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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vital%20rates
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Vital rates refer to how fast vital statistics change in a population (usually measured per 1000 individuals). There are 2 categories within vital rates: crude rates and refined rates.
Crude rates measure vital statistics in a general population (overall change in births and deaths per 1000).
Refined rates measure the change in vital statistics in a specific demographic (such as age, sex, race, etc.).
Marriage rates
The national marriage rates since 1972,in the US have fallen by almost 50% at six people per 1000. According to Iran Index and National Organization for Civil Registration of Iran Iranian divorce rate is in the red at its record highest level since 1979, divorce quotas were introduced to curb enthuitasim.
References
Ecology
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gertrude%20Mary%20Cox
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Gertrude Mary Cox (January 13, 1900 – October 17, 1978) was an American statistician and founder of the department of Experimental Statistics at North Carolina State University. She was later appointed director of both the Institute of Statistics of the Consolidated University of North Carolina and the Statistics Research Division of North Carolina State University. Her most important and influential research dealt with experimental design; In 1950 she published the book Experimental Designs, on the subject with W. G. Cochran, which became the major reference work on the design of experiments for statisticians for years afterwards. In 1949 Cox became the first woman elected into the International Statistical Institute and in 1956 was President of the American Statistical Association.
Early life and education
Gertrude Cox was born in Dayton, Iowa on January 13, 1900. She studied at Perry High School in Perry, Iowa, graduating in 1918. At this time she decided to become a deaconess in the Methodist Church and worked towards that end. However, in 1925, she decided to continue her education at Iowa State College (which was renamed Iowa State University in 1959) in Ames where she studied mathematics and statistics and was awarded a B.S. in 1929 and a Master's degree in statistics in 1931.
From 1931 to 1933 Cox undertook graduate studies in psychological statistics at the University of California at Berkeley, then returned to Iowa State College to assist in establishing the ne
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reyn
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In fluid dynamics, the reyn is a British unit of dynamic viscosity,
named in honour of Osbourne Reynolds, for whom the Reynolds number is also named.
Conversions
By definition,
1 reyn = 1 lbf s in−2.
It follows that the relation between the reyn and the poise is approximately
1 reyn = 6.89476 × 104 P.
In SI units, viscosity is expressed in newton-seconds per square meter, or equivalently in pascal-seconds. The conversion factor between the two is approximately
1 reyn = 6890 Pa s.
References
External links
Reyn History of the unit
Fluid dynamics
Units of dynamic viscosity
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British%20NVC%20community%20CG7
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NVC community CG7 (Festuca ovina - Hieracium pilosella - Thymus praecox/pulegioides grassland) is one of the calcicolous grassland communities in the British National Vegetation Classification system. It is one of three short-sward communities associated with heavy grazing, within the lowland calcicolous grassland group, and is regarded as the eastern counterpart of "typical" chalk grassland (community CG2).
It is a comparatively widely distributed community. There are five subcommunities.
Community composition
The following constant species are found in this community:
Sheep's Fescue (Festuca ovina)
Mouse-ear Hawkweed (Hieracium pilosella)
Rough Hawkbit (Leontodon hispidus)
Wild Thyme (Thymus praecox) / Large Thyme (T. pulegioides)
Cypress-leaved Plait-moss (Hypnum cupressiforme)
The following rare species are also associated with the community:
Field Wormwood (Artemisia campestris)
Purple Milk-vetch (Astragalus danicus)
Rare Spring-sedge (Carex ericetorum)
Wall Bedstraw (Galium parisiense)
Lizard Orchid (Himantoglossum hircinum)
Hutchinsia (Hornungia petraea)
Bur Medick (Medicago minima)
Sickle Medick (Medicago falcata)
Sand Lucerne (Medicago sativa ssp. varia)
Fine-leaved Sandwort (Minuartia hybrida)
Purple-stem Cat's-tail (Phleum phleoides)
Spring Cinquefoil (Potentilla neumanniana)
Sand Catchfly (Silene conica)
Spanish Catchfly (Silene otites)
Breckland Thyme (Thymus serpyllum)
Spiked Speedwell (Veronica spicata)
Spring Speedwell (Veronica ver
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interspersed%20repeat
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Interspersed repetitive DNA is found in all eukaryotic genomes. They differ from tandem repeat DNA in that rather than the repeat sequences coming right after one another, they are dispersed throughout the genome and nonadjacent. The sequence that repeats can vary depending on the type of organism, and many other factors. Certain classes of interspersed repeat sequences propagate themselves by RNA mediated transposition; they have been called retrotransposons, and they constitute 25–40% of most mammalian genomes. Some types of interspersed repetitive DNA elements allow new genes to evolve by uncoupling similar DNA sequences from gene conversion during meiosis.
Intrachromosomal and interchromosomal gene conversion
Gene conversion acts on DNA sequence homology as its substrate. There is no requirement that the sequence homologies lie at the allelic positions on their respective chromosomes or even that the homologies lie on different chromosomes. Gene conversion events can occur between different members of a gene family situated on the same chromosome. When this happens, it is called intrachromosomal gene conversion as distinguished from interchromosomal gene conversion. The effect of homogenizing DNA sequences is the same.
Role of interspersed repetitive DNA
Repetitive sequences play the role of uncoupling the gene conversion network, thereby allowing new genes to evolve. The shorter Alu or SINE repetitive DNA are specialized for uncoupling intrachromosomal gene conversion
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nickel%28II%29%20fluoride
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Nickel(II) fluoride is the chemical compound with the formula NiF2. It is an ionic compound of nickel and fluorine and forms yellowish to green tetragonal crystals. Unlike many fluorides, NiF2 is stable in air.
Nickel(II) fluoride is also produced when nickel metal is exposed to fluorine. In fact, NiF2 comprises the passivating surface that forms on nickel alloys (e.g. monel) in the presence of hydrogen fluoride or elemental fluorine. For this reason, nickel and its alloys are suitable materials for storage and transport these fluorine and related fluorinating agents. NiF2 is also used as a catalyst for the synthesis of chlorine pentafluoride.
Preparation and structure
NiF2 is prepared by treatment of anhydrous nickel(II) chloride with fluorine at 350 °C:
NiCl2 + F2 → NiF2 + Cl2
The corresponding reaction of cobalt(II) chloride results in oxidation of the cobalt, whereas nickel remains in the +2 oxidation state after fluorination because its +3 oxidation state is less stable. Chloride is more easily oxidized than nickel(II). This is a typical halogen displacement reaction, where a halogen plus a less active halide makes the less active halogen and the more active halide.
Like some other metal difluorides, NiF2 crystallizes in the rutile structure, which features octahedral Ni centers and planar fluorides.
Reactions
A melt of NiF2 and KF reacts to give successively potassium trifluoronickelate and potassium tetrafluoronickelate:
NiF2 + KF → K[NiF3]
K[NiF3] +
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul%20Reaver%202
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Soul Reaver 2 is a 2001 action-adventure video game developed by Crystal Dynamics and published by Eidos Interactive. It is a sequel to Legacy of Kain: Soul Reaver and the third game in the Legacy of Kain series. Originally developed as a PlayStation and Dreamcast project, it was reworked into a PlayStation 2 and Microsoft Windows title in early production. Soul Reaver 2 was followed by two sequels, Blood Omen 2 and Legacy of Kain: Defiance, in 2002 and 2003.
The game continues the adventures of the vampire-turned-wraith Raziel, the protagonist of Soul Reaver. Though Raziel initially seeks to exact revenge on Kain, his murderer and former master, this objective is superseded by a higher quest for knowledge and a desire for freedom, as he finds himself manipulated by those he encounters and begins to learn more about his former life as a human. Traveling through history, he gradually exposes the truth behind his own past and destiny, as he uncovers the history of Nosgoth.
Hoping to deliver a more story-focused, cinematic experience than Soul Reaver, Crystal Dynamics researched time travel fiction, theology, and the works of Joseph Campbell when creating Soul Reaver 2s narrative. Critics praised the game for its involved storyline, visuals and puzzles, but criticized it for lacking replay value and ending without a definite resolution. Its developers felt the final product fell short of their ambitions, but it performed well commercially, and was included on Sony's "Greatest
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithium%20perchlorate
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Lithium perchlorate is the inorganic compound with the formula LiClO4. This white or colourless crystalline salt is noteworthy for its high solubility in many solvents. It exists both in anhydrous form and as a trihydrate.
Applications
Inorganic chemistry
Lithium perchlorate is used as a source of oxygen in some chemical oxygen generators. It decomposes at about 400 °C, yielding lithium chloride and oxygen:
LiClO4 → LiCl + 2 O2
Over 60% of the mass of the lithium perchlorate is released as oxygen. It has both the highest oxygen to weight and oxygen to volume ratio of all practical perchlorate salts, and higher oxygen to volume ratio than liquid oxygen.
Lithium perchlorate is used as an oxidizer in solid rocket propellants, and to produce red colored flame in pyrotechnic compositions.
Organic chemistry
LiClO4 is highly soluble in organic solvents, even diethyl ether. Such solutions are employed in Diels–Alder reactions, where it is proposed that the Lewis acidic Li+ binds to Lewis basic sites on the dienophile, thereby accelerating the reaction.
Lithium perchlorate is also used as a co-catalyst in the coupling of α,β-unsaturated carbonyls with aldehydes, also known as the Baylis–Hillman reaction.
Solid lithium perchlorate is found to be a mild and efficient Lewis acid for promoting cyanosilylation of carbonyl compounds under neutral conditions.
Batteries
Lithium perchlorate is also used as an electrolyte salt in lithium-ion batteries. Lithium perchlorate is chose
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molybdite
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Molybdite is the naturally occurring mineral form of molybdenum trioxide MoO3. It occurs as yellow to greenish needles and crystallizes in the orthorhombic crystal system.
Discovery and occurrence
Molybdite was first described in 1854 for and occurrence in quartz veins in the Knöttel area of Krupka, Ore Mountains, Bohemia (today in the Ústí nad Labem Region of the Czech Republic. It occurs in vein cavities and as coatings in molybdenite ore veins and quartz topaz greisens. Associated minerals include molybdenite, betpakdalite and quartz. The similar mineral ferrimolybdite is often misidentified as molybdite.
References
Molybdenum minerals
Oxide minerals
Orthorhombic minerals
Minerals in space group 62
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase%20space%20%28disambiguation%29
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Phase space is a concept in physics, frequently applied in thermodynamics, statistical mechanics, dynamical systems, symplectic manifolds and chaos theory. It is also applicable in software engineering as well as digital framework engineering and design, and an extraordinarily helpful tool in digital architecture and digital/analog temlँcodec design.
Phase space may also refer to:
Phase Space (story collection), a collection of thematically-linked short stories in the Manifold Trilogy by Stephen Baxter
Phase Space (album), an album by Steve Coleman and Dave Holland
"Phase Space" (Westworld), a 2018 episode of the 2016 American TV series Westworld
See also
State space (disambiguation)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom%20of%20Crystal
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The Kingdom of Crystal (Swedish: Glasriket, The glass realm) is a geographical area today containing a total of 14 glassworks in the municipalities of Emmaboda, Nybro, Uppvidinge, and Lessebo in southern Sweden. The two municipalities Emmaboda and Nybro belong to Kalmar County and Lessebo and Uppvidinge belong to Kronoberg County. The area is part of the province Småland, and Nybro is considered the capital of the Kingdom of Crystal area. The Kingdom of Crystal is known for its handblown glass with a continuous story since 1742. The glassworks have become part of the culture of Sweden; examples can be found in many Swedish homes, recognisable by a small sticker at the bottom with the name Orrefors, Kosta, etc. The height of glass production was the end of the 19th century during which 77 glass factories were established with more than half of them situated in Småland.
When touring the forested province of Småland in Sweden, it is normal to visit at least one of the glassworks. The larger ones have adjacent museums and are open for visitors to see the glass blowing hall, normally looking down from a platform. Food is available as well as shopping for various glass products such as glasses, bowls, vases and unique glass ornaments. The Kingdom of Crystal is a popular and a well known tourist destination. The Regional Council of Kalmar County conducts a study every four years to survey the Swedish public regarding their knowledge and awareness about Kalmar County, its places to
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamport%20timestamp
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The Lamport timestamp algorithm is a simple logical clock algorithm used to determine the order of events in a distributed computer system. As different nodes or processes will typically not be perfectly synchronized, this algorithm is used to provide a partial ordering of events with minimal overhead, and conceptually provide a starting point for the more advanced vector clock method. The algorithm is named after its creator, Leslie Lamport.
Distributed algorithms such as resource synchronization often depend on some method of ordering events to function. For example, consider a system with two processes and a disk. The processes send messages to each other, and also send messages to the disk requesting access. The disk grants access in the order the messages were received. For example process sends a message to the disk requesting write access, and then sends a read instruction message to process . Process receives the message, and as a result sends its own read request message to the disk. If there is a timing delay causing the disk to receive both messages at the same time, it can determine which message happened-before the other: happens-before if one can get from to by a sequence of moves of two types: moving forward while remaining in the same process, and following a message from its sending to its reception. A logical clock algorithm provides a mechanism to determine facts about the order of such events. Note that if two events happen in different processes th
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick%20translation
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Nick translation (or head translation), developed in 1977 by Peter Rigby and Paul Berg, is a tagging technique in molecular biology in which DNA Polymerase I is used to replace some of the nucleotides of a DNA sequence with their labeled analogues, creating a tagged DNA sequence which can be used as a probe in fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) or blotting techniques. It can also be used for radiolabeling.
This process is called nick translation because the DNA to be processed is treated with DNAase to produce single-stranded "nicks". This is followed by replacement in nicked sites by DNA polymerase I, which elongates the 3' hydroxyl terminus, removing nucleotides by 5'-3' exonuclease activity, replacing them with dNTPs. To radioactively label a DNA fragment for use as a probe in blotting procedures, one of the incorporated nucleotides provided in the reaction is radiolabeled in the alpha phosphate position. Similarly, a fluorophore can be attached instead for fluorescent labelling, or an antigen for immunodetection. When DNA polymerase I eventually detaches from the DNA, it leaves another nick in the phosphate backbone. The nick has "translated" some distance depending on the processivity of the polymerase. This nick could be sealed by DNA ligase, or its 3' hydroxyl group could serve as the template for further DNA polymerase I activity. Proprietary enzyme mixes are available commercially to perform all steps in the procedure in a single incubation.
