source
stringlengths 32
209
| text
stringlengths 18
1.5k
|
|---|---|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belling-Lee%20connector
|
The Belling-Lee connector (also type 9,52, but largely only in the context of its specification, IEC 61169, Part 2: Radio-frequency coaxial connector of type 9,52) is commonly used in Europe, parts of South-East Asia, and Australia, to connect coaxial cables with each other and with terrestrial VHF/UHF roof antennas, antenna signal amplifiers, CATV distribution equipment, TV sets, and FM and DAB radio receivers. In these countries, it is known colloquially as a PAL antenna connector, IEC antenna connector, or simply as a TV aerial plug. It is one of the oldest coaxial connectors still commonly used in consumer devices. For television signals, the convention is that the source has a male connector and the receptor has a female connector. For FM radio signals, the convention is that the source has a female connector and the receptor has a male connector. This is more or less universally adopted with TV signals, while it's not uncommon for FM radio receivers to deviate from this, especially FM radio receivers from companies not based in the areas that use this kind of connector.
It was invented at Belling & Lee Ltd in Enfield, United Kingdom around 1922 at the time of the first BBC broadcasts. Originally intended for use only at MF frequencies (up to 1.6 MHz) when adopted for Television they were used for frequencies as high as 957 MHz. Belling Lee Limited still exists as a wholly owned subsidiary of Dialight, since 1992.
In type 9,52, the 9,52, in French SI style, refers to
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycogen%20storage%20disease%20type%20IV
|
Glycogen storage disease type IV (GSD IV), or Andersen's Disease, is a form of glycogen storage disease, which is caused by an inborn error of metabolism. It is the result of a mutation in the GBE1 gene, which causes a defect in the glycogen branching enzyme. Therefore, glycogen is not made properly and abnormal glycogen molecules accumulate in cells; most severely in cardiac and muscle cells. The severity of this disease varies on the amount of enzyme produced. GSD IV is autosomal recessive, which means each parent has a mutant copy of the gene, but show no symptoms of the disease. Having an autosomal recessive inheritance pattern, males and females are equally likely to be affected by Andersen's disease. Classic Andersen's disease typically becomes apparent during the first few months after the patient is born. Approximately 1 in 20,000 to 25,000 newborns have a glycogen storage disease. Andersen's disease affects 1 in 800,000 individuals worldwide, with 3% of all GSDs being type IV. The disease was described and studied first by Dorothy Hansine Andersen.
Human pathology
It is a result of the absence of the glycogen branching enzyme, which is critical in the production of glycogen. This leads to very long unbranched glucose chains being stored in glycogen. The long unbranched molecules have low solubility, leading to glycogen precipitation in the liver. These deposits subsequently build up in the body tissue, especially the heart and liver. The inability to break down glyc
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolmogorov%27s%20inequality
|
In probability theory, Kolmogorov's inequality is a so-called "maximal inequality" that gives a bound on the probability that the partial sums of a finite collection of independent random variables exceed some specified bound.
Statement of the inequality
Let X1, ..., Xn : Ω → R be independent random variables defined on a common probability space (Ω, F, Pr), with expected value E[Xk] = 0 and variance Var[Xk] < +∞ for k = 1, ..., n. Then, for each λ > 0,
where Sk = X1 + ... + Xk.
The convenience of this result is that we can bound the worst case deviation of a random walk at any point of time using its value at the end of time interval.
Proof
The following argument employs discrete martingales.
As argued in the discussion of Doob's martingale inequality, the sequence is a martingale.
Define as follows. Let , and
for all .
Then is also a martingale.
For any martingale with , we have that
Applying this result to the martingale , we have
where the first inequality follows by Chebyshev's inequality.
This inequality was generalized by Hájek and Rényi in 1955.
See also
Chebyshev's inequality
Etemadi's inequality
Landau–Kolmogorov inequality
Markov's inequality
Bernstein inequalities (probability theory)
References
(Theorem 22.4)
Stochastic processes
Probabilistic inequalities
Articles containing proofs
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verma%20module
|
Verma modules, named after Daya-Nand Verma, are objects in the representation theory of Lie algebras, a branch of mathematics.
Verma modules can be used in the classification of irreducible representations of a complex semisimple Lie algebra. Specifically, although Verma modules themselves are infinite dimensional, quotients of them can be used to construct finite-dimensional representations with highest weight , where is dominant and integral. Their homomorphisms correspond to invariant differential operators over flag manifolds.
Informal construction
We can explain the idea of a Verma module as follows. Let be a semisimple Lie algebra (over , for simplicity). Let be a fixed Cartan subalgebra of and let be the associated root system. Let be a fixed set of positive roots. For each , choose a nonzero element for the corresponding root space and a nonzero element in the root space . We think of the 's as "raising operators" and the 's as "lowering operators."
Now let be an arbitrary linear functional, not necessarily dominant or integral. Our goal is to construct a representation of with highest weight that is generated by a single nonzero vector with weight . The Verma module is one particular such highest-weight module, one that is maximal in the sense that every other highest-weight module with highest weight is a quotient of the Verma module. It will turn out that Verma modules are always infinite dimensional; if is dominant integral, however, one can co
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lie%27s%20theorem
|
In mathematics, specifically the theory of Lie algebras, Lie's theorem states that, over an algebraically closed field of characteristic zero, if is a finite-dimensional representation of a solvable Lie algebra, then there's a flag of invariant subspaces of with , meaning that for each and i.
Put in another way, the theorem says there is a basis for V such that all linear transformations in are represented by upper triangular matrices. This is a generalization of the result of Frobenius that commuting matrices are simultaneously upper triangularizable, as commuting matrices generate an abelian Lie algebra, which is a fortiori solvable.
A consequence of Lie's theorem is that any finite dimensional solvable Lie algebra over a field of characteristic 0 has a nilpotent derived algebra (see #Consequences). Also, to each flag in a finite-dimensional vector space V, there correspond a Borel subalgebra (that consist of linear transformations stabilizing the flag); thus, the theorem says that is contained in some Borel subalgebra of .
Counter-example
For algebraically closed fields of characteristic p>0 Lie's theorem holds provided the dimension of the representation is less than p (see the proof below), but can fail for representations of dimension p. An example is given by the 3-dimensional nilpotent Lie algebra spanned by 1, x, and d/dx acting on the p-dimensional vector space k[x]/(xp), which has no eigenvectors. Taking the semidirect product of this 3-dimensional Lie
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycogen%20storage%20disease%20type%20III
|
Glycogen storage disease type III (GSD III) is an autosomal recessive metabolic disorder and inborn error of metabolism (specifically of carbohydrates) characterized by a deficiency in glycogen debranching enzymes.
It is also known as Cori's disease in honor of the 1947 Nobel laureates Carl Cori and Gerty Cori. Other names include Forbes disease in honor of clinician Gilbert Burnett Forbes (1915–2003), an American physician who further described the features of the disorder, or limit dextrinosis, due to the limit dextrin-like structures in cytosol. Limit dextrin is the remaining polymer produced after hydrolysis of glycogen. Without glycogen debranching enzymes to further convert these branched glycogen polymers to glucose, limit dextrinosis abnormally accumulates in the cytoplasm.
