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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analog%20modeling%20synthesizer
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An analog modeling synthesizer is a synthesizer that generates the sounds of traditional analog synthesizers using digital signal processing components and software algorithms. Analog modeling synthesizers simulate the behavior of the original electronic circuitry in order to digitally replicate their tone.
This method of synthesis is also referred to as virtual analog or VA. Analog modeling synthesizers can be more reliable than their true analog counterparts since the oscillator pitch is ultimately maintained by a digital clock, and the digital hardware is typically less susceptible to temperature changes.
While analog synthesizers need an oscillator circuit for each voice of polyphony, analog modeling synthesizers do not face this problem. This means that many of them, especially the more modern models, can produce as many polyphonic voices as the CPU on which they run can handle.
Modeling synths also provide patch storage capabilities and MIDI support not found on most true analog instruments. Analog modeling synthesizers that run entirely within a host computer operating system are typically referred to as analog software synthesizers.
The term was not used until the 1990s when the Nord Lead came out.
Examples of VA synthesizers include:
Access Virus line of VA synths
AKAI Miniak virtual analog synthesizer from AKAI Professional
Alesis Ion, Micron and Fusion
Arturia Origin
Clavia Nord Lead and Nord Modular series
Korg Z1, Prophecy, MS-2000, microKORG, RADIAS,
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological%20soil%20crust
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Biological soil crusts are communities of living organisms on the soil surface in arid and semi-arid ecosystems. They are found throughout the world with varying species composition and cover depending on topography, soil characteristics, climate, plant community, microhabitats, and disturbance regimes. Biological soil crusts perform important ecological roles including carbon fixation, nitrogen fixation and soil stabilization; they alter soil albedo and water relations and affect germination and nutrient levels in vascular plants. They can be damaged by fire, recreational activity, grazing and other disturbances and can require long time periods to recover composition and function. Biological soil crusts are also known as biocrusts or as cryptogamic, microbiotic, microphytic, or cryptobiotic soils.
Natural history
Biology and composition
Biological soil crusts are most often composed of fungi, lichens, cyanobacteria, bryophytes, and algae in varying proportions. These organisms live in intimate association in the uppermost few millimeters of the soil surface, and are the biological basis for the formation of soil crusts.
Cyanobacteria
Cyanobacteria are the main photosynthetic component of biological soil crusts, in addition to other photosynthetic taxa such as mosses, lichens, and green algae. The most common cyanobacteria found in soil crusts belong to large filamentous species such as those in the genus Microcoleus. These species form bundled filaments that are surroun
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WRFN-LP
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WRFN-LP is a community LPFM non-commercial radio station in Nashville, Tennessee. It operates at a frequency of 107.1 MHz and is branded as Radio Free Nashville. The station features a mix of music, talk and public affairs programming, almost all with a decidedly liberal or leftist political perspective largely not found on other area media outlets (local or national).
The station went on the air in April 2005, with studios and transmitter located at the nearby community of Pasquo, Tennessee, 15 miles (24 km) west of downtown Nashville.
WRFN-LP was the seventh community radio "barnraising" of the Prometheus Radio Project.
In mid-2007, WRFN began simulcasting on Nashville's iQtv's second audio program (SAP).
On October 25, 2009, WRFN changed its frequency to 107.1 MHz from its previously assigned frequency of 98.9 MHz, which had also been occupied by WANT in nearby Lebanon, Tennessee.
A translator station, W279CH on 103.7 in Hermitage, Tennessee, signed-on in December 2014 to serve Nashville proper, expanding WRFN's over-the-air reach in the Nashville metro area.
The callsign was originally used by another Nashville station, Fisk University's WFSK-FM, from its beginning in 1973 until about 1983.
Media
Audio of the first broadcast of WRFN (in mp3 format)
Live audio stream (in mp3 format)
See also
List of community radio stations in the United States
References
External links
Official website
A history of the Radio Free Nashville moniker
RFN
RFN-LP
Community radio
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triple-stranded%20DNA
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Triple-stranded DNA (also known as H-DNA or Triplex-DNA) is a DNA structure in which three oligonucleotides wind around each other and form a triple helix. In triple-stranded DNA, the third strand binds to a B-form DNA (via Watson–Crick base-pairing) double helix
by forming Hoogsteen base pairs or reversed Hoogsteen hydrogen bonds.
Structure
Examples of triple-stranded DNA from natural sources with the necessary combination of base composition and structural elements have been described, for example in Satellite DNA.
Hoogsteen base pairing
A thymine (T) nucleobase can bind to a Watson–Crick base-pairing of T-A by forming a Hoogsteen hydrogen bond. The thymine hydrogen bonds with the adenosine (A) of the original double-stranded DNA to create a T-A*T base-triplet.
Intermolecular and intramolecular interactions
There are two classes of triplex DNA: intermolecular and intramolecular formations. An intermolecular triplex refers to triplex formation between a duplex and a different (third) strand of DNA. The third strand can either be from a neighboring chromosome or a triplex forming oligonucleotide (TFO). Intramolecular triplex DNA is formed from a duplex with homopurine and homopyrimidine strands with mirror repeat symmetry. The degree of supercoiling in DNA influences the amount of intramolecular triplex formation that occurs. There are two different types of intramolecular triplex DNA: H-DNA and H*-DNA. Formation of H-DNA is stabilized under acidic conditions and in
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-cell%20receptor
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The T-cell receptor (TCR) is a protein complex found on the surface of T cells, or T lymphocytes, that is responsible for recognizing fragments of antigen as peptides bound to major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules. The binding between TCR and antigen peptides is of relatively low affinity and is degenerate: that is, many TCRs recognize the same antigen peptide and many antigen peptides are recognized by the same TCR.
The TCR is composed of two different protein chains (that is, it is a heterodimer). In humans, in 95% of T cells the TCR consists of an alpha (α) chain and a beta (β) chain (encoded by TRA and TRB, respectively), whereas in 5% of T cells the TCR consists of gamma and delta (γ/δ) chains (encoded by TRG and TRD, respectively). This ratio changes during ontogeny and in diseased states (such as leukemia). It also differs between species. Orthologues of the 4 loci have been mapped in various species. Each locus can produce a variety of polypeptides with constant and variable regions.
When the TCR engages with antigenic peptide and MHC (peptide/MHC), the T lymphocyte is activated through signal transduction, that is, a series of biochemical events mediated by associated enzymes, co-receptors, specialized adaptor molecules, and activated or released transcription factors. Based on the initial receptor triggering mechanism, the TCR belongs to the family of non-catalytic tyrosine-phosphorylated receptors (NTRs).
History
In 1982, Nobel laureate James P. Alli
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipality%20of%20the%20District%20of%20Barrington
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Barrington, officially named the Municipality of the District of Barrington, is a district municipality in western Shelburne County, Nova Scotia, Canada. Statistics Canada classifies the district municipality as a municipal district.
Geography
The Municipality of the District of Barrington forms the southernmost part of the province and contains Cape Sable, the eastern boundary between the North Atlantic Ocean and the Gulf of Maine.
Cape Sable Island is home to the tallest lighthouse in the Maritime Provinces. The Cape Light stands 101 feet tall, located on Canada's most southern saltwater beach, The Hawk Beach.
Acadia University owns Bon Portage Island in the municipality, which is protected by the Nova Scotia Nature Trust; there is a field biology research station present for students to study various local birds.
Etymology
The Mi'kmaq called the area "Ministiguish" or "Ministegkek", meaning "he has gone for it." The Acadians called the area "le Passage", meaning "the Passage". Barrington is named after William Barrington, 2nd Viscount Barrington.
History
French settlements
Cape Sable and Eel Bay, Nova Scotia were settled by the Acadians who migrated from Port Royal, Nova Scotia in 1620. The French governor of Acadia, Charles de la Tour, colonized Cap de Sable giving it the present name, meaning Sandy Cape. La Tour built up a strong post at Cap de Sable (present-day Port La Tour, Nova Scotia) beginning in 1623, called Fort Lomeron in honour of David Lomeron who was h
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stomatitis
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Stomatitis is inflammation of the mouth and lips. It refers to any inflammatory process affecting the mucous membranes of the mouth and lips, with or without oral ulceration.
In its widest meaning, stomatitis can have a multitude of different causes and appearances. Common causes include infections, nutritional deficiencies, allergic reactions, radiotherapy, and many others.
When inflammation of the gums and the mouth generally presents itself, sometimes the term gingivostomatitis is used, though this is also sometimes used as a synonym for herpetic gingivostomatitis.
The term is derived from the Greek stoma (), meaning "mouth", and the suffix -itis (), meaning "inflammation".
Causes
Nutritional deficiency
Malnutrition (improper dietary intake) or malabsorption (poor absorption of nutrients into the body) can lead to nutritional deficiency states, several of which can lead to stomatitis. For example, deficiencies of iron, vitamin B2 (riboflavin), vitamin B3 (niacin), vitamin B6 (pyridoxine), vitamin B9 (folic acid) or vitamin B12 (cobalamine) may all manifest as stomatitis. Iron is necessary for the upregulation of transcriptional elements for cell replication and repair. Lack of iron can cause genetic downregulation of these elements, leading to ineffective repair and regeneration of epithelial cells, especially in the mouth and lips. Many disorders which cause malabsorption can cause deficiencies, which in turn causes stomatitis. Examples include tropical sprue.
Aphth
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Projective%20vector%20field
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A projective vector field (projective) is a smooth vector field on a semi Riemannian manifold (p.ex. spacetime) whose flow preserves the geodesic structure of without necessarily preserving the affine parameter of any geodesic. More intuitively, the flow of the projective maps geodesics smoothly into geodesics without preserving the affine parameter.
Decomposition
In dealing with a vector field on a semi Riemannian manifold (p.ex. in general relativity), it is often useful to decompose the covariant derivative into its symmetric and skew-symmetric parts:
where
and
Note that are the covariant components of .
Equivalent conditions
Mathematically, the condition for a vector field to be projective is equivalent to the existence of a one-form satisfying
which is equivalent to
The set of all global projective vector fields over a connected or compact manifold forms a finite-dimensional Lie algebra denoted by (the projective algebra) and satisfies for connected manifolds the condition: . Here a projective vector field is uniquely determined by specifying the values of , and (equivalently, specifying , , and ) at any point of . (For non-connected manifolds you need to specify these 3 in one point per connected component.) Projectives also satisfy the properties:
Subalgebras
Several important special cases of projective vector fields can occur and they form Lie subalgebras of . These subalgebras are useful, for example, in classifying spacetimes in genera
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bo-Bo-Bo
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A Bo-Bo-Bo or Bo′Bo′Bo′ (UIC classification) is a locomotive with three independent two-axle bogies with all axles powered by separate traction motors. In the AAR system, this is simplified to B-B-B due to the system only taking powered axles into consideration, not powered axles.
The Bo-Bo-Bo configuration is often used to lower axle weight while keeping lateral forces low compared to a locomotive with two three-axle bogies, thus allowing the locomotive to use lightly laid track, in particular narrow-gauge railways.
Bo-Bo-Bo locomotives
The arrangement is extensively used on Italian and Japanese railways. Other examples include New Zealand's DJ, EW and EF classes; the Eurotunnel Class 9 locomotives, which were themselves derived from the New Zealand EF class; the Swiss SBB Re 6/6 (Re 620); the Russia Railways VL65, EP1 (EP1M), EP10 and EP20; and the South Korean Korail Class 8000. China imported 6K electric locomotive from Japan between 1986 and 1987. The Bo-Bo-Bo design was applied to SS7 series except SS7E.
The State Rail Authority of NSW built the last of its 86 Class electric locomotives (8650) in the Bo-Bo-Bo arrangement (called locally a Tri-Bo), but this did not prove successful and it spent long periods out of traffic undergoing repair.
The first Italian six-axle electric locomotives, such as the E.626, used a Bo′BoBo′ layout, where the two centre axles were mounted on a rigid frame and only the outer pairs on bogies.
This wheel arrangement requires either an
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homothetic%20vector%20field
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In physics, a homothetic vector field (sometimes homothetic collineation or homothety) is a projective vector field which satisfies the condition:
where c is a real constant. Homothetic vector fields find application in the study of singularities in general relativity. They can also be used to generate new solutions for Einstein equations by similarity reduction.
See also
Affine vector field
Conformal Killing vector field
Curvature collineation
Killing vector field
Matter collineation
Spacetime symmetries
References
Mathematical methods in general relativity
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affine%20vector%20field
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An affine vector field (sometimes affine collineation or affine) is a projective vector field preserving geodesics and preserving the affine parameter. Mathematically, this is expressed by the following condition:
See also
Conformal vector field
Curvature collineation
Homothetic vector field
Killing vector field
Matter collineation
Spacetime symmetries
Mathematical methods in general relativity
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrysoviridae
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Chrysoviridae is a family of double-stranded RNA viruses. Members of the family are called chrysoviruses.
Virology
The capsid is about 35-40 nm in diameter. The genome has four segments (tetrapartite). These segments are separately encapsulated.
Taxonomy
The following genera are recognized:
Alphachrysovirus
Betachrysovirus
References
External links
ICTV Report: Chrysoviridae
Virus families
Riboviria
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nidovirales
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Nidovirales is an order of enveloped, positive-strand RNA viruses which infect vertebrates and invertebrates. Host organisms include mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, fish, arthropods, molluscs, and helminths. The order includes the families Coronaviridae, Arteriviridae, Roniviridae, and Mesoniviridae.
Member viruses have a viral envelope and a positive-sense, single-stranded RNA genome which is capped and polyadenylated. Nidoviruses are named for the Latin nidus, meaning nest, as all viruses in this order produce a 3' co-terminal nested set of subgenomic mRNAs during infection.
Virology
Structure
Nidoviruses have a viral envelope and a positive-sense, single-stranded RNA genome which is capped and polyadenylated. The group expresses structural proteins separately from the nonstructural ones. The structural proteins are encoded at the 3' region of the genome and are expressed from a set of subgenomic mRNAs.
