteration is the minimum cost
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carath%C3%A9odory%27s%20theorem%20%28conformal%20mapping%29
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In mathematics, Carathéodory's theorem is a theorem in complex analysis, named after Constantin Carathéodory, which extends the Riemann mapping theorem. The theorem, first proved in 1913, states that any conformal mapping sending the unit disk to some region in the complex plane bounded by a Jordan curve extends continuously to a homeomorphism from the unit circle onto the Jordan curve. The result is one of Carathéodory's results on prime ends and the boundary behaviour of univalent holomorphic functions.
Proofs of Carathéodory's theorem
The first proof of Carathéodory's theorem presented here is a summary of the short self-contained account in ; there are related proofs in and .
Clearly if f admits an extension to a homeomorphism, then ∂U must be a Jordan curve.
Conversely if ∂U is a Jordan curve, the first step is to prove f extends continuously to the closure of D. In fact this will hold if and only if f is uniformly continuous on D: for this is true if it has a continuous extension to the closure of D; and, if f is uniformly continuous, it is easy to check f has limits on the unit circle and the same inequalities for uniform continuity hold on the closure of D.
Suppose that f is not uniformly continuous. In this case there must be an ε > 0 and a point ζ on the unit circle and sequences zn, wn tending to ζ with |f(zn) − f(wn)| ≥ 2ε. This is shown below to lead to a contradiction, so that f must be uniformly continuous and hence has a continuous extension to the clos
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lusin%27s%20theorem
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In the mathematical field of real analysis, Lusin's theorem (or Luzin's theorem, named for Nikolai Luzin) or Lusin's criterion states that an almost-everywhere finite function is measurable if and only if it is a continuous function on nearly all its domain. In the informal formulation of J. E. Littlewood, "every measurable function is nearly continuous".
Classical statement
For an interval [a, b], let
be a measurable function. Then, for every ε > 0, there exists a compact E ⊆ [a, b] such that f restricted to E is continuous and
Note that E inherits the subspace topology from [a, b]; continuity of f restricted to E is defined using this topology.
Also for any function f, defined on the interval [a, b] and almost-everywhere finite, if for any ε > 0 there is a function ϕ, continuous on [a, b], such that the measure of the set
is less than ε, then f is measurable.
General form
Let be a Radon measure space and Y be a second-countable topological space equipped with a Borel algebra, and let be a measurable function. Given , for every of finite measure there is a closed set with such that restricted to is continuous.
On the proof
The proof of Lusin's theorem can be found in many classical books. Intuitively, one expects it as a consequence of Egorov's theorem and density of smooth functions. Egorov's theorem states that pointwise convergence is nearly uniform, and uniform convergence preserves continuity.
References
Sources
N. Lusin. Sur les propriétés des fonction
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetragonal%20polycrystalline%20zirconia
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Yttria blends of approximately 3% are called either tetragonal polycrystalline zirconia or tetragonal zirconia polycrystal (forming the initialisms TZP or TPZ) and have the finest grain size. These grades exhibit the highest toughness at room temperature, because they are nearly 100% tetragonal, but this degrades severely between 200 and 500 °C as these irreversible crystal transformations also cause dimensional change.
See also
Zirconium dioxide
References
Yttrium compounds
Zirconium dioxide
Ceramic materials
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stationary%20wavelet%20transform
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The Stationary wavelet transform (SWT) is a wavelet transform algorithm designed to overcome the lack of translation-invariance of the discrete wavelet transform (DWT). Translation-invariance is achieved by removing the downsamplers and upsamplers in the DWT and upsampling the filter coefficients by a factor of in the th level of the algorithm. The SWT is an inherently redundant scheme as the output of each level of SWT contains the same number of samples as the input – so for a decomposition of N levels there is a redundancy of N in the wavelet coefficients. This algorithm is more famously known as "algorithme à trous" in French (word trous means holes in English) which refers to inserting zeros in the filters. It was introduced by Holschneider et al.
Implementation
The following block diagram depicts the digital implementation of SWT.
In the above diagram, filters in each level are up-sampled versions of the previous (see figure below).
KIT
Applications
A few applications of SWT are specified below.
Signal denoising
Pattern recognition
Brain image classification
Pathological brain detection
Synonyms
Redundant wavelet transform
Algorithme à trous
Quasi-continuous wavelet transform
Translation invariant wavelet transform
Shift invariant wavelet transform
Cycle spinning
Maximal overlap wavelet transform (MODWT)
Undecimated wavelet transform (UWT)
See also
wavelet transform
wavelet entropy
wavelet packet decomposition
References
Wavelets
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrapyrrole
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Tetrapyrroles are a class of chemical compounds that contain four pyrrole or pyrrole-like rings. The pyrrole/pyrrole derivatives are linked by (=- or -- units), in either a linear or a cyclic fashion. Pyrroles are a five-atom ring with four carbon atoms and one nitrogen atom. Tetrapyrroles are common cofactors in biochemistry and their biosynthesis and degradation feature prominently in the chemistry of life.
Some tetrapyrroles form the active core of compounds with crucial biochemical roles in living systems, such as hemoglobin and chlorophyll. In these two molecules, in particular, the pyrrole macrocycle ring frames a metal atom, that forms a coordination compound with the pyrroles and plays a central role in the biochemical function of those molecules.
Structure
Linear tetrapyrroles (called bilanes) include:
Heme breakdown products (e.g., bilirubin, biliverdin)
Phycobilins (found in cyanobacteria)
Luciferins as found in dinoflagellates and euphausiid shrimps (krill)
Cyclic tetrapyrroles having four one-carbon bridges include:
Porphin, the simplest tetrapyrrole
Porphyrins, including heme, the core of hemoglobin
Chlorins, including those at the core of chlorophyll.
Cyclic tetrapyrroles having three one-carbon bridges and one direct bond between the pyrroles include:
Corrins, including the cores of cobalamins, when complexed with a cobalt ion.
The tetrapyrrole portions of the molecules typically act as chromophores because of a high degree of conjugation in them. The
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acrolepiidae
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The Acrolepiidae are a family of moths known as false diamondback moths. In modern classifications, they are often treated as a subfamily (Acrolepiinae) of the family Glyphipterigidae.
Caterpillars are typically spotted and 10 to 12 mm in length. Adults have a wingspan between 16 and 18 mm and are generally nocturnal.
Species
Some representative species are:
Acrolepia aiea, Swezey 1933
Acrolepia alliella, Sato 1979
Acrolepia autumnitella, Curtis 1838
Acrolepia nothocestri, Busck 1914
Acrolepiopsis assectella, Zeller, 1839
Acrolepiopsis betulella, Curtis 1838
Acrolepiopsis incertella, Chambers 1872
Acrolepiopsis marcidella, Curtis 1850
Acrolepiopsis sapporensis, Matsumura 1931
Acrolepiopsis tauricella, Staudinger 1870
Acrolepiopsis vesperella, Zeller 1850
Digitivalva arnicella, Heyden 1863
Digitivalva eglanteriella, Mann 1855
Digitivalva granitella, Treitschke 1833
Digitivalva occidentella, Klimesch 1956
Digitivalva pulicariae, Klimesch 1956
Digitivalva reticulella, Hübner 1796
References
Gaedike R. (1969). Contribution for the knowledge of the Acrolepiidae Fauna of the Balkan Peninsula
Carter, D. (1984). Pest Lepidoptera of Europe. Dr. W. Junk Publishers, Boston.
