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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volterra%20integral%20equation
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In mathematics, the Volterra integral equations are a special type of integral equations. They are divided into two groups referred to as the first and the second kind.
A linear Volterra equation of the first kind is
where f is a given function and x is an unknown function to be solved for. A linear Volterra equation of the second kind is
In operator theory, and in Fredholm theory, the corresponding operators are called Volterra operators. A useful method to solve such equations, the Adomian decomposition method, is due to George Adomian.
A linear Volterra integral equation is a convolution equation if
The function in the integral is called the kernel. Such equations can be analyzed and solved by means of Laplace transform techniques.
For a weakly singular kernel of the form with , Volterra integral equation of the first kind can conveniently be transformed into a classical Abel integral equation.
The Volterra integral equations were introduced by Vito Volterra and then studied by Traian Lalescu in his 1908 thesis, Sur les équations de Volterra, written under the direction of Émile Picard. In 1911, Lalescu wrote the first book ever on integral equations.
Volterra integral equations find application in demography as Lotka's integral equation, the study of viscoelastic materials,
in actuarial science through the renewal equation, and in fluid mechanics to describe the flow behavior near finite-sized boundaries.
Conversion of Volterra equation of the first kind t
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stiff%20equation
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In mathematics, a stiff equation is a differential equation for which certain numerical methods for solving the equation are numerically unstable, unless the step size is taken to be extremely small. It has proven difficult to formulate a precise definition of stiffness, but the main idea is that the equation includes some terms that can lead to rapid variation in the solution.
When integrating a differential equation numerically, one would expect the requisite step size to be relatively small in a region where the solution curve displays much variation and to be relatively large where the solution curve straightens out to approach a line with slope nearly zero. For some problems this is not the case. In order for a numerical method to give a reliable solution to the differential system sometimes the step size is required to be at an unacceptably small level in a region where the solution curve is very smooth. The phenomenon is known as stiffness. In some cases there may be two different problems with the same solution, yet one is not stiff and the other is. The phenomenon cannot therefore be a property of the exact solution, since this is the same for both problems, and must be a property of the differential system itself. Such systems are thus known as stiff systems.
Motivating example
Consider the initial value problem
The exact solution (shown in cyan) is
We seek a numerical solution that exhibits the same behavior.
The figure (right) illustrates the numerical
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudanic%20languages
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In early 20th century classification of African languages, Sudanic was a generic term for languages spoken in the Sahel belt, from Ethiopia in the east to Senegal in the west.
Scope
The grouping was based on geographic and loose typological grounds. One of its proponents was the German linguist Carl Meinhof. Meinhof had been working on the Bantu languages, which have an elaborate noun-class system, and he labeled all languages not in Hamito-Semitic or Bushman that lacked such a noun-class system Sudansprachen. There were two main branches; Eastern Sudanic was largely equivalent to Nilo-Saharan sans Nilotic, and Western Sudanic to Niger–Congo sans Bantu.
Background
Westermann, pupil of Carl Meinhof, carried out comparative linguistic research on the then Sudanic languages during the first half of the twentieth century. In his 1911 study he established a basic division between 'East' and 'West' Sudanic, roughly comparable to today's distinction of Niger–Congo and Nilo-Saharan. His 1927 collaboration with Hermann Baumann was devoted to the historical reconstruction of the West Sudanic branch. He compared his results with Meinhof's Proto-Bantu reconstructions but did not state the obvious conclusion that they were related, perhaps out of respect for his teacher. French linguists like Delafosse and Homburger, not hindered by such concerns, were quite explicit about the unity of West Sudanic and Bantu, mainly on the basis of synchronic lexicostatistical data. In his 1935 "Charac
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dym%20equation
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In mathematics, and in particular in the theory of solitons, the Dym equation (HD) is the third-order partial differential equation
It is often written in the equivalent form for some function v of one space variable and time
The Dym equation first appeared in Kruskal and is attributed to an unpublished paper by Harry Dym.
The Dym equation represents a system in which dispersion and nonlinearity are coupled together. HD is a completely integrable nonlinear evolution equation that may be solved by means of the inverse scattering transform. It obeys an infinite number of conservation laws; it does not possess the Painlevé property.
The Dym equation has strong links to the Korteweg–de Vries equation. C.S. Gardner, J.M. Greene, Kruskal and R.M. Miura applied [Dym equation] to the solution of corresponding problem in Korteweg–de Vries equation. The Lax pair of the Harry Dym equation is associated with the Sturm–Liouville operator.
The Liouville transformation transforms this operator isospectrally into the Schrödinger operator.
Thus by the inverse Liouville transformation solutions of the Korteweg–de Vries equation are transformed
into solutions of the Dym equation. An explicit solution of the Dym equation, valid in a finite interval, is found by an auto-Bäcklund transform
Notes
References
Solitons
Exactly solvable models
Integrable systems
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolmogorov%20microscales
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In fluid dynamics, Kolmogorov microscales are the smallest scales in the turbulent flow of fluids. At the Kolmogorov scale, viscosity dominates and the turbulence kinetic energy is dissipated into thermal energy. They are defined by
where
is the average rate of dissipation of turbulence kinetic energy per unit mass, and
is the kinematic viscosity of the fluid.
Typical values of the Kolmogorov length scale, for atmospheric motion in which the large eddies have length scales on the order of kilometers, range from 0.1 to 10 millimeters; for smaller flows such as in laboratory systems, may be much smaller.
In 1941, Andrey Kolmogorov introduced the hypothesis that the smallest scales of turbulence are universal (similar for every turbulent flow) and that they depend only on and . The definitions of the Kolmogorov microscales can be obtained using this idea and dimensional analysis. Since the dimension of kinematic viscosity is length2/time, and the dimension of the energy dissipation rate per unit mass is length2/time3, the only combination that has the dimension of time is which is the Kolmorogov time scale. Similarly, the Kolmogorov length scale is the only combination of and that has dimension of length.
Alternatively, the definition of the Kolmogorov time scale can be obtained from the inverse of the mean square strain rate tensor, which also gives using the definition of the energy dissipation rate per unit mass Then the Kolmogorov length scale can be obtai
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COQ7
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Mitochondrial 5-demethoxyubiquinone hydroxylase (DMQ hydroxylase), also known as coenzyme Q7, hydroxylase, is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the COQ7 gene. The clk-1 (clock-1) gene encodes this protein that is necessary for ubiquinone biosynthesis in the worm Caenorhabditis elegans and other eukaryotes. The mouse version of the gene is called mclk-1 and the human, fruit fly and yeast homolog COQ7 (coenzyme Q biosynthesis protein 7).
CLK-1 is not to be confused with the unrelated human protein CLK1 which plays a role in RNA splicing.
Structure
The protein has two repeats of approximately 90 amino acids, that contain two conserved motifs predicted to be important for coordination of iron. The structure and function of the gene are highly conserved among different species.
The C. elegans protein contains 187 amino acid residues (20 kilodaltons), the human homolog 217 amino acid residues (24 kilodaltons, gene consisting of six exons spanning 11 kb and located on chromosome 16).
Mitochondrial function
Ubiquinone is a small redox active lipid that is found in most cellular membranes where it acts as a cofactor in numerous cellular redox processes, including mitochondrial electron transport. As a cofactor, ubiquinone is often involved in processes that produce reactive oxygen species (ROS). In addition, ubiquinone is one of the main endogenous antioxidants of the cell. The CLK-1 enzyme is responsible for the hydroxylation of 5-demethoxyubiquinone to 5-hydroxyubiqui
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Name%20of%20Romania
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The name of Romania (România) comes from the Romanian Român, which is a derivative of the Latin adjective Romanus (Roman). Romanians are a people living in Central and South-Eastern Europe speaking a Romance language.
Etymology of the ethnonym Romanian (român)
During the transition from Vulgar Latin to Romanian, there were some phonetical changes that modified romanus into român or rumân. The accusative form romanum was retained.
ending "-m" dropped (occurred in all Romance languages)
ending "-u" dropped (regular change; in Old Romanian was however still present)
"a" → "â" (regular change; vowels before nasal stops turned into "â"/"î")
"o" → "u" (regular change; however, in some regions of Romania, the variant with "o" was kept)
A reference to the name Romanian could be contained in the Nibelungenlied (written between 1180 and 1210), where a "Duke Ramunc of Walachia,/with seven hundred vassals, galloped up before her/like flying wild birds men saw them ride". It is argued that "Ramunc" could describe a symbolic figure, representing Romanians. In a document issued about the same period (1190 ?) by King Béla III of Hungary, a count Narad was mentioned as having fought "against the fury of the Bulgarians and ". Hungarian historian Imre Nagy believed to be a mistranscription of , which would be in reference to Romanians in the then recent uprising of the Bulgarians and Vlachs. However, the idea that refers to Romanians is disputed; Hungarian historian Imre Szentpétery, wh
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EMA
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Ema or EMA may refer to:
Biology and medicine
Anti-Endomysial Antibodies test
Epithelial membrane antigen
European Medicines Agency, a European Union agency for the evaluation of medicinal products
European Medical Association, association representing Medical Doctors in Europe
Emergency Medicine Australasia, a scholarly journal
Education
Eastern Military Academy, a defunct school in Connecticut
Education Maintenance Allowance, a financial scheme for students in Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland
Escuela Mexicana Americana, a school in Mexico City
Engineering, science and technology
Effective medium approximations, modeling that describes the macroscopic properties of composite materials
Electromagnetic articulography, a method of measuring the position of parts of the mouth
Exponential moving average
Electromechanical actuator
Government
Emergency Management Agency
Emergency Management Australia, an agency of the Australian Government
Energy Market Authority, a regulatory body in Singapore
Ethiopian Mapping Authority
Emergency Mobile Alert, New Zealand's nationwide mobile public warning system
Euro-Mediterranean Association for Cooperation and Development, a German international co-operation organization
Media and entertainment
Egmont Manga & Anime, a German manga publishing company
Ema (film), a 2019 Chilean drama film
Entertainment Merchants Association, an international trade association
Environmental Media Association, an American enviro
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yamaha%20TX81Z
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The Yamaha TX81Z is a rack-mounted (keyboard-less) frequency modulation (FM) music synthesizer, released in 1987. It is also known as a keyboard-less Yamaha DX11 (and the subsequent Yamaha V50 (music workstation)). Unlike previous FM synthesizers of the era, the TX81Z was the first to offer a range of oscillator waveforms other than just sine waves, conferring the new timbres of some of its patches when compared to older, sine-only FM synths. The TX81Z has developed a famous reputation, largely based on some of its preset bass sounds. The Yamaha DX11 keyboard synth was released the following year, offering improved editing abilities.
Features
The unit is multitimbral, and has 128 ROM voices, 32 editable voice slots, and 24 editable Performance memories.
The RAM slots were rarely utilized due to the perceived high quality and usability of the original patches and the difficulty of programming new sounds with the limited front-panel interface. Among the presets is the famous LatelyBass, one of the most popular presets in synthesizer history.
The TX81Z is backwards-compatible with sound patches developed for Yamaha's DX21, DX27, and DX100 synthesizers. It is also very similar, and almost completely patch-compatible, to the DX11 synthesizer, which is essentially a TX81Z with a velocity and pressure-sensing keyboard and a pitch envelope.
Usage
Some say the prevalence of the TX81Z's presets was also because of the difficulty in creating new patches. Creating new sounds from t
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abel%20polynomials
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The Abel polynomials are a sequence of polynomials named after Niels Henrik Abel, defined by the following equation:
This polynomial sequence is of binomial type: conversely, every polynomial sequence of binomial type may be obtained from the Abel sequence using umbral calculus.
Examples
For , the polynomials are
For , the polynomials are
References
External links
Polynomials
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olivia%20MFSK
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Olivia MFSK is an amateur radioteletype protocol, using multiple frequency-shift keying (MFSK) and designed to work in difficult (low signal-to-noise ratio plus multipath propagation) conditions on shortwave bands. The signal can be accurately received even if the surrounding noise is 10 dB stronger. It is commonly used by amateur radio operators to reliably transmit ASCII characters over noisy channels using the high frequency (3–30 MHz) spectrum. The effective data rate of the Olivia MFSK protocol is 150 characters/minute.
Olivia modes are commonly referred to as Olivia X / Y (or, alternatively, Olivia Y / X ), where X refers to the number of different audio tones transmitted and Y refers to the bandwidth in hertz over which these signals are spread. Examples of common Olivia modes are 16/500, 32/1000 and 8/250.
History
The protocol was developed at the end of 2003 by Pawel Jalocha. The first on-the-air tests were performed by two radio amateurs, Fred OH/DK4ZC and Les VK2DSG, on the Europe-Australia path in the 20-meter amateur band. The tests proved that the protocol works well and can allow regular intercontinental radio contacts with as little as one watt RF power. Since 2005 Olivia has become a standard for digital data transfer under white noise, fading and multipath, flutter (polar path) and auroral conditions.
Voluntary channelization
Since Olivia signals can be decoded even when received signals are extremely weak, (signal-to-noise ratio of −14 dB), signals st
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keith%20R.%20Thompson
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Keith Thompson (1951 - 2022) was a professor at Dalhousie University with a joint appointment in the Department of Oceanography and the Department of Mathematics and Statistics.
Thompson was trained in the UK and obtained his Ph.D. from the University of Liverpool in 1979. His research interests focused on ocean and shelf circulation, 4D data assimilation, extremal analysis and applied time series analysis.
Prof. Thompson was awarded a Tier I Canada Research Chair in Marine Prediction and Environmental Statistics. The Canada Research Chairs Program is part of a national strategy to make Canada one of the world’s top five countries for research and development. Chair holders are recognized leaders in their fields and are selected in order to advance the frontiers of knowledge, not only through research, but also by teaching and supervising students and coordinating the work of other researchers. Prof. Thompson has been awarded a Tier I chair, which is the highest level. (For more information on the Canada Research Chairs program see http://www.chairs.gc.ca/).