Nick translatio
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DMAP
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DMAP may refer to:
Digital Media Access Protocol, a family of proprietary protocols by Apple
4-Dimethylaminopyridine (CH3)2NC5H4N), a derivative of pyridine
4-Dimethylaminophenol (C8H11NO), an aromatic compound containing both phenol and amine functional groups
Data Management Advisory Panel, of the England school census
See also
Dimethylallylpyrophosphate (DMAPP)
Digital Mass Atrocity Prevention Lab, of the Montreal Institute for Genocide and Human Rights Studies
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Method%20of%20moments%20%28statistics%29
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In statistics, the method of moments is a method of estimation of population parameters. The same principle is used to derive higher moments like skewness and kurtosis.
It starts by expressing the population moments (i.e., the expected values of powers of the random variable under consideration) as functions of the parameters of interest. Those expressions are then set equal to the sample moments. The number of such equations is the same as the number of parameters to be estimated. Those equations are then solved for the parameters of interest. The solutions are estimates of those parameters.
The method of moments was introduced by Pafnuty Chebyshev in 1887 in the proof of the central limit theorem. The idea of matching empirical moments of a distribution to the population moments dates back at least to Pearson.
Method
Suppose that the problem is to estimate unknown parameters characterizing the distribution of the random variable . Suppose the first moments of the true distribution (the "population moments") can be expressed as functions of the s:
Suppose a sample of size is drawn, resulting in the values . For , let
be the j-th sample moment, an estimate of . The method of moments estimator for denoted by is defined to be the solution (if one exists) to the equations:
The method described here for single random variables generalizes in an obvious manner to multiple random variables leading to multiple choices for moments to be used. Different choice
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glucomannan
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Glucomannan is a water-soluble polysaccharide that is considered a dietary fiber. It is a hemicellulose component in the cell walls of some plant species. Glucomannan is a food additive used as an emulsifier and thickener. It is a major source of mannan oligosaccharide (MOS) found in nature, the other being galactomannan, which is insoluble.
Products containing glucomannan, under a variety of brand names, are marketed as dietary supplements with claims they can relieve constipation and help lower cholesterol levels. Since 2010 they are legally marketed in Europe as helping with weight loss for people who are overweight and eating a diet with restricted calories, but there was no good evidence that glucomannan helped weight loss. Glucomannan lowers LDL cholesterol by 10 percent.
Supplements containing glucomannans pose a risk for choking and bowel obstruction if they are not taken with sufficient water. Other adverse effects include diarrhea, belching, and bloating; in one study people taking glucomannans had higher triglyceride levels.
Glucomannans are also used to supplement animal feed for farmed animals, to cause the animals gain weight more quickly.
Chemistry
Glucomannan is mainly a straight-chain polymer, with a small amount of branching. The component sugars are β-(1→4)-linked D-mannose and D-glucose in a ratio of 1.6:1. The degree of branching is about 8% through β-(1→6)-glucosyl linkages.
Glucomannan with α-(1→6)-linked galactose units in side branches is cal
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vector%20Motors
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Vector Motors Corporation is an American automobile manufacturer originally based in Wilmington, California. Its history can be traced to Vehicle Design Force, which was founded in 1978 by Gerald Wiegert. Vehicle production by Vector Aeromotive began in 1989 and ceased in 1993. The company was later revived as Vector Motors Corporation, and has continued to develop sports cars. When founded, Vector represented America's first attempt to compete with European performance car manufacturers such as Ferrari and Lamborghini. Altogether around 50 Vector sports car models were developed and produced during the 1980s and 1990s including some racing versions mostly built using American made components.
Nearly every car produced by the company is designated the letter "W" (for Wiegert) and a number. A letter "X" after the W (e.g. WX-8) signifies a prototype unit.
In August 2018 it was reported that the company was still actively developing an entirely new vehicle, the WX-8, a vehicle positioned in the colloquially named "hypercar" category, which it first announced and presented a prototype model of back in 2007.
Founder, principal owner, chief executive, lead designer and engineer Jerry Wiegert died in January 2021 aged 76, leaving the fate of the company and corporate entity in question. The Wilmington facility along with the warehouse that stored materials and inventory has since been cleared out. As of Fall 2021 the company's official internet website is also no longer in opera
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annabergite
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Annabergite is an arsenate mineral consisting of a hydrous nickel
arsenate, Ni3(AsO4)2·8H2O, crystallizing in the monoclinic system and isomorphous with vivianite and erythrite. Crystals are minute and capillary and rarely met with, the mineral occurring usually as soft earthy masses and encrustations. A fine apple-green color is its characteristic feature. It was long known (since 1758) under the name nickel bloom; the name annabergite was proposed by H. J. Brooke and W H. Miller in 1852, from Annaberg in Saxony, one of the localities of the mineral. It occurs with ores of nickel, of which it is a product of alteration. A variety, from Creetown in Kirkcudbrightshire, in which a portion of the nickel is replaced by calcium, has been called dudgeonite, after P. Dudgeon, who found it.
Closely related is cabrerite wherein some of the nickel is replaced by magnesium. It is named for Sierra Cabrera in Spain where it was originally found.
References
Arsenate minerals
Nickel minerals
Monoclinic minerals
Minerals in space group 12
Vivianite group
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamport%27s%20bakery%20algorithm
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Lamport's bakery algorithm is a computer algorithm devised by computer scientist Leslie Lamport, as part of his long study of the formal correctness of concurrent systems, which is intended to improve the safety in the usage of shared resources among multiple threads by means of mutual exclusion.
In computer science, it is common for multiple threads to simultaneously access the same resources. Data corruption can occur if two or more threads try to write into the same memory location, or if one thread reads a memory location before another has finished writing into it. Lamport's bakery algorithm is one of many mutual exclusion algorithms designed to prevent concurrent threads entering critical sections of code concurrently to eliminate the risk of data corruption.
Algorithm
Analogy
Lamport envisioned a bakery with a numbering machine at its entrance so each customer is given a unique number. Numbers increase by one as customers enter the store. A global counter displays the number of the customer that is currently being served. All other customers must wait in a queue until the baker finishes serving the current customer and the next number is displayed. When the customer is done shopping and has disposed of his or her number, the clerk increments the number, allowing the next customer to be served. That customer must draw another number from the numbering machine in order to shop again.
According to the analogy, the "customers" are threads, identified by the letter i,
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agouti-related%20peptide
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Agouti-related protein (AgRP), also called agouti-related peptide, is a neuropeptide produced in the brain by the AgRP/NPY neuron. It is synthesized in neuropeptide Y (NPY)-containing cell bodies located in the ventromedial part of the arcuate nucleus in the hypothalamus. AgRP is co-expressed with NPY and acts to increase appetite and decrease metabolism and energy expenditure. It is one of the most potent and long-lasting of appetite stimulators. In humans, the agouti-related peptide is encoded by the AGRP gene.
Structure
AgRP is a paracrine signaling molecule made of 112 amino acids (the gene product of 132 amino acids is processed by removal of the N-terminal 20-residue signal peptide domain). It was independently identified by two teams in 1997 based on its sequence similarity with agouti signalling peptide (ASIP), a protein synthesized in the skin controlling coat colour. AgRP is approximately 25% identical to ASIP. The murine homologue of AgRP consists of 111 amino acids (precursor is 131 amino acids) and shares 81% amino acid identity with the human protein. Biochemical studies indicate AgRP to be very stable to thermal denaturation and acid degradation. Its secondary structure consists mainly of random coils and β-sheets that fold into an inhibitor cystine knot motif. AGRP maps to human chromosome 16q22 and Agrp to mouse chromosome 8D1-D2.
Function
Agouti-related protein is expressed primarily in the adrenal gland, subthalamic nucleus, and hypothalamus, with l
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generalized%20processor%20sharing
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Generalized processor sharing (GPS) is an ideal scheduling algorithm for process schedulers and network schedulers. It is related to the fair-queuing principle which groups packets into classes and shares the service capacity between them. GPS shares this capacity according to some fixed weights.
In process scheduling, GPS is "an idealized scheduling algorithm that achieves perfect fairness. All practical schedulers approximate GPS and use it as a reference to measure fairness."
Generalized processor sharing assumes that traffic is fluid (infinitesimal packet sizes), and can be arbitrarily split. There are several service disciplines which track the performance of GPS quite closely such as weighted fair queuing (WFQ), also known as packet-by-packet generalized processor sharing (PGPS).
Justification
In a network such as the internet, different application types require different levels of performance. For example, email is a genuinely store and forward kind of application, but videoconferencing isn't since it requires low latency. When packets are queued up on one end of a congested link, the node usually has some freedom in deciding the order in which it should send the queued packets. One example ordering is simply first-come, first-served, which works fine if the sizes of the queues are small, but can result in problems if there are latency-sensitive packets being blocked by packets from bursty, higher bandwidth applications.
Details
In GPS, a scheduler handling f
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20Hanson%20%28computer%20scientist%29
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David R. Hanson is a software engineer who worked at Google until he retired in January 2012, working in programming languages, compilers, software tools, and programming environments. Before joining Google, he was with Microsoft Research, Princeton, University of Arizona, and Yale. He has written many journal and conference papers and two books: A Retargetable C Compiler: Design and Implementation with Christopher Fraser, which describes lcc, a widely used compiler for Standard C, and C Interfaces and Implementations: Techniques for Creating Reusable Software.
Hanson is largely responsible for designing and implementing the "View as Slideshow" feature for PowerPoint and attachments in Google's Gmail system.
Hanson enjoys skiing and cycling. He also builds furniture.
Additionally, Hanson is well known among Tufts University students for his confusing yet efficient implementations of various data structures.
References
External links
Home page for David R. Hanson
List of publications from the DBLP Bibliography Server
lcc web site
C Interfaces and Implementations web site
Hanson, David R.
Princeton University faculty
University of Arizona faculty
Yale University faculty
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epitope%20mapping
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In immunology, epitope mapping is the process of experimentally identifying the binding site, or epitope, of an antibody on its target antigen (usually, on a protein). Identification and characterization of antibody binding sites aid in the discovery and development of new therapeutics, vaccines, and diagnostics. Epitope characterization can also help elucidate the binding mechanism of an antibody and can strengthen intellectual property (patent) protection. Experimental epitope mapping data can be incorporated into robust algorithms to facilitate in silico prediction of B-cell epitopes based on sequence and/or structural data.
Epitopes are generally divided into two classes: linear and conformational/discontinuous. Linear epitopes are formed by a continuous sequence of amino acids in a protein. Conformational epitopes epitopes are formed by amino acids that are nearby in the folded 3D structure but distant in the protein sequence. Note that conformational epitopes can include some linear segments. B-cell epitope mapping studies suggest that most interactions between antigens and antibodies, particularly autoantibodies and protective antibodies (e.g., in vaccines), rely on binding to discontinuous epitopes.
Importance for antibody characterization
By providing information on mechanism of action, epitope mapping is a critical component in therapeutic monoclonal antibody (mAb) development. Epitope mapping can reveal how a mAb exerts its functional effects - for instance, by
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koopmans%27%20theorem
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Koopmans' theorem states that in closed-shell Hartree–Fock theory (HF), the first ionization energy of a molecular system is equal to the negative of the orbital energy of the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO). This theorem is named after Tjalling Koopmans, who published this result in 1934.
Koopmans' theorem is exact in the context of restricted Hartree–Fock theory if it is assumed that the orbitals of the ion are identical to those of the neutral molecule (the frozen orbital approximation). Ionization energies calculated this way are in qualitative agreement with experiment – the first ionization energy of small molecules is often calculated with an error of less than two electron volts. Therefore, the validity of Koopmans' theorem is intimately tied to the accuracy of the underlying Hartree–Fock wavefunction. The two main sources of error are orbital relaxation, which refers to the changes in the Fock operator and Hartree–Fock orbitals when changing the number of electrons in the system, and electron correlation, referring to the validity of representing the entire many-body wavefunction using the Hartree–Fock wavefunction, i.e. a single Slater determinant composed of orbitals that are the eigenfunctions of the corresponding self-consistent Fock operator.
Empirical comparisons with experimental values and higher-quality ab initio calculations suggest that in many cases, but not all, the energetic corrections due to relaxation effects nearly cancel the corrections
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurite
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Laurite is an opaque black, metallic ruthenium sulfide mineral with formula: RuS2. It crystallizes in the isometric system. It is in the pyrite structural group. Though it's been found in many localities worldwide, it is extremely rare.
Laurite has a Mohs hardness of 7.5 and a specific gravity of 6.43. It can contain osmium, rhodium, iridium, and iron substituting for the ruthenium. The sulfur is present as the disulfide ion, , so the ruthenium is in the Ru(II) oxidation state.
Discovery and occurrence
It was discovered in 1866 in Borneo, Malaysia and named for Laurie, the wife of Charles A. Joy, an American chemist. It occurs in ultramafic magmatic cumulate deposits and sedimentary placer deposits derived from them. It occurs associated with cooperite, braggite, sperrylite, other minerals of the platinum group elements and chromite.
Synthetic RuS2 is a highly active catalyst for hydrodesulfurization.
References
Disulfides
Ruthenium minerals
Pyrite group
Transition metal dichalcogenides
Cubic minerals
Minerals in space group 205
Ruthenium(II) compounds
Minerals described in 1866
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leadhillite
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Leadhillite is a lead sulfate carbonate hydroxide mineral, often associated with anglesite. It has the formula Pb4SO4(CO3)2(OH)2. Leadhillite crystallises in the monoclinic system, but develops pseudo-hexagonal forms due to crystal twinning. It forms transparent to translucent variably coloured crystals with an adamantine lustre. It is quite soft with a Mohs hardness of 2.5 and a relatively high specific gravity of 6.26 to 6.55.
It was discovered in 1832 in the Susannah Mine, Leadhills in the county of Lanarkshire, Scotland. It is trimorphous with susannite and macphersonite (these three minerals have the same formula, but different structures). Leadhillite is monoclinic, susannite is trigonal and macphersonite is orthorhombic. Leadhillite was named in 1832 after the locality.
Unit cell
Leadhillite belongs to the monoclinic crystal class 2/m, which is the class with the highest symmetry in the monoclinic system. It has a two-fold axis of symmetry perpendicular to a mirror plane, and the general form is an open-ended prism. The space group is P21/a, meaning that the two-fold axis is a screw axis and the mirror plane is a glide plane.
