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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smn%20theorem
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In computability theory the theorem, (also called the translation lemma, parameter theorem, and the parameterization theorem) is a basic result about programming languages (and, more generally, Gödel numberings of the computable functions) (Soare 1987, Rogers 1967). It was first proved by Stephen Cole Kleene (1943). The name comes from the occurrence of an S with subscript n and superscript m in the original formulation of the theorem (see below).
In practical terms, the theorem says that for a given programming language and positive integers m and n, there exists a particular algorithm that accepts as input the source code of a program with free variables, together with m values. This algorithm generates source code that effectively substitutes the values for the first m free variables, leaving the rest of the variables free.
Details
The basic form of the theorem applies to functions of two arguments (Nies 2009, p. 6). Given a Gödel numbering of recursive functions, there is a primitive recursive function s of two arguments with the following property: for every Gödel number p of a partial computable function f with two arguments, the expressions and are defined for the same combinations of natural numbers x and y, and their values are equal for any such combination. In other words, the following extensional equality of functions holds for every x:
More generally, for any m, , there exists a primitive recursive function of arguments that behaves as follows: f
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chen%20prime
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In mathematics, a prime number p is called a Chen prime if p + 2 is either a prime or a product of two primes (also called a semiprime). The even number 2p + 2 therefore satisfies Chen's theorem.
The Chen primes are named after Chen Jingrun, who proved in 1966 that there are infinitely many such primes. This result would also follow from the truth of the twin prime conjecture as the lower member of a pair of twin primes is by definition a Chen prime.
The first few Chen primes are
2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29, 31, 37, 41, 47, 53, 59, 67, 71, 83, 89, 101, … .
The first few Chen primes that are not the lower member of a pair of twin primes are
2, 7, 13, 19, 23, 31, 37, 47, 53, 67, 83, 89, 109, 113, 127, ... .
The first few non-Chen primes are
43, 61, 73, 79, 97, 103, 151, 163, 173, 193, 223, 229, 241, … .
All of the supersingular primes are Chen primes.
Rudolf Ondrejka discovered the following 3 × 3 magic square of nine Chen primes:
, the largest known Chen prime is 2996863034895 × 21290000 − 1, with 388342 decimal digits.
The sum of the reciprocals of Chen primes converges.
Further results
Chen also proved the following generalization: For any even integer h, there exist infinitely many primes p such that p + h is either a prime or a semiprime.
Green and Tao showed that the Chen primes contain infinitely many arithmetic progressions of length 3. Binbin Zhou generalized this result by showing that the Chen primes contain arbitrarily long arithmetic progressi
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lymphokine
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Lymphokines are a subset of cytokines that are produced by a type of immune cell known as a lymphocyte. They are protein mediators typically produced by T cells to direct the immune system response by signaling between its cells. Lymphokines have many roles, including the attraction of other immune cells, including macrophages and other lymphocytes, to an infected site and their subsequent activation to prepare them to mount an immune response. Circulating lymphocytes can detect a very small concentration of lymphokine and then move up the concentration gradient towards where the immune response is required. Lymphokines aid B cells to produce antibodies.
Important lymphokines secreted by the T helper cell include:
Interleukin 2
Interleukin 3
Interleukin 4
Interleukin 5
Interleukin 6
Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor
Interferon-gamma
References
External links
Cytokines
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tewolde%20Berhan%20Gebre%20Egziabher
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Tewolde Berhan Gebre Egziabher (; 19 February 1940 – 20 March 2023) was an Ethiopian scientist who won the Right Livelihood Award in 2000 "for his exemplary work to safeguard biodiversity and the traditional rights of farmers and communities to their genetic resources."
Biography
Tewolde was born in Adwa, a town in Tigray Region on 19 February 1940. He is the brother of renowned writer Sebhat Gebre-Egziabher. He attended Negeste Saba (Queen of Sheba) Elementary School in Adwa from October 1951 to June 1955. Tewolde was accepted to General Wingate Secondary School in Addis Ababa and studied there from September 1955 to July 1959. He was then accepted to Addis Ababa (then Haile Selassie I) University, Addis Ababa where he studied from September 1959 to July 1963 and won the Chancellor's gold medal for best graduate in the Faculty of Science. He studied at the School of Plant Biology, University of North Wales from October 1966–Nov. 1969 and was awarded a PhD under Prof. P. Greig Smith. Ph.D.
Tewolde worked in the Biology Department at Addis Ababa University from 1963, serving as a graduate assistant, assistant lecturer, and assistant professor. He was appointed dean of the Faculty of Science in 1974, and served in this capacity until 1978, when he was appointed associate professor of biology. In 1978 he also began working part time with the Ethiopian Science and Technology Commission as Leader of the IDRC-UNU sponsored research project "Research and Development in Rural Sett
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-%CE%BA%20dielectric
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In the semiconductor industry, the term high-κ dielectric refers to a material with a high dielectric constant (κ, kappa), as compared to silicon dioxide. High-κ dielectrics are used in semiconductor manufacturing processes where they are usually used to replace a silicon dioxide gate dielectric or another dielectric layer of a device. The implementation of high-κ gate dielectrics is one of several strategies developed to allow further miniaturization of microelectronic components, colloquially referred to as extending Moore's Law. Sometimes these materials are called "high-k" (pronounced "high kay"), instead of "high-κ" (high kappa).
Need for high-κ materials
Silicon dioxide () has been used as a gate oxide material for decades. As metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistors (MOSFETs) have decreased in size, the thickness of the silicon dioxide gate dielectric has steadily decreased to increase the gate capacitance (per unit area) and thereby drive current (per device width), raising device performance. As the thickness scales below 2 nm, leakage currents due to tunneling increase drastically, leading to high power consumption and reduced device reliability. Replacing the silicon dioxide gate dielectric with a high-κ material allows increased gate capacitance without the associated leakage effects.
First principles
The gate oxide in a MOSFET can be modeled as a parallel plate capacitor. Ignoring quantum mechanical and depletion effects from the Si substrate a
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genus%20%28disambiguation%29
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In Linnaean taxonomy, genus is the rank between family and species.
Genus may also refer to:
Genus, a taxonomic rank used for the purpose of cloud classification
Genus: Journal of Population Sciences, a journal of population genetics founded by Nora Federici
Genus (mathematics), a classifying property of a mathematical object
Genus of a multiplicative sequence
Geometric genus
In graph embedding, the genus of the graph is the genus of the surface in which it can be embedded
In the theory of numerical semigroups, the genus of a numerical semigroup is the cardinality of the set of gaps in the numerical semigroup
Genus of a quadratic form
Grammatical gender
Genus (music), a concept in ancient Greek music theory
Genus (philosophy)
Genus (linguistics)
In Alienators: Evolution Continues, the Genus are monstrous alien organisms that have a high speed evolution
Genus plc, a British biotechnology company
Sport Club Genus de Porto Velho, a Brazilian football (soccer) club
Genera (operating system)
People
Gennadii Genus (born 1990), Ukrainian track cyclist
James Genus (born 1966), American jazz bassist
Sampson Genus (born 1988), American football player
See also
Gens (disambiguation)
Gender (disambiguation)
Genius
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Val%20Saint%20Lambert
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Val Saint Lambert is a Belgian crystal glassware manufacturer, founded in 1826 and based in Seraing. It has the royal warrant of King Albert II.
Pre-history – Vonêche glassworks
In 1795 during the War of the First Coalition which brought about the fall of the Dutch Republic, France had annexed what was then termed the Southern Netherlands, now known as Belgium. During the period of the Napoleonic Wars, in 1802 Napoleon Bonaparte asked French industrialist Henri D'Artigues to leave the noted French crystal maker Saint-Louis to buy the dilapidated glassworks at Vonêche. Like Saint-Louis, Vonêche produced lead crystal glass, and within ten years had become the most important crystal producer in the French empire. Two of the key workers in the plant's success were chemist François Kemlin and engineer Auguste Lelièvre. In 1815 following Napoleon's defeat at the Battle of Waterloo, the Southern Netherlands was re-united within the new United Kingdom of the Netherlands. As a result of newly imposed import duties, the Vonêche factory immediately lost most of its French market. In 1816, D'Artigues negotiated with King Louis XVIII of France to buy the Verrerie de St Anne glassworks in the town of Baccarat, and renamed it the Verrerie de Vonêche à Baccarat – a name it kept until 1843. The Belgian Revolution of 1830 meant that the Vonêche glassworks also lost most of its Southern Holland market, and hence closed soon afterwards.
History
In 1825 Kemlin and Lelièvre bought
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ADG
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ADG or Adg may refer to:
Adg, a village in Iran
Symbols and initialisms
ADG, Asociación Deportiva Guanacasteca, Costa Rican soccer team
ADG, the United States Navy hull classification symbol for "degaussing ship"
Abstract differential geometry
Active Data Guard
Acyclic Directed Graph
Advanced Data Guarding
Aerospace, Defense & Government
Air-driven generator
Airfield Defence Guards
Alpha Delta Gamma, a national fraternity
Amlan Das Gupta
Andegerebinha dialect, an Aboriginal language of Australia (ISO 639-3 code)
Art Directors Guild
Aubrey de Grey
Australian Directors' Guild
Autonomous Design Group, an anti-capitalist artist collective
Lenawee County Airport (IATA: ADG)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/What%20Is%20Life%3F
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What Is Life? The Physical Aspect of the Living Cell is a 1944 science book written for the lay reader by physicist Erwin Schrödinger. The book was based on a course of public lectures delivered by Schrödinger in February 1943, under the auspices of the Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, where he was Director of Theoretical Physics, at Trinity College, Dublin. The lectures attracted an audience of about 400, who were warned "that the subject-matter was a difficult one and that the lectures could not be termed popular, even though the physicist’s most dreaded weapon, mathematical deduction, would hardly be utilized." Schrödinger's lecture focused on one important question: "how can the events in space and time which take place within the spatial boundary of a living organism be accounted for by physics and chemistry?"
In the book, Schrödinger introduced the idea of an "aperiodic crystal" that contained genetic information in its configuration of covalent chemical bonds. In the 1950s, this idea stimulated enthusiasm for discovering the chemical basis of genetic inheritance. Although the existence of some form of hereditary information had been hypothesized since 1869, its role in reproduction and its helical shape were still unknown at the time of Schrödinger's lecture. In retrospect, Schrödinger's aperiodic crystal can be viewed as a well-reasoned theoretical prediction of what biologists should have been looking for during their search for genetic material. In 1953, J
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highly%20optimized%20tolerance
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In applied mathematics, highly optimized tolerance (HOT) is a method of generating power law behavior in systems by including a global optimization principle. It was developed by Jean M. Carlson and John Doyle in the early 2000s. For some systems that display a characteristic scale, a global optimization term could potentially be added that would then yield power law behavior. It has been used to generate and describe internet-like graphs, forest fire models and may also apply to biological systems.
Example
The following is taken from Sornette's book.
Consider a random variable, , that takes on values with probability . Furthermore, let’s assume for another parameter
for some fixed . We then want to minimize
subject to the constraint
Using Lagrange multipliers, this gives
giving us a power law. The global optimization of minimizing the energy along with the power law dependence between and gives us a power law distribution in probability.
See also
self-organized criticality
References
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Mathematical optimization
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92-Glucuronidase
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β-Glucuronidases are members of the glycosidase family of enzymes that catalyze breakdown of complex carbohydrates. Human β-glucuronidase is a type of glucuronidase (a member of glycosidase Family 2) that catalyzes hydrolysis of β-D-glucuronic acid residues from the non-reducing end of mucopolysaccharides (also referred to as glycosaminoglycans) such as heparan sulfate. Human β-glucuronidase is located in the lysosome. In the gut, brush border β-glucuronidase converts conjugated bilirubin to the unconjugated form for reabsorption. β-Glucuronidase is also present in breast milk, which contributes to neonatal jaundice. The protein is encoded by the GUSB gene in humans and by the uidA gene in bacteria.
Structure
Human β-glucuronidase is synthesized as an 80 kDa monomer (653 amino acids) before proteolysis removes 18 amino acids from the C-terminal end to form a 78 kDa monomer.
β-Glucuronidase exists as a 332 kDa homotetramer. β-Glucuronidase contains several notable structural formations, including a type of β-barrel known as a jelly roll barrel and a TIM barrel.
Mechanism of catalysis
Human β-glucuronidase is homologous to the Escherichia coli enzyme β-galactosidase. This homologous relationship, along with the knowledge that glycosidases often perform hydrolysis catalyzed by two acidic residues, enabled the development of a mechanistic hypothesis. This hypothesis proposes that the two glutamic acid residues Glu540 and Glu451 are the nucleophilic and acidic residues, respe
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Front%20running
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Front running, also known as tailgating, is the practice of entering into an equity (stock) trade, option, futures contract, derivative, or security-based swap to capitalize on advance, nonpublic knowledge of a large ("block") pending transaction that will influence the price of the underlying security. In essence, it means the practice of engaging in a personal or proprietary securities transaction in advance of a transaction in the same security for a client's account. Front running is considered a form of market manipulation in many markets. Cases typically involve individual brokers or brokerage firms trading stock in and out of undisclosed, unmonitored accounts of relatives or confederates. Institutional and individual investors may also commit a front running violation when they are privy to inside information. A front running firm either buys for its own account before filling customer buy orders that drive up the price, or sells for its own account before filling customer sell orders that drive down the price. Front running is prohibited since the front-runner profits come from nonpublic information, at the expense of its own customers, the block trade, or the public market.
In 2003, several hedge fund and mutual fund companies became embroiled in an illegal late trading scandal made public by a complaint against Bank of America brought by New York Attorney General Eliot Spitzer. A resulting U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission investigation into allegations of
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frame%20fields%20in%20general%20relativity
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A frame field in general relativity (also called a tetrad or vierbein) is a set of four pointwise-orthonormal vector fields, one timelike and three spacelike, defined on a Lorentzian manifold that is physically interpreted as a model of spacetime. The timelike unit vector field is often denoted by and the three spacelike unit vector fields by . All tensorial quantities defined on the manifold can be expressed using the frame field and its dual coframe field.
Frame fields were introduced into general relativity by Albert Einstein in 1928 and by Hermann Weyl in 1929.
The index notation for tetrads is explained in tetrad (index notation).
Physical interpretation
Frame fields of a Lorentzian manifold always correspond to a family of ideal observers immersed in the given spacetime; the integral curves of the timelike unit vector field are the worldlines of these observers, and at each event along a given worldline, the three spacelike unit vector fields specify the spatial triad carried by the observer. The triad may be thought of as defining the spatial coordinate axes of a local laboratory frame, which is valid very near the observer's worldline.