Glycogen is a molecule the body uses to store carbohydrate energy. Symptoms of GSD-III are caused by a deficiency of the enzyme amylo-1,6 glucosidase, or debrancher enzyme. This causes excess amounts of an abnormal glycogen to be deposited in the liver, muscles and, in some cases, the heart.
Signs and symptoms
Glycogen storage disease type III presents during infancy with hypoglycemia and failure to thrive. Clinical examination usually reveals hepatomegaly. Muscular disease, including hypotonia and cardiomyopathy, usually occurs later. The liver pathology typically regresses as the individual enter adolescence, as does splenomegaly, should the individual so develop it.
Genetics
In regards to
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycogen%20storage%20disease%20type%200
|
Glycogen storage disease type 0 is a disease characterized by a deficiency in the glycogen synthase enzyme (GSY). Although glycogen synthase deficiency does not result in storage of extra glycogen in the liver, it is often classified as a glycogen storage disease because it is another defect of glycogen storage and can cause similar problems. There are two isoforms (types) of glycogen synthase enzyme; GSY1 in muscle and GSY2 in liver, each with a corresponding form of the disease. Mutations in the liver isoform (GSY2), causes fasting hypoglycemia, high blood ketones, increased free fatty acids and low levels of alanine and lactate. Conversely, feeding in these patients results in hyperglycemia and hyperlactatemia.
Signs and symptoms
The most common clinical history in patients with glycogen-storage disease type 0 (GSD-0) is that of an infant or child with symptomatic hypoglycemia or seizures that occur before breakfast or after an inadvertent fast. In affected infants, this event typically begins after they outgrow their nighttime feeds. In children, this event may occur during acute GI illness or periods of poor enteral intake.
Mild hypoglycemic episodes may be clinically unrecognized, or they may cause symptoms such as drowsiness, sweating, lack of attention, or pallor. Uncoordinated eye movements, disorientation, seizures, and coma may accompany severe episodes.
Glycogen-storage disease type 0 affects only the liver. Growth delay may be evident with height and weight p
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trust%20region
|
In mathematical optimization, a trust region is the subset of the region of the objective function that is approximated using a model function (often a quadratic). If an adequate model of the objective function is found within the trust region, then the region is expanded; conversely, if the approximation is poor, then the region is contracted.
The fit is evaluated by comparing the ratio of expected improvement from the model approximation with the actual improvement observed in the objective function. Simple thresholding of the ratio is used as the criterion for expansion and contraction—a model function is "trusted" only in the region where it provides a reasonable approximation.
Trust-region methods are in some sense dual to line-search methods: trust-region methods first choose a step size (the size of the trust region) and then a step direction, while line-search methods first choose a step direction and then a step size.
The general idea behind trust region methods is known by many names; the earliest use of the term seems to be by Sorensen (1982). A popular textbook by Fletcher (1980) calls these algorithms restricted-step methods. Additionally, in an early foundational work on the method, Goldfeld, Quandt, and Trotter (1966) refer to it as quadratic hill-climbing.
Example
Conceptually, in the Levenberg–Marquardt algorithm, the objective function is iteratively approximated by a quadratic surface, then using a linear solver, the estimate is updated. This alone may
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distribution%20%28differential%20geometry%29
|
In differential geometry, a discipline within mathematics, a distribution on a manifold is an assignment of vector subspaces satisfying certain properties. In the most common situations, a distribution is asked to be a vector subbundle of the tangent bundle .
Distributions satisfying a further integrability condition give rise to foliations, i.e. partitions of the manifold into smaller submanifolds. These notions have several applications in many fields of mathematics, e.g. integrable systems, Poisson geometry, non-commutative geometry, sub-Riemannian geometry, differential topology, etc.
Even though they share the same name, distributions presented in this article have nothing to do with distributions in the sense of analysis.
Definition
Let be a smooth manifold; a (smooth) distribution assigns to any point a vector subspace in a smooth way. More precisely, consists in a collection of vector subspaces with the following property. Around any there exist a neighbourhood and a collection of vector fields such that, for any point , span
The set of smooth vector fields is also called a local basis of . Note that the number may be different for different neighbourhoods. The notation is used to denote both the assignment and the subset .
Regular distributions
Given an integer , a smooth distribution on is called regular of rank if all the subspaces have the same dimension. Locally, this amounts to ask that every local basis is given by linearly independen
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harnack%27s%20inequality
|
In mathematics, Harnack's inequality is an inequality relating the values of a positive harmonic function at two points, introduced by . Harnack's inequality is used to prove Harnack's theorem about the convergence of sequences of harmonic functions. , and generalized Harnack's inequality to solutions of elliptic or parabolic partial differential equations. Such results can be used to show the interior regularity of weak solutions.
Perelman's solution of the Poincaré conjecture uses a version of the Harnack inequality, found by , for the Ricci flow.
The statement
Harnack's inequality applies to a non-negative function f defined on a closed ball in Rn with radius R and centre x0. It states that, if f is continuous on the closed ball and harmonic on its interior, then for every point x with |x − x0| = r < R,
In the plane R2 (n = 2) the inequality can be written:
For general domains in the inequality can be stated as follows: If is a bounded domain with , then there is a constant such that
for every twice differentiable, harmonic and nonnegative function . The constant is independent of ; it depends only on the domains and .
Proof of Harnack's inequality in a ball
By Poisson's formula
where ωn − 1 is the area of the unit sphere in Rn and r = |x − x0|.
Since
the kernel in the integrand satisfies
Harnack's inequality follows by substituting this inequality in the above integral and using the fact that the average of a harmonic function over a sphere equals
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2-Aminoisobutyric%20acid
|
2-Aminoisobutyric acid (also known as α-aminoisobutyric acid, AIB, α-methylalanine, or 2-methylalanine) is the non-proteinogenic amino acid with the structural formula H2N-C(CH3)2-COOH. It is rare in nature, having been only found in meteorites, and some antibiotics of fungal origin, such as alamethicin and some lantibiotics.
Synthesis
In the laboratory, 2-aminoisobutyric acid may be prepared from acetone cyanohydrin, by reaction with ammonia followed by hydrolysis.
Industrial scale synthesis can be achieved by the selective hydroamination of methacrylic acid.
Biological activity
2-Aminoisobutyric acid is not one of the proteinogenic amino acids and is rather rare in nature (cf. non-proteinogenic amino acids). It is a strong helix inducer in peptides due to Thorpe–Ingold effect of its gem-dimethyl group. Oligomers of AIB form 310 helices.
Ribosomal incorporation into peptides
2-Aminoisobutyric acid is compatible with ribosomal elongation of peptide synthesis. Katoh et al. used flexizymes and an engineered a tRNA body to enhance the affinity of aminoacylated AIB-tRNA species to elongation factor P. The result was an increased incorporation of AIB into peptides in a cell free translation system. Iqbal et al.. used an alternative approach of creating an editing deficient valine—tRNA ligase to synthesize aminoacylated AIB-tRNAVal. The aminoacylated tRNA was subsequently used in a cell-free translation system to yield AIB-containing peptides.
