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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RDU-FM
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RDU 98.5FM is a student radio station operating in Christchurch. It broadcasts on a frequency of 98.5 MHz, and is a member of the Student Radio Network of stations.
RDU began in 1976 on 1420kHz. During the period 1977 to 1985 the station was on 1230, 1503 (3XU) and 1422 kHz (3XB). FM broadcasts started in 1986 on 90.5 MHz and moved to 98.3 MHz in 1987 until 2003.
History
Wammo and Spanky became an infamous duo on the RDU Mornings show, most notably coaxing Don Brash into answering inappropriate love letters live on-air, and upsetting listeners by playing distasteful games poking fun at cancer victims. Wammo was scouted by Kiwi FM and was replaced by Kate Gorgeous, who hosted the show for a year till the end of 2007. After much searching for a new host, Spanky has returned to host the show solo under the new show title Breakfast with Spanky.
Many of the shows on RDU have been on air for many years. Girl School, The Mixtape Sessions, The Joint, Guitar Media, Dollar Mix, Hauswerk and Vintage Cuts are all popular long-running shows that are regular each week.
Since late 2006 RDU online streaming has been operating reliably, enabling the station's unique sound to now reach a global audience.
In 2007, the University of Canterbury Students' Association controversially agreed to sub-licence the RDU frequency to a newly formed company, RDU98.5FM Ltd and students against the sale selectively leaked information to the Press stating the station was sold for the price of $1. Actuall
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chestnut%20Mare
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"Chestnut Mare" is a song by the American rock band the Byrds, written by Roger McGuinn and Jacques Levy during 1969 for a planned country rock musical named Gene Tryp. The musical was never staged and the song was instead released in September 1970 as part of the Byrds' (Untitled) album. It was later issued as a single, peaking at number 121 on the Billboard singles chart and number 19 on the UK Singles Chart.
Composition
Throughout most of 1969, the Byrds' leader and guitarist, Roger McGuinn, had been writing songs with psychologist and Broadway impresario Jacques Levy for a country rock stage production of Henrik Ibsen's Peer Gynt that the pair were developing. The intended title for the musical was Gene Tryp, an anagram of the title of Ibsen's play.
McGuinn and Levy's production was to loosely follow the storyline of Peer Gynt, albeit with some modifications to transpose the story from Norway to south-west America during the mid-19th century. Ultimately, the Gene Tryp stage production was abandoned and among the twenty-six songs that McGuinn and Levy had written for the project, six (including "Chestnut Mare") would end up being released on the Byrds' (Untitled) and Byrdmaniax albums.
"Chestnut Mare" was intended to be used during a scene in which the play's eponymous hero attempts to catch and tame a wild horse, a scene that had featured a deer in Ibsen's original. While the majority of "Chestnut Mare" had been written specifically for Gene Tryp, the musical accompani
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netrin
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Netrins are a class of proteins involved in axon guidance. They are named after the Sanskrit word "netr", which means "one who guides". Netrins are genetically conserved across nematode worms, fruit flies, frogs, mice, and humans. Structurally, netrin resembles the extracellular matrix protein laminin.
Netrins are chemotropic; a growing axon will either move towards or away from a higher concentration of netrin. Though the detailed mechanism of axon guidance is not fully understood, it is known that netrin attraction is mediated through UNC-40/DCC cell surface receptors and repulsion is mediated through UNC-5 receptors. Netrins also act as growth factors, encouraging cell growth activities in target cells. Mice deficient in netrin fail to form the hippocampal comissure or the corpus callosum.
A proposed model for netrin activity in the spinal column of developing human embryos is that netrins are released by the floor plate and then are picked up by receptor proteins embedded in the growth cones of axons belonging to neurons in the developing spinal column. The bodies of these neurons remain stationary while the axons follow a path defined by netrins, eventually connecting to neurons inside the embryonic brain by developing synapses. Research supports that new axons tend to follow previously traced pathways rather than being guided by netrins or related chemotropic factors.
Discovery
Netrin was first described in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans in 1990, and named UNC-
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordination%20%28disambiguation%29
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Ordination is the process of consecrating clergy.
Ordination may also refer to:
Ordination (statistics), a multivariate statistical analysis procedure
Ordination (1640), a painting in Nicolas Poussin's first Seven Sacraments series
See also
Ordination of women
Ordination mill
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordination%20%28statistics%29
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Ordination or gradient analysis, in multivariate analysis, is a method complementary to data clustering, and used mainly in exploratory data analysis (rather than in hypothesis testing). In contrast to cluster analysis, ordination orders quantities in a (usually lower-dimensional) latent space. In the ordination space, quantities that are near each other share attributes (i.e., are similar to some degree), and dissimilar objects are farther from each other. Such relationships between the objects, on each of several axes or latent variables, are then characterized numerically and/or graphically in a biplot.
The first ordination method, principal components analysis, was suggested by Karl Pearson in 1901.
Methods
Ordination methods can broadly be categorized in eigenvector-, algorithm-, or model-based methods. Many classical ordination techniques, including principal components analysis, correspondence analysis (CA) and its derivatives (detrended correspondence analysis, canonical correspondence analysis, and redundancy analysis, belong to the first group.
The second group includes some distance-based methods such as non-metric multidimensional scaling, and machine learning methods such as T-distributed stochastic neighbor embedding and nonlinear dimensionality reduction.
The third group includes model-based ordination methods, which can be considered as multivariate extensions of Generalized Linear Models. Model-based ordination methods are more flexible in their appli
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ENCODE
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The Encyclopedia of DNA Elements (ENCODE) is a public research project which aims "to build a comprehensive parts list of functional elements in the human genome."
ENCODE also supports further biomedical research by "generating community resources of genomics data, software, tools and methods for genomics data analysis, and products resulting from data analyses and interpretations."
The current phase of ENCODE (2016-2019) is adding depth to its resources by growing the number of cell types, data types, assays and now includes support for examination of the mouse genome.
History
ENCODE was launched by the US National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI) in September 2003. Intended as a follow-up to the Human Genome Project, the ENCODE project aims to identify all functional elements in the human genome.
The project involves a worldwide consortium of research groups, and data generated from this project can be accessed through public databases. The initial release of ENCODE was in 2013 and since has been changing according to the recommendations of consortium members and the wider community of scientists who use the Portal to access ENCODE data. The two-part goal for ENCODE is to serve as a publicly accessible data base for "experimental protocols, analytical procedures and the data themselves," and "the same interface should serve carefully curated metadata that record the provenance of the data and justify its interpretation in biological terms." The project began it
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indium%20gallium%20phosphide
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Indium gallium phosphide (InGaP), also called gallium indium phosphide (GaInP), is a semiconductor composed of indium, gallium and phosphorus. It is used in high-power and high-frequency electronics because of its superior electron velocity with respect to the more common semiconductors silicon and gallium arsenide.
It is used mainly in HEMT and HBT structures, but also for the fabrication of high efficiency solar cells used for space applications and, in combination with aluminium (AlGaInP alloy) to make high brightness LEDs with orange-red, orange, yellow, and green colors. Some semiconductor devices such as EFluor Nanocrystal use InGaP as their core particle.
Indium gallium phosphide is a solid solution of indium phosphide and gallium phosphide.
Ga0.5In0.5P is a solid solution of special importance, which is almost lattice matched to GaAs. This allows, in combination with (AlxGa1−x)0.5In0.5, the growth of lattice matched quantum wells for red emitting semiconductor lasers, e.g. red emitting (650nm) RCLEDs or VCSELs for PMMA plastic optical fibers.
Ga0.5In0.5P is used as the high energy junction on double and triple junction photovoltaic cells grown on GaAs. Recent years have shown GaInP/GaAs tandem solar cells with AM0 (sunlight incidence in space=1.35 kW/m2) efficiencies in excess of 25%.
A different composition of GaInP, lattice matched to the underlying GaInAs, is utilized as the high energy junction GaInP/GaInAs/Ge triple junction photovoltaic cells.
Growth of Ga
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resampling
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Resampling may refer to:
Resampling (audio), several related audio processes
Resampling (statistics), resampling methods in statistics
Resampling (bitmap), scaling of bitmap images
See also
Sample-rate conversion
Downsampling
Upsampling
Oversampling
Sampling (information theory)
Signal (information theory)
Data conversion
Interpolation
Multivariate interpolation
Subsampling (disambiguation)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional%20data%20analysis
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Functional data analysis (FDA) is a branch of statistics that analyses data providing information about curves, surfaces or anything else varying over a continuum. In its most general form, under an FDA framework, each sample element of functional data is considered to be a random function. The physical continuum over which these functions are defined is often time, but may also be spatial location, wavelength, probability, etc. Intrinsically, functional data are infinite dimensional. The high intrinsic dimensionality of these data brings challenges for theory as well as computation, where these challenges vary with how the functional data were sampled. However, the high or infinite dimensional structure of the data is a rich source of information and there are many interesting challenges for research and data analysis.
History
Functional data analysis has roots going back to work by Grenander and Karhunen in the 1940s and 1950s. They considered the decomposition of square-integrable continuous time stochastic process into eigencomponents, now known as the Karhunen-Loève decomposition. A rigorous analysis of functional principal components analysis was done in the 1970s by Kleffe, Dauxois and Pousse including results about the asymptotic distribution of the eigenvalues. More recently in the 1990s and 2000s the field has focused more on applications and understanding the effects of dense and sparse observations schemes. The term "Functional Data Analysis" was coined by James
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Position%20effect
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Position effect is the effect on the expression of a gene when its location in a chromosome is changed, often by translocation. This has been well described in Drosophila with respect to eye color and is known as position effect variegation (PEV).
The phenotype is well characterised by unstable expression of a gene that results in the red eye coloration. In the mutant flies the eyes typically have a mottled appearance of white and red sectors. These phenotypes are often due to a chromosomal translocation such that the color gene is now close to a region of heterochromatin. Regions of heterochromatin can spread and influence transcription, which may result in the cessation of gene expression and subsequently, white eye sectors.
Position effect is also used to describe the variation of expression exhibited by identical transgenes that insert into different regions of a genome. In this case the difference in expression is often due to enhancers that regulate neighboring genes. These local enhancers can also affect the expression pattern of the transgene. Since each transgenic organism has the transgene in a different location each transgenic organism has the potential for a unique expression pattern.
References
External links
Epigenetics
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfspeed
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Wolfspeed, Inc. is an American developer and manufacturer of wide-bandgap semiconductors, focused on silicon carbide and gallium nitride materials and devices for power and radio frequency applications such as transportation, power supplies, power inverters, and wireless systems. The company was formerly named Cree, Inc.
History
The company was founded in July 1987 in Durham, North Carolina. Five of the six founders – Neal Hunter, Thomas Coleman, John Edmond, Eric Hunter, John Palmour, and Calvin Carter – are graduates of North Carolina State University.
In 1983, the founders – one a research assistant professor and the others student researchers – were seeking ways to leverage the properties of silicon carbide to enable semiconductors to operate at higher operating temperatures and power levels. They also knew silicon carbide could serve as the diode in light-emitting diode (LED) lighting, a light source first demonstrated in 1907 with an electrically charged diode of silicon carbide. The research team devised a way to grow silicon crystals in the laboratory, and in 1987 founded the company to produce SiC to be used commercially in both semiconductors and lighting.
In 1989, the company introduced the first blue LED, enabling the development of large, full-color video screens and billboards.
In 1991, the company released the first commercial silicon carbide wafer.
In 1993, the company became a public company via an initial public offering.
In 1999, the company name was
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notation%20in%20probability%20and%20statistics
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Probability theory and statistics have some commonly used conventions, in addition to standard mathematical notation and mathematical symbols.
Probability theory
Random variables are usually written in upper case roman letters: , , etc.
Particular realizations of a random variable are written in corresponding lower case letters. For example, could be a sample corresponding to the random variable . A cumulative probability is formally written to differentiate the random variable from its realization.
The probability is sometimes written to distinguish it from other functions and measure P so as to avoid having to define "P is a probability" and is short for , where is the event space and is a random variable. notation is used alternatively.
or indicates the probability that events A and B both occur. The joint probability distribution of random variables X and Y is denoted as , while joint probability mass function or probability density function as and joint cumulative distribution function as .
or indicates the probability of either event A or event B occurring ("or" in this case means one or the other or both).
σ-algebras are usually written with uppercase calligraphic (e.g. for the set of sets on which we define the probability P)
Probability density functions (pdfs) and
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary%20of%20probability%20and%20statistics
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This glossary of statistics and probability is a list of definitions of terms and concepts used in the mathematical sciences of statistics and probability, their sub-disciplines, and related fields. For additional related terms, see Glossary of mathematics and Glossary of experimental design.
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
X
Y
Z
See also
Notation in probability and statistics
Probability axioms
Glossary of experimental design
List of statistical topics
List of probability topics
Glossary of areas of mathematics
Glossary of calculus
References
External links
Probability and Statistics on the Earliest Uses Pages (Univ. of Southampton)
Glossary
Statistics-related lists
Probability and statistics
Probability and statistics
Wikipedia glossaries using description lists
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sauter%20mean%20diameter
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In fluid dynamics, Sauter mean diameter (SMD) is an average measure of particle size. It was originally developed by German scientist Josef Sauter in the late 1920s. It is defined as the diameter of a sphere that has the same volume/surface area ratio as a particle of interest.