In general, the worldlines of these observers need not be timelike geodesics. If any of the worldlines bends away from a geodesic path in some region, we can think of the observers as test particles that accelerate by using ideal rocket engines with a thrust equal to the magnitude of their acceleration vector. Alternatively, if ou
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurora%20kinase
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Aurora kinases are serine/threonine kinases that are essential for cell proliferation. They are phosphotransferase enzymes that help the dividing cell dispense its genetic materials to its daughter cells. More specifically, Aurora kinases play a crucial role in cellular division by controlling chromatid segregation. Defects in this segregation can cause genetic instability, a condition which is highly associated with tumorigenesis. The first aurora kinases were identified in Drosophila melanogaster, where mutations led to failure of centrosome separation with the monopolar spindles reminiscent of the North Pole, suggesting the name aurora.
Three Aurora kinases have been identified in mammalian cells to date. Besides being implicated as mitotic regulators, these three kinases have generated significant interest in the cancer research field due to their elevated expression profiles in many human cancers. The human Aurora kinases present a similar domain organization, with a N-terminal domain of 39–129 residues in length, a related Ser/Thr protein kinase domain and a short C-terminal domain containing 15–20 residues. The N-terminal domain of three proteins share low sequence conservation, which determines selectivity during protein–protein interactions.
Classes
As described above, there are three classes of aurora kinases in multicellular organisms, including humans:
Aurora A (a.k.a. Aurora 2) functions during prophase of mitosis and is required for correct duplication and
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diaphragm%20seal
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In mechanical engineering, a diaphragm seal is a flexible membrane that seals and isolates an enclosure. The flexible nature of this seal allows pressure effects to cross the barrier but not the material being contained.
Common uses for diaphragm seals are to protect pressure sensors from the fluid whose pressure is being measured.
Materials
Since diaphragm seals need to be highly flexible, elastomers are commonly used, and include a wide variety of both general purpose and speciality rubbers. Elastomers are limited to low pressure applications and those that are chemically compatible with the various plastics and rubbers used.
Metal diaphragms of stainless steel (several grades), Carpenter 20, Hastelloy, Monel, Inconel, tantalum, titanium and several other metals are in common use where high pressure ratings and specific chemical compatibility are required. Flanged assemblies or flush welded versions are available.
Depending on the PSI levels of the sealing application, the diaphragm may require fabric reinforcement. Typically, PSI under 5 does not require fabric reinforcement. A PSI between 5 and 10 is application dependent. Anything above 10 almost always needs fabric reinforcement.
Applications
Diaphragm seals (also known as chemical seals or gauge guards) are also used to protect a process fluid from the pressure sensor. Examples of this use are:
Sanitary processes (food, pharmaceuticals, etc.) where allowing process fluid to accumulate in the pressure port of t
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary%20Conway
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Gary Conway (born February 4, 1936) is an American actor and screenwriter. His notable credits include a co-starring role with Gene Barry in the detective series Burke's Law from 1963 to 1965. In addition, he starred in the Irwin Allen sci-fi series Land of the Giants from 1968 to 1970.
Life
Conway married Marian McKnight (Miss America, 1957). They first met while students at the University of California, Los Angeles, where Conway studied art. The couple have two children, Gareth and Kathleen.
Conway and McKnight have worked together in film production and writing. They owned a winery called Carmody McKnight that they started in 1985. They sold it to the Wonderful Company (Justin Vineyards & Winery) in 2019.
Career
Conway's early film credits include the cult horror films I Was a Teenage Frankenstein (1957) as the monster, How to Make a Monster (1958), and The Saga of the Viking Women and Their Voyage to the Waters of the Great Sea Serpent (1958). In 1958, he was cast in the Man Hunt episode of the western aviation television series Sky King with Kirby Grant, Richard Beymer, and Gloria Winters.
In 1960, Conway appeared as Orderly on the TV western Maverick in the episode titled Thunder from the North. In 1960, Conway appeared as Lt. Charles Williams in the episode Absent Without Leave of the ABC/Warner Brothers western series Colt .45. In 1960, he appeared in three episodes (as three different characters of the ABC/WB crime drama Bourbon Street Beat, starring Andrew
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ba%C5%A1%20%C4%8Celik
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Baš Čelik (, ), meaning "head of steel", from Turkish baş for "head" and çelik for "steel", is a Serbian fairy tale, collected by Vuk Karadžić. It is similar to the Brothers Grimm's "The Crystal Orb" (Aarne–Thompson type 552A).
Synopsis
A king has three sons and three daughters. On his deathbed he makes his sons swear that they will marry off their sisters to the first person who asks. One night a booming voice demands that one sister be given to him. The two older brothers are reluctant, while the youngest (the Least of Three) heeds his father's dying request and hands her over. The same thing happens for the next two nights, until all the sisters are given away to mysterious strangers. The three brothers then decide to go and search for their sisters.
Throughout their travels, each brother fights many-headed serpents, the youngest tossing the serpent into a lake putting out their camp fire; so he has to go out alone to find fire, and using his wits he defeats nine giants that were terrorizing the region. Finally, he rescues a princess from the giant's village and is allowed to marry the princess. He lives in her castle and is allowed to visit any of the rooms, except one which is bound with chains (the One Forbidden Thing). When his wife is away from the castle, he goes inside the room and comes across a man bound in chains. The man calls himself Baš Čelik, and he begs for three glasses of water. Every time Čelik drains a glass, the prince receives an extra life. When th
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhaetian%20Alps
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The Rhaetian Alps (; ) are a mountain range of the Eastern Alps. The SOIUSA classification system divides them into the Western and Eastern Rhaetian Alps, while the Alpine Club classification of the Eastern Alps places most of the Rhaetian subranges within the Western Limestone Alps.
They are located along the Italian–Swiss and Austrian–Swiss borders, in the canton of Graubünden in eastern Switzerland; in the state of Tyrol in Austria; and in the Italian regions of Trentino-Alto Adige and Lombardy.
The name relates to a Roman province and the Rhaetian people subdued under Emperor Augustus in 15 BC.
Geography
The Rhaetian Alps contain these subranges:
Albula Range
Bernina Range
Brenta group
Bregaglia Range
Ortler Alps
Rätikon
Silvretta
The highest peak in the range is Piz Bernina at , located in Grisons/Graubünden canton, Switzerland, adjacent to the Italian border.
The Swiss National Park is located in the Western Rhaetian Alps.
See also
Limestone Alps
Southern Limestone Alps
Central Eastern Alps
The Rhaetian Age which ends the Triassic Period of geological time is named for the Rhaetian Alps.
References
Mountain ranges of the Alps
Southern Limestone Alps
Mountain ranges of Italy
Mountain ranges of Switzerland
Mountain ranges of Graubünden
Mountain ranges of Lombardy
Mountain ranges of Trentino
Mountain ranges of Tyrol (state)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postsynaptic%20potential
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Postsynaptic potentials are changes in the membrane potential of the postsynaptic terminal of a chemical synapse. Postsynaptic potentials are graded potentials, and should not be confused with action potentials although their function is to initiate or inhibit action potentials. They are caused by the presynaptic neuron releasing neurotransmitters from the terminal bouton at the end of an axon into the synaptic cleft. The neurotransmitters bind to receptors on the postsynaptic terminal, which may be a neuron or a muscle cell in the case of a neuromuscular junction. These are collectively referred to as postsynaptic receptors, since they are on the membrane of the postsynaptic cell.
The role of ions
One way receptors can react to being bound by a neurotransmitter is to open or close an ion channel, allowing ions to enter or leave the cell. It is these ions that alter the membrane potential. Ions are subject to two main forces, diffusion and electrostatic repulsion. Ions will tend towards their equilibrium potential, which is the state where the diffusion force cancels out the force of electrostatic repulsion. When a membrane is at its equilibrium potential, there is no longer a net movement of ions. Two important equations that can determine membrane potential differences based on ion concentrations are the Nernst Equation and the Goldman Equation.
Relation to action potentials
Neurons have a resting potential of about −70 mV. If the opening of the ion channel resul
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chudnovsky
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Chudnovsky is an Ashkenazi Jewish surname of Ukrainian origin (meaning "from/born in Chudnov"). It may refer to
Chudnovsky brothers, David and Gregory, mathematicians
Chudnovsky algorithm is a fast method for calculating the digits of
David Chudnovsky (politician) in Canada
Maria Chudnovsky, mathematician
Chudnofsky, the main villain of The Green Hornet (2011 film)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XLA
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XLA may refer to:
XLA (singer) (born 1981), Canadian indie singer
XLA (Accelerated Linear Algebra), a domain-specific compiler for linear algebra that can accelerate TensorFlow models
.xla, a file format for Microsoft Excel add-ins
X-linked agammaglobulinemia, an immune deficiency
Xbox Live Avatar, a character representing a user of the Xbox video game consoles
Xin Los Angeles, a 2006 container ship registered in Hong Kong
Dow XLA elastic fiber, a marketing name for Lastol
X-stem Logic Alphabet
XLA, the ICAO three letter callsign of former airline XL Airways UK
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetyl-CoA%20carboxylase
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Acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) is a biotin-dependent enzyme () that catalyzes the irreversible carboxylation of acetyl-CoA to produce malonyl-CoA through its two catalytic activities, biotin carboxylase (BC) and carboxyltransferase (CT). ACC is a multi-subunit enzyme in most prokaryotes and in the chloroplasts of most plants and algae, whereas it is a large, multi-domain enzyme in the cytoplasm of most eukaryotes. The most important function of ACC is to provide the malonyl-CoA substrate for the biosynthesis of fatty acids. The activity of ACC can be controlled at the transcriptional level as well as by small molecule modulators and covalent modification. The human genome contains the genes for two different ACCs—ACACA and ACACB.
Structure
Prokaryotes and plants have multi-subunit ACCs composed of several polypeptides. Biotin carboxylase (BC) activity, biotin carboxyl carrier protein (BCCP), and carboxyl transferase (CT) activity are each contained on a different subunit. The stoichiometry of these subunits in the ACC holoenzyme differs amongst organisms. Humans and most eukaryotes have evolved an ACC with CT and BC catalytic domains and BCCP domains on a single polypeptide. Most plants also have this homomeric form in cytosol. ACC functional regions, starting from the N-terminus to C-terminus are the biotin carboxylase (BC), biotin binding (BB), carboxyl transferase (CT), and ATP-binding (AB). AB lies within BC. Biotin is covalently attached through an amide bond to the long
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xylanase
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Endo-1,4-β-xylanase (, systematic name 4-β-D-xylan xylanohydrolase) is any of a class of enzymes that degrade the linear polysaccharide xylan into xylose, thus breaking down hemicellulose, one of the major components of plant cell walls:
Endohydrolysis of (1→4)-β-D-xylosidic linkages in xylans
Xylanase plays a major role in micro-organisms thriving on plant sources for the degradation of plant matter into usable nutrients. Xylanases are produced by fungi, bacteria, yeast, marine algae, protozoans, snails, crustaceans, insect, seeds, etc.; mammals do not produce xylanases. However, the principal commercial source of xylanases is filamentous fungi.
Commercial applications for xylanase include the chlorine-free bleaching of wood pulp prior to the papermaking process, and the increased digestibility of silage (in this aspect, it is also used for fermentative composting).
Apart from its use in the pulp and paper industry, xylanases are also used as food additives to poultry; in wheat flour for improving dough handling and quality of baked products ; for the extraction of coffee, plant oils, and starch; in the improvement of nutritional properties of agricultural silage and grain feed; and in combination with pectinase and cellulase for clarification of fruit juices and degumming of plant fiber sources such as flax, hemp, jute, and ramie. A good quantity of scientific literature is available on key features of xylanase enzymes in biotechnology ranging from their screening in m
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Arsenal%20F.C.%20records%20and%20statistics
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Arsenal Football Club is an English professional association football club based in Islington, London. The club was formed in Woolwich in 1886 as Dial Square before being renamed as Royal Arsenal, and then Woolwich Arsenal in 1893. In 1914, the club's name was shortened to Arsenal F.C. after moving to Highbury a year earlier. After spending their first four seasons solely participating in cup tournaments and friendlies, Arsenal became the first southern member admitted into the Football League in 1893. In spite of finishing fifth in the Second Division in 1919, the club was voted to rejoin the First Division at the expense of local rivals Tottenham Hotspur. Since that time, they have not fallen below the first tier of the English football league system and hold the record for the longest uninterrupted period in the top flight. The club remained in the Football League until 1992, when its First Division was superseded as English football's top level by the newly formed Premier League, of which they were an inaugural member.
The list encompasses the honours won by Arsenal at national, regional, county and friendly level, records set by the club, their managers and their players. The player records section itemises the club's leading goalscorers and those who have made most appearances in first-team competitions. It also records notable achievements by Arsenal players on the international stage, and the highest transfer fees paid and received by the club. Attendance records at
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketotifen
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Ketotifen, sold under the brand name Zaditor among others, is a second-generation noncompetitive H1-antihistamine and mast cell stabilizer. It is most commonly sold as a salt with fumaric acid, ketotifen fumarate, and is available in two forms. In its ophthalmic form, it is used to treat allergic conjunctivitis. In its oral form, it is used to prevent asthma attacks or anaphylaxis, as well as various mast cell, allergic-type disorders.
It was patented in 1970 and came into medical use in 1976. In 2020, it was the 289th most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 1million prescriptions.
Medical uses
Ketotifen relieves and prevents eye itchiness and/or irritation associated with most seasonal allergies. It starts working within minutes after administering the drops. The drug has not been studied in children under three. The mean elimination half life is 12 hours. Besides its anti-histaminic activity, it is also a functional leukotriene antagonist and a phosphodiesterase inhibitor.
"[O]ral ketotifen has been used in patients with asthma, allergic rhinitis, allergic conjunctivitis, atopic dermatitis, chronic urticaria, cold-induced urticaria, cholinergic urticaria, exercise-induced urticaria, [systemic mast cell disease including mastocytosis, Mast Cell Activation Syndrome (MCAS), allergic and nonallergic anaphylaxis, angioedema], and food allergy in Canada, Europe, and Mexico." Now available via prescription at US compounding pharmacies: "For adul
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posterior%20vitreous%20detachment
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A posterior vitreous detachment (PVD) is a condition of the eye in which the vitreous membrane separates from the retina.
It refers to the separation of the posterior hyaloid membrane from the retina anywhere posterior to the vitreous base (a 3–4 mm wide attachment to the ora serrata).