There are 8 formula units per unit cell (Z = 8) and the angle β is very nearly equal to 90°. The side-lengths of the unit cell are a = 9.11 Å, b = 20.82 Å and c = 11.59 Å.
Structure
Leadhillite has a layered structure. The mineral contains both carbonate and sulfate groups, and these are arranged in separate sheets. Pairs of carbonate sh
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supersecondary%20structure
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A supersecondary structure is a compact three-dimensional protein structure of several adjacent elements of a secondary structure that is smaller than a protein domain or a subunit. Supersecondary structures can act as nucleations in the process of protein folding.
Examples
Helix supersecondary structures
Helix hairpin
A helix hairpin, also known as an alpha-alpha hairpin, is composed of two antiparallel alpha helices connected by a loop of two or more residues. True to its name, it resembles a hairpin. A longer loop has a greater number of possible conformations. If short strands connect the helices, then the individual helices will pack together through their hydrophobic residues. The function of a helix hairpin is unknown; however, a four helix bundle is composed of two helix hairpins, which have important ligand binding sites.
Helix corner
A helix corner, also called an alpha-alpha corner, has two alpha helices almost at right angles to each other connected by a short 'loop'. This loop is formed from a hydrophobic residue. The function of a helix corner is unknown.
Helix-loop-helix
The helix-loop-helix structure has two helices connected by a 'loop'. These are fairly common and usually bind ligands. For example, calcium binds with the carboxyl groups of the side chains within the loop region between the helices.
Helix-turn-helix
The helix-turn-helix motif is important for DNA binding and is therefore in many DNA binding proteins.
Beta sheet supersecondary st
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doug%20Lazy
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Doug Lazy (real name Gene Douglas Finley) is an American hip hop and dance music producer and DJ from Washington, D.C. Lazy scored a number of hip house hits in the late 1980s and early 1990s on the Hot Dance Music/Club Play chart, including three #1s: "Let It Roll", "Let the Rhythm Pump", and "H.O.U.S.E.". In 1990, Ben E. King and Bo Diddley featuring Lazy recorded a rap version of the Monotones' 1958 hit song "Book of Love" for the soundtrack of the movie, Book of Love.
Discography
Albums
Doug Lazy Gettin' Crazy (1990), Atlantic Records
Singles
"Let It Roll" (1989), Atlantic Records ^
"Let the Rhythm Pump" (1989), Atlantic Records
"Can't Hold Back (U No)" (1990), Atlantic Records
"Can't Get Enough" (1990), ZYX Records
"H.O.U.S.E." (1990), Atlantic Records
"Din Daa Daa's Doin It" (1991), Cardiac Records
"Ride on the Rhythm" (1991), Atlantic Records ^^
^Credited to Raze presents Doug Lazy
^^Credited to Little Louie & Marc Anthony
See also
List of number-one dance hits (United States)
List of artists who reached number one on the US Dance chart
References
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
African-American musicians
American dance musicians
Atlantic Records artists
American house musicians
Hip house musicians
21st-century African-American people
Electronic dance music DJs
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMEL
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PMEL may refer to:
Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory
Precision measurement equipment laboratory
Premelanosome protein
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mystic%20Caverns%20and%20Crystal%20Dome
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Mystic Caverns and Crystal Dome are show caves located between the cities of Jasper and Harrison, in the state of Arkansas, U.S., on the Arkansas Highway 7 Scenic Byway near the defunct amusement park Dogpatch USA. Sometimes called "the twin caves" because they are within of each other, the two caves maintain a year-round temperature of 58 °F, contain more formations per foot than any other caves in Arkansas, and are open for public tours year-round except during the January flooding season.
A third cave on the site, Not Much Sink cavern, has been deemed too dangerous to allow public tours.
Mystic Caverns, which has operated commercially since the late 1920s, is older than any other commercially operated cave in Arkansas, with the exception of Onyx Cave in Eureka Springs, and perhaps nearby Diamond Cave in Jasper, which has been toured since 1925. Crystal Dome was discovered in the mid-1960s during landscaping operations at Dogpatch USA. Great care was taken to preserve this pristine cave, and as a result 90% of it is still being formed. Tours began in the Crystal Dome in 1981.
History
The area was settled in the 1830s and named "Wilcockson". At that time the entrance to the as-yet-unnamed Mystic Caverns was a sinkhole which led to a drop into the cave itself. It is likely that settlers became aware of the cave and visited it prior to the 1850s. However, the first known visitor to the cave carved his name and the date on one of the formations:
Adam Kolbe
Wilcockson
A
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cricothyroid%20ligament
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The cricothyroid ligament (also known as the cricothyroid membrane or cricovocal membrane) is a ligament in the neck. It connects the cricoid cartilage to the thyroid cartilage. It prevents these cartilages from moving too far apart. It is cut during an emergency cricothyrotomy to treat upper airway obstruction.
Structure
The cricothyroid ligament is composed of two parts:
the median cricothyroid ligament along the midline (a thickening of the cricothyroid membrane). It is a flat band of white connective tissue that connects the front parts of the contiguous margins of the cricoid and thyroid cartilages. It is a thick and strong ligament, narrow above and broad below. Each lateral ligament is known as the conus elasticus.
the lateral cricothyroid ligaments on each side (these are also called conus elasticus). Each is overlapped on either side by laryngeal muscles.
The conus elasticus (which means elastic cone in Latin) is the lateral portion of the cricothyroid ligament. The lateral portions are thinner and lie close under the mucous membrane of the larynx; they extend from the upper border of the cricoid cartilage to the lower margin of the vocal ligaments, with which they are continuous. The vocal ligaments may therefore be regarded as the free borders of each conus elasticus. They extend from the vocal processes of the arytenoid cartilages to the angle of the thyroid cartilage about midway between its upper and lower borders.
Relations
The prelaryngeal lymph node (
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cricothyroid%20muscle
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The cricothyroid muscle is the only tensor muscle of the larynx aiding with phonation. It is innervated by the superior laryngeal nerve. Its action tilts the thyroid forward to help tense the vocal cords.
Structure
The cricothyroid muscle is a fan-shaped muscle situated at the outer surface of the larynx.
Origin
The cricothyroid muscle originates from the anterolateral aspect of the cricoid cartilage.
Insertion
The cricothyroid muscle splits into two groups or parts. The oblique part travels posterolaterally and inserts onto the inferior cornu of the thyroid cartilage. The straight part travels posterosuperiorly and inserts onto the inferior margin of the lamina of the thyroid cartilage.
Innervation
The cricothyroid muscle is innervated by the external branch of the superior laryngeal nerve (a branch of the vagus nerve). It is the only muscle innervated by this nerve.
Function
The cricothyroid muscle produces tension and elongation of the vocal cords. They draw up the arch of the cricoid cartilage and tilt back the upper border of the cricoid cartilage lamina. The distance between the vocal processes and the angle of the thyroid is increased, elongating and thus tensing the vocal folds, thereby resulting in higher pitch phonation. They work as antagonists to the posterior cricoarytenoid muscles.
Clinical significance
The cricothyroid muscles may be injected with botulinum toxin whilst treating spasmodic dysphonia. This is usually performed under guidance from elect
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donaldson%27s%20theorem
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In mathematics, and especially differential topology and gauge theory, Donaldson's theorem states that a definite intersection form of a compact, oriented, smooth manifold of dimension 4 is diagonalisable. If the intersection form is positive (negative) definite, it can be diagonalized to the identity matrix (negative identity matrix) over the . The original version of the theorem required the manifold to be simply connected, but it was later improved to apply to 4-manifolds with any fundamental group.
History
The theorem was proved by Simon Donaldson. This was a contribution cited for his Fields medal in 1986.
Idea of proof
Donaldson's proof utilizes the moduli space of solutions to the anti-self-duality equations on a principal -bundle over the four-manifold . By the Atiyah–Singer index theorem, the dimension of the moduli space is given by
where , is the first Betti number of and is the dimension of the positive-definite subspace of with respect to the intersection form. When is simply-connected with definite intersection form, possibly after changing orientation, one always has and . Thus taking any principal -bundle with , one obtains a moduli space of dimension five.
This moduli space is non-compact and generically smooth, with singularities occurring only at the points corresponding to reducible connections, of which there are exactly many. Results of Clifford Taubes and Karen Uhlenbeck show that whilst is non-compact, its structure at infinity can be r
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison%20of%20vector%20graphics%20editors
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A number of vector graphics editors exist for various platforms. Potential users of these editors will make a comparison of vector graphics editors based on factors such as the availability for the user's platform, the software license, the feature set, the merits of the user interface (UI) and the focus of the program. Some programs are more suitable for artistic work while others are better for technical drawings. Another important factor is the application's support of various vector and bitmap image formats for import and export.
The tables in this article compare general and technical information for a number of vector graphics editors. See the article on each editor for further information. This article is neither all-inclusive nor necessarily up-to-date.
Some editors in detail
Adobe Fireworks (formerly Macromedia Fireworks) is a vector editor with bitmap editing capabilities with its main purpose being the creation of graphics for Web and screen. Fireworks supports RGB color scheme and has no CMYK support. This means it is mostly used for screen design. The native Fireworks file format is editable PNG (FWPNG or PNG). Adobe Fireworks has a competitive price, but its features can seem limited in comparison with other products. It is easier to learn than other products and can produce complex vector artwork. The Fireworks editable PNG file format is not supported by other Adobe products. Fireworks can manage the PSD and AI file formats which enables it to be integrated
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodland%20and%20scrub%20communities%20in%20the%20British%20National%20Vegetation%20Classification%20system
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This article gives an overview of the woodland and scrub communities in the British National Vegetation Classification system.
Introduction
The woodland and scrub communities of the NVC were described in Volume 1 of British Plant Communities, first published in 1991.
In total, 25 woodland/scrub communities have been identified, consisting of 19 woodland communities, four communities classed as scrub and 2 as underscrub.
The woodland communities consist of:
Six mixed deciduous or oak/birch woodland communities, which between them are found throughout Britain
Three Beech woodland communities, found mainly in southern England
A Yew woodland community, almost completely restricted to southeast England (community W13)
A Scots Pine woodland community, restricted to Scotland
A Juniper woodland community (community W19)
Seven wet woodland communities, characterised by the presence of alder, birch and willows (communities W1, W2, W3, W4, W5, W6 and W7).
Communities of arctic-alpine willows
The scrub communities consist of:
Communities consisting of shrubs such as hawthorn, blackthorn and elder
Gorse and broom scrub
The underscrub communities consist of bramble and bracken underscrub.
A further scrub community, SD18, dominated by Sea Buckthorn, is classified among the sand-dune communities.
List of woodland and scrub communities
The following is a list of the communities that make up this category:
W1 Salix cinerea - Galium palustre woodland
W2 Salix cinerea - Betula
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songbook%20%28Nick%20Hornby%20book%29
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Songbook (published in the United Kingdom as 31 Songs) is a 2002 collection of 26 essays by English writer Nick Hornby about songs and (more often) the particular emotional resonance they carry for him. In the UK, Sony released a stand-alone CD, A Selection of Music from 31 Songs, featuring 18 songs. The hardcover edition of Songbook, published in the US by McSweeney's and illustrated by Marcel Dzama, includes a CD with 11 of the songs featured in the book.
Summary
The music varies from established classics like Bruce Springsteen and Bob Dylan to independents like Ani DiFranco, Top 40 pop like Nelly Furtado, and a few songs with special meaning only to Hornby. Song by song, Hornby delves into what makes music catchy or classic, and how it can come to play an integral role in a person's emotional life.
Proceeds from the book go to the TreeHouse Trust, a UK charity operating a school for children with autism and communications disorders, which Hornby's son attends, and to 826 Valencia, a US-based learning center, founded by McSweeney's publisher Dave Eggers, that offers writing workshops and tutoring.
The paperback edition of Songbook adds a few music-related essays by Hornby from other sources.
After the release of "Songbook," McSweeney accepted online submissions from authors writing about their favourite songs in the same manner as Hornby. These submissions were posted to the McSweeney website. After Hornby mentioned he was a fan in Songbook, Ben Folds contacted him and
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weinstein
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Weinstein is a German or Yiddish surname meaning wine stone, referring to the crystals of cream of tartar (potassium bitartrate) resulting from the process of fermenting grape juice.
List of people with this surname
Alan Weinstein, mathematician
Albert Weinstein (1885-1969), German Olympic track and field athlete
Alexander Weinstein, mathematician
Alexander Weinstein (author), an American short story writer and filmmaker
Allen Weinstein, archivist of the United States
Andrew Weinstein, British priest, chaplain, and missionary
Arnold Weinstein, American poet, playwright and librettist
Bob Weinstein, American film producer
Bobby Weinstein, American songwriter and singer
Bret Weinstein, American professor in biology
Bruce Weinstein, American known as the "Ethics Guy", columnist for BusinessWeek
Claire Weinstein, American swimmer
Cordt Weinstein, American soccer player
Dan Weinstein (disambiguation)
David Weinstein (disambiguation)
Debra Weinstein, American author
Domenic Weinstein, German professional racing cyclist
Eric Weinstein, American mathematician and economist
Garik Kimovich Weinstein, birth name of Russian Garry Kasparov
Hannah Weinstein, American activist, movie maker
Harvey Weinstein, American film producer and convicted sex offender
Howard Weinstein, American bridge player
Howard Weinstein (writer), writer of Star Trek'''s The Pirates of Orion''
I. Bernard Weinstein, American physician
Iram Weinstein, American engineer
Irv Weinstein, American television news anchor
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silk%20Test
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Silk Test is a tool for automated function and regression testing of enterprise applications. It was originally developed by Segue Software which was acquired by Borland in 2006. Borland was acquired by Micro Focus International in 2009. The original name for the product from 1993 through 1996 was QA Partner.
Silk Test offers various clients:
Silk Test Workbench allows automation testing on a visual level (similar to former TestPartner) as well as using VB.Net as scripting language
Silk Test Classic uses the domain specific 4Test language for automation scripting. It is an object oriented language similar to C++. It uses the concepts of classes, objects, and inheritance.
Silk4J renamed UFT Developer allows automation in Eclipse using Java as scripting language
Silk4Net renamed UFT Developer allows the same in Visual Studio using VB or C#
Features
Silk Test Client is an IDE for creating, maintaining and executing tests.
Silk Test Agent: translates the script commands into GUI commands (User actions). These commands can be executed on the same machine as the host or on a remote machine.