Several methods have been devised to obtain a good estimate of the SMD.
Definition
The Sauter diameter (SD, also denoted D[3,2] or d_{32}) for a given particle is defined as:
where ds is the so-called surface diameter and dv is the volume diameter, defined as:
The quantities Ap and Vp are the ordinary surface area and volume of the particle, respectively.
The equation may be simplified further as:
This is usually taken as the mean of several measurements, to obtain the Sauter mean diameter (SMD):
This provides intrinsic data that help determine the particle size for fluid problems.
Applications
The SMD can be defined as the diameter of a drop having the same volume/surface area ratio as the entire spray.
SMD is especially important in calculations where the active surface area is important. Such areas include catalysis and applications in fuel combustion.
See also
Sphericity
References
Fluid dynamics
Length
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhinorrhea
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Rhinorrhea, rhinorrhoea, or informally runny nose is the free discharge of a thin mucus fluid from the nose; it is a common condition. It is a common symptom of allergies (hay fever) or certain viral infections, such as the common cold or COVID-19. It can be a side effect of crying, exposure to cold temperatures, cocaine abuse, or drug withdrawal, such as from methadone or other opioids. Treatment for rhinorrhea may be aimed at reducing symptoms or treating underlying causes. Rhinorrhea usually resolves without intervention, but may require treatment by a doctor if symptoms last more than 10 days or if symptoms are the result of foreign bodies in the nose.
The term rhinnorhea was coined in 1866 from the Greek rhino- ("of the nose") and -rhoia ("discharge" or "flow").
Signs and symptoms
Rhinorrhea is characterized by an excess amount of mucus produced by the mucous membranes that line the nasal cavities. The membranes create mucus faster than it can be processed, causing a backup of mucus in the nasal cavities. As the cavity fills up, it blocks off the air passageway, causing difficulty breathing through the nose. Air caught in nasal cavities - namely the sinus cavities, cannot be released and the resulting pressure may cause a headache or facial pain. If the sinus passage remains blocked, there is a chance that sinusitis may result. If the mucus backs up through the Eustachian tube, it may result in ear pain or an ear infection. Excess mucus accumulating in the throat or b
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generalizations%20of%20the%20derivative
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In mathematics, the derivative is a fundamental construction of differential calculus and admits many possible generalizations within the fields of mathematical analysis, combinatorics, algebra, geometry, etc.
Fréchet derivative
The Fréchet derivative defines the derivative for general normed vector spaces . Briefly, a function , an open subset of , is called Fréchet differentiable at if there exists a bounded linear operator such that
Functions are defined as being differentiable in some open neighbourhood of , rather than at individual points, as not doing so tends to lead to many pathological counterexamples.
The Fréchet derivative is quite similar to the formula for the derivative found in elementary one-variable calculus, and simply moves A to the left hand side. However, the Fréchet derivative A denotes the function .
In multivariable calculus, in the context of differential equations defined by a vector valued function Rn to Rm, the Fréchet derivative A is a linear operator on R considered as a vector space over itself, and corresponds to the best linear approximation of a function. If such an operator exists, then it is unique, and can be represented by an m by n matrix known as the Jacobian matrix Jx(ƒ) of the mapping ƒ at point x. Each entry of this matrix represents a partial derivative, specifying the rate of change of one range coordinate with respect to a change in a domain coordinate. Of course, the Jacobian
matrix of the composition g°f is a produc
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pectinase
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Pectinases are a group of enzymes that breaks down pectin, a polysaccharide found in plant cell walls, through hydrolysis, transelimination and deesterification reactions. Commonly referred to as pectic enzymes, they include pectolyase, pectozyme, and polygalacturonase, one of the most studied and widely used commercial pectinases. It is useful because pectin is the jelly-like matrix which helps cement plant cells together and in which other cell wall components, such as cellulose fibrils, are embedded. Therefore, pectinase enzymes are commonly used in processes involving the degradation of plant materials, such as speeding up the extraction of fruit juice from fruit, including apples and sapota. Pectinases have also been used in wine production since the 1960s. The function of pectinase in brewing is twofold, first it helps break down the plant (typically fruit) material and so helps the extraction of flavors from the mash. Secondly the presence of pectin in finished wine causes a haze or slight cloudiness. Pectinase is used to break this down and so clear the wine.
Pectinases can be extracted from fungi such as Aspergillus niger. The fungus produces these enzymes to break down the middle lamella in plants so that it can extract nutrients from the plant tissues and insert fungal hyphae. If pectinase is boiled it is denatured (unfolded) making it harder to connect with the pectin at the active site, and produce as much juice.
Pectinase in nature
Pectinase enzymes used toda
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pruning%20%28morphology%29
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The pruning algorithm is a technique used in digital image processing based on mathematical morphology. It is used as a complement to the skeleton and thinning algorithms to remove unwanted parasitic components (spurs). In this case 'parasitic' components refer to branches of a line which are not key to the overall shape of the line and should be removed. These components can often be created by edge detection algorithms or digitization. Common uses for pruning include automatic recognition of hand-printed characters. Often inconsistency in letter writing creates unwanted spurs that need to be eliminated for better characterization.
Mathematical Definition
The standard pruning algorithm will remove all branches shorter than a given number of points. If a parasitic branch is shorter than four points and we run the algorithm with n = 4 the branch will be removed. The second step ensures that the main trunks of each line are not shortened by the procedure.
Structuring Elements
The x in the arrays indicates a “don’t care” condition i.e. the image could have either a 1 or a 0 in the spot.
Step 1: Thinning
Apply this step a given (n) times to eliminate any branch with (n) or less pixels.
Step 2: Find End Points
Wherever the structuring elements are satisfied, the center of the 3x3 matrix is considered an endpoint.
Step 3: Dilate End Points
Perform dilation using a 3x3 matrix (H) consisting of all 1's and only insert 1's where the original image (A) also had a 1. Perfo
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metric%20tensor%20%28general%20relativity%29
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In general relativity, the metric tensor (in this context often abbreviated to simply the metric) is the fundamental object of study. The metric captures all the geometric and causal structure of spacetime, being used to define notions such as time, distance, volume, curvature, angle, and separation of the future and the past.
In general relativity, the metric tensor plays the role of the gravitational potential in the classical theory of gravitation, although the physical content of the associated equations is entirely different. Gutfreund and Renn say "that in general relativity the gravitational potential is represented by the metric tensor."
Notation and conventions
This article works with a metric signature that is mostly positive (); see sign convention. The gravitation constant will be kept explicit. This article employs the Einstein summation convention, where repeated indices are automatically summed over.
Definition
Mathematically, spacetime is represented by a four-dimensional differentiable manifold and the metric tensor is given as a covariant, second-degree, symmetric tensor on , conventionally denoted by . Moreover, the metric is required to be nondegenerate with signature . A manifold equipped with such a metric is a type of Lorentzian manifold.
Explicitly, the metric tensor is a symmetric bilinear form on each tangent space of that varies in a smooth (or differentiable) manner from point to point. Given two tangent vectors and at a point in , the
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganglia%20%28software%29
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Ganglia is a scalable, distributed monitoring tool for high-performance computing systems, clusters and networks. The software is used to view either live or recorded statistics covering metrics such as CPU load averages or network utilization for many nodes.
Ganglia software is bundled with enterprise-level Linux distributions such as Red Hat Enterprise Level (RHEL) or the CentOS repackaging of the same. Ganglia grew out of requirements for monitoring systems by Berkeley (University of California) but now sees use by commercial and educational organisations such as Cray, MIT, NASA and Twitter.
Ganglia
It is based on a hierarchical design targeted at federations of clusters. It relies on a multicast-based listen/announce protocol to monitor state within clusters and uses a tree of point-to-point connections amongst representative cluster nodes to federate clusters and aggregate their state. It leverages widely used technologies such as XML for data representation, XDR for compact, portable data transport, and RRDtool for data storage and visualization. It uses carefully engineered data structures and algorithms to achieve very low per-node overheads and high concurrency. The implementation is robust, has been ported to an extensive set of operating systems and processor architectures, and is currently in use on over 500 clusters around the world. It has been used to link clusters across university campuses and around the world and can scale to handle clusters with 2000 n
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CRISPR
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CRISPR () (an acronym for clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats) is a family of DNA sequences found in the genomes of prokaryotic organisms such as bacteria and archaea. These sequences are derived from DNA fragments of bacteriophages that had previously infected the prokaryote. They are used to detect and destroy DNA from similar bacteriophages during subsequent infections. Hence these sequences play a key role in the antiviral (i.e. anti-phage) defense system of prokaryotes and provide a form of acquired immunity. CRISPR is found in approximately 50% of sequenced bacterial genomes and nearly 90% of sequenced archaea.
Cas9 (or "CRISPR-associated protein 9") is an enzyme that uses CRISPR sequences as a guide to recognize and open up specific strands of DNA that are complementary to the CRISPR sequence. Cas9 enzymes together with CRISPR sequences form the basis of a technology known as CRISPR-Cas9 that can be used to edit genes within the organisms. This editing process has a wide variety of applications including basic biological research, development of biotechnological products, and treatment of diseases. The development of the CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing technique was recognized by the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 2020 which was awarded to Emmanuelle Charpentier and Jennifer Doudna.
History
Repeated sequences
The discovery of clustered DNA repeats took place independently in three parts of the world. The first description of what would later be calle
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DSB
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DSB may refer to:
Science and technology
Dictionary of Scientific Biography, a multivolume reference work edited by Charles Coulston Gillespie
Double strand break, a break in both DNA strands, part of DNA repair
Double-sideband transmission, in telecommunications
Dsb, the warm-summer Mediterranean continental climate in the Köppen climate classification
DsbA, a bacterial member of the Dsb (disulfide bond) family of enzymes
Organizations
De Surinaamsche Bank, Suriname
Defense Science Board, of the United States
Department of Internal Security (:ru:Главное управление собственной безопасности МВД России) or Departamenta sobstvennoi bezopasnosti of the Russian Ministry of Internal Affairs, an anticorruption and internal crime detection agency in Russia
Deutsche Schallplatten Berlin, another name of VEB Deutsche Schallplatten
Deutsche Schule Bratislava, a German international school in Bratislava, Slovakia
Deutscher Schützenbund, the German Shooting and Archery Federation
Dispute Settlement Body, of the World Trade Organization
DSB (railway company) (Danske Statsbaner), a Danish train operating company
DSB Bank (Dirk Scheringa Beheer), Netherlands
DSB Stadion, a football stadium in Alkmaar, Netherlands sponsored by DSB Bank
DSB International School, a German school in Mumbai, India
Dutch Safety Board, a Netherlands investigation agency
German International School of Cairo (Deutsche Schule der Borromäerinnen Kairo), Egypt
German School Beirut (Deutsche Schule B
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niobium%28V%29%20chloride
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Niobium(V) chloride, also known as niobium pentachloride, is a yellow crystalline solid. It hydrolyzes in air, and samples are often contaminated with small amounts of NbOCl3. It is often used as a precursor to other compounds of niobium. NbCl5 may be purified by sublimation.
Structure and properties
Niobium(V) chloride forms chloro-bridged dimers in the solid state (see figure). Each niobium centre is six-coordinate, but the octahedral coordination is significantly distorted. The equatorial niobium–chlorine bond lengths are 225 pm (terminal) and 256 pm (bridging), whilst the axial niobium-chlorine bonds are 229.2 pm and are deflected inwards to form an angle of 83.7° with the equatorial plane of the molecule. The Nb–Cl–Nb angle at the bridge is 101.3°. The Nb–Nb distance is 398.8 pm, too long for any metal-metal interaction. NbBr5, TaCl5 and TaBr5 are isostructural with NbCl5, but NbI5 and TaI5 have different structures.
Preparation
Industrially, niobium pentachloride is obtained by direct chlorination of niobium metal at 300 to 350 °C:
2Nb + 5Cl2 → 2NbCl5
In the laboratory, niobium pentachloride is often prepared from Nb2O5, the main challenge being incomplete reaction to give NbOCl3. The conversion can be effected with thionyl chloride: It also can be prepared by chlorination of niobium pentoxide in the presence of carbon at 300 °C.
Uses
Niobium(V) chloride is the main precursor to the alkoxides of niobium, which find uses in sol-gel processing. It is also t
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rose%20Hip
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Rose Hip, rosehip, or variation, may refer to:
Rose hips, the fruit of the rose flower plant
Rosehip neuron, a type of GABA neuron
The Rosehips (album), an album by Kevin Junior
Rose Hip (manga franchise), a Japanese comic book franchise created by Tooru Fujisawa
Rose Hip Rose, a manga created by Tooru Fujisawa
Rose Hip Zero, a manga created by Tooru Fujisawa
See also
Rosehip extract
Rose hip soup
Rose hip wine
Rose (disambiguation)
Hip (disambiguation)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glass%20marimba
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The glass marimba is a type of idiophone also known as a vitrephone or crystallophone.
Marimba translates to "a xylophone-like instrument" from an African language, probably Bantu. The glass keys are made of either hard glass (plate glass) or soft glass (stained glass). The keys are resonated with either a single open top box or individual resonators for each key. Mallets used to play the marimba can be constructed using a compressed silicone ball (bouncy ball) attached to one end of a wooden or synthetic dowel. These mallets bring out the purest sound from glass marimba. Other types of mallets are used for different effects. The tuning system of a glass marimba can be whatever is desired. Glass marimbas are utilised by the Brazilian percussion ensemble, Uakti.