Prof. Thompson was also awarded the President’s Prize of the Canadian Oceanographic and Meteorological Society in 1990, and Reviewer of the Year by the same organization. He has written over 50 scientific publications and sits on international committees including the Coastal Ocean Observations Panel of the Global Ocean Observing System. Thompson was awarded the J.P. Tully Medal in Oceanography from the Canadian
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systemic%20primary%20carnitine%20deficiency
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Systemic primary carnitine deficiency (SPCD) is an inborn error of fatty acid transport caused by a defect in the transporter responsible for moving carnitine across the plasma membrane. Carnitine is an important amino acid for fatty acid metabolism. When carnitine cannot be transported into tissues, fatty acid oxidation is impaired, leading to a variety of symptoms such as chronic muscle weakness, cardiomyopathy, hypoglycemia and liver dysfunction. The specific transporter involved with SPCD is OCTN2, coded for by the SLC22A5 gene located on chromosome 5. SPCD is inherited in an autosomal recessive manner, with mutated alleles coming from both parents.
Acute episodes due to SPCD are often preceded by metabolic stress such as extended fasting, infections or vomiting. Cardiomyopathy can develop in the absence of an acute episode, and can result in death. SPCD leads to increased carnitine excretion in the urine and low levels in plasma. In most locations with expanded newborn screening, SPCD can be identified and treated shortly after birth. Treatment with high doses of carnitine supplementation is effective, but needs to be rigorously maintained for life.
Signs and symptoms
The presentation of patient with SPCD can be incredibly varied, from asymptomatic to lethal cardiac manifestations. Early cases were reported with liver dysfunction, muscular findings (weakness and underdevelopment), hypoketotic hypoglycemia, cardiomegaly, cardiomyopathy and marked carnitine defic
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesse%20Gelsinger
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Jesse Gelsinger (June 18, 1981 – September 17, 1999) was the first person publicly identified as having died in a clinical trial for gene therapy. Gelsinger suffered from ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency, an X-linked genetic disease of the liver, the symptoms of which include an inability to metabolize ammonia – a byproduct of protein breakdown. The disease is usually fatal at birth, but Gelsinger had a milder form of the disease, in which the ornithine transcarbamylase gene is mutated in only part of the patient's cells, a condition known as somatic mosaicism. As his deficiency was partial, Gelsinger managed to survive on a restricted diet and special medications.
Gelsinger joined a clinical trial run by the University of Pennsylvania that aimed at developing a treatment for infants born with the severe form of the disease. On September 13, 1999, Gelsinger was injected with an adenoviral vector carrying a corrected gene to test the safety of the procedure. He died four days later at the age of 18, on September 17, apparently having suffered a massive immune response triggered by the use of the viral vector to transport the gene into his cells, leading to multiple organ failure and brain death.
A Food and Drug Administration (FDA) investigation concluded that the scientists involved in the trial, including the co-investigator James Wilson (Director of the Institute for Human Gene Therapy), broke several rules of conduct:
Inclusion of Gelsinger as a substitute for anoth
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thrombospondin
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Thrombospondins (TSPs) are a family of secreted glycoproteins with antiangiogenic functions. Due to their dynamic role within the extracellular matrix they are considered matricellular proteins. The first member of the family, thrombospondin 1 (THBS1), was discovered in 1971 by Nancy L. Baenziger.
Types
The thrombospondins are a family of multifunctional proteins. The family consists of thrombospondins 1-5 and can be divided into 2 subgroups: A, which contains TSP-1 and TSP-2, and B, which contains TSP-3, TSP-4 and TSP-5 (also designated cartilage oligomeric protein or COMP). TSP-1 and TSP-2 are homotrimers, consisting of three identical subunits, whereas TSP-3, TSP-4 and TSP-5 are homopentamers.
TSP-1 and TSP-2 are produced by immature astrocytes during brain development, which promotes the development of new synapses.
Thrombospondin 1
Thrombospondin 1 (TSP-1) is encoded by THBS1. It was first isolated from platelets that had been stimulated with thrombin, and so was designated 'thrombin-sensitive protein'. Since its first recognition, functions for TSP-1 have been found in multiple biological processes including angiogenesis, apoptosis, activation of TGF-beta and Immune regulation. As such, TSP-1 is designated a multifunctional protein.
TSP-1 has multiple receptors, among which CD36, CD47 and integrins are of particular note.
TSP-1 is antiangiogenic, inhibiting the proliferation and migration of endothelial cells by interactions with CD36 expressed on their surface o
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homilite
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Homilite is a borosilicate mineral belonging to the gadolinite group of minerals with formula .
It occurs as brown monoclinic crystals (space group P21/a) within feldspar masses in pegmatite and was discovered in 1876 in Stoko island, Langesundfiord, Norway. The name is from the Greek for to occur together, in allusion to its association with meliphanite and
allanite.
References
Calcium minerals
Iron(II) minerals
Magnesium minerals
Borate minerals
Nesosilicates
Monoclinic minerals
Minerals in space group 14
Borosilicates
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LDL%20receptor
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The low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDL-R) is a mosaic protein of 839 amino acids (after removal of 21-amino acid signal peptide) that mediates the endocytosis of cholesterol-rich low-density lipoprotein (LDL). It is a cell-surface receptor that recognizes apolipoprotein B100 (ApoB100), which is embedded in the outer phospholipid layer of very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL), their remnants—i.e. intermediate-density lipoprotein (IDL), and LDL particles. The receptor also recognizes apolipoprotein E (ApoE) which is found in chylomicron remnants and IDL. In humans, the LDL receptor protein is encoded by the gene on chromosome 19. It belongs to the low density lipoprotein receptor gene family. It is most significantly expressed in bronchial epithelial cells and adrenal gland and cortex tissue.
Michael S. Brown and Joseph L. Goldstein were awarded the 1985 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their identification of LDL-R and its relation to cholesterol metabolism and familial hypercholesterolemia. Disruption of LDL-R can lead to higher LDL-cholesterol as well as increasing the risk of related diseases. Individuals with disruptive mutations (defined as nonsense, splice site, or indel frameshift) in LDLR have an average LDL-cholesterol of , compared with for individuals with neither disruptive nor deleterious mutations. Disruptive mutations were 13 times more common in individuals with early-onset myocardial infarction or coronary artery disease than in individuals with
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hopeite
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Hopeite is a hydrated zinc phosphate with formula: Zn3(PO4)2·4H2O. It is a rare mineral used mainly as a collectors specimen.
Hopeite crystallizes in the orthorhombic system with prismatic, vitreous white to yellow crystals. It also forms druzy encrustations and reniform (kidney-shaped) masses. The related mineral parahopeite, which has the same composition but different crystal structure, is triclinic. The minerals are formed through oxidation of sphalerite by the presence of phosphate-rich solutions
It was first described in 1822 from Moresnet, Liège Province, Belgium and is named after Scottish chemist, Thomas Charles Hope (1766–1844) of the University of Edinburgh.
It has been found in Zambia associated with lazulite.
Hopeite is one of the 2 conversion minerals arising from the application of the rust converter 'Fertan'.
References
Mindat with location data
Mineral galleries
Webmineral data
Phosphate minerals
Zinc minerals
Orthorhombic minerals
Minerals in space group 62
Minerals described in 1822
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LRH
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LRH may refer to:
L. Ron Hubbard, founder of Scientology
La Rochelle - Île de Ré Airport, France, IATA code
LRH-1, a protein that in humans is encoded by the NR5A2 gene.
Lord Royal Highness, a character in SpongeBob SquarePants
Luke Robert Hemmings
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20common%20household%20pests
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This is a list of common household pests – undesired animals that have a history of living, invading, causing damage, eating human foods, acting as disease vectors or causing other harms in human habitation.
Mammals
Mice
Field mice
House mice
Possums
Brushtail possum
Ringtail possum
Rats
Black rats
Brown rats
Wood rats
Cotton rats
Invertebrates
Ants
Argentine ants
Carpenter ants
Fire ants
Odorous house ants
Pharaoh ants
Thief ants
Bed bugs
Beetles
Woodworms
Death watch beetles
Furniture beetles
Weevils
Maize weevil
Rice weevil
Carpet beetles
Fur beetles
Varied carpet beetles
Spider beetles
Mealworm beetles
Centipedes
House centipedes
Cockroaches
Brown-banded cockroaches
German cockroaches
American cockroaches
Oriental cockroaches
Dust mites
Earwigs
Crickets
House crickets
Flies
Bottle flies
Blue bottle flies
Green bottle flies
House flies
Fruit flies
Mosquitoes
Moths
Almond moths
Indianmeal moths
Clothes moths
Common clothes moths
Brown house moths
Paper Lice
Red spiders
Silverfish
Spiders
Termites
Dampwood termites
Subterranean termites
Woodlouse
See also
Home-stored product entomology
List of notifiable diseases
Noxious weed
Pest (organism)
References
Pests (organism)
Nature-related lists
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mimic%20function
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A mimic function changes a file so it assumes the statistical properties of another file . That is, if is the probability of some substring occurring in , then a mimic function , recodes so that approximates for all strings of length less than some . It is commonly considered to be one of the basic techniques for hiding information, often called steganography.
The simplest mimic functions use simple statistical models to pick the symbols in the output. If the statistical model says that item occurs with probability and item occurs with probability , then a random number is used to choose between outputting or with probability or respectively.
Even more sophisticated models use reversible Turing machines.
References
Steganography
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/How%20to%20Lie%20with%20Statistics
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How to Lie with Statistics is a book written by Darrell Huff in 1954, presenting an introduction to statistics for the general reader. Not a statistician, Huff was a journalist who wrote many how-to articles as a freelancer.
The book is a brief, breezy illustrated volume outlining the misuse of statistics and errors in the interpretation of statistics, and how errors create incorrect conclusions.
In the 1960s and 1970s, it became a standard textbook introduction to the subject of statistics for many college students. It has become one of the best-selling statistics books in history, with over one and a half million copies sold in the English-language edition. It has also been widely translated.
Themes of the book include "Correlation does not imply causation" and "Using random sampling". It also shows how statistical graphs can be used to distort reality, for example by truncating the bottom of a line or bar chart, so that differences seem larger than they are, or by representing one-dimensional quantities on a pictogram by two- or three-dimensional objects to compare their sizes, so that the reader forgets that the images do not scale the same way the quantities do.
The original edition contained illustrations by artist Irving Geis. In a UK edition, Geis' illustrations were replaced by cartoons by Mel Calman.
See also
Lies, damned lies, and statistics
Notes
References
Darrell Huff, (1954) How to Lie with Statistics (illust. I. Geis), Norton, New York,
External link
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/0-4-4-2
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In Whyte notation for the classification of steam locomotives by wheel arrangement, an 0-4-4-2 is a locomotive that has no leading wheels, two sets of four driving wheels and two trailing wheels.
Equivalent classifications
Other equivalent classifications are:
UIC classification: BB1 (also known as German classification and Italian classification)
French classification: 020+021
Turkish classification: 22+23
Swiss classification: 2/2+2/3
Examples
0-4-4-2Ts were the first-generation mallets used by Indonesia since colonial time, back in late 19th to early 20th century by Staatsspoorwegen as state railway company of the Dutch East Indies ordered 12 units from Hartmann and the rest of 4 from Schwartzkopff in 1899–1908, classified as SS Class 500 (501–516) and used for winding mountain line in West Java. These locomotives worked for mixed trains that transported crops, plantations and passengers on Buitenzorg–Bandung line which opened in 1884. These oil-burned engine had power output of 465 hp (horse power) which way more powerful and suitable for tackling the winding mountain terrain with agility, compared to older SS locomotives the 2-6-0T (SS Class 300 or DKA C11 and SS Class 400 or DKA C12) which are smaller and slower in size and engine power. The SS 500s were also worked at Rangkasbitung and Banjar. From 16 of them, only BB10 12 (ex-SS 512) is preserved now.
The SS Class 500 has specifications with its length is 10,5 metres, 1050 mm wheel diameter, weighing 44,1 tons and
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebbe%20Nielsen
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Ebbe Schmidt Nielsen (7 June 1950 – 7 March 2001) was a Danish entomologist influential in systematics and Lepidoptera research, and an early proponent of biodiversity informatics. The journal Invertebrate Systematics was established with significant contributions from Nielsen, and he assisted in the founding of the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF). Nielsen wrote several books, published over eighty scientific papers, and was highly regarded within the scientific community. Following his death, the GBIF organised the Ebbe Nielsen Prize in his memory, awarded annually to promising researchers in the field of biodiversity informatics. The moth Pollanisus nielseni is named after Nielsen.
Early life and education
Nielsen was born on 7 June 1950 in Ry, Denmark. His parents were farmers, and he and his brother frequently explored the surrounding Jutland countryside, playing in forests and by the shores of Mossø, a lake near their home. Inspired by reading about collecting and identifying moths and butterflies, Nielsen began gathering specimens at the age of fourteen and later joined an entomology club based in Århus.
Nielsen attended Aarhus University while working part-time for a local museum. Following graduation, he was solicited to join a project on the ecosystem of Danish beech forests, which the museum had been involved in. With this appointment, Nielsen began his masters research, collecting numerous specimens as part of the project and studying their
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nylon%206
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Nylon 6 or polycaprolactam is a polymer, in particular semicrystalline polyamide. Unlike most other nylons, nylon 6 is not a condensation polymer, but instead is formed by ring-opening polymerization; this makes it a special case in the comparison between condensation and addition polymers. Its competition with nylon 6,6 and the example it set have also shaped the economics of the synthetic fibre industry. It is sold under numerous trade names including Perlon (Germany), Dederon (former East Germany), Nylatron, Capron, Ultramid, Akulon, Kapron (former Soviet Union and satellite states), Rugopa (Turkey) and Durethan.
History
Polycaprolactam was developed by Paul Schlack at IG Farben in late 1930s (first synthesized in 1938) to reproduce the properties of Nylon 66 without violating the patent on its production. (Around the same time, Kohei Hoshino at Toray also succeeded in synthesizing nylon 6.) It was marketed as Perlon, and industrial production with a capacity of 3,500 tons per year was established in Nazi Germany in 1943, using phenol as a feedstock. At first, the polymer was used to produce coarse fiber for artificial bristle, then the fiber quality was improved, and Germans started making parachutes, cord for aircraft tires and towing cables for gliders.
The Soviet Union began its development of an analog in the 1940s, and while basic scientific work was ongoing in 1942, the production only started in 1948 in Klin.
Synthesis
Nylon 6 can be modified using comonomers or
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome%20regions
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Several chromosome regions have been defined by convenience in order to talk about gene loci. Most important is the distinction between chromosome region p and chromosome region q. The p region is represented in the shorter arm of the chromosome (p is for petit, French for small) while the q region is in the larger arm (chosen as next letter in alphabet after p). These are virtual regions that exist in all chromosomes.