Silk Test identifies all windows and controls of the application under test as objects and defines all of the properties and attributes of each window. Thus it supports an object-based implementation.
Silk Test supports both recording and descriptive programming methods to identify and verify the elements in the AUT. It also identifies any mouse movements and keystrokes, enabling testi
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourier-transform%20ion%20cyclotron%20resonance
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Fourier-transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry is a type of mass analyzer (or mass spectrometer) for determining the mass-to-charge ratio (m/z) of ions based on the cyclotron frequency of the ions in a fixed magnetic field. The ions are trapped in a Penning trap (a magnetic field with electric trapping plates), where they are excited (at their resonant cyclotron frequencies) to a larger cyclotron radius by an oscillating electric field orthogonal to the magnetic field. After the excitation field is removed, the ions are rotating at their cyclotron frequency in phase (as a "packet" of ions). These ions induce a charge (detected as an image current) on a pair of electrodes as the packets of ions pass close to them. The resulting signal is called a free induction decay (FID), transient or interferogram that consists of a superposition of sine waves. The useful signal is extracted from this data by performing a Fourier transform to give a mass spectrum.
History
FT-ICR was invented by Melvin B. Comisarow and Alan G. Marshall at the University of British Columbia. The first paper appeared in Chemical Physics Letters in 1974. The inspiration was earlier developments in conventional ICR and Fourier-transform nuclear magnetic resonance (FT-NMR) spectrometry. Marshall has continued to develop the technique at The Ohio State University and Florida State University.
Theory
The physics of FTICR is similar to that of a cyclotron at least in the first approximation.
In the
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4-Dimethylaminopyridine
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4-Dimethylaminopyridine (DMAP) is a derivative of pyridine with the chemical formula (CH3)2NC5H4N. This white solid is of interest because it is more basic than pyridine, owing to the resonance stabilisation from the NMe2 substituent.
Because of its basicity, DMAP is a useful nucleophilic catalyst for a variety of reactions such as esterifications with anhydrides, the Baylis-Hillman reaction, hydrosilylations, tritylation, the Steglich rearrangement, Staudinger synthesis of β-lactams and many more. Chiral DMAP analogues are used in kinetic resolution experiments of mainly secondary alcohols and Evans auxiliary type amides.
Preparation
DMAP can be prepared in a two-step procedure from pyridine, which is first oxidized to 4-pyridylpyridinium cation. This cation then reacts with dimethylamine:
Esterification catalyst
In the case of esterification with acetic anhydrides the currently accepted mechanism involves three steps. First, DMAP and acetic anhydride react in a pre-equilibrium reaction to form an ion pair of acetate and the acetylpyridinium ion. In the second step the alcohol adds to the acetylpyridinium, and elimination of pyridine forms an ester. Here the acetate acts as a base to remove the proton from the alcohol as it nucleophilically adds to the activated acylpyridinium. The bond from the acetyl group to the catalyst gets cleaved to generate the catalyst and the ester. The described bond formation and breaking process runs synchronous concerted without the appea
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockdale
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Stockdale is a surname originating from Northern England, probably Yorkshire. At the time of the British Census of 1881, its frequency was highest in Yorkshire, followed by Westmorland, Cumberland, County Durham, Nottinghamshire, Cambridgeshire, Lincolnshire, Rutland, and Lancashire.
The family name has several different spellings that have appeared historically. Some of those variations are Stocksdale, Stogdel, Stogsdill, Stockdel, Stogdill, Stoxdale, and Stockstill.
People
Alan Stockdale (born 1945), Australian politician
Alexander Stockdale (1509–1563), English politician and Yorkshire landowner
Andrew Stockdale (born 1976), lead singer of Australian band Wolfmother
Sir Arthur Stockdale Cope (1857–1940), English painter
Carl Stockdale (1874–1953), American actor
Christopher Walters Stockdale (1665–1713), English parliamentarian and landowner
Christopher Stockdale (born 1965), English cricketer
David Stockdale (born 1985), English footballer
Sir Edmund Stockdale (1903–1989), Lord Mayor of London from 1959–1960, 1st Stockdale baronet
Fletcher Stockdale (c. 1823–1890), American politician and Governor of Texas
Sir Frank Arthur Stockdale (1883–1949), English agriculturist
Freddie Stockdale (1947–2018), British opera impresario, founder of Pavilion Opera
Frederick Wilton Litchfield Stockdale (1786–1858), British artist
Geoff Stockdale (born 1944), British speed skater
Grant Stockdale (1915–1963), United States Ambassador to Ireland
Greg Stockdale (1899–1949), Australian rule
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histamine%20H4%20receptor
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{{DISPLAYTITLE:Histamine H4 receptor}}
The histamine H4 receptor, like the other three histamine receptors, is a member of the G protein-coupled receptor superfamily that in humans is encoded by the HRH4 gene.
Discovery
Unlike the histamine receptors discovered earlier, H4 was found in 2000 through a search of the human genomic DNA data base.
Tissue distribution
H4 is highly expressed in bone marrow and white blood cells and regulates neutrophil release from bone marrow and subsequent infiltration in the zymosan-induced pleurisy mouse model. It was also found that H4 receptor exhibits a uniform expression pattern in the human oral epithelium.
Function
The Histamine H4 receptor has been shown to be involved in mediating eosinophil shape change and mast cell chemotaxis. This occurs via the βγ subunit acting at phospholipase C to cause actin polymerization and eventually chemotaxis.
The histamine H4 receptor has been identified as a vital regulator of the immune system, involved in eosinophil migration, mast cell recruitment, dendritic cell activation, and T cell differentiation. The discovery of this receptor has brought it to increasing attention for its therapeutic use in inflammatory diseases such as allergy, asthma, chronic itch, and autoimmune diseases.
Structure
The 3D structure of the H4 receptor has not been solved yet due to the difficulties of GPCR crystallization. Some attempts have been made to develop structural models of the H4 receptor for different purpose
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MN1
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MN1, MN 1, or MN-1 may be:
Minnesota State Highway 1
Ulaanbaatar, ISO 3166-2 geocode for the capital of Mongolia
Minnesota's 1st congressional district
The MN1 gene on human chromosome 22
MN 1 (biostratigraphic zone), a biostratigraphic zone in the European Neogene
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fucose
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Fucose is a hexose deoxy sugar with the chemical formula C6H12O5. It is found on N-linked glycans on the mammalian, insect and plant cell surface. Fucose is the fundamental sub-unit of the seaweed polysaccharide fucoidan. The α(1→3) linked core of fucoidan is a suspected carbohydrate antigen for IgE-mediated allergy.
Two structural features distinguish fucose from other six-carbon sugars present in mammals: the lack of a hydroxyl group on the carbon at the 6-position (C-6) (thereby making it a deoxy sugar) and the L-configuration. It is equivalent to 6-deoxy--galactose.
In the fucose-containing glycan structures, fucosylated glycans, fucose can exist as a terminal modification or serve as an attachment point for adding other sugars.
In human N-linked glycans, fucose is most commonly linked α-1,6 to the reducing terminal β-N-acetylglucosamine. However, fucose at the non-reducing termini linked α-1,2 to galactose forms the H antigen, the substructure of the A and B blood group antigens.
Fucose is released from fucose-containing polymers by an enzyme called α-fucosidase found in lysosomes.
-Fucose has several potential applications in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, and dietary supplements
Fucosylation of antibodies has been established to reduce binding to the Fc receptor of Natural Killer cells and thereby reduce antigen-dependent cellular cytotoxicity. Therefore, afucosylated monoclonal antibodies have been designed to recruit the immune system to cancers cells have been ma
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniformization
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Uniformization may refer to:
Uniformization (set theory), a mathematical concept in set theory
Uniformization theorem, a mathematical result in complex analysis and differential geometry
Uniformization (probability theory), a method to find a discrete-time Markov chain analogous to a continuous-time Markov chain
Uniformizable space, a topological space whose topology is induced by some uniform structure
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-configuration%20time-dependent%20Hartree
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Multi-configuration time-dependent Hartree (MCTDH) is a general algorithm to solve the time-dependent Schrödinger equation for multidimensional dynamical systems consisting of distinguishable particles. MCTDH can thus determine the quantal motion of the nuclei of a molecular system evolving on one or several coupled electronic potential energy surfaces. MCTDH by its very nature is an approximate method. However, it can be made as accurate as any competing method, but its numerical efficiency deteriorates with growing accuracy.
MCTDH is designed for multi-dimensional problems, in particular for problems that are difficult or even impossible to attack in a conventional way. There is no or only little gain when treating systems with less than three degrees of freedom by MCTDH. MCTDH will in general be best suited for systems with 4 to 12 degrees of freedom. Because of hardware limitations it may in general not be possible to treat much larger systems. For a certain class of problems, however, one can go much further. The MCTDH program package has recently been generalised to enable the propagation of density operators.
References
External links
The Heidelberg MCTDH Homepage
Quantum chemistry
Scattering
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tensor%20tympani%20muscle
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The tensor tympani is a muscle within the middle ear, located in the bony canal above the bony part of the auditory tube, and connects to the malleus bone. Its role is to dampen loud sounds, such as those produced from chewing, shouting, or thunder. Because its reaction time is not fast enough, the muscle cannot protect against hearing damage caused by sudden loud sounds, like explosions or gunshots.
Structure
The tensor tympani is a muscle that is present in the middle ear. It arises from the cartilaginous part of the auditory tube, and the adjacent great wing of the sphenoid. It then passes through its own canal, and ends in the tympanic cavity as a slim tendon that connects to the handle of the malleus. The tendon makes a sharp bend around the processus cochleariformis, part of the wall of its cavity, before it joins with the malleus.
The tensor tympani receives blood from the middle meningeal artery via the superior tympanic branch. It is one of two muscles in the tympanic cavity, the other being the stapedius.
Nerve supply
The tensor tympani is supplied by the tensor tympani nerve, a branch of the mandibular branch of the trigeminal nerve. As the tensor tympani is supplied by motor fibers of the trigeminal nerve, it does not receive fibers from the trigeminal ganglion, which has sensory fibers only.
Development
The tensor tympani muscle develops from mesodermal tissue in the 1st pharyngeal arch.
Function
The tensor tympani acts to dampen the noise produced by chew
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DBFS
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Decibels relative to full scale (dBFS or dB FS) is a unit of measurement for amplitude levels in digital systems, such as pulse-code modulation (PCM), which have a defined maximum peak level. The unit is similar to the units dBov and decibels relative to overload (dBO).
The level of 0dBFS is assigned to the maximum possible digital level. For example, a signal that reaches 50% of the maximum level has a level of −6dBFS, which is 6dB below full scale. Conventions differ for root mean square (RMS) measurements, but all peak measurements smaller than the maximum are negative levels.
A digital signal that does not contain any samples at 0dBFS can still clip when converted to analog form due to the signal reconstruction process interpolating between samples. This can be prevented by careful digital-to-analog converter circuit design. Measurements of the true inter-sample peak levels are notated as dBTP or dB TP ("decibels true peak").
RMS levels
Since a peak measurement is not useful for qualifying the noise performance of a system, or measuring the loudness of an audio recording, for instance, RMS measurements are often used instead.
A potential for ambiguity exists when assigning a level on the dBFS scale to a waveform rather than to a specific amplitude, because some engineers follow the mathematical definition of RMS, which for sinusoidal signals is −3dB below the peak value, while others choose the reference level so that RMS and peak measurements of a sine wave produce
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S.%20K.%20Gurunathan
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S. K. Gurunathan (1 August 1908 – 5 May 1966) was a sports journalist and one of the pioneers of cricket statistics in India.
Gurunathan studied in the Hindu High School in Triplicane, Madras. He started his journalistic career in the advertisement section of The Hindu in 1928. He became a reporter in 1938 and from 1958 till his death, was the sports editor. He founded the Madras Sports Annual which covered local cricket and other sports in the 1940s. While at The Hindu, he started the magazine Sport and Pastime which ran for about twenty years and ceased publication due to labour troubles soon after his death. Gurunathan was the first Honorary Cricket Statistician for the Board of Control for Cricket in India, serving in that post from 1949 to 1950 till his death.
Gurunathan founded the annual Indian Cricket in 1946 on the same lines as the Wisden Cricketers' Almanack and remained its editor till his death. He also regularly contributed to the Indian section of Wisden. He covered more than 50 Test matches including the Indian tours of Australia in 1947–48, England in 1952 and Pakistan in 1954–55, and reported the 1961-62 MCC tour of India for The Times. He authored the books 12 years of Ranji Trophy and three volumes of Story of the Tests. Gurunathan became the Founder-President of the Madras Sports Writers Club in 1963–64.
He was a stylish wicket keeper in his youth and represented the Indians in the Madras Presidency matches. In the Madras League matches, he represented
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuronal%20ceroid%20lipofuscinosis
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Neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis is the general name for a family of at least eight genetically separate neurodegenerative lysosomal storage diseases that result from excessive accumulation of lipopigments (lipofuscin) in the body's tissues. These lipopigments are made up of fats and proteins. Their name comes from the word stem "lipo-", which is a variation on lipid, and from the term "pigment", used because the substances take on a greenish-yellow color when viewed under an ultraviolet light microscope. These lipofuscin materials build up in neuronal cells and many organs, including the liver, spleen, myocardium, and kidneys.
Signs and symptoms
The classic characterization of the group of neurodegenerative, lysosomal storage disorders called the neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses (NCLs) is through the progressive, permanent loss of motor and psychological ability with a severe intracellular accumulation of lipofuscins, with the United States and Northern European populations having slightly higher frequency with an occurrence of one in 10,000. Four classic diagnoses have received the most attention from researchers and the medical field, differentiated from one another by age of symptomatic onset, duration, early-onset manifestations such as blindness or seizures, and the forms which lipofuscin accumulation takes.
In the early infantile variant of NCL (also called INCL or Santavuori-Haltia), probands appear normal at birth, but early visual loss leading to complete retinal bli
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wobble%20frequency
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Optical discs, with the exception of DVD-RAM, have their data encoded on a single spiral, or a groove, which covers the surface of the disc. In the case of recordable media, this spiral contains a slight sinusoidal deviation from a perfect spiral. The period of this sine curve corresponds to the wobble frequency. The wobble frequency is commonly used as a synchronization source to achieve constant linear velocity while writing a disc, but has other uses as well depending on the type of disc. The frequencies quoted all assume that the disc is being written at the '1x' speed. The frequencies are appropriately higher for faster writing speeds.