Member viruses encode one main proteinase and between one and three accessory proteinases which are mainly involved in expressing the replicase gene. These proteinases are also responsible for activating or inactivating specific proteins at the correct time in the virus life cycle, ensuring replication occurs at the right time.
Genome
Nidoviruses can be distinguished from other RNA viruses by a constellation of seven conserved domains—5'-TM2-3CLpro-TM3-RdRp-Zm-HEL1-NendoU-3'—with the first three being encoded in ORF1a and the remaining four in ORF1b. TM2 and TM
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caudovirales
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Caudoviricetes is a class of viruses known as the tailed bacteriophages (cauda is Latin for "tail"). Under the Baltimore classification scheme, the Caudoviricetes are group I viruses as they have double stranded DNA (dsDNA) genomes, which can be anywhere from 18,000 base pairs to 500,000 base pairs in length. The virus particles have a distinct shape; each virion has an icosahedral head that contains the viral genome, and is attached to a flexible tail by a connector protein. The order encompasses a wide range of viruses, many containing genes of similar nucleotide sequence and function. However, some tailed bacteriophage genomes can vary quite significantly in nucleotide sequence, even among the same genus. Due to their characteristic structure and possession of potentially homologous genes, it is believed these bacteriophages possess a common origin.
There are 4 orders, 47 families, 98 subfamilies, 1197 genera, 3601 species in the class. This makes Caudoviricetes the most populous class among viruses, accounting for approximately 30% of all recognized virus species and nearly half of all virus genera.
Infection
Upon encountering a host bacterium, the tail section of the virion binds to receptors on the cell surface and delivers the DNA into the cell by use of an injectisome-like mechanism (an injectisome is a nanomachine that evolved for the delivery of proteins by type III secretion). The tail section of the virus punches a hole through the bacterial cell wall and plasm
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plate-fin%20heat%20exchanger
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A plate-fin heat exchanger is a type of heat exchanger design that uses plates and finned chambers to transfer heat between fluids, most commonly gases. It is often categorized as a compact heat exchanger to emphasize its relatively high heat transfer surface area to volume ratio.
The plate-fin heat exchanger is widely used in many industries, including the aerospace industry for its compact size and lightweight properties, as well as in cryogenics where its ability to facilitate heat transfer with small temperature differences is utilized.
Aluminum alloy plate fin heat exchangers, often referred to as Brazed Aluminum Heat Exchangers, have been used in the aircraft industry for more than 60 years and adopted into the cryogenic air separation industry around the time of the second world war and shortly afterwards into cryogenic processes in chemical plants such as Natural Gas Processing. They are also used in railway engines and motor cars. Stainless steel plate fins have been used in aircraft for 30 years and are now becoming established in chemical plants.
Design of plate-fin heat exchangers
Originally conceived by an Italian mechanic, Paolo Fruncillo. A plate-fin heat exchanger is made of layers of corrugated sheets separated by flat metal plates, typically aluminium, to create a series of finned chambers. Separate hot and cold fluid streams flow through alternating layers of the heat exchanger and are enclosed at the edges by side bars. Heat is transferred from one str
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/StatSoft
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StatSoft is the original developer of Statistica. Dell acquired it in March 2014. Statistica is an analytics software portfolio that provides enterprise and desktop software for statistics, data analysis, data management, data visualization, data mining, which is also called predictive analytics, and quality control.
Company history
StatSoft Inc. was established in 1984 as a partnership of a group of university professors and scientists. Its first products had menu-driven libraries of flexible statistical procedures and ran on microcomputer platforms such as Apple II, CP/M, Commodore, and MS-DOS.
With the release of Statistica 9 in May 2009, both 32-bit and 64-bit native versions became available. Its current product suite, Statistica 12, was released in May 2013. Statistica is used worldwide at major corporations, government agencies, and universities.
On March 24, 2014, StatSoft was acquired by Dell in an effort to bolster Dell's ‘big data’ offering. StatSoft's CEO at the time of the Dell acquisition was Paul Lewicki.
On June 20, 2016, Dell sold Dell Software Group (which included StatSoft) to private equity firm Francisco Partners and Elliott Management.
On May 15, 2017, Quest Software sold Statistica to TIBCO Software.
StatSoft's product lines
Statistica Enterprise allows connections to data repositories and interactive filtering of data, contains analysis and report templates, and allows for management of security and permissions.
Web-based Applications this system
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke%20of%20Earl
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"Duke of Earl" is a 1962 US number-one song, originally recorded by Gene Chandler. It is the best known of Chandler's songs, and he subsequently dubbed himself "The Duke of Earl". The song was written by Chandler, Bernice Williams, and Earl Edwards. This song was a 2002 inductee into the Grammy Hall of Fame. It has also been selected by The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as one of the 500 Songs that Shaped Rock and Roll.
Original version by Gene Chandler
The song originated from warm-up exercises by the Dukays, a vocal group that included Chandler (under his original name, Eugene Dixon) and Earl Edwards and that had already had some success on the R&B chart. The group would regularly warm up by singing "Do do do do..." in different keys. On one occasion, Dixon changed the syllables he was singing to include Earl's name, and the chant gradually became the nonsense words "Du..du..du..Duke of Earl". The pair worked on the song with regular songwriter and mentor Bernice Williams, and then recorded it at Universal Recording Corporation in Chicago with the other members of the Dukays. Musicians on the record included Floyd Morris on piano, Lefty Bates, Phil Upchurch and Kermit Chandler on guitar, Al Duncan on drums, and Cliff Davis and John Board on sax.
However, the Dukays' record label chose instead to release "Nite Owl," offering Dixon the option of releasing "Duke of Earl" as a solo artist. Dixon changed his name to Gene Chandler (a surname taken from that of the actor Jeff Ch
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermodynamic%20beta
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In statistical thermodynamics, thermodynamic beta, also known as coldness, is the reciprocal of the thermodynamic temperature of a system: (where is the temperature and is Boltzmann constant).
It was originally introduced in 1971 (as "coldness function") by , one of the proponents of the rational thermodynamics school of thought, based on earlier proposals for a "reciprocal temperature" function.
Thermodynamic beta has units reciprocal to that of energy (in SI units, reciprocal joules, ). In non-thermal units, it can also be measured in byte per joule, or more conveniently, gigabyte per nanojoule; 1 K−1 is equivalent to about 13,062 gigabytes per nanojoule; at room temperature: = 300K, β ≈ ≈ ≈ . The conversion factor is 1 GB/nJ = J−1.
Description
Thermodynamic beta is essentially the connection between the information theory and statistical mechanics interpretation of a physical system through its entropy and the thermodynamics associated with its energy. It expresses the response of entropy to an increase in energy. If a system is challenged with a small amount of energy, then β describes the amount the system will randomize.
Via the statistical definition of temperature as a function of entropy, the coldness function can be calculated in the microcanonical ensemble from the formula
(i.e., the partial derivative of the entropy with respect to the energy at constant volume and particle number ).
Advantages
Though completely equivalent in conceptual content t
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20colleges%20and%20universities%20in%20Washington%2C%20D.C.
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There are nineteen colleges and universities in Washington, D.C., that are listed under the Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education. These institutions include five research universities, four master's universities, and ten special-focus institutions. Sixteen of Washington, D.C.'s post-secondary institutions are private, of which three are for-profit. Only three of the city's post-secondary institutions listed under the Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education are public. In addition to the institutions listed under the Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education, Washington, D.C., has three additional private not-for-profit post-secondary institutions (Johns Hopkins University's Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies, NewU University, and St. Paul's College) and two additional public post-secondary institutions (National Defense University and the Inter-American Defense College).
Washington, D.C.'s oldest post-secondary institution is Georgetown University, founded in 1789. Georgetown University is also the oldest Jesuit and Catholic university in the United States. Founded in 1821, George Washington University is the city's largest institution of higher learning in terms of enrollment, as it had 25,653 students as of the spring of 2013. George Washington left shares to endow a university in D.C. which became George Washington University According to the United States Department of Education Institute of
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axon%20guidance
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Axon guidance (also called axon pathfinding) is a subfield of neural development concerning the process by which neurons send out axons to reach their correct targets. Axons often follow very precise paths in the nervous system, and how they manage to find their way so accurately is an area of ongoing research.
Axon growth takes place from a region called the growth cone and reaching the axon target is accomplished with relatively few guidance molecules. Growth cone receptors respond to the guidance cues.
Mechanisms
Growing axons have a highly motile structure at the growing tip called the growth cone, which responds to signals in the extracellular environment that instruct the axon in which direction to grow. These signals, called guidance cues, can be fixed in place or diffusible; they can attract or repel axons. Growth cones contain receptors that recognize these guidance cues and interpret the signal into a chemotropic response. The general theoretical framework is that when a growth cone "senses" a guidance cue, the receptors activate various signaling molecules in the growth cone that eventually affect the cytoskeleton. If the growth cone senses a gradient of guidance cue, the intracellular signaling in the growth cone happens asymmetrically, so that cytoskeletal changes happen asymmetrically and the growth cone turns toward or away from the guidance cue.
A combination of genetic and biochemical methods (see below) has led to the discovery of several important cla
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RTMI
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RTMI (Radio Telefono Mobile Integrato) was the first mobile communication service in Italy, started in 1973. It operated on the 160 MHz frequency band and was used by a few people working in the public sector (public administrations and defense officials). In the 1980s, the Radio Telephone Mobile (RTM) emerged, which operated on the 450 MHz frequency band and attracted 100,000 customers.
The cellular standard RTMS was launched in 1985. In 1989 the SIP (Società Italiana per l'Esercizio delle Telecomunicazioni) adopted the TACS standard. RTMS services were switched off in 1996.
References
Mobile technology
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1997%20NBA%20draft
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The 1997 NBA draft took place on June 25, 1997, at Charlotte Coliseum in Charlotte, North Carolina. The Vancouver Grizzlies had the highest probability to win the NBA draft lottery, but since they were an expansion team along with the Toronto Raptors they were not allowed to select first in this draft. Although the Boston Celtics had the second-worst record in the 1996–97 season and the best odds (36 percent) of winning the lottery with two picks, the Spurs lost David Robinson and Sean Elliott to injury early in the season, finished with the third-worst record, and subsequently won the lottery. Leading up to the draft, there was no doubt that Tim Duncan would be selected at No. 1 by the Spurs as he was considered to be far and away the best prospect. After Duncan, the rest of the draft was regarded with some skepticism. The Celtics had the third and sixth picks, selecting Chauncey Billups and Ron Mercer, both of whom were traded in the next two years.
The Washington Wizards forfeited their 1997 first-round pick in connection with the signing of Juwan Howard. (Washington would have had the 17th pick.) Thus, the draft only had 28 first-round selections and 57 selections overall.
Draft selections
Notable undrafted players
These players eligible for the 1997 NBA Draft were not selected but played in the NBA.
Early entrants
College underclassmen
The following college basketball players successfully applied for early draft entrance.
Gracen Averil – G, Texas Tech (junior
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harmotome
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Harmotome is a mineral, one of the rarer zeolites; a hydrated barium silicate with formula: (Ba0.5,Ca0.5,Na,K)5Al5,Si11O32·12(H2O). It forms vitreous white well defined monoclinic crystals, often associated with calcite and other zeolites. It has a Mohs hardness of 4 to 5 and a specific gravity of 2.44 to 2.5.
Name and discovery
Named from the Greek words (a joint) and (to cut) by René Just Haüy in 1801 because the pyramid divides parallel to the plane that passes through the terminal edges.
It was first described in 1801 from an occurrence in the Harz Mountains, Lower Saxony, Germany.
Location
Like other zeolites, harmotome occurs with calcite in the amygdaloidal cavities of volcanic rocks, for example, in the dolerites of Dumbartonshire, and as fine crystals in the agate-lined cavities in the melaphyre of Oberstein in Germany. It also occurs in gneiss, and sometimes in metalliferous veins. At Sankt Andreasberg in the Harz it is found in the lead and silver veins; and at Strontian in Argyll in lead veins, associated with brewsterite (a strontium and barium zeolite), barytes and calcite.
References
Mindat w/ locations
Webmineral
Dictionary.com
Barium minerals
Calcium minerals
Sodium minerals
Potassium minerals
Aluminium minerals
Zeolites
Monoclinic minerals
Minerals in space group 11
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stem-loop
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Stem-loop intramolecular base pairing is a pattern that can occur in single-stranded RNA. The structure is also known as a hairpin or hairpin loop. It occurs when two regions of the same strand, usually complementary in nucleotide sequence when read in opposite directions, base-pair to form a double helix that ends in an unpaired loop. The resulting structure is a key building block of many RNA secondary structures. As an important secondary structure of RNA, it can direct RNA folding, protect structural stability for messenger RNA (mRNA), provide recognition sites for RNA binding proteins, and serve as a substrate for enzymatic reactions.
Formation and stability
The formation of a stem-loop structure is dependent on the stability of the resulting helix and loop regions. The first prerequisite is the presence of a sequence that can fold back on itself to form a paired double helix. The stability of this helix is determined by its length, the number of mismatches or bulges it contains (a small number are tolerable, especially in a long helix) and the base composition of the paired region. Pairings between guanine and cytosine have three hydrogen bonds and are more stable compared to adenine-uracil pairings, which have only two. In RNA, adenine-uracil pairings featuring two hydrogen bonds are equal to the adenine-thymine bond of the DNA. Base stacking interactions, which align the pi bonds of the bases' aromatic rings in a favorable orientation, also promote helix formation.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sticking%20probability
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The sticking probability is the probability that molecules are trapped on surfaces and adsorb chemically. From Langmuir's adsorption isotherm, molecules cannot adsorb on surfaces when the adsorption sites are already occupied by other molecules, so the sticking probability can be expressed as follows:
where is the initial sticking probability and is the surface coverage fraction ranging from 0 to 1.