References
Beta-Amino acids
Bra
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20E.%20Dennis
|
John Emory Dennis, Jr. (born 1939) is an American mathematician who has made major contributions in mathematical optimization. Dennis is currently a Noah Harding professor emeritus and research professor in the department of computational and applied mathematics at Rice University in Houston, Texas. His research interests include optimization in engineering design. He is the founder and editor-in-chief of the SIAM Journal on Optimization. In 2010, he was elected a Fellow of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics.
Education
Dennis earned a Bachelor of Science in Industrial Engineering (BSIE), in 1962 and a Master of Science in mathematics in 1964 at the University of Miami. He earned a Ph.D. in mathematics at the University of Utah in 1966.
Academic career
University of Utah, Department of Mathematics, Assistant Professor, 1966-1967
Cornell University, Department of Computer Science, full professor, 1969-1974
Rice University, Department of Computational and Applied Mathematics, full professor (retired), 1979-2007
At Rice, Dennis served as department chairman in both the Department of Computational and Applied Mathematics (CAAM) and Department of Computer Science (CS). He was also the chair of the Center for Research in Parallel Computing (CRPC) Optimization Project. He was the thesis director for 32 PhD students at Rice.
Publications
Books & monographs
On the matrix polynomial, lambda-matrix and block eigenvalue problems (1971). Pittsburgh, PA: Carneg
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chadwick%27s%20sign
|
Chadwick sign is a medical clinical sign characterised by the bluish-violet discolouration of the mucous membranes of the vulva, vagina (particularly on the anterior vaginal wall), and the cervix, resulting from venous congestion due to increased blood flow as part of the maternal physiological changes in pregnancy. This clinical sign can be observed during a patient's examination as early as 8 to 12 weeks' gestation, serving as an early sign of pregnancy, but it is rarely seen before 7 weeks' gestation.
The discovery of this colour change dates back to approximately 1836 when French doctor Étienne Joseph Jacquemin (1796–1872) first identified it. Subsequently, James Read Chadwick, after presenting a paper before the American Gynecological Society in 1886, and subsequently publishing it the following year, brought attention to this phenomenon. In his paper, Chadwick acknowledged Jacquemin for the initial discovery of the color changes associated with pregnancy.
See also
Linea nigra
Goodell's sign
Hegar sign
Ladin's sign
References
Obstetrics
Medical signs
Midwifery
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytochemistry
|
Cytochemistry is the branch of cell biology dealing with the detection of cell constituents by means of biochemical analysis and visualization techniques. This is the study of the localization of cellular components through the use of staining methods. The term is also used to describe a process of identification of the biochemical content of cells. Cytochemistry is a science of localizing chemical components of cells and cell organelles on thin histological sections by using several techniques like enzyme localization, micro-incineration, micro-spectrophotometry, radioautography, cryo-electron microscopy, X-ray microanalysis by energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, immunohistochemistry and cytochemistry, etc.
Freeze Fracture Enzyme Cytochemistry
Freeze fracture enzyme cytochemistry was initially mentioned in the study of Pinto de silva in 1987. It is a technique that allows the introduction of cytochemistry into a freeze fracture cell membrane. immunocytochemistry is used in this technique to label and visualize the cell membrane's molecules. This technique could be useful in analyzing the ultrastructure of cell membranes. The combination of immunocytochemistry and freeze fracture enzyme technique, research can identify and have a better understanding of the structure and distribution of a cell membrane.
Origin
Jean Brachet's research in Brussel demonstrated the localization and relative abundance between RNA and DNA in the cells of both animals and plants opened up the
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tympanometry
|
Tympanometry is an acoustic evaluation of the condition of the middle ear eardrum (tympanic membrane) and the conduction bones by creating variations of air pressure in the ear canal.
Tympanometry is an objective test of middle-ear function. It is not a hearing test, but rather a measure of energy transmission through the middle ear. It is not a measure of eardrum or middle ear mobility. It is an acoustic measure, measured by a microphone, as part of the ear canal probe, inserted into the ear canal. The test should not be used to assess the sensitivity of hearing and the results of this test should always be viewed in conjunction with pure tone audiometry.
Tympanometry is a valuable component of the audiometric evaluation. In evaluating hearing loss, tympanometry permits a distinction between sensorineural and conductive hearing loss, when evaluation is not apparent via Weber and Rinne testing. Furthermore, in a primary care setting, tympanometry can be helpful in making the diagnosis of otitis media by demonstrating the presence of fluid build up in the middle ear cavity.
Operation
A tone of 226 Hz is generated by a probe tip inserted into the external ear canal, where the sound strikes the tympanic membrane, causing vibration of the middle ear, which in turn results in the conscious perception of hearing. Some of this sound is reflected back and picked up by the instrument. Most middle ear problems result in stiffening of the middle ear, which causes more of the sound t
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normalization%20%28statistics%29
|
In statistics and applications of statistics, normalization can have a range of meanings. In the simplest cases, normalization of ratings means adjusting values measured on different scales to a notionally common scale, often prior to averaging. In more complicated cases, normalization may refer to more sophisticated adjustments where the intention is to bring the entire probability distributions of adjusted values into alignment. In the case of normalization of scores in educational assessment, there may be an intention to align distributions to a normal distribution. A different approach to normalization of probability distributions is quantile normalization, where the quantiles of the different measures are brought into alignment.
In another usage in statistics, normalization refers to the creation of shifted and scaled versions of statistics, where the intention is that these normalized values allow the comparison of corresponding normalized values for different datasets in a way that eliminates the effects of certain gross influences, as in an anomaly time series. Some types of normalization involve only a rescaling, to arrive at values relative to some size variable. In terms of levels of measurement, such ratios only make sense for ratio measurements (where ratios of measurements are meaningful), not interval measurements (where only distances are meaningful, but not ratios).
In theoretical statistics, parametric normalization can often lead to pivotal quantities – f
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creature%20House%20Expression
|
Creature House Expression was an award-winning vector graphics editor developed by Creature House in Hong Kong, founded by Alex S.C. Hsu and Irene H. H. Lee. It was initially marketed through a developer/publisher agreement with Ray Dream Inc. subsequently Fractal Design Corporation and later MetaCreations under the trade name Fractal Design Expression.
The software was positioned as a companion to then-Fractal Design/MetaCreations Painter. Creature House regained full marketing rights from MetaCreations Corp. in late 2000 and published version 2 of the software under its own name as Creature House Expression.
The latest version of Creature House Expression published by Creature House Ltd is version 3.3.
In Sep 2003, Microsoft acquired the software product together with all related trademarks and titles and hired Dr. Alex S. C. Hsu as an architect. Eventually, Alex S. C. Hsu led a new Microsoft team to continue the development of the software under the code name Acrylic as part of a new Expression Suite Project initiated by Alex S. C. Hsu and others. In 2007, the original Expression application became part of Microsoft's Expression Studio suite of applications, rebranded and rewritten in WPF as Microsoft Expression Design. Windows XP and Vista versions are available, although Mac OS X support was officially discontinued.