These are listed as follows:
Chromatids
Arms
Centromere
Kinetochore
Telomere
Sub telomere
satellite chromosome or trabant.
NOR region
During cell division, the molecules that compose chromosomes (DNA and proteins) suffer a condensation process (called the chromatin reticulum condensation) that forms a compact and small complex called a chromatid. The complexes containing the duplicated DNA molecules, the sister chromatids, are attached to each other by the centromere(where the Kinetochore assembles).
If the chromosome is a submetacentric chromosome (One arm big and the other arm small) then the centromere divides each chromosome into two regions: the smaller one, which is the p region, and the bigger one, the q region. The sister chromatids will be distributed to each daughter cell at the end of the cell division. Whereas if the chromosome is isobrachial (centromere at centre and arms of equal length), the p and q system is meaningless.
At either end of a chromosome is a telomere, a cap of DNA that protects the rest of the chromosome from damage.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul%20Oudin
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Paul Marie Oudin (1851–1923) was a French physician and medical researcher. He was born, and later died, in Épinal. He conducted research in the Victorian era medical field of high frequency electrotherapy, the application of radio frequency electric currents to the body, and collaborated with the founder of the field, pioneering physiologist and biophysicist Dr. Jacques Arsene d'Arsonval. In 1893 he modified d'Arsonval's electrotherapy equipment by the addition of a wire coil resonator to produce higher potentials, inventing the Oudin coil. This device, very similar to a Tesla coil, could produce very high voltages from several hundred thousand to a million volts. In use, the brush discharges from a pointed electrode attached to the high voltage terminal of the coil would be played over various parts of the body to treat a variety of medical conditions. The Oudin coil was used in electrotherapy and diathermy through the 1920s.
External links
Paul Marie Oudin
1851 births
1923 deaths
People from Épinal
19th-century French physicians
Electrotherapy
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytostome
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A cytostome (from cyto-, cell and stome-, mouth) or cell mouth is a part of a cell specialized for phagocytosis, usually in the form of a microtubule-supported funnel or groove. Food is directed into the cytostome, and sealed into vacuoles.
Only certain groups of protozoa, such as the Ciliophora and Excavata, have cytostomes. An example is Balantidium coli, a ciliate. In other protozoa, and in cells from multicellular organisms, phagocytosis takes place at any point on the cell or feeding takes place by absorption.
Structure
The cytostome forms an invagination on the cell surface and is typically directed towards the nucleus of the cell. The cytostome is often labeled as the entire invagination, but in fact the cytostome only constitutes the opening of the invagination at the surface of the cell. The rest of the invagination is classified as the cytopharynx. The cytopharynx works in conjunction with the cytostome in order to import macromolecules into the cell. This strong association between the cytostome and cytopharynx is often called the cytostome-cytopharynx complex or the cytopharyngeal apparatus. However, in a small number of cases the cytostome works independently in order to import macromolecules. In these instances, the cytostome imports macromolecules by directly forming vesicles that are imported into the interior of the cell.
The cytostome is associated with microtubules that function in maintaining its form. One set of microtubules is arranged in a triplet
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvell
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Marvell may refer to:
Marvell, Arkansas, a small city in the United States
Marvell Technology Group, American semiconductor company
People
Andrew Marvell (1621–1678), English metaphysical poet and politician
Marcus Marvell (born 1970), English cricketer
Marjorie Marvell (born 1938), Australian cricket player
William Marvell, 18th century English executioner
Marvell Scott (born 1973), American sports reporter and physician
Marvell Tell (born 1996), American football player
Marvell Thomas (1941–2017), American keyboardist
Marvell Wynne (baseball) (born 1959), American baseball player
Marvell Wynne (soccer) (born 1986), American soccer player, son of the baseball player
See also
Captain Marvel (Mar-Vell), a Marvel Comics character
Marvel (disambiguation)
Marville (disambiguation)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Owen%20Holland%20%28academic%29
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Owen Holland (born 1947) is professor emeritus of cognitive robotics (Informatics) in the Sackler Centre for Consciousness Science at the University of Sussex. He was until recently a professor of computer science at the University of Essex, England. Previously, he has held faculty positions at Caltech, University of Bielefeld, Starlab and the University of the West of England.
Holland is best known for his work in biologically-inspired robotics, where he has contributed to the theory and practice of collective robotics, ant algorithms and machine consciousness, among other sub-fields. Some of the projects he has been involved in have attracted attention from the media, notably the Slugbot project, which aimed to produce a robotic predator capable of sustaining its energy levels from hunting and digesting slugs. Holland is also known for recovering and restoring one of Grey Walter's robot 'tortoises'.
For the last ten years he has mainly been interested in the prospects for building a conscious machine. In 2001 he was an organiser and session chair for one of the first symposia on machine consciousness, and in 2003 he edited a special issue of the Journal of Consciousness Studies on the topic. In 2004 he obtained the first major funding for a machine consciousness project which investigated whether a human-like robot with a self-model and a world-model might exhibit features characteristic of consciousness. The robot, CRONOS, was further developed in a European project ECCE
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruling%20gradient
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The term ruling grade is usually used as a synonym for "steepest climb" between two points on a railroad. More simply, the steepest grade to be climbed dictates how powerful the motive power (or how light the train) must be in order for the run to be made without assistance. Even if 99% of the line could be run with a low-powered (and inexpensive) locomotive, if at some point on the line there is a steeper gradient than such train would be able to climb, this gradient "rules" that a more powerful locomotive must be used, in spite of it being far too powerful for the rest of the line. This is why special "helper engines" (also dubbed "Bankers") are often stationed near steep grades on otherwise mild tracks. It is cheaper than running a too-powerful locomotive over the entire track mileage just in order to make the grade, especially when multiple trains run over the line each day (to help justify the fixed daily cost of the helper operation).
In the 1953 edition of Railway Engineering William H. Hay says "The ruling grade may be defined as the maximum gradient over which a tonnage train can be hauled with one locomotive....The ruling grade does not necessarily have the maximum gradient on the division. Momentum grades, pusher grades, or those that must regularly be doubled by tonnage trains may be heavier." This means the "ruling grade" may change if the management chooses to operate the railroad differently.
Compensation for curvature
Other things being equal, a train is ha
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20state%20routes%20in%20Pennsylvania
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The Pennsylvania Department of Transportation (PennDOT) is responsible for the establishment and classification of a state highway network which includes Interstate Highways, U.S. Highways, and state routes. U.S. and Interstate highways are classified as state routes in Pennsylvania. The Commonwealth of Pennsylvania established the Location Referencing System (LRS) in 1987, which registers all numbered routes in Pennsylvania as SR-X. A state route would be SR 39, a US Route would be SR 22, and an Interstate route would be SR 80. However, routes which are numbered between 0000 and 0999 are classified as Traffic Routes, which are abbreviated as PA 39, US 22, and I-80, instead. There are also four-digit numbers for various "state roads" over which PennDOT has jurisdiction, but those numbers are not displayed on the roads, except in rural areas, where they are posted with index-card-sized small signs. In urban areas, these numbers are somewhat less prominently posted, and these streets are known by the names on the street signs.
History
In 1911, when the Sproul Road Bill was passed, a large number of Legislative Routes (LR) were assigned. These were the primary internal numbering until the present Location Referencing System was adopted in 1987. See also List of legislative routes in Pennsylvania.
Signed Traffic Route numbers from 1 to 12 were first assigned in 1924 to several of the national auto trails:
Italics denote former routes.
Pennsylvania Route 1: Lincoln Highway
P
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern%20equine%20encephalitis
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Eastern equine encephalitis (EEE), commonly called Triple E or sleeping sickness (not to be confused with African trypanosomiasis), is a disease caused by a zoonotic mosquito-vectored Togavirus that is present in North, Central, and South America, and the Caribbean. EEE was first recognized in Massachusetts, United States, in 1831, when 75 horses died mysteriously of viral encephalitis.
Epizootics in horses have continued to occur regularly in the United States. It can also be identified in donkeys and zebras. Due to the rarity of the disease, its occurrence can cause economic impact beyond the cost of horses and poultry. EEE is found today in the eastern part of the United States and is often associated with coastal plains. It can most commonly be found in East Coast and Gulf Coast states. In Florida, about one to two human cases are reported a year, although over 60 cases of equine encephalitis are reported. In years in which conditions are favorable for the disease, the number of equine cases is over 200. Diagnosing equine encephalitis is challenging because many of the symptoms are shared with other illnesses and patients can be asymptomatic. Confirmations may require a sample of cerebral spinal fluid or brain tissue, although CT scans and MRI scans are used to detect encephalitis. This could be an indication that the need to test for EEE is necessary. If a biopsy of the cerebral spinal fluid is taken, it is sent to a specialized laboratory for testing.
Eastern equine
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bradymetabolism
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Bradymetabolism refers to organisms with a high active metabolism and a considerably slower resting metabolism. Bradymetabolic animals can often undergo dramatic changes in metabolic speed, according to food availability and temperature. Many bradymetabolic creatures in deserts and in areas that experience extreme winters are capable of "shutting down" their metabolisms to approach near-death states, until favorable conditions return
(see hibernation and estivation).
Several variants of bradymetabolism exists. In mammals, the animals normally have a fairly high metabolism, only dropping to low levels in times of little food. In most reptiles, the normal metabolic rate is quite low, but can be raised when needed, typically in short bursts of activity in connection with capturing prey.
Etymology
The term is from Greek brady (βραδύ) "slow" and metaballein (μεταβάλλειν) "turn quickly."
See also
ectotherm
homeotherm
bradyaerobic
tachyaerobic
tachymetabolic
Notes
Animal physiology
Thermoregulation
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rijndael%20MixColumns
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The MixColumns operation performed by the Rijndael cipher, along with the ShiftRows step, is the primary source of diffusion in Rijndael. Each column is treated as a four-term polynomial which are elements within the field . The coefficients of the polynomials are elements within the prime sub-field .
Each column is multiplied with a fixed polynomial modulo ; the inverse of this polynomial is .
Demonstration
The polynomial will be expressed as .
Polynomial multiplication
where:
Modular reduction
The result is a seven-term polynomial, which must be reduced to a four-byte word, which is done by doing the multiplication modulo .
If we do some basic polynomial modular operations we can see that:
In general, we can say that
So
where
Matrix representation
The coefficient , , and can also be expressed as follows:
And when we replace the coefficients of with the constants used in the cipher we obtain the following:
This demonstrates that the operation itself is similar to a Hill cipher. It can be performed by multiplying a coordinate vector of four numbers in Rijndael's Galois field by the following circulant MDS matrix:
Implementation example
This can be simplified somewhat in actual implementation by replacing the multiply by 2 with a single shift and conditional exclusive or, and replacing a multiply by 3 with a multiply by 2 combined with an exclusive or. A C example of such an implementation follows:
void gmix_column(unsigned char *r) {
uns
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apsat
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APSAT may refer to:
Adenylylsulfate—ammonia adenylyltransferase, an enzyme
Apsat (river), a tributary of the Chara in Zabaykalsky Krai, Russia
Apsat (mythology), a male deity of birds and animals in the pagan Svan mythology
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pathosystem
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A pathosystem is a subsystem of an ecosystem and is defined by the phenomenon of parasitism. A plant pathosystem is one in which the host species is a plant. The parasite is any species in which the individual spends a significant part of its lifespan inhabiting one host individual and obtaining nutrients from it. The parasite may thus be an insect, mite, nematode, parasitic Angiosperm, fungus, bacterium, mycoplasma, virus or viroid. Other consumers, however, such as mammalian and avian herbivores, which graze populations of plants, are normally considered to be outside the conceptual boundaries of the plant pathosystem.
A host has the property of resistance to a parasite. And a parasite has the property of parasitic ability on a host. Parasitism is the interaction of these two properties. The main feature of the pathosystem concept is that it concerns parasitism, and it is not concerned with the study of either the host or parasite on its own. Another feature of the pathosystem concept is that the parasitism is studied in terms of populations, at the higher levels and in ecologic aspects of the system. The pathosystem concept is also multidisciplinary. It brings together various crop science disciplines such as entomology, nematology, plant pathology, and plant breeding. It also applies to wild populations and to agricultural, horticultural, and forest crops, and to tropical, subtropical, as well as both subsistence and commercial farming.
In a wild plant pathosystem, both
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vos
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Vos or VOS may refer to:
Language
VOS, Verb–object–subject, in linguistic typology
v.o.s. (), a Czech company designator similar to Inc./LLP/LLC
VOS (), a denominación de origen classification for sherries aged more than 20 years
Vos (Spanish), a second person singular pronoun used in place of tú in some countries
Vos, formal second person pronoun, see T–V distinction
People
Vos (surname), a Dutch surname meaning "fox", and a list of people with that name
Media and entertainment
Vintage Original Spec, a type of Gibson Les Paul Custom guitar
Vos, a 2003 album by Leo García
V.O.S (band), a South Korean boy band
Vos (Danish band)
Voice of the Strait, a Chinese radio station
Science and technology
Virtual Operating System, a type of Virtual Machine
Hitachi VOS, a mainframe computer operating system by Hitachi Data Systems
Stratus VOS, a fault-tolerant computer operating system developed by Stratus
Virtual Object System, computer software primarily used for multiuser 3D virtual reality applications
Veritas Operations Services, a web-based suite of services
Voluntary observing ship program, a system for weather reporting from the ocean surface
Volatile organic solvents
See also
Mirari Vos, a papal encyclical issued by Gregory XVI
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morton%27s%20theorem
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Morton's theorem is a poker principle articulated by Andy Morton in a Usenet poker newsgroup. It states that in multi-way pots, a player's expectation may be maximized by an opponent making a correct decision.
The most common application of Morton's theorem occurs when one player holds the best hand, but there are two or more opponents on draws. In this case, the player with the best hand might make more money in the long run when an opponent folds to a bet, even if that opponent is folding correctly and would be making a personal mistake to call the bet. This type of situation is sometimes referred to as implicit collusion.
Morton's theorem contrasts with the fundamental theorem of poker, which states that a player wants their opponents to make decisions which minimize their own expectation. The two theorems differ in the presence of more than one opponent: whereas the fundamental theorem always applies heads-up (one opponent), it does not always apply in multiway pots.