Similarly, when molecules adsorb on surfaces dissociatively, the sticking probability is
The square is owing to the fact that a disassociation of 1 molecule into 2 parts requires 2 adsorption sites. These equations are simple and can be easily understood but cannot explain experimental results.
In 1958, P. Kisliuk presented an equation for the sticking probability that can explain experimental results. In his theory, molecules are trapped in precursor states of physisorption before chemisorption. Then the molecules meet adsorption sites that molecules can adsorb to chemically, so the molecules behave as follows.
If these sites are not occupied, molecules do the following (with probability in parentheses):
adsorb on the surface chemically ()
desorb from the surface ()
move to the next precursor state ()
and if these sites are occupied, they
desorb from the surface ()
move to the next precursor state ()
Note that an occupied site is defined as one where there is a chemically bonded adsorbate so by definition it would be . Then the sticking probability is, accordin
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IDEA%20NXT
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In cryptography, the IDEA NXT algorithm (previously known as FOX) is a block cipher designed by Pascal Junod and Serge Vaudenay of EPFL (Lausanne, Switzerland). It was conceived between 2001 and 2003. The project was originally named FOX and was published in 2003. In May 2005, it was announced by MediaCrypt under the name IDEA NXT. IDEA NXT is the successor to the International Data Encryption Algorithm (IDEA) and also uses the Lai–Massey scheme. MediaCrypt AG holds patents on elements of IDEA and IDEA NXT. The cipher is specified in two configurations: NXT64 (with block of 64 bits, key of 128 bits, 16 rounds) and NXT128 (with block of 128 bits, key of 256 bits, 16 rounds).
References
External links
FOX Specifications Version 1.2
256bit Ciphers - IDEANXT Reference implementation and derived code
Mediacrypt homepage — IDEA licensor
FOX: a new family of block ciphers
FOX algorithm implementation - a hardware design approach
BSD licensed C Software implementation of IDEA NXT
U.S. Patent Application Pub. No. 2004/0247117
U.S. Patent Application Pub. No. 2005/0053233
Block ciphers
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shamus
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Shamus may refer to:
Shamus (video game), a 1982 computer game from Synapse Software
Shamus (film), a 1973 film starring Burt Reynolds
Shamus Wong, a character from the children's book Tracey McBean
Colloquial term for a private detective
People
Shamus Culhane (1908–1996), American animator, film director and producer
Shamus Khan (born 1978), American sociologist
Shamus O'Brien (1907–1981), Scottish-American soccer player
Gareb Shamus, CEO of Wizard Entertainment
See also
Shamu, SeaWorld's first killer whale (died 1971)
Shamu (SeaWorld show), SeaWorld's contemporary killer whale shows
Seamus (disambiguation)
Sheamus (born 1978), Irish professional wrestler
Shammes or Gabbai, a term for the sexton or caretaker of a synagogue
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caesium%20chloride
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Caesium chloride or cesium chloride is the inorganic compound with the formula CsCl. This colorless salt is an important source of caesium ions in a variety of niche applications. Its crystal structure forms a major structural type where each caesium ion is coordinated by 8 chloride ions. Caesium chloride dissolves in water. CsCl changes to NaCl structure on heating. Caesium chloride occurs naturally as impurities in carnallite (up to 0.002%), sylvite and kainite. Less than 20 tonnes of CsCl is produced annually worldwide, mostly from a caesium-bearing mineral pollucite.
Caesium chloride is widely used medicine structure in isopycnic centrifugation for separating various types of DNA. It is a reagent in analytical chemistry, where it is used to identify ions by the color and morphology of the precipitate. When enriched in radioisotopes, such as 137CsCl or 131CsCl, caesium chloride is used in nuclear medicine applications such as treatment of cancer and diagnosis of myocardial infarction. Another form of cancer treatment was studied using conventional non-radioactive CsCl. Whereas conventional caesium chloride has a rather low toxicity to humans and animals, the radioactive form easily contaminates the environment due to the high solubility of CsCl in water. Spread of 137CsCl powder from a 93-gram container in 1987 in Goiânia, Brazil, resulted in one of the worst-ever radiation spill accidents killing four and directly affecting 249 people.
Crystal structure
The caesium chl
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Routh%E2%80%93Hurwitz%20theorem
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In mathematics, the Routh–Hurwitz theorem gives a test to determine whether all roots of a given polynomial lie in the left half-plane. Polynomials with this property are called Hurwitz stable polynomials. The Routh–Hurwitz theorem is important in dynamical systems and control theory, because the characteristic polynomial of the differential equations of a stable linear system has roots limited to the left half plane (negative eigenvalues). Thus the theorem provides a mathematical test, the Routh-Hurwitz stability criterion, to determine whether a linear dynamical system is stable without solving the system. The Routh–Hurwitz theorem was proved in 1895, and it was named after Edward John Routh and Adolf Hurwitz.
Notations
Let f(z) be a polynomial (with complex coefficients) of degree n with no roots on the imaginary axis (i.e. the line Z = ic where i is the imaginary unit and c is a real number). Let us define (a polynomial of degree n) and (a nonzero polynomial of degree strictly less than n) by , respectively the real and imaginary parts of f on the imaginary line.
Furthermore, let us denote by:
p the number of roots of f in the left half-plane (taking into account multiplicities);
q the number of roots of f in the right half-plane (taking into account multiplicities);
the variation of the argument of f(iy) when y runs from −∞ to +∞;
w(x) is the number of variations of the generalized Sturm chain obtained from and by applying the Euclidean algorithm;
is th
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan%20Heusaff
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Alan Heusaff, also Alan Heussaff (23 July 1921 in Saint-Yvi, Finistère – 3 November 1999 in Galway) was a Breton nationalist, linguist, dictionary compiler, prolific journalist and lifetime campaigner for solidarity between the Celtic peoples. A co-founder of the Celtic League in 1961, he was its first general secretary until 1984.
A native Breton speaker, he trained as a primary school teacher but in his early twenties joined the separatist Bezen Perrot militia (1943–44), for which he was sentenced to death in absentia at a court martial by the post-World War II French government, but eventually amnestied in 1967. After studying mathematics and physics at the University of Marburg, Germany, he arrived in Ireland in 1950. He continued his studies at University College, Galway, and, on graduation, joined the Irish Meteorological Service, becoming a naturalised Irish citizen in 1955.
An aviation meteorologist, he devoted his spare time and retirement to peaceful activism, promoting the languages, culture and autonomy of the Celtic countries. Among the honours he received for his work was the 1986 Gradam an Phiarsaigh (annual Pearse award) presented by the President of Ireland, Patrick Hillery. In the same year, at the Welsh Eisteddfod, he was elected as a Bard of the Welsh Gorsedd. He was fluent in all the six modern Celtic languages as well as English, French and German.
Death
Heusaff died on 3 November 1999, at his home near An Spidéal in Connemara, Galway. He married Bríd
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20P.%20Carrell
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James P. Carrell (February 13, 1787 – October 28, 1854), of Lebanon, Virginia, was a minister, singing teacher, composer and songbook compiler. He compiled two songbooks in the four-shape shape note tradition.
Musical compilations
Carrell's Songs of Zion was a small book of 64 pages, printed by Ananias Davisson in Harrisonburg, Virginia in 1821 and containing mostly music by Carrell himself. In 1831, Carrell released Virginia Harmony with David L. Clayton (1801-1854). This book was printed in Winchester, Virginia by Samuel H. Davis, containing 191 tunes on 167 pages. A second edition of Virginia Harmony was printed in 1836 with 33 additional pages of music. Seventeen songs in this edition are attributed to Carrell.
One of the songs in Virginia Harmony was the Isaac Watts hymn "There Is a Land of Pure Delight", set to the anonymous tune "Harmony Grove". "Harmony Grove" is now the tune most associated with the John Newton hymn "Amazing Grace", and for many years Carrell and Clayton were credited as the composers.
Personal life
Carrell was born February 13, 1787, in Washington County, Virginia. He married Martha George Peery. They had two children, Charles and George. Carrell was a minister of the Methodist Church. In addition to his ministerial and musical activities, Carrell served as county court clerk of Russell County, Virginia. He died October 28, 1854, and is buried in the Old Lebanon Cemetery (aka North Church Street Cemetery).
References
Further reading
External
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brefeldin%20A
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Brefeldin A is a lactone antiviral produced by the fungus Penicillium brefeldianum. Brefeldin A inhibits protein transport from the endoplasmic reticulum to the golgi complex indirectly by preventing association of COP-I coat to the Golgi membrane. Brefeldin A was initially isolated with hopes to become an antiviral drug but is now primarily used in research to study protein transport.
History
The compound gets its name from a species of anamorph fungus of the Penicillium genus known as Eupenicillium brefeldianum, though it is found in a variety of species that span several genera. It was first isolated from Penicillium decumbens in 1958 by V.L. Singleton who initially called it Decumbin. It was later identified as a metabolite by H.P. Siggs who then went on to identify the chemical structure of the compound in 1971. Since then several successful total synthesis methods have been described. Interest in researching brefeldin A was initially lacking due to poor antiviral activity. However, upon discovery of its mechanism involving disruption of protein transport by Takatsuki and Tamura in 1985 and the cytotoxic effects observed in certain cancer cell lines, research efforts were revitalized. It is currently used solely in research mainly as an assay tool for studying membrane traffic and vesicle transport dynamics between the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus.
Physical properties and storage information
Brefeldin A is found naturally as a white to off-white cry
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modular%20Audio%20Recognition%20Framework
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Modular Audio Recognition Framework (MARF) is an open-source research platform and a collection of voice, sound, speech, text and natural language processing (NLP) algorithms written in Java and arranged into a modular and extensible framework that attempts to facilitate addition of new algorithms. MARF may act as a library in applications or be used as a source for learning and extension. A few example applications are provided to show how to use the framework. There is also a detailed manual and the API reference in the javadoc format as the project tends to be well documented. MARF, its applications, and the corresponding source code and documentation are released under the BSD-style license.
References
Footnotes
Speech recognition software
Natural language processing software
Java (programming language) libraries
Free audio software
Software using the BSD license
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RASD
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RASD may refer to:
RasD, a protein
Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (), a partially recognized state of Western Sahara
Rural Agency for Sustainable Development, an NGO located in the Mukono District of Uganda
Ridgway Area School District A rural school district in Northwestern Pennsylvania along the Allegany National Forest and the Clarion River.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soot%20%28software%29
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In static program analysis, Soot is a bytecode manipulation and optimization framework consisting of intermediate languages for Java. It has been developed by the Sable Research Group at McGill University.
Soot provides four intermediate representations for use through its API for other analysis programs to access and build upon:
Baf: a near bytecode representation.
Jimple: a simplified version of Java source code that has a maximum of three components per statement.
Shimple: an SSA variation of Jimple (similar to GIMPLE).
Grimp: an aggregated version of Jimple suitable for decompilation and code inspection.
The current Soot software release also contains detailed program analyses that can be used out-of-the-box, such as context-sensitive flow-insensitive points-to analysis, call graph analysis and domination analysis (answering the question "must event a follow event b?"). It also has a decompiler called dava.
Soot is free software available under the GNU Lesser General Public License (LGPL).
In 2010, two research papers on Soot ( and ) were selected as IBM CASCON First Decade High Impact Papers among 12 other papers from the 425 entries.
Jimple
Jimple is an intermediate representation of a Java program designed to be easier to optimize than Java bytecode. It is typed, has a concrete syntax and is based on three-address code.
Jimple includes only 15 different operations, thus simplifying flow analysis. By contrast, java bytecode includes over 200 different operatio
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heun%20function
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In mathematics, the local Heun function is the solution of Heun's differential equation that is holomorphic and 1 at the singular point z = 0. The local Heun function is called a Heun function, denoted Hf, if it is also regular at z = 1, and is called a Heun polynomial, denoted Hp, if it is regular at all three finite singular points z = 0, 1, a.
Heun's equation
Heun's equation is a second-order linear ordinary differential equation (ODE) of the form
The condition is taken so that the characteristic exponents for the regular singularity at infinity are α and β (see below).
The complex number q is called the accessory parameter. Heun's equation has four regular singular points: 0, 1, a and ∞ with exponents (0, 1 − γ), (0, 1 − δ), (0, 1 − ϵ), and (α, β). Every second-order linear ODE on the extended complex plane with at most four regular singular points, such as the Lamé equation or the hypergeometric differential equation, can be transformed into this equation by a change of variable.
Coalescence of various regular singularities of the Heun equation into irregular singularities give rise to several confluent forms of the equation, as shown in the table below.
{| class="wikitable"
|+Forms of the Heun Equation
|-
! Form !! Singularities !! Equation
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| General
| 0, 1, a, ∞
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|-
| Confluent
| 0, 1, ∞ (irregular, rank 1)
|
|-
| Doubly Confluent
| 0 (irregular, rank 1), ∞ (irregular, rank 1)
|
|-
| Biconfluent
| 0, ∞ (irregular, rank 2)
|
|-
| Triconfluent
| ∞ (i
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luis%20Caffarelli
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Luis Ángel Caffarelli (; born December 8, 1948) is an Argentine–American mathematician. He studies partial differential equations and their applications.
Career
Caffarelli was born and grew up in Buenos Aires. He obtained his Masters of Science (1968) and Ph.D. (1972) at the University of Buenos Aires. His Ph.D. advisor was Calixto Calderón. He currently holds the Sid Richardson Chair at the University of Texas at Austin. He also has been a professor at the University of Minnesota, the University of Chicago, and the Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences at New York University. From 1986 to 1996 he was a professor at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton.
Research
Caffarelli received recognition with "The regularity of free boundaries in higher dimensions" published in 1977 in Acta Mathematica. He is considered an expert in free boundary problems and nonlinear partial differential equations. He proved several regularity results for fully nonlinear elliptic equations including the Monge-Ampere equation, and also contributed to homogenization. He is also interested in integro-differential equations.
