source
stringlengths 32
209
| text
stringlengths 18
1.5k
|
|---|---|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leaf%20protein%20concentrate
|
Leaf protein concentrate (LPC) refers to the proteinaceous mass extracted from leaves. It can be a lucrative source of low-cost and sustainable protein for food as well as feed applications. Although the proteinaceous extracts from leaves have been described as early as 1773 by Rouelle, large scale extraction and production of LPC was pioneered post the World War II. In fact, many innovations and advances made with regards to LPC production occurred in parallel to the Green Revolution. In some respects, these two technologies were complimentary in that the Green Revolution sought to increase agrarian productivity through increased crop yields via fertiliser use, mechanisation and genetically modified crops, while LPC offered the means to better utilise available agrarian resources through efficient protein extraction.
Sources
Over the years, numerous sources have been experimented. Pirie and Telek described LPC production using a combination of pulping and heat coagulation. Leaves are typically sourced from shrubs or agricultural wastes given their ease of access and relative abundance. Trees are generally considered a poor source of leaf mass for the production of LPC given restrictions on the ease of access. Fallen leaves / leaf litter have negligible protein-content and are of no extractive value.
Plants belonging to the Fabaceae family such as clover, peas and legumes have also been prime candidates for LPC production. While most plants have a mean leaf protein conten
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incomplete
|
Incomplete may refer to:
Unfinished creative work
An incomplete formal system, see Completeness (logic)
Gödel's incompleteness theorems, a specification of logic
"Incomplete" (Bad Religion song), 1994
"Incomplete" (Sisqó song), 1999
"Incomplete" (Backstreet Boys song), 2005
"Incomplete" (Hoobastank song), 2013
Incomplete (Nembrionic album), or the title track
Incomplete (Diaura album), 2015
Incomplete pass, a gridiron football term
Incomplete abortion (or incomplete miscarriage), a medical term
"Incomplete", a song by Alanis Morissette on the 2008 album Flavors of Entanglement
“Incomplete”, an episode of The Good Doctor
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzyme%20kinetics
|
Enzyme kinetics is the study of the rates of enzyme-catalysed chemical reactions. In enzyme kinetics, the reaction rate is measured and the effects of varying the conditions of the reaction are investigated. Studying an enzyme's kinetics in this way can reveal the catalytic mechanism of this enzyme, its role in metabolism, how its activity is controlled, and how a drug or a modifier (inhibitor or activator) might affect the rate.
An enzyme (E) is typically a protein molecule that promotes a reaction of another molecule, its substrate (S). This binds to the active site of the enzyme to produce an enzyme-substrate complex ES, and is transformed into an enzyme-product complex EP and from there to product P, via a transition state ES*. The series of steps is known as the mechanism:
E + S ⇄ ES ⇄ ES* ⇄ EP ⇄ E + P
This example assumes the simplest case of a reaction with one substrate and one product. Such cases exist: for example, a mutase such as phosphoglucomutase catalyses the transfer of a phospho group from one position to another, and isomerase is a more general term for an enzyme that catalyses any one-substrate one-product reaction, such as triosephosphate isomerase. However, such enzymes are not very common, and are heavily outnumbered by enzymes that catalyse two-substrate two-product reactions: these include, for example, the NAD-dependent dehydrogenases such as alcohol dehydrogenase, which catalyses the oxidation of ethanol by NAD+. Reactions with three or four subs
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Series%2080%20%28software%20platform%29
|
Nokia's Series 80 (formerly Crystal) was a short-lived mobile software platform for their enterprise and professional level smartphones, introduced in 2000. It uses the Symbian OS. Common physical properties of this Symbian OS user interface platform are a screen resolution of 640×200 pixels and a full QWERTY keyboard. Series 80 used the large size of the Communicator screens to good effect, but software had to be developed specifically for it, for a relatively small market.
The final Series 80 device was the Nokia 9300i, announced in 2005 and shipped in 2006. Nokia used S60 3rd Edition instead of the Series 80 platform on its final "Communicator" branded device, the Nokia E90 Communicator, released in 2007.
Features
Support for editing popular office documents
Full QWERTY keyboard
Integrated mouse for navigation
SSL/TLS support
Full web browser based on Opera
VPN support
Devices
S80 v1.0:
Jun 2001 – Nokia 9210 Communicator
Jun 2001 – Nokia 9290 Communicator
May 2002 – Nokia 9210i Communicator
S80 v2.0:
Feb 2005 – Nokia 9500 Communicator
Jul 2005 – Nokia 9300 (not branded as "Communicator")
Mar 2006 – Nokia 9300i (not branded as "Communicator")
References
Smartphones
Mobile software
Embedded operating systems
Series 80
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puma%20language
|
Puma (Puma: पुमा Pumā) is a Kiranti language spoken by about 4,310 people (Central Bureau of Statistics report 2001) in Sagarmatha Zone, Nepal. The actual population may be somewhat higher. The same term ‘Puma’ refers both to the people and the language they speak [Sharma 2014].
The Himalayan Languages Project has produced the first grammatical sketch of Puma. Like other Kiranti languages, Puma has a maximum syllable form of (C) (G) V (C) (C) for open syllables and (N) C V C for closed syllables, where ‘G’ is a glide and ‘N’ is a nasal (Sharma 2014:92].
Locations
Puma is spoken in Diplung, Mauwabote, Devisthan, Pauwasera, and Chisapani VDC's of southern Khotang District, and in Beltar and Saunechour VDC's of Udayapur District, Nepal. It is also spoken in Ruwa Khola valley to Buwa Khola, and southward across the Dudh Koshi.
Education
Puma language is taught in 14 schools of Barahapokhari and Jantedhunga Rural Municipalities of Khotang district in Nepal since 2020.
References
Bibliography
Sharma, Narayan Prasad. "Morphosyntax of Puma, a Tibeto-Burman language of Nepal." PhD diss., SOAS, University of London, 2014. https://eprints.soas.ac.uk/18554/1/Sharma_3615.pdf
External links
The Chintang and Puma Documentation Project (DoBeS)
ELAR archive of Documentation of Puma
Kiranti languages
Languages of Koshi Province
Languages written in Devanagari
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibbs%20state
|
In probability theory and statistical mechanics, a Gibbs state is an equilibrium probability distribution which remains invariant under future evolution of the system. For example, a stationary or steady-state distribution of a Markov chain, such as that achieved by running a Markov chain Monte Carlo iteration for a sufficiently long time, is a Gibbs state.
Precisely, suppose is a generator of evolutions for an initial state , so that the state at any later time is given by . Then the condition for to be a Gibbs state is
.
In physics there may be several physically distinct Gibbs states in which a system may be trapped, particularly at lower temperatures.
They are named after Josiah Willard Gibbs, for his work in determining equilibrium properties of statistical ensembles. Gibbs himself referred to this type of statistical ensemble as being in "statistical equilibrium".
See also
Gibbs algorithm
Gibbs measure
KMS state
References
Statistical mechanics
Stochastic processes
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangostin
|
Mangostin is a natural xanthonoid, a type of organic compound isolated from various parts of the mangosteen tree (Garcinia mangostana). It is a yellow crystalline solid with a xanthone core structure. Mangostin and a variety of other xanthonoids from mangosteen have been investigated for biological properties including antioxidant, anti-bacterial, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer activities.
In animal studies, mangostin has been found to be a central nervous system depressant which causes sedation, decreased motor activity, and ptosis.
The rind of partially ripe mangosteen fruit yields mangostin and also the related compound β-mangostin. Researchers conducted the optimization steps in order to increase the yield of α-Mangostin extraction from the pericarp of the mangosteen and was able to achieve 9.2 g/kg DW. The rind of fully ripe fruits contains the xanthonoids gartanin, 8-disoxygartanin and normangostin. A derivative of mangostin, mangostin-3,6-di-O-glucoside, is a central nervous system depressant and causes a rise in blood pressure.
References
Xanthonoids
Dietary antioxidants
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibbs%20algorithm
|
In statistical mechanics, the Gibbs algorithm, introduced by J. Willard Gibbs in 1902, is a criterion for choosing a probability distribution for the statistical ensemble of microstates of a thermodynamic system by minimizing the average log probability
subject to the probability distribution satisfying a set of constraints (usually expectation values) corresponding to the known macroscopic quantities. in 1948, Claude Shannon interpreted the negative of this quantity, which he called information entropy, as a measure of the uncertainty in a probability distribution. In 1957, E.T. Jaynes realized that this quantity could be interpreted as missing information about anything, and generalized the Gibbs algorithm to non-equilibrium systems with the principle of maximum entropy and maximum entropy thermodynamics.
Physicists call the result of applying the Gibbs algorithm the Gibbs distribution for the given constraints, most notably Gibbs's grand canonical ensemble for open systems when the average energy and the average number of particles are given. (See also partition function).
This general result of the Gibbs algorithm is then a maximum entropy probability distribution. Statisticians identify such distributions as belonging to exponential families.
References
Statistical mechanics
Particle statistics
Entropy and information
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hello%20Mary%20Lou
|
"Hello Mary Lou" is a song written by American singer Gene Pitney first recorded by Johnny Duncan in 1960 and by Ricky Nelson at United Western Recorders Studios on March 22, 1961.
Nelson's version, issued as a double A-side with his No. 1 hit "Travelin' Man", (Imperial 5741), reached No. 9 on the Billboard music charts on May 28, 1961. In the United Kingdom it reached No. 2. It was also a hit in much of Europe, particularly Norway, where it spent 14 weeks at No. 1 and in Sweden, where it spent five months in the best selling chart (July-December) and peaked at No. 2 during eight weeks. In New Zealand, the song reached No. 4.
A 1991 reissue following the song's use in a TV advertisement gave the song a second chart run, peaking at No. 45 in the UK Singles Chart.
The song features an influential guitar solo by James Burton, often cited by later guitarists such as Brian May. Piano is by Ray Johnson, who had succeeded Gene Garf as Nelson's regular session pianist in November 1959. Other musicians on the record include Joe Osborn on bass and Ritchie Frost on drums.
The song appears on Nelson's sixth album Rick Is 21 (1961).
Plagiarism settlement
"Hello Mary Lou" is similar to an earlier song, "Merry, Merry Lou", written by Cayet Mangiaracina and recorded by his band, the Sparks, in 1957 on a single released by Decca Records. It was covered by Bill Haley & His Comets as "Mary, Mary Lou" and released as a single later in 1957, also by Decca, and by Sam Cooke in 1958 for the Ke
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelly%20criterion
|
In probability theory, the Kelly criterion (or Kelly strategy or Kelly bet) is a formula for sizing a bet. The Kelly bet size is found by maximizing the expected value of the logarithm of wealth, which is equivalent to maximizing the expected geometric growth rate. It assumes that the expected returns are known and is optimal for a bettor who values their wealth logarithmically. J. L. Kelly Jr, a researcher at Bell Labs, described the criterion in 1956. Under the stated assumptions, the Kelly criterion leads to higher wealth than any other strategy in the long run (i.e., the theoretical maximum return as the number of bets goes to infinity).
The practical use of the formula has been demonstrated for gambling, and the same idea was used to explain diversification in investment management. In the 2000s, Kelly-style analysis became a part of mainstream investment theory and the claim has been made that well-known successful investors including Warren Buffett and Bill Gross use Kelly methods. Also see Intertemporal portfolio choice.
Gambling formula
Where losing the bet involves losing the entire wager, the Kelly bet is:
where:
is the fraction of the current bankroll to wager.
is the probability of a win.
is the probability of a loss ().
is the proportion of the bet gained with a win. E.g., if betting $10 on a 2-to-1 odds bet (upon win you are returned $30, winning you $20), then .
As an example, if a gamble has a 60% chance of winning (, ), and the gambler receives
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divergence%20%28disambiguation%29
|
Divergence is a mathematical function that associates a scalar with every point of a vector field.
Divergence, divergent, or variants of the word, may also refer to:
Mathematics
Divergence (computer science), a computation which does not terminate (or terminates in an exceptional state)
Divergence, the defining property of divergent series; series that do not converge to a finite limit
Divergence, a result of instability of a dynamical system in stability theory
Statistics
Divergence (statistics), a measure of dissimilarity between probability measures
Bregman divergence
f-divergence
Jensen–Shannon divergence
Kullback–Leibler divergence, also known as the "information divergence" in probability theory and information theory
Rényi's divergence
Science
Divergence (eye), the simultaneous outward movement of both eyes away from each other
Divergence (optics), the angle formed between spreading rays of light
Beam divergence, the half-angle of the cone formed by a beam of light as it propagates and spreads out
Divergence problem, an anomaly between the instrumental record and temperatures calculated using some tree ring proxies
Divergent boundary, a linear feature that exists between tectonic plates that are moving away from each other
Evolutionary divergence, the accumulation of differences between populations of closely related species
Genetic divergence, the process in which two or more populations of an ancestral species accumulate independent genetic chang
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shortest%20remaining%20time
|
Shortest remaining time, also known as shortest remaining time first (SRTF), is a scheduling method that is a preemptive version of shortest job next scheduling. In this scheduling algorithm, the process with the smallest amount of time remaining until completion is selected to execute. Since the currently executing process is the one with the shortest amount of time remaining by definition, and since that time should only reduce as execution progresses, the process will either run until it completes or get pre-empted if a new process is added that requires a smaller amount of time.
Shortest remaining time is advantageous because short processes are handled very quickly. The system also requires very little overhead since it only makes a decision when a process completes or a new process is added, and when a new process is added the algorithm only needs to compare the currently executing process with the new process, ignoring all other processes currently waiting to execute.