Skeletal stroke
Expression uses a unique technology called skeletal stroke. There have been a few research papers on this technology, including the wo
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hartogs%27s%20theorem%20on%20separate%20holomorphicity
|
In mathematics, Hartogs's theorem is a fundamental result of Friedrich Hartogs in the theory of several complex variables. Roughly speaking, it states that a 'separately analytic' function is continuous. More precisely, if is a function which is analytic in each variable zi, 1 ≤ i ≤ n, while the other variables are held constant, then F is a continuous function.
A corollary is that the function F is then in fact an analytic function in the n-variable sense (i.e. that locally it has a Taylor expansion). Therefore, 'separate analyticity' and 'analyticity' are coincident notions, in the theory of several complex variables.
Starting with the extra hypothesis that the function is continuous (or bounded), the theorem is much easier to prove and in this form is known as Osgood's lemma.
There is no analogue of this theorem for real variables. If we assume that a function
is differentiable (or even analytic) in each variable separately, it is not true that will necessarily be continuous. A counterexample in two dimensions is given by
If in addition we define , this function has well-defined partial derivatives in and at the origin, but it is not continuous at origin. (Indeed, the limits along the lines and are not equal, so there is no way to extend the definition of to include the origin and have the function be continuous there.)
References
Steven G. Krantz. Function Theory of Several Complex Variables, AMS Chelsea Publishing, Providence, Rhode Island, 1992.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89va%20Tardos
|
Éva Tardos (born 1 October 1957) is a Hungarian mathematician and the Jacob Gould Schurman Professor of Computer Science at Cornell University.
Tardos's research interest is algorithms. Her work focuses on the design and analysis of efficient methods for combinatorial optimization problems on graphs or networks. She has done some work on network flow algorithms like approximation algorithms for network flows, cut, and clustering problems. Her recent work focuses on algorithmic game theory and simple auctions.
Education and career
Tardos received her Dipl. Math in 1981 and her Ph.D. 1984 from the Faculty of Sciences of the Eötvös Loránd University under her advisor András Frank. She was the Chair of the Department of Computer Science at Cornell from 2006-2010, and she is currently serving as the Associate Dean of the College of Computing and Information Science.
She was editor-in-Chief of SIAM Journal on Computing from 2004–2009, and is currently the Economics and Computation area editor of the Journal of the ACM as well as on the Board of Editors of Theory of Computing.
She has co-authored with Jon Kleinberg a textbook called Algorithm Design ().
Honors and awards
Tardos has been elected to the National Academy of Engineering (2007), the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, and the National Academy of Sciences (2013) and the American Philosophical Society (2020)
She is also an ACM Fellow (since 1998), a Fellow of INFORMS, and a Fellow of the American Mathematical Socie
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minkowski%E2%80%93Hlawka%20theorem
|
In mathematics, the Minkowski–Hlawka theorem is a result on the lattice packing of hyperspheres in dimension n > 1. It states that there is a lattice in Euclidean space of dimension n, such that the corresponding best packing of hyperspheres with centres at the lattice points has density Δ satisfying
with ζ the Riemann zeta function. Here as n → ∞, ζ(n) → 1. The proof of this theorem is indirect and does not give an explicit example, however, and there is still no known simple and explicit way to construct lattices with packing densities exceeding this bound for arbitrary n. In principle one can find explicit examples: for example, even just picking a few "random" lattices will work with high probability. The problem is that testing these lattices to see if they are solutions requires finding their shortest vectors, and the number of cases to check grows very fast with the dimension, so this could take a very long time.
This result was stated without proof by and proved by . The result is related to a linear lower bound for the Hermite constant.
Siegel's theorem
proved the following generalization of the Minkowski–Hlawka theorem. If S is a bounded set in Rn with Jordan volume vol(S) then the average number of nonzero lattice vectors in S is vol(S)/D, where the average is taken over all lattices with a fundamental domain of volume D, and similarly the average number of primitive lattice vectors in S is vol(S)/Dζ(n).
The Minkowski–Hlawka theorem follows easily from th
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CWD
|
CWD may refer to:
Biology
Cantabrian Water Dog, Spanish dog breed
Cell wall-deficient bacteria (or L forms)
Chronic wasting disease, of deer
Coarse woody debris, fallen trees and branches
Coffee wilt disease, in coffee trees
Common and well-documented, of human leukocyte antigen alleles
Train stations
Chatswood railway station, Sydney, Australia
Chawinda railway station, Punjab province, Pakistan
Creswell railway station, Derbyshire, England
Other uses
Canada's Worst Driver, a television series (2005–2018)
Clwyd, a preserved county of Wales (in genealogy)
Current working directory, in computing
Woods Cree language, spoken in Canada (ISO 639-3:cwd)
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lymphoid%20leukemia
|
Lymphoid leukemias are a group of leukemias affecting circulating lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. The lymphocytic leukemias are closely related to lymphomas of the lymphocytes, to the point that some of them are unitary disease entities that can be called by either name (for example, adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma). Such diseases are all lymphoproliferative disorders. Most lymphoid leukemias involve a particular subtype of lymphocytes, the B cells.
Classification
Historically, they have been most commonly divided by the stage of maturation at which the clonal (neoplastic) lymphoid population stopped maturing:
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia
However, the influential WHO Classification (published in 2001) emphasized a greater emphasis on cell lineage. To this end, lymphoid leukemias can also be divided by the type of cells affected:
B-cell leukemia
T-cell leukemia
NK-cell leukemia
The most common type of lymphoid leukemia is B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia.
B-cell leukemias
B-cell leukemia describes several different types of lymphoid leukemia which affect B cells.
Other types include (with ICD-O code):
9826/3 – Acute lymphoblastic leukemia, mature B-cell type
9833/3 – B-cell prolymphocytic leukemia
9940/3 – Hairy cell leukemia
T-cell leukemias
T-cell leukemia describes several different types of lymphoid leukemias which affect T cells.
The most common T-cell leukemia is precursor T-cell lymphoblastic leukemia. It causes
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Focused%20ion%20beam
|
Focused ion beam, also known as FIB, is a technique used particularly in the semiconductor industry, materials science and increasingly in the biological field for site-specific analysis, deposition, and ablation of materials. A FIB setup is a scientific instrument that resembles a scanning electron microscope (SEM). However, while the SEM uses a focused beam of electrons to image the sample in the chamber, a FIB setup uses a focused beam of ions instead. FIB can also be incorporated in a system with both electron and ion beam columns, allowing the same feature to be investigated using either of the beams. FIB should not be confused with using a beam of focused ions for direct write lithography (such as in proton beam writing). These are generally quite different systems where the material is modified by other mechanisms.
Ion beam source
Most widespread instruments are using liquid metal ion sources (LMIS), especially gallium ion sources. Ion sources based on elemental gold and iridium are also available. In a gallium LMIS, gallium metal is placed in contact with a tungsten needle, and heated gallium wets the tungsten and flows to the tip of the needle, where the opposing forces of surface tension and electric field form the gallium into a cusp shaped tip called a Taylor cone. The tip radius of this cone is extremely small (~2 nm). The huge electric field at this small tip (greater than volts per centimeter) causes ionization and field emission of the gallium atoms.
