source
stringlengths 32
209
| text
stringlengths 18
1.5k
|
|---|---|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substrate-level%20phosphorylation
|
Substrate-level phosphorylation is a metabolism reaction that results in the production of ATP or GTP supported by the energy released from another high-energy bond that leads to phosphorylation of ADP or GDP to ATP or GTP (note that the reaction catalyzed by creatine kinase is not considered as "substrate-level phosphorylation"). This process uses some of the released chemical energy, the Gibbs free energy, to transfer a phosphoryl (PO3) group to ADP or GDP. Occurs in glycolysis and in the citric acid cycle.
Unlike oxidative phosphorylation, oxidation and phosphorylation are not coupled in the process of substrate-level phosphorylation, and reactive intermediates are most often gained in the course of oxidation processes in catabolism. Most ATP is generated by oxidative phosphorylation in aerobic or anaerobic respiration while substrate-level phosphorylation provides a quicker, less efficient source of ATP, independent of external electron acceptors. This is the case in human erythrocytes, which have no mitochondria, and in oxygen-depleted muscle.
Overview
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a major "energy currency" of the cell. The high energy bonds between the phosphate groups can be broken to power a variety of reactions used in all aspects of cell function.
Substrate-level phosphorylation occurs in the cytoplasm of cells during glycolysis and in mitochondria either during the Krebs cycle or by MTHFD1L (EC 6.3.4.3), an enzyme interconverting ADP + phosphate + 10-formyltet
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vivid
|
Vivid may refer to:
Music
Vivid (band), a Japanese rock band
"Vivid" (song), by Electronic, 1999
"ViViD", a 2016 song by Loona from HeeJin
Albums
Vivid (Vivian Green album), 2015
Vivid (Crystal Kay album), 2012
Vivid (Living Colour album), 1988
Vivid (Ailee album), 2015
Vivid (KM-MARKIT album), 2005
Vivid: Kissing You, Sparkling, Joyful Smile, a 2008 mini-album by BoA
Organizations
Vivid Entertainment, a company that produces and distributes adult media
Vivid Image, a defunct UK video game developer
Vivid Imaginations, a UK toy company
Vivid Seats, a ticket exchange company
Technology
HTC Vivid, a mobile phone
Vivid Vervet, the code name for version 15.04 of the Ubuntu Linux distribution
Festivals and arts
Vivid (arts centre), a media art centre in Birmingham, England
Vivid Sydney, an outdoor festival in Sydney, Australia
Vivid Live, a contemporary music festival held by Sydney Opera House in Australia
Other uses
Vivid, a brand of bleach produced by Reckitt Benckiser
Vivid, a fictional all-female group in Hatsune Miku: Colorful Stage! that make up one half of Vivid BAD SQUAD
Magical Girl Lyrical Nanoha ViVid, a 2009 manga in the Magical Girl Lyrical Nanoha series
HMS Vivid
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CIUT-FM
|
CIUT-FM is a campus and community radio station operating out of the University of Toronto. The station broadcasts live and continuously from Toronto on the 89.5 FM frequency. Programming can also be heard nationally via channel 826 on Shaw Direct, and over the internet via the CIUT website. The station is financially supported by donations and an undergraduate student levy. CIUT-FM also broadcasts a Punjabi and Urdu language station, Sur Sagar Radio on a Subsidiary Communications Multiplex Operation frequency.
CIUT's studios are located on Tower Road on the University of Toronto campus, while its transmitter is located atop First Canadian Place in Toronto's Financial District.
History
The station began as a closed-circuit broadcaster called Radio Varsity in 1966, later becoming Input Radio, UTR and then CJUT. All these versions of the station were only heard within the confines of the University of Toronto, thanks to an extensive network of loudspeakers, amplifiers, and cables strung through the extensive underground network of steam tunnels beneath the University's St. George campus. The station was granted a broadcast license and became CIUT-FM in 1986, and on January 15, 1987, the station's FM broadcasts began to reach a considerably wider range across southern Ontario.
In 1999, CIUT was $150,000 in debt resulting in the student union taking over management, firing two employees, dismissing five volunteers, shortening time slots for other programs and selling late-n
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellmann%E2%80%93Feynman%20theorem
|
In quantum mechanics, the Hellmann–Feynman theorem relates the derivative of the total energy with respect to a parameter to the expectation value of the derivative of the Hamiltonian with respect to that same parameter. According to the theorem, once the spatial distribution of the electrons has been determined by solving the Schrödinger equation, all the forces in the system can be calculated using classical electrostatics.
The theorem has been proven independently by many authors, including Paul Güttinger (1932), Wolfgang Pauli (1933), Hans Hellmann (1937) and Richard Feynman (1939).
The theorem states
where
is a Hermitian operator depending upon a continuous parameter ,
, is an eigenstate (eigenfunction) of the Hamiltonian, depending implicitly upon ,
is the energy (eigenvalue) of the state , i.e. .
Note that there is a breakdown of the Hellmann-Feynman theorem close to quantum critical points in the thermodynamic limit.
Proof
This proof of the Hellmann–Feynman theorem requires that the wave function be an eigenfunction of the Hamiltonian under consideration; however, it is also possible to prove more generally that the theorem holds for non-eigenfunction wave functions which are stationary (partial derivative is zero) for all relevant variables (such as orbital rotations). The Hartree–Fock wavefunction is an important example of an approximate eigenfunction that still satisfies the Hellmann–Feynman theorem. Notable example of where the Hellmann–Feynman is not ap
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weber%20number
|
The Weber number (We) is a dimensionless number in fluid mechanics that is often useful in analysing fluid flows where there is an interface between two different fluids, especially for multiphase flows with strongly curved surfaces. It is named after Moritz Weber (1871–1951). It can be thought of as a measure of the relative importance of the fluid's inertia compared to its surface tension. The quantity is useful in analyzing thin film flows and the formation of droplets and bubbles.
Mathematical expression
The Weber number may be written as:
where
is the drag coefficient of the body cross-section.
is the density of the fluid (kg/m3).
is its velocity (m/s).
is its characteristic length, typically the droplet diameter (m).
is the surface tension (N/m).
The modified Weber number,
equals the ratio of the kinetic energy on impact to the surface energy,
,
where
and
.
Applications
One application of the Weber number is the study of heat pipes. When the momentum flux in the vapor core of the heat pipe is high, there is a possibility that the shear stress exerted on the liquid in the wick can be large enough to entrain droplets into the vapor flow. The Weber number is the dimensionless parameter that determines the onset of this phenomenon called the entrainment limit (Weber number greater than or equal to 1). In this case the Weber number is defined as the ratio of the momentum in the vapor layer divided by the surface tension force restraining the liq
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum%20compression
|
Quantum compression may refer to:
Data compression as it relates to quantum computing
Quantum, one of several compression algorithms used by CAB
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xanthinuria
|
Xanthinuria, also known as xanthine oxidase deficiency, is a rare genetic disorder causing the accumulation of xanthine. It is caused by a deficiency of the enzyme xanthine oxidase.
It was first formally characterized in 1954.
Presentation
Affected people have unusually high concentrations of xanthine in their blood and urine, which can lead to health problems such as renal failure and xanthine kidney stones, one of the rarest types of kidney stones.
Causes
Type I xanthinuria can be caused by a deficiency of xanthine oxidase, which is an enzyme necessary for converting xanthine to uric acid. Type II xanthinuria and molybdenum cofactor deficiency lack one or two other enzyme activities in addition to xanthine oxidase.
Treatment
There is no specific treatment beyond maintaining a high fluid intake and avoiding foods that are high in purine.
References
External links
Inborn errors of purine-pyrimidine metabolism
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diplosome
|
In cell biology, a diplosome refers to the pair of centrioles which are arranged perpendicularly to one another located near the nucleus. The diplosome plays a role in many processes such as in primary cilium development, spermiogenesis of teleosts, and mitosis. The rigid arrangement of centrioles in a diplosome is generally established after the procentriole is formed during mitosis.
Role of Diplosome in Primary Cilia Development
Primary cilia develop from the diplosome. Although the mechanism is not defined, during prometaphase of mitosis the diplosome ungergoes many changes to allow cilium resorption to occur.
Role of Diplosome in Spermiogenesis of teleosts
The type of spermiogenesis the teleost will undergo is dependent on the location of the diplosome on the nucleus, which ultimately acts as the cause of where the flagellum will be. In type I spermiogenesis, the diplosome is located at a lateral position on the nucleus leading to a perpendicular flagellum to the nucleus. In type II spermiogenesis, the diplosome is located at the apical pole of the nucleus, creating a parallel flagellum to the nucleus. In both scenarios the diplosome will reach the nuclear fossa after nuclear roation.
Diplosome in Mitosis
Diplosomes first appear during G2 phase of the cell cycle. In the early stages of mitosis the diplosome will split and begin to move in opposite directions until both reach edges of the nucleus. At this point one diplosome will return to the center of the nucleus w
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Courant%E2%80%93Friedrichs%E2%80%93Lewy%20condition
|
In mathematics, the convergence condition by Courant–Friedrichs–Lewy is a necessary condition for convergence while solving certain partial differential equations (usually hyperbolic PDEs) numerically. It arises in the numerical analysis of explicit time integration schemes, when these are used for the numerical solution. As a consequence, the time step must be less than a certain time in many explicit time-marching computer simulations, otherwise the simulation produces incorrect results. The condition is named after Richard Courant, Kurt Friedrichs, and Hans Lewy who described it in their 1928 paper.
Heuristic description
The principle behind the condition is that, for example, if a wave is moving across a discrete spatial grid and we want to compute its amplitude at discrete time steps of equal duration, then this duration must be less than the time for the wave to travel to adjacent grid points. As a corollary, when the grid point separation is reduced, the upper limit for the time step also decreases. In essence, the numerical domain of dependence of any point in space and time (as determined by initial conditions and the parameters of the approximation scheme) must include the analytical domain of dependence (wherein the initial conditions have an effect on the exact value of the solution at that point) to assure that the scheme can access the information required to form the solution.
Statement
To make a reasonably formally precise statement of the condition, it is n
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20cities%20and%20towns%20in%20Kosovo
|
This is a list of cities and towns in the Kosovo in alphabetical order categorised by municipality or district, according to the criteria used by the Kosovo Agency of Statistics (KAS). Kosovo's population is distributed in 1,467 settlements with 26 per cent of its population concentrated in 7 urban areas, also known as regional centers, consisting of Ferizaj, Gjakova, Gjilan, Mitrovica, Peja, Pristina and Prizren.
The cities and towns in Kosovo belong to the following size ranges in terms of the number of inhabitants:
1 city larger than 150,000: Pristina
2 cities from 50,000 to 100,000: Gjilan and Prizren
9 cities from 15,000 to 50,000: Ferizaj, Fushë Kosovë, Gjakova, Mitrovica, Peja, Podujeva, Rahovec, and Vushtrri
List
See also
Administrative divisions of Kosovo
List of populated places in Kosovo
List of populated places in Kosovo by Albanian name
References
Kosovo
Kosovo
Kosovo-related lists
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan%20Jansk%C3%BD
|
Jan Janský () (3 April 1873 in Smíchov, now Prague – 8 September 1921 in Černošice, near Prague) was a Czech serologist, neurologist and psychiatrist. He is credited with the classification of blood into four types (I, II, III, IV).
Janský studied medicine at Charles University in Prague. From 1899, he worked in the Psychiatric Clinic in Prague. In 1914, he was named professor. During World War I Janský served two years as a doctor at the front until a heart attack disabled him. After the war he worked as a neuropsychiatrist in a military Hospital (Vojenská nemocnice). He had angina pectoralis and died of ischaemic heart disease.
Janský was also a proponent of voluntary blood donations.
Classification
Through his psychiatric research, Janský tried to find a correlation between mental diseases and blood diseases. He found no such correlation existed and published a study, Hematologická studie u psychotiků (1907, Hematological study of psychotics), in which he classified blood into four groups, I, II, III, and IV. (At the time, Janský was unaware of the work of Karl Landsteiner, whose discovery of the A, B, and O blood types earned him the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1930.) At the time Janský's discovery passed almost unnoticed. In 1921 an American medical commission acknowledged Janský's classification. A similar classification was described by William Lorenzo Moss, except the I and IV of Moss were the opposite to that of Janský's, leading to confusion in bloo
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melezitose
|
Melezitose, also spelled melicitose, is a nonreducing trisaccharide sugar that is produced by many plant sap eating insects, including aphids such as Cinara pilicornis, by an enzyme reaction. This is beneficial to the insects, as it reduces the stress of osmosis by reducing their own water potential. The melezitose is part of the honeydew which acts as an attractant for ants and also as a food for bees. This is useful to the aphids as they have a symbiotic relationship with ants. Melezitose can be partially hydrolyzed to glucose and turanose the latter of which is an isomer of sucrose.
References
Trisaccharides
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Painlev%C3%A9%20transcendents
|
In mathematics, Painlevé transcendents are solutions to certain nonlinear second-order ordinary differential equations in the complex plane with the Painlevé property (the only movable singularities are poles), but which are not generally solvable in terms of elementary functions. They were discovered by
,
,
, and
.
History
Painlevé transcendents have their origin in the study of special functions, which often arise as solutions of differential equations, as well as in the study of isomonodromic deformations of linear differential equations. One of the most useful classes of special functions are the elliptic functions. They are defined by second order ordinary differential equations whose singularities have the Painlevé property: the only movable singularities are poles. This property is rare in nonlinear equations. Poincaré and L. Fuchs showed that any first order equation with the Painlevé property can be transformed into the Weierstrass elliptic equation or the Riccati equation, which can all be solved explicitly in terms of integration and previously known special functions. Émile Picard pointed out that for orders greater than 1, movable essential singularities can occur, and found a special case of what was later called Painleve VI equation (see below).