Like shortest job next, it has the potential for process starvation: long processes may be held off indefinitely if short processes are continually added. This threat can be minimal when process times follow a heavy-tailed distribution. A similar algorithm which avoids starvation at the cost of higher tracking overhead is highest response ratio next (HRRN).
Limitations
Like shortest job next scheduling, shortest remaining time scheduling is rarely used outside of specialized environments because it re
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian%20Admiral%20Corp%20v%20Rediffusion%20Inc
|
Canadian Admiral Corporation Ltd. v. Rediffusion Inc., [1954] Ex. CR 382, 20 CPR 75 is a Canadian copyright law decision by the Exchequer Court (a predecessor of the Federal Court of Canada). The Court held that rebroadcasting of public performances by cable companies did not violate any communication rights or public performance rights. There cannot be copyright in telecasting live events because there is insufficient fixation. The result of the case became a major factor in the following growth of the Canadian cable television industry.
Background
A football game was broadcast live from the stadium by a set of three cameras directed by a producer in a van just outside the venue. The game was not recorded in any format and was broadcast live to viewers. Canadian Admiral has purchased the rights to the live feed from the game. Rediffusion, a cable company, captured the transmission of the broadcast and sold it to private homes and public show rooms. Canadian Admiral sued for copyright infringement.
The issue was whether Canadian Admiral owned any copyright in the football game.
Opinion of the Court
The Court held that there was no copyright in the rebroadcast of a live game. As a general rule there can be no copyright in a sports event. The games are not pre-planned and not predictable. Moreover, the live direction by the producer was an insufficient amount of planning to create any fixation. Cameron J held that "[f]or copyright to subsist in a work, it must be expressed
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary%20of%20automotive%20design
|
A glossary of terms relating to automotive design.
Some terms may be found at car classification.
0–9
One-box form A categorization based on overall form design using rough rectangle volumes. In the case of the one-box, also called a monospace or monovolume, it is a single continuous volume. Slight wedge formed front or rear are still generally placed in this category. E.g. buses and the original Ford Econoline. The equivalent French term is volume, which will sometimes be used by the British: "1-volume form".
Two-box form A categorization based on overall form design using rough rectangle volumes. In the case of the two-box form, there is usually a "box" representing a separate volume from the a-pillar forward and second box making up the rest. E.g., Station wagon, shooting-brake, Scion xB (2006). The equivalent French term is volume, which will sometimes be used by the British: "2-volume form".
Three-box form A categorization based on overall form design using rough rectangle volumes. In the case of the three-box form, there is a "box" delineating a separate volume from the a-pillar forward, a second box comprising the passenger volume, and third box comprising the trunk area—e.g., a Sedan. The equivalent French term is volume, which will sometimes be used by the British: "3-volume form".
A
A-line The line running over the car, from headlight to taillight, tracing the car's silhouette.
B
Backlight Rear glass panel.
Beltline A demarcation or crease between a
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porphyry%20copper%20deposit
|
Porphyry copper deposits are copper ore bodies that are formed from hydrothermal fluids that originate from a voluminous magma chamber several kilometers below the deposit itself. Predating or associated with those fluids are vertical dikes of porphyritic intrusive rocks from which this deposit type derives its name. In later stages, circulating meteoric fluids may interact with the magmatic fluids. Successive envelopes of hydrothermal alteration typically enclose a core of disseminated ore minerals in often stockwork-forming hairline fractures and veins. Because of their large volume, porphyry orebodies can be economic from copper concentrations as low as 0.15% copper and can have economic amounts of by-products such as molybdenum, silver, and gold. In some mines, those metals are the main product.
The first mining of low-grade copper porphyry deposits from large open pits coincided roughly with the introduction of steam shovels, the construction of railroads, and a surge in market demand near the start of the 20th century. Some mines exploit porphyry deposits that contain sufficient gold or molybdenum, but little or no copper.
Porphyry copper deposits are currently the largest source of copper ore. Most of the known porphyry deposits are concentrated in: western South and North America and Southeast Asia and Oceania – along the Pacific Ring of Fire; the Caribbean; southern central Europe and the area around eastern Turkey; scattered areas in China, the Mideast, Russia, an
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon%20Image
|
Silicon Image is a provider of semiconductors for the mobile, consumer electronics and personal computers (PCs). It also manufactures wireless and wired connectivity products used for high-definition content. The company’s semiconductor and IP products are deployed by the electronics manufacturers in devices such as smartphones, tablets, digital televisions (DTVs), other consumer electronics, as well as desktop and notebook PCs. Silicon Image, in cooperation with other companies, has driven the creation of some global industry standards such as DVI, HDMI, MHL, and WirelessHD.
Silicon Image was founded in 1995, and was headquartered in Sunnyvale, California, employs around 600 people worldwide and has regional engineering and sales offices in India, China, Japan, Korea and Taiwan.
History
The company was founded in 1995 by Silicon Valley engineers Dr. David Lee and Brian Underwood. In October 1999 it raised $46.8 million in initial public offering
March 2000: Silicon Image Inc. agreed to buy the closely held DVDO Inc. for $45 million in stock to add technology for digital televisions, DVD players and high-definition video.
June 2001: acquired CMD Technology Inc., a provider of SCSI and Fibre Channel storage controllers for the UNIX, Open Systems and PC markets as well as a supplier of IDE/Ultra ATA semiconductors (including CMD064x chips) for the PC and embedded markets.
January 2007: Silicon Image completes acquisition of Sci-worx GmbH
June 2007: Silicon Image shipped
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bono%20people
|
The Bono, also called the Brong and the Abron, are an Akan people of West Africa. Bonos are normally tagged Akan or Akandifo of which Akan is a derivative name. Bono is the genesis and cradle of Akans. Bono is one of the largest ethnic group of Akan and are matrilineal people. Bono people speak the Bono Twi of Akan language. Twi language, thus the dialect of Bono is a derivative of a Bono King Nana Twi. In the late fifteenth century, the Bono people founded the Gyaaman kingdom as extension of Bono state in what is now Ghana and Côte d'Ivoire.
In the 12th century when Bonos discovered gold at the Twi river and Prabom across the Tain river, Bonos became very powerful owing to its wealth in gold at Bonoman. Bonos used the gold dust as a measure of currency in Bonoman and at the various market centres of Djenne, Timbuktu and North Africa .In most cases, gold weighing () were used to determine what quantity of gold should be exchanged for a commodity. Bono people were dexterously noted for brass casting, weaving of cloth (gagawuga, kyenkyen and kente), pottery and so on. Around 1471, when the Portuguese arrived at the Gold Coast, Begho of Bonoman was one of the largest ancient cities in West Africa with an estimated population 12,000.
Bono Manso, another historic city, played a noteworthy role in the Atlantic slave trade, and in contemporary times, diaspora Africans often visit to learn more about their history. Traditionally, Bono is the hub of Akan cultures, and many aspects
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fredholm%20alternative
|
In mathematics, the Fredholm alternative, named after Ivar Fredholm, is one of Fredholm's theorems and is a result in Fredholm theory. It may be expressed in several ways, as a theorem of linear algebra, a theorem of integral equations, or as a theorem on Fredholm operators. Part of the result states that a non-zero complex number in the spectrum of a compact operator is an eigenvalue.
Linear algebra
If V is an n-dimensional vector space and is a linear transformation, then exactly one of the following holds:
For each vector v in V there is a vector u in V so that . In other words: T is surjective (and so also bijective, since V is finite-dimensional).
A more elementary formulation, in terms of matrices, is as follows. Given an m×n matrix A and a m×1 column vector b, exactly one of the following must hold:
Either: A x = b has a solution x
Or: AT y = 0 has a solution y with yTb ≠ 0.
In other words, A x = b has a solution if and only if for any y such that AT y = 0, it follows that yTb = 0 .
Integral equations
Let be an integral kernel, and consider the homogeneous equation, the Fredholm integral equation,
and the inhomogeneous equation
The Fredholm alternative is the statement that, for every non-zero fixed complex number , either the first equation has a non-trivial solution, or the second equation has a solution for all .
A sufficient condition for this statement to be true is for to be square integrable on the rectangle (where a and/or b may be minus or plus
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdaneta%20Municipality%2C%20Miranda
|
Urdaneta is one of the 21 municipalities (municipios) that makes up the Venezuelan state of Miranda and, according to a 2016 population estimate by the National Institute of Statistics of Venezuela, the municipality has a population of 167,768. The town of Cúa is the municipal seat of the Urdaneta Municipality. The municipality is one of several in Venezuela named "Urdaneta Municipality" in honour of Venezuelan independence hero Rafael Urdaneta.
History
The first establishments of Cúa dates from the pre-Columbian period, being the first founders the Quiriquires natives, has like nickname The Tuy Pearl, because its location at the borders of the Tuy River. After the officially foundation on October 6, 1690 by fray Manuel de Alesson, under the invocation of Our Lady of the Rosary of Cúa, the first inhabitants came from different regions motivated by the agriculture, due to the fertility and strategic location of the valley. However, this town was founded initially at the site known like Marín in 1633, this first village was destroyed in its totality by a violent earthquake that affected a great part of the Tuy Valleys.
The name of Cúa, according to some historians, has it origin from the Cumanagotos natives, from the Carib language that means Crab, meaning that Cúa is the place where the crab abounds. Others affirm that its name is associate with Apacuana, a brave native woman from the region, that fought against the Spaniards. Others think that that name was giving in hono
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdaneta%20Municipality%2C%20Aragua
|
Urdaneta is one of the 18 municipalities (municipios) that makes up the Venezuelan state of Aragua and, according to the 2011 census by the National Institute of Statistics of Venezuela, the municipality has a population of 21,271. The town of Barbacoas is the shire town of the Urdaneta Municipality.
Name
The municipality is one of several in Venezuela named "Urdaneta Municipality" in honour of Venezuelan independence hero Rafael Urdaneta.
Demographics
The Urdaneta Municipality, according to a 2007 population estimate by the National Institute of Statistics of Venezuela, has a population of 21,270 (up from 19,339 in 2000). This amounts to 1.3% of the state's population. The municipality's population density is .
Government
The mayor of the Urdaneta Municipality is Sotero González, re-elected on October 31, 2004, with 32% of the vote. The municipality is divided into four parishes; Capital Urdaneta, Las Peñitas, San Francisco de Cara, and Taguay.
References
External links
urdaneta-aragua.gob.ve
Municipalities of Aragua
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kodaira%27s%20classification
|
In mathematics, Kodaira's classification is either
The Enriques–Kodaira classification, a classification of complex surfaces, or
Kodaira's classification of singular fibers, which classifies the possible fibers of an elliptic fibration.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2%2C5-Dimethoxybenzaldehyde
|
2,5-Dimethoxybenzaldehyde is an organic compound and a benzaldehyde derivative. One of its uses is the production of 2,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine, also known as 2C-H. 2C-H is used to produce many other substituted phenethylamines such as 2C-B, 2C-I and 2C-C.
References
Benzaldehydes
Methoxy compounds
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bol%C3%ADvar%20Municipality%2C%20Aragua
|
Bolívar Municipality is one of the 18 municipalities (municipios) that makes up the Venezuelan state of Aragua and, according to the 2011 census by the National Institute of Statistics of Venezuela, the municipality has a population of 38,047. The town of San Mateo is the shire town of the Bolívar Municipality.
Name
The municipality is one of several in Venezuela named "Bolívar Municipality" in honour of Venezuelan independence hero Simón Bolívar.
Geography
The municipality is mountainous in the center and north, but in the south it is flat due to the depression formed by Lake Valencia. The temperature generally varies between 24.5 °C and 30 °C, while annual precipitation averages 900 mm.
Economy
Agriculture and industry are the primary sources of income for the municipality, which contains some 3% of the industry of Aragua state. In agriculture, the municipality stands out for its production of papaya and cassava, in which it ranks 2nd and 3rd, respectively, in the state.
Demographics
The Bolívar Municipality, according to a 2007 population estimate by the National Institute of Statistics of Venezuela, has a population of 42,295 (up from 39,260 in 2000). This amounts to 2.5% of the state's population. The municipality's population density is .
Government
The mayor of the Bolívar Municipality is Freddy Arenas, elected on November 23, 2008, with 61% of the vote. He replaced César Augusto Barrera Ramirez shortly after the elections. The municipality is divided into
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camatagua%20Municipality
|
The Camatagua Municipality is one of the 18 municipalities (municipios) that makes up the Venezuelan state of Aragua and, according to the 2011 census by the National Institute of Statistics of Venezuela, the municipality has a population of 16,627. The town of Camatagua is the shire town of the Camatagua Municipality.
Demographics
The Camatagua Municipality, according to a 2007 population estimate by the National Institute of Statistics of Venezuela, has a population of 17,674 (up from 15,691 in 2000). This amounts to 1% of the state's population. The municipality's population density is .
Government
The mayor of the Camatagua Municipality is Rafael González, re-elected on November 23, 2008, with 42% of the vote. The municipality is divided into two parishes; Capital Camatagua and Carmen de Cura.
See also
Camatagua
Aragua
Municipalities of Venezuela
References
External links
camatagua-aragua.gob.ve
Municipalities of Aragua
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libertador%20Municipality%2C%20Aragua
|
The Libertador Municipality is one of the 18 municipalities (municipios) that makes up the Venezuelan state of Aragua and, according to the 2011 census by the National Institute of Statistics of Venezuela, the municipality has a population of 114,355. The town of Palo Negro is the municipal seat of the Libertador Municipality.