Source
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kynureninase
|
Kynureninase or L-Kynurenine hydrolase (KYNU) () is a PLP dependent enzyme that catalyses the cleavage of kynurenine (Kyn) into anthranilic acid (Ant). It can also act on 3-hydroxykynurenine (to produce 3-hydroxyanthranilate) and some other (3-arylcarbonyl)-alanines. Humans express one kynureninase enzyme that is encoded by the KYNU gene located on chromosome 2.
KYNU is part of the pathway for the catabolism of Trp and the biosynthesis of NAD cofactors from tryptophan (Trp).
Kynureninase catalyzes the following reaction:
L-kynurenine + H2O ↔ anthranilate + L-alanine
Structure
Kynureninase belongs to the class V group of aspartate aminotransferase superfamily of structurally homologous pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP) dependent enzymes. To date, two structures of human kynureninase have determined by X-ray diffraction with resolutions of 2.0 and 1.7 Å. Forty percent of the amino acids are arranged in an alpha helical and twelve percent are arranged in beta sheets. Docking of the kynurenine substrate into the active site suggests that Asn-333 and His-102 are involved in substrate binding.
Function
In KYNU reaction, PLP facilitates Cβ-Cγ bond cleavage. The reaction follows the same steps as the transamination reaction but does not hydrolyze the tautomerized Schiff base. The proposed reaction mechanism involves an attack of an enzyme nucleophile on the carbonyl carbon (Cγ) of the tautomerized 3hKyn-PLP Schiff base. This is followed by Cβ-Cγ bond cleavage to generate an acyl-enz
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunoglobulin%20heavy%20chain
|
The immunoglobulin heavy chain (IgH) is the large polypeptide subunit of an antibody (immunoglobulin). In human genome, the IgH gene loci are on chromosome 14.
A typical antibody is composed of two immunoglobulin (Ig) heavy chains and two Ig light chains. Several different types of heavy chain exist that define the class or isotype of an antibody. These heavy chain types vary between different animals. All heavy chains contain a series of immunoglobulin domains, usually with one variable domain (VH) that is important for binding antigen and several constant domains (CH1, CH2, etc.). Production of a viable heavy chain is a key step in B cell maturation. If the heavy chain is able to bind to a surrogate light chain and move to the plasma membrane, then the developing B cell can begin producing its light chain.
The heavy chain doesn't always have to bind to a light chain. Pre-B lymphocytes can synthesize heavy chain in the absence of light chain, which then can allow the heavy chain to bind to a heavy-chain binding protein.
In mammals
Classes
There are five types of mammalian immunoglobulin heavy chain: γ, δ, α, μ and ε. They define classes of immunoglobulins: IgG, IgD, IgA, IgM and IgE, respectively.
Heavy chains α and γ have approximately 450 amino acids.
Heavy chains μ and ε have approximately 550 amino acids.
Regions
Each heavy chain has two regions:
a constant region (which is the same for all immunoglobulins of the same class but differs between classes).
Heavy
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD30
|
CD30, also known as TNFRSF8 (TNF receptor superfamily member 8), is a cell membrane protein of the tumor necrosis factor receptor family and a tumor marker.
Function
This receptor is expressed by activated, but not by resting, T and B cells. TRAF2 and TRAF5 can interact with this receptor, and mediate the signal transduction that leads to the activation of NF-kappaB. It is a positive regulator of apoptosis, and also has been shown to limit the proliferative potential of autoreactive CD8 effector T cells and protect the body against autoimmunity. Two alternatively spliced transcript variants of this gene encoding distinct isoforms have been reported.
Clinical significance
CD30 is associated with anaplastic large cell lymphoma. It is expressed in embryonal carcinoma but not in seminoma and is thus a useful marker in distinguishing between these germ cell tumors. CD30 and CD15 are also expressed on Reed-Sternberg cells typical for Hodgkin's lymphoma.
Cancer treatment
CD30 is the target of the FDA approved therapeutic brentuximab vedotin (Adcetris). It is approved for use in:
Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) (brentuximab vedotin) after failure of autologous stem cell transplant (ASCT)
HL in patients who are not ASCT candidates after failure of at least 2 multiagent chemotherapy regimens
Systemic anaplastic large cell lymphoma (sALCL) after failure of at least 1 multiagent chemotherapy regimen
Primary cutaneous anaplastic large cell lymphoma (pcALCL) or CD30-expressing mycosis
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prolymphocyte
|
A prolymphocyte is a white blood cell with a certain state of cellular differentiation in lymphocytopoiesis. In the 20th century it was believed that a sequence of general maturation changed cells from lymphoblasts to prolymphocytes and then to lymphocytes (the lymphocytic series), with each being a precursor of the last. Today it is believed that the differentiation of cells in the lymphocyte line is not always simply chronologic but rather depends on antigen exposure, such that, for example, lymphocytes can become lymphoblasts.
The size is between 10 and 18 μm.
See also
Pluripotential hemopoietic stem cell
Prolymphocytic leukemia
References
External links
Histology at hematologyatlas.com (found in sixth row)
Lymphocytes
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clifford%27s%20theorem%20on%20special%20divisors
|
In mathematics, Clifford's theorem on special divisors is a result of on algebraic curves, showing the constraints on special linear systems on a curve C.
Statement
A divisor on a Riemann surface C is a formal sum of points P on C with integer coefficients. One considers a divisor as a set of constraints on meromorphic functions in the function field of C, defining as the vector space of functions having poles only at points of D with positive coefficient, at most as bad as the coefficient indicates, and having zeros at points of D with negative coefficient, with at least that multiplicity. The dimension of is finite, and denoted . The linear system of divisors attached to D is the corresponding projective space of dimension .
The other significant invariant of D is its degree d, which is the sum of all its coefficients.
A divisor is called special if ℓ(K − D) > 0, where K is the canonical divisor.
Clifford's theorem states that for an effective special divisor D, one has:
,
and that equality holds only if D is zero or a canonical divisor, or if C is a hyperelliptic curve and D linearly equivalent to an integral multiple of a hyperelliptic divisor.
The Clifford index of C is then defined as the minimum of taken over all special divisors (except canonical and trivial), and Clifford's theorem states this is non-negative. It can be shown that the Clifford index for a generic curve of genus g is equal to the floor function
The Clifford index measures how far the
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streams%20of%20Silver
|
Streams of Silver is a fantasy novel by American writer R. A. Salvatore. It is the second book in his The Icewind Dale Trilogy.
Plot summary
Following the events of The Crystal Shard, Bruenor leads his friends Drizzt Do'Urden, the barbarian Wulfgar, and a surprisingly enthusiastic Regis, on a quest to reclaim Mithril Hall, the ancient stronghold of his clan. However, Regis has an ulterior motive for coming along; namely to elude the dangerous assassin Artemis Entreri, sent by Pasha Pook of Calimshan to recover the magical ruby that Regis stole from him.
Just as the companions are setting out, Entreri arrives in Ten-Towns, soon locating Regis' abandoned home and finding Catti-brie there. The young woman finds herself hopelessly outmatched and paralyzed by fear, telling him all about Regis and the companions' quest. Entreri allows her to live, confident that she will not dare to interfere with his plans. Afraid for her friends, and desperate to regain her honor, she follows after both the companions and Entreri, hoping to warn her friends. On the way to Luskan, Entreri realizes that he is being followed and captures Catti-brie again, this time taking her along as a prisoner to use against the companions.