(For orders greater than 2 the solutions can have moving natural boundaries.) Around 1900, Paul Painlevé studied second order differential equations with no movable singularities. He found that up to certain tr
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantitative%20feedback%20theory
|
In control theory, quantitative feedback theory (QFT), developed by Isaac Horowitz (Horowitz, 1963; Horowitz and Sidi, 1972), is a frequency domain technique utilising the Nichols chart (NC) in order to achieve a desired robust design over a specified region of plant uncertainty. Desired time-domain responses are translated into frequency domain tolerances, which lead to bounds (or constraints) on the loop transmission function. The design process is highly transparent, allowing a designer to see what trade-offs are necessary to achieve a desired performance level.
Plant templates
Usually any system can be represented by its Transfer Function (Laplace in continuous time domain), after getting the model of a system.
As a result of experimental measurement, values of coefficients in the Transfer Function have a range of uncertainty. Therefore, in QFT every parameter of this function is included into an interval of possible values, and the system may be represented by a family of plants rather than by a standalone expression.
A frequency analysis is performed for a finite number of representative frequencies and a set of templates are obtained in the NC diagram which encloses the behaviour of the open loop system at each frequency.
Frequency bounds
Usually system performance is described as robustness to instability (phase and gain margins), rejection to input and output noise disturbances and reference tracking. In the QFT design methodology these requirements on the syst
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constellation%20diagram
|
A constellation diagram is a representation of a signal modulated by a digital modulation scheme such as quadrature amplitude modulation or phase-shift keying. It displays the signal as a two-dimensional xy-plane scatter diagram in the complex plane at symbol sampling instants. In a manner similar to that of a phasor diagram, the angle of a point, measured counterclockwise from the horizontal axis, represents the phase shift of the carrier wave from a reference phase; the distance of a point from the origin represents a measure of the amplitude or power of the signal.
In a digital modulation system, information is transmitted as a series of samples, each occupying a uniform time slot. During each sample, the carrier wave has a constant amplitude and phase, which is restricted to one of a finite number of values. So each sample encodes one of a finite number of "symbols", which in turn represent one or more binary digits (bits) of information. Each symbol is encoded as a different combination of amplitude and phase of the carrier, so each symbol is represented by a point on the constellation diagram, called a constellation point. The constellation diagram shows all the possible symbols that can be transmitted by the system as a collection of points. In a frequency or phase modulated signal, the signal amplitude is constant, so the points lie on a circle around the origin.
The carrier representing each symbol can be created by adding together different amounts of a cosin
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remix%20culture
|
Remix culture, also known as read-write culture, is a term describing a culture that allows and encourages the creation of derivative works by combining or editing existing materials. Remix cultures are permissive of efforts to improve upon, change, integrate, or otherwise remix the work of other creators. While combining elements has always been a common practice of artists of all domains throughout human history, the growth of exclusive copyright restrictions in the last several decades limits this practice more and more by the legal chilling effect. In reaction, Harvard law professor Lawrence Lessig, who considers remixing a desirable concept for human creativity, has worked since the early 2000s on a transfer of the remixing concept into the digital age. Lessig founded the Creative Commons in 2001, which released a variety of licenses as tools to promote remix culture, as remixing is legally hindered by the default exclusive copyright regime applied currently on intellectual property. The remix culture for cultural works is related to and inspired by the earlier Free and open-source software for software movement, which encourages the reuse and remixing of software works.
Description
Lawrence Lessig described the Remix culture in his 2008 book Remix. Lawrence characterized the default media culture of the 20th century using computer technology terminology as Read Only culture (RO), and called for a shift to Read/Write culture (RW).
In the usual Read Only media cultur
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periphyton
|
Periphyton is a complex mixture of algae, cyanobacteria, heterotrophic microbes, and detritus that is attached to submerged surfaces in most aquatic ecosystems. The related term Aufwuchs (German "surface growth" or "overgrowth") refers to the collection of small animals and plants that adhere to open surfaces in aquatic environments, such as parts of rooted plants.
Periphyton serves as an important food source for invertebrates, tadpoles, and some fish. It can also absorb contaminants, removing them from the water column and limiting their movement through the environment. The periphyton is also an important indicator of water quality; responses of this community to pollutants can be measured at a variety of scales representing physiological to community-level changes. Periphyton has often been used as an experimental system in, e.g., pollution-induced community tolerance studies.
Composition
In both marine and freshwater environments, algae – particularly green algae and diatoms – make up the dominant component of surface growth communities. Small crustaceans, rotifers, and protozoans are also commonly found in fresh water and the sea, but insect larvae, oligochaetes and tardigrades are peculiar to freshwater aufwuchs faunas.
Uses
Periphyton communities are used in aquaculture food production systems for the removal of solid and dissolved pollutants. Their performance in filtration is established and their application as aquacultural feed is being researched.
Periphyton
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurochip
|
A neurochip is an integrated circuit chip (such as a microprocessor) that is designed for interaction with neuronal cells.
Formation
It is made of silicon that is doped in such a way that it contains EOSFETs (electrolyte-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors) that can sense the electrical activity of the neurons (action potentials) in the above-standing physiological electrolyte solution. It also contains capacitors for the electrical stimulation of the neurons. The University of Calgary, Faculty of Medicine scientists led by Pakistani-born Canadian scientist Naweed Syed who proved it is possible to cultivate a network of brain cells that reconnect on a silicon chip—or the brain on a microchip—have developed new technology that monitors brain cell activity at a resolution never achieved before.
Developed with the National Research Council Canada (NRC), the new silicon chips are also simpler to use, which will help future understanding of how brain cells work under normal conditions and permit drug discoveries for a variety of neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's.
Naweed Syed's lab cultivated brain cells on a microchip.
The new technology from the lab of Naweed Syed, in collaboration with the NRC, was published online in August 2010, in the journal, Biomedical Devices. It is the world's first neurochip. It is based on Syed's earlier experiments on neurochip technology dating back to 2003.
"This technical breakthrough means we can track s
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EOSFET
|
An EOSFET or electrolyte–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistor is a FET, like a MOSFET, but with an electrolyte solution replacing the metal for the detection of neuronal activity. Many EOSFETs are integrated in a neurochip.
Electrochemistry
Sensors
Transistor types
MOSFETs
Field-effect transistors
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibbs%27%20inequality
|
In information theory, Gibbs' inequality is a statement about the information entropy of a discrete probability distribution. Several other bounds on the entropy of probability distributions are derived from Gibbs' inequality, including Fano's inequality.
It was first presented by J. Willard Gibbs in the 19th century.
Gibbs' inequality
Suppose that
is a discrete probability distribution. Then for any other probability distribution
the following inequality between positive quantities (since pi and qi are between zero and one) holds:
with equality if and only if
for all i. Put in words, the information entropy of a distribution P is less than or equal to its cross entropy with any other distribution Q.
The difference between the two quantities is the Kullback–Leibler divergence or relative entropy, so the inequality can also be written:
Note that the use of base-2 logarithms is optional, and
allows one to refer to the quantity on each side of the inequality as an
"average surprisal" measured in bits.
Proof
For simplicity, we prove the statement using the natural logarithm (). Because
the particular logarithm base that we choose only scales the relationship by the factor .
Let denote the set of all for which pi is non-zero. Then, since for all x > 0, with equality if and only if x=1, we have:
The last inequality is a consequence of the pi and qi being part of a probability distribution. Specifically, the sum of all non-zero values is 1. Some non-zero qi, howeve
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian-Nubian%20Shield
|
The Arabian-Nubian Shield (ANS) is an exposure of Precambrian crystalline rocks on the flanks of the Red Sea. The crystalline rocks are mostly Neoproterozoic in age. Geographically – and from north to south – the ANS includes parts of Israel, Jordan, Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Yemen, and Somalia. The ANS in the north is exposed as part of the Sahara Desert and Arabian Desert, and in the south in the Ethiopian Highlands, Asir province of Arabia and Yemen Highlands.
The ANS was the site of some of man's earliest geologic efforts, principally by the ancient Egyptians to extract gold from the rocks of Egypt and NE Sudan. This was the most easily worked of all metals and does not tarnish. All of the gold deposits in Egypt and northern Sudan were found and exploited by Egyptians. The earliest preserved geologic map was made in 1150 BCE to show the location of gold deposits in Eastern Egypt; it is known as the Turin papyrus. New gold discoveries have been found in Sudan, Eritrea, and Saudi Arabia.
Pharonic Egyptians also quarried granite near Aswan and floated this down the Nile to be used as facing for the pyramids. The Greek name for Aswan, Syene; is the type locality for the igneous rock syenite. The Romans followed this tradition and had many quarries especially in the northern part of the Eastern Desert of Egypt where porphyry and granite were mined and shaped for shipment.
Precious and industrial metals, including gold, silver, copper, zinc, tin,
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caveolin
|
In molecular biology, caveolins are a family of integral membrane proteins that are the principal components of caveolae membranes and involved in receptor-independent endocytosis. Caveolins may act as scaffolding proteins within caveolar membranes by compartmentalizing and concentrating signaling molecules. They also induce positive (inward) membrane curvature by way of oligomerization, and hairpin insertion. Various classes of signaling molecules, including G-protein subunits, receptor and non-receptor tyrosine kinases, endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), and small GTPases, bind Cav-1 through its 'caveolin-scaffolding domain'.
The caveolin gene family has three members in vertebrates: CAV1, CAV2, and CAV3, coding for the proteins caveolin-1, caveolin-2, and caveolin-3, respectively. All three members are membrane proteins with similar structure. Caveolin forms oligomers and associates with cholesterol and sphingolipids in certain areas of the cell membrane, leading to the formation of caveolae.
Structure and expression
The caveolins are similar in structure. They all form hairpin loops that are inserted into the cell membrane. Both the C-terminus and the N-terminus face the cytoplasmic side of the membrane. There are two isoforms of caveolin-1: caveolin-1α and caveolin-1β, the latter lacking a part of the N-terminus.
Caveolins are found in the majority of adherent, mammalian cells.
Caveolin-1 is most prominently expressed in endothelial, fibrous, and adipose ti
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISFET
|
An ion-sensitive field-effect transistor (ISFET) is a field-effect transistor used for measuring ion concentrations in solution; when the ion concentration (such as H+, see pH scale) changes, the current through the transistor will change accordingly. Here, the solution is used as the gate electrode. A voltage between substrate and oxide surfaces arises due to an ion sheath. It is a special type of MOSFET (metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistor), and shares the same basic structure, but with the metal gate replaced by an ion-sensitive membrane, electrolyte solution and reference electrode. Invented in 1970, the ISFET was the first biosensor FET (BioFET).
The surface hydrolysis of Si–OH groups of the gate materials varies in aqueous solutions due to pH value. Typical gate materials are SiO2, Si3N4, Al2O3 and Ta2O5.
The mechanism responsible for the oxide surface charge can be described by the site binding model, which describes the equilibrium between the Si–OH surface sites and the H+ ions in the solution. The hydroxyl groups coating an oxide surface such as that of SiO2 can donate or accept a proton and thus behave in an amphoteric way as illustrated by the following acid-base reactions occurring at the oxide-electrolyte interface:
—Si–OH + H2O ↔ —Si–O− + H3O+
—Si–OH + H3O+ ↔ —Si–OH2+ + H2O
An ISFET's source and drain are constructed as for a MOSFET. The gate electrode is separated from the channel by a barrier which is sensitive to hydrogen ion
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocal%20weight
|
Vocal weight refers to the perceived "lightness" or "heaviness" of a singing voice. This quality of the voice is one of the major determining factors in voice classification within classical music. Lighter voices are often associated with the term "lyric" and are usually brighter and more agile; heavier voices are often associated with the term "dramatic" and are usually powerful, rich, and darker. Other voice types like the spinto have a more medium vocal weight. Vocal weight can also affect overall vocal agility; heavier voices often have more difficulty maneuvering through florid coloratura passages than their lighter counterparts, as their weight and power compromises agility. Likewise, dramatic roles are often written with larger orchestras in mind as dramatic voices can carry more easily over larger ensembles.
See also
Fach
Voice type
Singing
Music
References
Singing
Opera terminology
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lapillus
|
Lapillus (: lapilli) may refer to:
Lapilli, a size classification term for tephra
One of the otoliths in finfish
Lapillus (group), a South Korean girl group
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital%20broadcasting
|
Digital broadcasting is the practice of using digital signals rather than analogue signals for broadcasting over radio frequency bands (radio broadcasting). Digital television broadcasting (especially satellite television) is widespread. Digital audio broadcasting is being adopted more slowly for radio broadcasting where it is mainly used in Satellite radio.
Digital links, thanks to the use of data compression, generally have greater spectral efficiency than analog links. Content providers can provide more services or a higher-quality signal than was previously available.
It is estimated that the share of digital broadcasting increased from 7% of the total amount of broadcast information in 2000, to 25% in 2007. Some countries have completed a Digital television transition.
See also
Digital radio
Digital television
ATSC Standards
ATSC tuner
Digital Audio Broadcasting
Digital Radio Mondiale
Digital Video Broadcasting
HD Radio
Satellite radio
Satellite television
References
Radio spectrum
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bog%20spavin
|
Bog spavin is a swelling of the tibiotarsal joint of the horse's hock which, in itself, does not cause lameness. The joint becomes distended by excess synovial fluid and/or thickened synovial tissue bringing about a soft, fluctuant swelling on the front of the joint, as well as in the medial and lateral plantar pouches. Bog spavin is generally an indication of underlying pathology within the joint.