Construction
Glass marimba can be constructed in a variety of ways.
How one resonates the keys governs the construction method and design.
Resonation can be accomplished using a single resonator which all the keys resonate into, such as an open top box, or individual resonators for each key which can be a tube, box, or sphere. Single box resonators can be constructed from wood, glass, or metal among a variety of materials. Individual resonators can be made from gourds, wood, bamboo, clay, glass, pvc, or metal, to name a few.
The keys also govern the design of the marimba due to the fact that the keys are supported at points called nodes and these dictate the shape of the marimba due to the graduated lengths of
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vector%20W2
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The Vector W2 was a fully functional concept car intended for production constructed by Vector Motors in 1978. It had a Bosch fuel injected twin-turbocharged 350 cid (5.7 L) aluminum Chevrolet V8 engine that produced over 600 hp (450 kW) and over 600 ft·lbf (800 N·m) of torque. The top speed was a claimed 242 mph (389 km/h).
The name comes from the "W" for Jerry Wiegert (designer and founder of Vector Motors) and "2" for the number of turbochargers. Over the time prior to production the car went through a number of improvements in performance, technology, updated styling exercises, as well as color changes. The car was displayed at international auto shows worldwide, and featured in many automotive publications. Between 1978 and 1987, Wiegert attempted to raise the money to start series of the car. In its lifetime, the car covered over in testing, more than any other concept car. In 1989, the final version of the W2 went into production as the Vector W8.
Currently, the Vector W2 prototype is inoperable, but is slated for restoration.
Notes
Only 17 Vector W2's were ever made, seven of which went to Asia, six went to Europe, two went to Australia, two went to the USA, and only one to South America.
The Vector W2 was used in the Remington Steele episode "License to Steele"; portrayed as the product of a fictional car company, it was called the Hunter Jet Star 6000.
The Vector W8 was featured in the 1993 movie Rising Sun starring Sean Connery and Wesley Snipes.
In early O
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HPPD
|
HPPD may refer to:
Hallucinogen persisting perception disorder, a perception disorder that can be caused by hallucinogenic drug use
4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase, an enzyme found in almost all aerobic life forms and the primary target of some herbicides
One of those HPPD inhibitor herbicides, a 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase inhibitor
Hours per patient-day, a staffing goal to determine the number of clinicians needed to provide a certain standard of care to a set of patients
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecology%20of%20Bermuda
|
The flora and fauna of Bermuda form part of a unique ecosystem due to Bermuda's isolation from the mainland of North America. The wide range of endemic species and the islands form a distinct ecoregion, the Bermuda subtropical conifer forests.
Setting
Located 900 km off the American East Coast, Bermuda is a crescent-shaped chain of 184 islands and islets that were once the rim of a volcano. The islands are slightly hilly rather than having steep cliffs, with the highest point being 79m. The coast has many bays and inlets, with sandy beaches especially on the south coasts. Bermuda has a semi-tropical climate, warmed by the Gulf Stream current. Bermuda is very densely populated. Twenty of the islands are inhabited.
Wildlife that could fly to the island or were carried there by winds and currents formed the species. There are no native mammals other than bats, and only two reptiles, but large numbers of birds, plants, and insects. Once on the island, organisms had to adapt to local conditions, such as the humid climate, lack of fresh water, frequent storms, and salt spray. The area of the islands shrank as water levels rose at the end of the Pleistocene epoch, and fewer species were able to survive in the reduced land-area. Nearly 8,000 different species of flora and fauna are known from the islands of Bermuda. The number is likely to be considerably higher if all microorganisms, cave-dwellers and deep-sea species were counted.
Today the variety of species on Bermuda has been
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob%20Ziv
|
Jacob Ziv (; 27 November 1931 – 25 March 2023) was an Israeli electrical engineer and information theorist who developed the LZ family of lossless data compression algorithms alongside Abraham Lempel.
Biography
Born in Tiberias, British mandate Palestine, on 27 November 1931, Ziv received his B.Sc., Dip. Eng. (1954) and M.Sc. degrees (1957) in electrical engineering from the Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, and his D.Sc. degree, receiving the degree from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1962. In 1970, Ziv joined the Technion – Israel Institute of Technology and was the Herman Gross Professor of Electrical Engineering and a Technion Distinguished Professor.
Ziv was dean of the Faculty of Electrical Engineering from 1974 to 1976 and vice president for Academic Affairs from 1978 to 1982. From 1987, Ziv had spent three sabbatical leaves at the Information Research Department of Bell Laboratories in Murray Hill, New Jersey.
From 1955 to 1959, he served as a senior research engineer for the Scientific Department of the Israel Ministry of Defense, focused on research and development of communication systems. While studying for his doctorate at M.I.T. from 1961 to 1962, he joined the Applied Science Division of Melpar, Inc. in Watertown, Massachusetts, where he was a senior research engineer performing research in communication theory. In 1962 he returned to the Israel Ministry of Defense's scientific department, as head of the Communications Division and was
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supercritical%20fluid%20extraction
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Supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) is the process of separating one component (the extractant) from another (the matrix) using supercritical fluids as the extracting solvent. Extraction is usually from a solid matrix, but can also be from liquids. SFE can be used as a sample preparation step for analytical purposes, or on a larger scale to either strip unwanted material from a product (e.g. decaffeination) or collect a desired product (e.g. essential oils). These essential oils can include limonene and other straight solvents. Carbon dioxide (CO2) is the most used supercritical fluid, sometimes modified by co-solvents such as ethanol or methanol. Extraction conditions for supercritical carbon dioxide are above the critical temperature of 31 °C and critical pressure of 74 bar. Addition of modifiers may slightly alter this. The discussion below will mainly refer to extraction with CO2, except where specified.
Advantages
Selectivity
The properties of the supercritical fluid can be altered by varying the pressure and temperature, allowing selective extraction. For example, volatile oils can be extracted from a plant with low pressures (100 bar), whereas liquid extraction would also remove lipids. Lipids can be removed using pure CO2 at higher pressures, and then phospholipids can be removed by adding ethanol to the solvent. The same principle can be used to extract polyphenols and unsaturated fatty acids separately from wine wastes.
Speed
Extraction is a diffusion-based proc
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point%20process
|
In statistics and probability theory, a point process or point field is a collection of mathematical points randomly located on a mathematical space such as the real line or Euclidean space.
Point processes can be used for spatial data analysis, which is of interest in such diverse disciplines as forestry, plant ecology, epidemiology, geography, seismology, materials science, astronomy, telecommunications, computational neuroscience, economics and others.
There are different mathematical interpretations of a point process, such as a random counting measure or a random set. Some authors regard a point process and stochastic process as two different objects such that a point process is a random object that arises from or is associated with a stochastic process, though it has been remarked that the difference between point processes and stochastic processes is not clear. Others consider a point process as a stochastic process, where the process is indexed by sets of the underlying space on which it is defined, such as the real line or -dimensional Euclidean space. Other stochastic processes such as renewal and counting processes are studied in the theory of point processes. Sometimes the term "point process" is not preferred, as historically the word "process" denoted an evolution of some system in time, so point process is also called a random point field.
Point processes on the real line form an important special case that is particularly amenable to study, because the po
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invariants%20of%20tensors
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In mathematics, in the fields of multilinear algebra and representation theory, the principal invariants of the second rank tensor are the coefficients of the characteristic polynomial
,
where is the identity operator and represent the polynomial's eigenvalues.
More broadly, any scalar-valued function is an invariant of if and only if for all orthogonal . This means that a formula expressing an invariant in terms of components, , will give the same result for all Cartesian bases. For example, even though individual diagonal components of will change with a change in basis, the sum of diagonal components will not change.
Properties
The principal invariants do not change with rotations of the coordinate system (they are objective, or in more modern terminology, satisfy the principle of material frame-indifference) and any function of the principal invariants is also objective.
Calculation of the invariants of rank two tensors
In a majority of engineering applications, the principal invariants of (rank two) tensors of dimension three are sought, such as those for the right Cauchy-Green deformation tensor.
Principal invariants
For such tensors, the principal invariants are given by:
For symmetric tensors, these definitions are reduced.
The correspondence between the principal invariants and the characteristic polynomial of a tensor, in tandem with the Cayley–Hamilton theorem reveals that
where is the second-order identity tensor.
Main invariants
In addition
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charley%20Straight
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Charles Theodore "Charley" Straight (January 16, 1891 – September 22, 1940) was an American pianist, bandleader and composer.
Biography
Straight started his career in 1909 accompanying singer Gene Greene in Vaudeville. In 1916, he began working at the Imperial Piano Roll Company in Chicago, where he recorded dozens of piano rolls. He became a popular bandleader in Chicago during the 1920s. His band, the Charley Straight Orchestra, had a long term engagement at the Rendezvous Café from 1922 to 1925 and recorded for Paramount Records and Brunswick Records in the 1920s.
During the 1920s, Straight worked with Roy Bargy on the latter's eight Piano Syncopations. In describing "Rufenreddy", the fifth in the series, the ragtime historian "Perfessor" Bill Edwards stated:
The actual parentage of this piece will likely remain obscured to some degree, since Bargy's collaborator, Charley Straight, more or less may have let Bargy take credit when the piano rolls of the Eight Piano Syncopations were transcribed into sheet music form. It is likely that Straight wrote the bulk of the composition in 1918, and Bargy added many of his individual touches to it in the performance, the end result being that there is some of each of them within.
Straight died in Chicago on the evening of September 22, 1940, after being struck by a car. At the time, Straight was working as a sanitary inspector for the city of Chicago, and was emerging from a manhole in the street.
Selected compositions
"Rufenr
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver%20number
|
Silver number may refer to:
Silver ratio 1 +
Plastic number, the real root of the cubic equation
Gold-to-silver ratio
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norio%20Taniguchi
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was a professor of Tokyo University of Science. He coined the term nano-technology in 1974 to describe semiconductor processes such as thin film deposition and ion beam milling exhibiting characteristic control on the order of a nanometer: "Nano-technology' mainly consists of the processing of separation, consolidation, and deformation of materials by one atom or one molecule."
Taniguchi started his research on abrasive mechanisms of high precision machining of hard and brittle materials. At Tokyo University of Science, he went on to pioneer the application of energy beam techniques to ultra precision materials processing; these included electro discharge, microwave, electron beam, photon (laser) and ion beams.
He studied the developments in machining techniques from 1940 until the early 1970s and predicted correctly that by the late 1980s, techniques would have evolved to a degree that dimensional accuracies of better than 100 nm would be achievable.
Recognition
The European Society for Precision Engineering and Nanotechnology presented Professor Taniguchi with its 1st Lifetime Achievement Award in Bremen, May 1999.
The citation on Professor Taniguchi's award read:
References
Nanotechnology: Integrated Processing Systems for Ultra-precision and Ultra-fine products, Edited by Norio Taniguchi. Associate Editors: Tsuguo Kohno, Kazuo Maruyama, Kiyoshi Iizuka, Iwao Miyamoto and Toshio Dohi. 0198562837, hardback, 424 pages, Sep 1996.
1912 births
1999 deaths
Japanese sc
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sieve%20of%20Atkin
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In mathematics, the sieve of Atkin is a modern algorithm for finding all prime numbers up to a specified integer. Compared with the ancient sieve of Eratosthenes, which marks off multiples of primes, the sieve of Atkin does some preliminary work and then marks off multiples of squares of primes, thus achieving a better theoretical asymptotic complexity. It was created in 2003 by A. O. L. Atkin and Daniel J. Bernstein.
Algorithm
In the algorithm:
All remainders are modulo-sixty remainders (divide the number by 60 and return the remainder).
All numbers, including and , are positive integers.
Flipping an entry in the sieve list means to change the marking (prime or nonprime) to the opposite marking.
This results in numbers with an odd number of solutions to the corresponding equation being potentially prime (prime if they are also square free), and numbers with an even number of solutions being composite.
The algorithm:
Create a results list, filled with 2, 3, and 5.
Create a sieve list with an entry for each positive integer; all entries of this list should initially be marked non prime (composite).
For each entry number in the sieve list, with modulo-sixty remainder :
If is 1, 13, 17, 29, 37, 41, 49, or 53, flip the entry for each possible solution to . The number of flipping operations as a ratio to the sieving range for this step approaches × (the "8" in the fraction comes from the eight modulos handled by this quadratic and the 60 because Atkin calculated
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rat%20Genome%20Database
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The Rat Genome Database (RGD) is a database of rat genomics, genetics, physiology and functional data, as well as data for comparative genomics between rat, human and mouse. RGD is responsible for attaching biological information to the rat genome via structured vocabulary, or ontology, annotations assigned to genes and quantitative trait loci (QTL), and for consolidating rat strain data and making it available to the research community. They are also developing a suite of tools for mining and analyzing genomic, physiologic and functional data for the rat, and comparative data for rat, mouse, human, and five other species.
RGD began as a collaborative effort between research institutions involved in rat genetic and genomic research. Its goal, as stated in the National Institutes of Health’s Request for Grant Application: HL-99-013, is the establishment of a Rat Genome Database to collect, consolidate, and integrate data generated from ongoing rat genetic and genomic research efforts and make this data widely available to the scientific community. A secondary, but critical goal is to provide curation of mapped positions for quantitative trait loci, known mutations and other phenotypic data.