CD-R and CD-RW discs use a frequency modulated wobble of 140.6 kHz to encode information, such as the Absolute Time in Pregroove (ATIP), into the groove.
DVD-R and DVD-RW have a constant wobble frequency of 140.6 kHz relying on data 'pits' beside the groove to convey information (Land pre-pit).
DVD+R and DVD+RW have a constant wobble frequency of 817.4 kHz, but encodes its addressing information by periodically inverting the phase of the wobble signal (bi-phase modulation) to encode an exact address of the location on the spiral track (Address in Pregroove). The practical upshot of this arrangement is that the recording drive can navigate to an exact location on the DVD+R(W) disc whereas it cannot do so with the DVD-R(W).
BD-R and BD-RE discs utilise Address in Pregroove.
HD DVD-R and HD DVD-RW uses the land pre-pit system of the D
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DEA%20list%20of%20chemicals
|
The United States Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) maintains lists regarding the classification of illicit drugs (see DEA Schedules). It also maintains List I of chemicals and List II of chemicals, which contain chemicals that are used to manufacture the controlled substances/illicit drugs. The list is designated within the Controlled Substances Act but can be modified by the U.S. Attorney General as illegal manufacturing practices change.
Although the list is controlled by the Attorney General, the list is considered a DEA list because the DEA publishes and enforces the list.
Suppliers of these products are subject to regulation and control measures:
List I chemicals
These chemicals are designated as those that are used in the manufacture of the controlled substances and are important to the manufacture of the substances:
List II chemicals
These chemicals are designated as those that are used in the manufacture of controlled substances:
Special Surveillance List
Chemicals
All listed chemicals as specified in 21 CFR 1310.02 (a) or (b). This includes supplements which contain a listed chemical, regardless of their dosage form or packaging and regardless of whether the chemical mixture, drug product or dietary supplement is exempt from regulatory controls. For each chemical, its illicit manufacturing use is given in parentheses. Some Special Surveillance List chemicals do not have an exclusive manufacturing use for a specific illicit drug but rather have a broad rang
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metachromatic%20leukodystrophy
|
Metachromatic leukodystrophy (MLD) is a lysosomal storage disease which is commonly listed in the family of leukodystrophies as well as among the sphingolipidoses as it affects the metabolism of sphingolipids. Leukodystrophies affect the growth and/or development of myelin, the fatty covering which acts as an insulator around nerve fibers throughout the central and peripheral nervous systems. MLD involves cerebroside sulfate accumulation. Metachromatic leukodystrophy, like most enzyme deficiencies, has an autosomal recessive inheritance pattern.
Signs and symptoms
Like many other genetic disorders that affect lipid metabolism, there are several forms of MLD, which are late infantile, juvenile, and adult.
In the late infantile form, which is the most common form of MLD (50–60%), affected children begin having difficulty walking after the first year of life, usually at 15–24 months. Symptoms include muscle wasting and weakness, muscle rigidity, developmental delays, progressive loss of vision leading to blindness, convulsions, impaired swallowing, paralysis, and dementia. Children may become comatose. Untreated, most children with this form of MLD die by age 5, often much sooner.
Children with the juvenile form of MLD (onset between 3 and 10 years of age) usually begin with impaired school performance, mental deterioration, and dementia, then develop symptoms similar to the late infantile form but with slower progression. Age of death is variable, but normally within 10 to 1
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lutzomyia
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Lutzomyia is a genus of phlebotomine sand flies consisting of nearly 400 species, at least 33 of which have medical importance as vectors of human disease. Species of the genus Lutzomyia are found only in the New World, distributed in southern areas of the Nearctic and throughout the Neotropical realm. Lutzomyia is one of the two genera of the subfamily Phlebotominae to transmit the Leishmania parasite, with the other being Phlebotomus, found only in the Old World. Lutzomyia sand flies also serve as vectors for the bacterial Carrion's disease and a number of arboviruses.
Evolution
The genus, named after Adolfo Lutz, is known from the extinct Burdigalian (20–15 mya) species Lutzomyia adiketis found as a fossil in Dominican amber on the island of Hispaniola. It is thought that species in the genus Lutzomyia all originated in the lowland forests to the east of the Andes mountain range, and that their radiation throughout the Neotropics was sparked by dry periods of the Pleistocene, driving colonisation further north and west to areas of higher humidity and leading to reproductive isolation.
Systematics
The classification of species within the genus Lutzomyia is largely unresolved, and relies on often controversial divisions based on morphological taxonomic characters. Such analyses can suffer from polymorphisms within a species, the existence of cryptic species and the frequent lack of distinct morphological characters amongst females. Research has begun in an attempt to resol
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexel
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Vexel is a neologism for an entirely pixel-based form of raster art that imitates the visual appearance of vector graphics technique (i.e. sharp-edged lines and areas of flat colour or smooth gradient fills). The word itself is a portmanteau derived from a combination of "vector" and "pixel."
Technique
There is no one defined way to create a vexel, however, one archetypal way to create a vexel follows. Instead of using vector-based lines, shapes, and polygons to create an image, a vexel is typically created using a raster program's support for transparent layers. Each transparent layer is given a solid (or sometimes gradient) shape and a display ordering that when displayed together with other near shape layers appears to create a stepped-but-gradual color transition. In some cases, for more realism, gradients are used to remove the stepping in the color transitions to create a smoother, photo-realistic image.
The different nature of raster programs over a vector-plotted approach gives some vexel images a unique appearance when compared with traditional rasterized vector graphics. However, the increased flexibility comes with a loss of image scalability for print media, which vector artwork retains. To compensate for this, most vexels are created at very high resolution.
A vexel may even be composed using vector graphic techniques, however it becomes a vexel when the vector elements are rasterized and further manipulations to the image are done in raster. Sometimes true
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nurse%20cell
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In general biology or reproductive physiology, a nurse cell is a cell which provides food, helps other cells and provides stability to neighboring cells. The term nurse cell is used in several unrelated ways in different scientific fields.
Human physiology
Nurse cells are specialized macrophages residing in the bone marrow that assist in the development of red blood cells. They absorb the nuclei of immature red blood cells and may provide growth factors to help the red blood cells mature. In the bone marrow, immature red blood cells (erythroblasts) can be seen grouped in a cluster around a nurse cell.
The epithelial cell found in the cortex of the thymus is also called a "nurse cell." These cells produce Thymic hormones that cause T lymphocytes to mature and differentiate.
Parasitology
In parasitology, a nurse cell is an infected cell in the disease trichinosis discovered by Dickson Despommier. A trichinella larva enters a cell and develops there, probably as a way of concealing itself from the immune system. The parasite has evolved a way of stimulating blood vessel development around the cell, in order to receive the nutrients it needs. In trichinosis, nurse cells are invariably skeletal muscle cells; these are the only type of cell that can support the parasite.
Mycology
In mycology, a nurse cell is any hyphae that supplies food material to spores that have detached from the basidia; used especially in reference to taxa from the family Sclerodermataceae.
Cell biolo
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial%20digestion
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Artificial digestion is a laboratory technique that reduces food to protein, fat, carbohydrates, fiber, minerals, vitamins, and non-nutrient compounds for analytical or research purposes. Digestive agents such as pepsin and hydrochloric acid are typically used to accomplish artificial digestion.
Meat inspection
Artificial digestion is used to detect the presence of encysted trichinella larvae in suspected muscle tissue. Prior to this method, a sample of muscle tissue was compressed to visually express the encysted parasite. Using artificial digestion, meat samples are dissolved by a digestive solution and the remains are examined for the presence of larvae.
Digestion research
Artificial stomach and small intestine models are used instead of laboratory animals or human test subjects. Various models, from static one-compartment to dynamic multicompartment, exist. These models are used to study food digestion and subsequent bioavailability.
References
See also
Digestion
Parasitology
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribendimidine
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Tribendimidine is a broad-spectrum anthelmintic agent developed in China, at the National Institute of Parasitic Diseases in Shanghai. It is a derivative of amidantel.
In clinical trials, it was highly effective in treating ankylostomiasis, ascariasis and enterobiasis. It is also effective against clonorchiasis. However, animal studies suggest it is ineffective in treating Schistosoma mansoni or Fasciola hepatica disease. The drug has also performed well in trials against opisthorchiasis, curing about 70% of cases.
Tribendimidine is manufactured by Shandong Xinhua Pharmaceutical Company Limited in Zibo, Shandong, China. It was approved by the China Food and Drug Administration in 2007.
References
Anthelmintics
Amidines
Imines
Nicotinic agonists
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monty%20Beisel
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Monty Gene Beisel (; born August 20, 1978) is a former American football linebacker. He was drafted by the Kansas City Chiefs in the fourth round of the 2001 NFL Draft. He played college football at Kansas State.
Beisel also played for the New England Patriots and Arizona Cardinals.
High school career
Born in Victoria, Kansas, Beisel graduated from Douglass High School in Douglass, Kansas in 1997. Beisel was a Parade All-America selection and honorable mention All-USA pick by USA Today in 1996.
College career
Beisel attended college at Kansas State University as a Social Sciences/Mass Communications major. Beisel also played in 44 games accumulating 192 tackles (110 solo), 22.0 sacks, 45.0 stops for loss and 18 passes defended. He was a two-time first-team Academic All-Big 12 selection. He also received All-Big 12 Conference honorable mention and was a second-team Academic All-Big 12 pick.
Professional career
Arizona Cardinals
In Week 6 of the 2008 season, against the Dallas Cowboys, Beisel became the first player in NFL history to score a game-winning touchdown in overtime by returning a blocked punt.
Second stint with Chiefs
He re-signed with the Chiefs during the 2009 off-season. He was released on September 29.
Second stint with Cardinals
Beisel was re-signed by Arizona on November 24, 2009. He was released September 3, 2010.
Post football career
Since his retirement, Beisel has worked as a real estate agent specializing in luxury homes and condos.
References
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhododendron%20canadense
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Rhododendron canadense, the rhodora or Canada rosebay, is a deciduous flowering shrub that is native to northeastern North America.
Classification
Today's botanists consider the rhodora to be a distant relative of the other North American members of its genus, but the difference in floral structure did lead 19th century taxonomists to assign the plant its own genus Rhodora. Its closest relative is Rhododendron vaseyi from the Appalachian Mountains, which differs in having seven stamens. DNA sequencing shows that R. vaseyi is not related to R. canadense, but more to R. albrechtii.
Description
It reaches a mature height of 0.5–1.2 m (approximately 1–3 feet). In early spring, it produces pinkish-purple flowers in clusters of 2–6 together; each flower is 2–3 cm (approximately 1 inch) in diameter, with a five-lobed purple corolla. The flowers are unusual in comparison with other species of the genus Rhododendron found in northeastern North America. Most rhododendrons of the region have tubular flowers with 5 stamens each, while R. canadense has 10 stamens housed inside a zygomorphic corolla. The leaves open only after the flowers have bloomed and wilted; they are narrow oval, 2–6 cm long and 1–2 cm broad. When not in flower, it can still be identified by its peculiar, orange-brown seed cases, 1–1.2 cm long.
Distribution and habitat
The wild distribution of the rhodora begins at its easternmost extreme in Canada in Newfoundland and extends into eastern Ontario and the United
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aconoidasida
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The Aconoidasida are a class of apicomplexan parasites created by Mehlhorn et al in 1980.
Description
Organisms in this class bear a tip at one end of their outer membrane. This apical complex includes vesicles called rhoptries and micronemes, which open at the anterior of the cell. These secrete enzymes that allow the parasite to enter other cells. The tip is surrounded by a band of microtubules, called the polar ring.
As the name indicates, Aconoidasida (from Greek: negative prefix a- = "lacking") lack a conoid (they do have one only during the ookinete stage) in contrast to the class Conoidasida which have one throughout their life cycle.
See also
Haemosporidiasina
References
Apicomplexa classes
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMIC
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SMIC may refer to:
The SMIC Private School, in Shanghai
Semiconductor Manufacturing International Corporation, in Shanghai
, the minimum wage in France
Special Material Identification Code, a logistics management code used in association with the NATO Stock Number
Server Management Interface Chip, part of Intelligent Platform Management Interface (IPMI)
Missionary Sisters of the Immaculate Conception of the Mother of God, a Roman Catholic religious order
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endoglycosidase
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An Endoglycosidase is an enzyme that releases oligosaccharides from glycoproteins or glycolipids. It may also cleave polysaccharide chains between residues that are not the terminal residue, although releasing oligosaccharides from conjugated protein and lipid molecules is more common.
It breaks the glycosidic bonds between two sugar monomer in the polymer. It is different from exoglycosidase that it does not do so at the terminal residue. Hence, it is used to release long carbohydrates from conjugated molecules. If an exoglycosidase were used, every monomer in the polymer would have to be removed, one by one from the chain, taking a long time. An endoglycosidase cleaves, giving a polymeric product.
PROTEIN-x1-x2-x3-x4-x5-x6-x7-x8-x9-x10-x11-...-xn
Mechanism Overview
The mechanism is an enzymatic hydrolysis that requires two critical molecules; a proton donor (most likely an acid) and a nucleophile(most likely a base). The Endoglycosidases mechanism has two forms; an acid catalyzed protonation of the glycosidic oxygen yielding stereochemical retention at the anomeric carbon or an acid catalyzed protonation of the glycosidic oxygen with a concomitant attack of a water molecule activated by the base residue yielding a stereochemical inversion.
Both mechanisms exhibit the same distance between the proton donor and the glycosidic oxygen, situating the proton donor close enough to the glycosidic oxygen for hydrogen bonding. It is the distance between the nucleophile and the a
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FLHS
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FLHS may refer to one of the following high schools:
Fair Lawn High School, Fair Lawn, New Jersey
Fairfield Ludlowe High School, Fairfield, Connecticut
Faith Lutheran High School, Crystal Lake, Illinois
Faith Lutheran Middle School & High School, Las Vegas, Nevada
Fort Lauderdale High School, Broward County, Florida
Fort Lee High School, Fort Lee, New Jersey
Forest Lake Area High School, Forest Lake, Minnesota
Forest Lawn High School, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
Fox Lane High School, Bedford, New York
Francis Lewis High School, Fresh Meadows, New York City
Fred Longworth High School, Tyldesley, Greater Manchester, England
See also
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine%20conservation
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Marine conservation, also known as ocean conservation, is the protection and preservation of ecosystems in oceans and seas through planned management in order to prevent the over-exploitation of these marine resources. Marine conservation is informed by the study of marine plants and animal resources and ecosystem functions and is driven by response to the manifested negative effects seen in the environment such as species loss, habitat degradation and changes in ecosystem functions and focuses on limiting human-caused damage to marine ecosystems, restoring damaged marine ecosystems, and preserving vulnerable species and ecosystems of the marine life. Marine conservation is a relatively new discipline which has developed as a response to biological issues such as extinction and marine habitats change.