Causes
Bog spavin is a physical finding, and does not directly create lameness. Causes include synovitis (inflammation of the lining of the joint capsule), degenerative joint disease, or excessive strain of the joint capsule. In horses younger than the age of three, most cases of bog spavin are caused by a defect in the tibiotarsal joint, while in older, fully mature horses, it is most likely because of chronic strain of the joint capsule. Infection of the joint causes a severe synovitis, and should be treated as an emergency.
Many horses with bog spavin will not be lame. However, bog spavin can be a sign that the horse has joint disease, which is a very significant finding. Usually lameness will occur if the workload of the horse is increased. Bog spavin should not be treated lightly, and it is best to have a veterinarian examine the horse to find the cause, even if the horse does not appear lame.
Unlike bone spavin, bog spavin does not show any changes to the bone itself. For this reason it is considered to be of no interest to those studying animal paleopathology (Baker an
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensembl%20genome%20database%20project
|
Ensembl genome database project is a scientific project at the European Bioinformatics Institute, which provides a centralized resource for geneticists, molecular biologists and other researchers studying the genomes of our own species and other vertebrates and model organisms. Ensembl is one of several well known genome browsers for the retrieval of genomic information.
Similar databases and browsers are found at NCBI and the University of California, Santa Cruz (UCSC).
History
The human genome consists of three billion base pairs, which code for approximately 20,000–25,000 genes. However the genome alone is of little use, unless the locations and relationships of individual genes can be identified. One option is manual annotation, whereby a team of scientists tries to locate genes using experimental data from scientific journals and public databases. However this is a slow, painstaking task. The alternative, known as automated annotation, is to use the power of computers to do the complex pattern-matching of protein to DNA. The Ensembl project was launched in 1999 in response to the imminent completion of the Human Genome Project, with the initial goals of automatically annotate the human genome, integrate this annotation with available biological data and make all this knowledge publicly available.
In the Ensembl project, sequence data are fed into the gene annotation system (a collection of software "pipelines" written in Perl) which creates a set of predicted gene lo
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highwire
|
Highwire may refer to:
Highwire (protein)
"Highwire" (song), by the Rolling Stones (1991)
"Highwire", a song by Gin Blossoms on their 1996 album Congratulations I'm Sorry
"Highwired", a song by Nebula on their 2022 album Transmission from Mothership Earth
See also
HighWire Press
Tightrope walking
High Wire (disambiguation)
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madelung%20constant
|
The Madelung constant is used in determining the electrostatic potential of a single ion in a crystal by approximating the ions by point charges. It is named after Erwin Madelung, a German physicist.
Because the anions and cations in an ionic solid attract each other by virtue of their opposing charges, separating the ions requires a certain amount of energy. This energy must be given to the system in order to break the anion–cation bonds. The energy required to break these bonds for one mole of an ionic solid under standard conditions is the lattice energy.
Formal expression
The Madelung constant allows for the calculation of the electric potential of all ions of the lattice felt by the ion at position
where is the distance between the th and the th ion. In addition,
number of charges of the th ion
the elementary charge, 1.6022 C
; is the permittivity of free space.
If the distances are normalized to the nearest neighbor distance , the potential may be written
with being the (dimensionless) Madelung constant of the th ion
Another convention is to base the reference length on the cubic root of the unit cell volume, which for cubic systems is equal to the lattice constant. Thus, the Madelung constant then reads
The electrostatic energy of the ion at site then is the product of its charge with the potential acting at its site
There occur as many Madelung constants in a crystal structure as ions occupy different lattice sites. For example, for the ionic crys
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generalized%20Newtonian%20fluid
|
A generalized Newtonian fluid is an idealized fluid for which the shear stress is a function of shear rate at the particular time, but not dependent upon the history of deformation. Although this type of fluid is non-Newtonian (i.e. non-linear) in nature, its constitutive equation is a generalised form of the Newtonian fluid. Generalised Newtonian fluids satisfy the following rheological equation:
where is the shear stress, and the shear rate. The quantity represents an apparent or effective viscosity as a function of the shear rate.
The most commonly used types of generalized Newtonian fluids are:
Power-law fluid
Cross fluid
Carreau fluid
Bingham fluid
It has been shown that Lubrication theory may be applied to all Generalized Newtonian fluids in both two and three dimensions.
See also
Navier–Stokes equations
References
Non-Newtonian fluids
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross%20fluid
|
A Cross fluid is a type of generalized Newtonian fluid whose viscosity depends upon shear rate according to the following equation:
where is viscosity as a function of shear rate, , , and n are coefficients.
The zero-shear viscosity is approached at very low shear rates, while the infinite shear viscosity is approached at very high shear rates.
See also
Navier-Stokes equations
Fluid
Carreau fluid
Power-law fluid
Generalized Newtonian fluid
References
Kennedy, P. K., Flow Analysis of Injection Molds. New York. Hanser.
Non-Newtonian fluids
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carreau%20fluid
|
Carreau fluid in physics is a type of generalized Newtonian fluid where viscosity, , depends upon the shear rate, , by the following equation:
Where: , , and are material coefficients.
= viscosity at zero shear rate (Pa.s)
= viscosity at infinite shear rate (Pa.s)
= characteristic time (s)
= power index
The dynamics of fluid motions is an important area of physics, with many important and commercially significant applications.
Computers are often used to calculate the motions of fluids, especially when the applications are of a safety critical nature.
Carreau Fluid Shear Rates
At low shear rate () a Carreau fluid behaves as a Newtonian fluid with viscosity .
At intermediate shear rates (), a Carreau fluid behaves as a Power-law fluid.
At high shear rate, which depends on the power index and the infinite shear-rate viscosity , a Carreau fluid behaves as a Newtonian fluid again with viscosity .
Origin of Carreau Fluid Model
The model was first proposed by Pierre Carreau.
See also
Navier-Stokes equations
Fluid
Cross fluid
Power-law fluid
Generalized Newtonian fluid
References
Kennedy, P. K., Flow Analysis of Injection Molds. New York. Hanser.
Non-Newtonian fluids
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shear%20rate
|
In physics, shear rate is the rate at which a progressive shearing deformation is applied to some material.
Simple shear
The shear rate for a fluid flowing between two parallel plates, one moving at a constant speed and the other one stationary (Couette flow), is defined by
where:
is the shear rate, measured in reciprocal seconds;
is the velocity of the moving plate, measured in meters per second;
is the distance between the two parallel plates, measured in meters.
Or:
For the simple shear case, it is just a gradient of velocity in a flowing material. The SI unit of measurement for shear rate is s−1, expressed as "reciprocal seconds" or "inverse seconds". However, when modelling fluids in 3D, it is common to consider a scalar value for the shear rate by calculating the second invariant of the strain-rate tensor
.
The shear rate at the inner wall of a Newtonian fluid flowing within a pipe is
where:
is the shear rate, measured in reciprocal seconds;
is the linear fluid velocity;
is the inside diameter of the pipe.
The linear fluid velocity is related to the volumetric flow rate by
where is the cross-sectional area of the pipe, which for an inside pipe radius of is given by
thus producing
Substituting the above into the earlier equation for the shear rate of a Newtonian fluid flowing within a pipe, and noting (in the denominator) that :
which simplifies to the following equivalent form for wall shear rate in terms of volumetric flow rate and inner pipe
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simple%20shear
|
Simple shear is a deformation in which parallel planes in a material remain parallel and maintain a constant distance, while translating relative to each other.
In fluid mechanics
In fluid mechanics, simple shear is a special case of deformation where only one component of velocity vectors has a non-zero value:
And the gradient of velocity is constant and perpendicular to the velocity itself:
,
where is the shear rate and:
The displacement gradient tensor Γ for this deformation has only one nonzero term:
Simple shear with the rate is the combination of pure shear strain with the rate of and rotation with the rate of :
The mathematical model representing simple shear is a shear mapping restricted to the physical limits. It is an elementary linear transformation represented by a matrix. The model may represent laminar flow velocity at varying depths of a long channel with constant cross-section. Limited shear deformation is also used in vibration control, for instance base isolation of buildings for limiting earthquake damage.
In solid mechanics
In solid mechanics, a simple shear deformation is defined as an isochoric plane deformation in which there are a set of line elements with a given reference orientation that do not change length and orientation during the deformation. This deformation is differentiated from a pure shear by virtue of the presence of a rigid rotation of the material. When rubber deforms under simple shear, its stress-strain behavior is app
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skeksis
|
The Skeksis are a fictional species that serves as the main antagonists in the 1982 film The Dark Crystal and its related franchise. The word "Skeksis" serves as both singular and plural form for this species, with the singular being pronounced and the plural . They are described by concept artist Brian Froud as, "part reptile, part predatory bird, part dragon". The Skeksis are represented by puppets engineered under the direction of Jim Henson. Jim Henson said that in the development of the Skeksis, the creators drew inspiration from the seven deadly sins.
Concept and creation
Jim Henson was inspired to design the Skeksis by an illustrated edition of a Lewis Carroll poem showing two elegantly dressed crocodiles in a bathroom. He became intrigued with the idea of a reptilian race assuming control over a formerly splendid past society, and developed the Skeksis with the concept that they represented the darker side of human nature. Numerous names were proposed for the species, including Skekses, Reptus, Karackt and Skek-sis.
Henson himself commented on the difficulty of performing as a Skeksis:
Conceptual designer Brian Froud designed the Skeksis as looking like "part reptile, part predatory bird, [and] part dragon," with a "penetrating stare."
The design of the Skeksis' robes was supervised by British artist and painter Sarah Bradpiece. The robes were fabricated with expensive materials (silks, furs, velvet, etc.) and exotic feathers, and decorated in jewels made from me
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre%20Carreau
|
Pierre J. Carreau is a rheologist, the author of the model of Carreau fluid. He is a professor emeritus at École Polytechnique in Montreal and the founding director of CREPEC (Center for Applied Research on Polymers and Composites presently named Center for Research on High Performance Polymer and Composite Systems).
Pierre Carreau is internationally known for his research work on the rheology of polymers, an area in which he co-authored two books and published more than 160 scientific articles, most in leading scientific journals. His best known works on rheological equations and conformation models for polymer systems are considered benchmarks in polymer engineering. The so-called Carreau Viscosity Model is now part of most software packages for the flow simulation of flow processing.
Carreau received his BASc and MASc degrees in chemical engineering from Ecole Polytechnique of Montreal and his PhD in chemical engineering from UW-Madison in 1968. Since then, he has been a professor of chemical engineering at Ecole Polytechnique. He was chairman of the department from 1973 to 1979 and later was founding director of the Applied Research Center on Polymers, CRASP, created in 1988. He has also been a member of the Administration Board of Ecole Polytechnique of Montreal since 1995.
One of Carreau's major goals has been to bridge the gap between theory and practice, translating complex molecular theories into usable results for industry. In many areas he has developed astute c
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Couette%20flow
|
In fluid dynamics, Couette flow is the flow of a viscous fluid in the space between two surfaces, one of which is moving tangentially relative to the other. The relative motion of the surfaces imposes a shear stress on the fluid and induces flow. Depending on the definition of the term, there may also be an applied pressure gradient in the flow direction.
The Couette configuration models certain practical problems, like the Earth's mantle and atmosphere, and flow in lightly loaded journal bearings. It is also employed in viscometry and to demonstrate approximations of reversibility.
It is named after Maurice Couette, a Professor of Physics at the French University of Angers in the late 19th century.
Planar Couette flow
Couette flow is frequently used in undergraduate physics and engineering courses to illustrate shear-driven fluid motion. A simple configuration corresponds to two infinite, parallel plates separated by a distance ; one plate translates with a constant relative velocity in its own plane. Neglecting pressure gradients, the Navier–Stokes equations simplify to
where is the spatial coordinate normal to the plates and is the velocity field. This equation reflects the assumption that the flow is unidirectional — that is, only one of the three velocity components is non-trivial. If the lower plate corresponds to , the boundary conditions are and . The exact solution
can be found by integrating twice and solving for the constants using the boundary condit
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First-order%20fluid
|
A first-order fluid is another name for a power-law fluid with exponential dependence of viscosity on temperature.
where γ̇ is the shear rate, T is temperature and μ0, n and b are coefficients.
The model can be re-written as
Non-Newtonian fluids
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second-order%20fluid
|
A second-order fluid is a fluid where the stress tensor is the sum of all tensors that can be formed from the velocity field with up to two derivatives, much as a Newtonian fluid is formed from derivatives up to first order. This model may be obtained from a retarded motion expansion truncated at the second-order. For an isotropic, incompressible second-order fluid, the total stress tensor is given by
where
is the indeterminate spherical stress due to the constraint of incompressibility,
is the -th Rivlin–Ericksen tensor,
is the zero-shear viscosity,
and are constants related to the zero shear normal stress coefficients.
References
Bird, RB., Armstrong, RC., Hassager, O., Dynamics of Polymeric Liquids: Second Edition, Volume 1: Fluid Mechanics. John Wiley and Sons 1987 (v.1)
Bird R.B, Stewart W.E, Light Foot E.N.: Transport phenomena, John Wiley and Sons, Inc. New York, U.S.A., 1960
Non-Newtonian fluids
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L3enc
|
Fraunhofer l3enc was the first public software able to encode pulse-code modulation (PCM) .wav files to the MP3 format. The first public version was released on July 13, 1994. This command-line tool was shareware and limited to 112 kbit/s. It was available for MS-DOS, Linux, Solaris, SunOS, NeXTstep and IRIX. A licence that allowed full use (encoding up to 320 kbit/s) cost 350 Deutsche Mark, or about $250 (US).
Since the release in September 1995 of Fraunhofer WinPlay3, the first real-time MP3 software player, people were able to store and play back MP3 files on PCs. For full playback quality (stereo) one would have needed to meet the minimum requirements of a 486DX4/100 processor.