Name
The municipality is one of a number in Venezuela named "Libertador Municipality", in honour of Venezuelan independence hero Simón Bolívar.
Demographics
The Libertador Municipality, according to a 2007 population estimate by the National Institute of Statistics of Venezuela, has a population of 87,520 (up from 78,427 in 2000). This amounts to 5.3% of the state's population. The municipality's population density is .
Government
The mayor of the Libertador Municipality is Gonzalo Díaz, re-elected on October 31, 2004, with 47% of the vote. The municipality is divided into two parishes; Capital Libertador and San Martín de Porres (created on January 30, 1995).
References
Municipalities of Aragua
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9%20Rafael%20Revenga%20Municipality
|
The José Rafael Revenga Municipality is one of the 18 municipalities (municipios) that makes up the Venezuelan state of Aragua and, according to the 2011 census by the National Institute of Statistics of Venezuela, the municipality has a population of 48,800. The town of El Consejo is the shire town of the José Rafael Revenga Municipality. The municipality is named for José Rafael Revenga.
Demographics
The José Rafael Revenga Municipality, according to a 2007 population estimate by the National Institute of Statistics of Venezuela, has a population of 49,593 (up from 43,513 in 2000). This amounts to 3% of the state's population. The municipality's population density is .
Government
The mayor of the José Rafael Revenga Municipality is Francisco Martínez, elected on November 23, 2008, with 60% of the vote. He replaced Juan Pablo Perdomo Piñero shortly after the elections. The municipality is divided into one parish; Capital José Rafael Revenga.
References
External links
joserafaelrevenga-aragua.gob.ve
Municipalities of Aragua
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9%20F%C3%A9lix%20Ribas%20Municipality%2C%20Aragua
|
The José Félix Ribas Municipality is one of the 18 municipalities (municipios) that makes up the Venezuelan state of Aragua and, according to the 2011 census by the National Institute of Statistics of Venezuela, the municipality has a population of 143,501. The town of La Victoria is the shire town of the José Félix Ribas Municipality.
History
La Victoria is famous for the independence battle of February 12, 1814, where José Félix Ribas led a young and inexperienced army that succeeded in halting the royalist troops of José Tomás Boves. Venezuela celebrates "Youth Day" every February 12 in La Victoria, with a ceremony is usually presided by the President of the Republic.
Demographics
The José Félix Ribas Municipality, according to a 2007 population estimate by the National Institute of Statistics of Venezuela, has a population of 156,139 (up from 137,581 in 2000). This amounts to 9.3% of the state's population. The municipality's population density is .
Government
The mayor of the José Félix Ribas Municipality is Juan Carlos Sánchez, elected on November 23, 2008, with 48% of the vote. He replaced Rosa León Brabo shortly after the elections. The municipality is divided into five parishes; Capital José Félix Ribas, Castor Nieves Ríos, Las Guacamayas, Pao de Zárate, and Zuata.
See also
La Victoria
Aragua
Municipalities of Venezuela
References
External links
josefelixribas-aragua.gov.ve
Municipalities of Aragua
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9%20Angel%20Lamas%20Municipality
|
The José Angel Lamas Municipality is one of the 18 municipalities (municipios) that makes up the Venezuelan state of Aragua and, according to the 2011 census by the National Institute of Statistics of Venezuela, the municipality has a population of 32,981. The town of Santa Cruz is the municipal seat of the José Angel Lamas Municipality. The municipality is named for the Venezuelan composer José Ángel Lamas.
Demographics
The José Angel Lamas Municipality, according to a 2007 population estimate by the National Institute of Statistics of Venezuela, has a population of 33,513 (up from 28,263 in 2000). This amounts to 2% of the state's population. The municipality's population density is .
Government
The mayor of the José Angel Lamas Municipality is Ybis Pérez, elected on November 23, 2008, with 61% of the vote. She replaced Nancy López shortly after the elections. The municipality contains one parish; Capital José Angel Lamas.
References
External links
joseangellamas-aragua.gob.ve
Municipalities of Aragua
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girardot%20Municipality%2C%20Aragua
|
The Girardot Municipality is one of the 18 municipalities (municipios) that makes up the Venezuelan state of Aragua. According to the 2011 census by the National Institute of Statistics of Venezuela, the municipality has a population of 407,109. The city of Maracay is the shire town of the Girardot Municipality.
History
The city of Maracay was officially established on March 5, 1701, by Bishop Diego de Baños y Sotomayor in the valleys of Tocopio and Tapatapa (what is known today as the central valley of Aragua) in northern Venezuela. According to the most accepted explanation, it was named after a local indigenous chief, and refers to the "Maracayo" (Felis mitis), a small tiger. Alternative etymologies cite a local aromatic tree called Mara.
Maracay experienced rapid growth during Juan Vicente Gómez's dictatorship (1908 - 1935). Gómez saw Maracay as a suitable place to make his residence during his rule, and ordered the construction of an Arc of Triumph, a bull plaza (a near replica of the one in Seville, Spain), an opera house, a zoo, and, most notably, the Hotel Jardín (Garden Hotel), a majestic, tourist attraction with very large gardens. The city is home to the Mausoleo de Gómez (Gómez's mausoleum), where the dictator's remains are stored.
Geography
The mountains on the north side of Maracay, that separate it from the coast, make up the Henri Pittier National Park, named after the Swiss naturalist that studied them. The park is a very lush rainforest, with a great
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San%20Casimiro%20Municipality
|
The San Casimiro Municipality is one of the 18 municipalities (municipios) that makes up the Venezuelan state of Aragua and, according to the 2011 census by the National Institute of Statistics of Venezuela, the municipality has a population of 25,540. The town of San Casimiro is the shire town of the San Casimiro Municipality.
Demographics
The San Casimiro Municipality, according to a 2007 population estimate by the National Institute of Statistics of Venezuela, has a population of 26,030 (up from 23,212 in 2000). This amounts to 1.6% of the state's population. The municipality's population density is .
Government
The mayor of the San Casimiro Municipality is Johnny Martinez, elected on October 31, 2004, with 44% of the vote. He replaced Luis Rodriguez shortly after the elections. The municipality is divided into four parishes; Capital San Casimiro, Güiripa, Ollas de Caramacate, and Valle Morín.
See also
San Casimiro
Aragua
Municipalities of Venezuela
References
External links
sancasimiro-aragua.gob.ve
Municipalities of Aragua
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San%20Sebasti%C3%A1n%20Municipality
|
The San Sebastián Municipality is one of the 18 municipalities (municipios) that makes up the Venezuelan state of Aragua and, according to the 2011 census by the National Institute of Statistics of Venezuela, the municipality has a population of 23,279. The town of San Sebastián is the shire town of the San Sebastián Municipality.
Demographics
The San Sebastián Municipality, according to a 2007 population estimate by the National Institute of Statistics of Venezuela, has a population of 22,906 (up from 20,096 in 2000). This amounts to 1.4% of the state's population. The municipality's population density is .
Government
The mayor of the San Sebastián Municipality is Carlos Guillermo Miranda Escobar, elected on October 31, 2004, with 43% of the vote. He replaced Enrique Barrios shortly after the elections. The municipality is divided into one parishes; Capital San Sebastián.
See also
San Sebastián
Aragua
Municipalities of Venezuela
References
External links
sansebastiandelosreyes-aragua.gob.ve
Municipalities of Aragua
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santiago%20Mari%C3%B1o%20Municipality
|
The Santiago Mariño Municipality is one of the 18 municipalities (municipios) that makes up the Venezuelan state of Aragua and, according to the 2011 census by the National Institute of Statistics of Venezuela, the municipality has a population of 211,010. The town of Turmero is the shire town of the Santiago Mariño Municipality and Chuao where some of the finest cocoa beans in the world are produced. The municipality is named for Venezuelan independence hero Santiago Mariño.
Demographics
The Santiago Mariño Municipality, according to a 2007 population estimate by the National Institute of Statistics of Venezuela, has a population of 191,731 (up from 165,436 in 2000). This amounts to 11.5% of the state's population. The municipality's population density is .
Government
The mayor of the Santiago Mariño Municipality is Francisco J. Gerratana, elected on October 31, 2004 with 62% of the vote. He replaced Efren Rodriguez shortly after the elections. The municipality is divided into five parishes; Capital Santiago Mariño, Arévalo Aponte (separated from Capital Santiago Mariño parish effective January 30, 1995), Chuao, Samán de Güere, and Alfredo Pacheco Miranda (separated from Samán de Güere parish effective December 16, 1997).
Chuao
Chuao is a small village founded in the 16th century famous in the world for its cacao plantations. The village is surrounded by mountains and dense rainforests to the south Caribbean Sea near the Henri Pittier National Park. There is no road
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santos%20Michelena%20Municipality
|
The Santos Michelena Municipality is one of the 18 municipalities (municipios) that make up the Venezuelan state of Aragua. According to the 2011 census by the National Institute of Statistics of Venezuela, the municipality has a population of 38,574. The town of Las Tejerías is the shire town of the Santos Michelena Municipality. The municipality is named for the Venezuelan politician Santos Michelena.
Demographics
The Santos Michelena Municipality, according to a 2007 population estimate by the National Institute of Statistics of Venezuela, has a population of 44,409 (up from 38,638 in 2000). This amounts to 2.7% of the state's population. The municipality's population density is .
Government
The mayor of the Santos Michelena Municipality is Reinaldo Lorca, re-elected on October 31, 2004 with 32% of the votes. The municipality is divided into two parishes: Capital Santos Michelena and Tiara.
References
External links
santosmichelena-aragua.gob.ve
Municipalities of Aragua
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sucre%20Municipality%2C%20Aragua
|
Sucre Municipality is one of the 18 municipalities (municipios) that makes up the Venezuelan state of Aragua and, according to the 2011 census by the National Institute of Statistics of Venezuela, the municipality has a population of 114,509. The town of Cagua is the shire town of the Sucre Municipality.
Name
The municipality is one of several in Venezuela named "Sucre Municipality" in honour of Venezuelan independence hero Antonio José de Sucre.
History
The town of Cagua was first established as Cagua la Vieja in 1620 and was originally made up of Spaniards. The origin of the name Cagua, comes from the native word Cahiua, which means snail. Cagua was rebuilt in its current location in 1622 under the new name of Nuestra Señora del Rosario de Cagua, which was later changed to San Jose de Cagua during the 18th century. The city is now known as just Cagua.
Cagua is a small city with several squares and has a tropical climate. It's ones of the most important cities of Aragua because of its proximity to Maracay, the state capital and Caracas. Cagua has been, for a long time, an important industrial zone.
One of its most important places are Casa Guipuzcoana and the Mountain "El Empalado", where original natives were burned alive by Spanish colonizers; this mountain is rich in marble and typical plants such as Araguaney, Samán, Bucare, and Apamate.
Sites of interest
Sucre square
Casa Guipuzcoana
Marble Mines
Empalado Mountain
Old Mill
Saint Joseph Church
Taiguaiguay Lake
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tovar%20Municipality%2C%20Aragua
|
The Tovar Municipality is one of the 18 municipalities (municipios) that makes up the Venezuelan state of Aragua and, according to the 2011 census by the National Institute of Statistics of Venezuela, the municipality has a population of 14,161. The town of Colonia Tovar is the shire town of the Tovar Municipality.
History
The village of La Colonia Tovar (The Tovar Colony) is located about 60 km from Caracas. The town was named after Martín Tovar y Ponte who donated the land over 100 years ago. The town is mainly known for its Germanic characteristics, culture, and a dessert called "golfiado", which is very similar to a Cinnamon roll. Founded in 1843 by German settlers, the city remained isolated from the rest of the country for decades, a factor that permitted the inhabitants to keep their culture and traditions. The majority of its residents are descendants of Germans and have a Northern European appearance. The Alemannic dialect of German, known as Alemán Coloniero ("Colonial German"), is nearly extinct.
Today, 6,000 people live in the main village, up from 1,300 in 1963.
Due to the cool climate and pleasant surrounding countryside, it is a popular week-end destination for many visitors from Caracas. Many houses are weekend retreats and second homes. There is a wide range of hotels, restaurants and tourist facilities, many of which are only open on the weekend.
The town and surrounding mountainous countryside have a superficial resemblance to Southern Germany.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zamora%20Municipality%2C%20Aragua
|
Zamora Municipality is one of the 18 municipalities (municipios) that makes up the Venezuelan state of Aragua and, according to the 2011 census by the National Institute of Statistics of Venezuela, the municipality has a population of 144,759. The town of Villa de Cura is the municipal seat of the Zamora Municipality.
Name
The municipality is one of several named "Zamora Municipality" for the 19th century Venezuelan soldier Ezequiel Zamora.
History
The city of Villa de Cura was founded on May 25, 1722.
Demographics
The Zamora Municipality, according to a 2007 population estimate by the National Institute of Statistics of Venezuela, has a population of 145,742 (up from 127,595 in 2000). This amounts to 8.8% of the state's population. The municipality's population density is .
Government
The mayor of the Zamora Municipality is Aldo Lovera, elected on November 23, 2008, with 55% of the vote. He replaced Stefano Mangione shortly after the elections. The municipality is divided into five parishes; Capital Zamora, Magdaleno, San Francisco de Asís, Valles de Tucutunemo, and Augusto Mijares (separated from San Francisco de Asís parish effective 16/12/97).