Marine conservationists rely on a combination of scientific principles derived from marine biology, Ecology, oceanography, and fisheries science, as well as on human factors, such as demand for marine resources, maritime law, economics, and policy, in order to determine how to best protect and conserve marine species and ecosystems. Marine conservation may be described as a sub-discipline of conservation biology.
Human impacts on marine ecosystems
Increasing human populations have resulted in increased human impact on ecosystems. Human activities has resulted in an increased extinction rate of species which has caused a major decrease in biological diversity of plants and an
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channel%20spacing
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Channel spacing, also known as bandwidth, is a term used in radio frequency planning. It describes the frequency difference between adjacent allocations in a frequency plan. Channels for mediumwave radio stations, for example are allocated in internationally agreed steps of 9 or 10 kHz: 10 kHz in ITU Region 2 (the Americas), and 9 kHz elsewhere in the world.
References
Broadcast engineering
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global%20Industry%20Classification%20Standard
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The Global Industry Classification Standard (GICS) is an industry taxonomy developed in 1999 by MSCI and Standard & Poor's (S&P) for use by the global financial community. The GICS structure consists of 11 sectors, 25 industry groups, 74 industries and 163 sub-industries into which S&P has categorized all major public companies. The system is similar to ICB (Industry Classification Benchmark), a classification structure maintained by FTSE Group.
GICS is used as a basis for S&P and MSCI financial market indexes in which each company is assigned to a sub-industry, and to an industry, industry group, and sector, by its principal business activity. "GICS" is a registered trademark of McGraw Hill Financial and MSCI Inc.
Classification
The classification is as follows:
Revisions
The classification standard is regularly updated by S&P Dow Jones Indices and MSCI. Numerous changes over the years have resulted in the addition, deletion, or redefinition of various sub-industries, industries, or industry groups. Since 1999, there have been two revisions at the sector level:
In 2016, the real estate industry group (with the exception of mortgage REITs) was moved out of the financials sector to a newly created real estate sector.
In 2018, the telecommunication services sector was renamed communication services. The sector was expanded to include media and entertainment companies previously in the consumer discretionary sector, as well as interactive media and services companies from t
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TrustRank
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TrustRank is an algorithm that conducts link analysis to separate useful webpages from spam and helps search engine rank pages in SERPs (Search Engine Results Pages). It is semi-automated process which means that it needs some human assistance in order to function properly. Search engines have many different algorithms and ranking factors that they use when measuring the quality of webpages. TrustRank is one of them.
Because manual review of the Internet is impractical and very expensive, TrustRank was introduced in order to help achieve this task much faster and cheaper. It was first introduced by researchers Zoltan Gyongyi and Hector Garcia-Molina of Stanford University and Jan Pedersen of Yahoo! in their paper "Combating Web Spam with TrustRank" in 2004. Today, this algorithm is a part of major web search engines like Yahoo! and Google.
One of the most important factors that help web search engine determine the quality of a web page when returning results are backlinks. Search engines take a number and quality of backlinks into consideration when assigning a place to a certain web page in SERPs. Many web spam pages are created only with the intention of misleading search engines. These pages, chiefly created for commercial reasons, use various techniques to achieve higher-than-deserved rankings in the search engines' result pages. While human experts can easily identify spam, search engines are still being improved daily in order to do it without help of humans.
One
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taq%20polymerase
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Taq polymerase is a thermostable DNA polymerase I named after the thermophilic eubacterial microorganism Thermus aquaticus, from which it was originally isolated by Chien et al. in 1976. Its name is often abbreviated to Taq or Taq pol. It is frequently used in the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), a method for greatly amplifying the quantity of short segments of DNA.
T. aquaticus is a bacterium that lives in hot springs and hydrothermal vents, and Taq polymerase was identified as an enzyme able to withstand the protein-denaturing conditions (high temperature) required during PCR. Therefore, it replaced the DNA polymerase from E. coli originally used in PCR.
Enzymatic properties
Taq'''s optimum temperature for activity is 75–80 °C, with a half-life of greater than 2 hours at 92.5 °C, 40 minutes at 95 °C and 9 minutes at 97.5 °C, and can replicate a 1000 base pair strand of DNA in less than 10 seconds at 72 °C. At 75–80 °C, Taq reaches its optimal polymerization rate of about 150 nucleotides per second per enzyme molecule, and any deviations from the optimal temperature range inhibit the extension rate of the enzyme. A single Taq synthesizes about 60 nucleotides per second at 70 °C, 24 nucleotides/sec at 55 °C, 1.5 nucleotides/sec at 37 °C, and 0.25 nucleotides/sec at 22 °C. At temperatures above 90 °C, Taq demonstrates very little or no activity at all, but the enzyme itself does not denature and remains intact. Presence of certain ions in the reaction vessel also affe
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obturator%20internus%20muscle
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The internal obturator muscle or obturator internus muscle originates on the medial surface of the obturator membrane, the ischium near the membrane, and the rim of the pubis.
It exits the pelvic cavity through the lesser sciatic foramen.
The internal obturator is situated partly within the lesser pelvis, and partly at the back of the hip-joint.
It functions to help laterally rotate femur with hip extension and abduct femur with hip flexion, as well as to steady the femoral head in the acetabulum.
Structure
Origin
The internal obturator muscle arises from the inner surface of the antero-lateral wall of the pelvis. It surrounds the obturator foramen. It is attached to the inferior pubic ramus and ischium, and at the side to the inner surface of the hip bone below and behind the pelvic brim. It reaches from the upper part of the greater sciatic foramen above and behind to the obturator foramen below and in front.
It also arises from the pelvic surface of the obturator membrane. This is except in the posterior part, from the tendinous arch which completes the canal for the passage of the obturator vessels and nerve, and to a slight extent from the obturator fascia, which covers the muscle.
Passage
The fibers converge through the lesser sciatic foramen. These end in four or five tendinous bands, which are found on the deep surface of the muscle. These bands are reflected at a right angle over the grooved surface of the ischium between its spine and tuberosity.
The obtur
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software%20Bisque
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Software Bisque, Inc. (formerly named Computer Assist Services) is a corporation based in Golden, Colorado that develops robotics telescope mounts and accessories and publishes software used in astronomy. It was founded in 1984 by current president and CEO, Stephen M. Bisque.
History
Bisque initially developed and marketed custom financial software and also sold a DOS-based astronomy program named TheSky. At that time, the company was based in Bisque's home in Golden, Colorado.
In 1990, Bisque hired his brothers Thomas, Daniel and Matthew. Together they ported TheSky for DOS to Windows 3.0. In 1992, TheSky for Windows was released. The product has been under continuous development since it was first released in the early 1980s; the current version is known as TheSkyX.
Products
Software Bisque has since developed and sold many astronomy-related products, including:
TheSky, TheSkyX Astronomy Software, Camera Add On, Dome Add On, and TPoint Add On
TheSky Pocket Edition for Windows Mobile devices
CCDSoft, a program for the acquisition and development of CCD images
TPoint for Windows, telescope analysis and pointing correction software
Orchestrate, a program for automating multiple astronomy devices, allowing fully automatic operation and data acquisition
Seeker, an OpenGL three-dimensional solar system simulator
AutomaDome, astronomical dome control software
PrecisionPEC, periodic error correction modeling software
Paramount ME, Paramount ME II, Paramount MX, Paramount MYT Ger
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parafoil
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A parafoil is a nonrigid (textile) airfoil with an aerodynamic cell structure which is inflated by the wind. Ram-air inflation forces the parafoil into a classic wing cross-section. Parafoils are most commonly constructed out of ripstop nylon.
The device was developed in 1964 by Domina Jalbert (1904–1991). Jalbert had a history of designing kites and was involved in the development of hybrid balloon-kite aerial platforms for carrying scientific instruments. He envisaged the parafoil would be used to suspend an aerial platform or for the recovery of space equipment. A patent was granted in 1966.
Deployment shock prevented the parafoil's immediate acceptance as a parachute. It was not until the addition of a drag canopy on the riser lines (known as a "slider") which slowed their spread that the parafoil became a suitable parachute. Compared to a simple round canopy, a parafoil parachute has greater steerability, will glide further and allows greater control of the rate of descent; the parachute format is mechanically a glider of the free-flight kite type and such aspects spawned paraglider use.
The air flow into the parafoil is coming more from below than the flight path might suggest, so the frontmost ropes tow against the airflow. When gliding, the angle of attack is lowered and the airflow meets the parafoil head on. This makes it difficult to achieve an optimum gliding angle without the parafoil deflating.
In 1984 Jalbert was awarded the Fédération Aéronautique Interna
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bence%20Jones%20protein
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Bence Jones protein is a monoclonal globulin protein or immunoglobulin light chain found in the urine, with a molecular weight of 22–24 kDa. Detection of Bence Jones protein may be suggestive of multiple myeloma, or Waldenström's macroglobulinemia.
Bence Jones proteins are particularly diagnostic of multiple myeloma in the context of target organ manifestations such as kidney failure, lytic (or "punched out") bone lesions, anemia, or large numbers of plasma cells in the bone marrow. Bence Jones proteins are present in 2/3 of multiple myeloma cases.
The proteins are immunoglobulin light chains (paraproteins) and are produced by neoplastic plasma cells. They can be kappa (most of the time) or lambda. The light chains can be immunoglobulin fragments or single homogeneous immunoglobulins. They are found in urine as a result of decreased kidney filtration capabilities due to kidney failure, sometimes induced by hypercalcemia from the calcium released as the bones are destroyed, dehydration due to polyurea, amyloidosis or from the light chains themselves. The light chains were historically detected by heating a urine specimen (which causes the protein to precipitate) and nowadays by electrophoresis of concentrated urine. More recently, serum free light chain assays have been utilised in a number of published studies which have indicated superiority over the urine tests, particularly for patients producing low levels of monoclonal free light chains, as seen in nonsecretory mul
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATM%20serine/threonine%20kinase
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ATM serine/threonine kinase or Ataxia-telangiectasia mutated, symbol ATM, is a serine/threonine protein kinase that is recruited and activated by DNA double-strand breaks (canonical pathway), oxidative stress, topoisomerase cleavage complexes, splicing intermediates, R-loops and in some cases by single-strand DNA breaks. It phosphorylates several key proteins that initiate activation of the DNA damage checkpoint, leading to cell cycle arrest, DNA repair or apoptosis. Several of these targets, including p53, CHK2, BRCA1, NBS1 and H2AX are tumor suppressors.
In 1995, the gene was discovered by Yosef Shiloh who named its product ATM since he found that its mutations are responsible for the disorder ataxia–telangiectasia. In 1998, the Shiloh and Kastan laboratories independently showed that ATM is a protein kinase whose activity is enhanced by DNA damage.
Introduction
Throughout the cell cycle DNA is monitored for damage. Damages result from errors during replication, by-products of metabolism, general toxic drugs or ionizing radiation. The cell cycle has different DNA damage checkpoints, which inhibit the next or maintain the current cell cycle step. There are two main checkpoints, the G1/S and the G2/M, during the cell cycle, which preserve correct progression. ATM plays a role in cell cycle delay after DNA damage, especially after double-strand breaks (DSBs). ATM is recruited to sites of double strand breaks by DSB sensor proteins, such as the MRN complex. After being recru
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stereocilia%20%28inner%20ear%29
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In the inner ear, stereocilia are the mechanosensing organelles of hair cells, which respond to fluid motion in numerous types of animals for various functions, including hearing and balance. They are about 10–50 micrometers in length and share some similar features of microvilli. The hair cells turn the fluid pressure and other mechanical stimuli into electric stimuli via the many microvilli that make up stereocilia rods. Stereocilia exist in the auditory and vestibular systems.
Morphology
Resembling hair-like projections, the stereocilia are arranged in bundles of 30–300. Within the bundles the stereocilia are often lined up in several rows of increasing height, similar to a staircase. At the core of these hair-like stereocilia are rigid cross-linked actin filaments, which can renew every 48 hours. These actin filaments face their positive ends at the tips of the stereocilia and their negative ends at the base and can be up to 120 micrometres in length. Filamentous structures, called tip links, connect the tips of stereocilia in adjacent rows in the bundles. The tip links are made up of nearly vertical fine filaments that run upward from the top end of a shorter stereocilia to its taller neighbor. Tip links are analogous to tiny springs, which, when stretched, open cation selective channels thus allowing ions to flow across the cell membrane into the hair cells. They also are involved in the force transmission across the bundle and the maintenance of the hair bundle struc
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gauss%E2%80%93Kuzmin%20distribution
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In mathematics, the Gauss–Kuzmin distribution is a discrete probability distribution that arises as the limit probability distribution of the coefficients in the continued fraction expansion of a random variable uniformly distributed in (0, 1). The distribution is named after Carl Friedrich Gauss, who derived it around 1800, and Rodion Kuzmin, who gave a bound on the rate of convergence in 1929. It is given by the probability mass function
Gauss–Kuzmin theorem
Let
be the continued fraction expansion of a random number x uniformly distributed in (0, 1). Then
Equivalently, let
then
tends to zero as n tends to infinity.
Rate of convergence
In 1928, Kuzmin gave the bound
In 1929, Paul Lévy improved it to
Later, Eduard Wirsing showed that, for λ = 0.30366... (the Gauss–Kuzmin–Wirsing constant), the limit
exists for every s in [0, 1], and the function Ψ(s) is analytic and satisfies Ψ(0) = Ψ(1) = 0. Further bounds were proved by K. I. Babenko.
See also
Khinchin's constant
Lévy's constant
References
Continued fractions
Discrete distributions
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GABAB%20receptor
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{{DISPLAYTITLE:GABAB receptor}}
GABAB receptors (GABABR) are G-protein coupled receptors for gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), therefore making them metabotropic receptors, that are linked via G-proteins to potassium channels. The changing potassium concentrations hyperpolarize the cell at the end of an action potential. The reversal potential of the GABAB-mediated IPSP (inhibitory postsynaptic potential) is –100 mV, which is much more hyperpolarized than the GABAA IPSP. GABAB receptors are found in the central nervous system and the autonomic division of the peripheral nervous system.