By the end of 1997 l3enc stopped being developed in favour of its successor MP3enc. Development of MP3enc stopped in late 1998 to favour development of a parallel branch FhG had been developing for some time, called Fastenc. None of these programs are still marketed. An mp3 Surround encoder and mp3HD codec and Software Tools are now promoted on the Fraunhofer MP3 website.
External links
Encoders are available at ReallyRareWares.
See also
LAME – free software codec used to encode/compress .mp3 audio
References
1994 software
MP3
Audio codecs
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moving%20Malcolm
|
Moving Malcolm is a Canadian comedy-drama film, directed by Benjamin Ratner and released in 2003.
The film stars Ratner as Gene Maxwell, a man who is forced to piece his life back together after being dumped at the altar by his fiancé Liz (Elizabeth Berkley), but is asked after the wedding to help her move her father Malcolm (John Neville) to a new apartment in a seniors home. The cast also includes Jay Brazeau and Babz Chula as Gene's parents George and Gisha and Rebecca Harker as his autistic sister Jolea, as well as Linda Sorenson, Nicholas Lea, Nancy Sivak and Tom Scholte in supporting roles.
Ratner acknowledged that the film was partially autobiographical; although Ratner was never personally jilted by a fiancé, he based Gene Maxwell's family on his own.
The film premiered at the 2003 Montreal World Film Festival, where it received an honorable mention from the Best First Feature award jury.
Awards
Harker won the Vancouver Film Critics Circle award for Best Supporting Actress in a Canadian Film, and was nominated for Best Supporting Actress at the 2004 Leo Awards.
References
External links
2003 films
2003 comedy-drama films
Canadian comedy-drama films
English-language Canadian films
2000s English-language films
2000s Canadian films
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three-phase%20commit%20protocol
|
In computer networking and databases, the three-phase commit protocol (3PC) is a distributed algorithm which lets all nodes in a distributed system agree to commit a transaction. It is a more failure-resilient refinement of the two-phase commit protocol (2PC).
Motivation
A two-phase commit protocol cannot dependably recover from a failure of both the coordinator and a cohort member during the Commit phase. If only the coordinator had failed, and no cohort members had received a commit message, it could safely be inferred that no commit had happened. If, however, both the coordinator and a cohort member failed, it is possible that the failed cohort member was the first to be notified, and had actually done the commit. Even if a new coordinator is selected, it cannot confidently proceed with the operation until it has received an agreement from all cohort members, and hence must block until all cohort members respond.
The three-phase commit protocol eliminates this problem by introducing the Prepared to commit state. If the coordinator fails before sending preCommit messages, the cohort will unanimously agree that the operation was aborted. The coordinator will not send out a doCommit message until all cohort members have ACKed that they are Prepared to commit. This eliminates the possibility that any cohort member actually completed the transaction before all cohort members were aware of the decision to do so (an ambiguity that necessitated indefinite blocking in the tw
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potassium%20citrate
|
Potassium citrate (also known as tripotassium citrate) is a potassium salt of citric acid with the molecular formula K3C6H5O7. It is a white, hygroscopic crystalline powder. It is odorless with a saline taste. It contains 38.28% potassium by mass. In the monohydrate form, it is highly hygroscopic and deliquescent.
As a food additive, potassium citrate is used to regulate acidity, and is known as E number E332. Medicinally, it may be used to control kidney stones derived from uric acid or cystine.
In 2020, it was the 297th most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 1million prescriptions.
Synthesis
Potassium citrate can be synthesized by the neutralization of citric acid which is achieved by the addition of potassium bicarbonate, potassium carbonate or potassium hydroxide to it. The solution can then be filtered and the solvent can be evaporated till granulation.
Uses
Potassium citrate is rapidly absorbed when given by mouth, and is excreted in the urine. Since it is an alkaline salt, it is effective in reducing the pain and frequency of urination when these are caused by highly acidic urine. It is used for this purpose in dogs and cats, but is chiefly employed as a non-irritating diuretic.
Potassium citrate is an effective way to treat/manage arrhythmia, if the patient is hypokalemic.
It is widely used to treat urinary calculi (kidney stones), and is often used by patients with cystinuria. A systematic review showed a significant reduction
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damodar%20Dharmananda%20Kosambi
|
Damodar Dharmananda Kosambi (31 July 1907 – 29 June 1966) was an Indian polymath with interests in mathematics, statistics, philology, history, and genetics. He contributed to genetics by introducing the Kosambi map function. In statistics, he was the first person to develop orthogonal infinite series expressions for stochastic processes via the Kosambi–Karhunen–Loève theorem. He is also well known for his work in numismatics and for compiling critical editions of ancient Sanskrit texts. His father, Dharmananda Damodar Kosambi, had studied ancient Indian texts with a particular emphasis on Buddhism and its literature in the Pali language. Damodar Kosambi emulated him by developing a keen interest in his country's ancient history. He was also a Marxist historian specialising in ancient India who employed the historical materialist approach in his work. He is particularly known for his classic work An Introduction to the Study of Indian History.
He is described as "the patriarch of the Marxist school of Indian historiography". Kosambi was critical of the policies of then prime minister Jawaharlal Nehru, which, according to him, promoted capitalism in the guise of democratic socialism. He was an enthusiast of the Chinese Communist Revolution and its ideals, and was a leading activist in the world peace movement.
Early life
Damodar Dharmananda Kosambi was born at Kosben in Portuguese Goa into a Saraswat Brahmin family to Dharmananda Damodar Kosambi. After a few years of schooli
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear%20cross%20section
|
The nuclear cross section of a nucleus is used to describe the probability that a nuclear reaction will occur. The concept of a nuclear cross section can be quantified physically in terms of "characteristic area" where a larger area means a larger probability of interaction. The standard unit for measuring a nuclear cross section (denoted as σ) is the barn, which is equal to , or . Cross sections can be measured for all possible interaction processes together, in which case they are called total cross sections, or for specific processes, distinguishing elastic scattering and inelastic scattering; of the latter, amongst neutron cross sections the absorption cross sections are of particular interest.
In nuclear physics it is conventional to consider the impinging particles as point particles having negligible diameter. Cross sections can be computed for any nuclear process, such as capture scattering, production of neutrons, or nuclear fusion. In many cases, the number of particles emitted or scattered in nuclear processes is not measured directly; one merely measures the attenuation produced in a parallel beam of incident particles by the interposition of a known thickness of a particular material. The cross section obtained in this way is called the total cross section and is usually denoted by a σ or σT.
Typical nuclear radii are of the order 10−14 m. Assuming spherical shape, we therefore expect the cross sections for nuclear reactions to be of the order of or (i.e
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QUICC
|
The QUICC (Quad Integrated Communications Controller) was a Motorola 68k -based microcontroller made by Freescale Semiconductor, targeted at the telecommunications market. It lends its name to a family of successor chips called PowerQUICC.
History
The original QUICC was the Motorola 68360 (MC68360), based on the MC68302. It was followed by the PowerPC-based PowerQUICC I, PowerQUICC II, PowerQUICC II+ and PowerQUICC III.
Applications
QUICC chips form the core of many Motorola Cellular Base stations.
Many PowerQUICC II+ designs now have SATA controllers for SAN based applications.
PowerQUICC CPUs/boards come with a Linux environment. Freescale also offers MQX (a RTOS) for PPC.
References
External links
MC68360 QUICC datasheet
68k microprocessors
Microcontrollers
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interleukin%203
|
Interleukin 3 (IL-3) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the IL3 gene localized on chromosome 5q31.1. Sometimes also called colony-stimulating factor, multi-CSF, mast cell growth factor, MULTI-CSF, MCGF; MGC79398, MGC79399: the protein contains 152 amino acids and its molecular weight is 17 kDa. IL-3 is produced as a monomer by activated T cells, monocytes/macrophages and stroma cells. The major function of IL-3 cytokine is to regulate the concentrations of various blood-cell types. It induces proliferation and differentiation in both early pluripotent stem cells and committed progenitors. It also has many more specific effects like the regeneration of platelets and potentially aids in early antibody isotype switching.
Function
Interleukin 3 is an interleukin, a type of biological signal (cytokine) that can improve the body's natural response to disease as part of the immune system. In conjunction with other β common chain cytokines GM-CSF and IL-5, IL-3 works to regulate the inflammatory response in order to clear pathogens by changing the abundance of various cell populations via binding at the interleukin-3 receptor.
IL-3 is mainly produced by activated T cells with the goal of initiating proliferation of various other immune cell types. However, IL-3 has also been shown to be produced in IgG+ B cells and may be involved in earlier antibody isotype switching. IL-3 is capable of stimulating differentiation of immature myelomonocytic cells causing changes to the m
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrov%20classification
|
In differential geometry and theoretical physics, the Petrov classification (also known as Petrov–Pirani–Penrose classification) describes the possible algebraic symmetries of the Weyl tensor at each event in a Lorentzian manifold.
It is most often applied in studying exact solutions of Einstein's field equations, but strictly speaking the classification is a theorem in pure mathematics applying to any Lorentzian manifold, independent of any physical interpretation. The classification was found in 1954 by A. Z. Petrov and independently by Felix Pirani in 1957.
Classification theorem
We can think of a fourth rank tensor such as the Weyl tensor, evaluated at some event, as acting on the space of bivectors at that event like a linear operator acting on a vector space:
Then, it is natural to consider the problem of finding eigenvalues and eigenvectors (which are now referred to as eigenbivectors) such that
In (four-dimensional) Lorentzian spacetimes, there is a six-dimensional space of antisymmetric bivectors at each event. However, the symmetries of the Weyl tensor imply that any eigenbivectors must belong to a four-dimensional subset.
Thus, the Weyl tensor (at a given event) can in fact have at most four linearly independent eigenbivectors.
The eigenbivectors of the Weyl tensor can occur with various multiplicities and any multiplicities among the eigenbivectors indicates a kind of algebraic symmetry of the Weyl tensor at the given event. The different types of Weyl te
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segre%20classification
|
The Segre classification is an algebraic classification of rank two symmetric tensors. The resulting types are then known as Segre types. It is most commonly applied to the energy–momentum tensor (or the Ricci tensor) and primarily finds application in the classification of exact solutions in general relativity.
See also
Corrado Segre
Jordan normal form
Petrov classification
References
See section 5.1 for the Segre classification.
Linear algebra
Tensors
Tensors in general relativity
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunophenotyping
|
Immunophenotyping is a technique used to study the protein expressed by cells. This technique is commonly used in basic science research and laboratory diagnostic purpose. This can be done on tissue section (fresh or fixed tissue), cell suspension, etc. An example is the detection of tumor markers, such as in the diagnosis of leukemia. It involves the labelling of white blood cells with antibodies directed against surface proteins on their membrane. By choosing appropriate antibodies, the differentiation of leukemic cells can be accurately determined. The labelled cells are processed in a flow cytometer, a laser-based instrument capable of analyzing thousands of cells per second. The whole procedure can be performed on cells from the blood, bone marrow or spinal fluid in a matter of a few hours.
Immunophenotyping is a very common flow cytometry test in which fluorophore-conjugated antibodies are used as probes for staining target cells with high avidity and affinity. This technique allows rapid and easy phenotyping of each cell in a heterogeneous sample according to the presence or absence of a protein combination.
References
External links
British Society for Haematology guidelines accessed July 31, 2006
Flow cytometry
Hematology
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synovial
|
Synovial () may refer to:
Synovial fluid
Synovial joint
Synovial membrane
Synovial bursa
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwest%20Herald
|
The Northwest Herald is a daily tabloid newspaper published in Crystal Lake, Illinois. The paper serves the northwest suburbs of Chicago, including all of McHenry County and northern Kane County. Its main competition is the Daily Herald.
The Northwest Herald is the flagship title of Shaw Media, whose corporate headquarters are shared with the paper's offices. It is part of the Shaw Local News Network.
History
Shaw Newspapers first entered McHenry County in 1948, when it bought the Woodstock Sentinel. It bought several more McHenry County outlets over the nest three decades.
In 1983, Shaw Newspapers acquired the Cardunal Free Press, making it the owner of every newspaper based in McHenry County. At the time, these titles were mostly weeklies and small dailies, some with more than 150 years of service to their communities. In 1985, Shaw merged the McHenry County papers into the Northwest Herald, a daily and Saturday newspaper serving all of McHenry County.
On March 12, 1989, the Northwest Herald added a Sunday edition and became McHenry County's first hometown, seven-day newspaper. It had a daily circulation of 29,688 and its new Sunday edition had 29,337 subscribers, which dropped to 21,440 in 2017.
The paper was redesigned for the first time in 1992, with stock quotes added to the Business section and more space and sources for wire stories in the Front section. A Friday entertainment section in tabloid form named Sidetracks was added, as was a Saturday Neighbors secti
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaff%20algorithm
|
Chaff is an algorithm for solving instances of the Boolean satisfiability problem in programming. It was designed by researchers at Princeton University. The algorithm is an instance of the DPLL algorithm with a number of enhancements for efficient implementation.
Implementations
Some available implementations of the algorithm in software are mChaff and zChaff, the latter one being the most widely known and used. zChaff was originally written by Dr. Lintao Zhang, at Microsoft Research, hence the “z”. It is now maintained by researchers at Princeton University and available for download as both source code and binaries on Linux. zChaff is free for non-commercial use.
References
M. Moskewicz, C. Madigan, Y. Zhao, L. Zhang, S. Malik. Chaff: Engineering an Efficient SAT Solver, 39th Design Automation Conference (DAC 2001), Las Vegas, ACM 2001.