One of his most cited results regards the Partial regularity of suitable weak solutions of the Navier–Stokes equations; it was obtained in 1982 in collaboration with Louis Nirenberg and Robert V. Kohn.
Awards and recognition
In 1991 he was elected to the U.S. National Academy of Sciences. He was awarded honorary doctorates by the École Normale Supérieure, Paris, the
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabinovich%E2%80%93Fabrikant%20equations
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The Rabinovich–Fabrikant equations are a set of three coupled ordinary differential equations exhibiting chaotic behaviour for certain values of the parameters. They are named after Mikhail Rabinovich and Anatoly Fabrikant, who described them in 1979.
System description
The equations are:
where α, γ are constants that control the evolution of the system. For some values of α and γ, the system is chaotic, but for others it tends to a stable periodic orbit.
Danca and Chen note that the Rabinovich–Fabrikant system is difficult to analyse (due to the presence of quadratic and cubic terms) and that different attractors can be obtained for the same parameters by using different step sizes in the integration, see on the right an example of a solution obtained by two different solvers for the same parameter values and initial conditions. Also, recently, a hidden attractor was discovered in the Rabinovich–Fabrikant system.
Equilibrium points
The Rabinovich–Fabrikant system has five hyperbolic equilibrium points, one at the origin and four dependent on the system parameters α and γ:
where
These equilibrium points only exist for certain values of α and γ > 0.
γ = 0.87, α = 1.1
An example of chaotic behaviour is obtained for γ = 0.87 and α = 1.1 with initial conditions of (−1, 0, 0.5), see trajectory on the right. The correlation dimension was found to be 2.19 ± 0.01. The Lyapunov exponents, λ are approximately 0.1981, 0, −0.6581 and the Kaplan–Yorke dimension, D
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picard%E2%80%93Fuchs%20equation
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In mathematics, the Picard–Fuchs equation, named after Émile Picard and Lazarus Fuchs, is a linear ordinary differential equation whose solutions describe the periods of elliptic curves.
Definition
Let
be the j-invariant with and the modular invariants of the elliptic curve in Weierstrass form:
Note that the j-invariant is an isomorphism from the Riemann surface to the Riemann sphere ; where is the upper half-plane and is the modular group. The Picard–Fuchs equation is then
Written in Q-form, one has
Solutions
This equation can be cast into the form of the hypergeometric differential equation. It has two linearly independent solutions, called the periods of elliptic functions. The ratio of the two periods is equal to the period ratio τ, the standard coordinate on the upper-half plane. However, the ratio of two solutions of the hypergeometric equation is also known as a Schwarz triangle map.
The Picard–Fuchs equation can be cast into the form of Riemann's differential equation, and thus solutions can be directly read off in terms of Riemann P-functions. One has
At least four methods to find the j-function inverse can be given.
Dedekind defines the j-function by its Schwarz derivative in his letter to Borchardt. As a partial fraction, it reveals the geometry of the fundamental domain:
where (Sƒ)(x) is the Schwarzian derivative of ƒ with respect to x.
Generalization
In algebraic geometry, this equation has been shown to be a very special case of a general ph
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modular%20invariant
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In mathematics, a modular invariant may be
A modular invariant of a group acting on a vector space of positive characteristic
The elliptic modular function, giving the modular invariant of an elliptic curve.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riemann%27s%20differential%20equation
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In mathematics, Riemann's differential equation, named after Bernhard Riemann, is a generalization of the hypergeometric differential equation, allowing the regular singular points to occur anywhere on the Riemann sphere, rather than merely at 0, 1, and . The equation is also known as the Papperitz equation.
The hypergeometric differential equation is a second-order linear differential equation which has three regular singular points, 0, 1 and . That equation admits two linearly independent solutions; near a singularity , the solutions take the form , where is a local variable, and is locally holomorphic with . The real number is called the exponent of the solution at . Let α, β and γ be the exponents of one solution at 0, 1 and respectively; and let α', β' and γ' be those of the other. Then
By applying suitable changes of variable, it is possible to transform the hypergeometric equation: Applying Möbius transformations will adjust the positions of the regular singular points, while other transformations (see below) can change the exponents at the regular singular points, subject to the exponents adding up to 1.
Definition
The differential equation is given by
The regular singular points are , , and . The exponents of the solutions at these regular singular points are, respectively, , , and . As before, the exponents are subject to the condition
Solutions and relationship with the hypergeometric function
The solutions are denoted by the Riemann P-sym
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionic%20radius
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Ionic radius, rion, is the radius of a monatomic ion in an ionic crystal structure. Although neither atoms nor ions have sharp boundaries, they are treated as if they were hard spheres with radii such that the sum of ionic radii of the cation and anion gives the distance between the ions in a crystal lattice. Ionic radii are typically given in units of either picometers (pm) or angstroms (Å), with 1 Å = 100 pm. Typical values range from 31 pm (0.3 Å) to over 200 pm (2 Å).
The concept can be extended to solvated ions in liquid solutions taking into consideration the solvation shell.
Trends
Ions may be larger or smaller than the neutral atom, depending on the ion's electric charge. When an atom loses an electron to form a cation, the other electrons are more attracted to the nucleus, and the radius of the ion gets smaller. Similarly, when an electron is added to an atom, forming an anion, the added electron increases the size of the electron cloud by interelectronic repulsion.
The ionic radius is not a fixed property of a given ion, but varies with coordination number, spin state and other parameters. Nevertheless, ionic radius values are sufficiently transferable to allow periodic trends to be recognized. As with other types of atomic radius, ionic radii increase on descending a group. Ionic size (for the same ion) also increases with increasing coordination number, and an ion in a high-spin state will be larger than the same ion in a low-spin state. In general, ionic
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hauerite
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Hauerite is a manganese sulfide mineral with the chemical formula MnS2. It forms reddish brown or black octahedral crystals with the pyrite structure and it is usually found associated with the sulfides of other transition metals such as rambergite. It occurs in low temperature, sulfur rich environments associated with solfataras and salt deposits in association with native sulfur, realgar, gypsum and calcite.
It was discovered in Austro-Hungarian Monarchy in Kalinka (now Vígľašská Huta-Kalinka village) sulfur deposit near Detva in what is now Slovakia in 1846 and named after the Austrian geologists, Joseph Ritter von Hauer (1778–1863) and Franz Ritter von Hauer (1822–1899).
It is found in Texas, USA; the Ural Mountains of Russia, and Sicily, Italy.
Under high pressure conditions (P>11 GPa), Hauerite undergoes a large collapse in unit cell volume (22 %) driven by a spin-state transition.
References
Manganese minerals
Pyrite group
Cubic minerals
Minerals in space group 205
Minerals described in 1846
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curvature%20collineation
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A curvature collineation (often abbreviated to CC) is vector field which preserves the Riemann tensor in the sense that,
where are the components of the Riemann tensor. The set of all smooth curvature collineations forms a Lie algebra under the Lie bracket operation (if the smoothness condition is dropped, the set of all curvature collineations need not form a Lie algebra). The Lie algebra is denoted by and may be infinite-dimensional. Every affine vector field is a curvature collineation.
See also
Conformal vector field
Homothetic vector field
Killing vector field
Matter collineation
Spacetime symmetries
Mathematical methods in general relativity
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QDA
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QDA may refer to:
Qualitative Data Analysis as used in qualitative research
Quadratic discriminant analysis as used in statistical classification or as a quadratic classifier in machine learning
The .QDA filename extension, used for Quadruple D archives
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitotoxin
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A mitotoxin is a cytotoxic molecule targeted to specific cells by a mitogen. Generally found in snake venom. Mitotoxins are responsible for mediating cell death by interfering with protein or DNA synthesis. Some mechanisms by which mitotoxins can interfere with DNA or protein synthesis include the inactivation of ribosomes or the inhibition of complexes in the mitochondrial electron transport chain. These toxins have a very high affinity and level of specificity for the receptors that they bind to. Mitotoxins bind to receptors on cell surfaces and are then internalized into cells via receptor-mediated endocytosis. Once in the endosome, the receptor releases its ligand and a mitotoxin can mediate cell death.
There are different classes of mitotoxins, each acting on a different type of cell or system. The mitotoxin classes that have been identified thus far include: interleukin-based, transferrin based, epidermal growth factor-based, nerve growth factor-based, insulin-like growth factor-I-based, and fibroblast growth factor-based mitotoxins. Because of the high affinity and specificity of mitotoxin binding, they present the possibility of creating precise therapeutic agents. A major one of these possibilities is the potential usage of growth factor-based mitotoxins as anti-neoplastic agents that can modulate the growth of melanomas.
References
Molecular biology
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta%20oxidation
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In biochemistry and metabolism, beta oxidation (also β-oxidation) is the catabolic process by which fatty acid molecules are broken down in the cytosol in prokaryotes and in the mitochondria in eukaryotes to generate acetyl-CoA, which enters the citric acid cycle, and NADH and FADH2, which are co-enzymes used in the electron transport chain. It is named as such because the beta carbon of the fatty acid undergoes oxidation to a carbonyl group. Beta-oxidation is primarily facilitated by the mitochondrial trifunctional protein, an enzyme complex associated with the inner mitochondrial membrane, although very long chain fatty acids are oxidized in peroxisomes.
The overall reaction for one cycle of beta oxidation is:
Cn-acyl-CoA + FAD + + + CoA → Cn-2-acyl-CoA + + NADH + + acetyl-CoA
Activation and membrane transport
Free fatty acids cannot penetrate any biological membrane due to their negative charge. Free fatty acids must cross the cell membrane through specific transport proteins, such as the SLC27 family fatty acid transport protein. Once in the cytosol, the following processes bring fatty acids into the mitochondrial matrix so that beta-oxidation can take place.
Long-chain-fatty-acid—CoA ligase catalyzes the reaction between a fatty acid with ATP to give a fatty acyl adenylate, plus inorganic pyrophosphate, which then reacts with free coenzyme A to give a fatty acyl-CoA ester and AMP.
If the fatty acyl-CoA has a long chain, then the carnitine shuttle must be utiliz
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staphylococcal%20scalded%20skin%20syndrome
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Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome (SSSS) is a dermatological condition caused by Staphylococcus aureus.
Signs and symptoms
The disease presents with the widespread formation of fluid-filled blisters that are thin walled and easily ruptured, and the patient can be positive for Nikolsky's sign. Ritter's disease of the newborn is the most severe form of SSSS, with similar signs and symptoms. SSSS often includes a widespread painful erythroderma, often involving the face, diaper, and other intertriginous areas. Extensive areas of desquamation might be present. Perioral crusting and fissuring are seen early in the course. Unlike toxic epidermal necrolysis, SSSS spares the mucous membranes.
Children with SSSS may exhibit fussiness or irritability, tiredness, fever, redness of the skin, easily broken fluid-filled blisters that leave an area of moist, tender, painful skin, and large sheets of the top layer of skin that easily peel away.
The condition is most common in children under 6 years, but can be seen in adults who are immunosuppressed or have kidney failure.
Pathophysiology
The syndrome is induced by epidermolytic exotoxins (exfoliatin) A and B, which are released by S. aureus and cause detachment within the epidermal layer, by breaking down the desmosomes. One of the exotoxins is encoded on the bacterial chromosome, while the other is encoded on a plasmid. These exotoxins are proteases that cleave desmoglein-1, which normally holds the granulosum and spinosum layers
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homeotropic%20alignment
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In liquid crystals, homeotropic alignment is one of the ways of alignment of liquid crystalline molecules. Homeotropic alignment is the state in which a rod-like liquid crystalline molecule aligns perpendicularly to the substrate. In the polydomain state, the parts also are called homeotropic domains. In contrast, the state in which the molecule aligns to a substance in parallel is called homogeneous alignment.
There are various other ways of alignment in liquid crystals. Because homeotropic alignment is not anisotropic optically, a dark field is observed between crossed polarizers in polarizing optical microscopy.
By conoscope observation, however, a cross image is observed in the homeotropic alignments. Homeotropic alignment often appears in the smectic A phase (SA).
In discotic liquid crystals homeotropic alignment is defined as the state in which an axis of the column structure, which is formed by disc-like liquid crystalline molecules, aligns perpendicularly to a substance. In other words, this alignment looks like a state in which columns formed by piled-up coins are arranged in an orderly way on a table.
In practice, the homeotropic alignment is usually achieved by surfactants and detergent for example lecithin, some esilanes or some special polyimide (PI 1211). Generally liquid crystals align homeotropically at an air or glass interface.
References
Crystallography
Liquid crystals
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stationary%20spacetime
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In general relativity, specifically in the Einstein field equations, a spacetime is said to be stationary if it admits a Killing vector that is asymptotically timelike.
Description and analysis
In a stationary spacetime, the metric tensor components, , may be chosen so that they are all independent of the time coordinate. The line element of a stationary spacetime has the form
where is the time coordinate, are the three spatial coordinates and is the metric tensor of 3-dimensional space. In this coordinate system the Killing vector field has the components . is a positive scalar representing the norm of the Killing vector, i.e., , and is a 3-vector, called the twist vector, which vanishes when the Killing vector is hypersurface orthogonal. The latter arises as the spatial components of the twist 4-vector (see, for example, p. 163) which is orthogonal to the Killing vector , i.e., satisfies . The twist vector measures the extent to which the Killing vector fails to be orthogonal to a family of 3-surfaces. A non-zero twist indicates the presence of rotation in the spacetime geometry.
The coordinate representation described above has an interesting geometrical interpretation. The time translation Killing vector generates a one-parameter group of motion in the spacetime . By identifying the spacetime points that lie on a particular trajectory (also called orbit) one gets a 3-dimensional space (the manifold of Killing trajectories) , the quotient space. Each point
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20United%20Kingdom%20Biodiversity%20Action%20Plan%20species
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This is a list of United Kingdom Biodiversity Action Plan species. Some suffer because of loss of habitat, but many are in decline following the introduction of foreign species, which out-compete the native species or carry disease.