The condition is common for older adults; over 75% of those over the age of 65 develop it. Although less common among people in their 40s or 50s, the condition is not rare for those individuals. Some research has found that the condition is more common among women.
Symptoms
When this occurs there is a characteristic pattern of symptoms:
Flashes of light (photopsia)
A sudden dramatic increase in the number of floaters
A ring of floaters or hairs just to the temporal side of the central vision
As a posterior vitreous detachment proceeds, adherent vitreous membrane may pull on the retina. While there are no pain fibers in the retina, vitreous traction may stimulate the retina, with resultant flashes that can look like a perfect circle.
If a retinal vessel is torn, the leakage of blood into the vitreous cavity is often perceived as a "shower" of floaters. Retinal vessels may tear in association with a retinal tear, or occasionally without the retina being torn.
A Weiss ring can sometimes be seen with ophthalmoscopy as very strong indicator that vitreous detachment has occurred. This ring can remain free-floating for years after detachment.
Complications
The risk of retinal detachment is
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AOG
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AOG may refer to:
152d Air Operations Group, a unit of the New York Air National Guard
Abscisate beta-glucosyltransferase, an enzyme
Aircraft on ground, an aviation term
Anshan Teng'ao Airport, IATA code AOG
AOG desk, a dedicated aviation logistics service
Adventures of God, a Belgian webtoon series
Army of God (United States), a Christian terrorist organization in the United States
Assemblies of God
Australian Christian Churches
Assemblies of God in Great Britain
Appellation d'Origine Garantie, fourteen wine-producing regions of Morocco
Association of Graduates for the United States Military Academy
Hull designation for Mettawee-class gasoline tankers
See also
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dendrite%20%28metal%29
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A dendrite in metallurgy is a characteristic tree-like structure of crystals growing as molten metal solidifies, the shape produced by faster growth along energetically favourable crystallographic directions. This dendritic growth has large consequences in regard to material properties.
Formation
Dendrites form in unary (one-component) systems as well as multi-component systems. The requirement is that the liquid (the molten material) be undercooled, aka supercooled, below the freezing point of the solid. Initially, a spherical solid nucleus grows in the undercooled melt. As the sphere grows, the spherical morphology becomes unstable and its shape becomes perturbed. The solid shape begins to express the preferred growth directions of the crystal. This growth direction may be due to anisotropy in the surface energy of the solid–liquid interface, or to the ease of attachment of atoms to the interface on different crystallographic planes, or both (for an example of the latter, see hopper crystal). In metallic systems, interface attachment kinetics is usually negligible (for non-negligible cases, see dendrite (crystal)). In metallic systems, the solid then attempts to minimize the area of those surfaces with the highest surface energy. The dendrite thus exhibits a sharper and sharper tip as it grows. If the anisotropy is large enough, the dendrite may present a faceted morphology. The microstructural length scale is determined by the interplay or balance between the sur
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crime%20Wave%20%281954%20film%29
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Crime Wave (also known as The City Is Dark) is a 1954 American film noir starring Sterling Hayden and Gene Nelson, and directed by Andre DeToth. It was adapted from a short story which originally appeared in The Saturday Evening Post - "Criminal Mark" by John and Ward Hawkins.
Plot
'Doc' Penny and two other members of his gang, who have recently broken out of San Quentin, rob a gasoline station. In the process a police officer is killed and one of the gang members is wounded. As a city-wide search ensues, a hard-nosed detective named Lieutenant Sims searches records in an effort to determine if there is an ex-con in the vicinity of the thugs' abandoned vehicle who might give them shelter. Sims rejects professionalism and logic and operates on raw emotion. He feels that Steve Lacey is a likely candidate for the escapees to seek out, despite him leading an exemplary life since completing his prison sentence two years ago, and has an underling call the man. In fact, Steve regularly receives unwanted phone calls from ex-cons who pass through town and try to solicit money or other help from him. That night, Steve had already received an anonymous call from someone both he and his wife Ellen assumed to be yet another former prisoner, and when the police call, she persuades him to not pick up. Steve's unresponsiveness only confirms Sims's suspicions, and the detective sets out to check on him personally.
Gat Morgan, the wounded man, knocks at Steve's door. The escapee has already
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NF-%CE%BAB
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Nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) is a protein complex that controls transcription of DNA, cytokine production and cell survival. NF-κB is found in almost all animal cell types and is involved in cellular responses to stimuli such as stress, cytokines, free radicals, heavy metals, ultraviolet irradiation, oxidized LDL, and bacterial or viral antigens. NF-κB plays a key role in regulating the immune response to infection. Incorrect regulation of NF-κB has been linked to cancer, inflammatory and autoimmune diseases, septic shock, viral infection, and improper immune development. NF-κB has also been implicated in processes of synaptic plasticity and memory.
Discovery
NF-κB was discovered by Ranjan Sen in the lab of Nobel laureate David Baltimore via its interaction with an 11-base pair sequence in the immunoglobulin light-chain enhancer in B cells. Later work by Alexander Poltorak and Bruno Lemaitre in mice and Drosophila fruit flies established Toll-like receptors as universally conserved activators of NF-κB signalling. These works ultimately contributed to awarding of Nobel laureates to Bruce Beutler and Jules A. Hoffmann, who were the principal investigators of those studies.
Structure
All proteins of the NF-κB family share a Rel homology domain in their N-terminus. A subfamily of NF-κB proteins, including RelA, RelB, and c-Rel, have a transactivation domain in their C-termini. In contrast, the NF-κB1 and NF-κB2 proteins are synthesi
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene%20mapping
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Gene mapping or genome mapping describes the methods used to identify the location of a gene on a chromosome and the distances between genes. Gene mapping can also describe the distances between different sites within a gene.
The essence of all genome mapping is to place a collection of molecular markers onto their respective positions on the genome. Molecular markers come in all forms. Genes can be viewed as one special type of genetic markers in the construction of genome maps, and mapped the same way as any other markers. In some areas of study, gene mapping contributes to the creation of new recombinants within an organism.
Gene maps help describe the spatial arrangement of genes on a chromosome. Genes are designated to a specific location on a chromosome known as the locus and can be used as molecular markers to find the distance between other genes on a chromosome. Maps provide researchers with the opportunity to predict the inheritance patterns of specific traits, which can eventually lead to a better understanding of disease-linked traits.
The genetic basis to gene maps is to provide an outline that can potentially help researchers carry out DNA sequencing. A gene map helps point out the relative positions of genes and allows researchers to locate regions of interest in the genome. Genes can then be identified quickly and sequenced quickly.
Two approaches to generating gene maps (gene mapping) include physical mapping and genetic mapping. Physical mapping utilize
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%ADo%20Hondo%2C%20Zacapa
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Río Hondo is a municipality in the Guatemalan department of Zacapa.
Rio Hondo, Which means "Deep River" in the English language, is known for its crystal clear river.
Rio Hondo is mainly made up of farmlands; the likes of which include mango groves, lime groves, avocado groves, cattle, and tilapia farms.
The pueblo of Llano Verde is home to Esperanza de Vida, a large Christian humanitarian organization. Under the direction of Carlos Vargas, the Esperanza de Vida campus includes a retirement home, a nutrition center, an orphanage, a private K-12 school (Liberty College), a missions house, and St. Luke's Hospital. These centers are open to the community.
Calle 9 or Road 9 (Called "La Ruta" or "The Route" by the locals) is a major road that goes through Rio Hondo. It comes from Guatemala City and ends end Puerto Barrios.
Municipalities of the Zacapa Department
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L-gulonolactone%20oxidase
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{{DISPLAYTITLE:L-gulonolactone oxidase}}
L-Gulonolactone oxidase (EC 1.1.3.8) is an enzyme that produces vitamin C, but is non-functional in Haplorrhini (including humans), in some bats, and in guinea pigs. It catalyzes the reaction of L-gulono-1,4-lactone with oxygen to form L-xylo-hex-3-gulonolactone (2-keto-gulono-γ-lactone) and hydrogen peroxide. It uses FAD as a cofactor. The L-xylo-hex-3-gulonolactone then converts to ascorbic acid spontaneously, without enzymatic action.
Gulonolactone oxidase deficiency
The non-functional gulonolactone oxidase pseudogene (GULOP) was mapped to human chromosome 8p21, which corresponds to an evolutionarily conserved segment on either porcine chromosome 4 (SSC4) or 14 (SSC14). GULO produces the precursor to ascorbic acid, which spontaneously converts to the vitamin itself.
The loss of activity of the gene encoding L-gulonolactone oxidase (GULO) has occurred separately in the history of several species. GULO activity has been lost in some species of bats, but others retain it. The loss of this enzyme activity is responsible for the inability of guinea pigs to enzymatically synthesize vitamin C. Both these events happened independently of the loss in the haplorrhine suborder of primates, which includes humans.
The remnant of this non-functional gene with many mutations is still present in the genomes of guinea pigs and humans. It is unknown if remains of the gene exist in the bats who lack GULO activity. The function of GULO appears to h
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floyd%E2%80%93Steinberg%20dithering
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Floyd–Steinberg dithering is an image dithering algorithm first published in 1976 by Robert W. Floyd and Louis Steinberg. It is commonly used by image manipulation software, for example when an image is converted into GIF format that is restricted to a maximum of 256 colors.
Implementation
The algorithm achieves dithering using error diffusion, meaning it pushes (adds) the residual quantization error of a pixel onto its neighboring pixels, to be dealt with later. It spreads the debt out according to the distribution (shown as a map of the neighboring pixels):
The pixel indicated with a star (*) indicates the pixel currently being scanned, and the blank pixels are the previously-scanned pixels.
The algorithm scans the image from left to right, top to bottom, quantizing pixel values one by one. Each time, the quantization error is transferred to the neighboring pixels, while not affecting the pixels that already have been quantized. Hence, if a number of pixels have been rounded downwards, it becomes more likely that the next pixel is rounded upwards, such that on average, the quantization error is close to zero.
The diffusion coefficients have the property that if the original pixel values are exactly halfway in between the nearest available colors, the dithered result is a checkerboard pattern. For example, 50% grey data could be dithered as a black-and-white checkerboard pattern. For optimal dithering, the counting of quantization errors should be in sufficient accuracy
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas%20Holiday
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Christmas Holiday is a 1944 American film noir crime film directed by Robert Siodmak and starring Deanna Durbin and Gene Kelly. Based on the 1939 novel of the same name by W. Somerset Maugham, the film is about a woman who marries a Southern aristocrat who inherited his family's streak of violence and instability and soon drags the woman into a life of misery. After he is arrested, the woman runs away from her husband's family, changes her name, and finds work as a singer in a New Orleans dive. The film received an Academy Award nomination for Best Musical Score for Hans J. Salter.
Plot
On Christmas Eve in New Orleans, U.S. Army officer Charlie Mason meets beautiful Maison Lafitte hostess "Jackie" (whose real name is Abigail Manette). She tells him, in flashbacks, the story of the decline of her marriage with the charming but unbalanced Robert Manette. When her husband kills a bookie, his controlling mother tries to cover it up. When he is caught, she and her son blame Abigail. Abigail, feeling guilty when her husband receives a life sentence, becomes a bar hostess. Meanwhile, Robert escapes from jail and comes to see Abigail, but he is shot by police and dies in her arms, leaving her to start again.
Cast
Deanna Durbin as Jackie Lamont / Abigail Martin
Gene Kelly as Robert Manette
Richard Whorf as Simon Fenimore
Dean Harens as Lieutenant Charlie Mason
Gladys George as Valerie De Merode
Gale Sondergaard as Mrs. Manette
David Bruce as Gerald Tyler
Production
Novel
Th
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WiCell
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WiCell Research Institute is a scientific research institute in Madison, Wisconsin that focuses on stem cell research. Independently governed and supported as a 501(c)(3) organization, WiCell operates as an affiliate of the Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation and works to advance stem cell research at the University of Wisconsin–Madison and beyond.
History
Established in 1998 to develop stem cell technology, WiCell Research Institute is a nonprofit organization that creates and distributes human pluripotent stem cell lines worldwide. WiCell also provides cytogenetic and technical services, establishes scientific protocols and supports basic research on the UW-Madison campus.
WiCell serves as home to the Wisconsin International Stem Cell Bank. This stem cell repository stores, characterizes and provides access to stem cell lines for use in research and clinical development. The cell bank originally stored the first five human Embryonic stem cell lines derived by Dr. James Thomson of UW–Madison. It currently houses human embryonic stem cell lines, induced pluripotent stem cell lines, clinical grade cell lines developed in accordance with Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) and differentiated cell lines including neural progenitor cells.
To support continued progress in the field and help unlock the therapeutic potential of stem cells, in 2005 WiCell began providing cytogenetic services and quality control testing services. These services allow scientists to identify genetic
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1936%20Hungarian%20Grand%20Prix
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The 1936 Hungarian Grand Prix was a Grand Prix motor race held on 21 June 1936 at Népliget Park in Budapest.
Entries
Classification
† Martin and Hartmann swapped grid positions for tactical reasons.
Starting grid positions
† Martin and Hartmann swapped grid positions for tactical reasons.
References
Session results taken from:
Hungarian Grand Prix
Hungarian
Grand Prix
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attributes%20of%20God%20in%20Christianity
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The attributes of God are specific characteristics of God discussed in Christian theology.
Classification
Many Reformed theologians distinguish between the communicable attributes (those that human beings can also have) and the incommunicable attributes (those that belong to God alone). Donald Macleod, however, argues that "All the suggested classifications are artificial and misleading, not least that which has been most favoured by Reformed theologians – the division into communicable and incommunicable attributes."
Many of these attributes only say what God is not – for example, saying he is immutable is saying that he does not change.
The attributes of God may be classified under two main categories:
His infinite powers.
His personality attributes, like holiness and love.
Millard Erickson calls these categories God's greatness and goodness respectively.
Sinclair Ferguson distinguishes "essential" divine attributes, which "have been expressed and experienced in its most intense and dynamic form among the three persons of the Trinity—when nothing else existed." In this way, the wrath of God is not an essential attribute because it had "no place in the inner communion among the three persons of the eternal Trinity." Ferguson notes that it is, however, a manifestation of God's eternal righteousness, which is an essential attribute.
According to Aquinas
In Aquinas' thought, Battista Mondin distinguishes between entitative attributes and personal attributes of the subsist
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sperrylite
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Sperrylite is a platinum arsenide mineral with the chemical formula and is an opaque metallic tin white mineral which crystallizes in the isometric system with the pyrite group structure. It forms cubic, octahedral or pyritohedral crystals in addition to massive and reniform habits. It has a Mohs hardness of 6 - 7 and a very high specific gravity of 10.6.