External links
Web page about zChaff
SAT solvers
Boolean algebra
Automated theorem proving
Constraint programming
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GRASP%20%28SAT%20solver%29
|
GRASP is a well known SAT instance solver. It was developed by João Marques Silva, a Portuguese computer science researcher. It stands for Generic seaRch Algorithm for the Satisfiability Problem.
External links
GRASP home page
References
SAT solvers
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taurocholic%20acid
|
Taurocholic acid, known also as cholaic acid, cholyltaurine, or acidum cholatauricum, is a deliquescent yellowish crystalline bile acid involved in the emulsification of fats. It occurs as a sodium salt in the bile of mammals. It is a conjugate of cholic acid with taurine. In medical use, it is administered as a cholagogue and choleretic.
Hydrolysis of taurocholic acid yields taurine.
For commercial use, taurocholic acid is manufactured from cattle bile, a byproduct of the meat-processing industry.
This acid is also one of the many molecules in the body that has cholesterol as its precursor.
Toxicity
The median lethal dose of taurocholic acid in newborn rats is 380 mg/kg.
See also
Deoxycholic acid
References
Bile acids
Cholanes
Deliquescent substances
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haunted%20Honeymoon
|
Haunted Honeymoon is a 1986 American comedy horror film starring Gene Wilder, Gilda Radner, Dom DeLuise and Jonathan Pryce. Wilder also served as writer and director. The title Haunted Honeymoon was previously used for the 1940 U.S. release of Busman's Honeymoon based on the stage play by Dorothy L. Sayers.
Honeymoon was distributed by Orion Pictures through a deal with HBO. The film flopped by grossing just short of its $9 million budget, whilst it was panned by the critics. The film earned DeLuise the Razzie Award for Worst Supporting Actress. The film represents the last feature film appearance for Radner (prior to her diagnosis and death from ovarian cancer) and the last directorial role for Wilder.
Plot
Larry Abbot and Vickie Pearle are performers on radio's "Manhattan Mystery Theater" who decide to get married. Larry has been plagued with on-air panic attacks and speech impediments since proposing marriage. Vickie thinks it is just pre-wedding jitters, but his affliction could get them both fired.
Larry's uncle, Dr. Paul Abbot, decides that Larry needs to be cured. Paul decides to treat him with a form of shock therapy to "scare him to death" in much the same way someone might try to startle someone out of hiccups.
Larry chooses a castle-like mansion in which he grew up as the site for their wedding. Vickie gets to meet Larry's eccentric family: great-aunt Kate, who plans to leave all her money to Larry; his uncle, Francis; and Larry's cousins, Charles, Nora, Susa
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gradient%20%28disambiguation%29
|
Gradient in vector calculus is a vector field representing the maximum rate of increase of a scalar field or a multivariate function and the direction of this maximal rate.
Gradient may also refer to:
Gradient sro, a Czech aircraft manufacturer
Image gradient, a gradual change or blending of color
Color gradient, a range of position-dependent colors, usually used to fill a region
Texture gradient, the distortion in size which closer objects have compared to objects farther away
Spatial gradient, a gradient whose components are spatial derivatives
Grade (slope), the inclination of a road or other geographic feature
Slope, a number that describes both the direction and the steepness of a line
See also
Fade (disambiguation)
Gradation (disambiguation)
Grade (disambiguation)
Rate of change (disambiguation)
Transition (disambiguation)
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stokes%20flow
|
Stokes flow (named after George Gabriel Stokes), also named creeping flow or creeping motion, is a type of fluid flow where advective inertial forces are small compared with viscous forces. The Reynolds number is low, i.e. . This is a typical situation in flows where the fluid velocities are very slow, the viscosities are very large, or the length-scales of the flow are very small. Creeping flow was first studied to understand lubrication. In nature, this type of flow occurs in the swimming of microorganisms and sperm. In technology, it occurs in paint, MEMS devices, and in the flow of viscous polymers generally.
The equations of motion for Stokes flow, called the Stokes equations, are a linearization of the Navier–Stokes equations, and thus can be solved by a number of well-known methods for linear differential equations. The primary Green's function of Stokes flow is the Stokeslet, which is associated with a singular point force embedded in a Stokes flow. From its derivatives, other fundamental solutions can be obtained. The Stokeslet was first derived by Oseen in 1927, although it was not named as such until 1953 by Hancock. The closed-form fundamental solutions for the generalized unsteady Stokes and Oseen flows associated with arbitrary time-dependent translational and rotational motions have been derived for the Newtonian and micropolar fluids.
Stokes equations
The equation of motion for Stokes flow can be obtained by linearizing the steady state Navier–Stokes equa
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fully%20polynomial-time%20approximation%20scheme
|
A fully polynomial-time approximation scheme (FPTAS) is an algorithm for finding approximate solutions to function problems, especially optimization problems. An FPTAS takes as input an instance of the problem and a parameter ε > 0. It returns as output a value is at least times the correct value, and at most times the correct value.
In the context of optimization problems, the correct value is understood to be the value of the optimal solution, and it is often implied that an FPTAS should produce a valid solution (and not just the value of the solution). Returning a value and finding a solution with that value are equivalent assuming that the problem possesses self reducibility.
Importantly, the run-time of an FPTAS is polynomial in the problem size and in 1/ε. This is in contrast to a general polynomial-time approximation scheme (PTAS). The run-time of a general PTAS is polynomial in the problem size for each specific ε, but might be exponential in 1/ε.
The term FPTAS may also be used to refer to the class of problems that have an FPTAS. FPTAS is a subset of PTAS, and unless P = NP, it is a strict subset.
Relation to other complexity classes
All problems in FPTAS are fixed-parameter tractable with respect to the standard parameterization.
Any strongly NP-hard optimization problem with a polynomially bounded objective function cannot have an FPTAS unless P=NP. However, the converse fails: e.g. if P does not equal NP, knapsack with two constraints is not strongly N
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyruvate%20carboxylase
|
Pyruvate carboxylase (PC) encoded by the gene PC is an enzyme () of the ligase class that catalyzes (depending on the species) the physiologically irreversible carboxylation of pyruvate to form oxaloacetate (OAA).
The reaction it catalyzes is:
pyruvate + + ATP → oxaloacetate + ADP + P
It is an important anaplerotic reaction that creates oxaloacetate from pyruvate. The enzyme is a mitochondrial protein containing a biotin prosthetic group, requiring magnesium or manganese and acetyl-CoA.
Pyruvate carboxylase was first discovered in 1959 at Case Western Reserve University by M. F. Utter and D. B. Keech. Since then it has been found in a wide variety of prokaryotes and eukaryotes including fungi, bacteria, plants, and animals. In mammals, PC plays a crucial role in gluconeogenesis and lipogenesis, in the biosynthesis of neurotransmitters, and in glucose-induced insulin secretion by pancreatic islets. Oxaloacetate produced by PC is an important intermediate, which is used in these biosynthetic pathways. In mammals, PC is expressed in a tissue-specific manner, with its activity found to be highest in the liver and kidney (gluconeogenic tissues), in adipose tissue and lactating mammary gland (lipogenic tissues), and in pancreatic islets. Activity is moderate in brain, heart and adrenal gland, and least in white blood cells and skin fibroblasts.
Structure
Structural studies of PC have been conducted by electron microscopy, by limited proteolysis, and by cloning and gasa sequen
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polarization%20identity
|
In linear algebra, a branch of mathematics, the polarization identity is any one of a family of formulas that express the inner product of two vectors in terms of the norm of a normed vector space.
If a norm arises from an inner product then the polarization identity can be used to express this inner product entirely in terms of the norm. The polarization identity shows that a norm can arise from at most one inner product; however, there exist norms that do not arise from any inner product.
The norm associated with any inner product space satisfies the parallelogram law:
In fact, as observed by John von Neumann, the parallelogram law characterizes those norms that arise from inner products.
Given a normed space , the parallelogram law holds for if and only if there exists an inner product on such that for all in which case this inner product is uniquely determined by the norm via the polarization identity.
Polarization identities
Any inner product on a vector space induces a norm by the equation
The polarization identities reverse this relationship, recovering the inner product from the norm.
Every inner product satisfies:
Solving for gives the formula If the inner product is real then and this formula becomes a polarization identity for real inner products.
Real vector spaces
If the vector space is over the real numbers then the polarization identities are:
These various forms are all equivalent by the parallelogram law:
This further implies that class
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vector%20W8
|
The Vector W8 is a sports car produced by American automobile manufacturer Vector Aeromotive Corporation from 1989 to 1993. It was designed by company founder and chief designer Gerald Wiegert while receiving refinements by Vector's head of engineering David Kostka. The W8 was the production version of the Vector W2 prototype that the company demonstrated throughout the 1980s.
History and specifications
The W8 was an improved version of the company's earlier prototype, the W2. Production was delayed after the W2 was presented to the public in 1976 due to a downturn in the world economy and insufficient financial backing. Wiegert was finally able to secure sufficient financial reserves by the late 1980s, and the company grew from one building and four employees to four buildings and 80 employees, enough to accomplish Wiegert's dream to create his ultimate sports car. The design of the W8 was inspired by the Alfa Romeo Carabo, and continued that car's futuristic, wedge-shaped, aerodynamic design. The W8 combined the design characteristics of the Carabo with references to fighter jets of the era. The company utilized the newest and most advanced aerospace materials in manufacturing the W8, and the term "Aeromotive Engineering" was used by the company when referring to the manufacturing process of the W8. Prior to production, the W8 successfully passed DOT crash tests, as well as emissions tests. The semi-aluminum monocoque chassis was epoxy bonded and riveted with an aluminum
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skip-Bo
|
Skip-Bo is a commercial version of the card game Spite and Malice, a derivative of Russian Bank (also known as Crapette or Tunj), which in turn originates from Double Klondike (also called Double Solitaire). In 1967, Minnie Hazel "Skip" Bowman (1915–2001) of Brownfield, Texas, began producing a boxed edition of the game under the name SKIP-BO. In 1980 the game was purchased by International Games, which was subsequently bought by Mattel in 1992. A mobile version of the game for iOS was released by Magmic in September, 2013.
There is a new version called "SKIP-BO Mod" that comes in a white and blue case.
Card and deck styles
The deck consists of 162 cards, twelve each of the numbers 1 through 12 and eighteen "SKIP-BO" wild cards which may be played as any number. Alternatively, the 162 cards could be three regular decks of playing cards, including the jokers, with ace to queen corresponding to 1 to 12 and the kings and jokers corresponding to the SKIP-BO cards. Before 1980, the commercial game consisted of four decks of regular playing cards with eight SKIP-BO cards replacing the standard two jokers in each deck. In addition, the aces, twos and threes in the fourth deck were marked SKIP-BO. The remainder of the fourth deck was discarded. The cards come in blue, green, and red.
Play
Two to four people can play at a time as individuals, or, six or more players in teams (no more than three partnerships). The object of the game is to be the first player or team to empty the
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La%20Granja%2C%20Chile
|
La Granja (Spanish for "the farm") is a commune of Chile located in Santiago Province, Santiago Metropolitan Region.
Demographics
According to the 2002 census of the National Statistics Institute, La Granja spans an area of and has 132,520 inhabitants (64,750 men and 67,770 women), and the commune is an entirely urban area. The population fell by 0.6% (765 persons) between the 1992 and 2002 censuses. The 2006 projected population was 129,707.
Stats
Average annual household income: US$24,662 (PPP, 2006)
Population below poverty line: 14.2% (2006)
Regional quality of life index: 77.93, mid-high, 18 out of 52 (2005)
Human Development Index: 0.689, 158 out of 341 (2003)
Administration
As a commune, La Granja is a third-level administrative division of Chile administered by a municipal council, headed by an alcalde who is directly elected every four years. The 2012-2016 alcalde is Felipe Delpin Aguilar (DC). The communal council has the following members:
Cristián Carmona Macaya (DC)
Rodrigo Quezada Arriagada (IND)
Juan Valdés Valdés (PS)
Germán Pino Maturana (PPD)
Sergio Robles Pinto (PC)
Silvana Poblete Romero (PS)
Berta Venegas Maldonado (DC)
Patricio Oyarce Bravo (UDI)
Within the electoral divisions of Chile, La Granja is represented in the Chamber of Deputies by Felipe Salaberry (UDI) and Ximena Vidal (PPD) as part of the 25th electoral district, (together with Macul and San Joaquín). The commune is represented in the Senate by Soledad Alvear (PDC) and Pablo Long
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumaraswamy%20distribution
|
In probability and statistics, the Kumaraswamy's double bounded distribution is a family of continuous probability distributions defined on the interval (0,1). It is similar to the Beta distribution, but much simpler to use especially in simulation studies since its probability density function, cumulative distribution function and quantile functions can be expressed in closed form. This distribution was originally proposed by Poondi Kumaraswamy for variables that are lower and upper bounded with a zero-inflation. This was extended to inflations at both extremes [0,1] in later work with S. G . Fletcher.
Characterization
Probability density function
The probability density function of the Kumaraswamy distribution without considering any inflation is
and where a and b are non-negative shape parameters.
Cumulative distribution function
The cumulative distribution function is
Quantile function
The inverse cumulative distribution function (quantile function) is
Generalizing to arbitrary interval support
In its simplest form, the distribution has a support of (0,1). In a more general form, the normalized variable x is replaced with the unshifted and unscaled variable z where:
Properties
The raw moments of the Kumaraswamy distribution are given by:
where B is the Beta function and Γ(.) denotes the Gamma function. The variance, skewness, and excess kurtosis can be calculated from these raw moments. For example, the variance is:
The Shannon entropy (in nats) of the distribut
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renca
|
Renca is a commune of Chile located in Santiago Province, Santiago Metropolitan Region. It was founded on 6 May 1894.