The receptors were first named in 1981 when their distribution in the CNS was determined, which was determined by Norman Bowery and his team using radioactively labelled baclofen.
Functions
GABABRs stimulate the opening of K+ channels, specifically GIRKs, which brings the neuron closer to the equilibrium potential of K+. This reduces the frequency of action potentials which reduces neurotransmitter release. Thus GABAB receptors are inhibitory receptors.
GABAB receptors also reduces the activity of adenylyl cyclase and Ca2+ channels by using G-proteins with Gi/G0 α subunits.
GABAB receptors are involved in behavioral actions of ethanol, gamma-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB), and possibly in pain. Recent research suggests that these receptors may play an important developmental role.
Structure
GABAB Receptors are similar in structure to and in the same receptor family with metabotropic glutama
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal%20Globe%20%28Karlovy%20Vary%20International%20Film%20Festival%29
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Crystal Globe () is the main award at the Karlovy Vary International Film Festival, first given in the Czech Republic city of Karlovy Vary in 1948.
IFFKV presents the following awards in the international film competition,:
Official selection awards
Grand Prix - Crystal Globe for best feature film
Special Jury Prize
Best Director Award
Best Actress Award
Best Actor Award
Other awards
East of the West Award
Grand Prix for Best Documentary Film (For films over 30 minutes in length, and one for under 30 minutes)
Festival President’s Award
Právo Audience Award
Non-statutory awards
Crystal Globe Winners - Grand Prix
Crystal Globe for Outstanding Artistic Contribution to World Cinema
2008 - Robert DeNiro
2009 - John Malkovich, Isabelle Huppert
2010 - Jude Law
2011 - Judi Dench
2012 - Susan Sarandon, Helen Mirren
2013 - John Travolta, Oliver Stone, Theodor Pištěk
2014 - Mel Gibson
2015 - Richard Gere
2016 - Willem Dafoe
2017 - James Newton Howard
2018 - Tim Robbins, Barry Levinson
2019 - Julianne Moore, Patricia Clarkson, Billy Crudup
2021 - Michael Caine, Johnny Depp, Jan Svěrák
References
External links
The official festival site / History
Archived page of the official festival site includes more information about the award winners
Karlovy Vary International Film Festival
Czech film awards
Lists of films by award
International film awards
Awards established in 1948
1948 establishments in Czechoslovakia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streetheart%20%28film%29
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Streetheart () is a 1998 film that was awarded the Crystal Globe at the Karlovy Vary International Film Festival in 1998. It was directed by French Canadian director Charles Binamé.
Cast
Awards
1998 Pascale Montpetit won Best Actress at the Jutra Awards
1998 Pascale Montpetit won Best Actress at the Mons International Festival of Love Films
1998 Anne-Marie Cadieux won Best Supporting Actress at the Jutra Awards
1998 Charles Binamé won Best Director at the 33rd Karlovy Vary International Film Festival
1998 The film won the Crystal Globe at the 33rd Karlovy Vary International Film Festival
1998 Charles Binamé and Monique Proulx won Best Canadian Screenplay at the Vancouver International Film Festival
References
External links
IMDB listing
1998 films
1998 comedy-drama films
Crystal Globe winners
Films directed by Charles Binamé
Canadian comedy-drama films
French-language Canadian films
1990s Canadian films
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SYSTAT%20%28statistics%20package%29
|
SYSTAT is a statistics and statistical graphics software package, developed by Leland Wilkinson in the late 1970s, who was at the time an assistant professor of psychology at the University of Illinois at Chicago. Systat Software Inc. was incorporated in 1983 and grew to over 50 employees.
In 1995, SYSTAT was sold to SPSS Inc., who marketed the product to a scientific audience under the SPSS Science division. By 2002, SPSS had changed its focus to business analytics and decided to sell SYSTAT to Cranes Software in Bangalore, India. Cranes formed Systat Software, Inc. to market and distribute SYSTAT in the US, and a number of other divisions for global distribution. The headquarters are in Chicago, Illinois.
By 2005, SYSTAT was in its eleventh version having a revamped codebase completely changed from Fortran into C++. Version 13 came out in 2009, with improvements in the user interface and several new features.
See also
Comparison of statistical packages
PeakFit
TableCurve 2D
TableCurve 3D
References
External links
SYSTAT
The story of SYSTAT as told by Wilkinson
C++ software
Statistical software
Windows-only proprietary software
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peripheral%20edema
|
Peripheral edema is edema (accumulation of fluid causing swelling) in tissues perfused by the peripheral vascular system, usually in the lower limbs. In the most dependent parts of the body (those hanging distally), it may be called dependent edema.
Cause
The condition is commonly associated with vascular and cardiac changes associated with aging but can be caused by many other conditions, including congestive heart failure, kidney failure, liver cirrhosis, portal hypertension, trauma, alcoholism, altitude sickness, pregnancy, hypertension, sickle cell anemia, a compromised lymphatic system or merely long periods of time sitting or standing without moving. Some medicines (e.g. amlodipine, pregabalin) may also cause or worsen the condition.
Prognosis
Successful treatment depends on control of the underlying cause. Severe swelling can cause permanent damage to nerves, resulting in peripheral neuropathy. Many cases from temporary or minor causes resolve on their own, with no lasting damage.
References
External links
Symptoms and signs: Skin and subcutaneous tissue
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odontoblast
|
In vertebrates, an odontoblast is a cell of neural crest origin that is part of the outer surface of the dental pulp, and whose biological function is dentinogenesis, which is the formation of dentin, the substance beneath the tooth enamel on the crown and the cementum on the root.
Structure
Odontoblasts are large columnar cells, whose cell bodies are arranged along the interface between dentin and pulp, from the crown to cervix to the root apex in a mature tooth. The cell is rich in endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi complex, especially during primary dentin formation, which allows it to have a high secretory capacity; it first forms the collagenous matrix to form predentin, then mineral levels to form the mature dentin. Odontoblasts form approximately 4 μm of predentin daily during tooth development.
During secretion after differentiation from the outer cells of the dental papilla, it is noted that it is polarized so its nucleus is aligned away from the newly formed dentin, with its Golgi complex and endoplasmic reticulum towards the dentin reflecting its unidirectional secretion. Thus with the formation of primary dentin, the cell moves pulpally, away from the basement membrane (future dentinoenamel junction) at the interface between the inner enamel epithelium and dental papilla, leaving behind the odontoblastic process within the dentin. The odontoblastic cell body keeps its tapered structure with cytoskeletal fibres, mainly intermediate filaments. Unlike cartilage and bo
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dentinogenesis
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Dentinogenesis is the formation of dentin, a substance that forms the majority of teeth. Dentinogenesis is performed by odontoblasts, which are a special type of biological cell on the outer wall of dental pulps, and it begins at the late bell stage of a tooth development. The different stages of dentin formation after differentiation of the cell result in different types of dentin: mantle dentin, primary dentin, secondary dentin, and tertiary dentin.
Odontoblast differentiation
Odontoblasts differentiate from cells of the dental papilla. This is an expression of signaling molecules and growth factors of the inner enamel epithelium (IEE).
Formation of mantle dentin
They begin secreting an organic matrix around the area directly adjacent to the IEE, closest to the area of the future cusp of a tooth. The organic matrix contains collagen fibers with large diameters (0.1-0.2 μm in diameter). The odontoblasts begin to move toward the center of the tooth, forming an extension called the odontoblast process. Thus, dentin formation proceeds toward the inside of the tooth. The odontoblast process causes the secretion of hydroxyapatite crystals and mineralization of the matrix (mineralisation occurs due to matrix vesicles). This area of mineralization is known as mantle dentin and is a layer usually about 20-150 μm thick.
Formation of primary dentin
Whereas mantle dentin forms from the preexisting ground substance of the dental papilla, primary dentin forms through a different
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nevada%20State%20Route%20375
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State Route 375 (SR 375) is a state highway in Nye and Lincoln counties in south-central Nevada, United States. The highway stretches from State Route 318 at Crystal Springs northwest to U.S. Route 6 (US 6) at Warm Springs. The route travels through mostly unoccupied desert terrain, with much of its alignment paralleling the northern edges of the Nellis Air Force Range. The road originally traversed through what is now the northern reaches of the air force range in the 1930s, when it was previously designated State Route 25A and later part of State Route 25.
The top-secret Area 51 government base is near SR 375, and many travelers have reported UFO observations and other strange alien activity along this road. Such stories prompted the state to officially designate the route as the Extraterrestrial Highway in 1996. The small town of Rachel, located near the midpoint of the highway, caters to tourists, geocachers, and UFO seekers with alien-themed businesses. Although the area receives some tourism due to alleged extraterrestrial activity, SR 375 remains a lightly traveled route.
Route description
State Route 375 begins at a "Y" junction with State Route 318 at Crystal Springs, a ghost town in the northern end of the Pahranagat Valley in the center of Lincoln County. The site, which is little more than the junction and a few trees, functions as a rest area. From Crystal Springs, the highway curves southwest to pass between the Pahrangat and Mount Irish ranges to ascend Ha
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chipper%20%28drugs%29
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A chipper is an occasional recreational-drug user who does not use drugs with the regularity or frequency that is typical of addiction. It is used particularly to refer to occasional users of opiates and tobacco smokers.
It can also refer to people who use various recreational drugs, but none habitually.
"Social" smokers
Such occasional users of tobacco are sometimes thought of as social smokers which is similar in meaning to social drinkers. However, evidence indicates that this only characterizes a minority of chippers. The prevalence of non-daily smoking in the U.S. has increased by 40% between 1996 and 2001.
Tipping point
Chippers are given as an example in The Tipping Point; if chippers begin smoking above a certain threshold (or tipping point), then they will develop regular cravings and become addicted.
History
The term dates at least to the 1970s, where it is used in reference to opiate use.
The term was notably used in reference to tobacco by psychologist Dr. Saul Shiffman, a professor at the University of Pittsburgh.
Notes and references
See also
Cigarette smoking among college students#Social smokers
External links
Kris Frieswick's column about chipping
Word Spy definition of a chipper
Psychosocial and Personality Differences in Chippers and Regular Smokers, by Saul Shiffman, et al.
Tobacco
Smoking in the United States
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umbrisol
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In soil classification, an Umbrisol is a soil with a dark topsoil and in which organic matter has accumulated within the mineral surface soil—in most cases with low base saturation—to the extent that it significantly affects the behaviour and utilization of the soil. Umbrisols are the counterpart of comparable soils with a high base saturation (Chernozems, Kastanozems and Phaeozems).
Umbrisols develop in weathering material of siliceous rock. They are found in mostly cool humid climates in mountainous regions with little or no moisture deficit, including tropical and subtropical mountains.
Many Umbrisols are under a natural or near-natural vegetation cover. Umbrisols occur above the actual tree line in the Andean, Himalayan and Central Asian mountain ranges; they are at lower altitudes in northern and western Europe where the former forest vegetation has been largely cleared, carry a vegetation of short grasses of low nutritional value. Coniferous forest predominates in Brazil (and in the United States). Umbrisols in tropical mountain areas in South Asia and Oceania are under montane evergreen forest. In the mountains of southern Mexico, the vegetation varies from tropical semi-deciduous forest to much cooler montane cloud forest.
The predominance of sloping land and wet and cool climate conditions restricts utilization of many Umbrisols to extensive grazing. Management focuses on the introduction of improved grasses and correction of the soil pH by liming. Many Umbrisols
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-covariance
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In probability and statistics, given two stochastic processes and , the cross-covariance is a function that gives the covariance of one process with the other at pairs of time points. With the usual notation for the expectation operator, if the processes have the mean functions and , then the cross-covariance is given by
Cross-covariance is related to the more commonly used cross-correlation of the processes in question.
In the case of two random vectors and , the cross-covariance would be a matrix (often denoted ) with entries Thus the term cross-covariance is used in order to distinguish this concept from the covariance of a random vector , which is understood to be the matrix of covariances between the scalar components of itself.
In signal processing, the cross-covariance is often called cross-correlation and is a measure of similarity of two signals, commonly used to find features in an unknown signal by comparing it to a known one. It is a function of the relative time between the signals, is sometimes called the sliding dot product, and has applications in pattern recognition and cryptanalysis.
Cross-covariance of random vectors
Cross-covariance of stochastic processes
The definition of cross-covariance of random vectors may be generalized to stochastic processes as follows:
Definition
Let and denote stochastic processes. Then the cross-covariance function of the processes is defined by:
where and .
If the processes are complex-valued stochastic pro
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linarite
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Linarite is a somewhat rare, crystalline mineral that is known among mineral collectors for its unusually intense, pure blue color. It is formed by the oxidation of galena and chalcopyrite and other copper sulfides. It is a combined copper lead sulfate hydroxide with formula PbCuSO4(OH)2.
Linarite occurs as monoclinic prismatic to tabular crystals and irregular masses. It is easily confused with azurite, but does not react with dilute hydrochloric acid as azurite does. It has a Mohs hardness of 2.5 and a specific gravity of 5.3 - 5.5.
Linarite was first identified in 1822. It is named after the Linares Plateau, Spain. It occurs in association with brochantite, anglesite, caledonite, leadhillite, cerussite, malachite and hemimorphite.
Gallery
References
Mineral galleries
Lead minerals
Copper(II) minerals
Sulfate minerals
Monoclinic minerals
Minerals in space group 11
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma%20motor%20neuron
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A gamma motor neuron (γ motor neuron), also called gamma motoneuron, or fusimotor neuron, is a type of lower motor neuron that takes part in the process of muscle contraction, and represents about 30% of (Aγ) fibers going to the muscle. Like alpha motor neurons, their cell bodies are located in the anterior grey column of the spinal cord. They receive input from the reticular formation of the pons in the brainstem. Their axons are smaller than those of the alpha motor neurons, with a diameter of only 5 μm. Unlike the alpha motor neurons, gamma motor neurons do not directly adjust the lengthening or shortening of muscles. However, their role is important in keeping muscle spindles taut, thereby allowing the continued firing of alpha neurons, leading to muscle contraction. These neurons also play a role in adjusting the sensitivity of muscle spindles.