External links
Microleps U.S.A.(Nearctic)
Naturhistoriska riksmuseet Imago, genitalia images
Taxa named by Hermann von Heinemann
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catenin
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Catenins are a family of proteins found in complexes with cadherin cell adhesion molecules of animal cells. The first two catenins that were identified became known as α-catenin and β-catenin. α-Catenin can bind to β-catenin and can also bind filamentous actin (F-actin). β-Catenin binds directly to the cytoplasmic tail of classical cadherins. Additional catenins such as γ-catenin and δ-catenin have been identified. The name "catenin" was originally selected ('catena' means 'chain' in Latin) because it was suspected that catenins might link cadherins to the cytoskeleton.
Types
α-catenin
β-catenin
γ-catenin
δ-catenin
All but α-catenin contain armadillo repeats. They exhibit a high degree of protein dynamics, alone or in complex.
Function
Several types of catenins work with N-cadherins to play an important role in learning and memory.
Cell-cell adhesion complexes are required for simple epithelia in higher organisms to maintain structure, function and polarity. These complexes, which help regulate cell growth in addition to creating and maintaining epithelial layers, are known as adherens junctions and they typically include at least cadherin, β-catenin, and α-catenin. Catenins play roles in cellular organization and polarity long before the development and incorporation of Wnt signaling pathways and cadherins.
The primary mechanical role of catenins is to connect cadherins to actin filaments, such as the adhesion junctions of epithelial cells. Most studies investiga
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vinculin
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In mammalian cells, vinculin is a membrane-cytoskeletal protein in focal adhesion plaques that is involved in linkage of integrin adhesion molecules to the actin cytoskeleton. Vinculin is a cytoskeletal protein associated with cell-cell and cell-matrix junctions, where it is thought to function as one of several interacting proteins involved in anchoring F-actin to the membrane.
Discovered independently by Benny Geiger and Keith Burridge, its sequence is 20%–30% similar to α-catenin, which serves a similar function.
Binding alternately to talin or α-actinin, vinculin's shape and, as a consequence, its binding properties are changed. The vinculin gene occurs as a single copy and what appears to be no close relative to take over functions in its absence. Its splice variant metavinculin (see below) also needs vinculin to heterodimerize and work in a dependent fashion.
Structure
Vinculin is a 117-kDa cytoskeletal protein with 1066 amino acids. The protein contains an acidic N-terminal domain and a basic C-terminal domain separated by a proline-rich middle segment. Vinculin consists of a globular head domain that contains binding sites for talin and α-actinin as well as a tyrosine phosphorylation site, while the tail region contains binding sites for F-actin, paxillin, and lipids.
Essentially, there is an 835 amino acid N-terminal head, which is split into four domains. This is linked to the C-terminal tail with a linker region.
The recent discovery of the 3D structure she
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van%20der%20Woude%20syndrome
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Van der Woude syndrome (VDWS) is a genetic disorder characterized by the combination of lower lip pits, cleft lip with or without cleft palate (CL/P), and cleft palate only (CPO). The frequency of orofacial clefts ranges from 1:1000 to 1:500 births worldwide, and there are more than 400 syndromes that involve CL/P. VWS is distinct from other clefting syndromes due to the combination of cleft lip and palate (CLP) and CPO within the same family. Other features frequently associated with VWS include hypodontia in 10-81% of cases, narrow arched palate, congenital heart disease, heart murmur and cerebral abnormalities, syndactyly of the hands, polythelia, ankyloglossia, and adhesions between the upper and lower gum pads.
The association between lower lip pits and cleft lip and/or palate was first described by Anne Van der Woude in 1954. The worldwide disease incidence ranges from 1:100,000 to 1:40,000.
Genetics
Van der Woude syndrome is inherited as an autosomal dominant disease caused by a mutation in a single gene with equal distribution between the sexes. The disease has high penetrance at about 96% but the phenotypic expression varies from lower lip pits with cleft lip and cleft palate to no visible abnormalities. Approximately 88% of VWS patients display lower lip pits, and in about 64% of cases lip pits are the only visible defect. Reported clefting covers a wide range including submucous cleft palate, incomplete unilateral CL, bifid uvula, and complete bilateral CLP.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous%20peoples%20of%20the%20Southeastern%20Woodlands
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Indigenous peoples of the Southeastern Woodlands, Southeastern cultures, or Southeast Indians are an ethnographic classification for Native Americans who have traditionally inhabited the area now part of the Southeastern United States and the northeastern border of Mexico, that share common cultural traits. This classification is a part of the Eastern Woodlands. The concept of a southeastern cultural region was developed by anthropologists, beginning with Otis Mason and Franz Boas in 1887. The boundaries of the region are defined more by shared cultural traits than by geographic distinctions. Because the cultures gradually instead of abruptly shift into Plains, Prairie, or Northeastern Woodlands cultures, scholars do not always agree on the exact limits of the Southeastern Woodland culture region. Shawnee, Powhatan, Waco, Tawakoni, Tonkawa, Karankawa, Quapaw, and Mosopelea are usually seen as marginally southeastern and their traditional lands represent the borders of the cultural region.
The area was linguistically diverse, major language groups were Caddoan and Muskogean, besides a number of language isolates.
List of peoples
Acolapissa (Colapissa), Louisiana and Mississippi
Ais, eastern coastal Florida
Alafay (Alafia, Pojoy, Pohoy, Costas Alafeyes, Alafaya Costas), Florida
Amacano, Florida west coast
Apalachee, northwestern Florida
Atakapa (Attacapa), Louisiana west coast and Texas southeastern coast
Akokisa, Texas southeast coast
Bidai, Texas southeast coast
Deadose,
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20North%20Wind%20and%20the%20Sun
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The North Wind and the Sun is one of Aesop's Fables (Perry Index 46). It is type 298 (Wind and Sun) in the Aarne–Thompson folktale classification. The moral it teaches about the superiority of persuasion over force has made the story widely known. It has also become a chosen text for phonetic transcriptions.
Story and application
The story concerns a competition between the North Wind and the Sun to decide which is the stronger of the two. The challenge was to make a passing traveler remove his cloak. However hard the North Wind blew, the traveler only wrapped his cloak tighter to keep warm, but when the Sun shone, the traveler was overcome with heat and soon took his cloak off.
The fable was well known in Ancient Greece; Athenaeus records that Hieronymus of Rhodes, in his Historical Notes, quoted an epigram of Sophocles against Euripides that parodied the story of Helios and Boreas. It related how Sophocles had his cloak stolen by a boy to whom he had made love. Euripides joked that he had had that boy too, and it did not cost him anything. Sophocles' reply satirises the adulteries of Euripides:
It was the Sun, and not a boy, whose heat stripped me naked;
as for you, Euripides, when you were kissing someone else's wife
the North Wind screwed . You are unwise, you who sow
in another's field, to accuse Eros of being a snatch-thief.