See also the list of extinct animals of the British Isles.
This list includes the 116 species identified as requiring action plans in the Biodiversity Steering Group's report of December 1995.
Mammals
Scottish wildcat (Felis silvestris grampia)
Bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus), warm and temperate seas worldwide
European (brown) hare (Lepus europaeus), northern, central, and western Europe and western Asia
Hazel dormouse (Muscardinus avellanarius), northern Europe and Asia Minor
European otter (Lutra lutra lutra), Asia, Africa and Europe
Greater horseshoe bat (Rhinolophus ferrumequinium), Europe, Africa, South Asia and Australia
Harbour porpoise (Phocoena phocoena), coastal waters in the Northern Hemisphere
Red squirrel (Sciurus vulgaris leucourus), Eurasia (subspecies endemic to Great Britain)
Water vole (Arvicola amphibius), Great Britain, northern and central Europe and in parts of Russia
European (western) hedgehog (Erinaceus europaeus)
Birds
List of UK BAP priority bird species.
Aquatic warbler (Acrocephalus paludicola), passage migrant through UK
Capercaillie (Tetrao urogallus)
Corn crake (Crex crex), globally threatened
Eurasian wryneck (Jynx torquilla)
Great bittern (Botarus stellaris)
Grey partridge (Perdix perdix)
Red-backed sh
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20colleges%20and%20universities%20in%20Iowa
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There are sixty colleges and universities in the U.S. state of Iowa that are listed under the Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education. These institutions include two research universities, nine master's universities, and nineteen baccalaureate colleges, as well as twenty-one associate's colleges. In addition, eleven special-focus institutions and three baccalaureate/associate's colleges operate in the state. The Iowa Board of Regents, a governing board, oversees the state's three public universities – the University of Iowa, Iowa State University, and the University of Northern Iowa.
With 5,713 students, Upper Iowa University is the state's largest private not-for-profit school. The state's oldest post-secondary institution is Loras College, a private Catholic school in Dubuque that was founded in 1839, seven years before Iowa became a state.
The state's only two law schools, the University of Iowa College of Law and Drake University Law School, are both accredited by the American Bar Association. Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine and Des Moines University are the state's two medical schools. The majority of Iowa's post-secondary institutions are accredited by the Higher Learning Commission (HLC). Most are accredited by multiple agencies, such as the Commission on Collegiate Nursing Education (CCNE), the National Association of Schools of Music (NASM), and the National League for Nursing (NLNAC).
Extant institutions
Defunct institutions
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20colleges%20and%20universities%20in%20Michigan
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There are ninety three colleges and universities in the U.S. state of Michigan that are listed under the Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education. These institutions include eight research universities, five doctoral/professional universities, fourteen master's universities, and fourteen baccalaureate colleges, as well as thirty-one associates colleges. In addition, there are eighteen institutions classified as special-focus institutions, eleven labeled as baccalaureate/associate's colleges, and two tribal colleges which operate in the state.
The University of Michigan is the oldest higher-educational institution in the state, and among the earliest research universities in the nation; it was founded in 1817, twenty years before the Michigan Territory achieved statehood. East Lansing-based Michigan State University is the state's largest public institution in terms of enrollment, as it had 50,340 students . With an enrollment of 21,210 students, Baker College of Flint is Michigan's largest private post-secondary institution, while Oak Park-based Yeshiva Gedolah of Greater Detroit is the state's smallest.
The state has seven medical schools, as well as five law schools which are accredited by the American Bar Association. The majority of Michigan's post-secondary institutions are accredited by the Higher Learning Commission (HLC). Most are accredited by multiple agencies, such as the Commission on Collegiate Nursing Education (CCNE), the National Associat
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20colleges%20and%20universities%20in%20North%20Dakota
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There are twenty-one colleges and universities in the U.S. state of North Dakota that are listed under the Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education. Grand Forks-based University of North Dakota (UND) is the largest public institution with an enrollment of 14,906 students as of Fall 2014 enrollment data. Fargo-based North Dakota State University (NDSU) is the second largest public institution, with an enrollment of 14,747 students for Fall 2014.
UND, founded February 27, 1883 (six years prior to North Dakota's statehood), is the state's oldest and longest operating post-secondary institution. University of Jamestown (UJ), founded under the name Jamestown College October 31, 1883, by the Presbyterian Church, is the state's second-oldest established post-secondary institution. Mayville State University (MSU), originally named Mayville Normal School, founded in 1889 by the first North Dakota Legislative Assembly, is the state's third-oldest established post-secondary institution but is the second longest operating school. NDSU, originally named the North Dakota Agricultural College, was founded 8 March 1890 as part of the Morrill Land-Grant Acts of 1862 and 1890, is the state's fourth-oldest post-secondary institution and third longest operating school.
The North Dakota University System contains eleven public colleges. There are also seven private universities in North Dakota. The University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, a part of U
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20colleges%20and%20universities%20in%20South%20Dakota
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There are twenty-two colleges and universities in the U.S. state of South Dakota that are listed under the Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education. Brookings-based South Dakota State University (SDSU) is the state's largest public university, with a spring 2012 enrollment of 12,725 students. SDSU is governed by the South Dakota Board of Regents, a governing board that also controls the University of South Dakota (USD), which has the second largest enrollment. In addition, the Board controls four other public universities in the state.
USD is the oldest public university in South Dakota, as it has a founding date of 1862. Augustana University, situated in Sioux Falls, is the largest not-for-profit private university with a spring 2012 enrollment of 1,871 students in attendance. Sioux Falls Seminary, a Baptist seminary located in the city of the same name, is the state's smallest post-secondary institution, as it had a spring 2012 enrollment of 141 students. Globe University–Sioux Falls, a for-profit private university, consists of 262 students and is the state's second smallest institution.
The state's only law school, the University of South Dakota School of Law, is accredited by the American Bar Association. USD also contains the state's only medical school, the University of South Dakota Sanford School of Medicine. The majority of South Dakota's post-secondary institutions are accredited by the Higher Learning Commission (HLC). Most are accredited by m
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20colleges%20and%20universities%20in%20West%20Virginia
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There are forty-four colleges and universities in the U.S. state of West Virginia that are listed under the Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education. These institutions include two research universities, five master's universities, and fourteen baccalaureate colleges, as well as twenty-one associate's colleges. In addition, there are three institutions classified as special-focus institutions.
West Virginia's oldest surviving post-secondary institution is Bethany College, founded on March 2, 1840 by Alexander Campbell. Marshall University and West Liberty University were both established in 1837, but as private subscription schools. Founded in 1867, West Virginia University is the state's largest public institution of higher learning in terms of enrollment, as it had 29,707 students as of spring 2013. Eastern West Virginia Community and Technical College is the state's smallest, with an enrollment of 822. With an enrollment of 1,549 students, Wheeling University is West Virginia's largest traditional private post-secondary institution, while Valley College–Princeton is the state's smallest, with an enrollment of 72. The American Public University System, a private for-profit, distance education institution based in Charles Town, has the largest enrollment of any post-secondary institution in West Virginia, with 31,331 students. Catholic Distance University, a fully online non-profit university in Charles Town, educates undergraduate students in Liberal Art
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20colleges%20and%20universities%20in%20Wisconsin
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There are eighty-five colleges and universities in the U.S. state of Wisconsin that are listed under the Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education. The University of Wisconsin–Madison (UW–Madison) is the state's largest public post-secondary institution, with a fall 2010 enrollment of 42,180 students. It is the flagship of the University of Wisconsin System, which includes 25 other campuses.
Marquette University in Milwaukee is the state's largest private university, with a fall 2010 enrollment of 11,806 students. With 19,827 in attendance, Milwaukee Area Technical College is the largest technical college of Wisconsin. Wisconsin School of Professional Psychology, also in Milwaukee, is the state's smallest institution, with an enrollment of 75 for fall 2010. Waukesha-based Carroll University is the state's oldest four-year post-secondary institution as it was founded on January 31, 1846, two years before Wisconsin achieved statehood. Beloit College, located in the city of Beloit, was established two days later on February 2.
Medical College of Wisconsin and University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health are the state's only two medical schools. The state's two law schools, Marquette University Law School and University of Wisconsin Law School, are both accredited by the American Bar Association. The majority of Wisconsin's post-secondary institutions are accredited by the Higher Learning Commission, but 15 have received accreditation from the
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debye%E2%80%93H%C3%BCckel%20equation
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The chemists Peter Debye and Erich Hückel noticed that solutions that contain ionic solutes do not behave ideally even at very low concentrations. So, while the concentration of the solutes is fundamental to the calculation of the dynamics of a solution, they theorized that an extra factor that they termed gamma is necessary to the calculation of the activities of the solution. Hence they developed the Debye–Hückel equation and Debye–Hückel limiting law. The activity is only proportional to the concentration and is altered by a factor known as the activity coefficient . This factor takes into account the interaction energy of ions in solution.
Debye–Hückel limiting law
In order to calculate the activity of an ion C in a solution, one must know the concentration and the activity coefficient:
where
is the activity coefficient of C,
is the concentration of the chosen standard state, e.g. 1 mol/kg if molality is used,
is a measure of the concentration of C.
Dividing with gives a dimensionless quantity.
The Debye–Hückel limiting law enables one to determine the activity coefficient of an ion in a dilute solution of known ionic strength. The equation is
where
is the charge number of ion species i,
is the elementary charge,
is the inverse of the Debye screening length (defined below),
is the relative permittivity of the solvent,
is the permittivity of free space,
is the Boltzmann constant,
is the temperature of the solution,
is the Avogadro constant,
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flack%20parameter
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In X-ray crystallography, the Flack parameter is a factor used to estimate the absolute configuration of a structural model determined by single-crystal structure analysis.
In this approach, one determines the absolute structure of a noncentrosymmetric crystal. The processes used to decide the absolute structure use the anomalous dispersion effect. If atomic scattering factors did not have imaginary parts, the Friedel pairs would have exactly the same amplitudes (i.e., the scattering intensity from crystal plane (h k l) is equal to ). However, atomic scattering factors have imaginary parts due to the anomalous dispersion effect, and Friedel's law is broken by this effect.
There are several ways to determine the absolute structure by X-ray crystallography. For example, a comparison of the intensities of Bijvoet pairs or of the R-factors for the two possible structures can suggest the correct absolute structure. One of the more powerful and simple approaches is using the Flack parameter, because this single parameter clearly indicates the absolute structure.
The Flack parameter is calculated during the structural refinement using the equation given below:
where x is the Flack parameter, I is the square of the scaled observed structure factor and F is the calculated structure factor.
By determining x for all data, x is usually found to be between 0 and 1. If the value is near 0, with a small standard uncertainty, the absolute structure given by the structure refine
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphiregulin
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Amphiregulin, also known as AREG, is a protein synthesized as a transmembrane glycoprotein with 252 aminoacids and it is encoded by the AREG gene. in humans.
Function
The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the epidermal growth factor (EGF) family.
It is a critical autocrine growth factor as well as a mitogen for astrocytes, Schwann cells, and fibroblasts. It is ligand for epidermal growth factor (EGF) and it is related to transforming growth factor alpha (TGF-alpha). This protein interacts with the Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) to promote the growth of normal epithelial cells.
Biological role
AREG is a critical factor in estrogen action and ductal development of the mammary glands. Amphiregulin has been found to be essential for mammary ductal development, as evidenced by absence of ductal growth in amphiregulin knockout mice. This is similar to the phenotypes of EGFR and ERα knockout mice, which also show absence of ductal growth. Amphiregulin is expressed in many parts of body such as ovaries, placenta, pancreas, breasts, lungs and spleen. Expression of amphiregulin can be induced by TGF-α, TNF-α, interleukin 1, and prostaglandins.
Clinical significance
Role in tissue repair
Generally, amphiregulin is considered to be a part of type 2 mediated resistance and tolerance, the latter of which occurs by promoting the reestablishment of tissue integrity after damage that is due to acute or chronic inflammation. Its involvement in tissue repair can be ex
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cauchy%20index
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In mathematical analysis, the Cauchy index is an integer associated to a real rational function over an interval. By the Routh–Hurwitz theorem, we have the following interpretation: the Cauchy index of
r(x) = p(x)/q(x)
over the real line is the difference between the number of roots of f(z) located in the right half-plane and those located in the left half-plane. The complex polynomial f(z) is such that
f(iy) = q(y) + ip(y).
We must also assume that p has degree less than the degree of q.
Definition
The Cauchy index was first defined for a pole s of the rational function r by Augustin-Louis Cauchy in 1837 using one-sided limits as:
A generalization over the compact interval [a,b] is direct (when neither a nor b are poles of r(x)): it is the sum of the Cauchy indices of r for each s located in the interval. We usually denote it by .
We can then generalize to intervals of type since the number of poles of r is a finite number (by taking the limit of the Cauchy index over [a,b] for a and b going to infinity).
Examples
Consider the rational function:
We recognize in p(x) and q(x) respectively the Chebyshev polynomials of degree 3 and 5. Therefore, r(x) has poles , , , and , i.e. for . We can see on the picture that and . For the pole in zero, we have since the left and right limits are equal (which is because p(x) also has a root in zero).
We conclude that since q(x) has only five roots, all in [−1,1]. We cannot use here the Routh–Hurwitz theorem as
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KRoC
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The Kent Retargetable occam Compiler (KRoC), is computer software, an implementation of the programming language occam, that is based on the Inmos occam 2.1 compiler as a front-end and a retargetable back-end to produce machine code for various microprocessors. Ports of the compiler have been made for PowerPC, SPARC, x86, and Alpha processors.
Along with the translation to different processors, the KRoC team have modified the compiler significantly, creating a compiler for what has become termed occam v2.5, and now as occam-π, pronounced occam-pi.
Originally the translation from the occam compiler front-end was by interpretation of the American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII) file in assembly language. This worked reasonably well but was slow and occasionally inconvenient.