Meanwhile, the companions reach Luskan, and seek out a map of the Northlands to aid in their quest. However, Dendybar the Mottled — an ambitious wizard from the Hosttower of the Arcane — has heard of the Crystal Shard and believes that Drizzt still possesses it, and plots to
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Crystal%20Shard
|
The Crystal Shard is a 1988 fantasy novel by American writer R. A. Salvatore. The first book in The Icewind Dale Trilogy, it was his first published novel.
Plot summary
Even in the remote far northern region of Icewind Dale, the renegade dark elf ranger Drizzt Do'Urden is not fully accepted, except by the dwarves whom he had eventually befriended. He roams the tundra, hunting down yeti and giants that threaten the Ten Towns of Icewind Dale. When the Dale's native barbarians band together to slaughter the people of Ten-Towns, whom they view as invaders, Drizzt, with his drow stealth and ranger's knowledge of the terrain, discerns their plan and relays the information to his friends, the halfling Regis and the dwarf Bruenor. Regis, on the council of Ten-Towns, uses persuasion and a magical hypnotic ruby pendant to convince the stubborn leaders of the towns to work together to thwart the barbarian attack.
Because of the warning and their unified efforts, Ten-Towns and the dwarves successfully repel the barbarian attackers. Drizzt personally meets the barbarian king, Heafstaag, in combat. He wounds Heafstaag many times, including a stab to the stomach that should have been fatal, but the king manages to survive and escape after wounding Drizzt. Meanwhile, Bruenor clashes with a young barbarian standard bearer, who breaks the shaft of his banner over the dwarf's head to no effect. Bruenor then slams the youth with his shield, rendering him unconscious. After the battle, Bruenor
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Your%20Number%27s%20Up
|
Your Number's Up is a game show that aired on NBC from September 23 to December 20, 1985. The show was hosted by Nipsey Russell with Lee Menning as co-host. Announcing duties were handled by Gene Wood for the first month and John Harlan for the rest of the run, with Johnny Haymer and Johnny Gilbert as substitutes.
This show was the first series produced by Sande Stewart, son of game show producer Bob Stewart. Your Number's Up was put up against the elder Stewart's The $25,000 Pyramid on CBS at 10:00 AM Eastern. Most of the staff from Bob Stewart Productions also worked in the production of this series.
Rules
Three on-stage contestants, two new challengers and one returning champion, were each given one point at the outset of the game, indicated by diamonds on the front of their podiums. Encircling the contestants' podiums was an electronic wheel with digits 0–9, blank spaces, and a car symbol. The digits and symbols were spaced so that the wheel would stop with either a blank at one contestant's position and a digit at the other two, or a car at one position and blanks at the others.
The contestant in control spun the wheel by pulling a lever. If it stopped on two digits and a blank, the contestant with the blank was read the first halves of two riddle-type phrases, each with an acronym to be filled in. An example of these would be as follows:
"When T.O. speaks..."
"As predicted, the I.O.M...."
After the contestant selected one of the two phrases, the host read its secon
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tri-tip
|
The tri-tip is a triangular cut of beef from the bottom sirloin subprimal cut, consisting of the tensor fasciae latae muscle. Untrimmed, the tri-tip weighs around 5 pounds. In the US, the tri-tip is taken from NAMP cut 185C.
Etymology
The term "tri-tip" is used across the US, but is especially popular in California. The precise origin of the name for this cut of beef is unclear, with several sources claiming original usage of the term. This cut of beef has been referred to by a variety of names including "Newport steak”, "Santa Maria steak”, "triangle tip”, and "triangle steak”.
United States
The cut was known in the United States as early as 1915, called "the triangle part" of the loin butt. Rondo (Ron) Brough, a butcher for the US Army during World War II working in Southern California, claimed that he created the "triangle tip" cut as a way to gain an extra portion of meat for the troops by reorienting nearby cuts and eliminating scrap. This practice caught on with Brough's Army colleagues and after the War, they began cutting and serving triangle tip throughout restaurants and butcher shops in California.
Otto Schaefer Sr. originally named and marketed tri-tip in Oakland, California, in the 1950s.
Butcher and restaurateur Jack Ubaldi claimed to have originally named and marketed tri-tip under the name "Newport steak" in the 1950s.
Triangle tip, cooked in wine, was served at Jack's Corsican Room in Long Beach in 1955. The cut was marketed under the name "tri-t
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bred%20vector
|
In applied mathematics, bred vectors are perturbations related to Lyapunov vectors, that capture fast-growing dynamical instabilities of the solution of a numerical model. They are used, for example, as initial perturbations for ensemble forecasting in numerical weather prediction. They were introduced by Zoltan Toth and Eugenia Kalnay.
Method
Bred vectors are created by adding initially random perturbations to a nonlinear model. The control (unperturbed) and the perturbed models are integrated in time, and periodically the control solution is subtracted from the perturbed solution. This difference is the bred vector. The vector is scaled to be the same size as the initial perturbation and is then added back to the control to create the new perturbed initial condition. After a short transient period, this "breeding" process creates bred vectors dominated by the naturally fastest-growing instabilities of the evolving control solution.
References
Functional analysis
Mathematical physics
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typology%20%28archaeology%29
|
In archaeology, a typology is the result of the classification of things according to their physical characteristics. The products of the classification, i.e. the classes, are also called types. Most archaeological typologies organize portable artifacts into types, but typologies of larger structures, including buildings, field monuments, fortifications or roads, are equally possible. A typology helps to manage a large mass of archaeological data. According to Doran and Hodson, "this superficially straightforward task has proved one of the most time consuming and contentious aspects of archaeological research".
Philosophical background
Typology is based on a view of the world familiar from Plato's metaphysics called essentialism. Essentialism is the idea that the world is divided into real, discontinuous and immutable "kinds". This idea is the basis for most typological constructions particularly of stone artefacts where essential forms are often thought of as "mental templates" or combinations of traits that are favoured by the maker. Variation in artifact form and attributes is seen as a consequence of the imperfect realization of the template and is usually attributed to differences in raw material properties or individuals' technical competences.
History
Although the principles were not clearly articulated, the application of basic typological techniques can occasionally be found in the work of early modern antiquaries. As early as the 1530s, John Leland successfully id
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholic%20acid
|
Cholic acid, also known as 3α,7α,12α-trihydroxy-5β-cholan-24-oic acid is a primary bile acid that is insoluble in water (soluble in alcohol and acetic acid), it is a white crystalline substance. Salts of cholic acid are called cholates. Cholic acid, along with chenodeoxycholic acid, is one of the two major bile acids produced by the liver, where it is synthesized from cholesterol. These two major bile acids are roughly equal in concentration in humans. Derivatives are made from cholyl-CoA, which exchanges its CoA with either glycine, or taurine, yielding glycocholic and taurocholic acid, respectively.