The presence of myelination in gamma motor neurons allows a conduction velocity of 4 to 24 meters per second, significantly faster than with non-myelinated axons but slower than in alpha motor neurons.
General background of muscles
Muscle spindles
Muscle spindles are the sensory receptors located within muscles that allow communication to the spinal cord and brain with information of where the body is in space (proprioception) and how fast body limbs are moving with relation to space (velocity). They are mechanoreceptors in that they respond to stretch and are able to signal changes in muscle length. The sensitivity of detec
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloating
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Abdominal bloating (or simply bloating) is a short-term disease that affects the gastrointestinal tract. Bloating is generally characterized by an excess buildup of gas, air or fluids in the stomach. A person may have feelings of tightness, pressure or fullness in the stomach; it may or may not be accompanied by a visibly distended abdomen. Bloating can affect anyone of any age range and is usually self-diagnosed, in most cases does not require serious medical attention or treatment. Although this term is usually used interchangeably with abdominal distension, these symptoms probably have different pathophysiological processes, which are not fully understood.
The first step for the management is to find a treatment for the underlying causes that produce it through a detailed medical history and a physical examination. The discomfort can be alleviated by the use of certain drugs and dietary modifications.
Bloating can also be caused by chronic conditions and in rare cases can be a reoccurring life-threatening problem.
Symptoms and signs
The most common symptom associated with bloating is a sensation that the abdomen is full or distended. Rarely, bloating may be painful or cause shortness of breath.
Pains that are due to bloating will feel sharp and cause the stomach to cramp. These pains may occur anywhere in the body and can change locations quickly. They are so painful that they are sometimes mistaken for heart pains when they develop on the upper left side of the chest.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiev-class%20aircraft%20carrier
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The Kiev class, Soviet designation Project 1143 Krechyet (gyrfalcon), was the first class of fixed-wing aircraft carriers (heavy aircraft cruiser in Soviet classification) built in the Soviet Union for the Soviet Navy.
History
Laid down in 1970, the first ship of the class, Kiev, was partially based on a design for a full-deck carrier proposed in Project Orel. Originally, the Soviet Navy wanted a supercarrier similar to the American , but the smaller Kiev-class design was chosen because it was considered more cost-effective.
Unlike most NATO aircraft carriers, such as U.S. or most British ones, the Kiev class is a combination of both a cruiser and an aircraft carrier. In the Soviet Navy, this class of ships was specifically designated as a "heavy aviation cruiser" () rather than solely as an aircraft carrier. This designation allowed the ships to transit the Turkish Straits, while the 1936 Montreux Convention prohibited aircraft carriers heavier than 15,000 tons from passing through the Straits.
The ships were designed with a large island superstructure to starboard, with an angled flight-deck two-thirds of the length of the total deck; the foredeck was taken up with heavy surface-to-air and surface-to-surface missile armament. The intended mission of the Kiev class was support for strategic missile submarines, other surface ships, and naval aviation; it was capable of engaging in antiaircraft, antisubmarine, and surface warfare.
The Soviet Union built and commissioned
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archonta
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The Archonta are a now-abandoned group of mammals, considered a superorder in some classifications, which consists of these orders:
Primates
Plesiadapiformes (extinct primate-like archontans)
Scandentia (treeshrews)
Dermoptera (colugos)
While bats were traditionally included in the Archonta, recent genetic analysis has suggested that bats actually belong in Laurasiatheria. A revised category, Euarchonta, excluding bats, has been proposed.
This taxon may have arisen in the Early Cretaceous (more than 100 million years ago), so other models may explain mammalian evolution besides an explosive radiation from a single surviving lineage following the Cretaceous-Paleogene extinction of the Mesozoic megafauna, such as a series of prior radiations related to the breakup of Gondwana and Laurasia allowing for more survivors.
References
Mammal taxonomy
Mammal superorders
Placentalia
Obsolete mammal taxa
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicken%20anemia%20virus
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Chicken anemia virus, or CAV, is currently a member of the Anelloviridae family which is found worldwide. The virus only affects chickens. CAV is a non-enveloped icosahedral single stranded DNA virus, which causes bone marrow atrophy, anemia, and severe immunosuppression. Clinical signs of CAV infection are predominantly found in young chicks due to vertical transmission from the breeder hens whose maternal antibodies have not yet formed following exposure. Clinical disease is rare today because of the widespread practice of vaccinating breeders, but the subclinical form of the disease—which normally affects birds more than two weeks of age following horizontal transmission of the virus via the fecal–oral route—is ubiquitous. The virus is very resistant in the environment, making elimination very difficult.
The disease and virus have many names including chicken anemia, blue wing disease, anemia dermatitis syndrome, chicken/avian infectious anemia, hemorrhagic aplastic anemia syndrome, infectious chicken anemia, chicken infectious anemia virus, and chicken anemia agent. When this virus was first discovered in 1979, it was named chicken anemia agent.
Clinical signs
Clinical signs only occur in chicks less than three weeks of age. During outbreaks of CAV, up to 10% of chicks can die. Signs include a pale comb, wattle, eyelids, legs and carcass, anorexia, weakness, stunting, unthriftiness, weight loss, cyanosis, petechiation and ecchymoses, lethargy, and sudden death. Neurolog
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stickelberger%27s%20theorem
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In mathematics, Stickelberger's theorem is a result of algebraic number theory, which gives some information about the Galois module structure of class groups of cyclotomic fields. A special case was first proven by Ernst Kummer (1847) while the general result is due to Ludwig Stickelberger (1890).
The Stickelberger element and the Stickelberger ideal
Let denote the th cyclotomic field, i.e. the extension of the rational numbers obtained by adjoining the th roots of unity to (where is an integer). It is a Galois extension of with Galois group isomorphic to the multiplicative group of integers modulo . The Stickelberger element (of level or of ) is an element in the group ring and the Stickelberger ideal (of level or of ) is an ideal in the group ring . They are defined as follows. Let denote a primitive th root of unity. The isomorphism from to is given by sending to defined by the relation
.
The Stickelberger element of level is defined as
The Stickelberger ideal of level , denoted , is the set of integral multiples of which have integral coefficients, i.e.
More generally, if be any Abelian number field whose Galois group over is denoted , then the Stickelberger element of and the Stickelberger ideal of can be defined. By the Kronecker–Weber theorem there is an integer such that is contained in . Fix the least such (this is the (finite part of the) conductor of over ). There is a natural group homomorphism given by restriction, i.e. if , its image
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiss%20%28Kiss%20album%29
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Kiss is the debut studio album by American rock band Kiss, released on February 18, 1974. Much of the material on the album was written by Gene Simmons and Paul Stanley, as members of their pre-Kiss band Wicked Lester. Simmons estimated that the entire process of recording and mixing took three weeks, while co-producer Richie Wise has stated it took just 13 days.
Album information
The album was recorded at Bell Sound Studios in New York City, which was owned by the company that owned Buddah Records. Neil Bogart, the founder of Casablanca Records, was an executive at Buddah before forming Casablanca. Casablanca Records held a party at the Century Plaza Hotel in Los Angeles to celebrate the West Coast release of Kiss (February 8) and to introduce the record company to the press and other record industry executives.
The original release of the album did not include "Kissin' Time". It has been on every pressing since. There were approximately 100,000 copies of the original pressing without "Kissin' Time" on it.
In keeping with the Casablanca theme, the party included palm trees and a Humphrey Bogart lookalike. Kiss performed their usual loud and bombastic stage show, which turned Warner Bros. Records (Casablanca's record distributor) against the group. Soon after the show, Warner Bros. contacted Neil Bogart and threatened to end their deal with Casablanca if Kiss did not remove their makeup. With manager Bill Aucoin's backing, Kiss refused. Shortly after the release of Kiss, W
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduard%20Helly
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Eduard Helly (June 1, 1884 in Vienna – 28 November 1943 in Chicago) was a mathematician after whom Helly's theorem, Helly families, Helly's selection theorem, Helly metric, and the Helly–Bray theorem were named.
Life
Helly earned his doctorate from the University of Vienna in 1907, with two advisors, Wilhelm Wirtinger and Franz Mertens. He then continued his studies for another year at the University of Göttingen. Richard Courant, also studying there at the same time, tells a story of Helly disrupting one of Courant's talks, which fortunately did not prevent David Hilbert from eventually hiring Courant as an assistant. After returning to Vienna, Helly worked as a tutor, Gymnasium teacher, and textbook editor until World War I, when he enlisted in the Austrian army. He was shot in 1915, and spent the rest of the war as a prisoner of the Russians. In one prison camp in Berezovka, Siberia, he organized a mathematical seminar in which Tibor Radó, then an engineer, began his interest in pure mathematics. While held in another camp at Nikolsk-Ussuriysk, also in Siberia, Helly wrote important contributions on functional analysis.
After a complicated return trip, Helly finally came back to Vienna in 1920, married his wife (mathematician Elise Bloch) in 1921, and also in 1921 earned his habilitation. Unable to obtain a paid position at the university because he was seen as too old and too Jewish, he worked at a bank until the financial collapse of 1929, and then for an insurance com
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plume
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Plume or plumes may refer to:
Science
Plume (feather), a prominent bird feather
Plume (fluid dynamics), a column consisting of one fluid moving through another fluid
Eruption plume, a column of volcanic ash and gas emitted into the atmosphere during an eruption
Mantle plume, an upwelling of hot rock within the Earth's mantle that can cause volcanic hotspots
Moisture plume, an alternative name for an atmospheric river, a narrow corridor of concentrated moisture in the atmosphere
Plumage, the layer of feathers that cover a bird
Media and literature
"Plume" (Air episode), a 2005 episode of the Japanese anime Air
Plume, a 2006 album by Loscil
Plumes (play), a 1927 one-act play by Georgia Douglas Johnson
Plume (poetry collection), a 2012 book by Kathleen Flenniken
Plume (publisher), an American book publishing company
Plumes, a 1924 novel by Laurence Stallings
A song by The Smashing Pumpkins on their 1994 album Pisces Iscariot
"Plume", a song by Caravan Palace on the 2019 album Chronologic
People
Plume Latraverse (born 1946), Canadian singer, musician, and writer
Amélie Plume (born 1943), Swiss writer
Helen Plume, New Zealand climate change expert
Ilse Plume, American children's book illustrator
Kenneth Plume (born 1977), American author and broadcaster
Mike Plume (born 1968), Canadian country music singer and songwriter
Roberts Plūme (1897–1956), Latvian cyclist and cross-country skier
Thomas Plume (1630–1704), English churchman and philanthropist, foun
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnesium%20sulfide
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Magnesium sulfide is an inorganic compound with the formula MgS. It is a white crystalline material but often is encountered in an impure form that is brown and non-crystalline powder. It is generated industrially in the production of metallic iron.
Preparation and general properties
MgS is formed by the reaction of sulfur or hydrogen sulfide with magnesium. It crystallizes in the rock salt structure as its most stable phase, its zinc blende and wurtzite structures can be prepared by molecular beam epitaxy. The chemical properties of MgS resemble those of related ionic sulfides such as those of sodium, barium, or calcium. It reacts with oxygen to form the corresponding sulfate, magnesium sulfate. MgS reacts with water to give hydrogen sulfide and magnesium hydroxide.
Applications
In the BOS steelmaking process, sulfur is the first element to be removed. Sulfur is removed from the impure blast furnace iron by the addition of several hundred kilograms of magnesium powder by a lance. Magnesium sulfide is formed, which then floats on the molten iron and is removed.
MgS is a wide band-gap direct semiconductor of interest as a blue-green emitter, a property that has been known since the early 1900s. The wide-band gap property also allows the use of MgS as photo-detector for short wavelength ultraviolet light.
Occurrence
Aside from being a component of some slags, MgS is a rare nonterrestrial mineral niningerite detected in some meteorites. MgS is also found in the circumstel
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20Blackwell
|
David Harold Blackwell (April 24, 1919 – July 8, 2010) was an American statistician and mathematician who made significant contributions to game theory, probability theory, information theory, and statistics. He is one of the eponyms of the Rao–Blackwell theorem. He was the first African American inducted into the National Academy of Sciences, the first African American full professor (with tenure) at the University of California, Berkeley, and the seventh African American to receive a Ph.D. in mathematics. In 2012, President Obama posthumously awarded Blackwell the National Medal of Science.
Blackwell was also a pioneer in textbook writing. He wrote one of the first Bayesian statistics textbooks, his 1969 Basic Statistics. By the time he retired, he had published over 90 papers and books on dynamic programming, game theory, and mathematical statistics.
Early life and education
David Harold Blackwell was born on April 24, 1919, in Centralia, Illinois, to Mabel Johnson Blackwell, a full-time homemaker, and Grover Blackwell, an Illinois Central Railroad worker. He was the eldest of four children with two brothers, J. W. and Joseph, and one sister, Elizabeth. Growing up in an integrated community, Blackwell attended "mixed" schools, where he distinguished himself in mathematics. During elementary school, his teachers promoted him beyond his grade level on two occasions. It was in a high school geometry course, however, that his passion for math began. An exceptional student,
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merozoite%20surface%20protein
|
Merozoite surface proteins are both integral and peripheral membrane proteins found on the surface of a merozoite, an early life cycle stage of a protozoan. Merozoite surface proteins, or MSPs, are important in understanding malaria, a disease caused by protozoans of the genus Plasmodium. During the asexual blood stage of its life cycle, the malaria parasite enters red blood cells to replicate itself, causing the classic symptoms of malaria. These surface protein complexes are involved in many interactions of the parasite with red blood cells and are therefore an important topic of study for scientists aiming to combat malaria.
Forms
The most common form of MSPs are anchored to the merozoite surface with glycophosphatidylinositol, a short glycolipid often used for protein anchoring. Additional forms include integral membrane proteins and peripherally associated proteins, which are found to a lesser extent than glycophosphatidylinositol anchored proteins, or (GPI)-anchored proteins, on the merozoite surface. Merozoite surface proteins 1 and 2 (MSP-1 & MSP-2) are the most abundant (GPI)-anchored proteins on the surface of Plasmodium merozoites.
Function
MSP-1 is synthesized at the very beginning of schizogony, or asexual merozoite reproduction. The merozoite first attaches to a red blood cell using its MSP-1 complex. The MSP-1 complex targets spectrin, a complex on the internal surface of the cell membrane of a red blood cell. The majority of the MSP-1 complex is shed upon
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