References
External links
zamora-aragua.gob.ve
Municipalities of Aragua
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XBE
|
XBE may refer to:
Bearskin Lake Airport, the IATA airport code
Xbox executable, executable file format for the Xbox game console
Xenobiotic biotransforming enzymes, enzymes used in biotransformation processes
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homography
|
In projective geometry, a homography is an isomorphism of projective spaces, induced by an isomorphism of the vector spaces from which the projective spaces derive. It is a bijection that maps lines to lines, and thus a collineation. In general, some collineations are not homographies, but the fundamental theorem of projective geometry asserts that is not so in the case of real projective spaces of dimension at least two. Synonyms include projectivity, projective transformation, and projective collineation.
Historically, homographies (and projective spaces) have been introduced to study perspective and projections in Euclidean geometry, and the term homography, which, etymologically, roughly means "similar drawing", dates from this time. At the end of the 19th century, formal definitions of projective spaces were introduced, which differed from extending Euclidean or affine spaces by adding points at infinity. The term "projective transformation" originated in these abstract constructions. These constructions divide into two classes that have been shown to be equivalent. A projective space may be constructed as the set of the lines of a vector space over a given field (the above definition is based on this version); this construction facilitates the definition of projective coordinates and allows using the tools of linear algebra for the study of homographies. The alternative approach consists in defining the projective space through a set of axioms, which do not involve exp
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bust/waist/hip%20measurements
|
Bust/waist/hip measurements (informally called 'body measurements' or ′vital statistics′) are a common method of specifying clothing sizes. They match the three inflection points of the female body shape. In human body measurement, these three sizes are the circumferences of the bust, waist and hips; usually rendered as xx–yy–zz in inches, or centimeters. The three sizes are used mostly in fashion, and almost exclusively in reference to women, who, compared to men, are more likely to have a narrow waist relative to their hips.
Measurements and perception
Breast volume will have an effect on the perception of a woman's figure even when bust/waist/hip measurements are nominally the same. Brassière band size is measured below the breasts, not at the bust. A woman with measurements of 36A–27–38 will have a different presentation than a woman with measurements of 34C–27–38. These women have ribcage circumferences differing by 2 inches, but when breast tissue is included the measurements are the same at 38 inches. The result is that the latter woman will appear "bustier" than the former due to the apparent difference in bust to hip ratios (narrower shoulders, more prominent breasts) even though they are both technically 38–27–38.
Height will also affect the presentation of the figure. A woman who is 36–24–36 (91.5–61–91.5) at tall looks different from a woman who is 36–24–36 at tall. Since the latter woman's figure has greater distance between measuring points, she will likely
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyspermy
|
In biology, polyspermy describes the fertilization of an egg by more than one sperm. Diploid organisms normally contain two copies of each chromosome, one from each parent. The cell resulting from polyspermy, on the other hand, contains three or more copies of each chromosome—one from the egg and one each from multiple sperm. Usually, the result is an unviable zygote. This may occur because sperm are too efficient at reaching and fertilizing eggs due to the selective pressures of sperm competition. Such a situation is often deleterious to the female: in other words, the male–male competition among sperm spills over to create sexual conflict.
Physiological polyspermy
Physiological polyspermy happens when the egg normally accepts more than one sperm but only one of the multiple sperm will fuse its nucleus with the nucleus of the egg. Physiological polyspermy is present in some species of vertebrates and invertebrates. Some species utilize physiological polyspermy as the proper mechanism for developing their offspring. Some of these animals include birds, ctenophora, reptiles and amphibians. Some vertebrates that are both amniote or anamniote, including urodele amphibians, cartilaginous fish, birds and reptiles, undergo physiological polyspermy because of the internal fertilization of their yolky eggs. Sperm triggers egg activation by the induction of free calcium ion concentration in the cytoplasm of the egg. This induction plays a very critical role in both physiological pol
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cercado%20Province%20%28Beni%29
|
Cercado is a province located in northwestern Bolivia in Beni Department. It has an area of 12,276 km ² with a population estimated by the National Institute of Statistics of Bolivia for 2006 of 94,221 and a density of 7.67 people / km ². Its capital is the city of Trinidad.
Subdivision
Cercado Province is divided into two municipalities which are partly further subdivided into cantons.
References
Provinces of Beni Department
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hodge%20theorem
|
Hodge theorem may refer to:
Hodge theory
Hodge index theorem
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brauer%27s%20theorem%20on%20induced%20characters
|
Brauer's theorem on induced characters, often known as Brauer's induction theorem, and named after Richard Brauer, is a basic result in the branch of mathematics known as character theory, within representation theory of a finite group.
Background
A precursor to Brauer's induction theorem was Artin's induction theorem, which states that |G| times the trivial character of G is an integer combination of characters which are each induced from trivial characters of cyclic subgroups of G. Brauer's theorem removes the factor |G|,
but at the expense of expanding the collection of subgroups used. Some years after the proof of Brauer's theorem appeared, J.A. Green showed (in 1955) that no such induction theorem (with integer combinations of characters induced from linear characters) could be proved with a collection of subgroups smaller than the Brauer elementary subgroups.
Another result between Artin's induction theorem and Brauer's induction theorem, also due to Brauer and also known as Brauer's theorem or Brauer's lemma is the fact that the regular representation of G can be written as where the are positive rationals and the are induced from characters of cyclic subgroups of G. Note that in Artin's theorem the characters are induced from the trivial character of the cyclic group, while here they are induced from arbitrary characters (in applications to Artin's L functions it is important that the groups are cyclic and hence all characters are linear giving that the corresp
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal%20growth
|
A crystal is a solid material whose constituent atoms, molecules, or ions are arranged in an orderly repeating pattern extending in all three spatial dimensions. Crystal growth is a major stage of a crystallization process, and consists of the addition of new atoms, ions, or polymer strings into the characteristic arrangement of the crystalline lattice. The growth typically follows an initial stage of either homogeneous or heterogeneous (surface catalyzed) nucleation, unless a "seed" crystal, purposely added to start the growth, was already present.
The action of crystal growth yields a crystalline solid whose atoms or molecules are close packed, with fixed positions in space relative to each other.
The crystalline state of matter is characterized by a distinct structural rigidity and very high resistance to deformation (i.e. changes of shape and/or volume). Most crystalline solids have high values both of Young's modulus and of the shear modulus of elasticity. This contrasts with most liquids or fluids, which have a low shear modulus, and typically exhibit the capacity for macroscopic viscous flow.
Overview
After successful formation of a stable nucleus, a growth stage ensues in which free particles (atoms or molecules) adsorb onto the nucleus and propagate its crystalline structure outwards from the nucleating site. This process is significantly faster than nucleation. The reason for such rapid growth is that real crystals contain dislocations and other defects, which act
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Start%20the%20Revolution%20Without%20Me
|
Start the Revolution Without Me is a 1970 British-French-American period comedy film directed by Bud Yorkin and starring Gene Wilder, Donald Sutherland, Hugh Griffith, Jack MacGowran, Billie Whitelaw, Orson Welles (playing himself as narrator) and Victor Spinetti. The comedy is set in revolutionary France where two peasants are mistaken for the famous Corsican Brothers. The film is considered a parody of a number of works of historical fiction about the French Revolution and French history in general, including A Tale of Two Cities (1859) by Charles Dickens and two works by Alexandre Dumas, The Corsican Brothers (1844) and The Man in the Iron Mask (1847).
Plot
Two sets of identical twins are accidentally switched at birth. One pair, Phillipe and Pierre DeSisi, are aristocratic and haughty, while the other, Charles and Claude Coupé, are poor and dim-witted. On the eve of the French Revolution, both sets find themselves entangled in palace intrigue.
Cast
Gene Wilder as Phillipe/Claude
Donald Sutherland as Pierre/Charles
Hugh Griffith as Louis XVI
Jack MacGowran as Jacques
Billie Whitelaw as Marie Antoinette
Victor Spinetti as Duke d'Escargot
Ewa Aulin as Princess Christina
Helen Fraser as Mimi Montage
Rosalind Knight as Helene de Sisi
Harry Fowler as Marcel
Murray Melvin as Blind Man
Graham Stark as Andre Coupe
Orson Welles as The Narrator
Reception
Vincent Canby of The New York Times panned the film, writing: "The performances are desperate, without being in an
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA%20recombination
|
DNA recombination may refer to:
Genetic recombination, a natural aspect of DNA repair mechanisms
Homologous recombination, one common form of recombination in eukaryotes
Recombinant DNA technology, in which genetic changes are induced in the laboratory using features of the above mechanisms
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serous%20gland
|
Serous glands secrete serous fluid. They contain serous acini, a grouping of serous cells that secrete serous fluid, isotonic with blood plasma, that contains enzymes such as alpha-amylase.
Serous glands are most common in the parotid gland and lacrimal gland but are also present in the submandibular gland and, to a far lesser extent, the sublingual gland.
References
External links
- "Tongue: Mucous and Serous Glands"
- "Lingual Glands"
- "Epithelial Tissue, Surface Specializations, and Glands multicellular; pure serous gland"
Overview at siumed.edu
Glands
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Adventures%20of%20Cyclops%20and%20Phoenix
|
The Adventures of Cyclops and Phoenix was a four-issue comic book mini-series written by Scott Lobdell, drawn by Gene Ha, and published by American company Marvel Comics in 1994. It revealed much of the back story for the character Cable, much of which had been implied before, but was still shrouded in mystery and uncertainty. The series' title characters are two of the founding members of the X-Men, a group of superpowered mutants dedicated to confronting the bigotry that afflicts their people, and stopping mutants with evil motives. They have regular adventures which fall into almost every subgenre of science fiction imaginable, including frequent encounters with time travel.
Holocaust's name was mentioned by Apocalypse in issue #4, a year before the character made its first actual appearance (first referred in Stryfe's Strike Files) in the "Age of Apocalypse" story arc.
Back story
Shortly after Jean Grey (Phoenix) was believed dead, Cyclops (her longtime love interest, real name Scott Summers) met a woman who was almost her exact duplicate named Madelyne Pryor. Unbeknownst to either of them at the time, Madelyne Pryor was a clone of Jean Grey, created by Mister Sinister. Sinister was given vast powers by the virtually immortal mutant Apocalypse, but he feared Apocalypse's power and began to investigate a means to defeat him. He discovered that the combination of Summers and Grey's DNA would produce a mutant of sufficient power to do this. With Jean Grey apparently dead,
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteinase%203
|
Proteinase 3, also known as PRTN3, is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PRTN3 gene.
Function
PRTN3 is a serine protease enzyme expressed mainly in neutrophil granulocytes. Its exact role in the function of the neutrophil is unknown, but, in human neutrophils, proteinase 3 contributes to the proteolytic generation of antimicrobial peptides. It is also the target of anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCAs) of the c-ANCA (cytoplasmic subtype) class, a type of antibody frequently found in the disease granulomatosis with polyangiitis.
References
Further reading
</ref>
External links
EC 3.4.21
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PBR322
|
pBR322 is a plasmid and was one of the first widely used E. coli cloning vectors. Created in 1977 in the laboratory of Herbert Boyer at the University of California, San Francisco, it was named after Francisco Bolivar Zapata, the postdoctoral researcher and Raymond L. Rodriguez. The p stands for "plasmid," and BR for "Bolivar" and "Rodriguez."
pBR322 is 4361 base pairs in length and has two antibiotic resistance genes – the gene bla encoding the ampicillin resistance (AmpR) protein, and the gene tetA encoding the tetracycline resistance (TetR) protein. It contains the origin of replication of pMB1, and the rop gene, which encodes a restrictor of plasmid copy number. The plasmid has unique restriction sites for more than forty restriction enzymes. Eleven of these forty sites lie within the TetR gene. There are two sites for restriction enzymes HindIII and ClaI within the promoter of the TetR gene. There are six key restriction sites inside the AmpR gene.The source of these antibiotic resistance genes are from pSC101 for Tetracycline and RSF2124 for Ampicillin.
The circular sequence is numbered such that 0 is the middle of the unique EcoRI site and the count increases through the TetR gene. If we have to remove ampicillin for instance, we must use restriction endonuclease or molecular scissors against PstI and then pBR322 will become anti-resistant to ampicillin .The same process of Insertional Inactivation can be applied to Tetracycline. The AmpR gene is penicillin beta-lac
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adaptive%20resonance%20theory
|
Adaptive resonance theory (ART) is a theory developed by Stephen Grossberg and Gail Carpenter on aspects of how the brain processes information. It describes a number of neural network models which use supervised and unsupervised learning methods, and address problems such as pattern recognition and prediction.
The primary intuition behind the ART model is that object identification and recognition generally occur as a result of the interaction of 'top-down' observer expectations with 'bottom-up' sensory information. The model postulates that 'top-down' expectations take the form of a memory template or prototype that is then compared with the actual features of an object as detected by the senses. This comparison gives rise to a measure of category belongingness. As long as this difference between sensation and expectation does not exceed a set threshold called the 'vigilance parameter', the sensed object will be considered a member of the expected class. The system thus offers a solution to the 'plasticity/stability' problem, i.e. the problem of acquiring new knowledge without disrupting existing knowledge that is also called incremental learning.
Learning model
The basic ART system is an unsupervised learning model. It typically consists of a comparison field and a recognition field composed of neurons, a vigilance parameter (threshold of recognition), and a reset module.