The scope of Morton's theorem in multi-way situations is a subject of controversy. Morton expressed the belief that his theorem is generically applicable in multi-way pots, so that the fundamental theorem rarely applies except for heads-up situations.
An example
The following example is credited to Morton, who first posted a version of it on the Usenet newsgroup rec.gambling.poker.
Suppose in limit hold'em a player named Arnold holds A♦K♣ and the flop is K♠9♥3♥, giving him top pair with best kicker. Wh
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koniocellular%20cell
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A koniocellular cell (konio: Greek, dust or poison, also known as K cell) is a neuron with a small cell body that is located in the koniocellular layer of the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) in primates, including humans.
Koniocellular layers are located ventral to each parvocellular and magnocellular layer of the LGN. Even if the quantity of neurons is approximately equal to the number of magnocellular cells the koniocellular layers are much thinner due to their size. In comparison to the parvocellular and magnocellular system, fewer studies have been conducted to investigate the koniocellular system. Koniocellular cells are a heterogeneous population differing in many aspects, such as response properties and connectivity.
Structure
K cells are neurochemically and anatomically distinct from M and P cells. There are three proteins by which K cells can be clearly distinguished:
Calbindin (28kDa calcium binding protein, CALB)
The alpha subunit of type II calmodulin-dependent protein kinase (αCaM II kinase)
The gamma subunit of protein kinase C (PKC-γ).
K cells differ in their size from M and P cells, they are much smaller. Unlike M and P cells, K cells are structurally similar to other thalamocortical neurons. This suggests that K cells act like other thalamocortical cells.
Function
Since K cells are a heterogeneous group of cells, it is likely that they contain subclasses which fulfill different functions. Some cells respond to colour, some to achromatic gratings a
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulforaphane
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Sulforaphane (sometimes sulphoraphane in British English) is a compound within the isothiocyanate group of organosulfur compounds. It is produced when the enzyme myrosinase transforms glucoraphanin, a glucosinolate, into sulforaphane upon damage to the plant (such as from chewing or chopping during food preparation), which allows the two compounds to mix and react.
Sulforaphane is present in cruciferous vegetables, such as broccoli, Brussels sprouts, and cabbage.
Sulforaphane has two possible stereoisomers due to the presence of a stereogenic sulfur atom.
The R-sulforaphane enantiomer occurs naturally, while the S-sulforaphane can be synthesized.
Occurrence and isolation
Sulforaphane occurs in broccoli sprouts, which, among cruciferous vegetables, have the highest concentration of glucoraphanin, the precursor to sulforaphane. It is also found in cabbage, cauliflower, Brussels sprouts, bok choy, kale, collards, mustard greens, and watercress.
Research
Although there has been some basic research on how sulforaphane might have effects in vivo, there is no clinical evidence that consuming cruciferous vegetables and sulforaphane affects the risk of cancer or any other disease, as of 2017.
See also
Raphanin
References
Experimental cancer drugs
Isothiocyanates
Sulfoxides
1,4-Butanediyl compounds
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glucoraphanin
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Glucoraphanin is a glucosinolate found in broccoli, mustard and other cruciferous vegetables.
Glucoraphanin is converted to sulforaphane by the enzyme myrosinase. In plants, sulforaphane deters insect predators and acts as a selective antibiotic.
Synthesis
Glucoraphanin is derived from dihomomethionine, which is methionine chain-elongated twice. The sulfinyl group is chiral, and has R absolute configuration. The stereochemistry is set when an oxygen atom added to 4-methylthiobutylglucosinolate by a flavin monooxygenase.
Research
Sulforaphane and other isothiocyanates have been studied for their potential biological effects. The isothiocyanates formed from glucosinolates are under laboratory research to assess the expression and activation of enzymes that metabolize xenobiotics, such as carcinogens. Observational studies have been conducted to determine if consumption of cruciferous vegetables affects cancer risk in humans, but there is insufficient clinical evidence to indicate that consuming glucoraphanin and other isothiocyanates in cruciferous vegetables is beneficial, according to a 2017 review.
Plant breeding
Cultivars of broccoli have been bred to contain two to three times more glucoraphanin than standard broccoli. Romanesco broccoli may contain up to ten times more glucoraphanin than typical broccoli varieties. Frostara, Black Tuscany, and red cabbage also contain higher levels of glucoraphanin than broccoli.
References
Glucosinolates
Brassica oleracea
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooperative%20Institute%20for%20Great%20Lakes%20Research
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The Cooperative Institute for Great Lakes Research, formerly known as the Cooperative Institute for Limnology and Ecosystems Research, fosters research collaborations between the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research (OAR) Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory (GLERL), Michigan State University (MSU), and the University of Michigan (UM). It is one of 16 NOAA Cooperative Institutes (CIs).
The 7th Director in the 32-year history of CIGLR from October 22, 2021 is PhD Gregory J. Dick, Professor in the Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences in the College of Literature, Science, and the Arts (LSA) at the University of Michigan.
The CILER research themes are:
Climate and Large Lake Dynamics
Coastal and Nearshore Processes
Large Lake Ecosystem Structure and Function
Remote Sensing of Large Lake and Coastal Ocean Dynamics
Marine Environmental Engineering
References
External links
Cooperative Institute for Great Lakes Research
Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research
Research institutes in Michigan
Meteorological research institutes
University of Michigan
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subcloning
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In molecular biology, subcloning is a technique used to move a particular DNA sequence from a parent vector to a destination vector.
Subcloning is not to be confused with molecular cloning, a related technique.
Procedure
Restriction enzymes are used to excise the gene of interest (the insert) from the parent. The insert is purified in order to isolate it from other DNA molecules. A common purification method is gel isolation. The number of copies of the gene is then amplified using polymerase chain reaction (PCR).
Simultaneously, the same restriction enzymes are used to digest (cut) the destination. The idea behind using the same restriction enzymes is to create complementary sticky ends, which will facilitate ligation later on. A phosphatase, commonly calf-intestinal alkaline phosphatase (CIAP), is also added to prevent self-ligation of the destination vector. The digested destination vector is isolated/purified.
The insert and the destination vector are then mixed together with DNA ligase. A typical molar ratio of insert genes to destination vectors is 3:1; by increasing the insert concentration, self-ligation is further decreased. After letting the reaction mixture sit for a set amount of time at a specific temperature (dependent upon the size of the strands being ligated; for more information see DNA ligase), the insert should become successfully incorporated into the destination plasmid.
Amplification of product plasmid
The plasmid is often transformed i
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cycloheximide
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Cycloheximide is a naturally occurring fungicide produced by the bacterium Streptomyces griseus. Cycloheximide exerts its effects by interfering with the translocation step in protein synthesis (movement of two tRNA molecules and mRNA in relation to the ribosome), thus blocking eukaryotic translational elongation. Cycloheximide is widely used in biomedical research to inhibit protein synthesis in eukaryotic cells studied in vitro (i.e. outside of organisms). It is inexpensive and works rapidly. Its effects are rapidly reversed by simply removing it from the culture medium.
Due to significant toxic side effects, including DNA damage, teratogenesis, and other reproductive effects (including birth defects and toxicity to sperm), cycloheximide is generally used only in in vitro research applications, and is not suitable for human use as a therapeutic compound. Although it has been used as a fungicide in agricultural applications, this application is now decreasing as the health risks have become better understood.
Because cycloheximide rapidly breaks down in a basic environment, decontamination of work surfaces and containers can be achieved by washing with a non-harmful alkali solution such as soapy water or aqueous sodium bicarbonate.
It is classified as an extremely hazardous substance in the United States as defined in Section 302 of the U.S. Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act (42 U.S.C. 11002), and is subject to strict reporting requirements by faciliti
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypsochromic%20shift
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In spectroscopy, hypsochromic shift () is a change of spectral band position in the absorption, reflectance, transmittance, or emission spectrum of a molecule to a shorter wavelength (higher frequency). Because the blue color in the visible spectrum has a shorter wavelength than most other colors, this effect is also commonly called a blue shift. It should not be confused with a bathochromic shift, which is the opposite process – the molecule's spectra are changed to a longer wavelength (lower frequency).
Hypsochromic shifts can occur because of a change in environmental conditions: for example, a change in solvent polarity will result in solvatochromism. A series of structurally related molecules in a substitution series can also show a hypsochromic shift. Hypsochromic shift is a phenomenon seen in molecular spectra, not atomic spectra - it is thus more common to speak of the movement of the peaks in the spectrum rather than lines.
where is the wavelength of the spectral peak of interest and
For example, β-acylpyrrole will show a hypsochromic shift of 30-40 nm in comparison with α-acylpyrroles.
See also
Bathochromic shift, a change in band position to a longer wavelength (lower frequency).
Spectroscopy
Chromism
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KASM
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KASM (1150 AM) is a radio station licensed to serve Albany, Minnesota, United States. The station, established in 1950, is currently owned by Lucas Carpenter, through licensee Crystal Media Group, LLC.
KASM broadcasts a news-talk radio format.
The station was assigned the KASM call sign by the Federal Communications Commission.
References
External links
KASM official website
Radio stations in St. Cloud, Minnesota
News and talk radio stations in the United States
Radio stations established in 1950
Stearns County, Minnesota
1950 establishments in Minnesota
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open%20music
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Open music is music that is shareable, available in "source code" form, allows derivative works and is free of cost for non-commercial use. It is the concept of "open source" computer software applied to music. However, the non-commercial stipulation associated with Open Music is incompatible with the first section of the Open Source Definition as well as the first freedom put forth in The Free Software Definition (freedom 0). Open Music is one of the general responses to the RIAA's and governmental actions against the music industry and its consumers.
"Open music" can be considered a subset of "free music" (referring to freedom). The differences of philosophy between advocates of "open source software" and "free software" have not surfaced in the community of musicians contributing music to the copyleft commons. This may be due to the relatively recent emergence of copyleft music, as well as to the fact that software development generally involves much more collaboration and derivatization than does music production. It is not clear that open collaboration using copyleft licenses provides any significant advantages in music production, as open source advocates commonly argue is the case for software development.
Several websites have surfaced to provide musicians with the platform and tools necessary for online music collaboration. Most of these sites promote one or more of the Creative Commons licenses, allowing derivative works and sharing of the finished songs. Early
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LTP%20induction
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The induction of NMDA receptor-dependent long-term potentiation (LTP) in chemical synapses in the brain occurs via a fairly straightforward mechanism. A substantial and rapid rise in calcium ion concentration inside the postsynaptic cell (or more specifically, within the dendritic spine) is most possibly all that is required to induce LTP. But the mechanism of calcium delivery to the postsynaptic cell in inducing LTP is more complicated.
The role of the AMPA receptor
The AMPA receptor (AMPAR) is the engine that drives excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs). While some forms of the AMPAR can conduct calcium, most AMPARs found in the neocortex do not. The AMPAR, upon binding two glutamate molecules, undergoes a conformational change that resembles the opening of a clam shell. This conformational change opens an ion channel within the AMPAR protein structure that allows sodium ions to flow into the cell and potassium ions to flow out (i.e. it is a mixed cation-conducting channel). The Na+ and K+ permeabilities of the AMPAR channel are roughly equal, so when this channel is open the resulting change in membrane potential tends towards zero (a bit more than halfway between the equilibrium potentials EK and ENa). This balance point is reached at around 0 mV (i.e. the reversal potential of the EPSP current is roughly 0 mV). However, the postsynaptic membrane potential will not change by more than a few millivolts from resting potential with a single presynaptic release of glut
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase%20plane
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In applied mathematics, in particular the context of nonlinear system analysis, a phase plane is a visual display of certain characteristics of certain kinds of differential equations; a coordinate plane with axes being the values of the two state variables, say (x, y), or (q, p) etc. (any pair of variables). It is a two-dimensional case of the general n-dimensional phase space.
The phase plane method refers to graphically determining the existence of limit cycles in the solutions of the differential equation.
The solutions to the differential equation are a family of functions. Graphically, this can be plotted in the phase plane like a two-dimensional vector field. Vectors representing the derivatives of the points with respect to a parameter (say time t), that is (dx/dt, dy/dt), at representative points are drawn. With enough of these arrows in place the system behaviour over the regions of plane in analysis can be visualized and limit cycles can be easily identified.
The entire field is the phase portrait, a particular path taken along a flow line (i.e. a path always tangent to the vectors) is a phase path. The flows in the vector field indicate the time-evolution of the system the differential equation describes.
In this way, phase planes are useful in visualizing the behaviour of physical systems; in particular, of oscillatory systems such as predator-prey models (see Lotka–Volterra equations). In these models the phase paths can "spiral in" towards zero, "spiral ou
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leaderless%20resistance
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Leaderless resistance, or phantom cell structure, is a social resistance strategy in which small, independent groups (covert cells), or individuals (a solo cell is called a "lone wolf"), challenge an established institution such as a law, economic system, social order, or government. Leaderless resistance can encompass anything from non-violent protest and civil disobedience to vandalism, terrorism, and other violent activity.
Leaderless cells lack vertical command links and so operate without hierarchical command, but they have a common goal that links them to the social movement from which their ideology was learned.
Leaderless resistance has been employed by a wide range of movements, including animal-liberation, radical environmentalist, anti-abortion, military invasion resistance, anarchist organizations, colonialism resistance, terrorist, and hate groups.
General characteristics
A covert cell may be a lone individual or a small group. The basic characteristic of the structure is that there is no explicit communication between cells that are acting toward shared goals. Members of one cell usually have little or no information about who else is agitating on behalf of their cause.
Leaderless movements may have a symbolic figurehead. This can be a public figure, a multiple-use name, or an inspirational author, who picks generic targets and objectives, but does not actually manage or execute plans. Media, in this case, often create a positive feedback loop: by publishing
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meyer%27s%20theorem
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In number theory, Meyer's theorem on quadratic forms states that an indefinite quadratic form Q in five or more variables over the field of rational numbers nontrivially represents zero. In other words, if the equation:
Q(x) = 0
has a non-zero real solution, then it has a non-zero rational solution (the converse is obvious). By clearing the denominators, an integral solution x may also be found.
Meyer's theorem is usually deduced from the Hasse–Minkowski theorem (which was proved later) and the following statement:
A rational quadratic form in five or more variables represents zero over the field Qp of the p-adic numbers for all p.