It was discovered by Francis Louis Sperry, an American chemist, in 1889 at Sudbury.
The most important occurrence of sperrylite is in the nickel ore deposit of Sudbury Basin in Ontario, Canada. It also occurs in the layered igneous complex of the Bushveld region of South Africa and the Oktyabr'skoye copper-nickel deposit of the Eastern-Siberian Region, Russia.
Geologic occurrence
Sperrylite is the most common platinum mineral, it generally occurs with a wide array of other unusual minerals, including cooperite [], laurite [], kotulskite [], merenskyite [], iridium-osmium (Ir-Os) alloys, sudburyite [], omeiite [], testibiopalladite [], and niggliite [], to name a few. It does not readily decompose through normal weathering processes and, consequently, has been reported in widely scattered alluvial deposits.
It was first found as tiny crystals found with rhodolite garnet and corundum during alluvial gem mining in streams draining Mason Mountain, Macon County, North Carolina (Hidden 1898). Sperrylite has been identified in Finland from sulfide deposits generally associated with layered mafic-ultramafic complexes.
Struct
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclooctatetraene
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1,3,5,7-Cyclooctatetraene (COT) is an unsaturated derivative of cyclooctane, with the formula C8H8. It is also known as [8]annulene. This polyunsaturated hydrocarbon is a colorless to light yellow flammable liquid at room temperature. Because of its stoichiometric relationship to benzene, COT has been the subject of much research and some controversy.
Unlike benzene, C6H6, cyclooctatetraene, C8H8, is not aromatic, although its dianion, (cyclooctatetraenide), is. Its reactivity is characteristic of an ordinary polyene, i.e. it undergoes addition reactions. Benzene, by contrast, characteristically undergoes substitution reactions, not additions.
History
1,3,5,7-Cyclooctatetraene was initially synthesized by Richard Willstätter in Munich in 1905 using pseudopelletierine as the starting material and the Hofmann elimination as the key transformation:
Willstätter noted that the compound did not exhibit the expected aromaticity. Between 1939 and 1943, chemists throughout the US unsuccessfully attempted to synthesize COT. They rationalized their lack of success with the conclusion that Willstätter had not actually synthesized the compound but instead its isomer, styrene. Willstätter responded to these reviews in his autobiography, where he noted that the American chemists were 'untroubled' by the reduction of his cyclooctatetraene to cyclooctane (a reaction impossible for styrene). During World War 2, Walter Reppe at BASF Ludwigshafen developed a simple, one-step synthesis of c
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GRAIN
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GRAIN is a small international non-profit organisation that works to support small farmers and social movements in their struggles for community-controlled and biodiversity-based food systems.
GRAIN's work goes back to the early 1980s, when a number of activists around the world started drawing attention to the dramatic loss of genetic diversity on our farms — the very cornerstone of the world's food supply.
GRAIN began doing research, advocacy and lobbying work under the auspices of a coalition of mostly European development organisations. That work soon expanded into a larger program and network that needed its own footing. In 1990, GRAIN was legally established as an independent non-profit foundation with its headquarters in Barcelona, Spain.
By the mid-1990s, GRAIN reached an important turning point. They realized that they needed to connect more with the real alternatives that were being developed on the ground, in the South. Around the world, and at local level, many groups had begun rescuing local seeds and traditional knowledge and building and defending sustainable biodiversity-based food systems under the control of local communities, while turning their backs on the laboratory developed 'solutions' that had only got farmers into deeper trouble. In a radical organisational shift, GRAIN embarked on a decentralization process that brought them into closer contact with realities on the ground in the South, and into direct collaboration with partners working at that
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SI%20electromagnetism%20units
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See also
SI
Speed of light
List of electromagnetism equations
References
External links
History of the electrical units.
Electromagnetism
Lists of units of measurement
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/19521%20Chaos
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19521 Chaos is a cubewano, a Kuiper-belt object not in resonance with any planet. Chaos was discovered in 1998 by the Deep Ecliptic Survey with Kitt Peak's 4 m telescope. Its albedo is , making it, with its absolute magnitude (H) of 4.8, in diameter.
On 20 November 2020, Chaos occulted a magnitude 16.8 star. Three observers detected the occultation, finding that the object is likely smaller than in diameter. Another occultation was recorded on 14 January 2022; full results on size, shape, geometric albedo, and the spin-axis orientation have not been released. A further occultation occurred on 28 September 2023, with a shadow crossing most of North America. This occultation was observed by over 30 observers.
Name
It is named after the primeval state of existence in Greek mythology, from which the first gods appeared.
Planetary symbols are no longer much used in astronomy, so Chaos never received a symbol in the astronomical literature. There is no standard symbol for Chaos used by astrologers either. Michael Moorcock's Symbol of Chaos () has been used.
Orbit
19521 Chaos has an orbital period of approximately 309 years. Its orbit is longer, but less eccentric than the orbit of Pluto. 19521 Chaos's orbit is inclined approximately 12° to the ecliptic. Its orbit never crosses the orbit of Neptune. Currently, the closest approach possible to Neptune (MOID) is .
Chaos will come to perihelion at around December 2033, coming as close as 40 AUs from Earth. Its brightest magnit
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Class%20hierarchy
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A class hierarchy or inheritance tree in computer science is a classification of object types, denoting objects as the instantiations of classes (class is like a blueprint, the object is what is built from that blueprint) inter-relating the various classes by relationships such as "inherits", "extends", "is an abstraction of", "an interface definition". In object-oriented programming, a class is a template that defines the state and behavior common to objects of a certain kind. A class can be defined in terms of other classes.
The concept of class hierarchy in computer science is very similar to taxonomy, the classifications of species.
The relationships are specified in the science of object-oriented design and object interface standards defined by popular use, language designers (Java, C++, Smalltalk, Visual Prolog) and standards committees for software design like the Object Management Group.
The class hierarchy can be as deep as needed. The Instance variables and methods are inherited down through the levels and can be redefined according to the requirement in a subclass. In general, the further down in the hierarchy a class appears, the more specialized its behavior. When a message is sent to an object, it is passed up the inheritance tree starting from the class of the receiving object until a definition is found for the method. This process is called upcasting.
See also
Multiple inheritance
Composition over inheritance
References
Class (computer programming)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacobi%27s%20formula
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In matrix calculus, Jacobi's formula expresses the derivative of the determinant of a matrix A in terms of the adjugate of A and the derivative of A.
If is a differentiable map from the real numbers to matrices, then
where is the trace of the matrix . (The latter equality only holds if A(t) is invertible.)
As a special case,
Equivalently, if stands for the differential of , the general formula is
The formula is named after the mathematician Carl Gustav Jacob Jacobi.
Derivation
Via Matrix Computation
We first prove a preliminary lemma:
Lemma. Let A and B be a pair of square matrices of the same dimension n. Then
Proof. The product AB of the pair of matrices has components
Replacing the matrix A by its transpose AT is equivalent to permuting the indices of its components:
The result follows by taking the trace of both sides:
Theorem. (Jacobi's formula) For any differentiable map A from the real numbers to n × n matrices,
Proof. Laplace's formula for the determinant of a matrix A can be stated as
Notice that the summation is performed over some arbitrary row i of the matrix.
The determinant of A can be considered to be a function of the elements of A:
so that, by the chain rule, its differential is
This summation is performed over all n×n elements of the matrix.
To find ∂F/∂Aij consider that on the right hand side of Laplace's formula, the index i can be chosen at will. (In order to optimize calculations: Any other choice would eventually yield the sa
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accumulator
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Accumulator may refer to:
Accumulator (bet), a parlay bet
Accumulator (computing), in a CPU, a processor register for storing intermediate results
Accumulator (computer vision), discrete cell structure to count votes, standard component of the Hough transform
Accumulator (cryptography), a value, determined by a set of values, that allows one to verify if any one of the original values is a member of the set
Accumulator (energy), an apparatus for storing energy or power
Capacitor, in electrical engineering, also known by the obsolete term accumulator
Electrochemical cell, a cell that stores electrical energy, typically used in rechargeable batteries
Hydraulic accumulator, an energy storage device using hydraulic fluid under pressure
Thermal accumulator, a device or system that provides thermal energy storage as from concentrated solar power and storage heaters or heat banks in buildings
Accumulator (structured product), a financial contract used by clients (usually individuals) to accumulate stock positions over time
Accumulator 1, a Czech film
Dynamic accumulator, a plant that mines nutrients from the soil through its roots
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glucuronidation
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Glucuronidation is often involved in drug metabolism of substances such as drugs, pollutants, bilirubin, androgens, estrogens, mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, fatty acid derivatives, retinoids, and bile acids. These linkages involve glycosidic bonds.
Mechanism
Glucuronidation consists of transfer of the glucuronic acid component of uridine diphosphate glucuronic acid to a substrate by any of several types of UDP-glucuronosyltransferase.
UDP-glucuronic acid (glucuronic acid linked via a glycosidic bond to uridine diphosphate) is an intermediate in the process and is formed in the liver. One example is the N-glucuronidation of an aromatic amine, 4-aminobiphenyl, by UGT1A4 or UGT1A9 from human, rat, or mouse liver.
The substances resulting from glucuronidation are known as glucuronides (or glucuronosides) and are typically much more water-soluble than the non-glucuronic acid-containing substances from which they were originally synthesised. The human body uses glucuronidation to make a large variety of substances more water-soluble, and, in this way, allow for their subsequent elimination from the body through urine or feces (via bile from the liver). Hormones are glucuronidated to allow for easier transport around the body. Pharmacologists have linked drugs to glucuronic acid to allow for more effective delivery of a broad range of potential therapeutics. Sometimes toxic substances are also less toxic after glucuronidation.
The conjugation of xenobiotic molecules with h
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycolic%20acid
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Glycolic acid (or hydroxyacetic acid; chemical formula ) is a colorless, odorless and hygroscopic crystalline solid, highly soluble in water. It is used in various skin-care products. Glycolic acid is widespread in nature. A glycolate (sometimes spelled "glycollate") is a salt or ester of glycolic acid.
History
The name "glycolic acid" was coined in 1848 by French chemist Auguste Laurent (1807–1853). He proposed that the amino acid glycine—which was then called glycocolle—might be the amine of a hypothetical acid, which he called "glycolic acid" (acide glycolique).
Glycolic acid was first prepared in 1851 by German chemist Adolph Strecker (1822–1871) and Russian chemist Nikolai Nikolaevich Sokolov (1826–1877). They produced it by treating hippuric acid with nitric acid and nitrogen dioxide to form an ester of benzoic acid and glycolic acid (), which they called "benzoglycolic acid" (Benzoglykolsäure; also benzoyl glycolic acid). They boiled the ester for days with dilute sulfuric acid, thereby obtaining benzoic acid and glycolic acid (Glykolsäure).
Preparation
Glycolic acid can be synthesized in various ways. The predominant approaches use a catalyzed reaction of formaldehyde with synthesis gas (carbonylation of formaldehyde), for its low cost.
It is also prepared by the reaction of chloroacetic acid with sodium hydroxide followed by re-acidification.
Other methods, not noticeably in use, include hydrogenation of oxalic acid, and hydrolysis of the cyanohydrin derived
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crocoite
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Crocoite is a mineral consisting of lead chromate, PbCrO4, and crystallizing in the monoclinic crystal system. It is identical in composition with the artificial product chrome yellow used as a paint pigment.
Description
Crocoite is commonly found as large, well-developed prismatic adamantine crystals, although in many cases are poorly terminated. Crystals are of a bright hyacinth-red color, translucent, and have an adamantine to vitreous lustre. On exposure to UV light some of the translucency and brilliancy is lost. The streak is orange-yellow; Mohs hardness is 2.5–3; and the specific gravity is 6.0.
It was discovered at the Berezovskoe Au Deposit (Berezovsk Mines) near Ekaterinburg in the Urals in 1766; and named crocoise by F. S. Beudant in 1832, from the Greek κρόκος (krokos), saffron, in allusion to its color, a name first altered to crocoisite and afterwards to crocoite. In the type locality the crystals are found in gold-bearing quartz-veins traversing granite or gneiss and associated with crocoite are quartz, embreyite, phoenicochroite and vauquelinite. Phoenicochroite is a basic lead chromate, Pb2CrO5 with dark red crystals, and vauquelinite a lead and copper phosphate-chromate, Pb2CuCrO4PO4OH, with brown or green monoclinic crystals. Vauquelinite was named after Louis Nicolas Vauquelin, who in 1797 discovered (simultaneously with and independently of M. H. Klaproth) the element chromium in crocoite.
Abundant masses with exceptional examples of crocoite crystal
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar%20cell
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A solar cell or photovoltaic cell (PV cell) is an electronic device that converts the energy of light directly into electricity by means of the photovoltaic effect. It is a form of photoelectric cell, a device whose electrical characteristics (such as current, voltage, or resistance) vary when exposed to light. Individual solar cell devices are often the electrical building blocks of photovoltaic modules, known colloquially as "solar panels". The common single-junction silicon solar cell can produce a maximum open-circuit voltage of approximately 0.5 to 0.6 volts.
Photovoltaic cells may operate under sunlight or artificial light. In addition to producing energy, they can be used as a photodetector (for example infrared detectors), detecting light or other electromagnetic radiation near the visible range, or measuring light intensity.
The operation of a PV cell requires three basic attributes:
The absorption of light, generating excitons (bound electron-hole pairs), unbound electron-hole pairs (via excitons), or plasmons.
The separation of charge carriers of opposite types.
The separate extraction of those carriers to an external circuit.
In contrast, a solar thermal collector supplies heat by absorbing sunlight, for the purpose of either direct heating or indirect electrical power generation from heat. A "photoelectrolytic cell" (photoelectrochemical cell), on the other hand, refers either to a type of photovoltaic cell (like that developed by Edmond Becquerel and moder
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint%20constraints
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Joint constraints are rotational constraints on the joints of an artificial system. They are used in an inverse kinematics chain, in fields including 3D animation or robotics. Joint constraints can be implemented in a number of ways, but the most common method is to limit rotation about the X, Y and Z axis independently. An elbow, for instance, could be represented by limiting rotation on X and Z axis to 0 degrees, and constraining the Y-axis rotation to 130 degrees.
To simulate joint constraints more accurately, dot-products can be used with an independent axis to repulse the child bones orientation from the unreachable axis. Limiting the orientation of the child bone to a border of vectors tangent to the surface of the joint, repulsing the child bone away from the border, can also be useful in the precise restriction of shoulder movement.