The comparison field takes an input vector (a one-dimensional array of values) and transfers it t
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thyroid%20peroxidase
|
Thyroid peroxidase, also called thyroperoxidase (TPO), thyroid specific peroxidase or iodide peroxidase, is an enzyme expressed mainly in the thyroid where it is secreted into colloid. Thyroid peroxidase oxidizes iodide ions to form iodine atoms for addition onto tyrosine residues on thyroglobulin for the production of thyroxine (T4) or triiodothyronine (T3), the thyroid hormones. In humans, thyroperoxidase is encoded by the TPO gene.
Catalyzed reaction
+ I− + H+ + H2O2 ⇒ + 2 H2O
Iodide is oxidized to iodine radical which immediately reacts with tyrosine.
+ I− + H+ + H2O2 ⇒ + 2 H2O
The second iodine atom is added in similar manner to the reaction intermediate 3-iodotyrosine.
Function
Inorganic iodine enters the body primarily as iodide, I−. After entering the thyroid follicle (or thyroid follicular cell) via a Na+/I− symporter (NIS) on the basolateral side, iodide is shuttled across the apical membrane into the colloid via pendrin, after which thyroid peroxidase oxidizes iodide to atomic iodine (I) or iodinium (I+). The "organification of iodine," the incorporation of iodine into thyroglobulin for the production of thyroid hormone, is nonspecific; that is, there is no TPO-bound intermediate, but iodination occurs via reactive iodine species released from TPO. The chemical reactions catalyzed by thyroid peroxidase occur on the outer apical membrane surface and are mediated by hydrogen peroxide.
Stimulation and inhibition
TPO is stimulated by TSH, which upregulat
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Process%20optimization
|
Process optimization is the discipline of adjusting a process so as to optimize (make the best or most effective use of) some specified set of parameters without violating some constraint. The most common goals are minimizing cost and maximizing throughput and/or efficiency. This is one of the major quantitative tools in industrial decision making.
When optimizing a process, the goal is to maximize one or more of the process specifications, while keeping all others within their constraints. This can be done by using a process mining tool, discovering the critical activities and bottlenecks, and acting only on them.
Areas
Fundamentally, there are three parameters that can be adjusted to affect optimal performance. They are:
Equipment optimization
The first step is to verify that the existing equipment is being used to its fullest advantage by examining operating data to identify equipment bottlenecks.
Operating procedures
Operating procedures may vary widely from person-to-person or from shift-to-shift. Automation of the plant can help significantly. But automation will be of no help if the operators take control and run the plant in manual.
Control optimization
In a typical processing plant, such as a chemical plant or oil refinery, there are hundreds or even thousands of control loops. Each control loop is responsible for controlling one part of the process, such as maintaining a temperature, level, or flow.
If the control loop is not properly designed and tun
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert%20Feulgen
|
Joachim Wilhelm Robert Feulgen (2 September 1884 – 24 October 1955) was a German physician and chemist who, in 1914, developed a method for staining DNA (now known as the Feulgen stain) and who also discovered plant and animal nuclear DNA ("thymonucleic acid") congeniality.
References
1884 births
1955 deaths
20th-century German chemists
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SP-A
|
SP-A may refer to:
Socialistische Partij Anders, the previous name of Vooruit, Belgium
Surfactant protein A
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reiji%20Okazaki
|
was a pioneer Japanese molecular biologist, known for his research on DNA replication and especially for describing the role of Okazaki fragments along with his wife Tsuneko.
Okazaki was born in Hiroshima, Japan. He graduated in 1953 from Nagoya University, and worked as a professor there after 1963. He died of leukemia in 1975 at the age of 44 while traveling to the United States; he had been heavily irradiated in Hiroshima when the first atomic bomb was dropped.
Okazaki Fragments
In 1968, Reiji and Tsuneko Okazaki discovered the way in which the lagging strand of DNA is replicated via fragments, now called Okazaki fragments.
Their experiments used E. coli. After introducing 3T-thymidine for only ten seconds to E. coli during DNA replication, they placed the sample in a test tube of alkaline sucrose. The larger, heavier DNA flowed to the bottom of the test tube, while the smaller, lighter DNA did not. When samples were taken from the bottom of the test tube, it was found that half were heavy and half were light, proving that half of the DNA was complete and half was in fragments. Then he took a sample of E. coli DNA that had been synthesized for an additional five seconds, and found all the activity now resulted in the larger molecular weight. This complete replacement of fragments was later identified as RNA primers being replaced with DNA nucleotides by DNA polymerase I and Okazaki fragments being joined by DNA ligase.
References
1930 births
1975 deaths
Japanese bioc
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CPS2
|
CPS2 may refer to:
CP System II, the Capcom Play System 2
Carbamoyl Phosphate Synthase II, the rate-limiting enzyme of pyrimidine biosynthesis
Keene/Elmhirst's Resort Airport, Transport Canada airport code CPS2
Control Performance Standard 2, North American Electric Reliability Corporation Frequency Control Performance Measure
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SEMATECH
|
SEMATECH (from Semiconductor Manufacturing Technology) is a not-for-profit consortium that performs research and development to advance chip manufacturing. SEMATECH has broad engagement with various sectors of the R&D community, including chipmakers, equipment and material suppliers, universities, research institutes, and government partners. The group is funded by member dues.
History
SEMATECH was conceived in 1986, formed in 1987, and began operating in Austin, Texas in 1988 as a partnership between the United States government and 14 U.S.-based semiconductor manufacturers to solve common manufacturing problems and regain competitiveness for the U.S. semiconductor industry that had been surpassed by Japanese industry in the mid-1980s. SEMATECH was funded over five years by public subsidies coming from the U.S. Department of Defense via the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) for a total of $500 million.
Following a determination by SEMATECH Board of Directors to eliminate matching funds from the U.S. government after 1996, the organization's focus shifted from the U.S. semiconductor industry to the larger international semiconductor industry, abandoning the initial U.S. government-initiative. Its members represent about half of the worldwide chip market. In late 2015, SEMATECH transferred the Critical Materials Council (CMC), a membership group of semiconductor fabricators, to TECHCET CA LLC, an advisory service firm dedicated to providing supply-chain and
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estimation%20of%20distribution%20algorithm
|
Estimation of distribution algorithms (EDAs), sometimes called probabilistic model-building genetic algorithms (PMBGAs), are stochastic optimization methods that guide the search for the optimum by building and sampling explicit probabilistic models of promising candidate solutions. Optimization is viewed as a series of incremental updates of a probabilistic model, starting with the model encoding an uninformative prior over admissible solutions and ending with the model that generates only the global optima.
EDAs belong to the class of evolutionary algorithms. The main difference between EDAs and most conventional evolutionary algorithms is that evolutionary algorithms generate new candidate solutions using an implicit distribution defined by one or more variation operators, whereas EDAs use an explicit probability distribution encoded by a Bayesian network, a multivariate normal distribution, or another model class. Similarly as other evolutionary algorithms, EDAs can be used to solve optimization problems defined over a number of representations from vectors to LISP style S expressions, and the quality of candidate solutions is often evaluated using one or more objective functions.
The general procedure of an EDA is outlined in the following:
t := 0
initialize model M(0) to represent uniform distribution over admissible solutions
while (termination criteria not met) do
P := generate N>0 candidate solutions by sampling M(t)
F := evaluate all candidate soluti
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%BCrthle%20cell
|
A Hürthle cell is a cell in the thyroid that is often associated with Hashimoto's thyroiditis as well as benign and malignant tumors (Hürthle cell adenoma and Hürthle cell carcinoma, formerly considered a subtype of follicular thyroid cancer). This version is a relatively rare form of differentiated thyroid cancer, accounting for only 3-10% of all differentiated thyroid cancers. Oncocytes in the thyroid are often called Hürthle cells. Although the terms oncocyte, oxyphilic cell, and Hürthle cell are used interchangeably, Hürthle cell is used only to indicate cells of thyroid follicular origin.
Diseases
Hürthle cell neoplasms can be separated into Hürthle cell adenomas and carcinomas, which are respectively benign and malignant tumors arising from the follicular epithelium of the thyroid gland. The mitochondrial DNA of Hürthle cell carcinoma contain somatic mutations. Hürthle cell carcinomas consists of at least 75% Hürthle cells. Chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis or Hashimoto's thyroiditis, along with cases of long-standing Graves' disease, show Hürthle cells present.
Diagnosis
Hürthle cell adenomas are most likely diagnosed much more frequently than Hürthle cell carcinomas. The female to male ratio for Hurthle cell adenomas is 8:1, while the ratio is 2:1 for the malignant version. Hürthle cell cancer tends to occur in older patients. The median age at diagnosis for Hürthle cell carcinomas is approximately 61 years old. Typically a painless thyroid mass is found in patients
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helicity
|
Helicity may refer to:
Helicity (fluid mechanics), the extent to which corkscrew-like motion occurs
Helicity (particle physics), the projection of the spin onto the direction of momentum
Magnetic helicity, the extent to which a magnetic field "wraps around itself"
Circular dichroism, the differential absorption of left and right circularly polarized light
A form of axial chirality
A former name for inherent chirality
See also
Helix
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viral%20infectivity%20factor
|
Viral infectivity factor, or Vif, is an accessory protein found in HIV and other lentiviruses. Its role is to disrupt the antiviral activity of the human enzyme APOBEC (specifically APOBEC3G, "A3G" in short, and other A3 enzymes) by targeting it for ubiquitination and cellular degradation. APOBEC is a cytidine deaminase enzyme that mutates viral nucleic acids.
Despite the functional and (weak) structural similarities, Vif found in lentiviruses can function in quite different ways. For example, the HIV-1 Vif ("Vif1" hereafter) and HIV-2 Vif ("Vif2") attach to APOBEC from different ends of themselves and have a different spectrum of inhibition. As HIV-1 is older and more virulent, many more studies have been done on the Vif1 than on the Vif2. Similarly, more studies have been done on the HIV/SIV Vif than on any other lentiviral Vif.
Mechanism
HIV-1
Vif1 is a 23-kilodalton protein that is essential for viral replication. Vif1 inhibits the cellular protein, APOBEC3G, from entering the virion during budding from a host cell by targeting it for proteasomal degradation. Vif1 binds to A3G as well as the cellular Cullin5 E3 Ubiquitin Ligase (ELOB-ELOC-CUL5) and a CBFB cofactor so that the ligase can be hijacked to tag A3G for degradation. The crystal Structure of the HIV-1 Vif BC-box in Complex with Human Elongin B and Elongin C was solved in 2008, and the structure of the full Vif1/E3 complex was solved in 2014.
In the absence of Vif, APOBEC3G causes hypermutation of the viral g
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA%20Bioscience
|
DNA Bioscience is a DNA testing company offering a DNA paternity testing service in the United Kingdom. It was founded in 2003 and ended within two years.
The company gained much press in 2005 when the UK politician David Blunkett bought shares in the company, shortly after which he became Secretary of State for Work and Pensions. He failed to declare his interest in the company, which ultimately led to his resignation from the Cabinet in November 2005.
The company went into liquidation on 8 December 2005 and was bought by an American-based DNA testing laboratory.
References
External links
Company website
Biotechnology companies of the United Kingdom
2005 disestablishments in the United Kingdom
Biotechnology companies disestablished in 2005
2003 establishments in the United Kingdom
Biotechnology companies established in 2003
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cayley%E2%80%93Bacharach%20theorem
|
In mathematics, the Cayley–Bacharach theorem is a statement about cubic curves (plane curves of degree three) in the projective plane . The original form states:
Assume that two cubics and in the projective plane meet in nine (different) points, as they do in general over an algebraically closed field. Then every cubic that passes through any eight of the points also passes through the ninth point.
A more intrinsic form of the Cayley–Bacharach theorem reads as follows:
Every cubic curve over an algebraically closed field that passes through a given set of eight points also passes through (counting multiplicities) a ninth point which depends only on .
A related result on conics was first proved by the French geometer Michel Chasles and later generalized to cubics by Arthur Cayley and Isaak Bacharach.
Details
If seven of the points lie on a conic, then the ninth point can be chosen on that conic, since will always contain the whole conic on account of Bézout's theorem. In other cases, we have the following.
If no seven points out of are co-conic, then the vector space of cubic homogeneous polynomials that vanish on (the affine cones of) (with multiplicity for double points) has dimension two.
In that case, every cubic through also passes through the intersection of any two different cubics through , which has at least nine points (over the algebraic closure) on account of Bézout's theorem. These points cannot be covered by only, which gives us .
Since degene
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glucose-6-phosphate%20dehydrogenase
|
Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD or G6PDH) () is a cytosolic enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction
D-glucose 6-phosphate + NADP+ + 6-phospho-D-glucono-1,5-lactone + NADPH + H+
This enzyme participates in the pentose phosphate pathway (see image), a metabolic pathway that supplies reducing energy to cells (such as erythrocytes) by maintaining the level of the co-enzyme nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH). The NADPH in turn maintains the level of glutathione in these cells that helps protect the red blood cells against oxidative damage from compounds like hydrogen peroxide. Of greater quantitative importance is the production of NADPH for tissues involved in biosynthesis of fatty acids or isoprenoids, such as the liver, mammary glands, adipose tissue, and the adrenal glands. G6PD reduces NADP+ to NADPH while oxidizing glucose-6-phosphate. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase is also an enzyme in the Entner–Doudoroff pathway, a type of glycolysis.
Clinically, an X-linked genetic deficiency of G6PD makes a human prone to non-immune hemolytic anemia.