Meyer's theorem is best possible with respect to the number of variables: there are indefinite rational quadratic forms Q in four variables which do not represent zero. One family of examples is given by:
Q(x1,x2,x3,x4) = x12 + x22 − p(x32 + x42),
where p is a prime number that is congruent to 3 modulo 4. This can be proved by the method of infinite descent using the fact that if the sum of two perfect squares is divisible by such a p then each summand is divisible by p.
See also
Lattice (group)
Oppenheim conjecture
References
Quadratic forms
Theorems in number theory
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TCP%20Vegas
|
TCP Vegas is a TCP congestion avoidance algorithm that emphasizes packet delay, rather than packet loss, as a signal to help determine the rate at which to send packets. It was developed at the University of Arizona by Lawrence Brakmo and Larry L. Peterson and introduced in 1994.
TCP Vegas detects congestion at an incipient stage based on increasing Round-Trip Time (RTT) values of the packets in the connection unlike other flavors such as Reno, New Reno, etc., which detect congestion only after it has actually happened via packet loss. The algorithm depends heavily on accurate calculation of the Base RTT value. If it is too small then throughput of the connection will be less than the bandwidth available while if the value is too large then it will overrun the connection.
A lot of research is going on regarding the fairness provided by the linear increase/decrease mechanism for congestion control in Vegas. One interesting caveat is when Vegas is inter-operated with other versions like Reno. In this case, performance of Vegas degrades because Vegas reduces its sending rate before Reno, as it detects congestion early and hence gives greater bandwidth to co-existing TCP Reno flows.
TCP Vegas is one of several "flavors" of TCP congestion avoidance algorithms. It is one of a series of efforts at TCP tuning that adapt congestion control and system behaviors to new challenges faced by increases in available bandwidth in Internet components on networks like Internet2.
TCP Vegas
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadmium%20selenide
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Cadmium selenide is an inorganic compound with the formula CdSe. It is a black to red-black solid that is classified as a II-VI semiconductor of the n-type. It is a pigment but applications are declining because of environmental concerns
Structure
Three crystalline forms of CdSe are known which follow the structures of: wurtzite (hexagonal), sphalerite (cubic) and rock-salt (cubic). The sphalerite CdSe structure is unstable and converts to the wurtzite form upon moderate heating. The transition starts at about 130 °C, and at 700 °C it completes within a day. The rock-salt structure is only observed under high pressure.
Production
The production of cadmium selenide has been carried out in two different ways. The preparation of bulk crystalline CdSe is done by the High-Pressure Vertical Bridgman method or High-Pressure Vertical Zone Melting.
Cadmium selenide may also be produced in the form of nanoparticles. (see applications for explanation) Several methods for the production of CdSe nanoparticles have been developed: arrested precipitation in solution, synthesis in structured media, high temperature pyrolysis, sonochemical, and radiolytic methods are just a few.
Production of cadmium selenide by arrested precipitation in solution is performed by introducing alkylcadmium and trioctylphosphine selenide (TOPSe) precursors into a heated solvent under controlled conditions.
Me2Cd + TOPSe → CdSe + (byproducts)
CdSe nanoparticles can be modified by production of two phase mate
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinc%20selenide
|
Zinc selenide (ZnSe) is a light-yellow, solid compound comprising zinc (Zn) and selenium (Se). It is an intrinsic semiconductor with a band gap of about 2.70 eV at . ZnSe rarely occurs in nature, and is found in the mineral that was named after Hans Stille called "stilleite".
Properties
ZnSe can be made in both hexagonal (wurtzite) and cubic (zincblende) crystal structure.
It is a wide-bandgap semiconductor of the II-VI semiconductor group (since zinc and selenium belong to the 12th and 16th groups of the periodic table, respectively). The material can be n-type doped with, for instance, halogen elements. P-type doping is more difficult, but can be achieved by introducing gallium.
Applications
ZnSe is used to form II-VI light-emitting diodes and diode lasers. It emits blue light.
ZnSe doped with chromium (ZnSe:Cr) has been used as an infrared laser gain medium emitting at about 2.4 μm.
It is used as an infrared optical material with a remarkably wide transmission wavelength range (0.45 μm to 21.5 μm). The refractive index is about 2.67 at 550 nm (green), and about 2.40 at 10.6 μm (LWIR). Similar to zinc sulfide, ZnSe is produced as microcrystalline sheets by synthesis from hydrogen selenide gas and zinc vapour. Another method of producing is a growth from melt under excessive pressure of inert gas (Ar usually). When free of absorption and inclusions it is ideally suited for CO2 laser optics at 10.6 μm wavelength. It is thus a very important IR material. In daily life,
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trajectory%20optimization
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Trajectory optimization is the process of designing a trajectory that minimizes (or maximizes) some measure of performance while satisfying a set of constraints. Generally speaking, trajectory optimization is a technique for computing an open-loop solution to an optimal control problem. It is often used for systems where computing the full closed-loop solution is not required, impractical or impossible. If a trajectory optimization problem can be solved at a rate given by the inverse of the Lipschitz constant, then it can be used iteratively to generate a closed-loop solution in the sense of Caratheodory. If only the first step of the trajectory is executed for an infinite-horizon problem, then this is known as Model Predictive Control (MPC).
Although the idea of trajectory optimization has been around for hundreds of years (calculus of variations, brachystochrone problem), it only became practical for real-world problems with the advent of the computer. Many of the original applications of trajectory optimization were in the aerospace industry, computing rocket and missile launch trajectories. More recently, trajectory optimization has also been used in a wide variety of industrial process and robotics applications.
History
Trajectory optimization first showed up in 1697, with the introduction of the Brachystochrone problem: find the shape of a wire such that a bead sliding along it will move between two points in the minimum time. The interesting thing about this proble
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qrpff
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qrpff is a Perl script created by Keith Winstein and Marc Horowitz of the MIT SIPB. It performs DeCSS in six or seven lines. The name itself is an encoding of "decss" in rot-13. The algorithm was rewritten 77 times to condense it down to six lines.
In fact, two versions of qrpff exist: a short version (6 lines) and a fast version (7 lines). Both appear below.
Short:
#!/usr/bin/perl
# 472-byte qrpff, Keith Winstein and Marc Horowitz <sipb-iap-dvd@mit.edu>
# MPEG 2 PS VOB file -> descrambled output on stdout.
# usage: perl -I <k1>:<k2>:<k3>:<k4>:<k5> qrpff
# where k1..k5 are the title key bytes in least to most-significant order
s''$/=\2048;while(<>){G=29;R=142;if((@a=unqT="C*",_)[20]&48){D=89;_=unqb24,qT,@
b=map{ord qB8,unqb8,qT,_^$a[--D]}@INC;s/...$/1$&/;Q=unqV,qb25,_;H=73;O=$b[4]<<9
|256|$b[3];Q=Q>>8^(P=(E=255)&(Q>>12^Q>>4^Q/8^Q))<<17,O=O>>8^(E&(F=(S=O>>14&7^O)
^S*8^S<<6))<<9,_=(map{U=_%16orE^=R^=110&(S=(unqT,"\xb\ntd\xbz\x14d")[_/16%8]);E
^=(72,@z=(64,72,G^=12*(U-2?0:S&17)),H^=_%64?12:0,@z)[_%8]}(16..271))[_]^((D>>=8
)+=P+(~F&E))for@a[128..$#a]}print+qT,@a}';s/[D-HO-U_]/\$$&/g;s/q/pack+/g;eval
Fast:
#!/usr/bin/perl -w
# 531-byte qrpff-fast, Keith Winstein and Marc Horowitz <sipb-iap-dvd@mit.edu>
# MPEG 2 PS VOB file on stdin -> descrambled output on stdout
# arguments: title key bytes in least to most-significant order
$_='while(read+STDIN,$_,2048){$a=29;$b=73;$c=142;$t=255;@t=map{$_%16or$t^=$c^=(
$m=(11,10,116,100,11,122,20,100)[$_/16%8])&110;$t^=(72,@z=(64,72,$a^=
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effects%20of%20climate%20change
|
Climate change affects the physical environment, ecosystems and human societies. Changes in the climate system include an overall warming trend, more extreme weather and rising sea levels. These in turn impact nature and wildlife, as well as human settlements and societies. The effects of human-caused climate change are broad and far-reaching. This is especially so if there is no significant climate action. Experts sometimes describe the projected and observed negative impacts of climate change as the climate crisis.
The changes in climate are not uniform across the Earth. In particular, most land areas have warmed faster than most ocean areas. The Arctic is warming faster than most other regions. There are many effects of climate change on oceans. These include an increase in ocean temperatures, a rise in sea level from ocean warming and ice sheet melting. They include increased ocean stratification. They also include changes to ocean currents including a weakening of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation. Carbon dioxide from the atmosphere is acidifiying the ocean.
Recent warming has had a big effect on natural biological systems. It has degraded land by raising temperatures, drying soils and increasing wildfire risk. Species all over the world are migrating towards the poles to colder areas. On land, many species move to higher ground, whereas marine species seek colder water at greater depths. At of warming, around 10% of species on land would become critic
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Differentiable%20manifold
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In mathematics, a differentiable manifold (also differential manifold) is a type of manifold that is locally similar enough to a vector space to allow one to apply calculus. Any manifold can be described by a collection of charts (atlas). One may then apply ideas from calculus while working within the individual charts, since each chart lies within a vector space to which the usual rules of calculus apply. If the charts are suitably compatible (namely, the transition from one chart to another is differentiable), then computations done in one chart are valid in any other differentiable chart.
In formal terms, a differentiable manifold is a topological manifold with a globally defined differential structure. Any topological manifold can be given a differential structure locally by using the homeomorphisms in its atlas and the standard differential structure on a vector space. To induce a global differential structure on the local coordinate systems induced by the homeomorphisms, their compositions on chart intersections in the atlas must be differentiable functions on the corresponding vector space. In other words, where the domains of charts overlap, the coordinates defined by each chart are required to be differentiable with respect to the coordinates defined by every chart in the atlas. The maps that relate the coordinates defined by the various charts to one another are called transition maps.
The ability to define such a local differential structure on an abstract space
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erythrosine
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Erythrosine, also known as Red No. 3, is an organoiodine compound, specifically a derivative of fluorone. It is a pink dye which is primarily used for food coloring. It is the disodium salt of 2,4,5,7-tetraiodofluorescein. Its maximum absorbance is at 530 nm in an aqueous solution, and it is subject to photodegradation.
Uses
It is used as a:
food coloring
printing ink
biological stain
dental plaque disclosing agent
radiopaque medium
sensitizer for orthochromatic photographic films
Visible light photoredox catalyst
Erythrosine is commonly used in sweets such as some candies and popsicles, and even more widely used in cake-decorating gels. It is also used to color pistachio shells. As a food additive, it has the E number E127.
Regulation and prevalence
Erythrosine is banned as a food additive in the European Union, Japan, China, the United Kingdom, Australia, New Zealand, and California. Erythrosine can be used in colored food and ingested drugs in the U.S. without any restriction; however, its use is banned in cosmetics and topical drugs. It is less commonly used in the United States because Allura Red AC (Red #40) is generally used instead. The lake variant is also banned from use in the United States.
The European Food Safety Authority only allows erythrosine in processed cherries and pet foods.
United States
As a result of efforts begun in the 1970s, in 1990 the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) instituted a partial ban on erythrosine, citing research t
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystallinity
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Crystallinity refers to the degree of structural order in a solid. In a crystal, the atoms or molecules are arranged in a regular, periodic manner. The degree of crystallinity has a big influence on hardness, density, transparency and diffusion. In an ideal gas, the relative positions of the atoms or molecules are completely random. Amorphous materials, such as liquids and glasses, represent an intermediate case, having order over short distances (a few atomic or molecular spacings) but not over longer distances.
Many materials, such as glass-ceramics and some polymers, can be prepared in such a way as to produce a mixture of crystalline and amorphous regions. In such cases, crystallinity is usually specified as a percentage of the volume of the material that is crystalline. Even within materials that are completely crystalline, however, the degree of structural perfection can vary. For instance, most metallic alloys are crystalline, but they usually comprise many independent crystalline regions (grains or crystallites) in various orientations separated by grain boundaries; furthermore, they contain other crystallographic defects (notably dislocations) that reduce the degree of structural perfection. The most highly perfect crystals are silicon boules produced for semiconductor electronics; these are large single crystals (so they have no grain boundaries), are nearly free of dislocations, and have precisely controlled concentrations of defect atoms.
Crystallinity can be me
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coastal%20morphodynamics
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Coastal morphodynamics (i.e. the dynamics of beach morphology) refers to the study of the interaction and adjustment of the seafloor topography and fluid hydrodynamic processes, seafloor morphologies and sequences of change dynamics involving the motion of sediment. Hydrodynamic processes include those of waves, tides and wind-induced currents.
While hydrodynamic processes respond instantaneously to morphological change, morphological change requires the redistribution of sediment. As sediment takes a finite time to move, there is a lag in the morphological response to hydrodynamic forcing. Sediment can therefore be considered to be a time-dependent coupling mechanism. Since the boundary conditions of hydrodynamic forcing change regularly, this may mean that the beach never attains equilibrium. Morphodynamic processes exhibit positive and negative feedbacks (such that beaches can, over different timescales, be considered to be both self-forcing and self-organised systems), nonlinearities and threshold behaviour.
This systems approach to the coast was first developed by Wright and Thom in 1977 and finalized by Wright and Short in 1984. According to their dynamic and morphological characteristics, exposed sandy beaches can be classified into several morphodynamic types (Wright and Short, 1984; Short, 1996). There is a large scale of morphodynamic states, this scale ranges from the "dissipative state" to the "reflective extremes".
Dissipative beaches are flat, have fine
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3%20B%C3%A9l%C3%A1dy
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László "Les" Bélády (born April 29, 1928, in Budapest; died November 6, 2021) was a Hungarian computer scientist notable for devising the Bélády's Min theoretical memory caching algorithm in 1966 while working at IBM Research. He also demonstrated the existence of a Bélády's anomaly. During the 1980s, he was the editor-in-chief of the IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering.
Education
Bélády earned B.S. in Mechanical Engineering, then an M.S. in Aeronautical Engineering at the Technical University of Budapest in 1950.