Cholic acid downregulates cholesterol-7-α-hydroxylase (rate-limiting step in bile acid synthesis), and cholesterol does the opposite. This is why chenodeoxycholic acid, and not cholic acid, can be used to treat gallstones (because decreasing bile acid synthesis would supersaturate the stones even more).
Cholic acid and chenodeoxycholic acid are the most important human bile acids. Other species may synthesize different bile acids as their predominant primary bile acids.
Medical uses
Cholic acid, sold under the brand name Cholbam, is approved for use in the United States and is indicated as a treatment for children and adults with bile acid synthesis disorders due to single enzyme defects, and for peroxisomal disorders (such as Zellweger syndrome).
It was approved for use in the European Union in September 2013, and is sold under the brand name Orphacol. It is indicate
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaup%E2%80%93Kupershmidt%20equation
|
The Kaup–Kupershmidt equation (named after David J. Kaup and Boris Abram Kupershmidt) is the nonlinear fifth-order partial differential equation
It is the first equation in a hierarchy of integrable equations with the Lax operator
.
It has properties similar (but not identical) to those of the better-known KdV hierarchy in which the Lax operator has order 2.
References
External links
Partial differential equations
Integrable systems
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycocholic%20acid
|
Glycocholic acid, or cholylglycine, is a crystalline bile acid involved in the emulsification of fats. It occurs as a sodium salt in the bile of mammals. It is a conjugate of cholic acid with glycine. Its anion is called glycocholate.
See also
Taurocholic acid
References
Bile acids
Cholanes
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classification%20rule
|
Given a population whose members each belong to one of a number of different sets or classes, a classification rule or classifier is a procedure by which the elements of the population set are each predicted to belong to one of the classes. A perfect classification is one for which every element in the population is assigned to the class it really belongs to. An imperfect classification is one in which some errors appear, and then statistical analysis must be applied to analyse the classification.
A special kind of classification rule is binary classification, for problems in which there are only two classes.
Testing classification rules
Given a data set consisting of pairs x and y, where x denotes an element of the population and y the class it belongs to, a classification rule h(x) is a function that assigns each element x to a predicted class A binary classification is such that the label y can take only one of two values.
The true labels yi can be known but will not necessarily match their approximations . In a binary classification, the elements that are not correctly classified are named false positives and false negatives.
Some classification rules are static functions. Others can be computer programs. A computer classifier can be able to learn or can implement static classification rules. For a training data-set, the true labels yj are unknown, but it is a prime target for the classification procedure that the approximation as well as possible, where the quali
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weyl%27s%20theorem
|
In mathematics, Weyl's theorem or Weyl's lemma might refer to one of a number of results of Hermann Weyl. These include
the Peter–Weyl theorem
Weyl's theorem on complete reducibility, results originally derived from the unitarian trick on representation theory of semisimple groups and semisimple Lie algebras
Weyl's theorem on eigenvalues
Weyl's criterion for equidistribution (Weyl's criterion)
Weyl's lemma on the hypoellipticity of the Laplace equation
results estimating Weyl sums in the theory of exponential sums
Weyl's inequality
Weyl's criterion for a number to be in the essential spectrum of an operator
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulead%20PhotoImpact
|
Ulead PhotoImpact (originally called Iedit) is a raster and vector graphics editing program published by Ulead Systems.
Alongside its image editing capabilities, the program also features HTML tools, such as a rollover assistant, an imagemap assistant, an HTML assistant, a background designer and a button library. PhotoImpact can also use photoshop filters in .8bf format.
PhotoImpact has vast support for graphic file formats but also uses its own UFO and UFP file format which support all the aforementioned features.
The last version of PhotoImpact was X3/13.
In December 2006 Corel acquired Ulead Systems. Corel continued to market PhotoImpact until September 2009 when they discontinued the product, focusing on the competing product Paint Shop Pro. Though development has been halted, the product is still being sold by Corel. A version of PhotoImpact licensed as PhotoImpact Pro is sold by Nova Development. It is a rebranded version of PhotoImpact with no program differences. However, while the Ulead and Corel specs omit Windows 7, the Nova specs in 2014 mention that Windows 7 and Windows 8.x are supported.
For users, there are various help forums and tutorial banks available, both factory and non-factory.
Release history
References
External links
Corel PhotoImpact page: X3
Nova Development PhotoImpact pages: Pro 13
Ulead PhotoImpact page:
VK.COM Group
Ulead software
Photo software
Windows graphics-related software
Windows-only proprietary software
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hahn%20decomposition%20theorem
|
In mathematics, the Hahn decomposition theorem, named after the Austrian mathematician Hans Hahn, states that for any measurable space and any signed measure defined on the -algebra , there exist two -measurable sets, and , of such that:
and .
For every such that , one has , i.e., is a positive set for .
For every such that , one has , i.e., is a negative set for .
Moreover, this decomposition is essentially unique, meaning that for any other pair of -measurable subsets of fulfilling the three conditions above, the symmetric differences and are -null sets in the strong sense that every -measurable subset of them has zero measure. The pair is then called a Hahn decomposition of the signed measure .
Jordan measure decomposition
A consequence of the Hahn decomposition theorem is the , which states that every signed measure defined on has a unique decomposition into a difference of two positive measures, and , at least one of which is finite, such that for every -measurable subset and for every -measurable subset , for any Hahn decomposition of . We call and the positive and negative part of , respectively. The pair is called a Jordan decomposition (or sometimes Hahn–Jordan decomposition) of . The two measures can be defined as
for every and any Hahn decomposition of .
Note that the Jordan decomposition is unique, while the Hahn decomposition is only essentially unique.
The Jordan decomposition has the following corollary: Given a Jordan dec
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kodaira%20embedding%20theorem
|
In mathematics, the Kodaira embedding theorem characterises non-singular projective varieties, over the complex numbers, amongst compact Kähler manifolds. In effect it says precisely which complex manifolds are defined by homogeneous polynomials.
Kunihiko Kodaira's result is that for a compact Kähler manifold M, with a Hodge metric, meaning that the cohomology class in degree 2 defined by the Kähler form ω is an integral cohomology class, there is a complex-analytic embedding of M into complex projective space of some high enough dimension N.
The fact that M embeds as an algebraic variety follows from its compactness by Chow's theorem.
A Kähler manifold with a Hodge metric is occasionally called a Hodge manifold (named after W. V. D. Hodge), so Kodaira's results states that Hodge manifolds are projective.
The converse that projective manifolds are Hodge manifolds is more elementary and was already known.
Kodaira also proved (Kodaira 1963), by recourse to the classification of compact complex surfaces, that every compact Kähler surface is a deformation of a projective Kähler surface. This was later simplified by Buchdahl to remove reliance on the classification (Buchdahl 2008).
Kodaira embedding theorem
Let X be a compact Kähler manifold, and L a holomorphic line bundle on X. Then L is a positive line bundle if and only if there is a holomorphic embedding of X into some projective space such that for some m > 0.
See also
Fujita conjecture
Hodge structure
Moishezon
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota%20Comfort
|
The and the long-wheelbase Toyota Crown Comfort are a line of mid-size sedans produced by Toyota between 1995 and 2018. A platform derivative of the Toyota Mark II (X80), the Comfort was aimed at fleet buyers with a primary focus on taxicab operators. A third model was released in 2001 as the 11th generation Crown Sedan (the first Crown Sedan not based on the normal Crown executive car) for the Japanese market only. The Crown Sedan was also aimed at fleet buyers, as a high end taxi or for corporate use.