Species distribution
G6PD is widely distributed in many species from bacteria to humans. Multiple sequence alignment of over 100 known G6PDs from different organisms reveal sequence identity ranging from 30% to 94%. Human G6PD has over 30% identity in amino acid sequence to G6PD sequences from other species. Humans also have two isoforms of a single gene coding for G6PD. Moreover, at least 168 disease
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CPS3
|
CPS3 may refer to:
CP System III, an arcade system board
Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase III, an enzyme
Parry Sound (Portage Lake) Water Aerodrome, Canadian Location Identifier CPS3
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacterial%20outer%20membrane
|
The bacterial outer membrane is found in gram-negative bacteria. Its composition is distinct from that of the inner cytoplasmic cell membrane - among other things, the outer leaflet of the outer membrane of many gram-negative bacteria includes a complex lipopolysaccharide whose lipid portion acts as an endotoxin - and in some bacteria such as E. coli it is linked to the cell's peptidoglycan by Braun's lipoprotein.
Porins can be found in this layer.
Clinical significance
If lipid A, part of the lipopolysaccharide, enters the circulatory system it causes a toxic reaction by activating toll like receptor TLR 4. Lipid A is very pathogenic and not immunogenic. However, the polysaccharide component is very immunogenic, but not pathogenic, causing an aggressive response by the immune system. The sufferer will have a high temperature and respiration rate and a low blood pressure. This may lead to endotoxic shock, which may be fatal. The bacterial outer membrane is physiologically shed as the bounding membrane of outer membrane vesicles in cultures, as well as in animal tissues at the host-pathogen interface, implicated in translocation of gram-negative microbial biochemical signals to host or target cells.
Biogenesis
The biogenesis of the outer membrane requires that the individual components are transported from the site of synthesis to their final destination outside the inner membrane by crossing both hydrophilic and hydrophobic compartments. The machinery and the energy sourc
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaylussite
|
Gaylussite is a carbonate mineral, a hydrated sodium calcium carbonate, formula Na2Ca(CO3)2·5H2O. It occurs as translucent, vitreous white to grey to yellow monoclinic prismatic crystals. It is an unstable mineral which dehydrates in dry air and decomposes in water.
Discovery and occurrence
It is formed as an evaporite from alkali lacustrine waters. It also occurs rarely as veinlets in alkalic igneous rocks. It was first described in 1826 for an occurrence in Lagunillas, Mérida, Venezuela. It was named for French chemist Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac (1778–1850).
The mineral has been recently (2014) reported from drill core in Lonar lake in Buldhana district, Maharashtra, India. Lonar lake was created by a meteor impact during the Pleistocene Epoch and it is one of only four known hyper-velocity impact craters in basaltic rock anywhere on Earth.
References
Sodium minerals
Calcium minerals
Carbonate minerals
Monoclinic minerals
Minerals in space group 15
Evaporite
Luminescent minerals
Minerals described in 1826
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cream%20%28pharmacy%29
|
A cream is a preparation usually for application to the skin. Creams for application to mucous membranes such as those of the rectum or vagina are also used. Creams may be considered pharmaceutical products as even cosmetic creams are based on techniques developed by pharmacy and unmedicated creams are highly used in a variety of skin conditions (dermatoses). The use of the finger tip unit concept may be helpful in guiding how much topical cream is required to cover different areas.
Creams are semi-solid emulsions of oil and water. They are divided into two types: oil-in-water (O/W) creams which are composed of small droplets of oil dispersed in a continuous water phase, and water-in-oil (W/O) creams which are composed of small droplets of water dispersed in a continuous oily phase. Oil-in-water creams are more comfortable and cosmetically acceptable as they are less greasy and more easily washed off using water. Water-in-oil creams are more difficult to handle but many drugs which are incorporated into creams are hydrophobic and will be released more readily from a water-in-oil cream than an oil-in-water cream. Water-in-oil creams are also more moisturising as they provide an oily barrier which reduces water loss from the stratum corneum, the outermost layer of the skin.
Uses
The provision of a barrier to protect the skin
This may be a physical barrier or a chemical barrier as with sunscreens
To aid in the retention of moisture (especially water-in-oil creams)
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bwh
|
BWH generally refers to the Bust/waist/hip measurements.
BWH, Bwh, or BWh could also refer to:
BWh, the Köppen climate classification of hot deserts
BWH, Bust/waist/hip measurements
Brigham and Women's Hospital
IATA code of Butterworth Airport in Malaysia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic%20recrystallization
|
Dynamic recrystallization (DRX) is a type of recrystallization process, found within the fields of metallurgy and geology. In dynamic recrystallization, as opposed to static recrystallization, the nucleation and growth of new grains occurs during deformation rather than afterwards as part of a separate heat treatment. The reduction of grain size increases the risk of grain boundary sliding at elevated temperatures, while also decreasing dislocation mobility within the material. The new grains are less strained, causing a decrease in the hardening of a material. Dynamic recrystallization allows for new grain sizes and orientation, which can prevent crack propagation. Rather than strain causing the material to fracture, strain can initiate the growth of a new grain, consuming atoms from neighboring pre-existing grains. After dynamic recrystallization, the ductility of the material increases.
In a stress–strain curve, the onset of dynamic recrystallization can be recognized by a distinct peak in the flow stress in hot working data, due to the softening effect of recrystallization. However, not all materials display well-defined peaks when tested under hot working conditions. The onset of DRX can also be detected from inflection point in plots of the strain hardening rate against stress. It has been shown that this technique can be used to establish the occurrence of DRX when this cannot be determined unambiguously from the shape of the flow curve.
If stress oscillations appear
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrolyte%E2%80%93insulator%E2%80%93semiconductor%20sensor
|
Within electronics, an Electrolyte–insulator–semiconductor (EIS) sensor is a sensor that is made of these three components:
an electrolyte with the chemical that should be measured
an insulator that allows field-effect interaction, without leak currents between the two other components
a semiconductor to register the chemical changes
The EIS sensor can be used in combination with other structures, for example to construct a light-addressable potentiometric sensor (LAPS).
References
Sensors
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reprimo
|
Reprimo (RPRM), is a gene located at human chromosome 2q23 whose expression in conjunction with p53, along with other genes which are p53-induced, is associated with the arrest of the cell cycle at the G2 phase. Reprimo's protein product is a highly glycosylated polypeptide which, upon its expression, is localized to the cytoplasm where it is primarily active. As the expression of reprimo is controlled by p53, which is in turn controlled by a wide array of convergent signal pathways pertaining to DNA damage or nutrient depravity, its presence is expected within cells which would cause damage should they be freely allowed to replicate. Pursuant to this, reprimo's expression during the G2 phase of the cell cycle ultimately results in the reduction of Cdc2 expression, and in the inhibition of the nuclear translocation of cyclin B1 which is necessary to its function. Reprimo is known to collaborate with p21 to achieve these specific effects, and in a more general sense collaborates with the other p53-induced proteins and effectors to produce the overall cellular response. These regulatory actions help to render the afflicted cell into an arrested state which is less immediately threatening to the whole organism due to the inability of afflicted cells to replicate with damaged DNA, among other potential circumstances, giving the cell an opportunity to undergo DNA repair or apoptosis as the level of damage will dictate. Indefinite cell cycle arrest is another potential outcome. Fo
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleiku%20Airport
|
Pleiku Airport () is a regional airport located near the city of Pleiku within Gia Lai Province in southern Vietnam.
Airlines and destinations
Statistics
History
Pleiku Airport was little more than an undeveloped air strip in December 1962 when it was designated by the Republic of Vietnam Air Force (VNAF) as Air Base 62. It was expanded during the Vietnam War and became a major air base for the VNAF and United States Air Force activities, but never reached the saturation and population proportions of the major air bases of the coastal lowlands. After 1975, it was developed into a civil airport.
See also
List of airports in Vietnam
References
External links
Trip To Pleiku - 2006
Pleiku
Buildings and structures in Gia Lai province
Airports in Vietnam
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stem-cell%20line
|
A stem cell line is a group of stem cells that is cultured in vitro and can be propagated indefinitely. Stem cell lines are derived from either animal or human tissues and come from one of three sources: embryonic stem cells, adult stem cells, or induced stem cells. They are commonly used in research and regenerative medicine.
Properties
By definition, stem cells possess two properties: (1) they can self-renew, which means that they can divide indefinitely while remaining in an undifferentiated state; and (2) they are pluripotent or multipotent, which means that they can differentiate to form specialized cell types. Due to the self-renewal capacity of stem cells, a stem cell line can be cultured in vitro indefinitely.
A stem-cell line is distinctly different from an immortalized cell line, such as the HeLa line. While stem cells can propagate indefinitely in culture due to their inherent properties, immortalized cells would not normally divide indefinitely but have gained this ability due to mutation. Immortalized cell lines can be generated from cells isolated from tumors, or mutations can be introduced to make the cells immortal.
A stem cell line is also distinct from primary cells. Primary cells are cells that have been isolated and then used immediately. Primary cells cannot divide indefinitely and thus cannot be cultured for long periods of time in vitro.
Types and methods of derivation
Embryonic stem cell line
An embryonic stem cell line is created from cells der
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nat%20%28unit%29
|
The natural unit of information (symbol: nat), sometimes also nit or nepit, is a unit of information or information entropy, based on natural logarithms and powers of e, rather than the powers of 2 and base 2 logarithms, which define the shannon. This unit is also known by its unit symbol, the nat. One nat is the information content of an event when the probability of that event occurring is 1/e.
One nat is equal to shannons ≈ 1.44 Sh or, equivalently, hartleys ≈ 0.434 Hart.
History
Boulton and Wallace used the term nit in conjunction with minimum message length, which was subsequently changed by the minimum description length community to nat to avoid confusion with the nit used as a unit of luminance.
Alan Turing used the natural ban.
Entropy
Shannon entropy (information entropy), being the expected value of the information of an event, is inherently a quantity of the same type and with a unit of information. The International System of Units, by assigning the same unit (joule per kelvin) both to heat capacity and to thermodynamic entropy implicitly treats information entropy as a quantity of dimension one, with . Systems of natural units that normalize the Boltzmann constant to 1 are effectively measuring thermodynamic entropy with the nat as unit.
When the shannon entropy is written using a natural logarithm,
it is implicitly giving a number measured in nats.
Notes
References
Further reading
Units of information
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codex%20Calixtinus
|
The (or Codex Compostellus) is a manuscript that is the main witness for the 12th-century ('Book of Saint James'), a pseudepigraph attributed to Pope Calixtus II. The principal author or compiler of the Liber is thus referred to as "Pseudo-Calixtus", but is often identified with the French scholar Aymeric Picaud. Its most likely period of compilation is 11381145.
It was intended as an anthology of background detail and advice for pilgrims following the Way of Saint James to the shrine of the apostle Saint James the Great, located in the cathedral of Santiago de Compostela, Galicia. The collection includes sermons, reports of miracles and liturgical texts associated with Saint James, and a set of polyphonic musical pieces. In it are also found descriptions of the route, works of art to be seen along the way, and the customs of the local people.
History
The compilation of Codex Calixtinus predates 1173, most likely taking place during the late 1130s to early 1140s. This compilation is most likely due to the French scholar Aymeric Picaud.
Each of the five books is prefaced with a pseudepigraphic letter attributed to Pope Calixtus II (d. 1124). The appendix contains a letter by Pope Innocent II (d. 1143), presenting the finished work to Santiago.
There are some clues suggestive of a later date of around 1160, but none of them render impossible a date of around 1140. The miracles in book II are recounted with their dates, between 1080 and 1135, so that the completion of the
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolving%20classification%20function
|
Evolving classification functions (ECF), evolving classifier functions or evolving classifiers are used for classifying and clustering in the field of machine learning and artificial intelligence, typically employed for data stream mining tasks in dynamic and changing environments.
See also
Supervised Classification on Data Streams
Evolving fuzzy rule-based Classifier (eClass )
Evolving Takagi-Sugeno fuzzy systems (eTS )
Evolving All-Pairs (ensembled) classifiers (EFC-AP )
Evolving Connectionist Systems (ECOS)
Dynamic Evolving Neuro-Fuzzy Inference Systems (DENFIS)
Evolving Fuzzy Neural Networks (EFuNN)
Evolving Self-Organising Maps
neuro-fuzzy techniques
hybrid intelligent systems
fuzzy clustering
Growing Neural Gas
References
Classification algorithms
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raised-cosine%20filter
|
The raised-cosine filter is a filter frequently used for pulse-shaping in digital modulation due to its ability to minimise intersymbol interference (ISI). Its name stems from the fact that the non-zero portion of the frequency spectrum of its simplest form () is a cosine function, 'raised' up to sit above the (horizontal) axis.
Mathematical description
The raised-cosine filter is an implementation of a low-pass Nyquist filter, i.e., one that has the property of vestigial symmetry. This means that its spectrum exhibits odd symmetry about , where is the symbol-period of the communications system.
Its frequency-domain description is a piecewise-defined function, given by:
or in terms of havercosines:
for
and characterised by two values; , the roll-off factor, and , the reciprocal of the symbol-rate.
The impulse response of such a filter is given by:
in terms of the normalised sinc function. Here, this is the "communications sinc" rather than the mathematical one.
Roll-off factor
The roll-off factor, , is a measure of the excess bandwidth of the filter, i.e. the bandwidth occupied beyond the Nyquist bandwidth of .
Some authors use .
If we denote the excess bandwidth as , then:
where is the symbol-rate.