Life and career
He left Hungary after the Hungarian Revolution of 1956. Then he worked as a draftsman at Ford Motor Company in Cologne and as an aerodynamics engineer at Dassault in Paris. In 1961, he immigrated to the United States. In the 1960s and 1970s, he primarily lived in New York City with stints in California and England, where he joined International Business Machines and did early work in operating systems, virtual machine architectures, program behavior modeling, memory management, computer graphics, Asian character sets, and data security.
From 1961 – 1981, he worked at IBM Corp. at the Thomas J. Watson Research Center, where he worked as program manager for software technology. In his later years at IBM, he was responsible for software engineering worldwide until leaving for Tokyo to create its software research lab. In 1981, he worked as manager of software engineering at Japan Science Institute for two years. In 1984, he joined the Microelec
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synaptonemal%20complex
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The synaptonemal complex (SC) is a protein structure that forms between homologous chromosomes (two pairs of sister chromatids) during meiosis and is thought to mediate synapsis and recombination during prophase I during meiosis in eukaryotes. It is currently thought that the SC functions primarily as a scaffold to allow interacting chromatids to complete their crossover activities.
Composition
The synaptonemal complex is a tripartite structure consisting of two parallel lateral regions and a central element. This "tripartite structure" is seen during the pachytene stage of the first meiotic prophase, both in males and in females during gametogenesis. Previous to the pachytene stage, during leptonema, the lateral elements begin to form and they initiate and complete their pairing during the zygotene stage. After pachynema ends, the SC usually becomes disassembled and can no longer be identified.
In humans, three specific components of the synaptonemal complex have been characterized: SC protein-1 (SYCP1), SC protein-2 (SYCP2), and SC protein-3 (SYCP3). The SYCP1 gene is on chromosome 1p13; the SYCP2 gene is on chromosome 20q13.33; and the gene for SYCP3 is on chromosome 12q.
The synaptonemal complex was described by Montrose J. Moses in 1956 in primary spermatocytes of crayfish and by D. Fawcett in spermatocytes of pigeon, cat and man. As seen with the electron microscope, the synaptonemal complex is formed by two "lateral elements", mainly formed by SYCP3 and secondarily
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water%20%28data%20page%29
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This page provides supplementary data to the article properties of water.
Further comprehensive authoritative data can be found at the NIST Webbook page on thermophysical properties of fluids.
Structure and properties
Thermodynamic properties
Liquid physical properties
Water/steam equilibrium properties
Vapor pressure formula for steam in equilibrium with liquid water:
where P is equilibrium vapor pressure in kPa, and T is temperature in kelvins.
For T = 273 K to 333 K: A = 7.2326; B = 1750.286; C = 38.1.
For T = 333 K to 423 K: A = 7.0917; B = 1668.21; C = 45.1.
Data in the table above is given for water–steam equilibria at various temperatures over the entire temperature range at which liquid water can exist. Pressure of the equilibrium is given in the second column in kPa. The third column is the heat content of each gram of the liquid phase relative to water at 0 °C. The fourth column is the heat of vaporization of each gram of liquid that changes to vapor. The fifth column is the work PΔV done by each gram of liquid that changes to vapor. The sixth column is the density of the vapor.
Melting point of ice at various pressures
Data obtained from CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 44th ed., p. 2390
Table of various forms of ice
‡Ice XI triple point is theoretical and has never been obtained
Phase diagram
Water with dissolved NaCl
Note: ρ is density, n is refractive index at 589 nm, and η is viscosity, all at 20 °C; Teq is the equilibrium temperature bet
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topoisomerase%20IV
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Topoisomerase IV is one of two Type II topoisomerases in bacteria, the other being DNA gyrase. Like gyrase, topoisomerase IV is able to pass one double-strand of DNA through another double-strand of DNA, thereby changing the linking number of DNA by two in each enzymatic step. Both share a hetero-4-mer structure formed by a symmetric homodimer of A/B heterodimers, usually named ParC and ParE.
Functions
Topoisomerase IV has two functions in the cell.
First, it is responsible for unlinking, or decatenating, DNA following DNA replication. The double-helical nature of DNA and its semiconservative mode of replication causes the two newly replicated DNA strands to be interlinked. These links must be removed in order for the chromosome (and plasmids) to segregate into daughter cells so that cell division can complete.
Topoisomerase IV's second function in the cell is to relax positive supercoils. It shares this role with DNA gyrase, which is also able to relax positive supercoils. Together, gyrase and topoisomerase IV remove the positive supercoils that accumulate ahead of a translocating DNA polymerase, allowing DNA replication to continue unhindered by topological strain.
DNA gyrases are analogous enzymes in other organisms.
While topoisomerase IV does relax positive supercoils like DNA gyrase, it does not introduce further negative supercoiling like the latter enzyme.
Topoisomerase IV can unknot right-handed knots and decatenate right-handed catenanes without acting on rig
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACPT
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ACPT may refer to:
American Crossword Puzzle Tournament
, an enzyme also known as ACPT
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mock%20duck
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Mock duck is a gluten-based meat substitute. It is made of wheat gluten, oil, sugar, soy sauce, and salt, and is high in protein. Its distinctive flavor and artificial "plucked duck" texture distinguish it from other forms of commercially available gluten products. Mock duck is not meant to be eaten raw and needs to be prepared, usually by lightly frying in vegetable oil.
Mock duck along with other wheat gluten meat substitutes has origins in the Chinese Buddhist cuisine, dating back to the middle ages. Mock duck can be found in some Chinese grocery stores or retail outlets providing international selections of food. It is most often sold canned. Similar products may be labeled as "Mock Abalone" or "Cha'i Pow Yu" (齋鮑魚; pinyin: zhāibàoyú).
Typically, mock duck gains its flavor from the stewing of the gluten product in soy sauce and MSG.
A variation of mock duck made from tofu skin is also popular, and is known as tofu duck.
See also
List of meat substitutes
References
Meat substitutes
Buddhist cuisine
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terconazole
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Terconazole is an antifungal drug used to treat vaginal yeast infection. It comes as a lotion or a suppository and disrupts the biosynthesis of fats in a yeast cell. It has a relatively broad spectrum compared to azole compounds but not triazole compounds. Testing shows that it is a suitable compound for prophylaxis for those that suffer from chronic vulvovaginal candidiasis.
Medical uses
Terconazole is approved to treat vulvovaginal candidiasis (vaginal thrush). It works as a broad spectrum antifungal and has shown to be an effective first-line treatment against other Candida species. It also shows effectiveness against dermatomycoses in animal models.
A review found that short-term rates for intravaginally administered azole treatments shows cure in 80% of cases in a short term follow-up and 66% over long term follow-up. In a double-blind study by Slavin in 1992, terconazole showed a 75% mycological cure over a short-term period (7–14 days) and 100% mycological cure over a long-term period (28–34 days). This study focused on the drug as an 80 mg vaginal suppository, taken three times overnight by 10 women. In another placebo-controlled, double blind study by Schmidt et al., the efficacy of different concentrations of terconazole creams were tested. Cream was applied for three days to 24 women between the ages of 18 and 60. The results showed 0.8% terconazole mycologic cure rates were 83.3% within 1–3 days of starting treatment, 83.3% within 8–11 days of treatment and 58.3
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novaculite
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Novaculite, also called Arkansas Stone, is a microcrystalline to cryptocrystalline rock type that consists of silica in the form of chert or flint. It is commonly white to grey or black in color, with a specific gravity that ranges from 2.2 to 2.5. It is used in the production of sharpening stones. It occurs in parts of Arkansas, Oklahoma, and Texas, as well as in Japan and parts of the Middle East. The name novaculite is derived from the Latin word novacula, meaning a sharp knife, dagger, or razor, in reference to its use in sharpening. The first recorded use of the term whetstone was in reference to a honing stone from Arkansas.
Occurrence
Novaculite beds are present in the Ouachita Mountains of Arkansas and Oklahoma, and in the Marathon Uplift and Solitario regions of Texas. Novaculite is very resistant to erosion and the beds stand out as ridges in the Ouachita Mountains. There are also occurrences in Japan, Syria, Lebanon, and Israel.
Origin
The novaculite beds of the south-central United States were deposited in the Ouachita Geosyncline, a deep-water marine trough, during Silurian to early Mississippian time. Sedimentation consisted primarily of siliceous skeletal particles of marine organisms such as sponge spicules and radiolaria, and very fine-grained, wind-blown quartz particles; there was very little argillaceous sedimentation during novaculite deposition. The novaculite beds were later subjected to folding and uplift, and probably low-grade metamorphism, during
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weissite
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Weissite is a telluride mineral, a copper telluride. Its chemical formula is . Weissite has hexagonal crystal structure. Its specific gravity is 6 and its Mohs hardness is 3. Occurrence is in Gunnison County, Colorado, Arizona and New Mexico in the United States. It is also reported from Kalgoorlie, Western Australia and Dalarna and Värmland, Sweden.
Weissite occurs in hydrothermal deposits associated with pyrite, native tellurium, sylvanite, petzite, rickardite, native sulfur, native gold, calaverite and krennerite.
It was first described in 1927 for an occurrence in the Good Hope Mine in the Vulcan District of Gunnison County, Colorado. It was named for mine owner Louis Weiss.
See also
Rickardite
References
D. M. Chizhikov and V. P. Shchastlivyi, 1966, Tellurium and Tellurides, Nauka Publishing, Moscow
Copper minerals
Telluride minerals
Hexagonal minerals
Minerals in space group 191
Minerals described in 1927
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local%20oscillator
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In electronics, a local oscillator (LO) is an electronic oscillator used with a mixer to change the frequency of a signal. This frequency conversion process, also called heterodyning, produces the sum and difference frequencies from the frequency of the local oscillator and frequency of the input signal. Processing a signal at a fixed frequency gives a radio receiver improved performance.
In many receivers, the function of local oscillator and mixer is combined in one stage called a "converter" - this reduces the space, cost, and power consumption by combining both functions into one active device.
Applications
Local oscillators are used in the superheterodyne receiver, the most common type of radio receiver circuit. They are also used in many other communications circuits such as modems, cable television set top boxes, frequency division multiplexing systems used in telephone trunklines, microwave relay systems, telemetry systems, atomic clocks, radio telescopes, and military electronic countermeasure (antijamming) systems.
In satellite television reception, the microwave frequencies used from the satellite down to the receiving antenna are converted to lower frequencies by a local oscillator and mixer mounted at the antenna. This allows the received signals to be sent over a length of cable that would otherwise have unacceptable signal loss at the original reception frequency. In this application, the local oscillator is of a fixed frequency and the down-converted sig
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hill%20equation%20%28biochemistry%29
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In biochemistry and pharmacology, the Hill equation refers to two closely related equations that reflect the binding of ligands to macromolecules, as a function of the ligand concentration. A ligand is "a substance that forms a complex with a biomolecule to serve a biological purpose" (ligand definition), and a macromolecule is a very large molecule, such as a protein, with a complex structure of components (macromolecule definition). Protein-ligand binding typically changes the structure of the target protein, thereby changing its function in a cell.
The distinction between the two Hill equations is whether they measure occupancy or response. The Hill equation reflects the occupancy of macromolecules: the fraction that is saturated or bound by the ligand. This equation is formally equivalent to the Langmuir isotherm. Conversely, the Hill equation proper reflects the cellular or tissue response to the ligand: the physiological output of the system, such as muscle contraction.
The Hill equation was originally formulated by Archibald Hill in 1910 to describe the sigmoidal O2 binding curve of haemoglobin.
The binding of a ligand to a macromolecule is often enhanced if there are already other ligands present on the same macromolecule (this is known as cooperative binding). The Hill equation is useful for determining the degree of cooperativity of the ligand(s) binding to the enzyme or receptor. The Hill coefficient provides a way to quantify the degree of interaction between
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyquist%20criterion
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Nyquist criterion may refer to:
Nyquist stability criterion, a graphical technique for determining the stability of a feedback control system
Nyquist frequency, ½ of the sampling rate of a discrete signal processing system
Nyquist rate, a rate used in signal processing
Nyquist ISI criterion, a condition to avoid intersymbol interference
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acanthocyte
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Acanthocyte (from the Greek word ἄκανθα acantha, meaning 'thorn'), in biology and medicine, refers to an abnormal form of red blood cell that has a spiked cell membrane, due to thorny projections. A similar term is spur cells. Often they may be confused with echinocytes or schistocytes.
Acanthocytes have coarse, irregularly spaced, variably sized crenations, resembling many-pointed stars. They are seen on blood films in abetalipoproteinemia, liver disease, chorea acanthocytosis, McLeod syndrome, and several inherited neurological and other disorders such as neuroacanthocytosis, anorexia nervosa, infantile pyknocytosis, hypothyroidism, idiopathic neonatal hepatitis, alcoholism, congestive splenomegaly, Zieve syndrome, and chronic granulomatous disease.
Usage
Spur cells may refer synonymously to acanthocytes, or may refer in some sources to a specific subset of 'extreme acanthocytes' that have undergone splenic modification whereby additional cell membrane loss has blunted the spicules and the cells have become spherocytic ('spheroacanthocyte'), as seen in some patients with severe liver disease.
Acanthocytosis can refer generally to the presence of this type of crenated red blood cell, such as may be found in severe cirrhosis or pancreatitis, but can refer specifically to abetalipoproteinemia, a clinical condition with acanthocytic red blood cells, neurologic problems and steatorrhea. This particular cause of acanthocytosis (also known as abetalipoproteinemia, apolipoprotei
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trevorite
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Trevorite is a rare nickel iron oxide mineral belonging to the spinel group. It has the chemical formula NiFe3+2O4. It is a black mineral with the typical spinel properties of crystallising in the cubic system, black streaked, infusible and insoluble in most acids.
There is at least partial solid solution between trevorite and magnetite, with many magnetites from ultramafic rocks containing at least trace amounts of Ni. Fe2+ and Mg2+ may substitute for Ni in trevorite.
Discovery and occurrence
It was first described for an occurrence in the Bon Accord Nickel Deposit, Bon Accord, Barberton, Mpumalanga, South Africa, in 1921 and was named for Major Tudor Gryffydd Trevor (1865–1954) who was a mining inspector in South Africa.
In the Bon Accord deposit it occurred as a contact deposit between an ultramafic intrusion and a quartzite. In an occurrence at Mount Clifford, Australia, it occurs associated with a nickel sulfide orebody adjacent to a gabbro which intruded peridotite. Associated minerals include nimite, willemseite, nickeloan talc, violarite, millerite, reevesite and goethite at Bon Accord; and with native nickel, heazlewoodite and millerite at Mt. Clifford.