The Latin version of the fable first appeared centuries later in Avianus, as De Vento et Sole (Of the Wind and the Sun, Fable 4); early versio
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepatocyte%20nuclear%20factor%204
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HNF4 (Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor 4) is a nuclear receptor protein mostly expressed in the liver, gut, kidney, and pancreatic beta cells that is critical for liver development. In humans, there are two paralogs of HNF4, HNF4α and HNF4γ, encoded by two separate genes and respectively.
Ligands
HNF4 was originally classified as an orphan receptor that exhibits constitutive transactivation activity apparently by being continuously bound to a variety of fatty acids. The existence of a ligand for HNF4 has been somewhat controversial, but linoleic acid (LA) has been identified as the endogenous ligand of native HNF4 expressed in mouse liver; the binding of LA to HNF4 is reversible.
The ligand binding domain of HNF4, as with other nuclear receptors, adopts a canonical alpha helical sandwich fold and interacts with co-activator proteins.
HNF4 binds to the consensus sequence AGGTCAaAGGTCA in order to activate transcription.
Pathology
Mutations in the HNF4A gene have been linked to maturity onset diabetes of the young 1 (MODY1).
This seems to be caused by HNF4-a's role in the synthesis of SHBG, which is known to be severely diminished in patients with insulin-resistance.
See also
Hepatocyte nuclear factors
Hepatocyte nuclear factor 4A
References
External links
Intracellular receptors
Transcription factors
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimum-shift%20keying
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In digital modulation, minimum-shift keying (MSK) is a type of continuous-phase frequency-shift keying that was developed in the late 1950s by Collins Radio employees Melvin L. Doelz and Earl T. Heald. Similar to OQPSK, MSK is encoded with bits alternating between quadrature components, with the Q component delayed by half the symbol period.
However, instead of square pulses as OQPSK uses, MSK encodes each bit as a half sinusoid. This results in a constant-modulus signal (constant envelope signal), which reduces problems caused by non-linear distortion. In addition to being viewed as related to OQPSK, MSK can also be viewed as a continuous-phase frequency-shift keyed (CPFSK) signal with a frequency separation of one-half the bit rate.
In MSK the difference between the higher and lower frequency is identical to half the bit rate. Consequently, the waveforms used to represent a 0 and a 1 bit differ by exactly half a carrier period. Thus, the maximum frequency deviation is where fm is the maximum modulating frequency. As a result, the modulation index m is 0.5. This is the smallest FSK modulation index that can be chosen such that the waveforms for 0 and 1 are orthogonal. A variant of MSK called Gaussian minimum-shift keying (GMSK) is used in the GSM mobile phone standard.
Mathematical representation
The resulting signal is represented by the formula:
where and encode the even and odd information respectively with a sequence of square pulses of duration 2T. has i
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Cheyenne%20Social%20Club
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The Cheyenne Social Club is a 1970 American Western comedy film written by James Lee Barrett, directed and produced by Gene Kelly, and starring James Stewart, Henry Fonda and Shirley Jones. The film is about an aging cowboy who inherits a brothel and decides to turn it into a respectable boarding house, against the wishes of both the townspeople and the ladies working there.
Plot
In 1867, John O'Hanlan and Harley Sullivan are aging cowboys working on open cattle ranges in Texas. John receives a letter from an attorney in Cheyenne, Wyoming, stating his brother, D.J., left him The Cheyenne Social Club in his will. Once the pair arrives in Cheyenne, John visits D.J.'s lawyer and discovers the club is a high-class brothel separated from the busy part of town by the railroad tracks. Not keen on running such a business, John fires the ladies and falls into disfavor with both them and Cheyenne's men. John learns his brother's deed to the club contained a reverter to the railroad if the brothel closed. Jenny, the Club's madam, is brutally assaulted by a man named Bannister, who she previously rebuffed. John, a handgun novice, kills Bannister at a local bar when a distracted Bannister mistakes Harley's cracking of nuts for the cocking of a gun. Afterward, John regains popularity. The sheriff, conveniently on his way out of town, warns John that Bannister's relatives are headed to Cheyenne for revenge. Harley decides to return to Texas, but he happens to ride into the Bannisters' camp
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home%20Fires
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Home Fire or Home Fires may refer to:
Literature
Home Fire (novel), a novel by Kamila Shamsie
Home Fires (Katz book), a 1992 book by Don Katz
Home Fires (novel), a 2011 novel by Gene Wolfe
Music
Home Fire, a 1991 album by Ron Kavana
Home Fires (Dead Ringer Band album), an album by Dead Ringer Band
Television
Home Fires (British TV series), a drama series that debuted in 2015
Home Fires (Canadian TV series), a drama series that debuted in 1980
Home Fires (Upstairs, Downstairs), episode 6 of Upstairs, Downstairs series 4
See also
Keep the Home Fires Burning (disambiguation)
Structure fire, a fire in a home or other building
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rheometer
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A rheometer is a laboratory device used to measure the way in which a viscous fluid (a liquid, suspension or slurry) flows in response to applied forces. It is used for those fluids which cannot be defined by a single value of viscosity and therefore require more parameters to be set and measured than is the case for a viscometer. It measures the rheology of the fluid.
There are two distinctively different types of rheometers. Rheometers that control the applied shear stress or shear strain are called rotational or shear rheometers, whereas rheometers that apply extensional stress or extensional strain are extensional rheometers.
Rotational or shear type rheometers are usually designed as either a native strain-controlled instrument (control and apply a user-defined shear strain which can then measure the resulting shear stress) or a native stress-controlled instrument (control and apply a user-defined shear stress and measure the resulting shear strain).
Meanings and origin
The word rheometer comes from the Greek, and means a device for measuring main flow. In the 19th century it was commonly used for devices to measure electric current, until the word was supplanted by galvanometer and ammeter. It was also used for the measurement of the flow of liquids, in medical practice (flow of blood) and in civil engineering (flow of water). This latter use persisted to the second half of the 20th century in some areas. Following the coining of the term rheology the word came
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telluric%20acid
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Telluric acid, or more accurately Orthotelluric acid, is a chemical compound with the formula , often written as . It is a white crystalline solid made up of octahedral molecules which persist in aqueous solution. In the solid state, there are two forms, rhombohedral and monoclinic, and both contain octahedral molecules, containing one hexavalent tellurium (Te) atom in the +6 oxidation state, attached to six hydroxyl (–OH) groups, thus, it can be called tellurium(VI) hydroxide.
Telluric acid is a weak acid which is dibasic, forming tellurate salts with strong bases and hydrogen tellurate salts with weaker bases or upon hydrolysis of tellurates in water. It is used as tellurium-source in the synthesis of oxidation catalysts.
Preparation
Telluric acid is formed by the oxidation of tellurium or tellurium dioxide with a powerful oxidising agent such as hydrogen peroxide, chromium trioxide or sodium peroxide.
Crystallization of telluric acid solutions below 10 °C gives telluric acid tetrahydrate .
It is an oxidising agent, as shown by the electrode potential for the reaction below, although it is kinetically slow in its oxidations.