The graph shows the amplitude response as is varied between 0 and 1, and the corresponding effect on the impulse response. As can be seen, the time-domain ripple level increases as decreases. This shows that the excess bandwidth of the filter can be reduc
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/More%20Flanimals
|
More Flanimals is the sequel to Ricky Gervais' book Flanimals.
Like Flanimals, the book features around 30 species of Flanimal, illustrated by Rob Steen, which make up their own imaginary ecosystem.
Some notable Flanimals in this book include the Squat, the Psquirm and the Mung Ungler.
List of Flanimals
Skwunt – a clam-like Flanimal with its eyes inside its mouth.
Plappavom – a Flanimal resembling scrambled eggs that dissolves over time.
Fud Dumpton – a heavily built dopey looking Flanimal.
Grommomulunt – a caterpillar-like creature with no organs other than a pair of eyes. It is the larval stage of the Munt Fly; the metamorphosis consists of shedding its skin and eyes, causing its insides to leak into the ground.
Horosi Horasi – the fastest and smallest Flanimal on the planet.
Edgor – the slowest moving Flanimal on the planet that has been overtaken by some dead flanimals.
Dweezle Muzzbug – a grasshopper-like Flanimal that sheds its legs.
Verminal Psquirm and Hordery Psquirm – two supposedly similar Flanimals that are seen only peeping round corners; their body shapes remain unknown.
Squat – an aggressive spider-like Flanimal.
Mung Ungler – a bovine-like Flanimal with many udders.
Pong Flibber – a balloon-like Flanimal that escapes by pumping out its entire gaseous insides.
Weezy Tong Nambler – an irritating Flanimal whose only defences are to flap and lick.
Prug Fuggell – a testroprod nad snail.
Gronglet – a trunked Flanimal that cannot find enough food s
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giant%20cell
|
A giant cell (also known as a multinucleated giant cell, or multinucleate giant cell) is a mass formed by the union of several distinct cells (usually histiocytes), often forming a granuloma. Although there is typically a focus on the pathological aspects of multinucleate giant cells (MGCs), they also play many important physiological roles. Osteoclasts are a type of MGC that are critical for the maintenance, repair, and remodeling of bone and are present normally in a healthy human body. Osteoclasts are frequently classified and discussed separately from other MGCs which are more closely linked with disease.
Non-osteoclast MGCs can arise in response to an infection, such as tuberculosis, herpes, or HIV, or as part of a foreign body reaction. These MGCs are cells of monocyte or macrophage lineage fused together. Similar to their monocyte precursors, they can phagocytose foreign materials. However, their large size and extensive membrane ruffling make them better equipped to clear up larger particles. They utilize activated CR3s to ingest complement-opsonized targets. Non-osteoclast MGCs are also responsible for the clearance of cell debris, which is necessary for tissue remodeling after injuries.
Types include foreign-body giant cells, Langhans giant cells, Touton giant cells, Giant-cell arteritis, and Reed–Sternberg cells.
History
Osteoclasts were discovered in 1873. However, it wasn't until the development of the organ culture in the 1970s that their origin and function
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiotoxin%20III
|
Cardiotoxin III (CTX III, also known as cytotoxin 3) is a sixty amino-acid polypeptide toxin from the Taiwan Cobra Naja atra. CTX III is highly basic and hydrophobic protein. It is an example of a group of snake cardio/cytotoxins (InterPro: IPR003572), which are made up of shorter snake venom three-finger toxins. Over 50 different cytotoxin polypeptides have been isolated and sequenced from venom samples. The difference in the CTX functionality may be due to the relatively small difference in the polypeptide's structure, allowing different CTXs to induce lysis in different cell types. The CTX III molecule contains multiple binding sites and is cytolytic for myocardial cells and human leukemic T cells.
CTX III's molecular structure displays a folding of the polypeptide backbone that creates five stands from a globular structure. These strands form a double and a triple antiparallel β-sheet. Studies performed with an antibody complementary of CTX III seemed to conclude that the active site for the molecule's hemolytic and cytotoxic functions and characteristics result from two separate sites.
Biological research
Recent evidence has shown that CTX III may induce apoptosis in K562 cells via the release of cytochrome c. Results indicate that the mechanism utilized by CTX III was a ROS-independent mitochondrial dysfunction pathway. Evidence from a Taiwanese study of CTX III suggest that the polypeptide selectively enhances apoptosis induction in CD8+ T cells. Another study perf
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Class%20F
|
Class F or F class may refer to:
NZR F class, steam locomotives used in New Zealand
Class F, a stellar classification
Class F, a type of race car sometimes referred to as F-P as well, for F-Production
Class F, an airspace class defined by the ICAO
Class F, a designation for model aircraft defined by the Fédération Aéronautique Internationale
F Class or CIE 501 Class, a narrow gauge diesel locomotive used on the former West Clare Railway in Ireland
F-Class (shooting sport), a high power rifle discipline
F-class escort ship, ships used by the Kriegsmarine during the Second World War
F-class destroyer (disambiguation), several classes of ships
F-class submarine (disambiguation), several classes of submarines
Class F cable, a telecommunications cable
Class F fire, a class used for fire extinguishers
Class F fly ash
F-segment, a European vehicle size class
F class, code used by some airlines for first class
See also
F type (disambiguation)
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B7%20%28protein%29
|
B7 is a type of integral membrane protein found on activated antigen-presenting cells (APC) that, when paired with either a CD28 or CD152 (CTLA-4) surface protein on a T cell, can produce a costimulatory signal or a coinhibitory signal to enhance or decrease the activity of a MHC-TCR signal between the APC and the T cell, respectively.
Binding of the B7 of APC to CTLA-4 of T-cells causes inhibition of the activity of T-cells.
There are two major types of B7 proteins: B7-1 or CD80, and B7-2 or CD86. It is not known if they differ significantly from each other. So far CD80 is found on dendritic cells, macrophages, and activated B cells, CD86 (B7-2) on B cells. The proteins CD28 and CTLA-4 (CD152) each interact with both B7-1 and B7-2.
Costimulation
There are several steps to activation of the immune system against a pathogen. The T-cell receptor must first interact with the Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) surface protein. The CD4 or CD8 proteins on the T-cell surface form a complex with the CD3 protein, which can then recognize the MHC. This is also called "Signal 1" and its main purpose is to guarantee antigen specificity of the T cell activation.
However, MHC binding itself is insufficient for producing a T cell response. In fact, lack of further stimulatory signals sends the T cell into anergy. The costimulatory signal necessary to continue the immune response can come from B7-CD28 and CD40–CD40L interactions.
When CD40 on the APC binds CD40L(CD154) on the T cel
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amateur%20radio%20frequency%20allocations
|
Amateur radio frequency allocation is done by national telecommunication authorities. Globally, the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) oversees how much radio spectrum is set aside for amateur radio transmissions. Individual amateur stations are free to use any frequency within authorized frequency ranges; authorized bands may vary by the class of the station license.
Radio amateurs use a variety of transmission modes, including Morse code, radioteletype, data, and voice. Specific frequency allocations vary from country to country and between ITU regions as specified in the current ITU HF frequency allocations for amateur radio. The list of frequency ranges is called a band allocation, which may be set by international agreements, and national regulations. The modes and types of allocations within each frequency band is called a bandplan; it may be determined by regulation, but most typically is set by agreements between amateur radio operators.
National authorities regulate amateur usage of radio bands. Some bands may not be available or may have restrictions on usage in certain countries or regions. International agreements assign amateur radio bands which differ by region.
Band characteristics
Low frequency
2200 metres – 135.7–137.8 kHz – just below the Asian and European longwave broadcast band and far below the commercial AM broadcast band.
Medium frequency
630 metres – 472–479 kHz – just below the commercial AM broadcast band and the maritime radio
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD40%20%28protein%29
|
Cluster of differentiation 40, CD40 is a type I transmembrane protein found on antigen-presenting cells and is required for their activation. The binding of CD154 (CD40L) on TH cells to CD40 activates antigen presenting cells and induces a variety of downstream effects.
In addition it is expressed by various non- hematopoietic cells; activated CD4+ T cells primarily exhibit its ligand CD154, antigen-presenting cells including dendritic cells (DCs), B cells, macrophages, classical and non-classical monocytes, on a variety of non-immune cells including platelets and endothelial cells, and on several types of tumor cells.
Mutations affecting this gene are the cause of autosomal recessive hyper-IgM immunodeficiency.
Discovery
Between the late 1950s and the mid-1980s, several immunology laboratories started began to use the new hybridoma technology to determine monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and define receptors expressed at different stages of hematopoietic cell differentiation. The basis of the experiment was an attempt to produce mouse mAbs against differentiation antigens that could be used to describe the stages of lymphocyte differentiation and the various functional cell subsets. While doing the experiments method they used to make an mAbs is now called CD40 which is a surface receptor of B cells which is able to that can be polyclonally activated by a binding ligand. Furthermore, many features and purposes of the CD40 signaling pathway in B cells were made determined to
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partial%20order%20reduction
|
In computer science, partial order reduction is a technique for reducing the size of the state-space to be searched by a model checking or automated planning and scheduling algorithm. It exploits the commutativity of concurrently executed transitions that result in the same state when executed in different orders.
In explicit state space exploration, partial order reduction usually refers to the specific technique of expanding a representative subset of all enabled transitions. This technique has also been described as model checking with representatives. There are various versions of the method, the so-called stubborn set method, ample set method, and persistent set method.
Ample sets
Ample sets are an example of model checking with representatives. Their formulation relies on a separate notion of dependency. Two transitions are considered independent only if they cannot disable another whenever they are mutually enabled. The execution of both results in a unique state regardless of the order in which they are executed. Transitions that are not independent, are dependent. In practice dependency is approximated using static analysis.
Ample sets for different purposes can be defined by giving conditions as to when a set of transitions is "ample" in a given state.
C0
C1 If a transition depends on some transition relation in , this transition cannot be invoked until some transition in the ample set is executed.
Conditions C0 and C1 are sufficient for preserving all the
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARGUS%20distribution
|
In physics, the ARGUS distribution, named after the particle physics experiment ARGUS, is the probability distribution of the reconstructed invariant mass of a decayed particle candidate in continuum background.
Definition
The probability density function (pdf) of the ARGUS distribution is:
for . Here and are parameters of the distribution and
where and are the cumulative distribution and probability density functions of the standard normal distribution, respectively.
Cumulative distribution function
The cumulative distribution function (cdf) of the ARGUS distribution is
.
Parameter estimation
Parameter c is assumed to be known (the kinematic limit of the invariant mass distribution), whereas χ can be estimated from the sample X1, …, Xn using the maximum likelihood approach. The estimator is a function of sample second moment, and is given as a solution to the non-linear equation
.
The solution exists and is unique, provided that the right-hand side is greater than 0.4; the resulting estimator is consistent and asymptotically normal.
Generalized ARGUS distribution
Sometimes a more general form is used to describe a more peaking-like distribution:
where Γ(·) is the gamma function, and Γ(·,·) is the upper incomplete gamma function.
Here parameters c, χ, p represent the cutoff, curvature, and power respectively.
The mode is:
The mean is:
where M(·,·,·) is the Kummer's confluent hypergeometric function.
The variance is:
p = 0.5 gives a regular ARGUS, listed
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interleukin%205
|
Interleukin 5 (IL-5) is an interleukin produced by type-2 T helper cells and mast cells.
Function
Through binding to the interleukin-5 receptor, interleukin 5 stimulates B cell growth and increases immunoglobulin secretion—primarily IgA. It is also a key mediator in eosinophil activation.
Structure
IL-5 is a 115-amino acid (in human, 133 in the mouse) -long Th2 cytokine that is part of the hematopoietic family. Unlike other members of this cytokine family (namely interleukin 3 and GM-CSF), this glycoprotein in its active form is a homodimer.
Tissue expression
The IL-5 gene is located on chromosome 11 in the mouse, and chromosome 5 in humans, in close proximity to the genes encoding IL-3, IL-4, and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), which are often co-expressed in Th2 cells. IL-5 is also expressed by eosinophils and has been observed in the mast cells of asthmatic airways by immunohistochemistry. IL-5 expression is regulated by several transcription factors including GATA3.
Clinical significance
IL-5 has long been associated with the cause of several allergic diseases including allergic rhinitis and asthma, wherein a large increase in the number of circulating, airway tissue, and induced sputum eosinophils have been observed. Given the high concordance of eosinophils and, in particular, allergic asthma pathology, it has been widely speculated that eosinophils have an important role in the pathology of this disease.
Drugs that target IL-5 are
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leak
|
A leak is a way (usually an opening) for fluid to escape a container or fluid-containing system, such as a tank or a ship's hull, through which the contents of the container can escape or outside matter can enter the container. Leaks are usually unintended and therefore undesired. The word leak usually refers to a gradual loss; a sudden loss is usually called a spill.
The matter leaking in or out can be gas, liquid, a highly viscous paste, or even a solid such as a powdered or granular solid or other solid particles.
Sometimes the word "leak" is used in a figurative sense. For example, in a news leak secret information becomes public.
According to ASTM D7053-17, water leakage is the passage of (liquid) water through a material or system designed to prevent passage of water.