Demographics
According to the 2002 census of the National Statistics Institute, Renca spans an area of and has 133,500 inhabitants, and the commune is an entirely urban area. The population grew by 3.5% (4,500 people) between the 1992 and 2002 censuses. Its 2006 projected population was 134,690.
Statistics
Average annual household income: US$17,278 (PPP, 2006)
Population below poverty line: 19.2% (2006)
Regional quality of life index: 63.39, low, 49 out of 52 (2005)
Human Development Index: 0.709, 112 out of 341 (2003)
Administration
As a commune, Renca is a third-level administrative division of Chile administered by a municipal council, headed by an alcalde who is directly elected every four years. The communal council has the following members:
Víctor Barahona Ugarte (UDI)
Nora Contreras Canales (UDI)
Renato Estay Cabrera (UDI)
Cristián Rojas Pizarro (IND)
Berta Roquer Casanova (PDC)
Teresa Cordero Villarroel (PPD)
Cristián Sandoval Saavedra (PDC)
Silvia Contreras Morales (PC)
Within the electoral divisions of Chile, Renca is represented in the Chamber of Deputies by Karla Rubilar (RN) and María Antonieta Saa (PPD) as part of the 17th electoral district, (together with Conchalí and Huechuraba). The commune is represented in the Senate by Guido Girardi Lavín (PPD) and Jovino Novoa Vásquez (UDI) as part of the 7th senatorial constituency (Santia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ground%20tissue
|
The ground tissue of plants includes all tissues that are neither dermal nor vascular. It can be divided into three types based on the nature of the cell walls. This tissue system is present between the dermal tissue and forms the main bulk of the plant body.
Parenchyma cells have thin primary walls and usually remain alive after they become mature. Parenchyma forms the "filler" tissue in the soft parts of plants, and is usually present in cortex, pericycle, pith, and medullary rays in primary stem and root.
Collenchyma cells have thin primary walls with some areas of secondary thickening. Collenchyma provides extra mechanical and structural support, particularly in regions of new growth.
Sclerenchyma cells have thick lignified secondary walls and often die when mature. Sclerenchyma provides the main structural support to a plant.
Parenchyma
Parenchyma is a versatile ground tissue that generally constitutes the "filler" tissue in soft parts of plants. It forms, among other things, the cortex (outer region) and pith (central region) of stems, the cortex of roots, the mesophyll of leaves, the pulp of fruits, and the endosperm of seeds. Parenchyma cells are often living cells and may remain meristematic, meaning that they are capable of cell division if stimulated. They have thin and flexible cellulose cell walls and are generally polyhedral when close-packed, but can be roughly spherical when isolated from their neighbors. Parenchyma cells are generally large. They have la
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Beazley
|
Sir John Davidson Beazley, (; 13 September 1885 – 6 May 1970) was a British classical archaeologist and art historian, known for his classification of Attic vases by artistic style. He was professor of classical archaeology and art at the University of Oxford from 1925 to 1956.
Early life
Beazley was born in Glasgow, Scotland on 13 September 1885, to Mark John Murray Beazley (died 1940) and Mary Catherine Beazley née Davidson (died 1918). He was educated at King Edward VI School, Southampton and Christ's Hospital, Sussex. He then attended Balliol College, Oxford where he read Literae Humaniores: he received firsts in both Mods and Greats. He graduated with a Bachelor of Arts (BA) degree in 1907. While at Oxford he became a close friend of the poet James Elroy Flecker.
Academic career
After graduating, Beazley spent time at the British School at Athens. He then returned to University of Oxford as a student (equivalent to fellow) and tutor in Classics at Christ Church.
During World War I, Beazley served in military intelligence. For most of the war he worked in Room 40 (Cryptanalysis) of the Admiralty's Naval Intelligence Division, where his colleagues included his fellow-archaeologist Winifred Lamb. He held the temporary rank of second lieutenant from March to October 1916 when he was on secondment to the British Army.
In 1925, he became Lincoln Professor of Classical Archaeology and Art at the University of Oxford, a position he held until 1956. He specialised in Greek d
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sampling%20frame
|
In statistics, a sampling frame is the source material or device from which a sample is drawn. It is a list of all those within a population who can be sampled, and may include individuals, households or institutions.
Importance of the sampling frame is stressed by Jessen and Salant and Dillman.
Obtaining and organizing a sampling frame
In the most straightforward cases, such as when dealing with a batch of material from a production run, or using a census, it is possible to identify and measure every single item in the population and to include any one of them in our sample; this is known as direct element sampling. However, in many other cases this is not possible; either because it is cost-prohibitive (reaching every citizen of a country) or impossible (reaching all humans alive).
Having established the frame, there are a number of ways for organizing it to improve efficiency and effectiveness. It's at this stage that the researcher should decide whether the sample is in fact to be the whole population and would therefore be a census.
This list should also facilitate access to the selected sampling units. A frame may also provide additional 'auxiliary information' about its elements; when this information is related to variables or groups of interest, it may be used to improve survey design. While not necessary for simple sampling, a sampling frame used for more advanced sample techniques, such as stratified sampling, may contain additional information (such as demogra
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Least%20slack%20time%20scheduling
|
Least slack time (LST) scheduling is an algorithm for dynamic priority scheduling. It assigns priorities to processes based on their slack time. Slack time is the amount of time left after a job if the job was started now. This algorithm is also known as least laxity first. Its most common use is in embedded systems, especially those with multiple processors. It imposes the simple constraint that each process on each available processor possesses the same run time, and that individual processes do not have an affinity to a certain processor. This is what lends it a suitability to embedded systems.
Slack time
This scheduling algorithm first selects those processes that have the smallest "slack time". Slack time is defined as the temporal difference between the deadline, the ready time and the run time.
More formally, the slack time for a process is defined as:
where is the process deadline, is the real time since the cycle start, and is the remaining computation time.
Applications
In realtime scheduling algorithms for periodic jobs, an acceptance test is needed before accepting a sporadic job with a hard deadline. One of the simplest acceptance tests for a sporadic job is calculating the amount of slack time between the release time and deadline of the job.
Suitability
LST scheduling is most useful in systems comprising mainly aperiodic tasks, because no prior assumptions are made on the events' rate of occurrence. The main weakness of LST is that it does not look ahe
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steady%20change
|
Steady change is the persistent process of transformation in a capitalist economic system.
This is explained by the continuous generation, diffusion, accumulation and substitution of innovations by economic agents as time moves on. This regular (and accelerating) phenomenon causes movement and crises in economic structures as measured by rates of growth of countries, regions, sectors and companies.
The economy is an evolving system. It is thus to always unfold and change, to incessantly show novel behaviour, to surprise its actors and observers with emergent phenomena. The concept stands in contrast to the conventional concept of "steady-state" in economics and is inspired by evolutionary insights in modern economic theory such as put forward by Nelson and Winter's book of 1982.
Further reading
W. Brian Arthur, Steven N. Durlauf and David A. Lane, ed. (1997), The Economy as an Evolving Complex System II, Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley.
Francisco Louçã and Sandro Mendonça (2002), "Steady change: The 200 largest US manufacturing firms throughout the twentieth century", Industrial & Corporate Change, vol. 11, no. 4, pp. 817–45.
Richard R. Nelson and Sidney G. Winter (1982), An evolutionary Theory of Economic Change, Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
Capitalism
Emergence
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basic%20fibroblast%20growth%20factor
|
Fibroblast growth factor 2, also known as basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) and FGF-β, is a growth factor and signaling protein encoded by the FGF2 gene. It binds to and exerts effects via specific fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) proteins, themselves a family of closely related molecules. Fibroblast growth factor protein was first purified in 1975; soon thereafter three variants were isolated: 'basic FGF' (FGF2); Heparin-binding growth factor-2; and Endothelial cell growth factor-2. Gene sequencing revealed that this group is the same FGF2 protein and is a member of a family of FGF proteins.
Function
Like other FGF family members, basic fibroblast growth factor possesses broad mitogenic and cell survival activities, and is involved in a variety of biological processes, including embryonic development, cell growth, morphogenesis, tissue repair, tumor growth and invasion.
In normal tissue, bFGF is present in basement membranes and in the subendothelial extracellular matrix of blood vessels. It stays membrane-bound as long as there is no signal peptide.
It has been hypothesized that, during both wound healing of normal tissues and tumor development, the action of heparan sulfate-degrading enzymes activates bFGF, thus mediating the formation of new blood vessels, a process known as angiogenesis.
In addition, it is synthesized and secreted by human adipocytes and the concentration of FGF2 correlates with the BMI in blood samples. It was also shown to act on pr
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noah%20Emmerich
|
Noah Nicholas Emmerich (born February 27, 1965) is an American actor and director best known for his roles in films such as Beautiful Girls (1996), The Truman Show (1998), Frequency (2000), Miracle (2004), Little Children (2006), and Super 8 (2011). From 2013 to 2018 he starred as FBI agent Stan Beeman on the FX series The Americans, for which he won the Critics' Choice Television Award for Best Supporting Actor in a Drama Series in 2019.
Early life
Emmerich was born in New York City, New York. His mother, Constance, is a concert pianist; his father, André Emmerich (1924–2007), was a gallery owner and art dealer. Born in Frankfurt, Germany, André emigrated from Nazi Germany with his family, first to Amsterdam, Netherlands, then to New York in 1940. His aunt was a classmate of Anne Frank. Emmerich's family is Jewish, from Germany and France on his father's side and Hungary and Romania on his mother's. He has two older brothers: Toby Emmerich, a screenwriter and former chairman of the Warner Bros. Pictures Group; and Adam Emmerich, a partner at the law firm of Wachtell, Lipton, Rosen & Katz in New York, specializing in mergers and acquisitions.
Noah Emmerich attended the Dalton School and learned to play the trumpet as a youth. He privately studied the Meisner technique of acting under Ron Stetston, an actor/director who is currently a senior member of the acting staff at the Neighborhood Playhouse in New York City. Emmerich graduated from Yale University in 1987 having recei
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyrosinemia
|
Tyrosinemia or tyrosinaemia is an error of metabolism, usually inborn, in which the body cannot effectively break down the amino acid tyrosine. Symptoms of untreated tyrosinemia include liver and kidney disturbances. Without treatment, tyrosinemia leads to liver failure. Today, tyrosinemia is increasingly detected on newborn screening tests before any symptoms appear. With early and lifelong management involving a low-protein diet, special protein formula, and sometimes medication, people with tyrosinemia develop normally, are healthy, and live normal lives.
Cause
All tyrosinemias result from dysfunction of various genes in the phenylalanine and tyrosine catabolic pathway, and are inherited in an autosomal-recessive pattern.
Type I tyrosinemia results from a mutation in the FAH gene, which encodes the enzyme fumarylacetoacetase. As a result of FAH deficiency, the substrate fumarylacetoacetate can accumulate in proximal renal tubular cells and hepatocytes, resulting in damage to the kidney and liver, respectively.
Type II tyrosinemia results from a mutation in the TAT gene, which encodes the enzyme tyrosine aminotransferase. As a result of TAT deficiency, the substrate tyrosine accumulates, causing ophthalmologic and dermatologic abnormalities.
Type III tyrosinemia results from a mutation in the HPD gene, which encodes the enzyme 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase. Type III tyrosinemia is the rarest of the three conditions, with only a few cases ever reported. Most of th
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene%20Kelly%3A%20Anatomy%20of%20a%20Dancer
|
Gene Kelly: Anatomy of a Dancer is a documentary on the life and death of Gene Kelly. It was shown on American Masters on PBS in 2002.
External links
Gene Kelly: Anatomy of a Dancer on PBS website
2002 television films
2002 films
American documentary television films
American Masters films
2000s American films
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/APV
|
APV may refer to:
Actuarial present value, a probability weighted present value often used in insurance
Adjusted present value, a variation of the net present value (NPV)
Advanced Power Virtualization (renamed PowerVM), a software virtualization technique used by IBM
Alavuden Peli-Veikot, a multi-sport club in Alavus, Finland
Allen Parkway Village, a housing development in Fourth Ward, Houston
Apple Valley Airport (California), from its IATA airport code
Approach Procedure with Vertical guidance, a type of Instrument approach in aviation
APV (NMDAR antagonist), or AP5, a selective NMDA receptor antagonist
APV plc, a former company making process equipment
Asia Pacific Vision, a television content provider
Chevrolet Lumina APV, a minivan manufactured and marketed by General Motors
Suzuki APV, a microvan manufactured and marketed by Suzuki
Amazon Prime Video
Armored protected vehicle, a kind of armoured fighting vehicle
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bwamba%20orthobunyavirus
|
Bwamba orthobunyavirus (BWAV) belongs to the genus Orthobunyavirus and the order Bunyavirales RNA viruses. BWAV is present in large parts of Africa, endemic in Mozambique, Tanzania and Uganda. It is transmitted to humans through mosquito bites and results in a brief benign generalised infection with headache, skin rash, diarrhea and joint pain and lasts 4–5 days. The animal reservoir of the virus includes birds, monkeys and donkeys.
Virus structure
Bwamba orthobunyavirus has a negative sense single stranded RNA (ssRNA) genome, and so is classified as a class V virus under the Baltimore classification system. The genome is segmented into three pieces, Large (L), Medium (M) and Small (S), which have a combined length of approximately 12,000nt. The S RNA encodes a nucleocapsid and non structural proteins, the M RNA encodes envelope glycoproteins and a non structural membrane polypeptide and the L RNA encodes an RNA dependent RNA polymerase.
The segmented RNAs are surrounded by nucleocapsid proteins that form a Ribonucleoprotein complex, that associates with RNA dependent RNA polymerase. The complex is surrounded by a lipid layer, into which the nuclear complex interacts. Finally the particle is membrane bound, spherical, and in total is approximately 100 nm in diameter.