The current KRoC compiler target is an Extended Transputer Code (ETC), which is then translated into the target machine language. ETC code can be viewed as a kind of byte code: it is a compact description of the compiler's intent on a virtual machine that is similar to the transputer.
ETC-code variants of the KRoC compiler exist for Intel x86 on Linux, and on Windows using Cygwin. A SPARC port is in the works.
References
External links
, Kent
WoTUG.org: KRoC
Dr. Fred Barnes' KRoC page
Transterpreter, virtual machine for occam which executes an ETC based bytecode
occam-π language
Compilers
University of Kent
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occam-%CF%80
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In computer science, occam-π (or occam-pi) is the name of a variant of the programming language occam developed by the Kent Retargetable occam Compiler (KRoC) team at the University of Kent. The name reflects the introduction of elements of π-calculus (pi-calculus) into occam, especially concepts involving mobile agents (processes) and data. The language contains several extensions to occam 2.1, including:
Nested protocols
Run-time process creation
Mobile channels, data, and processes
Recursion
Protocol inheritance
Array constructors
Extended rendezvous
See also
occam (programming language)
Transputer
KRoC
Transterpreter
References
External links
University of Kent Occam-pi project page
Tock Occam compiler
Parallel programming users group on Occam-pi
Concurrent programming languages
University of Kent
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistica
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Statistica is an advanced analytics software package originally developed by StatSoft and currently maintained by TIBCO Software Inc.
Statistica provides data analysis, data management, statistics, data mining, machine learning, text analytics and data visualization procedures.
Overview
Statistica is a suite of analytics software products and solutions originally developed by StatSoft and acquired by Dell in March 2014. The software includes an array of data analysis, data management, data visualization, and data mining procedures; as well as a variety of predictive modeling, clustering, classification, and exploratory techniques. Additional techniques are available through integration with the free, open source R programming environment.
Different packages of analytical techniques are available in six product lines.
History
Statistica originally derived from a set of software packages and add-ons that were initially developed during the mid-1980s by StatSoft. Following the 1986 release of Complete Statistical System (CSS) and the 1988 release of Macintosh Statistical System (MacSS), the first DOS version (trademarked in capitals as STATISTICA) was released in 1991. In 1992, the Macintosh version of Statistica was released.
Statistica 5.0 was released in 1995. It ran on both the new 32-bit Windows 95/NT and the older version of Windows (3.1). It featured many new statistics and graphics procedures, a word-processor-style output editor (combining tables and graphs), and
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrier%20generation%20and%20recombination
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In the solid-state physics of semiconductors, carrier generation and carrier recombination are processes by which mobile charge carriers (electrons and electron holes) are created and eliminated. Carrier generation and recombination processes are fundamental to the operation of many optoelectronic semiconductor devices, such as photodiodes, light-emitting diodes and laser diodes. They are also critical to a full analysis of p-n junction devices such as bipolar junction transistors and p-n junction diodes.
The electron–hole pair is the fundamental unit of generation and recombination in inorganic semiconductors, corresponding to an electron transitioning between the valence band and the conduction band where generation of electron is a transition from the valence band to the conduction band and recombination leads to a reverse transition.
Overview
Like other solids, semiconductor materials have an electronic band structure determined by the crystal properties of the material. Energy distribution among electrons is described by the Fermi level and the temperature of the electrons. At absolute zero temperature, all of the electrons have energy below the Fermi level; but at non-zero temperatures the energy levels are filled following a Fermi-Dirac distribution.
In undoped semiconductors the Fermi level lies in the middle of a forbidden band or band gap between two allowed bands called the valence band and the conduction band. The valence band, immediately below the forbidden
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmet%20Yal%C3%A7%C4%B1nkaya
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Ahmet Yalçınkaya (born December 1963) is a Turkish poet and academician.
Born in Giresun, Turkey, and grew up in Germany. Has studied Engineering, Robotics, management and business at various universities in Turkey, USA, Uzbekistan and Sweden. He lived in Europe, Turkey, and Central Asia. Lives and works today in Turkmenistan, and continues his studies, research, and teachings in Sweden.
His poems, essays, letters, interviews, poetry translations have been published by newspapers and journals like Zaman, Al-Ahram Weekly, Impact, Avaz, Harman, Das Licht, Maveran, Yosh Kuch, Kiragi, Endulus, Poezia, Carmina Balcanica and others in Turkey, Germany, England, Egypt, Romania and Uzbekistan. Has been awarded with several prizes. Has represented Kiragi (Hoarfrost) Poetry Journal in Istanbul (1995–97). Has taken part in the editorial board of the literary journal Endulus (Andalusia) (1997–98). Edited and published for a short time (1995) the literary journal Mevsim (The Season).
Some of his poems have been translated into languages such as English, Uzbek, Arabic, Tamil, Turkmen language, Azerbaijani, Romanian, German, and published abroad.
Works
Daglarda Yer Yok (Poems, 1997, "There is not any place in the mountains"), .
Yetim Kalan Siirler (Poems, 2001, "Orphan Poems")
Yuragimning ko`z yoshi (Selected Poems, 2001, in Uzbek, "Tears of my Heart"), .
Özlem Sularında (Selected Poems, "In the Waters of Longing", e-book, 2004, printed, 2005), .
Poems of the Night (Anthology, with
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%20battery
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The C battery (C size battery or R14 battery) is a standard size of dry cell battery typically used in medium-drain applications such as toys, flashlights, and musical instruments.
As of 2007, C batteries accounted for 4% of alkaline primary battery sales in the United States. In Switzerland as of 2008, C batteries totalled 5.4% of primary battery sales and 3.4% of secondary (rechargeable) battery sales.
Properties
A C battery measures length and diameter.
The voltage and capacity of a C-size battery depends on the battery chemistry and discharge conditions. The nominal voltage is 1.5V. Alkaline C batteries have a storage capacity up to 8000 mAh while rechargeable NiMH C batteries can hold up to 6000 mAh. Zinc-carbon C batteries usually hold up to 3800 mAh. Compared to the AAA and AA batteries, C-batteries' storage capacities are significantly higher.
Standardisation
Like the D battery, the C battery size has been standardized since the 1920s. The AA, AAA, and N sizes have been in common use since the 1950s.
The C battery is called "14" in current ANSI standards of battery nomenclature, and in IEC standards is designated "R14".
Other common names
U11 (In Britain until the 1980s)
MN1400
MX1400
Baby
Bébielem (Hungary)
Type 343 (Soviet Union/Russia)
BA-42 (US Military Spec World War II–1980s)
UM 2 (JIS)
#2 (China)
6135-99-199-4779 (NSN) (carbon-zinc)
6135-99-117-3212 (NSN) (alkaline)
HP-11
Mezza torcia (Italy)
Pila Mediana (Argentina)
Pilha média (
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%20cell
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C cell may refer to:
Biology and medicine
parafollicular cell, neuroendocrine cells in the thyroid gland which secrete calcitonin
Technology
C battery, a common household 1.5 volt dry cell battery
C battery (vacuum tube), a battery used to power vacuum tubes in early electronic devices
See also
Cell C, a South African cellular phone provider
Cell (disambiguation)
C (disambiguation)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%20cell
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D cell can mean:
D battery, a common size of dry-cell electrical battery
D cell (biology), a hormone secreting, regulatory cell type found in the stomach
See also
DCell, one of the Data center network architectures
dCell, a division of Lowe Lintas
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World%20Drug%20Report
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The World Drug Report is a United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime annual publication that analyzes market trends, compiling detailed statistics on drug markets. Using data, it helps draw conclusions about drugs as an issue needing intervention by government agencies around the world. UNAIDs stated on its website "The use of illicit drugs needs to be understood as a social and health condition requiring sustained prevention, treatment, and care. This is one of the major conclusions emerging from the 2015 World Drug Report, published on 26 June by the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime."
History
The World Drug Report is published annually by the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. The first report was published in 1997, the same year the agency was established. The agency was tasked with the responsibility of crime prevention, criminal justice and criminal law reform. The World Drug Report is utilized as an annual overview of the major developments of global drug markets and as a tool to publish evidence-based drug prevention plans. There have been 19 World Drug Reports published since the original report was made public.
Leader of the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime
On July 9, 2010, United Nations Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon appointed Yury Fedotov of the Russian Federation as executive director for the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime Leadership. Mr. Fedotov is also Under-Secretary General for the United Nations as a whole. Mr. Fedotov has be
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason%20John%20Nassau
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Jason John Nassau (1893–1965) was an American astronomer.
He performed his doctoral studies at Syracuse, and gained his Ph.D. mathematics in 1920. (His thesis was Some Theorems in Alternants.) He then became an assistant professor at the Case Institute of Technology in 1921, teaching astronomy. He continued to instruct at that institution, becoming the University's first chair of astronomy from 1924 until 1959 and chairman of the graduate division from 1936 until 1940. After 1959 he was professor emeritus.
From 1924 until 1959 he was also the director of the Case Western Reserve University (CWRU) Warner and Swasey Observatory in Cleveland, Ohio. He was a pioneer in the study of galactic structure. He also discovered a new star cluster, co-discovered 2 novae in 1961, and developed a technique of studying the distribution of red (M-class or cooler) stars.
In 1922, Nassau led the formation of the Cleveland Astronomical Society, "a club among those citizens of Cleveland and vicinity who were interested in astronomy." He served as the extant organization's first president for 41 years.
Bibliography
Nassau, Jason John, A Textbook of Practical Astronomy, 1934, New York.
Honors
The Nassau Astronomical Station at the Warner and Swasey Observatory, Observatory Park, Geauga Park District, is named for him.
The Jason J. Nassau Prize was established by the Cleveland Astronomical Society in 1965. It is awarded annually to an outstanding senior student in the CWRU Department of Astr
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fear%20%28disambiguation%29
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Fear is an emotion that arises from the perception of danger.
Fear or The Fear may also refer to:
People
"Fear", an alias of Mikael Åkerfeldt's on the album The Human Equation
"Fear", the online alias of the professional Dota 2 player Clinton Loomis
"Fear", the lead guitarist of Mexican punk rock band Allison
Arts and entertainment
Fictional entities
Fear, the personification of fear in the film Inside Out (2015)
Fear, a villain in the R. L. Stine's The Haunting Hour episode "Fear Never Knocks"
The Fear, a character from Metal Gear Solid 3: Snake Eater
Film
Fear (1917 film), a German film directed by Robert Wiene
Fear (1946 film), a film directed by Alfred Zeisler
Fear (1954 film) by Roberto Rossellini starring Ingrid Bergman
Fear (1965 film), a short Hindi film directed by Ritwik Ghatak
Fear (1988 film), an action film featuring Cliff DeYoung
Fear (1990 film), a thriller/horror film starring Ally Sheedy
Fear (1996 film), a film starring Mark Wahlberg and Reese Witherspoon
Fear (2020 film), a Bulgarian film
Fear (2023 film), a horror film directed by Deon Taylor
Le Fear, a 2010 British comedy film
The Fear (1966 film), a Greek crime drama
The Fear (1995 film), an American horror film starring Vince Edwards
The Fear (2015 film), a French film
Gaming
F.E.A.R. (series), a series of psychological horror video games
F.E.A.R. (video game) (First Encounter Assault Recon), a 2005 first-person shooter video game
Literature
Fear (Abbot novel), a 2006 novel
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toll-like%20receptor%203
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Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) also known as CD283 (cluster of differentiation 283) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TLR3 gene. TLR3 is a member of the toll-like receptor family of pattern recognition receptors of the innate immune system. TLR3 recognizes double-stranded RNA in endosomes, which is a common feature of viral genomes internalised by macrophages and dendritic cells.
Function
TLR3 is a member of the toll-like receptor (TLR) family which plays a fundamental role in pathogen recognition and activation of innate immunity. TLRs are highly conserved from Drosophila to humans and share structural and functional similarities. They recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) that are expressed on infectious agents, and mediate the production of cytokines necessary for the development of effective immunity. The various TLRs exhibit different patterns of expression. This receptor is most abundantly expressed in placenta and pancreas, and is restricted to the dendritic subpopulation of the leukocytes. It recognizes dsRNA associated with viral infection, and induces the activation of IRF3 and NF-κB. Unlike other TLRs, TLR3 uses TRIF as the sole adaptor. IRF3 ultimately induces the production of type I interferons. It may thus play a role in host defense against viruses.
TLR3 recognizes double-stranded RNA, a form of genetic information carried by some viruses such as reoviruses. Additionally, an ephemeral form of double-stranded RNA exists as a repl
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potential%20temperature
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The potential temperature of a parcel of fluid at pressure is the temperature that the parcel would attain if adiabatically brought to a standard reference pressure , usually . The potential temperature is denoted and, for a gas well-approximated as ideal, is given by
where is the current absolute temperature (in K) of the parcel, is the gas constant of air, and is the specific heat capacity at a constant pressure.
for air (meteorology). The reference point for potential temperature in the ocean is usually at the ocean's surface which has a water pressure of 0 dbar. The potential temperature in the ocean doesn't account for the varying heat capacities of seawater, therefore it is not a conservative measure of heat content. Graphical representation of potential temperature will always be less than the actual temperature line in a temperature vs depth graph.
Contexts
The concept of potential temperature applies to any stratified fluid. It is most frequently used in the atmospheric sciences and oceanography. The reason that it is used
in both fields is that changes in pressure can result in warmer fluid residing under colder fluid – examples being dropping air temperature with altitude and increasing water temperature with depth in very deep ocean trenches and
within the ocean mixed layer. When the potential temperature is used instead, these apparently unstable conditions vanish as a parcel of fluid is invariant along its isolines. In the oceans, the potential temp
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireworld
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Wireworld, alternatively WireWorld, is a cellular automaton first proposed by Brian Silverman in 1987, as part of his program Phantom Fish Tank. It subsequently became more widely known as a result of an article in the "Computer Recreations" column of Scientific American. Wireworld is particularly suited to simulating transistors, and is Turing-complete.