References
Computer graphics
3D computer graphics
Computational physics
Robot kinematics
Anatomical simulation
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/What%20Price%20Hollywood%3F
|
What Price Hollywood? is a 1932 American pre-Code drama film directed by George Cukor and starring Constance Bennett with Lowell Sherman. The screenplay by Gene Fowler, Rowland Brown, Jane Murfin and Ben Markson is based on a story by Adela Rogers St. Johns and Louis Stevens. The supporting cast features Neil Hamilton, Gregory Ratoff, Brooks Benedict, Louise Beavers and Eddie "Rochester" Anderson.
Plot
Brown Derby waitress Mary Evans is an aspiring actress who meets film director Maximillan "Max" Carey in the restaurant. Max is very drunk but is charmed by Mary and he invites her to a premiere at Grauman's Chinese Theatre. Max, who has an active sense of humor, arrives to collect her in a jalopy rather than a limousine and then gives the car to the parking valet as a tip.
Max takes Mary home after the event, but the next morning he remembers nothing about the previous night. Mary reminds him that he had promised her a screen test and expresses concern about his excessive drinking and flippant attitude, but he tells her not to worry.
Mary's screen test is a miserable failure, but she begs for another chance. After extensive rehearsals, she shoots the scene again, and producer Julius Saxe is pleased with the result, signing her to a contract. Just as quickly as Mary achieves stardom, Max finds his career on the decline, and he avoids a romantic relationship with Mary so that she will not become involved in his downward spiral.
Mary meets polo player Lonny Borden, who loves
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-value
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C-value is the amount, in picograms, of DNA contained within a haploid nucleus (e.g. a gamete) or one half the amount in a diploid somatic cell of a eukaryotic organism. In some cases (notably among diploid organisms), the terms C-value and genome size are used interchangeably; however, in polyploids the C-value may represent two or more genomes contained within the same nucleus. Greilhuber et al. have suggested some new layers of terminology and associated abbreviations to clarify this issue, but these somewhat complex additions are yet to be used by other authors.
Origin of the term
Many authors have incorrectly assumed that the 'C' in "C-value" refers to "characteristic", "content", or "complement". Even among authors who have attempted to trace the origin of the term, there had been some confusion because Hewson Swift did not define it explicitly when he coined it in 1950. In his original paper, Swift appeared to use the designation "1C value", "2C value", etc., in reference to "classes" of DNA content (e.g., Gregory 2001, 2002); however, Swift explained in personal correspondence to Prof. Michael D. Bennett in 1975 that "I am afraid the letter C stood for nothing more glamorous than 'constant', i.e., the amount of DNA that was characteristic of a particular genotype" (quoted in Bennett and Leitch 2005). This is in reference to the report in 1948 by Vendrely and Vendrely of a "remarkable constancy in the nuclear DNA content of all the cells in all the individuals withi
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat%20shock%20response
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The heat shock response (HSR) is a cell stress response that increases the number of molecular chaperones to combat the negative effects on proteins caused by stressors such as increased temperatures, oxidative stress, and heavy metals. In a normal cell, proteostasis (protein homeostasis) must be maintained because proteins are the main functional units of the cell. Many proteins take on a defined configuration in a process known as protein folding in order to perform their biological functions. If these structures are altered, critical processes could be affected, leading to cell damage or death. The heat shock response can be employed under stress to induce the expression of heat shock proteins (HSP), many of which are molecular chaperones, that help prevent or reverse protein misfolding and provide an environment for proper folding.
Protein folding is already challenging due to the crowded intracellular space where aberrant interactions can arise; it becomes more difficult when environmental stressors can denature proteins and cause even more non-native folding to occur. If the work by molecular chaperones is not enough to prevent incorrect folding, the protein may be degraded by the proteasome or autophagy to remove any potentially toxic aggregates. Misfolded proteins, if left unchecked, can lead to aggregation that prevents the protein from moving into its proper conformation and eventually leads to plaque formation, which may be seen in various diseases. Heat shock pr
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genome%20size
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Genome size is the total amount of DNA contained within one copy of a single complete genome. It is typically measured in terms of mass in picograms (trillionths (10−12) of a gram, abbreviated pg) or less frequently in daltons, or as the total number of nucleotide base pairs, usually in megabases (millions of base pairs, abbreviated Mb or Mbp). One picogram is equal to 978 megabases. In diploid organisms, genome size is often used interchangeably with the term C-value.
An organism's complexity is not directly proportional to its genome size; total DNA content is widely variable between biological taxa. Some single-celled organisms have much more DNA than humans, for reasons that remain unclear (see non-coding DNA and C-value enigma).
Origin of the term
The term "genome size" is often erroneously attributed to a 1976 paper by Ralph Hinegardner, even in discussions dealing specifically with terminology in this area of research (e.g., Greilhuber 2005). Notably, Hinegardner used the term only once: in the title. The term actually seems to have first appeared in 1968, when Hinegardner wondered, in the last paragraph of another article, whether "cellular DNA content does, in fact, reflect genome size". In this context, "genome size" was being used in the sense of genotype to mean the number of genes.
In a paper submitted only two months later, Wolf et al. (1969) used the term "genome size" throughout and in its present usage; therefore these authors should probably be credited
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO%2011784%20and%20ISO%2011785
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ISO 11784 and ISO 11785 are international standards that regulate the radio-frequency identification (RFID) of animals, which is usually accomplished by implanting, introducing or attaching a transponder containing a microchip to an animal.
RF identification of animals requires that the bits transmitted by a transponder are interpretable by a transceiver. Usually, the bit stream contains data bits, defining the identification code and a number of bits to ensure correct reception of the data bits. ISO 11784 specifies the structure of the identification code. ISO 11785 specifies how a transponder is activated and how the stored information is transferred to a transceiver (the characteristics of the transmission protocols between transponder and transceiver)
These standards are updated and expanded in ISO 14223 which regulates "advanced" transponders for animals, and ISO 24631 which regulates testing procedures for conformance with ISO 11784 & 11785 as well as performance.
Introduction
The technical concept of animal identification described is based on the principle of radio-frequency identification (RFID). ISO 11785 is applicable in connection with ISO 11784 which describes the structure and the information content of the codes stored in the transponder.
The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) draws attention to the fact that compliance with clause 6 and Annex A of this International Standard may involve the use of patents concerning methods of transmissi
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO%2014223
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ISO 14223 identification of animals — Advanced transponders is an international standard that specifies the structure of the radio frequency (RF) code for advanced transponders for animals. The technical concept of advanced transponders for animal identification described is based upon the principle of radio frequency identification (RFID) and is an extension of the standards ISO 11784 and ISO 11785. This part of the standard describes the air interface between transceiver and advanced transponder.
Apart from the transmission of the (unique) identification code of animals, application of advanced technologies facilitates the storage and retrieval of additional information (integrated database), the implementation of authentication methods and reading of the data of integrated sensors, etc. This standard consists of three parts as described in the foreword:
Part 1: Air interface
Part 2: Code and command structure
Part 3: Applications
This standard has been published. On December 14, 2007, the standard entered stage 90.92 ("International Standard to be revised") in accordance with the ISO international harmonized stage codes.
References
ISO web page for (part 1 of) this standard
14223
Radio-frequency identification
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odometry
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Odometry is the use of data from motion sensors to estimate change in position over time. It is used in robotics by some legged or wheeled robots to estimate their position relative to a starting location. This method is sensitive to errors due to the integration of velocity measurements over time to give position estimates. Rapid and accurate data collection, instrument calibration, and processing are required in most cases for odometry to be used effectively.
The word odometry is composed of the Greek words odos (meaning "route") and metron (meaning "measure").
Example
Suppose a robot has rotary encoders on its wheels or on its legged joints. It drives forward for some time and then would like to know how far it has traveled. It can measure how far the wheels have rotated, and if it knows the circumference of its wheels, compute the distance.
Train operations are also frequent users of odometrics. Typically, a train gets an absolute position by passing over stationary sensors in the tracks, while odometry is used to calculate relative position while the train is between the sensors.
More sophisticated example
Suppose that a simple robot has two wheels which can both move forward or reverse and that they are positioned parallel to one another, and equidistant from the center of the robot. Further, assume that each motor has a rotary encoder, and so one can determine if either wheel has traveled one "unit" forward or reverse along the floor. This unit is the ratio of t
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niedermayrite
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Niedermayrite is a rare hydrated copper cadmium sulfate hydroxide mineral with formula: Cu4Cd(SO4)2(OH)6·4H2O. It crystallizes in the monoclinic system and occurs as encrustations and well formed vitreous blue-green prismatic crystals. It has a specific gravity of 3.36.
Niedermayrite was named for Gerhard Niedermayr (born 1941), an Austrian mineralogist. It was first described in 1998 from a mine in the Lavrion District, Attica, Greece. It is also reported from the Ophir District, Tooele County, Utah. The environment is in brecciated marble. The cadmium dominant analogue of campigliaite.
References
Cadmium minerals
Copper(II) minerals
Sulfate minerals
Monoclinic minerals
Minerals in space group 11
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otavite
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Otavite is a rare cadmium carbonate mineral with the formula CdCO3. Otavite crystallizes in the trigonal system and forms encrustations and small scalenohedral crystals that have a pearly to adamantine luster. The color is white to reddish to yellow brown. Its Mohs hardness is 3.5 to 4 and the specific gravity is 5.04. Associated minerals include azurite, calcite, malachite, and smithsonite.
It was first described in 1906 from the Tsumeb district near Otavi, Namibia.
References
Mindat locality data
Webmineral
Mineral galleries
Cadmium minerals
Carbonate minerals
Calcite group
Trigonal minerals
Minerals in space group 167
Minerals described in 1906
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soluble%20fms-like%20tyrosine%20kinase-1
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Soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase-1 (sFlt-1 or sVEGFR-1) is a tyrosine kinase protein with antiangiogenic properties. A non-membrane associated splice variant of VEGF receptor 1 (Flt-1), sFlt-1 binds the angiogenic factors VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor) and PlGF (placental growth factor), reducing blood vessel growth through reduction of free VEGF and PlGF concentrations. In humans, sFlt-1 is important in the regulation of blood vessel formation in diverse tissues, including the kidneys, cornea, and uterus. Abnormally high levels of sFlt-1 have been implicated in the pathogenesis of preeclampsia.
Structure
sFlt-1 is a truncated form of the VEGF receptor Flt-1. Though sFlt-1 contains an extracellular domain identical to that of Flt-1, it lacks both the transmembrane and intercellular domains present in Flt-1. Instead, sFlt-1 contains a novel 31 amino acid C-terminal sequence. sFlt-1 is composed of 6 immunoglobulin-like domains, with a binding site for VEGF and PIGF within the second domain from the N-terminus. A sequence of 10 basic amino acids form a binding site for the anticoagulant heparin in the third domain from the N-terminus. sFlt-1 has a pI of 9.51, giving the protein a positive charge at physiological pH.
Biological function
Because sFlt-1 lacks the transmembrane domain that typically embeds tyrosine kinase receptors in the cell membrane, sFlt-1 travels freely in the blood circulation, and thus can travel from the tissue in which it is originally secr
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Food%20Emporium
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The Food Emporium is a chain of grocery stores in New York and New Jersey. The supermarket banner was created by Shopwell Inc., whose roots can be traced to Daitch Crystal Dairies (established 1919). Shopwell Inc. was acquired by The Great Atlantic & Pacific Tea Company (A&P) in 1986 and at the time, the company operated the upscale, gourmet banner stores in and around New York City; Westchester County, NY; and Fairfield County, CT. The Food Emporium grew throughout the 1990s, converting many of its New York-area A&P stores to The Food Emporium and expanding the chain to New Jersey. The 2000s brought new, stronger competition to the New York area, and the chain shrank, receding mostly to Manhattan. At the time of A&P's liquidation in 2015, The Food Emporium had 11 stores. The banner was acquired from bankrupt A&P in late 2015 by Key Food Stores Co-op, Inc., which currently operates thirteen of The Food Emporium stores.
History
Early origins
Food Emporium's history starts in 1919 when Louis Daitch founded Daitch Crystal Dairies, a public company trading on the American Stock Exchange. Over the years, he opened shops in the New York City area selling butter and eggs. Following World War II, Daitch Crystal Dairies enjoyed tremendous growth in the new supermarket format, emerging in the 1950s as a significant chain. In 1955, Daitch and its 34 stores (in New York City, Nassau, and Suffolk counties, and in Connecticut, merged with Shopwell Foods' chain of 18 Westchester County su
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suds
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Suds or SUDS may refer to:
Common meanings
Slang for beer
Foam
Colloquial name for soluble oil cutting fluid (British English)
Acronym
Subjective units of distress scale, in psychology
Sudden unexpected death syndrome, the sudden unexpected death of adolescents and adults during sleep
Sustainable drainage system, an approach to urban water drainage system design
Sydney University Dramatic Society
Film and television
Suds (film), a 1920 silent film produced by and starring Mary Pickford
"Suds" (SpongeBob SquarePants), an episode of season 1 of the animated television series SpongeBob SquarePants
Suds McDuff, a fictional mascot in The Simpsons episode "Old Yeller-Belly"
People
Suds Merrick (died 1884), New York river pirate
nickname of Gene Fodge (1931–2010), American baseball pitcher
nickname of Harvey Suds Sutherland (1894–1972), American Major League Baseball pitcher and outfielder
Other uses
Sandusky Suds, a baseball team in the Ohio State League in 1887
"Suds", a track on the 1966 James Brown album Mighty Instrumentals
See also
Sud (disambiguation)
Nicknames
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EHL
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Ehl or EHL may refer to:
People
Klaus Ehl (born 1949), German athlete
Science
Elastohydrodynamic Lubrication, a special regime of fluid lubrication
Sport
Eastern Hockey League (1933–1973), a defunct American ice hockey league
Eastern Hockey League (1978–1981), a defunct American ice hockey league
Eastern Hockey League (2013–), an American junior ice hockey league
Emirates Ice Hockey League
Men's England Hockey League
Women's England Hockey League
Euro Hockey League, the top level field hockey competition for European clubs
European Hockey League, a defunct European ice hockey club competition
Other uses
Ehl, Bas-Rhin, France
Eastern Housing Limited, a Bangladeshi real estate company
École hôtelière de Lausanne, a Swiss hospitality management school
El Bolsón Airport, in Argentina
Equal housing lender
European Heritage Label
Evolution of Human Languages, a research projected hosted by the Santa Fe Institute
Extensor hallucis longus muscle
"East of Harvey Lock", a location reference on the Gulf Intracoastal Waterway
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroxypropyl%20cellulose
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Hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC) is a derivative of cellulose with both water solubility and organic solubility. It is used as an excipient, and topical ophthalmic protectant and lubricant.