Gene expression and genome replication
Once inside a host cell cytoplasm, the genomic RNA’s are transcribed into mRNA’s by the associated RNA polymerase. From these transcripts, the host machinery is used for
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid%20catalysis
|
In acid catalysis and base catalysis, a chemical reaction is catalyzed by an acid or a base. By Brønsted–Lowry acid–base theory, the acid is the proton (hydrogen ion, H+) donor and the base is the proton acceptor. Typical reactions catalyzed by proton transfer are esterifications and aldol reactions. In these reactions, the conjugate acid of the carbonyl group is a better electrophile than the neutral carbonyl group itself. Depending on the chemical species that act as the acid or base, catalytic mechanisms can be classified as either specific catalysis and general catalysis. Many enzymes operate by general catalysis.
Applications and examples
Brønsted acids
Acid catalysis is mainly used for organic chemical reactions. Many acids can function as sources for the protons. Acid used for acid catalysis include hydrofluoric acid (in the alkylation process), phosphoric acid, toluenesulfonic acid, polystyrene sulfonate, heteropoly acids, zeolites.
Strong acids catalyze the hydrolysis and transesterification of esters, e.g. for processing fats into biodiesel. In terms of mechanism, the carbonyl oxygen is susceptible to protonation, which enhances the electrophilicity at the carbonyl carbon.
Solid acid catalysts
In industrial scale chemistry, many processes are catalysed by "solid acids". Solid acids do not dissolve in the reaction medium. Well known examples include these oxides, which function as Lewis acids: silico-aluminates (zeolites, alumina, silico-alumino-phosphate), sul
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Br%C3%B8nsted%20catalysis%20equation
|
The Brønsted catalysis equation or law of correlation, after Johannes Nicolaus Brønsted, gives the relationship between acid strength and catalytic activity in general acid catalysis.
A plot of the common logarithm of the reaction rate constant k versus the logarithm of the ionization constant Ka for a series of acids (for example a group of substituted phenols or carboxylic acids) gives a straight line with slope α and intercept C. The Brønsted equation is a free-energy relationship. The relationship implies that the Gibbs free energy for proton dissociation is proportional to the activation energy for the catalytic step. When the relationship is not linear, the chosen group of catalysts do not operate through the same reaction mechanism.
Specific and general catalysis is also found in base catalysed reactions and base Brønsted equation also exists with constant β.
The Brønsted equation gives information about a reaction mechanism. Reactions that have low values for proportionality constants α or β are considered to have a transition state closely resembling the reactant with little proton transfer. With a high value, proton transfer in the transition state is almost complete. In a study of a group of phenalene compounds it was concluded from Brønsted analysis that phenalene acidity is very different from either indene acidity or phenylene acidity.
See also
Free-energy relationship
Bell–Evans–Polanyi principle
References
Chemical kinetics
Catalysis
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graham%20Wellesley%2C%208th%20Earl%20Cowley
|
Garret Graham Wellesley, 8th Earl of Cowley (born 30 March 1965), styled Viscount Dangan from 1975 to 2016, is a British hereditary peer and businessman. Previously an entrepreneur in derivatives and foreign exchange trading, he is the founder and CEO of UK alternative lender Wellesley & Co.
Early life
Graham Wellesley was born in 1965, the son of Garret Wellesley, 7th Earl Cowley, and his first wife, (Elizabeth) Suzanne Lennon. He has an elder sister, Lady Tara (born 1962). He is a descendant of Henry Wellesley, 1st Baron Cowley, brother of the Duke of Wellington. He spent his early years in California before coming to the UK aged 10, where he attended the American Community School in Hillingdon, west London.
After graduating with a degree in economics from Franklin College, Switzerland, he served for 18 months in the Household Cavalry.
Career
Wellesley’s financial career began in 1985 as a derivatives trader at the London stockbroking firm Hoare Govett, from where he moved to two further derivatives trading roles at Banque Indosuez and ING Charterhouse. In 1992, he became head of foreign exchange trading at global metals trader Gerald Metals.
In 1995, he established the UK foreign exchange market maker IFX, which specialised in contracts for difference (CFDs) and spread bets on equity prices. In 1999, he and another director, Lorenzo Naldini, purchased the 51% of the business owned by its US parent company IFX Corp in a buyout that left them as sole shareholders.
In 20
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium%20sulfide
|
Calcium sulfide is the chemical compound with the formula CaS. This white material crystallizes in cubes like rock salt. CaS has been studied as a component in a process that would recycle gypsum, a product of flue-gas desulfurization. Like many salts containing sulfide ions, CaS typically has an odour of H2S, which results from small amount of this gas formed by hydrolysis of the salt.
In terms of its atomic structure, CaS crystallizes in the same motif as sodium chloride indicating that the bonding in this material is highly ionic. The high melting point is also consistent with its description as an ionic solid. In the crystal, each S2− ion is surrounded by an octahedron of six Ca2+ ions, and complementarily, each Ca2+ ion surrounded by six S2− ions.
Production
CaS is produced by "carbothermic reduction" of calcium sulfate, which entails the conversion of carbon, usually as charcoal, to carbon dioxide:
CaSO4 + 2 C → CaS + 2 CO2
and can react further:
3 CaSO4 + CaS → 4 CaO + 4 SO2
In the second reaction the sulfate (+6 oxidation state) oxidizes the sulfide (-2 oxidation state) to sulfur dioxide (+4 oxidation state), while it is being reduced to sulfur dioxide itself (+4 oxidation state).
CaS is also a byproduct in the Leblanc process, a once major industrial process for producing sodium carbonate. In that process sodium sulfide reacts with calcium carbonate:
Na2S + CaCO3 → CaS + Na2CO3
Millions of tons of this calcium sulfide byproduct was discar
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serpentine%20soil
|
Serpentine soil is an uncommon soil type produced by weathered ultramafic rock such as peridotite and its metamorphic derivatives such as serpentinite. More precisely, serpentine soil contains minerals of the serpentine subgroup, especially antigorite, lizardite, and chrysotile or white asbestos, all of which are commonly found in ultramafic rocks. The term "serpentine" is commonly used to refer to both the soil type and the mineral group which forms its parent materials.
Serpentine soils exhibit distinct chemical and physical properties and are generally regarded as poor soils for agriculture. The soil is often reddish, brown, or gray in color due to its high iron and low organic content. Geologically, areas with serpentine bedrock are characteristically steep, rocky, and vulnerable to erosion, which causes many serpentine soils to be rather shallow. The shallow soils and sparse vegetation lead to elevated soil temperatures and dry conditions. Due to their ultramafic origin, serpentine soils also have a low calcium-to-magnesium ratio and have low levels of many essential nutrients such as nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K). Serpentine soils contain high concentrations of heavy metals, including chromium, iron, cobalt, and nickel. Together, these factors create serious ecological challenges for plants living in serpentine soils.
Parent rock
Serpentinite is a meta-igneous rock formed by the metamorphic reaction of olivine-rich rock, peridotite, with water. Serpe
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mad%20Thinker
|
The Mad Thinker is a supervillain appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. He is portrayed to be an evil genius specializing in robotics. He is sometimes referred to just as "The Thinker".
Publication history
The Mad Thinker was introduced by Stan Lee and Jack Kirby in Fantastic Four #15 (June 1963). Lee and Kirby gave the mad scientist a special ability to predict events to the precise second.
Little to nothing was known of his origins or true identity until, over fifty years later, the Mad Thinker's first name was revealed to be Julius in the pages of Brian Michael Bendis and Alex Maleev's Infamous Iron Man #2.
Fictional character biography
The professional criminal mastermind known as the Mad Thinker made his debut fighting the Fantastic Four. He once attempted to take over New York City using the Baxter Building as his base and all organized crime members as his lieutenants. The Fantastic Four were lured away from New York just before a meteorite struck the city and briefly knocked out electrical power, including the Baxter Building's defense systems. The Mad Thinker took the opportunity to create a robotic servant, the Awesome Android. He trapped the Fantastic Four in the lower quarters of the building but was eventually caught, after being stopped by an unforeseen factor: the building's mailman, Willie Lumpkin, who on Reed's orders rang a bell at 4 pm, activating a circuit breaker Reed had built into all his devices.
It seemed that his primary
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/See%20No%20Evil%2C%20Hear%20No%20Evil%20%28film%29
|
See No Evil, Hear No Evil is a 1989 American thriller comedy film directed by Arthur Hiller. The film stars Richard Pryor as a blind man and Gene Wilder as a deaf man who work together to thwart a trio of murderous thieves. This is the third film (in a series of four) featuring Wilder and Pryor, who had appeared previously in the 1976 film Silver Streak and the 1980 film Stir Crazy. The film was released in the United States on May 12, 1989.
Released to a mixed to negative critical reception, See No Evil... was the comic duo's last financially successful film as a screen couple. Their next film together, 1991's Another You, was a box office failure as well as a critical one, and it proved to be the last collaboration of Pryor and Wilder.
Plot
Wallace "Wally" Karew, a blind man, and David "Dave" Lyons, a deaf man, meet when Wally applies for a job in Dave's NYC concession shop. After a brief period of confusion and antagonism, Wally and Dave become close friends. Dave reads lips and guides Wally when they travel, and Wally tells Dave about invisible sources of sound and what people say behind his back. At a local bar, Wally defeats an aggressive bully in a fistfight with assistance from Dave, who uses clock-face directions to tell Wally where his opponent is. Dave hires him.
One morning, as Wally waits outside for the day's newspapers, a man walks into Dave's shop. When the man is approached by a beautiful woman named Eve, he quickly hides a gold coin from his case in the
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Running%20Scared%20%281986%20film%29
|
Running Scared is a 1986 American action comedy film directed by Peter Hyams, written by Gary Devore and Jimmy Huston, and starring Gregory Hines, Billy Crystal, with Steven Bauer, Jimmy Smits and Dan Hedaya in supporting roles. Hines and Crystal play Chicago police officers who, after nearly being killed on the job, decide to retire and open a bar in Key West, Florida, only to get caught up in making one last arrest before they go.
The film was produced and released by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer.
Plot
Ray Hughes and Danny Costanzo are two police officers working on Chicago's North Side, known for their wisecracking demeanors and unorthodox police methods, which get results in their various cases. One such case involves trying to bust up-and-coming drug dealer Julio Gonzales. After arresting Snake, one of Gonzales's associates, they convince him to wear a wire in order to get the necessary evidence to put Gonzales away. When they approach the meeting place (a cargo ship) they find that Gonzales has acquired a large store of Israeli Uzi submachine guns. Snake is setting the detectives up, however, prompting the detectives to rush in by acting as though Gonzales was preparing to kill him. Gonzales reveals his ambition to be the Spanish "Godfather" of Chicago, but chastises Snake for letting the detectives get close, and Snake is shot dead by a subordinate. The pair look as though they will be killed, but two undercover detectives in Gonzales's gang step in to make the arrest. In the
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porcine%20zona%20pellucida
|
Porcine zona pellucida (PZP) is the zona pellucida extracted from the ovaries of pigs which is used as a source of antigens for immunocontraception.
The zona pellucida is a thick membrane that surrounds the unfertilised eggs of mammals. In order for an egg to be fertilised, sperm must first bind to, and then penetrate the zona pellucida. When porcine (pig) zona pellucida is injected into other mammals, antibodies are produced which attach to that animal's zona pellucida, preventing the sperm from attaching to the egg, therefore preventing fertilisation.
Porcine zona pellucida has been used in wildlife contraception since the late 1980s. Animals with which PZP has been employed in this context include elephants, wild and/or feral horses, elk and whitetailed deer. It can be administered to captured animals via a standard syringe or administered to free ranging wildlife with a dart gun. The contraceptive effect last for approximately one year in horses, and can potentially be extended by including a controlled-release PZP component.
References
Mammal female reproductive system
Veterinary drugs
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Widlar%20current%20source
|
A Widlar current source is a modification of the basic two-transistor current mirror that incorporates an emitter degeneration resistor for only the output transistor, enabling the current source to generate low currents using only moderate resistor values.
The Widlar circuit may be used with bipolar transistors, MOS transistors, and even vacuum tubes. An example application is the 741 operational amplifier, and Widlar used the circuit as a part in many designs.
This circuit is named after its inventor, Bob Widlar, and was patented in 1967.
DC analysis
Figure 1 is an example Widlar current source using bipolar transistors, where the emitter resistor R2 is connected to the output transistor Q2, and has the effect of reducing the current in Q2 relative to Q1. The key to this circuit is that the voltage drop across the resistor R2 subtracts from the base-emitter voltage of transistor Q2, thereby turning this transistor off compared to transistor Q1. This observation is expressed by equating the base voltage expressions found on either side of the circuit in Figure 1 as:
where β2 is the beta-value of the output transistor, which is not the same as that of the input transistor, in part because the currents in the two transistors are very different. The variable IB2 is the base current of the output transistor, VBE refers to base-emitter voltage. This equation implies (using the Shockley diode equation):
Eq. 1
where VT is the thermal voltage.
This equation makes the approxi
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craig%20interpolation
|
In mathematical logic, Craig's interpolation theorem is a result about the relationship between different logical theories. Roughly stated, the theorem says that if a formula φ implies a formula ψ, and the two have at least one atomic variable symbol in common, then there is a formula ρ, called an interpolant, such that every non-logical symbol in ρ occurs both in φ and ψ, φ implies ρ, and ρ implies ψ. The theorem was first proved for first-order logic by William Craig in 1957. Variants of the theorem hold for other logics, such as propositional logic. A stronger form of Craig's interpolation theorem for first-order logic was proved by Roger Lyndon in 1959; the overall result is sometimes called the Craig–Lyndon theorem.