The rat continues to be extensively used by researchers as a model organism for investigating pharmacology, toxicology, general physiology and the biology and pathophysiology of disease. In recent years, there has been a rapid increase in rat genetic and genomic data. In addition to this
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pascal%27s%20simplex
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In mathematics, Pascal's simplex is a generalisation of Pascal's triangle into arbitrary number of dimensions, based on the multinomial theorem.
Generic Pascal's m-simplex
Let m (m > 0) be a number of terms of a polynomial and n (n ≥ 0) be a power the polynomial is raised to.
Let denote a Pascal's m-simplex. Each Pascal's m-simplex is a semi-infinite object, which consists of an infinite series of its components.
Let denote its nth component, itself a finite (m − 1)-simplex with the edge length n, with a notational equivalent .
nth component
consists of the coefficients of multinomial expansion of a polynomial with m terms raised to the power of n:
where .
Example for
Pascal's 4-simplex , sliced along the k4. All points of the same color belong to the same n-th component, from red (for n = 0) to blue (for n = 3).
Specific Pascal's simplices
Pascal's 1-simplex
is not known by any special name.
nth component
(a point) is the coefficient of multinomial expansion of a polynomial with 1 term raised to the power of n:
Arrangement of
which equals 1 for all n.
Pascal's 2-simplex
is known as Pascal's triangle .
nth component
(a line) consists of the coefficients of binomial expansion of a polynomial with 2 terms raised to the power of n:
Arrangement of
Pascal's 3-simplex
is known as Pascal's tetrahedron .
nth component
(a triangle) consists of the coefficients of trinomial expansion of a polynomial with 3 terms raised to the power of n:
Arrangemen
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gutmann
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Gutmann may refer to:
Gutmann (surname), including a list of people with the name
Bank Gutmann, a private bank in Vienna, Austria
Gutmann method, an algorithm used to erase the contents of a computer drive, invented by Peter Gutmann
Palais Gutmann, a Ringstraßenpalais in Vienna
See also
Gutman
Guttmann
Guttman
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scatterometer
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A scatterometer or diffusionmeter is a scientific instrument to measure the return of a beam of light or radar waves scattered by diffusion in a medium such as air. Diffusionmeters using visible light are found in airports or along roads to measure horizontal visibility. Radar scatterometers use radio or microwaves to determine the normalized radar cross section (σ0, "sigma zero" or "sigma naught") of a surface. They are often mounted on weather satellites to find wind speed and direction, and are used in industries to analyze the roughness of surfaces.
Optical
Optical diffusionmeters are devices used in meteorology to find the optical range or the horizontal visibility. They consist of a light source, usually a laser, and a receiver. Both are placed at a 35° angle downward, aimed at a common area. Lateral scattering by the air along the light beam is quantified as an attenuation coefficient. Any departure from the clear air extinction coefficient (e.g. in fog) is measured and is inversely proportional to the visibility (the greater the loss, the lower is the visibility).
These devices are found in automatic weather stations for general visibility, along airport runways for runway visual range, or along roads for visual conditions. Their main drawback is that the measurement is done over the very small volume of air between the transmitter and the receiver. The visibility reported is therefore only representative of the general conditions around the instrument in generali
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United%20Kingdom%20National%20DNA%20Database
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The United Kingdom National DNA Database (NDNAD; officially the UK National Criminal Intelligence DNA Database) is a national DNA Database that was set up in 1995. In 2005 it had 3.1 million profiles and in 2020 it had 6.6 million profiles (5.6 million individuals excluding duplicates). 270,000 samples were added to the database in 2019–20, populated by samples recovered from crime scenes and taken from police suspects. 124,000 were deleted for those not charged or not found guilty. There were 731,000 matches of unsolved crimes between 2001 and 2020.
Only patterns of short tandem repeats are stored in the NDNAD – not a person's full genomic sequence. Since 2014 sixteen loci of the DNA-17 system are analysed, resulting in a string of 32 numbers, being two allele repeats from each of the sixteen loci. Amelogenin is used for a rapid test of a donor's sex. Scotland has used 21 STR loci, two Y-DNA markers and the gender identifier since 2014.
However, individuals' skin or blood samples are also kept permanently linked to the database and can contain complete genetic information. Because DNA is inherited, the database can also be used to indirectly identify many others in the population related to a database subject. Stored samples can also degrade and become useless, particularly those taken with dry brushes and swabs.
The UK NDNAD is run by the Home Office, after transferring from the custodianship of the National Policing Improvement Agency (NPIA) on 1 October 2012. A major e
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicode%20subscripts%20and%20superscripts
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Unicode has subscripted and superscripted versions of a number of characters including a full set of Arabic numerals. These characters allow any polynomial, chemical and certain other equations to be represented in plain text without using any form of markup like HTML or TeX.
The World Wide Web Consortium and the Unicode Consortium have made recommendations on the choice between using markup and using superscript and subscript characters:
When used in mathematical context (MathML) it is recommended to consistently use style markup for superscripts and subscripts.... However, when super and sub-scripts are to reflect semantic distinctions, it is easier to work with these meanings encoded in text rather than markup, for example, in phonetic or phonemic transcription.
Uses
The intended use when these characters were added to Unicode was to produce true superscripts and subscripts so that chemical and algebraic formulas could be written without markup. Thus "H₂O" (using a subscript 2 character) is supposed to be identical to "H2O" (with subscript markup).
In reality many fonts that include these characters ignore the Unicode definition, and instead design the digits for mathematical numerator and denominator glyphs, which are aligned with the cap line and the baseline, respectively. When used with the solidus, these glyphs are a common substitute for diagonal fractions, such as ³/₄ for the ¾ glyph. This change was made because using markup does not give a good graphic approx
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reflector%20%28antenna%29
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An antenna reflector is a device that reflects electromagnetic waves. Antenna reflectors can exist as a standalone device for redirecting radio frequency (RF) energy, or can be integrated as part of an antenna assembly.
Standalone reflectors
The function of a standalone reflector is to redirect electromagnetic (EM) energy, generally in the radio wavelength range of the electromagnetic spectrum.
Common standalone reflector types are
corner reflector, which reflects the incoming signal back to the direction from which it came, commonly used in radar.
flat reflector, which reflects the signal such as a mirror and is often used as a passive repeater.
Integrated reflectors
When integrated into an antenna assembly, the reflector serves to modify the radiation pattern of the antenna, increasing gain in a given direction.
Common integrated reflector types are
parabolic reflector, which focuses a beam signal into one point or directs a radiating signal into a beam.
a passive element slightly longer than and located behind a radiating dipole element that absorbs and re-radiates the signal in a directional way as in a Yagi antenna array.
a flat reflector such as used in a Short backfire antenna or Sector antenna.
a corner reflector used in UHF television antennas.
a cylindrical reflector as used in Cantenna.
Design criteria
Parameters that can directly influence the performance of an antenna with integrated reflector:
Dimensions of the reflector (Big ugly dish versus smal
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J-pole%20antenna
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The J-pole antenna, more properly known as the J antenna, is a vertical omnidirectional transmitting antenna used in the shortwave frequency bands. It was invented by Hans Beggerow in 1909 for use in Zeppelin airships. Trailed behind the airship, it consisted of a single one half wavelength long wire radiator, in series with a quarter-wave parallel transmission line tuning stub that matches the antenna impedance to the feedline. By 1936 this antenna began to be used for land-based transmitters with the radiating element and the matching section mounted vertically, giving it the shape of the letter "J", and was named the J antenna by 1943. When the radiating half-wave section is mounted horizontally, at right-angles to the quarter-wave matching stub, the variation is usually called a Zepp antenna.
How it works
The J-pole antenna is an end-fed omnidirectional half-wave antenna that is matched to the feedline by a shorted quarter-wave parallel transmission line stub. For a transmitting antenna to operate efficiently, absorbing all the power provided by its feedline, the antenna must be impedance matched to the line; it must have a resistance equal to the characteristic resistance of the feedline. A half-wave antenna fed at one end has a current node at its feedpoint, giving it a very high input impedance of around 1000–4000 ohms. This is much higher than the characteristic impedance of transmission lines, so it requires an impedance matching circuit between the antenna and
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime%20USA
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Anime USA (AUSA) is an annual three-day anime convention held during September/October at the Hyatt Regency Crystal City at Reagan National Airport in Arlington, Virginia.
Programming
The convention typically features an AMV contest, artist's alley, cosplay contest, dealer's room, host club/maid cafe, LARP, musical performances, tabletop gaming, video rooms, and workshop rooms.
History
The Northern Virginia Anime Association first organized the convention. Anime USA moved from the Sheraton Premiere in Tyson's Corner to the Hyatt Regency Crystal City in 2007, a location previously used by Katsucon and Otakon, due to the convention's growth. Renovations and the Hyatt Regency Crystal City layout caused problems during the 2008 convention. In 2010, the video games room was located in a sectioned off part of the parking garage, with at times a cap of 45 people, due to crowding and fire marshal concerns. In 2011 the video game room had to moved out of the parking garage due to concerns from the fire marshal, causing board gaming to be cancelled. For 2012, Anime USA moved to the Washington Marriott Wardman Park in Washington, D.C.
The convention partnered with the Make-A-Wish Foundation in 2011 to help an ill girl attend the convention. The conventions charity auction raised $3,621.25 for the Taylor Anderson '04 Memorial Gift Fund in 2011. The charity auction in 2012 benefited The DC Arts and Humanities Education Collaborative. Anime USA 2020 was cancelled due to the COVID-19 pan
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD5
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CD5 or CD-5 may be:
CD5 (protein), cluster of differentiation 5 molecule, type I transmembrane protein
Compact disc, 5-inch CD, usually music CD
CD single, a music single on a 5-inch CD
CD-5 drill site at Alpine, Alaska oil field
Clusters of differentiation
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extreme%20ultraviolet%20lithography
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Extreme ultraviolet lithography (also known as EUV or EUVL) is an optical lithography technology used in semiconductor device fabrication to make integrated circuits (ICs). It uses extreme ultraviolet (EUV) wavelengths near 13.5 nm, using a laser-pulsed tin (Sn) droplet plasma (Sn ions in the ionic states from Sn IX to Sn XIV give photon emission spectral peaks around 13.5 nm from 4p64dn - 4p54dn+1 + 4dn-14f ionic state transitions.), to produce a pattern by using a reflective photomask to expose a substrate covered by photoresist. It is currently applied only in the most advanced semiconductor device fabrication.
, ASML Holding is the only company who produces and sells EUV systems for chip production, targeting 5 nm and 3 nm process nodes. At the 2019 International Electron Devices Meeting (IEDM), TSMC reported use of EUV for its 5 nm node in contact, via, metal line, and cut layers, where the cuts can be applied to fins, gates or metal lines. At IEDM 2020, TSMC reported its 5 nm node minimum metal pitch to be reduced 30% (to ~28 nm) from that of its 7 nm node, which was 40 nm. Samsung's 5 nm node is lithographically the same design rule as its 7 nm node, with a minimum metal pitch of 36 nm.
History
In the 1960s, visible light was used for IC-production, with wavelengths as small as 435 nm (mercury "g line"). Later UV light was used, with wavelength of at first 365nm (mercury "i line"), then excimer wavelengths first of 248 nm (krypton fluoride laser) and then 193 nm (arg
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbon%20%28software%29
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Karbon (formerly Karbon14, Kontour, and KIllustrator) is a vector graphics editor. It is a component of Calligra Suite, an integrated graphic art and office suite by KDE. The name is a play on KDE and the radioactive isotope Carbon-14.
On 26 February 2012, the lead developer clarified on the Calligra development mailing list that the application’s name is simply "Karbon" without "14".
As of March 2020, the project is not supported and looking for maintainer.
User interface
Dockers
Dockers are Qwidgets that you may attach to the main window or float freely. You may attach them one over another, resulting in tabs.
Stroke and fill
Stroke and fill allows you to set the outline or stroke colour, and the fill colour.
Fill options
Empty indicated by an "X" button
Solid colour
Gradient
pattern Warning, patterns are rasters. If, using the Pattern Edit Tool, displaying a highly zoomed in area of a pattern may cause it to degrade in quality.
Even-odd fill
Winding fill
Tools
The tools Docker allows you to select which tool you want. Not all tools are always available. Example: the path editing tool is only available when a shape is selected.
Shape properties
The use of the Shape Properties docker is Unknown.
Toolbars
Toolbars allow you to display option otherwise some were in drop down menus. they may be edited by left clicking and selecting configure toolbars. The same option is under Settings. You may toggle which toolbars are visible by going to Settings, Shown toolba
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NEET
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NEET, an acronym for "Not in Education, Employment, or Training", refers to a person who is unemployed and not receiving an education or vocational training. The classification originated in the United Kingdom in the late 1990s, and its use has spread, in varying degrees, to other countries, including Japan, South Korea, China, Taiwan, Serbia, Canada, and the United States. The NEET category includes the unemployed (individuals without a job and seeking one), as well as individuals outside the labour force (without a job and not seeking one). It is usually age-bounded to exclude people in old-age retirement.
In the United Kingdom, the classification comprises people aged between 16 and 24 (some 16 and 17 year-olds are still of compulsory school age); the subgroup of NEETs aged 16–18 is frequently of particular focus. In Japan, the classification comprises people aged between 15 and 34 who are not employed, not engaged in housework, not enrolled in school or work-related training, and not seeking work.