Chemistry
HPC is an ether of cellulose in which some of the hydroxyl groups in the repeating glucose units have been hydroxypropylated forming -OCH2CH(OH)CH3 groups using propylene oxide. The average number of substituted hydroxyl groups per glucose unit is referred to as the degree of substitution (DS). Complete substitution would provide a DS of 3. Because the hydroxypropyl group added contains a hydroxyl group, this can also be etherified during preparation of HPC. When this occurs, the number of moles of hydroxypropyl groups per glucose ring, moles of substitution (MS), can be higher than 3.
Because cellulose is very crystalline, HPC must have an MS about 4 in order to reach a good solubility in water. HPC has a combination of hydrophobic and hydrophilic groups, so it has a lower critical solution temperature (LCST) at 45 °C. At temperatures below the LCST, HPC is readily soluble in water; above the LCST, HPC is not soluble.
HPC forms liquid crystals and many mesophases according to its concentration in water. Such mesophases include isotropic, anisotropic, nematic and cholesteric. The last one gives many colors such as violet, green and red.
Uses
Lacrisert, manufactured by Aton Pharma, is a formulation of HPC used for artificial tears. It is used to treat medical condition
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dodecameric%20protein
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A dodecameric protein has a quaternary structure consisting of 12 protein subunits in a complex. Dodecameric complexes can have a number of subunit 'topologies', but typically only a few of the theoretically possible subunit arrangements are observed in protein structures.
A dodecamer (protein) is a protein complex with 12 protein subunits.
A common subunit arrangement involves a tetrahedral distribution of subunit trimers (or 3-4-point symmetry). Another observed arrangement of subunits puts two rings of six subunits side by side along the sixfold axis (or 2-6-point symmetry).
Dodecameric proteins include
Complete gap junction channel, composed of two hexamers.
glutamine synthetase (PDB code: 2gls)
Dodecameric ferritin (PDB code: 1qgh)
Aβ42 - Amyloid-beta 42
Helicobacter pylori urease
HHV capsid portal protein
Propionyl-CoA carboxylase
When multiple copies of a polypeptide encoded by a gene form an aggregate, this protein structure is referred to as a multimer. When a multimer is formed from polypeptides produced by two different mutant alleles of a particular gene, the mixed multimer may exhibit greater functional activity than the unmixed multimers formed by each of the mutants alone. In such a case, the phenomenon is referred to as intragenic complementation or interallelic complementation.
Propionyl-CoA carboxylase (PCC) is a dodecameric heteropolymer composed of α and β subunits in a α6β6 structure. Mutations in PCC, either in the α subunit (PCCα) or β s
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20proteins
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Proteins are a class of macromolecular organic compounds that are essential to life. They consist of a long polypeptide chain that usually adopts a single stable three-dimensional structure. They fulfill a wide variety of functions including providing structural stability to cells, catalyze chemical reactions that produce or store energy or synthesize other biomolecules including nucleic acids and proteins, transport essential nutrients, or serve other roles such as signal transduction. They are selectively transported to various compartments of the cell or in some cases, secreted from the cell.
This list aims to organize information on how proteins are most often classified: by structure, by function, or by location.
Structure
Proteins may be classified as to their three-dimensional structure (also known a protein fold). The two most widely used classification schemes are:
CATH database
Structural Classification of Proteins database (SCOP)
Both classification schemes are based on a hierarchy of fold types. At the top level are all alpha proteins (domains consisting of alpha helices), all beta proteins (domains consisting of beta sheets), and mixed alpha helix/beta sheet proteins.
While most proteins adopt a single stable fold, a few proteins can rapidly interconvert between one or more folds. These are referred to as metamorphic proteins. Finally other proteins appear not to adopt any stable conformation and are referred to as intrinsically disordered.
Proteins freq
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20insurance%20companies%20in%20Hong%20Kong
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This is a list of insurance companies in Hong Kong.
See also
List of banks in Hong Kong
References
External links
Statistics, Office of the Commissioner of Insurance
Insurance Companies in Hong Kong
Insurance
Hong Kong
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luteolin
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Luteolin is a flavone, a type of flavonoid, with a yellow crystalline appearance.
Luteolin is the principal yellow dye compound that is obtained from the plant Reseda luteola, which has been used as a source of the dye since at least the first millennium B.C. Luteolin was first isolated in pure form, and named, in 1829 by the French chemist Michel Eugène Chevreul. The luteolin empirical formula was determined by the Austrian chemists Heinrich Hlasiwetz and Leopold Pfaundler in 1864. In 1896, the English chemist Arthur George Perkin proposed the correct structure for luteolin. Perkin's proposed structure for luteolin was confirmed in 1900 when the Polish-Swiss chemist Stanislaw Kostanecki (1860–1910) and his students A. Różycki and J. Tambor synthesized luteolin.
Natural occurrences
Luteolin is most often found in leaves, but it is also present in rinds, barks, clover blossoms, and ragweed pollen. It has also been isolated from the aromatic flowering plant, Salvia tomentosa in the mint family, Lamiaceae.
Dietary sources include celery, broccoli, artichoke, green pepper, parsley, thyme, dandelion, perilla, chamomile tea, carrots, olive oil, peppermint, rosemary, navel oranges, and oregano. It can also be found in the seeds of the palm Aiphanes aculeata.
References
External links
Flavones
PDE4 inhibitors
Flavonoid antioxidants
GABAA receptor positive allosteric modulators
3-Hydroxypropenals
Catechols
Resorcinols
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bentley%20Mulsanne%20%281980%E2%80%931992%29
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The Bentley Mulsanne and Mulsanne Turbo are large (performance) luxury saloons produced by Bentley Motors from 1980 until 1992, though derivative models including the Continental T and Azure continued in production into the 2000s.
Contrary to its predecessors, the Bentley Mulsanne was given an actual name instead of a letter, but otherwise started like just another rebadged Rolls-Royce model, this time copied from their Silver Spirit. However, with the launch of the 'Brooklands' version, and the 1982 Mulsanne Turbo – with 50% more horsepower – the Mulsanne did start the rebuild of an appealing individual Bentley brand image.
Mulsanne
In 1980, the Rolls-Royce Silver Shadow and the Bentley T-series were replaced by the RR Silver Spirit and, as with prior models, a Bentley-badged equivalent. This time however, it was given a name: the "Mulsanne". This was derived from Bentley's motorsport history, which included five victories at the 24 Hours of Le Mans between 1924 and 1930. The 'Mulsanne Straight' is the stretch of Le Mans' race-course where cars reach their highest speeds.
The Mulsanne initially shared the same carburetted 6 L (6750 cc/411 in³) Rolls-Royce V8 engine with aluminium alloy cylinder heads with the Silver Spirit, carried over from the Silver Shadow II and Bentley T2. In 1982 however, a turbocharged version with much more power and torque was also introduced – for Bentley only – in the Mulsanne Turbo.
From 1986, the two SU carburettors were replaced by Bosch fu
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranium%E2%80%93lead%20dating
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Uranium–lead dating, abbreviated U–Pb dating, is one of the oldest and most refined of the radiometric dating schemes. It can be used to date rocks that formed and crystallised from about 1 million years to over 4.5 billion years ago with routine precisions in the 0.1–1 percent range.
The method is usually applied to zircon. This mineral incorporates uranium and thorium atoms into its crystal structure, but strongly rejects lead when forming. As a result, newly-formed zircon crystals will contain no lead, meaning that any lead found in the mineral is radiogenic. Since the exact rate at which uranium decays into lead is known, the current ratio of lead to uranium in a sample of the mineral can be used to reliably determine its age.
The method relies on two separate decay chains, the uranium series from 238U to 206Pb, with a half-life of 4.47 billion years and the actinium series from 235U to 207Pb, with a half-life of 710 million years.
Decay routes
Uranium decays to lead via a series of alpha and beta decays, in which 238U and its daughter nuclides undergo a total of eight alpha and six beta decays, whereas 235U and its daughters only experience seven alpha and four beta decays.
The existence of two 'parallel' uranium–lead decay routes (238U to 206Pb and 235U to 207Pb) leads to multiple feasible dating techniques within the overall U–Pb system. The term U–Pb dating normally implies the coupled use of both decay schemes in the 'concordia diagram' (see below).
However, use
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centrifugal%20pump
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Centrifugal pumps are used to transport fluids by the conversion of rotational kinetic energy to the hydrodynamic energy of the fluid flow. The rotational energy typically comes from an engine or electric motor. They are a sub-class of dynamic axisymmetric work-absorbing turbomachinery. The fluid enters the pump impeller along or near to the rotating axis and is accelerated by the impeller, flowing radially outward into a diffuser or volute chamber (casing), from which it exits.
Common uses include water, sewage, agriculture, petroleum, and petrochemical pumping. Centrifugal pumps are often chosen for their high flow rate capabilities, abrasive solution compatibility, mixing potential, as well as their relatively simple engineering. A centrifugal fan is commonly used to implement an air handling unit or vacuum cleaner. The reverse function of the centrifugal pump is a water turbine converting potential energy of water pressure into mechanical rotational energy.
History
According to Reti, the first machine that could be characterized as a centrifugal pump was a mud lifting machine which appeared as early as 1475 in a treatise by the Italian Renaissance engineer Francesco di Giorgio Martini. True centrifugal pumps were not developed until the late 17th century, when Denis Papin built one using straight vanes. The curved vane was introduced by British inventor John Appold in 1851.
How it works
Like most pumps, a centrifugal pump converts rotational energy, often from a moto
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dipole%20anisotropy
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Dipole anisotropy is a form of anisotropy and the progressive difference in the frequency of radiation from opposite directions due to the motion of the observer relative to the source. As a result of that motion, one end of the 360-degree spectrum is redshifted, whereas the other end is blueshifted. That effect is notable in measurements of the cosmic microwave background radiation, due to the motion of the Earth.
Physical cosmology
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vector%20M12
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The Vector M12 is a sports car manufactured by Vector Aeromotive under parent company Megatech, and was the first car produced after the hostile takeover of the company from Jerry Wiegert by the Indonesian company Megatech. The model was produced from 1995 to 1999, when production was halted due to slow sales of the car. The production totaled 17 units including the prototypes.
History and specifications
The car was based on the Lamborghini Diablo utilising most of its mechanical components and its V12 engine as Megatech owned Lamborghini at that time and took such steps to produce the car in higher volumes at a low cost. The engine was centrally mounted in front of the gearbox rather than behind it as in the Lamborghini. The styling was a loose copy of the AWX-3, which was a still born project due to the Megatech takeover and later infringed by former company owner Wiegert after he initiated lawsuits and patented the designs to avoid them being reused. The new owners, Megatech, hired designer Peter Stevens to create a more civilised and modern recreation of the AWX-3. The drivetrain was a Lamborghini V12 engine, which had a power output of at 5,200 rpm and of torque at 4,900 rpm. This differed from the twin-turbocharged Rodeck V8 engine in the W8 and the AWX-3, as they were considered to be too costly for series production of the new model. The W8 and AWX-3's engines were transversely mounted, unlike the M12's V12 which was longitudinally mounted. The engineering change
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velidhoo%20%28Noonu%20Atoll%29
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N.Velidhoo (Dhivehi: ވެލިދޫ) is one of the inhabited islands of Noonu Atoll in the Maldives. Information from Maldives bureau of statistics
History
There exists little to no information, because of the poor understanding of the history behind the island. However it has been said that the first colonisers of this island were indians in the 5th century. This island has little to no historic landmarks, but there is one. It brings the island together, it is a tree called (Bodu Nikagas). The tree is over 300 years old and the oldest and the tallest tree in the island. This tree is located besides the island preschool (HINZ Preschool) and in the island's Volleyball court.
Demography
The islands population has started to grow rapidly.
Governance
Government Offices
This island has most government offices just like the capital island.
The Secretariat of the Velidhoo Council
Velidhoo Police Station
Noonu Velidhoo Magistrate Court
Noonu Atoll Education Centre
Velidhoo Health Centre
FENAKA Corporation - Velidhoo Branch
Maldives Post - Noonu Velidhoo Branch
Bank of Maldives - Velidhoo Branch
Velidhoo Waste Management Centre
Island chiefs
Below is a list of people who have filled the post of island chief (dates are provided where known).
Katheebu Kaleyge – Muththoshige Gasim Fulhu (late) – Muththosige
Ibrahim Moosa Kaleyfaanu (Naibu dhonkokko) (late) – Seesange
Hassan Kaleyfaanu (late) – Muththosige
Easa Gasim (late) – Daylight
Mohamed Gasim (late) – Ochidmaage
Abdul Samed A
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20McLurkin
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James McLurkin (born 1972) is a Senior Hardware Engineer at Google. Previously, he was an engineering assistant professor at Rice University specializing in swarm robotics. In 2005, he appeared on an episode of PBS' Nova and is a winner of the 2003 Lemelson-MIT Prize.
Early life
McLurkin was born in 1972 in Baldwin, New York and graduated from Baldwin Senior High School in 1990. He built his first robot, Rover, in 1988.
Education and career
McLurkin completed his PhD in computer science in May 2008 at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory. Previously, he earned his master's degree in electrical engineering from the University of California at Berkeley and B.S. from MIT.
As part of his doctoral research, McLurkin developed algorithms and techniques for programming "swarms" of autonomous robots to mimic the behavior of bees, including their abilities to cluster, disperse, follow, and orbit.
In 1995, McLurkin was invited by the Smithsonian Institution to speak about his life and career in a presentation for schoolchildren sponsored by the Smithsonian's Lemelson Center for the Study of Invention and Innovation.
References
External links
Personal web page
NOVA Science NOW feature, includes video segment
Prototype Online: Inventive Voices podcast featuring a 2006 interview with James McLurkin - From the Smithsonian's Lemelson Center for the Study of Invention and Innovation website.
Lemelson–MIT Prize
1972 birt
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IFX
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IFX may refer to:
IFX AG or Infineon Technologies AG, a German semiconductor manufacturer
KFX/IFX, a joint South Korean and Indonesian program to develop a fighter jet
IFX Piranha, video software for Linux
Clarisse IFX, a propriety 3D rendering software
IFX, International Flight Training Academy ICAO code
Interactive Financial Exchange (IFX), a financial data transfer file format
IFX Markets, a trading name of City Index Group
See also
FX (disambiguation)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plumbate
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In chemistry, a plumbate often refers to compounds that can be viewed as derivatives of the hypothetical anion. The term also refers to any anion of lead or any salt thereof. So the term is vague and somewhat archaic.