, Eo = +1.02 V
Chlorine, by comparison, is +1.36 V and selenous acid is +0.74 V in oxidizing conditions.
Properties and reactions
The anhydrous acid is stable in air at 100 °C but above this it dehydrates to form polymetatelluric acid, a white hygroscopic powder (approximate composition ), and allotelluric acid, an acid syrup of unknown structure
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volley%20theory
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Volley theory states that groups of neurons of the auditory system respond to a sound by firing action potentials slightly out of phase with one another so that when combined, a greater frequency of sound can be encoded and sent to the brain to be analyzed. The theory was proposed by Ernest Wever and Charles Bray in 1930 as a supplement to the frequency theory of hearing. It was later discovered that this only occurs in response to sounds that are about 500 Hz to 5000 Hz.
Description
The volley theory was explained in depth in Ernest Wever's 1949 book, Theory of Hearing Groups of neurons in the cochlea individually fire at subharmonic frequencies of a sound being heard and collectively phase-lock to match the total frequencies of the sound. The reason for this is that neurons can only fire at a maximum of about 500 Hz but other theories of hearing did not explain for hearing sounds below about 5000 Hz.
Harmonic spectrums
Sounds are often sums of multiple frequency tones. When these frequencies are whole number multiples of a fundamental frequency they create a harmonic. When groups of auditory neurons are presented with harmonics, each neuron fires at one frequency and when combined, the entire harmonic is encoded into the primary auditory cortex of the brain. This is the basis of volley theory.
Phase-locking
Phase-locking is known as matching amplitude times to a certain phase of another waveform. In the case of auditory neurons, this means firing an action potential at
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonfinite%20verb
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A nonfinite verb, in contrast to a finite verb, is a derivative form of a verb that lacks inflection (conjugation) for number or person. In the English language, the nonfinite verb cannot perform action as the main verb of an independent clause, while in French, the first verb is typically the only finite one. In English, nonfinite verbs include infinitives, participles and gerunds. Nonfinite verb forms in some other languages include converbs, gerundives and supines. The categories of mood, tense, and or voice may be absent from non-finite verb forms in some languages.
Because English lacks most inflectional morphology, the finite and the nonfinite forms of a verb may appear the same in a given context.
Examples
In the following sentences, the non-finite verbs are emphasized, while the finite verbs are underlined.
Verbs appear in almost all sentences.
This sentence is illustrating finite and non-finite verbs.
The dog will have to be trained well.
Tom promised to try to do the work.
The case has been intensively examined today.
What did they want to have done about that?
Someone tried to refuse to accept the offer.
Coming downstairs, she saw the man running away.
I am trying to get the tickets.
In the above sentences, been, examined and done are past participles, want, have, refuse, accept and get are infinitives, and coming, running and trying are present participles (for alternative terminology, see the sections below).
In languages like English that have lit
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypokinesia
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Hypokinesia is one of the classifications of movement disorders, and refers to decreased bodily movement. Hypokinesia is characterized by a partial or complete loss of muscle movement due to a disruption in the basal ganglia. Hypokinesia is a symptom of Parkinson's disease shown as muscle rigidity and an inability to produce movement. It is also associated with mental health disorders and prolonged inactivity due to illness, amongst other diseases.
The other category of movement disorder is hyperkinesia that features an exaggeration of unwanted movement, such as twitching or writhing in Huntington's disease or Tourette syndrome.
Spectrum of disorders
Hypokinesia describes a variety of more specific disorders:
Causes
The most common cause of Hypokinesia is Parkinson's disease, and conditions related to Parkinson's disease.
Other conditions may also cause slowness of movements. These include hypothyroidism and severe depression. These conditions need to be carefully ruled out, before a diagnosis of Parkinsonism is made.
The remainder of this article describes Hypokinesia associated with Parkinson's disease, and conditions related to Parkinson's disease.
Pathophysiology
Associated neurotransmitters
Dopamine
The main neurotransmitter thought to be involved in hypokinesia is dopamine. Essential to the basal ganglionic-thalamocortical loop, which processes motor function, dopamine depletion is common in these areas of hypokinesic patients. Bradykinesia is correlated with
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pityriasis
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Pityriasis commonly refers to flaking (or scaling) of the skin. The word comes from the Greek πίτυρον "bran".
Classification
Types include:
Pityriasis alba, dry, fine-scaled, pale patches on the face
Pityriasis lichenoides chronica, caused by a hypersensitivity reaction to infectious agents
Pityriasis lichenoides et varioliformis acuta, a disease of the immune system
Pityriasis rosea, a type of skin rash
Pityriasis circinata,
Pityriasis rubra pilaris, reddish-orange patches (Latin: rubra) on the skin
Pityriasis versicolor, a skin eruption on the trunk and proximal extremities, usually caused by a fungus
Dandruff, historically called Pityriasis capitis
Pityriasis amiantacea, condition of the scalp in which thick tenaciously adherent scale infiltrates and surrounds the base of a group of scalp hairs
See also
Desquamation
List of cutaneous conditions
References
External links
Dermatologic terminology
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eilhard%20Mitscherlich
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Eilhard Mitscherlich (; 7 January 179428 August 1863) was a German chemist, who is perhaps best remembered today for his discovery of the phenomenon of crystallographic isomorphism in 1819.
Early life and work
Mitscherlich was born at Neuende (now a part of Wilhelmshaven) in the Lordship of Jever, where his father was pastor. His uncle, Christoph Wilhelm Mitscherlich (1760–1854), professor at the University of Göttingen, was in his day a celebrated scholar. Eilhard Mitscherlich was educated at Jever by the historian Friedrich Christoph Schlosser, and in 1811 went to the University of Heidelberg devoting himself to philology, with an emphasis on the Persian language. In 1813 he went to Paris to seek permission to join the embassy which Napoleon I of France was establishing in Persia.
The abdication of Napoleon Bonaparte in 1814 put an end to this, and Mitscherlich resolved to study medicine in order that he might enjoy that freedom of travel usually allowed in the East to physicians. He began at Göttingen with the study of chemistry, and this so arrested his attention that he gave up his idea of traveling to Persia. From his days in Göttingen dates the treatise on certain parts of Eurasian history, compiled from manuscripts found in the university library and published in Persian and Latin in 1814, under the title Mirchondi historia Thaheridarum historicis nostris hucusque incognitorum Persiae principum.
In 1818 Mitscherlich went to Berlin and worked in the laboratory of
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vinorelbine
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Vinorelbine (NVB), sold under the brand name Navelbine among others, is a chemotherapy medication used to treat a number of types of cancer. This includes breast cancer and non-small cell lung cancer. It is given by injection into a vein or by mouth.
Common side effects include bone marrow suppression, pain at the site of injection, vomiting, feeling tired, numbness, and diarrhea. Other serious side effects include shortness of breath. Use during pregnancy may harm the baby. Vinorelbine is in the vinca alkaloid family of medications. It is believed to work by disrupting the normal function of microtubules and thereby stopping cell division.
Vinorelbine was approved for medical use in the United States in 1994. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.
Medical uses
Vinorelbine is approved for the treatment of non-small-cell lung cancer. It is used off-label for other cancers such as metastatic breast cancer. It is also active in rhabdomyosarcoma.