A 2008 report by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) said the unemployment and NEET rates for people aged 16–24 in the majority of OECD countries fell in the past decade, attributed to increased participation in education.
NEET is to be distinguished from the newly coined NLFET rate ("Neither in the Labour Force nor in Education or Training") used in the 2013 report on Global Employment Trends for Youth by the International Labour Organization.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interior%20product
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In mathematics, the interior product (also known as interior derivative, interior multiplication, inner multiplication, inner derivative, insertion operator, or inner derivation) is a degree −1 (anti)derivation on the exterior algebra of differential forms on a smooth manifold. The interior product, named in opposition to the exterior product, should not be confused with an inner product. The interior product is sometimes written as
Definition
The interior product is defined to be the contraction of a differential form with a vector field. Thus if is a vector field on the manifold then
is the map which sends a -form to the -form defined by the property that
for any vector fields
The interior product is the unique antiderivation of degree −1 on the exterior algebra such that on one-forms
where is the duality pairing between and the vector Explicitly, if is a -form and is a -form, then
The above relation says that the interior product obeys a graded Leibniz rule. An operation satisfying linearity and a Leibniz rule is called a derivation.
Properties
If in local coordinates the vector field is described by functions , then the interior product is given by
where is the form obtained by omitting from .
By antisymmetry of forms,
and so This may be compared to the exterior derivative which has the property
The interior product relates the exterior derivative and Lie derivative of differential forms by the Cartan formula (also known as the Cartan
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern%20Italy
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Northern Italy (, , ) is a geographical and cultural region in the northern part of Italy. The Italian National Institute of Statistics defines the region as encompassing the four Northwestern regions of Piedmont, Aosta Valley, Liguria and Lombardy in addition to the four Northeastern regions of Trentino-Alto Adige, Veneto, Friuli-Venezia Giulia and Emilia-Romagna
With a total area of , and a population of 27.4 million as of 2022, the region covers roughly 40% of the Italian Republic and contains 46% of its population. Two of Italy's largest metropolitan areas, Milan and Turin, are located in the region. Northern Italy's GDP was estimated at about € 1 trillion in 2021, accounting for 56.5% of the Italian economy.
Northern Italy has a rich and distinct culture. Thirty-seven of the fifty-nine World Heritage Sites in Italy are found in the region. Rhaeto-Romance and Gallo-Italic languages are spoken in the region, as opposed to the Italo-Dalmatian languages spoken in the rest of Italy. The Venetian language is sometimes considered to be part of the Italo-Dalmatian languages, but some major publications such as Ethnologue (to which UNESCO refers on its page about endangered languages) and Glottolog define it as Gallo-Italic.
Definition and etymology
Northern Italy was called by different terms in different periods of history. During ancient times the terms Gallia Cisalpina, Gallia Citerior or Gallia Togata were used to define that part of Italy inhabited by Celts (Gauls) betw
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George%20Adomian
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George Adomian (March 21, 1922 – June 17, 1996) was an American mathematician of Armenian descent who developed the Adomian decomposition method (ADM) for solving nonlinear differential equations, both ordinary and partial. The method is explained, among other places, in his book Solving Frontier Problems in Physics: The Decomposition Method (Kluwer, Dordrecht, 2004). He was a faculty member at the University of Georgia (UGA) from 1966 through 1989. While at UGA, he started the Center for Applied Mathematics. Adomian was also an aerospace engineer.
Selected works
G. Adomian: Stochastic Systems, Academic Press, 1983.
G. Adomian: Nonlinear Stochastic Operator Equations, Academic Press, 1986.
G. Adomian: Nonlinear Stochastic Systems Theory and Applications to Physics, Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1989.
References
Members of the Faculty of the Mathematics Department University of Georgia
1922 births
1996 deaths
20th-century American mathematicians
American people of Armenian descent
Place of birth missing
Place of death missing
University of Georgia faculty
Mathematicians from Georgia (U.S. state)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central%20Italy
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Central Italy ( or just ) is one of the five official statistical regions of Italy used by the National Institute of Statistics (ISTAT), a first-level NUTS region, and a European Parliament constituency.
Regions
Central Italy encompasses four of the country's 20 regions:
Lazio
Marches (Marche)
Tuscany (Toscana)
Umbria
The southernmost and easternmost parts of Lazio (Sora, Cassino, Gaeta, Cittaducale, Formia, and Amatrice districts) are often included in Southern Italy (the so-called Mezzogiorno) for cultural and historical reasons, since they were once part of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies and southern Italian dialects are spoken.
As a geographical region, however, central Italy may also include the regions of Abruzzo and Molise, which are otherwise considered part of Southern Italy for socio-cultural, linguistic and historical reasons.
Geography
It is crossed by the northern and central Apennines and is washed by the Adriatic Sea to the east, by the Tyrrhenian Sea and the Ligurian Sea to the west. The main rivers of this portion of the territory are the Arno and the Tiber with their tributaries (e.g. Aniene), and the Liri-Garigliano. The most important lakes are Lake Trasimeno, Lake Montedoglio, Lake Bolsena, Lake Bracciano, Lake Vico, Lake Albano and Lake Nemi. From an altimetric point of view, central Italy has a predominantly hilly territory (68.9%). The mountainous and flat areas are equivalent to 26.9% and 4.2% of the territorial distribution respectively.
Hi
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adomian%20decomposition%20method
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The Adomian decomposition method (ADM) is a semi-analytical method for solving ordinary and partial nonlinear differential equations. The method was developed from the 1970s to the 1990s by George Adomian, chair of the Center for Applied Mathematics at the University of Georgia.
It is further extensible to stochastic systems by using the Ito integral.
The aim of this method is towards a unified theory for the solution of partial differential equations (PDE); an aim which has been superseded by the more general theory of the homotopy analysis method.
The crucial aspect of the method is employment of the "Adomian polynomials" which allow for solution convergence of the nonlinear portion of the equation, without simply linearizing the system. These polynomials mathematically generalize to a Maclaurin series about an arbitrary external parameter; which gives the solution method more flexibility than direct Taylor series expansion.
Ordinary differential equations
Adomian method is well suited to solve Cauchy problems, an important class of problems which include initial conditions problems.
Application to a first order nonlinear system
An example of initial condition problem for an ordinary differential equation is the following:
To solve the problem, the highest degree differential operator (written here as L) is put on the left side, in the following way:
with L = d/dt and . Now the solution is assumed to be an infinite series of contributions:
Replacing in the
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hjelmslev
|
Hjelmslev may refer to:
Persons
Louis Hjelmslev
Johannes Hjelmslev
Other
Hjelmslev's theorem
Hjelmslev transformation
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insular%20Italy
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Insular Italy ( or just , meaning "islands") is one of the five official statistical regions of Italy used by the National Institute of Statistics (ISTAT), a first level NUTS region and a European Parliament constituency. Insular Italy encompasses two of the country's 20 regions: Sardinia and Sicily.
Geography
Insular Italy occupies one sixth of the national territory in surface area. Territorially, both Sicily and Sardinia include several minor islands and archipelagoes that are administratively dependent on the mother islands.
Sicily is the largest island in the Mediterranean (25,708 km2) and one of the largest of Europe, while Sardinia is only slightly less extensive (24,090 km2). The lowlands are generally limited in the geographic region and generally appear as narrow coastal belts. The only exceptions are the Campidano and Nurra, in Sardinia, and the Plain of Catania, in Sicily, which extend 1200 km2 and 430 km,2 respectively. The rest of the area is prevalently hilly, with hills occupying 70% of the territory.
Sicily is home to Mount Etna, Italy's highest non-Alpine peak and Europe's largest active volcano. Sardinia is home to the Gennargentu mountain range.
Demographics
The population of Insular Italy totals combined over 6.7 million residents. Insular Italy has a population density of less than half the national average mainly because of the scarce population of Sardinia, one of the least densely populated regions of Italy and Europe. Sicily, on the other hand,
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orange%20Belt
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Orange Belt may refer to the following:
A level in the Japanese system of classification known as Kyū.
The second outermost road in the Allegheny County belt system.
Orange Belt Railway in Florida
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris%20Armstrong%20%28footballer%2C%20born%201971%29
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Christopher Peter Armstrong (born 19 June 1971) is an English former footballer who played professionally as a striker from 1989 to 2005.
He notably played in the Premier League for Crystal Palace and Tottenham Hotspur. He grew up in North Wales, where he played in the amateur game for Llay Welfare before making his professional debut for Wrexham in 1989. After one season at Millwall, he made a £1 million transfer to Crystal Palace of the Premier League in 1992. In March 1995, he became the first Premier League player to receive a doping ban, testing positive for cannabis. He joined Tottenham Hotspur that June for a club record £4.5 million and was part of their team that won the League Cup in 1999. After a one-game spell at Bolton Wanderers, he returned to Wrexham for the remainder of his career.
Armstrong was tracked by the international teams of Wales, Nigeria and the Republic of Ireland but rejected all three. He earned one cap for England B in 1994 and was called up to the senior side in March 1999 but did not play.
Club career
Early career
Armstrong was born in Newcastle upon Tyne to an Irish father and Nigerian mother, and moved to London at age three. He was raised by foster parents in Wales, where he began playing as an amateur goalkeeper in local leagues, before leaving school and giving up on football aged 16. A friend reintroduced him to the game by bringing him to Llay Welfare in the Welsh National League, while he packed burgers during the day for £30 a wee
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rod%20sheath
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Rod sheath is an area identified in histologic sections of a tooth. It is found where enamel rods, the functional unit of enamel, meet interrod enamel. The crystals of both types of enamel meet at sharp angles and form the appearance of a space called the rod sheath. As a result of this space, the rod sheath consists of more protein (as opposed to minerals) than other areas of enamel. For this reason, the rod sheath is characterized as being hypomineralized in comparison to the rest of the highly mineralized enamel.
Additionally, the rod sheath is attributed with giving tooth enamel a "fish-scale" appearance under a microscope when the enamel has been demineralized or acid-etched.
The rod sheath is Inorganic matrix tying the enamel rods together
References
Cate, A.R. Ten. Oral Histology: development, structure, and function. 5th ed. 1998. .
Parts of tooth
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellow%20Belt
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Yellow Belt may refer to the following:
A level in the Japanese system of classification known as Kyū.
A road in the Allegheny County belt system.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teach%20Me%20Tonight
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"Teach Me Tonight" is a popular song that has become a jazz standard. The music was written by Gene De Paul, the lyrics by Sammy Cahn. The song was published in 1953.
Early recordings
Five versions charted in 1954 and 1955:
Janet Brace was apparently first, making the Billboard chart on October 23, 1954, and eventually reaching No. 23. First recording from 1953
Jo Stafford – No. 15 in 1954
Dinah Washington – a No. 4 R&B/Hip-Hop Songs hit in 1954, inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame in 1999
Helen Grayco – No. 29 in 1954
The DeCastro Sisters ("It's Love" / "Teach Me Tonight", Abbott Record Co. 3001) – No. 2 in 1955. In addition, a 1959 re-recording titled "Teach Me Tonight Cha Cha" went to No. 76 on the Hot 100.
Other recordings
Ann-Margret recorded a version on her 1961 debut album, And Here She Is ... Ann-Margret and again on her 2023 album Born to Be Wild as a duet with Pat Boone.
In 1962, actor and singer George Maharis recorded his version of the song and included it on his album George Maharis Sings! The song released as a single reached No. 25 on the Billboard Hot 100 in 1962.
A country version appeared on Phoebe Snow's 1976 album It Looks Like Snow and was later released as a single, but failed to chart.
In 1982, Al Jarreau included his version on "Breakin' Away" In the US, this version went to No. 70 on the Hot 100 and No. 51 on the Hot Soul Singles chart. In addition, it went to No. 19 on the Adult Contemporary chart.
A 2004 live recording appears on the deluxe
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/947%20%28radio%20station%29
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947 (formerly 94.7 Highveld Stereo) is a radio station that broadcasts on the 94.7FM frequency from Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa.
History
The station first went on the air on 1 September 1964, as the first SABC regional FM service, Radio Highveld. At that time the station broadcast hourly news bulletins and easy listening music. In September 1996 the SABC sold Radio Highveld to private enterprise.
Today this station, along with a number of other radio stations in South Africa, is owned by Primedia.
On 1 September 2014 the station decided to drop the logo that they have been using for over a decade. The station is also no longer known as Highveld Stereo as the name changed to being just 947.
According to the latest BRC RAM figures shows that 947 has crossed the milestone of 1 million listeners per week. The survey indicated that 947 has 1,055,000 listeners, up from 704,000 year-on-year – a huge leap and one that makes 947 the biggest regional station in Gauteng.
Format and Programming
According to SAARF, 947 (formerly 94.7 Highveld Stereo) is ranked as South Africa's 15th most listened to radio station, with an average weekly listenership of 1.2 million people.
The target listener demographic is aimed at 25- to 40-year-olds, and as such the station tends to play contemporary "soft" rock, and current pop hits, but has moved away from playing the classic hits, which was consistent with their format up until a programming overhaul in 2010.