Examples
Halides
Salts of , , , etc. are labeled as iodoplumbates. Lead perovskite semiconductors are often described as plumbates.
Lead oxyanions
Plumbates are formed by the reaction of lead(IV) oxide, , with alkali. Plumbate salts contain either the hydrated hexahydroxoplumbate(IV) or plumbate anion , or the anhydrous anions (metaplumbate) or (orthoplumbate). For example, dissolving in a hot, concentrated aqueous solution of potassium hydroxide forms the potassium hexahydroxoplumbate(IV) salt . The anhydrous salts may be synthesized by heating metal oxides or hydroxides with .
The most widely discussed plumbates are derivatives of barium metaplumbate . When doped with some bismuth in place of lead, the material exhibits superconductivity at 13 K. At the time of this discovery, oxides did not show such properties. The surprise associated with this work was eclipsed by the advent of the cuprate superconductors.
Binary lead oxides
Lead tetroxide ("red lead"), a valence-mixed oxide with formula (red), may be thought of as lead(II) orthoplumbate(IV), . Lead sesquioxide, , is also known (reddish yellow), and has the structure of lead(II) metaplumbate(IV), .
References
External links
National Pollutant Inventory - Lead and Lead Compounds Fact Sheet
Lead
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface%20of%20general%20type
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In algebraic geometry, a surface of general type is an algebraic surface with Kodaira dimension 2. Because of Chow's theorem any compact complex manifold of dimension 2 and with Kodaira dimension 2 will actually be an algebraic surface, and in some sense most surfaces are in this class.
Classification
Gieseker showed that there is a coarse moduli scheme for surfaces of general type; this means that for any fixed values of the Chern numbers there is a quasi-projective scheme classifying the surfaces of general type with those Chern numbers. It remains a very difficult problem to describe these schemes explicitly, and there are few pairs of Chern numbers for which this has been done (except when the scheme is empty). There are some indications that these schemes are in general too complicated to write down explicitly: the known upper bounds for the number of components are very large, some components can be non-reduced everywhere, components may have many different dimensions, and the few pieces that have been studied explicitly tend to look rather complicated.
The study of which pairs of Chern numbers can occur for a surface of general type is known as "" and there is an almost complete answer to this question. There are several conditions that the Chern numbers of a minimal complex surface of general type must satisfy:
(as it is equal to 12χ)
(the Bogomolov-Miyaoka-Yau inequality)
where q is the irregularity of a surface (the Noether inequality).
Many (and possibly a
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diesel%20exhaust%20fluid
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Diesel exhaust fluid (DEF; also known as AUS 32 and marketed as AdBlue) is a liquid used to reduce the amount of air pollution created by a diesel engine. Specifically, DEF is an aqueous urea solution made with 32.5% urea and 67.5% deionized water. DEF is consumed in a selective catalytic reduction (SCR) that lowers the concentration of nitrogen oxides () in the diesel exhaust emissions from a diesel engine.
Other names
In the international standard defining DEF (ISO 22241), it is referred to as AUS 32 (aqueous urea solution 32%). DEF is also sold as AdBlue, a registered trademark of the German Association of the Automotive Industry.
Several brands of SCR systems use DEF: BlueHDI is used by PSA Group vehicles including Peugeot, Citroën, and DS Automobiles brands; BlueTec by Daimler AG; and FLENDS (Final Low Emission New Diesel System) by UD Trucks.
Background
Diesel engines are typically operated with a lean burn air-to-fuel ratio (over-stoichiometric ratio) to ensure the full combustion of soot and to prevent them from exhausting unburnt fuel. The excess air leads to the generation of , which are harmful pollutants, from nitrogen in the atmosphere. SCR is used to reduce the amount of released into the atmosphere. DEF from a separate tank is injected into the exhaust pipeline, and the exhaust heat decomposes it to ammonia. Within the SCR catalyst, the are reduced by the ammonia into water and nitrogen, which are both non-polluting. The water and nitrogen are then relea
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seven-dimensional%20cross%20product
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In mathematics, the seven-dimensional cross product is a bilinear operation on vectors in seven-dimensional Euclidean space. It assigns to any two vectors a, b in a vector also in . Like the cross product in three dimensions, the seven-dimensional product is anticommutative and is orthogonal both to a and to b. Unlike in three dimensions, it does not satisfy the Jacobi identity, and while the three-dimensional cross product is unique up to a sign, there are many seven-dimensional cross products. The seven-dimensional cross product has the same relationship to the octonions as the three-dimensional product does to the quaternions.
The seven-dimensional cross product is one way of generalizing the cross product to other than three dimensions, and it is the only other bilinear product of two vectors that is vector-valued, orthogonal, and has the same magnitude as in the 3D case. In other dimensions there are vector-valued products of three or more vectors that satisfy these conditions, and binary products with bivector results.
Multiplication table
The product can be given by a multiplication table, such as the one here. This table, due to Cayley, gives the product of orthonormal basis vectors ei and ej for each i, j from 1 to 7. For example, from the table
The table can be used to calculate the product of any two vectors. For example, to calculate the e1 component of x × y the basis vectors that multiply to produce e1 can be picked out to give
This can be repeated for t
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic%20flow%20meter
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A magnetic flow meter (mag meter, electromagnetic flow meter) is a transducer that measures fluid flow by the voltage induced across the liquid by its flow through a magnetic field. A magnetic field is applied to the metering tube, which results in a potential difference proportional to the flow velocity perpendicular to the flux lines. The physical principle at work is electromagnetic induction. The magnetic flow meter requires a conducting fluid, for example, water that contains ions, and an electrical insulating pipe surface, for example, a rubber-lined steel tube.
If the magnetic field direction were constant, electrochemical and other effects at the electrodes would make the potential difference
difficult to distinguish from the fluid flow induced potential difference. To show this in modern magnetic flowmeters, the magnetic field is constantly reversed, cancelling out the electrochemical potential difference, which does not change direction with the magnetic field. This however prevents the use of permanent magnets for magnetic flowmeters.
See also
Electromagnetic pump
Flow measurement
Magnetohydrodynamics
Water metering
External links
3D animation of the Electromagnetic Flow Measuring Principle
eFunda: Introduction to Magnetic Flowmeters
Principles of Electromagnetic Flow Measurement
eLearning course on electromagnetic flow meters
Flow meters
Electromagnetic components
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultrasonic%20flow%20meter
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An ultrasonic flow meter is a type of flow meter that measures the velocity of a fluid with ultrasound to calculate volume flow. Using ultrasonic transducers, the flow meter can measure the average velocity along the path of an emitted beam of ultrasound, by averaging the difference in measured transit time between the pulses of ultrasound propagating into and against the direction of the flow or by measuring the frequency shift from the Doppler effect. Ultrasonic flow meters are affected by the acoustic properties of the fluid and can be impacted by temperature, density, viscosity and suspended particulates depending on the exact flow meter. They vary greatly in purchase price but are often inexpensive to use and maintain because they do not use moving parts, unlike mechanical flow meters.
Means of operation
There are three different types of ultrasonic flow meters. Transmission (or contrapropagating transit-time) flow meters can be distinguished into in-line (intrusive, wetted) and clamp-on (non-intrusive) varieties. Ultrasonic flow meters that use the Doppler shift are called reflection or Doppler flow meters. The third type is the open-channel flow meter.
Principle
Time transit flow meter
Ultrasonic flow meters measure the difference between the transit time of ultrasonic pulses propagating with and against the flow direction. This time difference is a measure for the average velocity of the fluid along the path of the ultrasonic beam. By using the absolute transit t
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadamard%20factorization%20theorem
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In mathematics, and particularly in the field of complex analysis, the Hadamard factorization theorem asserts that every entire function with finite order can be represented as a product involving its zeroes and an exponential of a polynomial. It is named for Jacques Hadamard.
The theorem may be viewed as an extension of the fundamental theorem of algebra, which asserts that every polynomial may be factored into linear factors, one for each root. It is closely related to Weierstrass factorization theorem, which does not restrict to entire functions with finite orders.
Formal statement
Define the Hadamard canonical factors Entire functions of finite order have Hadamard's canonical representation:where are those roots of that are not zero (), is the order of the zero of at (the case being taken to mean ), a polynomial (whose degree we shall call ), and is the smallest non-negative integer such that the seriesconverges. The non-negative integer is called the genus of the entire function . In this notation,In other words: If the order is not an integer, then is the integer part of . If the order is a positive integer, then there are two possibilities: or .
Furthermore, Jensen's inequality implies that its roots are distributed sparsely, with critical exponent .
For example, , and are entire functions of genus .
Critical exponent
Define the critical exponent of the roots of as the following:where is the number of roots with modulus . In other words, we hav
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bochner%27s%20theorem
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In mathematics, Bochner's theorem (named for Salomon Bochner) characterizes the Fourier transform of a positive finite Borel measure on the real line. More generally in harmonic analysis, Bochner's theorem asserts that under Fourier transform a continuous positive-definite function on a locally compact abelian group corresponds to a finite positive measure on the Pontryagin dual group. The case of sequences was first established by Gustav Herglotz (see also the related Herglotz representation theorem.)
The theorem for locally compact abelian groups
Bochner's theorem for a locally compact abelian group G, with dual group , says the following:
Theorem For any normalized continuous positive-definite function f on G (normalization here means that f is 1 at the unit of G), there exists a unique probability measure μ on such that
i.e. f is the Fourier transform of a unique probability measure μ on . Conversely, the Fourier transform of a probability measure on is necessarily a normalized continuous positive-definite function f on G. This is in fact a one-to-one correspondence.
The Gelfand–Fourier transform is an isomorphism between the group C*-algebra C*(G) and C0(Ĝ). The theorem is essentially the dual statement for states of the two abelian C*-algebras.
The proof of the theorem passes through vector states on strongly continuous unitary representations of G (the proof in fact shows that every normalized continuous positive-definite function must be of this form).
G
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enteropeptidase
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Enteropeptidase (also called enterokinase) is an enzyme produced by cells of the duodenum and is involved in digestion in humans and other animals. Enteropeptidase converts trypsinogen (a zymogen) into its active form trypsin, resulting in the subsequent activation of pancreatic digestive enzymes. Absence of enteropeptidase results in intestinal digestion impairment.
Enteropeptidase is a serine protease () consisting of a disulfide-linked heavy-chain of 82-140 kDa that anchors enterokinase in the intestinal brush border membrane and a light-chain of 35–62 kDa that contains the catalytic subunit. Enteropeptidase is a part of the chymotrypsin-clan of serine proteases, and is structurally similar to these proteins.
Historical significance
Enteropeptidase was discovered by Ivan Pavlov, who was awarded the 1904 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his studies of gastrointestinal physiology. It is the first known enzyme to activate other enzymes, and it remains a remarkable example of how serine proteases have been crafted to regulate metabolic pathways. The inert function of digestive enzymes within the pancreas was known, as compared to their potent activity within the intestine, but the basis of this difference was unknown. In 1899, Pavlov's student, N. P. Schepowalnikov, demonstrated that canine duodenal secretions dramatically stimulated the digestive activity of pancreatic enzymes, especially trypsinogen. The active principle was recognized as a special enzyme in the
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normal%20bundle
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In differential geometry, a field of mathematics, a normal bundle is a particular kind of vector bundle, complementary to the tangent bundle, and coming from an embedding (or immersion).
Definition
Riemannian manifold
Let be a Riemannian manifold, and a Riemannian submanifold. Define, for a given , a vector to be normal to whenever for all (so that is orthogonal to ). The set of all such is then called the normal space to at .
Just as the total space of the tangent bundle to a manifold is constructed from all tangent spaces to the manifold, the total space of the normal bundle to is defined as
.
The conormal bundle is defined as the dual bundle to the normal bundle. It can be realised naturally as a sub-bundle of the cotangent bundle.
General definition
More abstractly, given an immersion (for instance an embedding), one can define a normal bundle of N in M, by at each point of N, taking the quotient space of the tangent space on M by the tangent space on N. For a Riemannian manifold one can identify this quotient with the orthogonal complement, but in general one cannot (such a choice is equivalent to a section of the projection ).
Thus the normal bundle is in general a quotient of the tangent bundle of the ambient space restricted to the subspace.
Formally, the normal bundle to N in M is a quotient bundle of the tangent bundle on M: one has the short exact sequence of vector bundles on N:
where is the restriction of the tangent bundle on M to N (prope
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazzein
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Brazzein is a protein found in the West African fruit of Oubli (Pentadiplandra brazzeana Baillon). It was first isolated by the University of Wisconsin–Madison in 1994.
Brazzein is found in the extracellular region, in the pulp tissue surrounding the seeds. With pentadin, discovered in 1989, brazzein is the second sweet-tasting protein discovered in the Oubli fruit.
Like the other sweet proteins discovered in plants, such as monellin and thaumatin, it is extremely sweet compared to commonly used sweeteners (500 to 2000 times sweeter than sucrose). The fruit tastes sweet to humans, monkeys, and bonobos, but gorillas have mutations in their sweetness receptors so that they do not find brazzein sweet, and they are not known to eat the fruit.
Traditional use
The Oubli plant (from which the protein was isolated) grows in Gabon and Cameroon, where its fruit has been consumed by the apes and local people for a long time. Due to brazzein and pentadin, the berries of the plant are incredibly sweet. African locals call them "Oubli" (French for "forgot") in their vernacular language because their taste is said to encourage nursing infants to forget their mother's milk, as once they eat them they are said to forget to come back to the village to see their mother.
Protein structure
The monomer protein, consisting of 54 amino acid residues, is the smallest of the sweet proteins with a molecular weight of 6.5 kDa. The amino acid sequence of brazzein, adapted from the Swiss-Prot biologic
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glucagon-like%20peptide-2
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Glucagon-like peptide-2 (GLP-2) is a 33 amino acid peptide with the sequence HADGSFSDEMNTILDNLAARDFINWLIQTKITD (see Proteinogenic amino acid) in humans. GLP-2 is created by specific post-translational proteolytic cleavage of proglucagon in a process that also liberates the related glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1). GLP-2 is produced by the intestinal endocrine L cell and by various neurons in the central nervous system. Intestinal GLP-2 is co-secreted along with GLP-1 upon nutrient ingestion.
When externally administered, GLP-2 produces a number of effects in humans and rodents, including intestinal growth, enhancement of intestinal function, reduction in bone breakdown and neuroprotection. GLP-2 may act in an endocrine fashion to link intestinal growth and metabolism with nutrient intake. GLP-2 and related analogs may be treatments for short bowel syndrome, Crohn's disease, osteoporosis and as adjuvant therapy during cancer chemotherapy.