Side effects
Vinorelbine has a number of side-effects that can limit its use:
Chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (a progressive, enduring and often irreversible tingling numbness, intense pain, and hypersensitivity to cold, beginning in the hands and feet and sometimes involving the arms and legs), lowered resistance to infection, bruising or bleeding, anaemia, constipation, vomitings, diarrhea, nausea, tiredness and a general feeling of weakness (asthenia), inflammation of the vein into which
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multilayer%20perceptron
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A multilayer perceptron (MLP) is a misnomer for a modern feedforward artificial neural network, consisting of fully connected neurons with a nonlinear kind of activation function, organized in at least three layers, notable for being able to distinguish data that is not linearly separable. It is a misnomer because the original perceptron used a Heaviside step function, instead of a nonlinear kind of activation function (used by modern networks).
Modern feedforward networks are trained using the backpropagation method and are colloquially referred to as the "vanilla" neural networks.
Timeline
In 1958, a layered network of perceptrons, consisting of an input layer, a hidden layer with randomized weights that did not learn, and an output layer with learning connections, was introduced already by Frank Rosenblatt in his book Perceptron. This extreme learning machine was not yet a deep learning network.
In 1965, the first deep-learning feedforward network, not yet using stochastic gradient descent, was published by Alexey Grigorevich Ivakhnenko and Valentin Lapa, at the time called the Group Method of Data Handling.
In 1967, a deep-learning network, which used stochastic gradient descent for the first time, able to classify non-linearily separable pattern classes, was published by Shun'ichi Amari. Amari's student Saito conducted the computer experiments, using a five-layered feedforward network with two learning layers.
In 1970, modern backpropagation method, an efficie
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complementary%20code%20keying
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Complementary code keying (CCK) is a modulation scheme used with wireless networks (WLANs) that employ the IEEE 802.11b specification. In 1999, CCK was adopted to supplement the Barker code in wireless digital networks to achieve data rate higher than 2 Mbit/s at the expense of shorter distance. This is due to the shorter chipping sequence in CCK (8 bits versus 11 bits in Barker code) that means less spreading to obtain higher data rate but more susceptible to narrowband interference resulting in shorter radio transmission range. Beside shorter chipping sequence, CCK also has more chipping sequences to encode more bits (4 chipping sequences at 5.5 Mbit/s and 8 chipping sequences at 11 Mbit/s) increasing the data rate even further. The Barker code, however, only has a single chipping sequence.
The complementary codes first discussed by Golay were pairs of binary complementary codes and he noted that when the elements of a code of length N were either [−1 or 1] it followed immediately from their definition that the sum of their respective autocorrelation sequences was zero at all points except for the zero shift where it is equal to K×N. (K being the number of code words in the set).
CCK is a variation and improvement on M-ary Orthogonal Keying and uses 'polyphase complementary codes'. They were developed by Lucent Technologies and Harris Semiconductor and were adopted by the 802.11 working group in 1998. CCK is the form of modulation used when 802.11b operates at either 5.5
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Job%20security
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Job security is the probability that an individual will keep their job; a job with a high level of security is such that a person with the job would have a small chance of losing it. Many factors threaten job security: globalization, outsourcing, downsizing, recession, and new technology, to name a few.
Basic economic theory holds that during periods of economic expansion businesses experience increased demand, which in turn necessitates investment in more capital or labor. When businesses are experiencing growth, job confidence and security typically increase. The opposite often holds true during a recession: businesses experience reduced demand and look to downsize their workforces in the short term.
Governments and individuals are both motivated to achieve higher levels of job security. Governments attempt to do this by passing laws (such as the U.S. Civil Rights Act of 1964) which make it illegal to fire employees for certain reasons. Individuals can influence their degree of job security by increasing their skills through education and experience, or by moving to a more favorable location. The official unemployment rate and employee confidence indexes are good indicators of job security in particular fields. These statistics are closely watched by economists, government officials, and banks.
Unions also strongly influence job security. Jobs that traditionally have a strong union presence such as many government jobs and jobs in education, healthcare and law enforcemen
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perfect%20mixing
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Perfect mixing is a term heavily used in relation to the definition of models that predict the behavior of chemical reactors. Perfect mixing assumes that there are no spatial gradients in a given physical envelope, such as:
concentration (with respect to any chemical species)
temperature
chemical potential
catalytic activity
Physical chemistry
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal%20Ball%20%28unreleased%20album%29
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Crystal Ball is an unreleased studio album by Prince recorded throughout 1986. The album was planned to consist of 3 LPs and cover a broad range of musical styles. Many of its tracks were repurposed for the 1987 album Sign o' the Times, while others remained officially unreleased for years.
Evolution of the album
Crystal Ball can be traced to late 1985 with what would be Prince and The Revolution's final album, Dream Factory. Since Purple Rains release, each successive album became more of a collaborative effort between Prince and band members Wendy and Lisa in addition to full band performances on certain songs. Dream Factory evolved quickly from a 9-track single album to a double-LP with an ever-changing track list of songs. A final configuration of the album was finally decided upon and the album was mastered. But, during 1986 Wendy and Lisa had increasingly become disgruntled with Prince's decision to expand the Revolution with non-musicians Wally Safford and Gregory Allen Brooks along with the attitude that these new members brought with them. Unhappy and outspoken about their feelings, they had to be convinced to remain with the band and go on tour for that year's Parade Tour. However, Prince himself felt slighted and by the end of the tour fired most of The Revolution. Thus, the album was never released. The versions of the songs that would get an official release years later had the contributions made by Wendy & Lisa either toned down or completely removed.
Once P
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul%20de%20Casteljau
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Paul de Casteljau (19 November 1930 – 24 March 2022) was a French physicist and mathematician. In 1959, while working at Citroën, he developed an algorithm for evaluating calculations on a certain family of curves, which would later be formalized and popularized by engineer Pierre Bézier, leading to the curves widely known as Bézier curves.
He studied at École Normale Supérieure, and worked at Citroën from 1958 until his retirement in 1992. When he arrived there, "Specialists admitted that all electrical, electronic and mechanical problems had more or less been solved. All—except for one single formality which made up for 5%, but certainly not for 20% of the problem; in other words, how to express component parts by equations." He continued publishing in retirement.
De Casteljau curves
De Casteljau's algorithm is widely used, with some modifications, as it is the most robust and numerically stable method for evaluating polynomials. Other methods, such as Horner's method and forward differencing, are faster for calculating single points but are less robust. De Casteljau's algorithm is still very fast for subdividing a De Casteljau curve or Bézier curve into two curve segments at an arbitrary parametric location.