947 plays South African
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monoclonal%20gammopathy%20of%20undetermined%20significance
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Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) is a plasma cell dyscrasia in which plasma cells or other types of antibody-producing cells secrete a myeloma protein, i.e. an abnormal antibody, into the blood; this abnormal protein is usually found during standard laboratory blood or urine tests. MGUS resembles multiple myeloma and similar diseases, but the levels of antibodies are lower, the number of plasma cells (white blood cells that secrete antibodies) in the bone marrow is lower, and it rarely has symptoms or major problems. However, since MGUS can lead to multiple myeloma, which develops at the rate of about 1.5% a year, or other symptomatic conditions, yearly monitoring is recommended.
The progression from MGUS to multiple myeloma usually involves several steps. In rare cases, it may also be related with a slowly progressive symmetric distal sensorimotor neuropathy.
Signs and symptoms
People with monoclonal gammopathy generally do not experience signs or symptoms. Some people may experience a rash or nerve problems, such as numbness or tingling. MGUS is usually detected by chance when the patient has a blood test for another condition or as part of standard screening.
Pathophysiology
Pathologically, the lesion in MGUS is in fact very similar to that in multiple myeloma. There is a predominance of clonal plasma cells in the bone marrow with an abnormal immunophenotype (CD38+ CD56+ CD19−) mixed in with cells of a normal phenotype (CD38+ CD56− CD19+); in M
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canonical%20analysis
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In statistics, canonical analysis (from bar, measuring rod, ruler) belongs to the family of regression methods for data analysis. Regression analysis quantifies a relationship between a predictor variable and a criterion variable by the coefficient of correlation r, coefficient of determination r2, and the standard regression coefficient β. Multiple regression analysis expresses a relationship between a set of predictor variables and a single criterion variable by the multiple correlation R, multiple coefficient of determination R2, and a set of standard partial regression weights β1, β2, etc. Canonical variate analysis captures a relationship between a set of predictor variables and a set of criterion variables by the canonical correlations ρ1, ρ2, ..., and by the sets of canonical weights C and D.
Canonical analysis
Canonical analysis belongs to a group of methods which involve solving the characteristic equation for its latent roots and vectors. It describes formal structures in hyperspace invariant with respect to the rotation of their coordinates. In this type of solution, rotation leaves many optimizing properties preserved, provided it takes place in certain ways and in a subspace of its corresponding hyperspace. This rotation from the maximum intervariate correlation structure into a different, simpler and more meaningful structure increases the interpretability of the canonical weights C and D. In this the canonical analysis differs from Harold Hotelling's (1936)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobacco%20BY-2%20cells
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Tobacco BY-2 cells is a cell line of plant cells, which was established from a callus induced on a seedling of Nicotiana tabacum cv. BY-2 (cultivar Bright Yellow - 2 of the tobacco plant).
Overview
Tobacco BY-2 cells are nongreen, fast growing plant cells which can multiply their numbers up to 100-fold within one week in adequate culture medium (such as Murashige and Skoog medium) and good culture conditions. This cultivar of tobacco is kept as a cell culture and more specifically as cell suspension culture (a specialized population of cells growing in liquid medium, they are raised by scientists in order to study a specific biological property of a plant cell). In cell suspension cultures, each of the cells is floating independently or at most only in short chains in a culture medium. Each of the cells has similar properties to the others. The model plant system is comparable to HeLa cells for human research. Because the organism is relatively simple and predictable it makes the study of biological processes easier, and can be an intermediate step towards understanding more complex organisms. They are used by plant physiologists and molecular biologists as a model organism.
They are used as model systems for higher plants because of their relatively high homogeneity and high growth rate, featuring still general behaviour of plant cell. The diversity of cell types within any part of a naturally grown plant (in vivo) makes it very difficult to investigate and understand some
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek%20key
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Greek key may refer to:
Greek key (art), a decorative border constructed from a continuous line, shaped into a repeated motif
Greek key (protein structure), a repeated motif in the secondary structure in proteins
See also
Greek keyboard
Greek keyhole limpet
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald%20Gene%20Simmons
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Ronald Gene Simmons Sr. (July 15, 1940 – June 25, 1990) was an American mass murderer who killed 16 people over a week-long period in Arkansas in 1987 and wounded several others. A retired military serviceman, Simmons murdered fourteen members of his family, including a daughter he had sexually abused and the child he had fathered with her, as well as a former co-worker, and a stranger; he also wounded four others. He is the most prolific mass murderer in Arkansas history.
Simmons was sentenced to death on each of sixteen counts, and after refusing to appeal his sentence, was executed on June 25, 1990. His refusal to appeal was the subject of a 1990 US Supreme Court case, Whitmore v. Arkansas.
Early life and military career
Ronald Gene Simmons was born on July 15, 1940, in Chicago, Illinois, to Loretta and William Simmons. On January 31, 1943, William Simmons died of a stroke and within a year, Simmons's mother had remarried, this time to William D. Griffen, a civil engineer for the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. In 1946, the corps moved Griffen to Little Rock, Arkansas, the first of several transfers that would take the family across central Arkansas over the next decade.
On September 15, 1957, Simmons dropped out of school and joined the U.S. Navy, and was first stationed at Naval Station Bremerton in Washington, where he met Bersabe Rebecca "Becky" Ulibarri, whom he married in New Mexico on July 9, 1960. Over the next 18 years, the couple had seven children. In 1963, Sim
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noctuoidea
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Noctuoidea is the superfamily of noctuid (Latin "night owl") or "owlet" moths, and has more than 70,000 described species, the largest number of any Lepidopteran superfamily. Its classification has not yet reached a satisfactory or stable state. Since the end of the 20th century, increasing availability of molecular phylogenetic data for this hugely successful radiation has led to several competing proposals for a taxonomic arrangement that correctly represents the relationships between the major lineages.
Briefly, the disputes center on the fact that in old treatments (which were just as unable to reach a general consensus) the distinctness of some groups, such as the Arctiinae or Lymantriidae, was overrated due to their characteristic appearance, while some less-studied lineages conventionally held to be Noctuidae are in fact quite distinct. This requires a rearrangement at least of the latter family (by simply including anything disputed within it). This is quite unwieldy, and various more refined treatments have been proposed in response to it. While there is general agreement on what the basal families of Noctuoidea are, the more diverse advanced group may be treated as one all-encompassing Noctuidae, two huge and two smaller, or even (if Arctiinae or Lymantriidae are kept distinct) more than four families, which are in some cases still quite sizeable.
Recent developments
There are several recent studies suggesting a radical change in the traditional family level clas
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohring%20effect
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The Mohring effect is the observation that, if the frequency of a transit service (e.g., buses per hour) increases with demand, then a rise in demand shortens the waiting times of passengers at stops and stations. Because waiting time forms part of the costs of transportation, the Mohring effect implies increasing returns to scale for scheduled urban transport services.
The effect was named for the University of Minnesota economist Herbert Mohring, who identified this property in a 1972 paper.
Example
For example, suppose that passengers arrive randomly at a bus stop over the course of an hour, while the bus arrives once per hour. The average waiting time is 30 minutes. If the number of passengers per hour increases sufficiently to justify two buses per hour, then the average waiting time falls to 15 minutes. The presence of additional users lowers the cost of existing passengers. This anti-congestion effect is opposite to the usual road congestion effect, where an increase in the number of the users decreases the speed and the quality of service of the other users.
Transit subsidies
The Mohring effect is often referenced in support of transit subsidies, on the grounds that subsidy is required to achieve marginal cost pricing when the Mohring effect is relevant. The average cost of a passenger-journey includes the average waiting time, while the marginal cost includes only the average waiting time less the diminution in total waiting time caused by the increase in frequ
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuffing%20box
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A stuffing box or gland package is an assembly which is used to house a gland seal. It is used to prevent leakage of fluid, such as water or steam, between sliding or turning parts of machine elements.
Components
A stuffing box of a sailing boat will have a stern tube that is slightly bigger than the prop shaft. It will also have packing nut threads or a gland nut. The packing is inside the gland nut and creates the seal. The shaft is wrapped by the packing and put in the gland nut. Through tightening it onto the stern tube, the packing is compressed, creating a seal against the shaft. Creating a proper plunger alignment is critical for correct flow and a long wear life. Stuffing box components are of stainless steel, brass or other application-specific materials. Compression packing is rigorously tested to ensure effective sealing in valves, pumps, agitators, and other rotary equipment.
Gland
A gland is a general type of stuffing box, used to seal a rotating or reciprocating shaft against a fluid. The most common example is in the head of a tap (faucet) where the gland is usually packed with string which has been soaked in tallow or similar grease. The gland nut allows the packing material to be compressed to form a watertight seal and prevent water leaking up the shaft when the tap is turned on. The gland at the rotating shaft of a centrifugal pump may be packed in a similar way and graphite grease used to accommodate continuous operation. The linear seal around the p
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regulatory%20enzyme
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A regulatory enzyme is an enzyme in a biochemical pathway which, through its responses to the presence of certain other biomolecules, regulates the pathway activity. This is usually done for pathways whose products may be needed in different amounts at different times, such as hormone production. Regulatory enzymes exist at high concentrations (low Vmax) so their activity can be increased or decreased with changes in substrate concentrations.
The enzymes which catalyse chemical reactions again and again are called regulatory enzymes.
Overview
Generally, it is considered that a hyperbolic structured protein in specific media conditions is ready to do its task, it is active, but some specific deactivation, are responsible for the regulation of some metabolism pathways. Regulatory enzymes are commonly the first enzyme in a multienzyme system: the product of the reaction catalyzed by the first enzyme is the substrate of the second enzyme, so the cell can control the amount of resulting product by regulating the activity of the first enzyme of the pathway.
There are many strategies of activation and deactivation of regulatory enzymes. Regulatory enzymes require an extra activation process and need to pass through some modifications in their 3D in order to become functional, for instance, catalyzing enzymes (regulatory enzymes). The regulation of the activation of these catalyzing enzymes is needed in order to regulate the whole reaction speed, so that it is possible to obtai
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native%20resolution
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The native resolution of an liquid crystal display (LCD), liquid crystal on silicon (LCoS) or other flat panel display refers to its single fixed resolution. As an LCD consists of a fixed raster, it cannot change resolution to match the signal being displayed as a cathode-ray tube (CRT) monitor can, meaning that optimal display quality can be reached only when the signal input matches the native resolution. An image where the number of pixels is the same as in the image source and where the pixels are perfectly aligned to the pixels in the source is said to be pixel perfect.
While CRT monitors can usually display images at various resolutions, an LCD monitor has to rely on interpolation (scaling of the image), which causes a loss of image quality. An LCD has to scale up a smaller image to fit into the area of the native resolution. This is the same principle as taking a smaller image in an image editing program and enlarging it; the smaller image loses its sharpness when it is expanded. This is especially problematic as most resolutions are in a 4:3 aspect ratio (640×480, 800×600, 1024×768, 1280×960, 1600×1200) but there are odd resolutions that are not, notably 1280×1024. If a user were to map 1024×768 to a 1280×1024 screen there would be distortion as well as some image errors, as there is not a one-to-one mapping with regard to pixels. This results in noticeable quality loss and the image is much less sharp.
In theory, some resolutions could work well, if they are exact
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knebelite
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Knebelite is a manganese variety of the fayalite-tephroite series with formula . It forms dark green orthorhombic crystals. It is reported from a variety of locations in Sweden as well as South Africa, Russia, British Columbia, New Hampshire, and Rhode Island.
References
Manganese(II) minerals
Iron(II) minerals
Nesosilicates
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New%20Zealand%20Ecological%20Restoration%20Network
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New Zealand Ecological Restoration Network (NZERN) is an environmental organisation dedicated to protecting and restoring the biodiversity of New Zealand.
References
Environmental organisations based in New Zealand
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eigenvalues%20and%20eigenvectors
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In linear algebra, an eigenvector () or characteristic vector of a linear transformation is a nonzero vector that changes at most by a constant factor when that linear transformation is applied to it. The corresponding eigenvalue, often represented by , is the multiplying factor.
Geometrically, a transformation matrix rotates, stretches, or shears the vectors it acts upon. The eigenvectors for a linear transformation matrix are the set of vectors that are only stretched, with no rotation or shear. The eigenvalue is the factor by which an eigenvector is stretched. If the eigenvalue is negative, the direction is reversed.
Definition
If is a linear transformation from a vector space over a field into itself and is a nonzero vector in , then is an eigenvector of if is a scalar multiple of . This can be written as
where is a scalar in , known as the eigenvalue, characteristic value, or characteristic root associated with .
There is a direct correspondence between n-by-n square matrices and linear transformations from an n-dimensional vector space into itself, given any basis of the vector space. Hence, in a finite-dimensional vector space, it is equivalent to define eigenvalues and eigenvectors using either the language of matrices, or the language of linear transformations.
If is finite-dimensional, the above equation is equivalent to
where is the matrix representation of and is the coordinate vector of .
Overview
Eigenvalues and eigenvectors feature promine
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein%E2%80%93protein%20interaction
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Protein–protein interactions (PPIs) are physical contacts of high specificity established between two or more protein molecules as a result of biochemical events steered by interactions that include electrostatic forces, hydrogen bonding and the hydrophobic effect. Many are physical contacts with molecular associations between chains that occur in a cell or in a living organism in a specific biomolecular context.