It has also been reported from the Logatchev-1 hydrothermal field on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge; in the Hatrurim Formation in the Negev Desert in Israel; the Josephine Creek District, Josephine County, Oregon and the Gabbs District of Nye County, Nevada.
References
Iron(III) minerals
Nickel minerals
Spinel group
Cub
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spherically%20symmetric%20spacetime
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In physics, spherically symmetric spacetimes are commonly used to obtain analytic and numerical solutions to Einstein's field equations in the presence of radially moving matter or energy. Because spherically symmetric spacetimes are by definition irrotational, they are not realistic models of black holes in nature. However, their metrics are considerably simpler than those of rotating spacetimes, making them much easier to analyze.
Spherically symmetric models are not entirely inappropriate: many of them have Penrose diagrams similar to those of rotating spacetimes, and these typically have qualitative features (such as Cauchy horizons) that are unaffected by rotation. One such application is the study of mass inflation due to counter-moving streams of infalling matter in the interior of a black hole.
Formal definition
A spherically symmetric spacetime is a spacetime whose isometry group contains a subgroup which is isomorphic to the rotation group SO(3) and the orbits of this group are 2-spheres (ordinary 2-dimensional spheres in 3-dimensional Euclidean space). The isometries are then interpreted as rotations and a spherically symmetric spacetime is often described as one whose metric is "invariant under rotations". The spacetime metric induces a metric on each orbit 2-sphere (and this induced metric must be a multiple of the metric of a 2-sphere). Conventionally, the metric on the 2-sphere is written in polar coordinates as
,
and so the full metric includes a term
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fary
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Fary may refer to:
Fary may refer to one of the following:
El Fary (1937–2007), Spanish singer and actor
István Fáry, a Hungarian mathematician, the namesake of the Fáry's theorem
John G. Fary (1911–1984), U.S. Representative from Illinois.
Fary Faye (born 1974), football forward from Senegal
See also
Farry (disambiguation)
Fairy
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TILLING%20%28molecular%20biology%29
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TILLING (Targeting Induced Local Lesions in Genomes) is a method in molecular biology that allows directed identification of mutations in a specific gene. TILLING was introduced in 2000, using the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana, and expanded on into other uses and methodologies by a small group of scientists including Luca Comai. TILLING has since been used as a reverse genetics method in other organisms such as zebrafish, maize, wheat, rice, soybean, tomato and lettuce.
Overview
The method combines a standard and efficient technique of mutagenesis using a chemical mutagen such as ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) with a sensitive DNA screening-technique that identifies single base mutations (also called point mutations) in a target gene. The TILLING method relies on the formation of DNA heteroduplexes that are formed when multiple alleles are amplified by PCR and are then heated and slowly cooled. A “bubble” forms at the mismatch of the two DNA strands, which is then cleaved by a single stranded nuclease. The products are then separated by size on several different platforms (see below).
Mismatches may be due to induced mutation, heterozygosity within an individual, or natural variation between individuals.
EcoTILLING is a method that uses TILLING techniques to look for natural mutations in individuals, usually for population genetics analysis. DEcoTILLING is a modification of TILLING and EcoTILLING which uses an inexpensive method to identify fragments. Since the adv
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phototube
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A phototube or photoelectric cell is a type of gas-filled or vacuum tube that is sensitive to light. Such a tube is more correctly called a 'photoemissive cell' to distinguish it from photovoltaic or photoconductive cells. Phototubes were previously more widely used but are now replaced in many applications by solid state photodetectors. The photomultiplier tube is one of the most sensitive light detectors, and is still widely used in physics research.
Operating principles
Phototubes operate according to the photoelectric effect: Incoming photons strike a photocathode, knocking electrons out of its surface, which are attracted to an anode. Thus current is dependent on the frequency and intensity of incoming photons. Unlike photomultiplier tubes, no amplification takes place, so the current through the device is typically of the order of a few microamperes.
The light wavelength range over which the device is sensitive depends on the material used for the photoemissive cathode. A caesium-antimony cathode gives a device that is very sensitive in the violet to ultra-violet region with sensitivity falling off to blindness to red light. Caesium on oxidised silver gives a cathode that is most sensitive to infra-red to red light, falling off towards blue, where the sensitivity is low but not zero.
Vacuum devices have a near constant anode current for a given level of illumination relative to anode voltage. Gas-filled devices are more sensitive, but the frequency response to
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Degree%20distribution
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In the study of graphs and networks, the degree of a node in a network is the number of connections it has to other nodes and the degree distribution is the probability distribution of these degrees over the whole network.
Definition
The degree of a node in a network (sometimes referred to incorrectly as the connectivity) is the number of connections or edges the node has to other nodes. If a network is directed, meaning that edges point in one direction from one node to another node, then nodes have two different degrees, the in-degree, which is the number of incoming edges, and the out-degree, which is the number of outgoing edges.
The degree distribution P(k) of a network is then defined to be the fraction of nodes in the network with degree k. Thus if there are n nodes in total in a network and nk of them have degree k, we have .
The same information is also sometimes presented in the form of a cumulative degree distribution, the fraction of nodes with degree smaller than k, or even the complementary cumulative degree distribution, the fraction of nodes with degree greater than or equal to k (1 - C) if one considers C as the cumulative degree distribution; i.e. the complement of C.
Observed degree distributions
The degree distribution is very important in studying both real networks, such as the Internet and social networks, and theoretical networks. The simplest network model, for example, the (Erdős–Rényi model) random graph, in which each of n nodes is independ
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compressibility%20factor
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In thermodynamics, the compressibility factor (Z), also known as the compression factor or the gas deviation factor, describes the deviation of a real gas from ideal gas behaviour. It is simply defined as the ratio of the molar volume of a gas to the molar volume of an ideal gas at the same temperature and pressure. It is a useful thermodynamic property for modifying the ideal gas law to account for the real gas behaviour. In general, deviation from ideal behaviour becomes more significant the closer a gas is to a phase change, the lower the temperature or the larger the pressure. Compressibility factor values are usually obtained by calculation from equations of state (EOS), such as the virial equation which take compound-specific empirical constants as input. For a gas that is a mixture of two or more pure gases (air or natural gas, for example), the gas composition must be known before compressibility can be calculated.
Alternatively, the compressibility factor for specific gases can be read from generalized compressibility charts that plot as a function of pressure at constant temperature.
The compressibility factor should not be confused with the compressibility (also known as coefficient of compressibility or isothermal compressibility) of a material, which is the measure of the relative volume change of a fluid or solid in response to a pressure change.
Definition and physical significance
The compressibility factor is defined in thermodynamics and engineering
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feshbach%20resonance
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In physics, a Feshbach resonance can occur upon collision of two slow atoms, when they temporarily stick together forming an unstable compound with short lifetime (so-called resonance). It is a feature of many-body systems in which a bound state is achieved if the coupling(s) between at least one internal degree of freedom and the reaction coordinates, which lead to dissociation, vanish. The opposite situation, when a bound state is not formed, is a shape resonance. It is named after Herman Feshbach, a physicist at MIT.
Feshbach resonances have become important in the study of cold atoms systems, including Fermi gases and Bose–Einstein condensates (BECs). In the context of scattering processes in many-body systems, the Feshbach resonance occurs when the energy of a bound state of an interatomic potential is equal to the kinetic energy of a colliding pair of atoms. In experimental settings, the Feshbach resonances provide a way to vary interaction strength between atoms in the cloud by changing scattering length, asc, of elastic collisions. For atomic species that possess these resonances (like K39 and K40), it is possible to vary the interaction strength by applying a uniform magnetic field. Among many uses, this tool has served to explore the transition from a BEC of fermionic molecules to weakly interacting fermion-pairs the BCS in Fermi clouds. For the BECs, Feshbach resonances have been used to study a spectrum of systems from the non-interacting ideal Bose gases to t
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolutionary%20graph%20theory
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Evolutionary graph theory is an area of research lying at the intersection of graph theory, probability theory, and mathematical biology. Evolutionary graph theory is an approach to studying how topology affects evolution of a population. That the underlying topology can substantially affect the results of the evolutionary process is seen most clearly in a paper by Erez Lieberman, Christoph Hauert and Martin Nowak.
In evolutionary graph theory, individuals occupy vertices of a weighted directed graph and the weight wi j of an edge from vertex i to vertex j denotes the probability of i replacing j. The weight corresponds to the biological notion of fitness where fitter types propagate more readily.
One property studied on graphs with two types of individuals is the fixation probability, which is defined as the probability that a single, randomly placed mutant of type A will replace a population of type B. According to the isothermal theorem, a graph has the same fixation probability as the corresponding Moran process if and only if it is isothermal, thus the sum of all weights that lead into a vertex is the same for all vertices. Thus, for example, a complete graph with equal weights describes a Moran process. The fixation probability is
where r is the relative fitness of the invading type.
Graphs can be classified into amplifiers of selection and suppressors of selection. If the fixation probability of a single advantageous mutation is higher than the fixation probabili
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visible%20light%20communication
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In telecommunications, visible light communication (VLC) is the use of visible light (light with a frequency of 400–800 THz/wavelength of 780–375 nm) as a transmission medium. VLC is a subset of optical wireless communications technologies.
The technology uses fluorescent lamps (ordinary lamps, not special communications devices) to transmit signals at 10 kbit/s, or LEDs for up to 500 Mbit/s over short distances. Systems such as RONJA can transmit at full Ethernet speed (10 Mbit/s) over distances of .
Specially designed electronic devices generally containing a photodiode receive signals from light sources, although in some cases a cell phone camera or a digital camera will be sufficient. The image sensor used in these devices is in fact an array of photodiodes (pixels) and in some applications its use may be preferred over a single photodiode. Such a sensor may provide either multi-channel (down to 1 pixel = 1 channel) or a spatial awareness of multiple light sources.
VLC can be used as a communications medium for ubiquitous computing, because light-producing devices (such as indoor/outdoor lamps, TVs, traffic signs, commercial displays and car headlights/taillights) are used everywhere.
History
The history of visible light communications dates back to the 1880s in Washington, D.C., when the Scottish-born scientist Alexander Graham Bell invented the photophone, which transmitted speech on modulated sunlight over several hundred meters. This pre-dates the transmission o
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurin
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Aurin (C.I. 43800), sometimes named rosolic acid or corallin is an organic compound, forming yellowish or deep-red crystals with greenish metallic luster. It is practically insoluble in water, freely soluble in alcohol. It is soluble in strong acids to form yellow solution, or in aqueous alkalis to form carmine red solutions. Due to this behaviour it can be used as pH indicator with pH transition range 5.0 - 6.8. It is used as an intermediate in manufacturing of dyes.
Synthesis
Aurin was first prepared in 1834 by the German chemist Friedlieb Ferdinand Runge, who obtained it by distilling coal tar. He named it Rosölsäure or Rosaölsäure (red oil acid). In 1861, the German chemists Hermann Kolbe and Rudolf Schmitt presented the synthesis of aurin by heating oxalic acid and creosote (which contains phenol) in the presence of concentrated sulfuric acid. (Gradually, chemists realized that commercial aurin was not a pure compound, but was actually a mixture of similar compounds.)
Aurin is formed by heating of phenol and oxalic acid in concentrated sulfuric acid.
Safety
Aurin may cause eye, skin, and respiratory tract irritation. Ingestion and inhalation should be avoided.
Aurin was reported to have endocrine disruptor chemical (EDC) properties.
References
External links
MSDS at Oxford University
History of aurin in Heinrich Caro and the creation of modern chemical industry
Triarylmethane dyes
PH indicators
Phenol dyes
Bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)methanes
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WFOM
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WFOM (1230 AM, "Xtra 106.3") is an Atlanta-area radio station broadcasting on a frequency of 1230 kHz. The radio station is licensed to the city of Marietta, Georgia. WFOM, along with WCNN and WIFN, are owned by Dickey Broadcasting. The broadcast facilities are in The Battery Atlanta.
History
WFOM was known around Marietta, Georgia and Cobb County for its Top 40 format during the 1960s and 1970s. Despite a rather inferior signal, WFOM regularly placed within the top-five of rated Atlanta-area stations, Metro-wide. The Top 40 success of the station, which included prominence in the music industry, influenced Jerry Crowe, the radio executive co-owner in co-creating Video Concert Hall, precursor to MTV. (Crowe purchased the station from the estate of Jimmy Davenport, who was a leading rock promoter in the South throughout the 1960s and early 1970s. Among other events, the crew convinced Wolfman Jack to stop by during a visit to Atlanta, where he did one live afternoon airshift in 1973.) WFOM was known for breaking many new artists to the Atlanta-area audience over many years, including instrumental California-based surf acts, prior to the national breakout of the Beach Boys in 1963. WFOM was way ahead of its Atlanta-based competitors in adding many Soul tunes to its playlist in the mid to late 1960s, by acts such as The Chambers Brothers, Dyke & the Blazers and Johnny Nash. Also added were notable Album/Progressive rock cuts by Deep Purple, Janis Joplin, Vanilla Fudge, Jimi
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentoxifylline
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Pentoxifylline, also known as oxpentifylline, is a xanthine derivative used as a drug to treat muscle pain in people with peripheral artery disease. It is generic and sold under many brand names worldwide.
Medical uses
Its primary use in medicine is to reduce pain, cramping, numbness, or weakness in the arms or legs which occurs due to intermittent claudication, a form of muscle pain resulting from peripheral artery diseases. This is its only FDA, MHRA and TGA-labelled indication. However, pentoxifylline is also recommended for off-label use as an adjunct to compression bandaging for the treatment of chronic venous leg ulcers by the Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network (SIGN) as this has been shown to improve healing rates.
Pentoxifylline has been tested for use in sarcoidosis patients as an alternative or compliment to prednisone and other steroids, as the drug can inhibit excess levels of TNF-a, which is associated with granuloma formation.
It has further been used to treat immunologic reactions to leprosy with some success.
Benefit in alcoholic hepatitis was shown, with some studies demonstrating a reduction in risk of hepatorenal syndrome.
For in vitro fertilization, Pentoxifylline has been used to improve sperm quality and motility and as safe oral drug in the treatment of male infertility and erectile dysfunction.