Awards
Paul de Casteljau received the 1987 Seymour Cray Prize from the French National Center for Scientific Research, the 1993 John Gregory Memorial Award, and the 2012 Bézier Award from the Solid Modeling Association (SMA). The SMA's announcement highlights de
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conduit
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Conduit may refer to:
Engineering systems
Conduit (fluid conveyance), a pipe suitable for carrying either open-channel or pressurized liquids
Electrical conduit, a protective cover, tube or piping system for electric cables
Conduit current collection, a system of ground-level power supply
Duct (flow), for heating, ventilating and air-conditioning
Business
Conduit (finance) or asset-backed commercial paper program, a type of non-bank financial institution
Conduit and Sink OFCs, a classification of offshore financial centres/tax havens
Computers and Internet
Conduit (company), an international software company
Conduit toolbar a defunct web publishing platform by Conduit
Conduit (software), an open-source synchronization program for GNOME
Arts and entertainment
Conduit (Coby Sey album), by Coby Sey, 2022
Conduit (Funeral for a Friend album), by Funeral for a Friend, 2013
The Conduit (album), by Jarboe, 2005
Conduit (comics), a DC Comics supervillain
Conduit (convention), an annual science fiction convention in Salt Lake City, Utah, US
Conduit (mural), a public artwork by Emily Ginsburg in Portland, Oregon, US
"Conduit" (The X-Files), a television episode
The Conduit, a 2009 video game for the Wii console
The Conduit, a fictional artifact in the video game Mass Effect
Conduits, superhuman beings in the video game series Infamous
Other uses
Conduit (channeling), a means of contact with the spiritual realm
Conduit (horse) (2005–2020), a Thoroughbred
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G.992.2
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In telecommunications, ITU G.992.2 (better known as G.lite) is an ITU standard for ADSL using discrete multitone modulation. G.lite does not strictly require the use of DSL filters, but like all variants of ADSL generally functions better with splitters.
G.lite is a modulation profile which can be selected on a DSLAM port by an ADSL provider and provides greater resistance to noise and tolerates longer loop lengths (DSLAM to customer distances) for a given bandwidth. Most ADSL modems and DSLAM ports support it, but it is not a typical default configuration. The transmission speed of G.lite (G.992.2) is 1.5 Mbit/s downstream and 512 kbit/s upstream.
The G.lite specification was an accelerated ITU-T effort to drive interoperability among vendors and was facilitated by the Universal ADSL Working Group, or UAWG. The G.lite standardization effort took a total of 11 months from start to finish, setting a new record for ANY standard effort within the ITU-T. The previous record had been the V.90 specification for analog modems, which took 18 months to complete. The UAWG consisted of three sets of members: Promoters, Supporters and Adopters. Intel, Compaq and Microsoft were able to rally the support of all of the US RBOCs and five of the largest international carriers (NTT, British Telecom, France Telecom, Deutsche Telekom, and Singapore Telecom), collectively representing the Promoters, to drive the major communications equipment manufacturers (the Supporters) to demonstrate intero
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tranquility%20%28video%20game%29
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tranquility is a nonviolent musical platform game created in 1991 for Macintosh and Windows computers by musician William A. Romanowski. The game features generative algorithms that determine music and level layout based on the player's actions. For this reason, and due to its use of generated ambient music, the game's philosophy has been compared to that of Transcendentalism and the New Age Movement. According to the game's publishers, some players have reported immersion in the game to produce a dream-like experience during and after play. The game notably appeared first as a demo included with Silicon Graphics computers. It was updated and re-released as a commercial game 10 years later in 2001, with internet support architected by David Cook and Cookware Inc. This version of the game was supported for 10 years but a notice that the game was to be retired appeared on the website in 2010. As of now, the site is inaccessible. Although the game is still capable of playing local demo levels, starting with macOS Catalina, 32-bit apps were no longer compatible with macOS.
Detailed information about Tranquility and its history were published by William A. Romanowski in a 2007 pitch for social funding.
Gameplay
In tranquility, the player (from an abstract, first-person viewpoint) floats in a sea of starlit geometric structures called "platforms" in order to pass through targets called "spinners" (camouflaged star-shaped objects scattered at a density of one per room). The game'
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor%20Scheinman
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Victor David Scheinman (December 28, 1942 – September 20, 2016) was an American pioneer in the field of robotics.
He was born in Augusta, Georgia, where his father Léonard was stationed with the US Army. At the end of the war the family moved to Brooklyn and his father returned to work as a professor of psychiatry. His mother taught at a Hebrew school.
Scheinman first experience with robots was watching The Day the Earth Stood Still around age 8 or 9. The movie frightened him and his father suggested building a wooden model as therapy. Scheinman sttended the now-defunct New Lincoln School in New York where, in the late 1950s, he designed and constructed a voice-controlled typewriter as a science fair project. This endeavor gave him entry into MIT as an undergraduate in engineering, as well as providing a foundation for his later inventions.
Education
Scheinman attended MIT as an undergraduate, starting at age 16 and completed a degree in Aeronautics and Astronautics in 1963. He was president of the Model Airplane Club and had a summer job at Sikorsky Aircraft. His Bachelor's thesis was on controlling the depth of a model hydrofoil wing in the MIT towing tank.
After graduation, on the advice and recommendation of his advisor, he got a job at Boeing, where he worked on a lunar gravity simulator. He left to travel the world for a while, and then enrolled at Stanford University's graduate program, initially in Aeronautics and Astronautics, switching later to Mechanical Engine
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millman%27s%20theorem
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In electrical engineering, Millman's theorem (or the parallel generator theorem) is a method to simplify the solution of a circuit. Specifically, Millman's theorem is used to compute the voltage at the ends of a circuit made up of only branches in parallel.
It is named after Jacob Millman, who proved the theorem.
Explanation
Let be the generators' voltages. Let be the resistances on the branches with voltage generators . Then Millman states that the voltage at the ends of the circuit is given by:
That is, the sum of the short circuit currents in branch divided by the sum of the conductances in each branch.
It can be proved by considering the circuit as a single supernode. Then, according to Ohm and Kirchhoff, the voltage between the ends of the circuit is equal to the total current entering the supernode divided by the total equivalent conductance of the supernode. The total current is the sum of the currents in each branch. The total equivalent conductance of the supernode is the sum of the conductance of each branch, since all the branches are in parallel.
Branch variations
Current sources
One method of deriving Millman's theorem starts by converting all the branches to current sources (which can be done using Norton's theorem). A branch that is already a current source is simply not converted. In the expression above, this is equivalent to replacing the term in the numerator of the expression above with the current of the current generator, where the kth branc
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unimation
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Unimation was the world's first robotics company. It was founded in 1962 by Joseph F. Engelberger and George Devol and was located in Danbury, Connecticut. Devol had already applied for a patent an industrial robotic arm in 1954; was issued in 1961.
Devol collaborated with Engelberger, who served as president of the company, to engineer and produce an industrial robot under the brand name Unimate. They introduced their new robot in 1961 at a trade show in Chicago.
The first Unimate prototypes were controlled by vacuum tubes used as digital switches though later versions used transistors. Further, parts available off-the-shelf in the late 1950s, such as digital encoders, were not adequate for the Unimate, so with Devol's guidance and a team of skilled engineers, Unimation designed and machined practically every part in the first Unimates. They also invented a variety of new technologies, including a unique rotating drum memory system with data parity controls.
In 1960, Devol personally sold the first Unimate robot, which was shipped in 1961 to General Motors. GM first used the machine for die casting handling and spot welding of car bodies. The first Unimate robot was installed at GM's Inland Fisher Guide Plant in Ewing Township, New Jersey in 1961 to lift hot pieces of metal from a die-casting machine and stack them. Soon companies such as Chrysler, Ford, and Fiat saw the necessity for large Unimate purchases.