Example
In propositional logic, let
.
Then tautologically implies . This can be verified by writing in conjunctive normal form:
.
Thus, if holds, then holds. In turn, tautologically implies . Because the two propositional variables occurring in occur in both and , this means that is an interpolant for the implication .
Lyndon's interpolation theorem
Suppose that S and T are two first-order theories. As notation, let S ∪ T denote the smallest theory including both S and T; the signature of S ∪ T is the smallest one containing the signatures of S and T. Also let S ∩ T be the intersection of the languages of the two theories; the signature of S ∩ T is the intersection of the signatures of the two languages.
Lyndon's theorem says that if S ∪ T is u
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Icewind%20Dale%20Trilogy
|
The Icewind Dale Trilogy is a trilogy of epic fantasy novels by the American writer R.A. Salvatore. The books are The Crystal Shard, Streams of Silver and The Halfling's Gem. They tell the tale of ranger Drizzt Do'Urden the drow (or dark elf), Wulfgar the barbarian warrior, Regis the halfling, dwarf king Bruenor, and Bruenor's adopted human daughter Catti-brie. It is the first of Salvatore's Forgotten Realms novels which introduces some of the best-known characters in that world. The final book of this series, The Halfling's Gem, appeared in The New York Times Best Seller list.
A prequel trilogy, The Dark Elf Trilogy, followed, as did several subsequent sequel series such as Legacy of the Drow and Paths of Darkness.
Works included
The Crystal Shard (1988)
Streams of Silver (1989)
The Halfling's Gem (1990)
In later years, these and other books featuring the character Drizzt Do'Urden have been rebranded as installments of The Legend of Drizzt, and such publications of the Icewind Dale Trilogy are identified on their covers as books IV, V, and VI of that series.
Characters
Akar Kessell is the former apprentice of Morkai the Red. He is left to die in a bowl-shaped dell of Icewind Dale by Dendybar the Mottled, who tricked Kessel into killing Morkai with promises to become the new head of the mage's guild. He comes across Crenshinibon, which allows him to survive and grants him great power. He commands a large army of creatures (mostly goblins, with lesser numbers of orcs, o
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Path%20tracing
|
Path tracing is a computer graphics Monte Carlo method of rendering images of three-dimensional scenes such that the global illumination is faithful to reality. Fundamentally, the algorithm is integrating over all the illuminance arriving to a single point on the surface of an object. This illuminance is then reduced by a surface reflectance function (BRDF) to determine how much of it will go towards the viewpoint camera. This integration procedure is repeated for every pixel in the output image. When combined with physically accurate models of surfaces, accurate models of real light sources, and optically correct cameras, path tracing can produce still images that are indistinguishable from photographs.
Path tracing naturally simulates many effects that have to be specifically added to other methods (conventional ray tracing or scanline rendering), such as soft shadows, depth of field, motion blur, caustics, ambient occlusion, and indirect lighting. Implementation of a renderer including these effects is correspondingly simpler. An extended version of the algorithm is realized by volumetric path tracing, which considers the light scattering of a scene.
Due to its accuracy, unbiased nature, and algorithmic simplicity, path tracing is used to generate reference images when testing the quality of other rendering algorithms. However, the path tracing algorithm is relatively inefficient: A very large number of rays must be traced to get high-quality images free of noise artifa
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tf%E2%80%93idf
|
In information retrieval, tf–idf (also TF*IDF, TFIDF, TF–IDF, or Tf–idf), short for term frequency–inverse document frequency, is a measure of importance of a word to a document in a collection or corpus, adjusted for the fact that some words appear more frequently in general. It was often used as a weighting factor in searches of information retrieval, text mining, and user modeling. A survey conducted in 2015 showed that 83% of text-based recommender systems in digital libraries used tf–idf.
Variations of the tf–idf weighting scheme were often used by search engines as a central tool in scoring and ranking a document's relevance given a user query.
One of the simplest ranking functions is computed by summing the tf–idf for each query term; many more sophisticated ranking functions are variants of this simple model.
Motivations
Karen Spärck Jones (1972) conceived a statistical interpretation of term-specificity called Inverse Document Frequency (idf), which became a cornerstone of term weighting:
For example, the tf and idf for some words in Shakespeare's 37 plays are as follows:
We see that "Romeo", "Falstaff", and "salad" appears in very few plays, so seeing these words, one could get a good idea as to which play it might be. In contrast, "good" and "sweet" appears in every play and are completely uninformative as to which play it is.
Definition
The tf–idf is the product of two statistics, term frequency and inverse document frequency. There are various ways for
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrosation
|
Nitrosation is a process of converting organic compounds into nitroso derivatives, i.e., compounds containing the R-NO functionality.
C-Nitroso compounds
C-Nitroso compounds, such as nitrosobenzene, are typically prepared by oxidation of hydroxylamines:
RNHOH + [O] → RNO + H2O
S-Nitroso compounds
S-Nitroso compounds (S-nitrosothiols) are typically prepared by condensation of a thiol and nitrous acid:
RSH + HONO → RSNO + H2O
O-Nitroso compounds
O-Nitroso compounds are similar to S-nitroso compounds, but are less reactive because the oxygen atom is less nucleophilic than the sulfur atom. The formation of an alkyl nitrite from an alcohol and nitrous acid is a common example:
ROH + HONO → RONO + H2O
N-Nitrosamines
N-Nitrosamines, including the carcinogenic variety, arise from the reaction of nitrite sources with amino compounds, which can happen during the curing of meat. Typically, this reaction occurs when the nucleophilic nitrogen of a secondary amine attacks the nitrogen of the electrophilic nitrosonium ion:
NO2− + 2 H+ → NO+ + H2O
R2NH + NO+ → R2N-NO + H+
Formation of an N-nitrosamine:
The nitrosamine can then lose water through protonation to form diazonium cation, which is a very useful intermediate to form different compounds.
References
External links
Nitrosation of Amines
Organic reactions
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stable%20polynomial
|
In the context of the characteristic polynomial of a differential equation or difference equation, a polynomial is said to be stable if either:
all its roots lie in the open left half-plane, or
all its roots lie in the open unit disk.
The first condition provides stability for continuous-time linear systems, and the second case relates to stability
of discrete-time linear systems. A polynomial with the first property is called at times a Hurwitz polynomial and with the second property a Schur polynomial. Stable polynomials arise in control theory and in mathematical theory
of differential and difference equations. A linear, time-invariant system (see LTI system theory) is said to be BIBO stable if every bounded input produces bounded output. A linear system is BIBO stable if its characteristic polynomial is stable. The denominator is required to be Hurwitz stable if the system is in continuous-time and Schur stable if it is in discrete-time. In practice, stability is determined by applying any one of several stability criteria.
Properties
The Routh–Hurwitz theorem provides an algorithm for determining if a given polynomial is Hurwitz stable, which is implemented in the Routh–Hurwitz and Liénard–Chipart tests.
To test if a given polynomial P (of degree d) is Schur stable, it suffices to apply this theorem to the transformed polynomial
obtained after the Möbius transformation which maps the left half-plane to the open unit disc: P is Schur stable if and only if Q is
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles%20Philippe%20Leblond
|
Charles Philippe Leblond (February 5, 1910 – April 10, 2007) was a pioneer of cell biology and stem cell research and a Canadian former professor of anatomy. Leblond is notable for developing autoradiography and his work showing how cells continuously renew themselves, regardless of age.
Main research interests
In 1946, Leblond found that, when he poured liquid photographic emulsion on a histological section containing a radio element, the emulsion was eventually activated by the radio-element; and if thereafter routine photographic development and fixation were applied to the emulsion-covered section, black silver grains appeared in the emulsion wherever it overlay sites containing a radio-element. This liquid emulsion approach has been used to develop a new High Resolution Autoradiography procedure characterized by close contact between emulsion and section. Such close contact makes it possible to localize the radio-elements in the section at high resolution, so that radio-elements can be localized at high magnification in the light microscope.
This procedure has been utilized to examine some of the dynamic features of body components, with the main findings as follows:
The existence of stem cells in adult organs, as shown by autoradiography with labeled thymidine.
The continuity of protein synthesis in living cells, as shown by autoradiography with labeled amino acids.
The key role of the Golgi apparatus in protein glycosylation, as shown by autoradiography with lab
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grape%20seed%20extract
|
Grape seed extract is an industrial derivative of whole grape seeds. The extract contains proanthocyanidins. Grape seed extract quality is measured by the content of procyanidins which are formed from proanthocyanidins. Generally, grape seed extract quality contains 95% procyanidins, but potency varies among products. Eating foods or beverages high in procyanidin results in an astringent sensation in the mouth.
Extraction method
The properties of grape seed extract depend on the extraction process used to obtain it and how the grapes were grown. The classic method incorporates extraction with organic solvents such as acetone, acetonitrile, ethyl acetate, and methanol. Other methods using hot water have been used, but they are not as effective at maximizing extract production in both quantity and efficiency. High performance liquid chromatography seems to be the most effective analysis along with proton NMR spectroscopy with principal component analysis to ensure accurate composition.
Research
A meta-analysis of 16 randomized controlled trials concluded that grape seed extract, in a dose of under 800 milligrams per day over at least 8 weeks, significantly lowered systolic and diastolic blood pressure, although the amounts were small (3–6 mmHg) and occurred only in obese people under age 50 with existing metabolic syndrome and hypertension. An earlier meta-analysis reported lower systolic blood pressure and heart rate, with no effect on blood lipids or C-reactive protein lev
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chipidea
|
Chipidea was a Portuguese analog semiconductor IP design center, headquartered in Oeiras, Greater Lisbon subregion, which had been founded in 1997 by José Epifânio da Franca. In August 2007, it was bought by the US-based company MIPS Technologies for $147 million in cash plus future performance-based stock payments. On May 8, 2009, Synopsys acquired it as the Analog Business Group from MIPS Technologies for $22 million in cash.
History
In 1997, Chipidea Microelectronica S.A. was founded as the first Portuguese Analog semiconductor IP design center. The company evolved into a supplier of Analog and Mixed-Signal IP.
The company's product portfolio included ADCs, DACs, PLLs and Synthesizers, Baseband Transmit and Receive Ports, RF front-ends, Analog and Digital Filters, Oversampling Modulators and Codec Analog Front-Ends, DC-DC Converters, Regulators, Digital Transceivers, Line Drivers, and other Physical Interfaces. Chipidea's application drivers were in Communications, Multimedia, and Consumer Electronics Applications.
The company had 270 staff involved in IP research and development, CAD and technology support and test and characterization. They were located at the main building in Oeiras, near Lisbon, as well as in other sites: Maia, near Porto, Portugal; Gdańsk, Poland; Leuven, Belgium; Macau; Suzhou, China; Caen, France; and Trondheim, Norway. Sales and marketing offices were located in the United States, Europe, and Asia.
In January 2007, Chipidea acquired Nordic Semi
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICT%201301
|
The ICT 1301 and its smaller derivative ICT 1300 were early business computers from International Computers and Tabulators. Typical of mid-sized machines of the era, they used core memory, drum storage and punched cards, but they were unusual in that they were based on decimal logic instead of binary.
Description
The 1301 was the main machine in the line. Its main memory came in increments of 400 words of 48 bits (12 decimal digits or 12 four-bit binary values, 0-15) plus two parity bits. The maximum size was 4,000 words. It was the first ICT machine to use core memory.
Backing store was magnetic drum and optionally one-inch-, half-inch- or quarter-inch-wide magnetic tape. Input was from 80-column punched cards and optionally 160-column punched cards and punched paper tape. Output was to 80-column punched cards, line printer, and optionally to punched paper tape.
The machine ran at a clock speed of 1 MHz and its arithmetic logic unit (ALU) operated on data in a serial-parallel fashion—the 48-bit words were processed sequentially four bits at a time. A simple addition took 21 clock cycles; hardware multiplication averaged 170 clock cycles per digit; and division was performed in software.
A typical 1301 requires 700 square feet (65 square metres) of floor space and weighs about . It consumes about 13kVA of three-phase electric power. The electronics consist of over 4,000 printed circuit boards each with many germanium diodes (mainly OA5), germanium transistors (mainly Mul
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyctiphanes
|
Nyctiphanes is a genus of krill, comprising four species with an anti-tropical distribution. Based on molecular phylogenetic analyses of the cytochrome oxidase gene and 16S ribosomal DNA, Nyctiphanes is believed to have evolved during the Miocene.
References
Krill
Crustacean genera
Taxa named by Georg Ossian Sars
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas%20theorem
|
The Thomas theorem is a theory of sociology which was formulated in 1928 by William Isaac Thomas and Dorothy Swaine Thomas:
In other words, the interpretation of a situation causes the action. This interpretation is not objective. Actions are affected by subjective perceptions of situations. Whether there even is an objectively correct interpretation is not important for the purposes of helping guide individuals' behavior.
The Thomas theorem is not a theorem in the mathematical sense.
Definition of the situation
In 1923, W. I. Thomas stated more precisely that any definition of a situation would influence the present. In addition, after a series of definitions in which an individual is involved, such a definition would also "gradually [influence] a whole life-policy and the personality of the individual himself". Consequently, Thomas stressed societal problems such as intimacy, family, or education as fundamental to the role of the situation when detecting a social world "in which subjective impressions can be projected on to life and thereby become real to projectors".
The definition of the situation is a fundamental concept in symbolic interactionism. It involves a proposal upon the characteristics of a social situation (e.g. norms, values, authority, participants' roles), and seeks agreement from others in a way that can facilitate social cohesion and social action. Conflicts often involve disagreements over definitions of the situation in question. This definiti
|
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.