An interesting off-label indication of pentoxifylline is the supportive treatment of distal diabetic neuropathy, where it can be added, for exampl
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goertzel%20algorithm
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The Goertzel algorithm is a technique in digital signal processing (DSP) for efficient evaluation of the individual terms of the discrete Fourier transform (DFT). It is useful in certain practical applications, such as recognition of dual-tone multi-frequency signaling (DTMF) tones produced by the push buttons of the keypad of a traditional analog telephone. The algorithm was first described by Gerald Goertzel in 1958.
Like the DFT, the Goertzel algorithm analyses one selectable frequency component from a discrete signal. Unlike direct DFT calculations, the Goertzel algorithm applies a single real-valued coefficient at each iteration, using real-valued arithmetic for real-valued input sequences. For covering a full spectrum (except when using for continuous stream of data where coefficients are reused for subsequent calculations, which has computational complexity equivalent of sliding DFT), the Goertzel algorithm has a higher order of complexity than fast Fourier transform (FFT) algorithms, but for computing a small number of selected frequency components, it is more numerically efficient. The simple structure of the Goertzel algorithm makes it well suited to small processors and embedded applications.
The Goertzel algorithm can also be used "in reverse" as a sinusoid synthesis function, which requires only 1 multiplication and 1 subtraction per generated sample.
The algorithm
The main calculation in the Goertzel algorithm has the form of a digital filter, and for this
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrick%20Gaming%20Corporation
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Barrick Gaming Corporation is a private company that was founded by D.W. Barrick and Stephen Crystal. The company formerly operated several hotels and casinos in Las Vegas, Nevada. The company is currently based in Las Vegas.
History
In 1993, Barrick formed a joint venture with Station Casinos to develop a riverboat casino in Kansas City.
On March 25, 2004, Barrick Gaming purchased, and began operating, several properties from Jackie Gaughan, a long time Las Vegas casino owner, for $82 million. The casinos included:
The Gold Spike
The Plaza
The Vegas Club
The Western
Jackie Gaughan, a native of Omaha, Nebraska and a casino operator from the beginning of the post-World War II era, retained ownership of the El Cortez Hotel & Casino. In the deal, Barrick had the option to purchase the property on right of first refusal. While it was not announced at the time, Barrick shared ownership of the buildings with Tamares Real Estate Investments which also owns the land under these properties.
In October, 2004, Barrick acquired the Queen of Hearts Hotel & Casino and the Nevada Hotel & Casino.
On November 10, 2004, Barrick announced that it would acquire the Golden Nugget Laughlin for $31 million plus working capital. As part of the purchase agreement, Poster Financial Group granted Barrick a two-year limited use of the Golden Nugget brand name, after which Barrick will be required to change the name of the property.
However, on May 31, 2005, the agreement for Barrick Gaming to
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meron%20%28physics%29
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A meron or half-instanton is a Euclidean space-time solution of the Yang–Mills field equations. It is a singular non-self-dual solution of topological charge 1/2. The instanton is believed to be composed of two merons.
A meron can be viewed as a tunneling event between two Gribov vacua. In that picture, the meron is an event which starts from vacuum, then a Wu–Yang monopole emerges, which then disappears again to leave the vacuum in another Gribov copy.
See also
BPST instanton
Dyon
Instanton
Monopole
Sphaleron
References
Gauge Fields, Classification and Equations of Motion, Moshe Carmeli, Kh. Huleilil and Elhanan Leibowitz, World Scientific Publishing
Gauge theories
Quantum chromodynamics
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wu%E2%80%93Yang%20monopole
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The Wu–Yang monopole was the first solution (found in 1968 by Tai Tsun Wu and Chen Ning Yang) to the Yang–Mills field equations. It describes a magnetic monopole which is pointlike and has a potential which behaves like 1/r everywhere.
See also
Meron
Dyon
Instanton
Wu–Yang dictionary
Notes
References
Gauge Fields, Classification and Equations of Motion, M.Carmeli, Kh. Huleilil and E. Leibowitz, World Scientific Publishing
Gauge theories
Magnetic monopoles
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earle%20Labor
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Earle Gene Labor (March 3, 1928 – September 15, 2022) was an American writer. A George Wilson Professor (Emeritus) of American Literature at Centenary College of Louisiana, his research and teaching career was devoted to the study of the American author, Jack London. He taught the first undergraduate course devoted to London at Utah State University in 1966. Labor taught the first-ever graduate course on London in 1973-74 (University of Aarhus, Denmark) while on a Fulbright Scholarship.
Labor received his B.A. and M.A. from Southern Methodist University in 1949 and 1952, respectively. He received his Ph.D from the University of Wisconsin in 1961. He was the founder and curator of The Jack London Museum and Research Center at Centenary College. Classes he has taught include: a seminar on Jack London; a class on American gothic fiction 'The Power of Darkness'; a seminar on the American novel; a two-semester survey course on American literature; and several classes on Critical Approaches to Literature. Jack London: An American Life received the 2014 Western Writers of America Spur Award for Best Nonfiction Biography.
In 1991, Labor received the "Humanist of the Year Award" from the Louisiana Endowment for the Humanities.
In 2016, the DeGolyer Library at Southern Methodist University published Labor's memoir, The Far Music.
Labor died in Shreveport, Louisiana, on September 15, 2022, at the age of 94.
Bibliography
GREAT SHORT WORKS OF JACK LONDON, Harper Perennial Classics
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emacs%20Speaks%20Statistics
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Emacs Speaks Statistics (ESS) is an Emacs package for programming in statistical languages. It adds two types of modes to emacs:
ESS modes for editing statistical languages like R, SAS and Julia; and
inferior ESS (iESS) modes for interacting with statistical processes like R and SAS.
Modes of types (1) and (2) work seamlessly together. In addition, modes of type (1) provide the capability to submit a batch job for statistical packages like SAS, BUGS or JAGS when an interactive session is unwanted due to the potentially lengthy time required for the task to complete.
With Emacs Speaks Statistics, the user can conveniently edit statistical language commands in one emacs buffer, and execute the code in a second. There are a number of advantages of doing data analysis using Emacs/ESS in this way, rather than interacting with R, S-PLUS or other software directly. First, as indicated above, ESS provides a convenient way of writing and executing code without frequently switching between programs. This also encourages the good practice of keeping a record of one's data analysis, equivalent to working from do-files in Stata. Third, since emacs is also an able editor of LaTeX files, it facilitates the integration of data analysis and written text with Sweave.
External links
ESS is freely available for download from the ESS website, which also contains documentation and links to a mailing list.
Emacs modes
Free R (programming language) software
Free statistical software
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drag%20%28physics%29
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In fluid dynamics, drag (sometimes called fluid resistance) is a force acting opposite to the relative motion of any object moving with respect to a surrounding fluid. This can exist between two fluid layers (or surfaces) or between a fluid and a solid surface.
Unlike other resistive forces, such as dry friction, which are nearly independent of velocity, the drag force depends on velocity. Drag force is proportional to the velocity for low-speed flow and the squared velocity for high speed flow, where the distinction between low and high speed is measured by the Reynolds number.
Drag forces always tend to decrease fluid velocity relative to the solid object in the fluid's path.
Examples
Examples of drag include the component of the net aerodynamic or hydrodynamic force acting opposite to the direction of movement of a solid object such as cars (automobile drag coefficient), aircraft and boat hulls; or acting in the same geographical direction of motion as the solid, as for sails attached to a down wind sail boat, or in intermediate directions on a sail depending on points of sail. In the case of viscous drag of fluid in a pipe, drag force on the immobile pipe decreases fluid velocity relative to the pipe.
In the physics of sports, the drag force is necessary to explain the motion of balls, javelins, arrows and frisbees and the performance of runners and swimmers.
Types
Types of drag are generally divided into the following categories:
form drag or pressure drag due to
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMGN
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HMGN (High Mobility Group Nucleosome-binding) proteins are members of the broader class of high mobility group (HMG) chromosomal proteins that are involved in regulation of transcription, replication, recombination, and DNA repair.
HMGN1 and HMGN2 (initially designated HMG-14 and HMG-17 respectively) were discovered by E.W. Johns research group in the early 1970s. HMGN3, HMGN4, and HMGN5 were discovered later and are less abundant. HMGNs are nucleosome binding proteins that help in transcription, replication, recombination, and DNA repair. They can also alter the chromatin epigenetic landscape, helping to stabilize cell identity. There is still relatively little known about their structure and function. HMGN proteins are found in all vertebrates, and play a role in chromatin structure and histone modification. HMGNs come in long chains of amino acids, containing around 100 for HMGN1-4, and roughly 200 in HMGN5. Recent research on the HMGN family is focused on their effect on cell identity, and how reduction of HMGNs relates to induced reprogramming of mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs).
Function
Much of the research that has been done HMGN proteins have been done in vitro, while there is relatively little on the in vivo function and roles of HMGN proteins.
Due to these proteins being predominantly found in higher eukaryotes, the use of microorganisms and other lower eukaryotes has deemed insufficient to determine the in vivo roles of HMGN proteins. A study was done wi
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perfect%20fluid
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In physics, a perfect fluid or ideal fluid is a fluid that can be completely characterized by its rest frame mass density and isotropic pressure p. Real fluids are "sticky" and contain (and conduct) heat. Perfect fluids are idealized models in which these possibilities are neglected. Specifically, perfect fluids have no shear stresses, viscosity, or heat conduction. Quark–gluon plasma is the closest known substance to a perfect fluid.
In space-positive metric signature tensor notation, the stress–energy tensor of a perfect fluid can be written in the form
where U is the 4-velocity vector field of the fluid and where is the metric tensor of Minkowski spacetime.
In time-positive metric signature tensor notation, the stress–energy tensor of a perfect fluid can be written in the form
where U is the 4-velocity of the fluid and where is the metric tensor of Minkowski spacetime.
This takes on a particularly simple form in the rest frame
where is the energy density and is the pressure of the fluid.
Perfect fluids admit a Lagrangian formulation, which allows the techniques used in field theory, in particular, quantization, to be applied to fluids.
Perfect fluids are used in general relativity to model idealized distributions of matter, such as the interior of a star or an isotropic universe. In the latter case, the equation of state of the perfect fluid may be used in Friedmann–Lemaître–Robertson–Walker equations to describe the evolution of the universe.
In general re
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NADPH%20oxidase
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NADPH oxidase (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase) is a membrane-bound enzyme complex that faces the extracellular space. It can be found in the plasma membrane as well as in the membranes of phagosomes used by neutrophil white blood cells to engulf microorganisms. Human isoforms of the catalytic component of the complex include NOX1, NOX2, NOX3, NOX4, NOX5, DUOX1, and DUOX2.
Reaction
NADPH oxidase catalyzes the production of a superoxide free radical by transferring one electron to oxygen from NADPH.
Types
In mammals, NADPH oxidase is found in two types: one in white blood cells (neutrophilic) and the other in vascular cells, differing in biochemical structure and functions. Neutrophilic NADPH oxidase produces superoxide almost instantaneously, whereas the vascular enzyme produces superoxide in minutes to hours. Moreover, in white blood cells, superoxide has been found to transfer electrons across the membrane to extracellular oxygen, while in vascular cells, the radical anion appears to be released mainly intracellularly.
Neutrophilic type
The isoform found in neutrophils is made up of six subunits. These subunits are:
a Rho GTPase, usually Rac1 or Rac2 (Rac stands for Rho-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate)
Five phagocytic oxidase subunits:
gp91phox (NOX2)
p22phox (CYBA)
p40phox (NCF4)
p47phox (NCF1)
p67phox (NCF2)
Vascular type
There are several vascular isoforms of the complex which use paralogs the NOX2 subunit:
NOX1
NOX3
NOX4
NOX5
Thyro
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Book%20of%20the%20Short%20Sun
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The Book of the Short Sun (1999–2001) is a series of three science fantasy novels or one three-volume novel by the American author Gene Wolfe. It continues The Book of the Long Sun (1993–1996): they share a narrator and Short Sun recounts a search for Silk, the Long Sun hero. The two works are set in the same universe as The Book of the New Sun series that Wolfe inaugurated in 1980 and the Internet Speculative Fiction Database (ISFDB) catalogs all three as sub-series of the "Solar Cycle", along with some other writings.
Locus: The Magazine of the Science Fiction & Fantasy Field considered the three Short Sun volumes separately for annual "Best Novel" awards.
Titles
The "Short Sun" of the title is an ordinary star, in contrast to the "Long Sun" of the Whorl where the narrator grew up. Most of the story takes place in a star system with two habitable planets, Blue and Green, which lend their names to the first two volumes. The Whorl of volume three's title is the generation ship setting of Long Sun.
The Tor hardcover editions (see table) were almost 1200 pages long in sum.
Science Fiction Book Club released a 752-page omnibus edition only two months after the third volume was published.
Plot introduction
The story, which is told by a narrator who identifies himself as Horn (the ostensible author of The Book of the Long Sun), is an account of a search "on three worlds" for Silk, the hero of the Long Sun cycle. However, the narrator's adventures continue as he writes, so t
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Book%20of%20the%20Long%20Sun
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The Book of the Long Sun (1993–1996) is a series of four science fantasy novels or one four-volume novel by the American author Gene Wolfe. It is set in the same universe as The Book of the New Sun series that Wolfe inaugurated in 1980, and the Internet Science Fiction Database catalogs them both as sub-series of the "Solar Cycle", along with other writings.
The Long Sun story is continued in The Book of the Short Sun (1999–2001), a series of three novels or one in three volumes. In Short Sun the relation to the original New Sun is made clear.
The Mythopoeic Society considered The Book of the Sun as a whole for annual literary awards. It was one of five finalists for the Mythopoeic Fantasy Award in 1997. Locus magazine and the SFWA considered the volumes separately for "Best Novel" awards.
Synopsis
A young priest named Patera Silk tries to save his manteion (neighborhood church and school) from destruction by a ruthless crime lord. As he learns more about his world, he begins to question his beliefs and to revere the supposedly minor god known as The Outsider who has enlightened him.
Titles
The working title for the series was Starcrosser's Landfall, and dust jacket mockups of the first volume were printed with that title. In the defense at the end of the final volume, the author refers to it alternately as The Book of the Long Sun, Starcrosser's Landfall, and The Book of Silk.
In the event, The Book of the Long Sun was published in four volumes, almost simultaneously
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