Rules
A Wireworld cell can be in one of four different states, usually numbered 0–3 in software, modeled by colors in the examples here:
empty (black),
electron head (blue),
electron tail (red),
conductor (yellow).
As in all cellular automata, time proceeds in discrete steps called generations (sometimes "gens" or "ticks"). Cells behave as follows:
empty → empty,
electron head → electron tail,
electron tail → conductor,
conductor → electron head if exactly one or two of the neighbouring cells are electron heads, otherwise remains conductor.
Wireworld uses what is called the Moore neighborhood, which means that in the rules above, neighbouring means one cell away (range value of one) in any direction, both orthogonal and diagonal.
These simple rules can be used to construct logic gates (see below).
Applications
Entities built within Wireworld universes include Langton's Ant (allowing any Langton's Ant pattern to be built within Wireworld) and the Wireworld computer, a Turing-complete computer implemented as a cellular automaton.
See also
von Neumann's cellular automaton
References
External links
Wireworld on Rose
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irregular%20Z-buffer
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The irregular Z-buffer is an algorithm designed to solve the visibility problem in real-time 3-d computer graphics. It is related to the classical Z-buffer in that it maintains a depth value for each image sample and uses these to determine which geometric elements of a scene are visible. The key difference, however, between the classical Z-buffer and the irregular Z-buffer is that the latter allows arbitrary placement of image samples in the image plane, whereas the former requires samples to be arranged in a regular grid.
These depth samples are explicitly stored in a two-dimensional spatial data structure. During rasterization, triangles are projected onto the image plane as usual, and the data structure is queried to determine which samples overlap each projected triangle. Finally, for each overlapping sample, the standard Z-compare and (conditional) frame buffer update are performed.
Implementation
The classical rasterization algorithm projects each polygon onto the image plane, and determines which sample points from a regularly spaced set lie inside the projected polygon. Since the locations of these samples (i.e. pixels) are implicit, this determination can be made by testing the edges against the implicit grid of sample points. If, however the locations of the sample points are irregularly spaced and cannot be computed from a formula, then this approach does not work. The irregular Z-buffer solves this problem by storing sample locations explicitly in a two-dimens
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beck%27s%20monadicity%20theorem
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In category theory, a branch of mathematics, Beck's monadicity theorem gives a criterion that characterises monadic functors, introduced by in about 1964. It is often stated in dual form for comonads. It is sometimes called the Beck tripleability theorem because of the older term triple for a monad.
Beck's monadicity theorem asserts that a functor
is monadic if and only if
U has a left adjoint;
U reflects isomorphisms (if U(f) is an isomorphism then so is f); and
C has coequalizers of U-split parallel pairs (those parallel pairs of morphisms in C, which U sends to pairs having a split coequalizer in D), and U preserves those coequalizers.
There are several variations of Beck's theorem: if U has a left adjoint then any of the following conditions ensure that U is monadic:
U reflects isomorphisms and C has coequalizers of reflexive pairs (those with a common right inverse) and U preserves those coequalizers. (This gives the crude monadicity theorem.)
Every diagram in C which is by U sent to a split coequalizer sequence in D is itself a coequalizer sequence in C. In different words, U creates (preserves and reflects) U-split coequalizer sequences.
Another variation of Beck's theorem characterizes strictly monadic functors: those for which the comparison functor is an isomorphism rather than just an equivalence of categories. For this version the definitions of what it means to create coequalizers is changed slightly: the coequalizer has to be unique rather than just u
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beck%27s%20theorem%20%28geometry%29
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In discrete geometry, Beck's theorem is any of several different results, two of which are given below. Both appeared, alongside several other important theorems, in a well-known paper by József Beck. The two results described below primarily concern lower bounds on the number of lines determined by a set of points in the plane. (Any line containing at least two points of point set is said to be determined by that point set.)
Erdős–Beck theorem
The Erdős–Beck theorem is a variation of a classical result by L. M. Kelly and W. O. J. Moser involving configurations of n points of which at most n − k are collinear, for some 0 < k < O(). They showed that if n is sufficiently large, relative to k, then the configuration spans at least kn − (1/2)(3k + 2)(k − 1) lines.
Elekes and Csaba Toth noted that the Erdős–Beck theorem does not easily extend to higher dimensions. Take for example a set of 2n points in R3 all lying on two skew lines. Assume that these two lines are each incident to n points. Such a configuration of points spans only 2n planes. Thus, a trivial extension to the hypothesis for point sets in Rd is not sufficient to obtain the desired result.
This result was first conjectured by Erdős, and proven by Beck. (See Theorem 5.2 in.)
Statement
Let S be a set of n points in the plane. If no more than n − k points lie on any line for some 0 ≤ k < n − 2, then there exist Ω(nk) lines determined by the points of S.
Proof
Beck's theorem
Beck's theorem says that finite colle
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weddellite
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Weddellite (CaC2O4·2H2O) is a mineral form of calcium oxalate named for occurrences of millimeter-sized crystals found in bottom sediments of the Weddell Sea, off Antarctica. Occasionally, weddellite partially dehydrates to whewellite, forming excellent pseudomorphs of grainy whewellite after weddellite's short tetragonal dipyramids. It was first described in 1936 but only named in 1942.
Structural properties
Weddellite, or calcium oxalate dihydrate, crystallises in a tetragonal system: the classic crystal shape is the eight-face bipyramid. Using bright field microscopy, the weddellite crystals are recognised easily by their shape, reminiscent of a postal envelope. More complex shapes of weddellite are possible; the dumbbell shape is not rare and has no precise angles or sides. This form is, in reality, a microcrystalline agglomerate that takes the shape of a biconcave disc. Weddellite crystals are poorly birefringent and do not show any interference pattern under polarised light.
Biological role
Weddellite crystals are usually of little clinical value. Together, whewellite and weddellite are the most common renal calculi.
Occurrence
Weddellite occurs as authigenic crystals in sea floor mud. It also has been reported in peat bearing sediments and in calcite-bearing lacustrine sediments. It occurs with whewellite, urea, phosphammite and aphthitalite.
If oxalic acid is used to clean any mineral sample that contains calcium, weddellite and whewellite may be produced on the
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lazarus%20%28software%29
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Lazarus is a free, cross-platform, integrated development environment (IDE) for rapid application development (RAD) using the Free Pascal compiler. Its goal is to provide an easy-to-use development environment for programmers developing with the Object Pascal language, which is as close as possible to Delphi.
Software developers use Lazarus to create native-code console and graphical user interface (GUI) applications for the desktop, and also for mobile devices, web applications, web services, visual components and function libraries for a number of different platforms, including Mac, Linux and Windows.
A project created by using Lazarus on one platform can be compiled on any other one which Free Pascal compiler supports. For desktop applications a single source can target macOS, Linux, and Windows, with little or no modification. An example is the Lazarus IDE itself, created from a single code base and available on all major platforms including the Raspberry Pi.
Features
Lazarus provides a WYSIWYG development environment for the creation of rich user interfaces, application logic, and other supporting code artifacts, similar to Borland Delphi. Along with project management features, the Lazarus IDE also provides:
A visual windows layout designer
GUI widgets or visual components such as edit boxes, buttons, dialogs, menus, etc.
Non-visual components for common behaviors such as persistence of application settings
Data-connectivity components for MySQL, PostgreSQL, Fi
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specific%20volume
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In thermodynamics, the specific volume of a substance (symbol: , nu) is a mass-specific intrinsic property of the substance, defined as the quotient of the substance's volume () to its mass (). It is the reciprocal of density (rho) and it is also related to the molar volume and molar mass:
The standard unit of specific volume is cubic meters per kilogram (m3/kg), but other units include ft3/lb, ft3/slug, or mL/g.
Specific volume for an ideal gas is related to the molar gas constant () and the gas's temperature (), pressure (), and molar mass () as shown:
Since and
Applications
Specific volume is commonly applied to:
Molar volume
Volume (thermodynamics)
Partial molar volume
Imagine a variable-volume, airtight chamber containing a certain number of atoms of oxygen gas. Consider the following four examples:
If the chamber is made smaller without allowing gas in or out, the density increases and the specific volume decreases.
If the chamber expands without letting gas in or out, the density decreases and the specific volume increases.
If the size of the chamber remains constant and new atoms of gas are injected, the density increases and the specific volume decreases.
If the size of the chamber remains constant and some atoms are removed, the density decreases and the specific volume increases.
Specific volume is a property of materials, defined as the number of cubic meters occupied by one kilogram of a particular substance. The standard unit is the meter cubed pe
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadmium%20telluride
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Cadmium telluride (CdTe) is a stable crystalline compound formed from cadmium and tellurium. It is mainly used as the semiconducting material in cadmium telluride photovoltaics and an infrared optical window. It is usually sandwiched with cadmium sulfide to form a p–n junction solar PV cell.
Applications
CdTe is used to make thin film solar cells, accounting for about 8% of all solar cells installed in 2011. They are among the lowest-cost types of solar cell, although a comparison of total installed cost depends on installation size and many other factors, and has changed rapidly from year to year. The CdTe solar cell market is dominated by First Solar. In 2011, around 2 GWp of CdTe solar cells were produced; For more details and discussion see cadmium telluride photovoltaics.
CdTe can be alloyed with mercury to make a versatile infrared detector material (HgCdTe). CdTe alloyed with a small amount of zinc makes an excellent solid-state X-ray and gamma ray detector (CdZnTe).
CdTe is used as an infrared optical material for optical windows and lenses and is proven to provide a good performance across a wide range of temperatures. An early form of CdTe for IR use was marketed under the trademarked name of Irtran-6, but this is obsolete.
CdTe is also applied for electro-optic modulators. It has the greatest electro-optic coefficient of the linear electro-optic effect among II-VI compound crystals (r41=r52=r63=6.8×10−12 m/V).
CdTe doped with chlorine is used as a radiation
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MCMC
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MCMC may refer to:
Malaysian Communications and Multimedia Commission, a regulator agency of the Malaysian government
Markov chain Monte Carlo, a class of algorithms and methods in statistics
See also
MC (disambiguation)
MC2 (disambiguation)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yushania
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Yushania is a genus of bamboo in the grass family.
Recent classification systems place Yushania in the tribe Arundinarieae.
The species of Yushania are evergreen, spreading, thornless bamboos native to Himalayan, African, Chinese, and Southeast Asian mountains at moderate to high altitudes, up to 3000 m.
Yushania contains species formerly classified as members of Arundinaria, as well as one species that is still considered to be a Sinarundinaria by some.
Some species of Yushania are popular to cultivate.
Species
Formerly included
see Chimonocalamus Drepanostachyum Fargesia Gelidocalamus Otatea Pseudosasa Sarocalamus
References
External links
Bambusoideae
Bambusoideae genera
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6del%20metric
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The Gödel metric, also known as the Gödel solution or Gödel universe, is an exact solution, found in 1949 by Kurt Gödel, of the Einstein field equations in which the stress–energy tensor contains two terms: the first representing the matter density of a homogeneous distribution of swirling dust particles (dust solution), and the second associated with a negative cosmological constant (see Lambdavacuum solution).
This solution has many unusual properties—in particular, the existence of closed time-like curves that would allow time travel in a universe described by the solution. Its definition is somewhat artificial, since the value of the cosmological constant must be carefully chosen to correspond to the density of the dust grains, but this spacetime is an important pedagogical example.
Definition
Like any other Lorentzian spacetime, the Gödel solution represents the metric tensor in terms of a local coordinate chart. It may be easiest to understand the Gödel universe using the cylindrical coordinate system (see below), but this article uses the chart originally used by Gödel. In this chart, the metric (or, equivalently, the line element) is
where is a non-zero real constant that gives the angular velocity of the surrounding dust grains about the y-axis, measured by a "non-spinning" observer riding on one of the dust grains. "Non-spinning" means that the observer does not feel centrifugal forces, but in this coordinate system, it would rotate about an axis parallel to the
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diffusing%20update%20algorithm
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The diffusing update algorithm (DUAL) is the algorithm used by Cisco's EIGRP routing protocol to ensure that a given route is recalculated globally whenever it might cause a routing loop. It was developed by J.J. Garcia-Luna-Aceves at SRI International. The full name of the algorithm is DUAL finite-state machine (DUAL FSM). EIGRP is responsible for the routing within an autonomous system, and DUAL responds to changes in the routing topology and dynamically adjusts the routing tables of the router automatically.
EIGRP uses a feasibility condition to ensure that only loop-free routes are ever selected. The feasibility condition is conservative: when the condition is true, no loops can occur, but the condition might under some circumstances reject all routes to a destination although some are loop-free.
When no feasible route to a destination is available, the DUAL algorithm invokes a diffusing computation to ensure that all traces of the problematic route are eliminated from the network. At which point the normal Bellman–Ford algorithm is used to recover a new route.
Operation
DUAL uses three separate tables for the route calculation. These tables are created using information exchanged between the EIGRP routers. The information is different than that exchanged by link-state routing protocols. In EIGRP, the information exchanged includes the routes, the "metric" or cost of each route, and the information required to form a neighbor relationship (such as AS number, timers,
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stomatogastric%20nervous%20system
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The Stomatogastric Nervous System (STNS) is a commonly studied neural network composed of several ganglia in arthropods that controls the motion of the gut and foregut. The network of neurons acts as a central pattern generator. It is a model system for motor pattern generation because of the small number of cells, which are comparatively large and can be reliably identified. The system is composed of the stomatogastric ganglion (STG), oesophageal ganglion and the paired commissural ganglia.
Because of the many similarities between vertebrate and invertebrate systems, especially with regards to basic principles of neuronal function, invertebrate model systems such as the crustacean stomatogastric nervous system continue to provide key insight into how neural circuits operate in the numerically larger and less accessible vertebrate CNS.
Understanding how neuronal networks enable animals and humans to make coordinated movements is a continuing goal of neuroscience research. The stomatogastric nervous system of decapod crustaceans, which controls aspects of feeding, has contributed significantly to the general principles guiding our present understanding of how rhythmic motor circuits operate at the cellular level.