Proteins rarely act alone as their functions tend to be regulated. Many molecular processes within a cell are carried out by molecular machines that are built from numerous protein components organized by their PPIs. These physiological interactions make up the so-called interactomics of the organism, while aberrant PPIs are the basis of multiple aggregation-related diseases, such as Creutzfeldt–Jakob and Alzheimer's diseases.
PPIs have been studied with many methods and from different perspectives: biochemistry, quantum chemistry, molecular dynamics, signal transduction, among others. All this information enables the creation of large protein interaction networks – similar to metabolic or genetic/epigenetic networks – that empower the current knowledge on biochemical cascades and molecular etiology of disease, as well as the discovery of putative protein targets of therapeutic interest.
Examples
Electron transfer proteins
In many metabolic reactions, a protein that acts as an electron carrier binds to an enzyme that acts as its reductase. After it receives an e
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapid%20thermal%20processing
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Rapid thermal processing (RTP) is a semiconductor manufacturing process which heats silicon wafers to temperatures exceeding 1,000°C for not more than a few seconds. During cooling wafer temperatures must be brought down slowly to prevent dislocations and wafer breakage due to thermal shock. Such rapid heating rates are often attained by high intensity lamps or lasers. These processes are used for a wide variety of applications in semiconductor manufacturing including dopant activation, thermal oxidation, metal reflow and chemical vapor deposition.
Temperature control
One of the key challenges in rapid thermal processing is accurate measurement and control of the wafer temperature. Monitoring the ambient with a thermocouple has only recently become feasible, in that the high temperature ramp rates prevent the wafer from coming to thermal equilibrium with the process chamber. One temperature control strategy involves in situ pyrometry to effect real time control. Used for melting iron for welding purposes.
Rapid thermal anneal
Rapid thermal anneal (RTA) in rapid thermal processing is a process used in semiconductor device fabrication which involves heating a single wafer at a time in order to affect its electrical properties. Unique heat treatments are designed for different effects. Wafers can be heated in order to activate dopants, change film-to-film or film-to-wafer substrate interfaces, densify deposited films, change states of grown films, repair damage from ion i
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20plant%20communities%20in%20the%20British%20National%20Vegetation%20Classification
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The following is the list of the 286 plant communities which comprise the British National Vegetation Classification (NVC). These are grouped by major habitat category, as used in the five volumes of British Plant Communities, the standard work describing the NVC.
Woodland and scrub communities
The following 25 communities are described in Volume 1 of British Plant Communities. For an article summarising these communities see Woodland and scrub communities in the British National Vegetation Classification system.
W1 Salix cinerea - Galium palustre woodland
W2 Salix cinerea - Betula pubescens - Phragmites australis woodland
W3 Salix pentandra - Carex rostrata woodland
W4 Betula pubescens - Molinia caerulea woodland
W5 Alnus glutinosa - Carex paniculata woodland
W6 Alnus glutinosa - Urtica dioica woodland
W7 Alnus glutinosa - Fraxinus excelsior - Lysimachia nemorum woodland
W8 Fraxinus excelsior - Acer campestre - Mercurialis perennis woodland
W9 Fraxinus excelsior - Sorbus aucuparia - Mercurialis perennis woodland
W10 Quercus robur - Pteridium aquilinum - Rubus fruticosus woodland
W11 Quercus petraea - Betula pubescens - Oxalis acetosella woodland
W12 Fagus sylvatica - Mercurialis perennis woodland
W13 Taxus baccata woodland
W14 Fagus sylvatica - Rubus fruticosus woodland
W15 Fagus sylvatica - Deschampsia flexuosa woodland
W16 Quercus spp. - Betula spp. - Deschampsia flexuosa woodland
W17 Quercus petraea - Betula pubescens - Dicranum majus woodland
W18 Pi
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British%20NVC%20community%20W13
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NVC community W13 (Taxus baccata woodland), also known as Yew woodland, is one of the woodland communities in the British National Vegetation Classification system; it is the only Yew woodland community in the NVC.
This is a very localised community. There are two subcommunities:
Community composition
Only one constant species is found in this community, Yew (Taxus baccata).
A single rare species, European Box (Buxus sempervirens) is also associated with the community.
Distribution
This community is almost wholly confined to chalk sites on the North and South Downs in southern England.
Subcommunities
There are two subcommunities:
the Sorbus aria subcommunity
the Mercurialis perennis subcommunity
References
Rodwell, J. S. (1991) British Plant Communities Volume 1 - Woodlands and scrub (hardback), (paperback)
W13
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%20protein
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M protein may refer to:
M protein (Streptococcus), a virulence factor of the bacterium Streptococcus pyogenes
Viral matrix protein, structural protein linking the viral envelope with the virus capsid
Coronavirus membrane protein, structural protein expressed from the M gene in coronaviruses
Myeloma protein, also called paraprotein, an abnormal protein in the urine or blood, often seen in multiple myeloma or monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance
MYOM2 (Myomesin-2), a protein composing the M-line of muscle cell sarcomeres
Protein M, immunoglobulin-binding protein found on the surface of the bacterium Mycoplasma genitalium
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dini%20derivative
|
In mathematics and, specifically, real analysis, the Dini derivatives (or Dini derivates) are a class of generalizations of the derivative. They were introduced by Ulisse Dini, who studied continuous but nondifferentiable functions.
The upper Dini derivative, which is also called an upper right-hand derivative, of a continuous function
is denoted by and defined by
where is the supremum limit and the limit is a one-sided limit. The lower Dini derivative, , is defined by
where is the infimum limit.
If is defined on a vector space, then the upper Dini derivative at in the direction is defined by
If is locally Lipschitz, then is finite. If is differentiable at , then the Dini derivative at is the usual derivative at .
Remarks
The functions are defined in terms of the infimum and supremum in order to make the Dini derivatives as "bullet proof" as possible, so that the Dini derivatives are well-defined for almost all functions, even for functions that are not conventionally differentiable. The upshot of Dini's analysis is that a function is differentiable at the point on the real line (), only if all the Dini derivatives exist, and have the same value.
Sometimes the notation is used instead of and is used instead of .
Also,
and
.
So when using the notation of the Dini derivatives, the plus or minus sign indicates the left- or right-hand limit, and the placement of the sign indicates the infimum or supremum limit.
There are two further Dini derivative
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stable%20storage
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Stable storage is a classification of computer data storage technology that guarantees atomicity for any given write operation and allows software to be written that is robust against some hardware and power failures. To be considered atomic, upon reading back a just written-to portion of the disk, the storage subsystem must return either the write data or the data that was on that portion of the disk before the write operations.
Most computer disk drives are not considered stable storage because they do not guarantee atomic write; an error could be returned upon subsequent read of the disk where it was just written to in lieu of either the new or prior data.
Implementation
Multiple techniques have been developed to achieve the atomic property from weakly atomic devices such as disks. Writing data to a disk in two places in a specific way is one technique and can be done by application software.
Most often though, stable storage functionality is achieved by mirroring data on separate disks via RAID technology (level 1 or greater). The RAID controller implements the disk writing algorithms that enable separate disks to act as stable storage.
The RAID technique is robust against some single disk failure in an array of disks whereas the software technique of writing to separate areas of the same disk only protects against some kinds of internal disk media failures such as bad sectors in single disk arrangements.
Computer data storage
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellomics
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Cellomics is the discipline of quantitative cell analysis using bioimaging methods and informatics with a workflow involving three major components: image acquisition, image analysis, and data visualization and management. These processes are generally automated. All three of these components depend on sophisticated software to acquire qualitative data, quantitative data, and the management of both images and data, respectively. Cellomics is also a trademarked term, which is often used interchangeably with high-content analysis (HCA) or high-content screening (HCS), but cellomics extends beyond HCA/HCS by incorporating sophisticated informatics tools.
History
HCS and the discipline of cellomics was pioneered by a once privately held company named Cellomics Inc., which commercialized instruments, software, and reagents to facilitate the study of cells in culture, and more specifically, their responses to potentially therapeutic drug-like molecules. In 2005, Cellomics was acquired by Fisher Scientific International, Inc., now Thermo Fisher Scientific, which continues developing cellomics-centered products under its Thermo Scientific™ high content analysis product line.
Applications
Like many of the -omics, e.g., genomics and proteomics, applications have grown in depth and breadth over time. Currently there are over 40 different application areas that cellomics is used in, including the analysis of 3-D cell models, angiogenesis, and cell-signalling. Originally a tool used
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State%20Research%20Center%20of%20Virology%20and%20Biotechnology%20VECTOR
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The State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology VECTOR, also known as the Vector Institute (), is a biological research center in Koltsovo, Novosibirsk Oblast, Russia. It has research facilities and capabilities for all levels of biological hazard, CDC levels 1–4. It is one of two official repositories for the now-eradicated smallpox virus, and was part of the system of laboratories known as the Biopreparat.
The facility was upgraded and secured using modern cameras, motion sensors, fences and biohazard containment systems. Its relative seclusion makes security an easier task. Since its inception there has been an army regiment guarding the facility.
At least in Soviet times the facility was a nexus for biological warfare research (see Soviet biological weapons program), though the nature of any ongoing research in this area is uncertain.
As of April 2022 the Vector Institute is the Russian site for the WHO H5 Reference Laboratory Network, which responds "to the public health needs arising from avian influenza A(H5N1) infection in humans and influenza pandemic preparedness."
History
Organized in 1974, the center has a long history of virology, making impressive Soviet contribution to smallpox research. Genetic engineering projects included creation of viruses that manufacture toxins as well as research on bioregulators and various peptides that function in the nervous system. In the post-Soviet times the center made research and development contributions in many
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilbert%27s%20twelfth%20problem
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Hilbert's twelfth problem is the extension of the Kronecker–Weber theorem on abelian extensions of the rational numbers, to any base number field. It is one of the 23 mathematical Hilbert problems and asks for analogues of the roots of unity that generate a whole family of further number fields, analogously to the cyclotomic fields and their subfields. Leopold Kronecker described the complex multiplication issue as his , or "dearest dream of his youth", so the problem is also known as Kronecker's Jugendtraum.
The classical theory of complex multiplication, now often known as the , does this for the case of any imaginary quadratic field, by using modular functions and elliptic functions chosen with a particular period lattice related to the field in question. Goro Shimura extended this to CM fields. In the special case of totally real fields, Samit Dasgupta and Mahesh Kakde provided a construction of the maximal abelian extension of totally real fields using the Brumer–Stark conjecture.
The general case of Hilbert's twelfth problem is still open .
Description of the problem
The fundamental problem of algebraic number theory is to describe the fields of algebraic numbers. The work of Galois made it clear that field extensions are controlled by certain groups, the Galois groups. The simplest situation, which is already at the boundary of what is well understood, is when the group in question is abelian. All quadratic extensions, obtained by adjoining the roots of a quadrati
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver%20oxide%20battery
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A silver oxide battery (IEC code: S) is a primary cell using silver oxide as the cathode material and zinc for the anode. These cells maintain a nearly constant nominal voltage during discharge until fully depleted. They are available in small sizes as button cells, where the amount of silver used is minimal and not a prohibitively expensive contributor to the overall product cost.
Silver oxide primary batteries account for 30% of all primary battery sales in Japan (64 out of 212 million in February 2020).
Large silver oxide batteries were used on early ICBM's and satellites because of their high energy-to-weight ratio. For example the Corona reconnaissance satellites used them, as did the Agena-D rocket upper stage. Later, they were also used in the Apollo Lunar Module and lunar rover.
Chemistry
A silver oxide battery uses silver(I) oxide as the positive electrode (cathode), zinc as the negative electrode (anode), plus an alkaline electrolyte, usually sodium hydroxide (NaOH) or potassium hydroxide (KOH). The silver is reduced at the cathode from Ag(I) to Ag, and the zinc is oxidized from Zn to Zn(II).
The half-cell reaction at the positive plate:
Ag2O + H2O + 2e- -> 2Ag (v) + 2OH-,
The half-cell reaction at the negative plate:
{Zn} + 2OH^- -> \overset{Zinc~hydroxide}{Zn(OH)2} + 2e-,
Overall reaction:
Zn + H2O + Ag2O -> Zn(OH)2 + 2Ag(v),
Overall reaction (anhydrous form):
Zn + Ag2O ->[\ce{KOH/NaOH}] ZnO + 2Ag (v)
Mercury content
Until 2004, all silver ox
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20busiest%20airports%20by%20international%20passenger%20traffic
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The following is a list of the world's largest airports by international passenger traffic.
2022 statistics
Airports Council International's preliminary figures are as follows.
2021 statistics
Airports Council International's preliminary figures are as follows.
2020 statistics
Airports Council International's preliminary figures are as follows.
2019 statistics
Airports Council International's (January–December) preliminary figures are as follows.
2018 statistics
Airports Council International's (January–December) preliminary figures are as follows.
2017 statistics
Airports Council International's (January–December) preliminary figures are as follows.
2016 statistics
Airports Council International's (January–December) preliminary figures are as follows.
2015 statistics
Airports Council International's (January–December) figures are as follows.
2014 statistics
Airports Council International's (January–December) figures are as follows.
2013 statistics
Airports Council International's (January–December) figures are as follows.
2011 statistics
Airports Council International's (January–December) figures are as follows.
See also
List of busiest airports by passenger traffic
List of busiest airports by cargo traffic
List of busiest airports by aircraft movements
List of international airports by country
Airport of entry
Notes
References
International Passenger Traffic, Airports Council International
Busiest airports by international passenger traffic
International
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosser%27s%20theorem
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In number theory, Rosser's theorem states that the th prime number is greater than , where is the natural logarithm function. It was published by J. Barkley Rosser in 1939.