The introduction of robotics to the manufacturing process ef
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secernentea
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Secernentea was a class of nematodes in the Classical Phylogeny System (Chitwood, 1958) and is no longer in use. This morphological-based classification system has been replaced by the Modern Phylogeny system, where taxonomy assignment is based on small subunit ribosomal DNA (SSU rDNA).
Characteristics of Secernentea are:
Amphid apertures are pore/slit-like
Derids are present in some; located near nerve ring
Phasmids are present; posterior
Excretory system is tubular
Cuticle is striated in two to four layers; lateral field is present
Three esophageal glands; esophageal structure varies
Males generally have one testis
Caudal alae are common
Sensory papillae are cephalic only; may be caudal papillae in males
Mostly terrestrial
Rarely found in fresh or marine water
Systematics
Subclasses and orders of Secernentea are:
Subclass Rhabditia (paraphyletic?)
Rhabditida
Strongylida
Subclass Spiruria
Ascaridida
Camallanida (sometimes included in Spirurida)
Drilonematida (sometimes included in Spirurida)
Oxyurida (= Rhabdiasida)
Rhigonematida (formerly in Tylenchia)
Spirurida
Subclass Diplogasteria (may belong in Rhabditia)
Diplogasterida
Subclass Tylenchia (may belong in Rhabditia)
Aphelenchida
Tylenchida
Some families traditionally considered to be Rhabditida seem to be closer to the Tylenchida. If the Tylenchia are to be maintained as separate, they probably will be included therein.
References
Protostome classes
Obsolete animal taxa
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posner
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Posner or Pozner may refer to:
Posner (surname)
Posner Park, in Florida, US
Posner's theorem in algebra
Posner cueing task, a neuropsychological test
See also
Posener, a surname
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myeloblast
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The myeloblast is a unipotent stem cell which differentiates into the effectors of the granulocyte series. It is found in the bone marrow. Stimulation of myeloblasts by G-CSF and other cytokines triggers maturation, differentiation, proliferation and cell survival.
Structure
Myeloblasts reside extravascularly in the bone marrow. Hematopoiesis takes place in the extravascular cavities between the sinuses of the marrow. The wall of the sinuses is composed of two different types of cells, endothelial cells and adventitial reticular cells. The hemopoietic cells are aligned in cords or wedges between these sinuses, with myeloblasts and other granular progenitors concentrated in the subcortical regions of these hemopoietic cords.
Myeloblasts are rather small cells with a diameter between 14 and 18μm. The major part is occupied by a large oval nucleus composed of very fine nonaggregated chromatin and possessing 3 or more nucleoli. The cytoplasm has a basophilic character and is devoid of granules, which is a major difference from the myeloblast's successor, the promyelocyte. The nucleolus is the site of assembly of ribosomal proteins, which are located in various particles dispersed over the cytoplasm. Mitochondria are present but have a rather small size.
The main features that distinguish a myeloblast from a lymphoblast upon microscopic examination are the presence of cytoplasmic granules, the lesser degree of condensation in the nuclear chromatin, and the increased prominenc
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ProvideX
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ProvideX is a computer language and development environment derived from Business Basic (a business oriented derivative of BASIC) in the mid-1980s.
ProvideX is available on several operating systems (Unix/Linux/Windows/Mac OS X) and includes not only the programming language but also file system, presentation layer interface, and other components. The language is primarily designed for use in the development of business applications.
Over the years since its inception and as the computer industry has changed, ProvideX has added functionality such as a graphical interface, client-server capabilities, access to external databases, web services, and, more recently, object-oriented programming capabilities.
On October 8, 2010, PVX Plus Technologies announced that it has assumed all ongoing sales, development, and support of the ProvideX product line for Independent Software Vendors. This brings the development of the language back under control of the original creator, Mike King and is the end result of almost 2 years of negotiations between Sage Group, EDIAS, and PVX Plus Technologies.
Syntax
Example Code
! This example code shows some ways to do the traditional hello world.
!
begin
print 'CS', ! Clear Screen
! Plain Text
print "Hello World!"
! Fonted Text (Error branch moves to next line if fonted text not available)
print (0,err=*next)'Font'("Arial,-16,B"), ! Use Bold 16pt Arial Font
print (0,err=*next)'Text'(@x(20),@y(2),"Hello World"),
! Move t
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SCPA
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SCPA may refer to:
San Diego School of Creative and Performing Arts, a school in San Diego, California
School for Creative and Performing Arts, a school in Cincinnati, Ohio
Semiconductor Chip Protection Act of 1984
South Carolina Ports Authority
Space Canine Patrol Agents, fictional canine superheroes in DC Comics
C5a peptidase, an enzyme
See also
School of Creative and Performing Arts (disambiguation)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katherine%20Legge
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Katherine Anne Legge ( ; born 12 July 1980) is a British professional auto racing driver who competes full-time in the IMSA SportsCar Championship, driving the No. 66 Acura NSX GT3 for Gradient Racing, part-time in the IndyCar Series, driving the No. 44 Honda for Rahal Letterman Lanigan Racing, and part-time in the NASCAR Xfinity Series, driving the No. 07 Chevrolet Camaro for SS-Green Light Racing.
Racing career
Early racing and Atlantics
Prior to joining the Toyota Atlantic series, Guildford-born Legge raced in several developmental open-wheel series in Britain, including Formula Three, Formula Renault and Formula Ford. In 2000, she was the first woman to achieve a pole in a Zetec race. In 2001, she beat Kimi Räikkönen's lap record and achieved a pole, and she was the first woman to receive the BRDC's "Rising Star" accolade.
Legge's move to the United States came about in 2004, when after running out of finances to continue her racing career, she visited the UK offices of Cosworth, refusing to leave until she had met Cosworth boss Kevin Kalkhoven. Kalkhoven sent his daughter to speak to Legge to get her to leave: after a brief conversation with Legge, she instead told Kalkhoven that he should meet with her. Kalkhoven then offered her a drive in the first three rounds of the 2005 Toyota Atlantic Championship with Polestar Motor Racing: this was her first full-time drive. She won the series opener at Long Beach in her first career Atlantic start. In doing so, she became th
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal%20Enterprise
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Crystal Enterprise is the Business Objects server-based delivery platform for Crystal Reports and Crystal Analysis originally developed by Crystal Decisions.
Crystal Enterprise is what is called a delivery platform in Business Intelligence terms. It provides an infrastructure for data access, which can store report templates. By using Crystal Enterprise, report designers can store report objects, instances of reports, schedule reports and request reports on demand through the use of clients, such as Web Browsers.
For example, an administrator could store a sales report on Crystal Enterprise, and schedule this report to be run at the beginning of every month. When the report is triggered, Crystal Enterprise would access the data sources specified in the report and save an instance of this report, which can be made available or automatically distributed to the relevant parties.
Supported platforms
Due to the complexity of the Crystal Enterprise, many factors must be considered for platform compatibility, such as Operating System, Web server, Application Server, databases and a combination of these factors. On the Crystal Enterprise installation CD, there is a text file called platforms.txt which covers every platform supported by Crystal Enterprise.