Rhythmic behaviors include all motor acts that at their core involve a rhythmic repeating set of movements. The circuits underlying such rhythmic behaviors, central pattern generators (CPGs), all operate on the same general principles. These networks remain rhythm
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammonium%20bromide
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Ammonium bromide, NH4Br, is the ammonium salt of hydrobromic acid. The chemical crystallizes in colorless prisms, possessing a saline taste; it sublimes on heating and is easily soluble in water. On exposure to air it gradually assumes a yellow color because of the oxidation of traces of bromide (Br−) to bromine (Br2).
Preparation
Ammonium bromide can be prepared by the direct action of hydrogen bromide on ammonia.
NH3 + HBr → NH4Br
It can also be prepared by the reaction of ammonia with iron(II) bromide or iron(III) bromide, which may be obtained by passing aqueous bromine solution over iron filings.
2 NH3 + FeBr2 + 2 H2O → 2 NH4Br + Fe(OH)2
Reactions
Ammonium bromide is a weak acid with a pKa of approximately 5 in water. It is an acid salt because the ammonium ion hydrolyzes slightly in water.
Ammonium bromide is a strong electrolyte when put in water:
NH4Br(s) → (aq) + Br−(aq)
Ammonium bromide decomposes to ammonia and hydrogen bromide when heated at elevated temperatures:
NH4Br → NH3 + HBr
Uses
Ammonium bromide is used for photography in films, plates and papers; in fireproofing of wood; in lithography and process engraving; in corrosion inhibitors; and in pharmaceutical preparations.
References
Ammonium compounds
Bromides
Nonmetal halides
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammonium%20fluoride
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Ammonium fluoride is the inorganic compound with the formula NH4F. It crystallizes as small colourless prisms, having a sharp saline taste, and is highly soluble in water. Like all fluoride salts, it is moderately toxic in both acute and chronic overdose.
Crystal structure
Ammonium fluoride adopts the wurtzite crystal structure, in which both the ammonium cations and the fluoride anions are stacked in ABABAB... layers, each being tetrahedrally surrounded by four of the other. There are N−H···F hydrogen bonds between the anions and cations. This structure is very similar to ice, and ammonium fluoride is the only substance which can form mixed crystals with water.
Reactions
On passing hydrogen fluoride gas (in excess) through the salt, ammonium fluoride absorbs the gas to form the addition compound ammonium bifluoride. The reaction occurring is:
NH4F + HF → NH4HF2
It sublimes when heated—a property common among ammonium salts. In the sublimation, the salt decomposes to ammonia and hydrogen fluoride, and the two gases can recombine to give ammonium fluoride, i.e. the reaction is reversible:
[NH4]F ⇌ NH3 + HF
Uses
This substance is commonly called "commercial ammonium fluoride". The word "neutral" is sometimes added to "ammonium fluoride" to represent the neutral salt [NH4]F as opposed to the "acid salt" (NH4HF2). The acid salt is usually used in preference to the neutral salt in the etching of glass and related silicates. This property is shared among all soluble fluorides.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cowboy%20coding
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Cowboy coding is software development where programmers have autonomy over the development process. This includes control of the project's schedule, languages, algorithms, tools, frameworks and coding style. Typically, little to no coordination exists with other developers or stakeholders.
A cowboy coder can be a lone developer or part of a group of developers working with minimal process or discipline. Usually it occurs when there is little participation by business users, or fanned by management that controls only non-development aspects of the project, such as the broad targets, timelines, scope, and visuals (the "what", but not the "how").
"Cowboy coding" commonly sees usage as a derogatory term when contrasted with more structured software development methodologies.
Disadvantages
In cowboy coding, the lack of formal software project management methodologies may be indicative (though not necessarily) of a project's small size or experimental nature. Software projects with these attributes may exhibit:
Lack of release structure
Lack of estimation or implementation planning might cause a project to be delayed. Sudden deadlines or pushes to release software may encourage the use of "quick and dirty" techniques that will require further attention later.
Inexperienced developers
Cowboy coding can be common at the hobbyist or student level where developers might initially be unfamiliar with the technologies, such as testing, version control and/or build tools, usually mor
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General%20classification
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The general classification (or the GC) in road bicycle racing is the category that tracks overall times for riders in multi-stage races. Each stage will have a stage winner, but the overall winner in the GC is the rider who has the fastest cumulative time across all stages. Hence, whoever leads the GC is generally regarded as the overall leader or winner of the race.
Riders who finish in the same group are awarded the same time, with possible subtractions due to time bonuses. Two riders are said to have finished in the same group if the gap between them is less than three seconds. A crash or mechanical incident in the final 3 kilometres of a stage that finishes without a categorised climb usually means that riders thus affected are considered to have finished as part of the group they were with at the 3 km mark, so long as they finish the stage.
It is possible to win the GC without winning a stage. It is also possible to win the GC race without being the GC leader before the last stage.
The most important stages of a bicycle race for GC contenders are mountain stages and individual time trial stages, both of which offer good opportunities for a single racer to outperform other racers.
Jerseys
In many bicycle races, the current leader of the GC gets a special jersey awarded. In the Tour de France, the leader wears a yellow jersey, in the Giro d'Italia a pink jersey, and in the Vuelta a España the leader's jersey is red.
Jerseys of the major stage races
The listed year is
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nidogen-1
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Nidogen-1 (NID-1), formerly known as entactin, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NID1 gene. Both nidogen-1 and nidogen-2 are essential components of the basement membrane alongside other components such as type IV collagen, proteoglycans (heparan sulfate and glycosaminoglycans), laminin and fibronectin.
Function
Nidogen-1 is a member of the nidogen family of basement membrane glycoproteins. The protein interacts with several other components of basement membranes. Structurally it (along with perlecan) connects the networks formed by collagens and laminins to each other. It may also play a role in cell interactions with the extracellular matrix.
Clinical significance
Mutations in NID1 cause autosomal dominant Dandy–Walker malformation with occipital encephalocele (ADDWOC).
Interactions
Nidogen-1 has been shown to interact with FBLN1.
References
Further reading
External links
Human proteins
Glycoproteins
Extracellular matrix proteins
Genes on human chromosome 1
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kernel%20density%20estimation
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In statistics, kernel density estimation (KDE) is the application of kernel smoothing for probability density estimation, i.e., a non-parametric method to estimate the probability density function of a random variable based on kernels as weights. KDE answers a fundamental data smoothing problem where inferences about the population are made, based on a finite data sample. In some fields such as signal processing and econometrics it is also termed the Parzen–Rosenblatt window method, after Emanuel Parzen and Murray Rosenblatt, who are usually credited with independently creating it in its current form. One of the famous applications of kernel density estimation is in estimating the class-conditional marginal densities of data when using a naive Bayes classifier, which can improve its prediction accuracy.
Definition
Let (x1, x2, ..., xn) be independent and identically distributed samples drawn from some univariate distribution with an unknown density ƒ at any given point x. We are interested in estimating the shape of this function ƒ. Its kernel density estimator is
where K is the kernel — a non-negative function — and is a smoothing parameter called the bandwidth. A kernel with subscript h is called the scaled kernel and defined as . Intuitively one wants to choose h as small as the data will allow; however, there is always a trade-off between the bias of the estimator and its variance. The choice of bandwidth is discussed in more detail below.
A range of kernel function
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubay%2C%20Bohol
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Ubay, officially the Municipality of Ubay (; ), is a fast growing 1st class municipality in the province of Bohol, Philippines. Based on the 2020 Philippine Statistics Authority census, it has a population of 81,799 people which is projected to grow to 100,000 in 2030.
Ubay is in the northeast of the province, and has an uncontested area of 258.132847 square kilometers (25,813.2847 hectares) and has a contested area of 5.87 square kilometers (587.8688 hectares) with other Municipality per certification issued by the Land Management Bureau(LMB) of the DENR. It has a of coastline. It is the largest (estimated eight times (8x) larger than the capital city of Tagbilaran) and most populated municipality in Bohol.
Etymology
One etymology derivation is that the town's name is a contraction of the term ubay-ubay, meaning "alongside".
According to Kaufmann's Visayan-English dictionary, the Visayan word "ubay" means:
The flow of seawater between the mainland and the island of Lapinig Grande (now Pres. C.P. Garcia town) could justify the second definition of Ubay. It is a situation that is permanent and the constant reference to the flow of water can make the term ubay be attached as the name of the place.
An alternative derivation is that the term 'ubay-ubay' or 'alongside' became the byword of seafarers who used to travel close to the shorelines of Ubay to avoid the strong current of the Canigao Channel. There was a single path to follow reach the island trading centres. This
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EPaper%20Ltd
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ePaper Ltd. is an Israeli company known for its developing and manufacturing of Sentinel, a print management software. The company is also known for its print optimization technology, ePaper Ltd is an Israeli company that specializes in the development and production of electronic paper (e-paper) displays.
E-paper is a display technology that mimics the appearance of ink on paper, using tiny capsules filled with positively and negatively charged particles that are suspended in a clear fluid.
When an electric field is applied to the capsules, they move to the top or bottom of the fluid, causing the display to change color.
ePaper Ltd was founded in 2006 and has since become a leading provider of e-paper displays for various applications, such as electronic shelf labels, electronic signage, and e-readers. The company's products are known for their high resolution, low power consumption, and ability to maintain an image even when power is disconnected.
In addition to its standard product line, ePaper Ltd also offers custom solutions for specific applications, working closely with customers to develop displays that meet their unique requirements. The company has a strong focus on research and development, and is constantly exploring new ways to improve its technology and expand its product offerings.
ePaper Ltd is headquartered in Israel, with offices and operations in the United States, Europe, and Asia. The company has a global customer base and is recognized as a leader
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear%20multistep%20method
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Linear multistep methods are used for the numerical solution of ordinary differential equations. Conceptually, a numerical method starts from an initial point and then takes a short step forward in time to find the next solution point. The process continues with subsequent steps to map out the solution. Single-step methods (such as Euler's method) refer to only one previous point and its derivative to determine the current value. Methods such as Runge–Kutta take some intermediate steps (for example, a half-step) to obtain a higher order method, but then discard all previous information before taking a second step. Multistep methods attempt to gain efficiency by keeping and using the information from previous steps rather than discarding it. Consequently, multistep methods refer to several previous points and derivative values. In the case of linear multistep methods, a linear combination of the previous points and derivative values is used.
Definitions
Numerical methods for ordinary differential equations approximate solutions to initial value problems of the form
The result is approximations for the value of at discrete times :
where is the time step (sometimes referred to as ) and is an integer.
Multistep methods use information from the previous steps to calculate the next value. In particular, a linear multistep method uses a linear combination of and to calculate the value of for the desired current step. Thus, a linear multistep method is a method of the for
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BRV
|
BRV may refer to:
Baboon orthoreovirus
Constitution of the German Empire (Bismarcksche Reichsverfassung)
Blue River virus, an RNA virus
Bournville railway station in England
Bremerhaven Airport, a former airfield in Germany, then IATA code
Western Bru, an Austroasiatic language of Thailand, ISO 639 code
Honda BR-V, a vehicle
Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maucherite
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Maucherite is a grey to reddish silver white nickel arsenide mineral. It crystallizes in the tetragonal crystal system. It occurs in hydrothermal veins alongside other nickel arsenide and sulfide minerals. It is metallic and opaque with a hardness of 5 and a specific gravity of 7.83. It is also known as placodine and Temiskamite. The unit cell is of symmetry group P41212 or P43212.
It has the chemical formula: Ni11As8 and commonly contains copper, iron, cobalt, antimony, and sulfur as impurities.
It was discovered in 1913 in Eisleben, Germany and was named after Wilhelm Maucher (1879–1930), a German mineral collector.
References
Mindat localities
Nickel minerals
Arsenide minerals
Tetragonal minerals
Minerals in space group 92
Minerals in space group 96
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herderite
|
Herderite is a phosphate mineral belonging to the apatite, phosphate group, with formula CaBe(PO4)(F,OH). It forms monoclinic crystals, often twinned and variable in colour from colourless through yellow to green. It forms a series with the more common hydroxylherderite, which has more hydroxyl ion than fluoride.
It is found in many parts of the world, often in pegmatites and associated with other apatite minerals.
It was first described in 1828 for an occurrence in the Sauberg Mine, Ore Mountains, Saxony, Germany. It was named for Saxon mining official Sigmund August Wolfgang von Herder (1776–1838).
References
Calcium minerals
Beryllium minerals
Phosphate minerals
Fluorine minerals
Monoclinic minerals
Minerals in space group 14
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleic%20acid%20double%20helix
|
In molecular biology, the term double helix refers to the structure formed by double-stranded molecules of nucleic acids such as DNA. The double helical structure of a nucleic acid complex arises as a consequence of its secondary structure, and is a fundamental component in determining its tertiary structure. The term entered popular culture with the publication in 1968 of The Double Helix: A Personal Account of the Discovery of the Structure of DNA by James Watson.
The DNA double helix biopolymer of nucleic acid is held together by nucleotides which base pair together. In B-DNA, the most common double helical structure found in nature, the double helix is right-handed with about 10–10.5 base pairs per turn. The double helix structure of DNA contains a major groove and minor groove. In B-DNA the major groove is wider than the minor groove. Given the difference in widths of the major groove and minor groove, many proteins which bind to B-DNA do so through the wider major groove.
History
The double-helix model of DNA structure was first published in the journal Nature by James Watson and Francis Crick in 1953, (X,Y,Z coordinates in 1954) based on the work of Rosalind Franklin and her student Raymond Gosling, who took the crucial X-ray diffraction image of DNA labeled as "Photo 51", and Maurice Wilkins, Alexander Stokes, and Herbert Wilson, and base-pairing chemical and biochemical information by Erwin Chargaff. Before this, Linus Pauling—who had already accurately characte
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