Its full statement is:
Let be the th prime number. Then for
In 1999, Pierre Dusart proved a tighter lower bound:
See also
Prime number theorem
References
External links
Rosser's theorem article on Wolfram Mathworld.
Theorems about prime numbers
de:John Barkley Rosser#Satz von Rosser
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gel%20extraction
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In molecular biology, gel extraction or gel isolation is a technique used to isolate a desired fragment of intact DNA from an agarose gel following agarose gel electrophoresis. After extraction, fragments of interest can be mixed, precipitated, and enzymatically ligated together in several simple steps. This process, usually performed on plasmids, is the basis for rudimentary genetic engineering.
After DNA samples are run on an agarose gel, extraction involves four basic steps: identifying the fragments of interest, isolating the corresponding bands, isolating the DNA from those bands, and removing the accompanying salts and stain.
To begin, UV light is shone on the gel in order to illuminate all the ethidium bromide-stained DNA. Care must be taken to avoid exposing the DNA to mutagenic radiation for longer than absolutely necessary. The desired band is identified and physically removed with a cover slip or razor blade. The removed slice of gel should contain the desired DNA inside. An alternative method, utilizing SYBR Safe DNA gel stain and blue-light illumination, avoids the DNA damage associated with ethidium bromide and UV light.
Several strategies for isolating and cleaning the DNA fragment of interest exist.
Spin Column Extraction
Gel extraction kits are available from several major biotech manufacturers for a final cost of approximately 1–2 US$ per sample.
Protocols included in these kits generally call for the dissolution of the gel-slice in 3 volumes of chao
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transaminase
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Transaminases or aminotransferases are enzymes that catalyze a transamination reaction between an amino acid and an α-keto acid. They are important in the synthesis of amino acids, which form proteins.
Function and mechanism
An amino acid contains an amine (NH2) group. A keto acid contains a keto (=O) group. In transamination, the NH2 group on one molecule is exchanged with the =O group on the other molecule. The amino acid becomes a keto acid, and the keto acid becomes an amino acid.
Most transaminases are protein enzymes. However, some transamination activities of the ribosome have been found to be catalyzed by ribozymes (RNA enzymes). Examples being the hammerhead ribozyme, the VS ribozyme and the hairpin ribozyme.
Transaminases require the coenzyme pyridoxal phosphate, which is converted into pyridoxamine in the first half-reaction, when an amino acid is converted into a keto acid. Enzyme-bound pyridoxamine in turn reacts with pyruvate, oxaloacetate, or alpha-ketoglutarate, giving alanine, aspartic acid, or glutamic acid, respectively. Many transamination reactions occur in tissues, catalysed by transaminases specific for a particular amino/keto acid pair. The reactions are readily reversible, the direction being determined by which of the reactants are in excess. This reversibility can be exploited for synthetic chemistry applications to achieve the synthesis of valuable chiral amines. The specific enzymes are named from one of the reactant pairs, for example; the re
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reza%20Kianian
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Reza Kianian (, born June 19, 1951, in Tehran) is an Iranian actor. He has received various accolades, including two Crystal Simorgh, a Hafez Award and two Iran Cinema Celebration Awards.
Early life
Kianian is the second child of a family of 9; he has 4 brothers and 2 sisters. When he was 1 year old, his family moved to Mashhad. His first acting coach was his older brother, Davood. In 1965, Davood directed and coached Reza in his first role in a play titled Az Paa Nayoftadeha, written by Gholam-Hossein Sa'edi. He continued to work with Davood's theater troupe for the next 3 years, when he moved back to Tehran to study fine arts at the University of Tehran, where he graduated in 1976. Reza Kianian married his wife, Hayedeh, on March 21 (the Persian New Year) in 1983.
Career
Theater
Kianian starting his acting career in theater. He began acting in 1965, when he was only 15 years old. Later on in life, he took the stage in renditions of plays such as Antigone, Petty Bourgeois, Simon Masha Figures, Mississippi's Marriage, Souvenir of the Sand Years and many more. In April 2010, after a six-year hiatus from theater, Kianian returned to stage under the direction of Atila Pesyani in Professor Bvbvs.
Television
Reza Kianian has acted in some television series as well. Perhaps his most memorable role in television has been his character 'Jamshid' in Shellike Nahayi (The Final Shot) directed by Mohsen Shahmohammadi, where 'Jamshid-style' outfits and hairstyle became popular wit
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shape%20resonance
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A shape resonance is a metastable state in which an electron is trapped due to the shape of a potential barrier.
Altunata describes a state as being a shape resonance if, "the internal state of the system remains unchanged upon disintegration of the quasi-bound level."
A more general discussion of resonances and their taxonomies in molecular system can be found in the review article by Schulz,; for the discovery of the Fano resonance line-shape and for the Majorana pioneering work in this field by Antonio Bianconi; and for
a mathematical review by Combes et al.
Quantum mechanics
In quantum mechanics, a shape resonance, in contrast to a Feshbach resonance, is a resonance which is not turned into a bound state if the coupling between some degrees of freedom and the degrees of freedom associated to the fragmentation (reaction coordinates) are set to zero. More simply, the shape resonance total energy is more than the separated fragment energy.
Practical implications of this difference for lifetimes and spectral widths are mentioned in works such as Zobel.
Related terms include a special kind of shape resonance, the core-excited shape resonance, and trap-induced shape resonance.
Of course in one-dimensional systems, resonances are shape resonances. In a system with more than one degree of freedom, this definition makes sense only if the separable model, which supposes the two groups of degrees of freedom uncoupled, is a meaningful approximation. When the coupling becomes l
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neomorphidae
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In biological classification, Neomorphidae is a proposed family of birds, separating the ground cuckoos (including roadrunners) from the rest of the cuckoo family. It is traditionally nested within the family Cuculidae as the subfamily Neomorphinae.
Roadrunners
1321 Tapera naevia striped cuckoo
1322 Morococcyx erythropygus lesser ground-cuckoo
1323 Dromococcyx phasianellus pheasant cuckoo
1324 Dromococcyx pavoninus pavonine cuckoo
1325 Geococcyx californianus greater roadrunner
1326 Geococcyx velox lesser roadrunner
1327 Neomorphus geoffroyi rufous-vented ground-cuckoo
1328 Neomorphus squamiger scaled ground-cuckoo
1329 Neomorphus radiolosus banded ground-cuckoo
1330 Neomorphus rufipennis rufous-winged ground-cuckoo
1331 Neomorphus pucheranii red-billed ground-cuckoo
References
Bird families
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Core-excited%20shape%20resonance
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A core-excited shape resonance is a shape resonance in a system with more than one degree of freedom where, after fragmentation, one of the fragments is in an excited state. It is sometimes very difficult to distinguish a core-excited shape resonance from a Feshbach resonance.
See also
See the definition of Feshbach resonances for more details.
External links
A short FAQ on quantum resonances
Scattering
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empty%20domain
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In first-order logic the empty domain is the empty set having no members. In traditional and classical logic domains are restrictedly non-empty in order that certain theorems be valid. Interpretations with an empty domain are shown to be a trivial case by a convention originating at least in 1927 with Bernays and Schönfinkel (though possibly earlier) but oft-attributed to Quine 1951. The convention is to assign any formula beginning with a universal quantifier the value truth while any formula beginning with an existential quantifier is assigned the value falsehood. This follows from the idea that existentially quantified statements have existential import (i.e. they imply the existence of something) while universally quantified statements do not. This interpretation reportedly stems from George Boole in the late 19th century but this is debatable. In modern model theory, it follows immediately for the truth conditions for quantified sentences:
In other words, an existential quantification of the open formula φ is true in a model iff there is some element in the domain (of the model) that satisfies the formula; i.e. iff that element has the property denoted by the open formula. A universal quantification of an open formula φ is true in a model iff every element in the domain satisfies that formula. (Note that in the metalanguage, "everything that is such that X is such that Y" is interpreted as a universal generalization of the material conditional "if anything is such that
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Class-D%20amplifier
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A class-D amplifier or switching amplifier is an electronic amplifier in which the amplifying devices (transistors, usually MOSFETs) operate as electronic switches, and not as linear gain devices as in other amplifiers. They operate by rapidly switching back and forth between the supply rails, using pulse-width modulation, pulse-density modulation, or related techniques to produce a pulse train output. This passes through a simple low-pass filter which blocks the high-frequency pulses and provides analog output current and voltage. Because they are always either in fully on or fully off modes, little energy is dissipated in the transistors and efficiency can exceed 90%.
History
The first Class-D amplifier was invented by British scientist Alec Reeves in the 1950s and was first called by that name in 1955. The first commercial product was a kit module called the X-10 released by Sinclair Radionics in 1964. However, it had an output power of only 2.5 watts. The Sinclair X-20 in 1966 produced 20 watts but suffered from the inconsistencies and limitations of the germanium-based bipolar junction transistors available at the time. As a result, these early class-D amplifiers were impractical and unsuccessful. Practical class-D amplifiers were enabled by the development of silicon-based MOSFET (metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistor) technology. In 1978, Sony introduced the TA-N88, the first class-D unit to employ power MOSFETs and a switched-mode power supply. There we
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fano%20resonance
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In physics, a Fano resonance is a type of resonant scattering phenomenon that gives rise to an asymmetric line-shape. Interference between a background and a resonant scattering process produces the asymmetric line-shape. It is named after Italian-American physicist Ugo Fano, who in 1961 gave a theoretical explanation for the scattering line-shape of inelastic scattering of electrons from helium; however, Ettore Majorana was the first to discover this phenomenon. Fano resonance is a weak coupling effect meaning that the decay rate is so high, that no hybridization occurs. The coupling modifies the resonance properties such as spectral position and width and its line-shape takes on the distinctive asymmetric Fano profile. Because it is a general wave phenomenon, examples can be found across many areas of physics and engineering.
History
The explanation of the Fano line-shape first appeared in the context of inelastic electron scattering by helium and autoionization. The incident electron doubly excites the atom to the state, a sort of shape resonance. The doubly excited atom spontaneously decays by ejecting one of the excited electrons. Fano showed that interference between the amplitude to simply scatter the incident electron and the amplitude to scatter via autoionization creates an asymmetric scattering line-shape around the autoionization energy with a line-width very close to the inverse of the autoionization lifetime.
Explanation
The Fano resonance line-shape is du
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Factoring
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Factoring can refer to the following:
Factoring (finance), a form of commercial finance
Factorization, a mathematical concept
Decomposition (computer science)
A rule in resolution theorem proving, see Resolution (logic)#Factoring
See also
Code refactoring
Factor (disambiguation)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberation%20Cell
|
The Liberation Cell was a Montreal-based cell that was part of Front de libération du Québec (FLQ) revolutionary movement in Quebec whose members were responsible for a decade of bombings and armed robberies in the 1960s that led to what became known as the October Crisis.
As part of a violent attempt to overthrow the elected government and to establish a socialist Quebec state independent of Canada, on October 5, 1970, the members of the Liberation Cell kidnapped the United Kingdom Trade Commissioner James Richard Cross from his Montreal home. The kidnappers posed as deliverymen and tricked the house maid into letting them in, after which they pulled out their guns and seized Cross. Five days later, members of the FLQ's Chénier Cell kidnapped and then murdered the Deputy Premier of Quebec and Labour Minister, Pierre Laporte. Believing many others would follow in an uprising, the goal of the FLQ was to create an independent state based on the ideals of Fidel Castro's Cuba.
After holding the British Trade Commissioner for more than sixty days, the known members of the Liberation Cell negotiated his release in exchange for their safe passage to Cuba. Four weeks later, the known members of the Chénier Cell were located in a country farmhouse basement.
The known Liberation Cell members:
Jacques Cossette-Trudel
Louise Lanctôt (Louise Cossette-Trudel)
Jacques Lanctôt
Marc Carbonneau
Yves Langlois (aka Pierre Seguin)
Nigel Barry Hamer
See also
History of Quebec
References
Oct
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrenergic%20nerve%20fibre
|
An adrenergic nerve fibre is a neuron for which the neurotransmitter is either adrenaline (epinephrine), noradrenaline or dopamine. These neurotransmitters are released at a location known as the synapse, which is a junction point between the axon of one nerve cell and the dendrite of another. The neurotransmitters are first released from the axon and then bind to the receptor site on the dendrite. Adrenergic nerve terminals are found in the secondary neurons of the sympathetic nervous system, one of two divisions of the autonomic nervous system which is responsible for the fight-or-flight response. This system increases heart rate, slows digestion, dilates pupils, and also controls the secretion of apocrine sweat glands in the dermal layer of skin, in addition to other responses.
Composition
The nerve fibre is a thread-like extension of a nerve cell that includes the axon which may or may not be encased in a myelinated sheath. The androgenic nerve fibre when myelinated increases the speed of transmission for an action potential across the length of the cell. The gaps in the sheath along the axon are called the nodes of ranvier.
Receptor site
Molecular level
There are several types of adrenergic receptors which are identified by their differing sensitivities to various drugs. Neurons in the central nervous system contain α1- and α2-adrenergic receptors and β1- and β2-adrenergic receptors. All four kinds of receptors are also found in the various organs of the body aside fr
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