Types and possible causes
Types of leak openings include a puncture, gash, rust or other corrosion hole, very tiny pinhole leak (possibly in imperfect welds), crack or microcrack, or inadequate sealing between components or parts joined together. When there is a puncture, the size and shape of the leak can often be seen, but in many other cases, the size and shape of the leak opening may not be so obvious. In many cases, the location of a leak can be determined by seeing material drip out at a certain place, although the leak opening itself is not obvious. In some cases, it may be known or suspected there is a leak, but even the location of the leak is not known. Since leak openings are often so ir
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilcotin%20Ranges
|
The Chilcotin Ranges are a subdivision of the Pacific Ranges of the Coast Mountains (in some classifications they are a separate subdivision). They lie on the inland lea of the Pacific Ranges, abutting the Interior Plateau of British Columbia. Their northwestern end is near the head of the Klinaklini River and their southeast end is the Fraser River just north of Lillooet; their northern flank is the edge of the Plateau while their southern is the north bank of the Bridge River. In some reckonings they do not go all the way to the Fraser but end at the Yalakom River, which is the North Fork of the Bridge.
They are not one range but a collection of ranges, often very distinct from each other. There are three major named subranges:
Dickson Range
Shulaps Range
Camelsfoot Range (assigned to the Interior Plateau in some definitions)
To the west of the western end of the Chilcotin Ranges, and considered by some to be part of the group, are:
Pantheon Range
Niut Range
South of which are the Waddington Range and the Homathko Icefield.
Provincial Parks
In recent years major provincial parks and protected areas have been created in the central-eastern part of the Chilcotin Ranges. These are the Big Creek Provincial Park, the Tsʼilʔos Provincial Park (where the '?' is a glottal stop) and Big Creek Provincial Park, and the Spruce Lake Protected Area and Churn Creek Protected Area.
History of the Spruce Lake Protected Area
This region is commonly (but incorrectly) known as
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plectin
|
Plectin is a giant protein found in nearly all mammalian cells which acts as a link between the three main components of the cytoskeleton: actin microfilaments, microtubules and intermediate filaments. In addition, plectin links the cytoskeleton to junctions found in the plasma membrane that structurally connect different cells. By holding these different networks together, plectin plays an important role in maintaining the mechanical integrity and viscoelastic properties of tissues.
Structure
Plectin can exist in cells as several alternatively-spliced isoforms, all around 500 kDa and >4000 amino acids. The structure of plectin is thought to be a dimer consisting of a central coiled coil of alpha helices connecting two large globular domains (one at each terminus). These globular domains are responsible for connecting plectin to its various cytoskeletal targets. The carboxy-terminal domain is made of 6 highly homologous repeating regions. The subdomain between regions five and six of this domain is known to connect to the intermediate filaments cytokeratin and vimentin. At the opposite end of the protein, in the N-terminal domain, a region has been defined as responsible for binding to actin. In 2004, the exact crystal structure of this actin-binding domain (ABD) was determined in mice and shown to be composed of two calponin homology (CH) domains. Plectin is expressed in nearly all mammalian tissues. In cardiac muscle and skeletal muscle, plectin is localized to special
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dithranol
|
Dithranol (INN) or anthralin (USAN and former BAN) is a hydroxyanthrone, anthracene derivative, and is used in medications applied to the skin of people with psoriasis. It is available as creams, ointment or pastes in 0.1 to 2% strengths (Drithocreme, Dithrocream, Zithranol-RR, Micanol, Psorlin, Dritho-Scalp, Anthraforte, Anthranol and Anthrascalp). The terms dithranol and anthralin are sometimes used synonymously.
Medical uses
Dithranol has a slower onset of action in controlling psoriasis, typically several weeks, compared to glucocorticoid steroids, but is without the potential for rebound reaction on withdrawal. It cannot be used on the face or genitalia.
There is some tentative evidence that anthralin might be useful for alopecia areata.
Side effects
It temporarily stains the skin a yellowy-brown to purple if not washed off after a period of time (45-60 minutes). It permanently stains clothing fabrics, shower curtains, and other materials such as ceramic sinks the same yellow-brown to purple in color depending on the concentration. It may cause a local burning sensation and irritation; this may be minimised by careful attention to the details of treatment and only gradually stepping up through the strengths of dithranol formulations. The surrounding skin can be protected using soft white paraffin and the treated area is covered with tube gauze.
Pharmacology
Dithranol accumulates in mitochondria where it interferes with the supply of energy to the cell, probably by the
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cactoideae
|
The Cactoideae are the largest subfamily of the cactus family, Cactaceae. Around 80% of cactus species belong to this subfamily. , the internal classification of the family Cactaceae remained uncertain and subject to change. A classification incorporating many of the insights from the molecular studies was produced by Nyffeler and Eggli in 2010. Various revisions have been published since, e.g. to the tribe Hylocereeae and the tribe Echinocereeae. Classifications remained uncertain .
Tribes and genera
Blossfeldieae
Blossfeldia
Fraileeae
Frailea
Cereeae
Cereinae
Arrojadoa – Brasilicereus – Cereus – Cipocereus – Coleocephalocereus – Discocactus – Espostoopsis – Facheiroa – Leocereus – Melocactus – Micranthocereus – Pilosocereus – Praecereus – Serrulatocereus – Xiquexique
Rebutiinae
Aylostera – Browningia – Gymnocalycium – Lasiocereus – Rebutia – Stetsonia – Uebelmannia
Trichocereinae
Acanthocalycium – Arthrocereus – Borzicactus – Chamaecereus – Cleistocactus – Denmoza – Echinopsis – Espostoa – Haageocereus – Harrisia – Leucostele – Lobivia – Loxanthocereus – Matucana – Mila – Oreocereus – Oroya – Rauhocereus – Reicheocactus – Samaipaticereus – Setiechinopsis – Soehrensia – Trichocereus – Vatricania – Weberbauerocereus – Yungasocereus
Cacteae
Acharagma – Ariocarpus – Astrophytum – Aztekium – Coryphantha – Cumarinia – Echinocactus – Echinomastus – Epithelantha – Escobaria – Ferocactus – Geohintonia – Glandulicactus – Homalocephala (see Echinocactus) – Kadenica
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter%20Luttenberger
|
Peter Luttenberger (born 13 December 1972) is a retired Austrian professional road bicycle racer. He finished fifth in the General classification of the 1996 Tour de France, but he never again managed to live up to the promise of that result, with a position as 13 in 1997 and 2003 as the best later results. He was born in Bad Radkersburg. He won the Austrian National Road Race Championships in 1993. He also competed at the 1992 Summer Olympics and the 1996 Summer Olympics. He won the overall at the 1996 Tour de Suisse
Major results
Source:
1993
1st National Road race Championships
1st Piccolo Giro di Lombardia
1996
1st Overall Tour de Suisse
1st Stage 7
5th Overall Tour de France
7th Overall Euskal Bizikleta
1997
6th Overall Tour du Limousin
1998
1st National Time trial Championships
1st Stage 5 Tour of Austria
8th Overall Volta a la Comunitat Valenciana
8th Overall Setmana Catalana de Ciclisme
9th Overall Paris–Nice
9th Overall Tour de Suisse
1999
4th Overall Vuelta a Aragón
5th Overall Tour of the Basque Country
10th Klasika Primavera
2000
1st Stage 1 TTT Volta a Catalunya
4th Subida Urkiola
8th Overall Critérium du Dauphiné Libéré
2001
2nd National Time trial Championships
7th Overall Giro del Trentino
7th Giro dell'Appennino
10th La Flèche Wallonne
10th Milano–Torino
10th Klasika Primavera
2002
3rd Overall Tour of Austria
4th Overall Giro del Trentino
4th Overall Settimana Internazionale di Coppi e Bartali
7th Overall Tour de Suisse
8t
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No%20decision
|
A no decision (sometimes written no-decision) is one of either of two sports statistics scenarios; one in baseball and softball, and the other in boxing and related combat sports.
Baseball and softball
A starting pitcher who leaves a game without earning either a win or a loss is said to have received a no decision. Major League Baseball (MLB) rules specify that a starting pitcher, in order to earn a win, must pitch at least five innings, leaving the game with a lead that their team "does not relinquish". There is no innings requirement for a starting pitcher to earn a loss, simply that the pitcher allows a run that gives the winning team a lead that they do not relinquish. When a starting pitcher does not earn a win or a loss, it is a no decision, and the outcome of the game does not affect the starting pitcher's win–loss record, as a relief pitcher will receive the win or loss.
Attributing wins, losses, and no decisions can be complex, such as when a starting pitcher leaves a game mid-inning with runners on base, as runs scored by those runners would still be considered the starting pitcher's responsibility. Further, if a starting pitcher leaves a game while losing (colloquially, that pitcher is said to be "on the hook"), he or she will receive a no decision if their team comes back to tie the score or take the lead, regardless of the final outcome. Box scores for completed games indicate who the winning and losing pitchers are, as determined by the official scorer; the
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diamond%E2%80%93Blackfan%20anemia
|
Diamond–Blackfan anemia (DBA) is a congenital erythroid aplasia that usually presents in infancy. DBA causes low red blood cell counts (anemia), without substantially affecting the other blood components (the platelets and the white blood cells), which are usually normal. This is in contrast to Shwachman–Bodian–Diamond syndrome, in which the bone marrow defect results primarily in neutropenia, and Fanconi anemia, where all cell lines are affected resulting in pancytopenia. There is a risk to develop acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) and certain other cancers.
A variety of other congenital abnormalities may also occur in DBA, such as hand anomalies.
Signs and symptoms
Diamond–Blackfan anemia is characterized by normocytic or macrocytic anemia (low red blood cell counts) with decreased erythroid progenitor cells in the bone marrow. This usually develops during the neonatal period. About 47% of affected individuals also have a variety of congenital abnormalities, including craniofacial malformations, thumb or upper limb abnormalities, cardiac defects, urogenital malformations, and cleft palate. Low birth weight and generalized growth delay are sometimes observed. DBA patients have a modest risk of developing leukemia and other malignancies.
Genetics
Most pedigrees suggest an autosomal dominant mode of inheritance with incomplete penetrance. Approximately 10–25% of DBA occurs with a family history of disease.
~70% of DBA cases can be attributed genetic mutations affecting
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peephole%20optimization
|
Peephole optimization is an optimization technique performed on a small set of compiler-generated instructions; the small set is known as the peephole or window.
Peephole optimization involves changing the small set of instructions to an equivalent set that has better performance.
For example:
instead of pushing register A onto the stack and then immediately popping the value back into register A, a peephole optimization would remove both instructions;
instead of adding A to A, a peephole optimization might do an arithmetic shift left;
instead of multiplying a floating point register by 8, a peephole optimization might scale the floating point register's exponent by 3; and
instead of multiplying an index by 4, adding the result to a base address to get a pointer value, and then dereferencing the pointer, a peephole optimization might use a hardware addressing mode that accomplishes the same result with one instruction.
The term peephole optimization was introduced by William Marshall McKeeman in 1965.
Replacement rules
Common techniques applied in peephole optimization:
Null sequences – Delete useless operations.
Combine operations – Replace several operations with one equivalent.
Algebraic laws – Use algebraic laws to simplify or reorder instructions.
Special case instructions – Use instructions designed for special operand cases.
Address mode operations – Use address modes to simplify code.
There can be other types of peephole optimizations.
Examples
Repla
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All%20Night%20Long%20%281981%20film%29
|
All Night Long is a 1981 American romantic comedy film directed by Jean-Claude Tramont and starring Barbra Streisand, Gene Hackman, Diane Ladd, Dennis Quaid, Kevin Dobson, and William Daniels. It was written by W. D. Richter.
Plot
George Dupler (Gene Hackman), a married man nearing middle age, is demoted after a temper tantrum at work (throwing a chair out of his boss's window) and reduced to working as the midnight-shift manager of an all-night pharmacy/convenience store.
George's 18-year-old son, Freddie (Dennis Quaid), is having an affair with an older, married woman, who also happens to be Freddie's fourth cousin. George advises Freddie to stop the affair before it leads to any trouble, but Freddie declares that he might love her. One night at the store, George finally meets the woman, Cheryl (Barbra Streisand), an untalented singer-songwriter married to a volatile firefighter, Bobby (Kevin Dobson), and she begins to show an interest in him. After a while, the interest is mutual.
George goes to Cheryl's house to return her cigarette lighter. She offers to show George the paint job Freddie has done in her bedroom. George and Cheryl are about to get intimate, when Freddie comes over to see Cheryl for another tryst. George escapes before Freddie could see him, but Cheryl decides to tell Freddie about the affair she is having with his dad. The next day, when George is trying to sleep, and his wife, Helen (Diane Ladd), is having a French class, Freddie confronts his father
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenchel%27s%20theorem
|
In differential geometry, Fenchel's theorem is an inequality on the total absolute curvature of a closed smooth space curve, stating that it is always at least . Equivalently, the average curvature is at least , where is the length of the curve. The only curves of this type whose total absolute curvature equals and whose average curvature equals are the plane convex curves. The theorem is named after Werner Fenchel, who published it in 1929.
The Fenchel theorem is enhanced by the Fáry–Milnor theorem, which says that if a closed smooth simple space curve is nontrivially knotted, then the total absolute curvature is greater than .
Proof
Given a closed smooth curve with unit speed, the velocity is also a closed smooth curve. The total absolute curvature is its length .
The curve does not lie in an open hemisphere. If so, then there is such that , so , a contradiction. This also shows that if lies in a closed hemisphere, then , so is a plane curve.
Consider a point such that curves and have the same length. By rotating the sphere, we may assume and are symmetric about the axis through the poles. By the previous paragraph, at least one of the two curves and intersects with the equator at some point . We denote this curve by . Then .
We reflect across the plane through , , and the north pole, forming a closed curve containing antipodal points , with length . A curve connecting has length at least , which is the length of the great semicircle between . So , a
|
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.