GLP-2 has an antidepressant effect in a mouse model of depression when delivered via intracerebroventricular injection. However, a GLP-2 derivative (PAS-CPP-GLP-2) was shown to be efficiently delivered to the brain intranasally, with similar efficacy.
See also
Glucagon-like peptide 2 receptor
References
External links
Biomolecules
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HAL%20%28robot%29
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The Hybrid Assistive Limb (also known as HAL) is a powered exoskeleton suit developed by Japan's Tsukuba University and the robotics company Cyberdyne. It is designed to support and expand the physical capabilities of its users, particularly people with physical disabilities. There are two primary versions of the system: HAL 3, which only provides leg function, and HAL 5, which is a full-body exoskeleton for the arms, legs, and torso.
In 2011, Cyberdyne and Tsukuba University jointly announced that hospital trials of the full HAL suit would begin in 2012, with tests to continue until 2014 or 2015. By October 2012, HAL suits were in use by 130 different medical institutions across Japan. In February 2013, the HAL system became the first powered exoskeleton to receive global safety certification. In August 2013, HAL received EC certification for clinical use in Europe as the world's first non-surgical medical treatment robot. In addition to its medical applications, the HAL exoskeleton has been used in construction and disaster response work.
History
The first HAL prototype was proposed by Yoshiyuki Sankai, a professor at Tsukuba University. Fascinated with robots since he was in the third grade, Sankai had striven to make a robotic suit in order "to support humans". In 1989, after receiving his PhD in robotics, he began the development of HAL. Sankai spent three years, from 1990 to 1993, mapping out the neurons that govern leg movement. It took him and his team an additional
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robin%20Popplestone
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Robin John Popplestone (9 December 1938 in Bristol – 14 April 2004 in Glasgow) was a pioneer in the fields of machine intelligence and robotics. He is known for developing the COWSEL and POP programming languages, and for his work on Freddy II with Pat Ambler at the University of Edinburgh Artificial Intelligence laboratory.
Biography
Robin Popplestone was born in Bristol in 1938, but after WWII his family moved to Belfast. He received an honours degree in mathematics from Queen's University Belfast in 1960. He started a PhD at Manchester University before moving to Leeds University. His project was to develop a program for automated theorem proving, but he got caught up in using the university computer to design a boat. He built the boat and set sail for the University of Edinburgh, where he had been offered a research position. A storm hit while crossing the North Sea, and the boat sank. A widely believed story about Popplestone was that he never completed his PhD in mathematics because he lost his thesis manuscript in the boat, although Popplestone refused to corroborate this. The early part of his professional career was spent at the University of Edinburgh (1965-1985) and the later part at the University of Massachusetts Amherst (1985-2001). In 1990, he was elected a Founding Fellow of the Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence. Due to illness, he retired in 2001 to the Glasgow area. He died in 2004 after a 10-year illness with prostate cancer.
Refe
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple%20frequency-shift%20keying
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Multiple frequency-shift keying (MFSK) is a variation of frequency-shift keying (FSK) that uses more than two frequencies. MFSK is a form of M-ary orthogonal modulation, where each symbol consists of one element from an alphabet of orthogonal waveforms. M, the size of the alphabet, is usually a power of two so that each symbol represents log2M bits.
M is usually between 4 and 64
Error correction is generally also used
Fundamentals
In a M-ary signaling system like MFSK, an "alphabet" of M tones is established and the transmitter selects one tone at a time from the alphabet for transmission. M is usually a power of 2, so each tone transmission from the alphabet represents log2 M data bits.
MFSK is classed as an M-ary orthogonal signaling scheme because each of the M tone detection filters at the receiver responds only to its tone and not at all to the others; this independence provides the orthogonality.
Like other M-ary orthogonal schemes, the required Eb/N0 ratio
for a given probability of error decreases as M increases without the need for multisymbol coherent detection. In fact, as M approaches infinity the required Eb/N0 ratio decreases asymptotically to the Shannon limit of −1.6dB. However this decrease is slow with increasing M, and large values are impractical because of the exponential increase in required bandwidth. Typical values in practice range from 4 to 64, and MFSK is combined with another forward error correction scheme to provide additional (systematic) c
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C0%20and%20C1%20control%20codes
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The C0 and C1 control code or control character sets define control codes for use in text by computer systems that use ASCII and derivatives of ASCII. The codes represent additional information about the text, such as the position of a cursor, an instruction to start a new line, or a message that the text has been received.
C0 codes are the range 00HEX–1FHEX and the default C0 set was originally defined in ISO 646 (ASCII). C1 codes are the range 80HEX–9FHEX and the default C1 set was originally defined in ECMA-48 (harmonized later with ISO 6429). The ISO/IEC 2022 system of specifying control and graphic characters allows other C0 and C1 sets to be available for specialized applications, but they are rarely used.
C0 controls
ASCII defined 32 control characters, plus a necessary extra character for the DEL character, 7FHEX or 01111111BIN (needed to punch out all the holes on a paper tape and erase it).
This large number of codes was desirable at the time, as multi-byte controls would require implementation of a state machine in the terminal, which was very difficult with contemporary electronics and mechanical terminals. Since then, only a few of the original controls have maintained their use: the "whitespace" range of BS, TAB, LF, VT, FF, and CR; the BEL code; and ESC (but almost always as part of an ESC,'[' representation starting an ANSI escape sequence). Others are unused or have acquired different meanings such as NUL being the C string terminator.
Some serial tran
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American%20Life%20League
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American Life League, Inc. (ALL) is an American Catholic activist organization which opposes abortion, all forms of contraception, embryonic stem cell research, and euthanasia. Its current president is co-founder Judie Brown and its headquarters is in Stafford, Virginia.
Projects and resources
Projects that American Life League has sponsored include:
Celebrate Life Magazine is a bi-monthly 32-page magazine on topics including abortion, contraception, euthanasia, infertility and cloning.
Marian Blue Wave is a call to Catholics across America to pray a weekly Rosary with the specific intentions of ending all surgical, pill, contraceptive and IVF abortion and shutting down every Planned Parenthood facility in the United States.
Crusade for the Defense of Our Catholic Church in which ALL sought to persuade Catholics about its views on abortion, as well as name Catholic politicians who they say knowingly defy Church doctrine and statements by church officials regarding abortion rights. In 2004, ALL published a full-page advertisement in USA Today urging Catholic priests and bishops to deny Communion to Catholic legislators who support abortion rights. The League's slogan in this matter was "You can't be Catholic and pro-abortion."
The Pill Kills discouraged people from using contraceptive medication, making claims about its effects on a woman's body as well as the effect that contraceptives have on fish once they enter the water supply. The Association of Reproductive Health Pr
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Return%20of%20Frank%20James
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The Return of Frank James is a 1940 Western film directed by Fritz Lang and starring Henry Fonda and Gene Tierney. It is a sequel to Henry King's 1939 film Jesse James. Written by Sam Hellman, the film loosely follows the life of Frank James following the death of his outlaw brother, Jesse James, at the hands of the Ford brothers. The film is universally considered historically inaccurate, but was a commercial success. It was the first motion picture for the actress Gene Tierney, who plays a reporter for the newspaper The Denver Star.
Premise
After the death of his outlaw brother, Jesse (played in the earlier film by Tyrone Power), Frank James (Henry Fonda) seeks revenge on his killers, Bob and Charlie Ford (John Carradine and Charles Tannen).
Cast
Henry Fonda as Frank James
Gene Tierney as Eleanor Stone
Jackie Cooper as Clem
Henry Hull as Major Rufus Cobb
John Carradine as Bob Ford
J. Edward Bromberg as George Runyan
Donald Meek as McCoy
Eddie Collins as Station Agent
George Barbier as Judge
Russell Hicks as Prosecutor
Ernest Whitman as Pinky
Charles Tannen as Charlie Ford
Lloyd Corrigan as Randolph Stone
Victor Kilian as Preacher
Edward McWade as Colonel Jackson
George Chandler as Roy
Irving Bacon as Bystander
Frank Shannon as Sheriff
Barbara Pepper as Nellie Blane
Louie Mason as Watchman, Wilson
Stymie Beard as Mose
William Pawley and Frank Sully as Actors
Davidson Clark as Officer
Robert McKenzie as Old Man on Rocker (uncredited)
Adrian Morris as Denver Detective
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snuppy
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Snuppy (Korean: 스너피 a portmanteau of "SNU" and "puppy"; April 24, 2005 – May 2015) was an Afghan hound, the first dog clone. The puppy was created using a cell from an ear from an adult Afghan hound and involved 123 surrogate mothers, of which only two produced pups (Snuppy being the sole survivor). The Department of Theriogenology and Biotechnology at Seoul National University, which cloned Snuppy, was led by Woo Suk Hwang. Snuppy has since been used in the first known successful breeding between cloned canines after his sperm was used to artificially inseminate two cloned females, which resulted in the birth of 10 puppies in 2008. In 2017, 4 clones of Snuppy were made by Sooam, and were the first clones made of a cloned dog, to investigate potential health effects of cloning.
History
After Dolly the sheep was cloned in 1996, scientists had managed to clone numerous other animals, including cats, cows, gaur, horses, mice, mules, pigs, rabbits and rats but had been unsuccessful in cloning a dog due to the problematic task of maturing a canine ovum in an artificial environment. After several failed attempts by other scientists, Woo Suk Hwang, a lead researcher at Seoul National University, created a clone using tissue from the ear of a 3-year-old Afghan hound. 123 surrogate mothers were used to carry the embryos, of which 1,095 were implanted, the procedure resulted in only three pregnancies; one resulted in a miscarriage, the other pup was born successfully but died of pneu
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy%20Kerr
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Roy Patrick Kerr (; born 16 May 1934) is a New Zealand mathematician who discovered the Kerr geometry, an exact solution to the Einstein field equation of general relativity. His solution models the gravitational field outside an uncharged rotating massive object, including a rotating black hole. His solution to Einstein's equations predicted spinning black holes before they were discovered.
Early life and education
Kerr was born in 1934 in Kurow, New Zealand. He was born into a dysfunctional family, and his mother was forced to leave when he was three. When his father went to war, he was sent to a farm. After his father's return from war, they moved to Christchurch. He was accepted to St Andrew's College, a private school, as his father had served under a former headmaster. Kerr's mathematical talent was first recognised while he was still a student at St Andrew's College. Although there was no mathematics teacher there at the time, he was able in 1951 to go straight into the third year of mathematics at Canterbury University College, a constituent of the University of New Zealand and the precursor to the University of Canterbury. Their regulations did not permit him to graduate until 1954 and so it was not until September 1955 that he moved to the University of Cambridge, where he earned his PhD in 1959. His dissertation concerned the equations of motion in general relativity.
Career and research
After a postdoctoral fellowship at Syracuse University, where Einstein's co
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vector%20WX-3
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The Avtech WX-3 is a prototype sports car engineered, developed and manufactured by Vector Motors of Wilmington, California in 1992. Conceived by Vector Motors founder and chief designer Gerald Wiegert as a successor to the W8. Production plans for the WX-3 included a range of three engine configurations ranging from up to 1200 hp (895 kW) from a proprietary 7.0L DOHC V8 engine. Originally painted silver, the WX-3 coupé prototype was later re-painted teal by Wiegert to match the teal-blue and purple logo of his Aquajet jet-ski company. The teal-blue coupé and purple roadster are featured as promotional vehicles on the Aquajet website. The single finished prototype is powered by the same twin-turbocharged V8 engine as the W8, with an improved flow dual plenum and throttle-body intake tract rather than the Chevrolet Corvette-based system used on the W8 production cars. At high boost levels the engine was capable of a power output of . The WX-3 prototypes used a three-across seating arrangement that was an option on W8 export models although Vector stated that a production model would have used more conventional bucket seats.
Wiegert had also planned a roadster version of the WX-3, named the WX-3R; both vehicles shared mechanical components from the W8. Like the model it was based on, the WX-3R did not pass the prototype stage. Both versions were shown at the 1993 Geneva Auto Show.
Wiegert planned for the WX-3 to enter production in the 1990s, but after a hostile takeover in
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/15-meter%20band
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The 15-meter band (also called the 21-MHz band or 15 meters) is an amateur radio frequency band spanning the shortwave spectrum from 21 to 21.45 MHz. The band is suitable for amateur long-distance communications, and such use is permitted in nearly all countries.
Because 15-meter waves propagate primarily via reflection off of the F-2 layer of the ionosphere, the band is most useful for intercontinental communication during daylight hours, especially in years close to solar maxima, but the band permits long-distance without high-power station equipment outside such ideal windows. The 15-meter wavelength is harmonically related to that of the 40-meter band, so it is often possible to use an antenna designed for 40 meters.
History
The 15-meter band was designated by the 1947 International Radio Conference of Atlantic City in part to compensate for the loss of the 160-meter band to amateurs by the introduction of LORAN during World War II. The 15-meter band opened to amateurs for CW operation only in the United States on May 1, 1952, and telephony operations were authorized above 21.25 MHz and Novice CW operations between 21.100 and 21.250 MHz on March 28, 1953.
Frequency allocation
United States
Key
Canada
Canada is part of region 2 and as such is subject to the IARU band plan. Radio Amateurs of Canada offers the bandplan below as a recommendation for use by radio amateurs in that country but it does not have the force of law and should only be considered a suggestion o
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthogonal%20frequency-division%20multiple%20access
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Orthogonal frequency-division multiple access (OFDMA) is a multi-user version of the popular orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) digital modulation scheme. Multiple access is achieved in OFDMA by assigning subsets of subcarriers to individual users. This allows simultaneous low-data-rate transmission from several users.
Comparisons
OFDMA is often compared to the combination of OFDM with statistical time-division multiplexing. The advantages and disadvantages summarized below are further discussed in the Characteristics and principles of operation section. See also the list of OFDM key features.
Advantages
Allows simultaneous low-data-rate transmission from several users.
Pulsed carrier can be avoided.
Lower maximal transmission power for low-data-rate users.
Shorter delay and constant delay.
Contention-based multiple access (collision avoidance) is simplified.
Further improves OFDM robustness to fading and interference.
Combat narrow-band interference.
Flexibility of deployment across various frequency bands with little needed modification to the air interface.
Averaging interferences from neighboring cells, using different basic carrier permutations between users in different cells.
Interferences within the cell are averaged by using allocation with cyclic permutations.
Enables single-frequency network coverage, where coverage problem exists and gives excellent coverage.
Offers frequency diversity by spreading the carriers all over the used spec
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