As for Operating Systems, Crystal Enterprise can run in many different Operating Systems, such as Windows 2000 Server, Windows Server 2003, Solaris, Linux, AIX and HP-UX.
Newer versions of Crystal Enterprise provide several add
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resist%20%28semiconductor%20fabrication%29
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In semiconductor fabrication, a resist is a thin layer used to transfer a circuit pattern to the semiconductor substrate which it is deposited upon. A resist can be patterned via lithography to form a (sub)micrometer-scale, temporary mask that protects selected areas of the underlying substrate during subsequent processing steps. The material used to prepare said thin layer is typically a viscous solution. Resists are generally proprietary mixtures of a polymer or its precursor and other small molecules (e.g. photoacid generators) that have been specially formulated for a given lithography technology. Resists used during photolithography are called photoresists.
Background
Semiconductor devices (as of 2005) are built by depositing and patterning many thin layers. The patterning steps, or lithography, define the function of the device and the density of its components.
For example, in the interconnect layers of a modern microprocessor, a conductive material (copper or aluminum) is inlaid in an electrically insulating matrix (typically fluorinated silicon dioxide or another low-k dielectric). The metal patterns define multiple electrical circuits that are used to connect the microchip's transistors to one another and ultimately to external devices via the chip's pins.
The most common patterning method used by the semiconductor device industry is photolithography -- patterning using light. In this process, the substrate of interest is coated with photosensitive resist an
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microdialysis
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Microdialysis is a minimally-invasive sampling technique that is used for continuous measurement of free, unbound analyte concentrations in the extracellular fluid of virtually any tissue. Analytes may include endogenous molecules (e.g. neurotransmitter, hormones, glucose, etc.) to assess their biochemical functions in the body, or exogenous compounds (e.g. pharmaceuticals) to determine their distribution within the body. The microdialysis technique requires the insertion of a small microdialysis catheter (also referred to as microdialysis probe) into the tissue of interest. The microdialysis probe is designed to mimic a blood capillary and consists of a shaft with a semipermeable hollow fiber membrane at its tip, which is connected to inlet and outlet tubing. The probe is continuously perfused with an aqueous solution (perfusate) that closely resembles the (ionic) composition of the surrounding tissue fluid at a low flow rate of approximately 0.1-5μL/min. Once inserted into the tissue or (body)fluid of interest, small solutes can cross the semipermeable membrane by passive diffusion. The direction of the analyte flow is determined by the respective concentration gradient and allows the usage of microdialysis probes as sampling as well as delivery tools. The solution leaving the probe (dialysate) is collected at certain time intervals for analysis.
History
The microdialysis principle was first employed in the early 1960s, when push-pull canulas and dialysis sacs were impl
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques%20Touchard
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Jacques Touchard (1885–1968) was a French mathematician. In 1953, he proved that an odd perfect number must be of the form 12k + 1 or 36k + 9. In combinatorics and probability theory, he introduced the Touchard polynomials. He is also known for his solution to the ménage problem of counting seating arrangements in which men and women alternate and are not seated next to their spouses.
Touchard's Catalan identity
The following algebraic identity involving the Catalan numbers
is apparently due to Touchard (according to Richard P. Stanley, who mentions it in his panorama article "Exercises on Catalan and Related Numbers" giving an overwhelming plenitude of different definitions for the Catalan numbers).
For n ≥ 0 one has
Using the generating function
it can be proved by algebraic manipulations of generating series that Touchard's identity is
equivalent to the functional equation
satisfied by the Catalan generating series C(t).
Further reading
Canadian Journal of Mathematics 1956, Vol 8, No 3.; Journal in French
French mathematicians
1885 births
1968 deaths
Place of birth missing
People from Basel-Landschaft
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20BDSM%20artists
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This is a list of notable artists in the field of BDSM art:
Nobuyoshi Araki
Gene Bilbrew
Robert Bishop
Charles Guyette
Jeff Gord
Erich von Götha de la Rosière
Sadao Hasegawa
Namio Harukawa
Seiu Ito
Eric Kroll
Monica Majoli
Michael Manning
Robert Mapplethorpe
Ken Marcus
Daido Moriyama
Fakir Musafar
Helmut Newton
Barbara Nitke
Satine Phoenix
Rex
Sardax
Franco Saudelli
Bill Schmeling
Stjepan Sejic
Joe Shuster
Eric Stanton
Roy Stuart
Bill Ward
John Willie
See also: List of BDSM photographers
See also
List of fetish artists
Further reading
Eric Stanton & the History of the Bizarre Underground by Richard Pérez Seves. Atglen, Schiffer Publishing, 2018.
Bondage artists
BDSM
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propidium%20iodide
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Propidium iodide (or PI) is a fluorescent intercalating agent that can be used to stain cells and nucleic acids. PI binds to DNA by intercalating between the bases with little or no sequence preference. When in an aqueous solution, PI has a fluorescent excitation maximum of 493 nm (blue-green), and an emission maximum of 636 nm (red). After binding DNA, the quantum yield of PI is enhanced 20-30 fold, and the excitation/emission maximum of PI is shifted to 535 nm (green) / 617 nm (orange-red). Propidium iodide is used as a DNA stain in flow cytometry to evaluate cell viability or DNA content in cell cycle analysis, or in microscopy to visualize the nucleus and other DNA-containing organelles. Propidium Iodide is not membrane-permeable, making it useful to differentiate necrotic, apoptotic and healthy cells based on membrane integrity. PI also binds to RNA, necessitating treatment with nucleases to distinguish between RNA and DNA staining. PI is widely used in fluorescence staining and visualization of the plant cell wall.
See also
Viability assay
Vital stain
SYBR Green I
Ethidium bromide
References
Flow cytometry
DNA-binding substances
Iodides
Phenanthridine dyes
Staining dyes
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolic%20disorder
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A metabolic disorder is a disorder that negatively alters the body's processing and distribution of macronutrients, such as proteins, fats, and carbohydrates. Metabolic disorders can happen when abnormal chemical reactions in the body alter the normal metabolic process. It can also be defined as inherited single gene anomaly, most of which are autosomal recessive.
Signs and symptoms
Some of the symptoms that can occur with metabolic disorders are lethargy, weight loss, jaundice and seizures. The symptoms expressed would vary with the type of metabolic disorder. There are four categories of symptoms: acute symptoms, late-onset acute symptoms, progressive general symptoms and permanent symptoms.
Causes
Inherited metabolic disorders are one cause of metabolic disorders, and occur when a defective gene causes an enzyme deficiency. These diseases, of which there are many subtypes, are known as inborn errors of metabolism. Metabolic diseases can also occur when the liver or pancreas do not function properly.
Types
The principal classes of metabolic disorders are:
Diagnosis
Metabolic disorders can be present at birth, and many can be identified by routine screening. If a metabolic disorder is not identified early, then it may be diagnosed later in life, when symptoms appear. Specific blood and DNA tests can be done to diagnose genetic metabolic disorders.
The gut microbiota, which is a population of microbes that live in the human digestive system, also has an important part
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