Its main competitors were the Nissan Crew (discontinued in June 2009) and the Nissan Cedric Y31 (discontinued in 2015). Production of the Comfort ceased in January 2018, after more than 22 years in production, and it was subsequently replaced by the Toyota JPN Taxi which was launched at the 45th Tokyo Motor Show in October 2017.
Description
The Comfort and Crown Comfort were released on December 19, 1995 as replacements for the base fleet versions of the Mark II and the larger Crown. The Comfort was offered only in a five-seat configuration throughout the years, while early Crown Comfort models were offered with a split front bench in place of bucket seats. Five-seater Comforts could only be equipped with a floor-mounted gear lever, while six-seater models were paired with column shifters. A remote control rear passenger door, actuated by the driver through a series of mechanical linkages or a pneumatic system, is standard on taxi models in both Hong Kong and Japan.
Marke
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt%20bridge%20%28protein%20and%20supramolecular%29
|
In chemistry, a salt bridge is a combination of two non-covalent interactions: hydrogen bonding and ionic bonding (Figure 1). Ion pairing is one of the most important noncovalent forces in chemistry, in biological systems, in different materials and in many applications such as ion pair chromatography. It is a most commonly observed contribution to the stability to the entropically unfavorable folded conformation of proteins. Although non-covalent interactions are known to be relatively weak interactions, small stabilizing interactions can add up to make an important contribution to the overall stability of a conformer. Not only are salt bridges found in proteins, but they can also be found in supramolecular chemistry. The thermodynamics of each are explored through experimental procedures to access the free energy contribution of the salt bridge to the overall free energy of the state.
Salt bridges in chemical bonding
In water, formation of salt bridges or ion pairs is mostly driven by entropy, usually accompanied by unfavorable ΔH contributions on account of desolvation of the interacting ions upon association. Hydrogen bonds contribute to the stability of ion pairs with e.g. protonated ammonium ions, and with anions is formed by deprotonation as in the case of carboxylate, phosphate etc; then the association constants depend on the pH. Entropic driving forces for ion pairing (in absence of significant H-bonding contributions) are also found in methanol as solvent. In
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amineptine
|
Amineptine, formerly sold under the brand name Survector among others, is an atypical antidepressant of the tricyclic antidepressant (TCA) family. It acts as a selective and mixed dopamine reuptake inhibitor and releasing agent, and to a lesser extent as a norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor.
Amineptine was developed by the French Society of Medical research in the 1960s. Introduced in France in 1978 by the pharmaceutical company Servier, amineptine soon gained a reputation for abuse due to its short-lived, but pleasant, stimulant effect experienced by some patients.
After its release into the European market, cases of hepatotoxicity emerged, some serious. This, along with the potential for abuse, led to the suspension of the French marketing authorization for Survector in 1999.
Amineptine was never approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for marketing in the United States, meaning that it is not legal to market or sell amineptine for any medical uses in the U.S.
Medical uses
Amineptine was approved in France for severe clinical depression of endogenous origin in 1978.
Contraindications
Chorea
Hypersensitivity: Known hypersensitivity to amineptine, in particular antecedents of hepatitis after dosage of the product.
MAO inhibitors
Precautions for use
Warnings and precautions before taking amineptine:
Breast feeding
Children less than 15-year of age
General anaesthesia: Discontinue the drug 24 to 48 hours before anaesthesia.
Official sports/Olympic G
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper%28II%29%20acetate
|
Copper(II) acetate, also referred to as cupric acetate, is the chemical compound with the formula Cu(OAc)2 where AcO− is acetate (). The hydrated derivative, Cu2(OAc)4(H2O)2, which contains one molecule of water for each copper atom, is available commercially. Anhydrous copper(II) acetate is a dark green crystalline solid, whereas Cu2(OAc)4(H2O)2 is more bluish-green. Since ancient times, copper acetates of some form have been used as fungicides and green pigments. Today, copper acetates are used as reagents for the synthesis of various inorganic and organic compounds. Copper acetate, like all copper compounds, emits a blue-green glow in a flame.
Structure
Copper acetate hydrate adopts the paddle wheel structure seen also for related Rh(II) and Cr(II) tetraacetates. One oxygen atom on each acetate is bound to one copper atom at 1.97 Å (197 pm). Completing the coordination sphere are two water ligands, with Cu–O distances of 2.20 Å (220 pm). The two copper atoms are separated by only 2.62 Å (262 pm), which is close to the Cu–Cu separation in metallic copper. The two copper centers interact resulting in a diminishing of the magnetic moment such that at temperatures below 90 K, Cu2(OAc)4(H2O)2 is essentially diamagnetic. Cu2(OAc)4(H2O)2 was a critical step in the development of modern theories for antiferromagnetic exchange coupling, which ascribe its low-temperature diamagnetic behavior to cancellation of the two opposing spins on the adjacent copper atoms.
Synthesis
Copper(I
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floquet%20theory
|
Floquet theory is a branch of the theory of ordinary differential equations relating to the class of solutions to periodic linear differential equations of the form
with a piecewise continuous periodic function with period and defines the state of the stability of solutions.
The main theorem of Floquet theory, Floquet's theorem, due to , gives a canonical form for each fundamental matrix solution of this common linear system. It gives a coordinate change with that transforms the periodic system to a traditional linear system with constant, real coefficients.
When applied to physical systems with periodic potentials, such as crystals in condensed matter physics, the result is known as Bloch's theorem.
Note that the solutions of the linear differential equation form a vector space. A matrix is called a fundamental matrix solution if all columns are linearly independent solutions. A matrix is called a principal fundamental matrix solution if all columns are linearly independent solutions and there exists such that is the identity. A principal fundamental matrix can be constructed from a fundamental matrix using . The solution of the linear differential equation with the initial condition is where is any fundamental matrix solution.
Floquet's theorem
Let be a linear first order differential equation,
where is a column vector of length and an periodic matrix with period (that is for all real values of ). Let be a fundamental matrix solution of this differ
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global%20Biodiversity%20Information%20Facility
|
The Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF) is an international organisation that focuses on making scientific data on biodiversity available via the Internet using web services. The data are provided by many institutions from around the world; GBIF's information architecture makes these data accessible and searchable through a single portal. Data available through the GBIF portal are primarily distribution data on plants, animals, fungi, and microbes for the world, and scientific names data.
The mission of the GBIF is to facilitate free and open access to biodiversity data worldwide to underpin sustainable development. Priorities, with an emphasis on promoting participation and working through partners, include mobilising biodiversity data, developing protocols and standards to ensure scientific integrity and interoperability, building an informatics architecture to allow the interlinking of diverse data types from disparate sources, promoting capacity building and catalysing development of analytical tools for improved decision-making.
GBIF strives to form informatics linkages among digital data resources from across the spectrum of biological organisation, from genes to ecosystems, and to connect these to issues important to science, society and sustainability by using georeferencing and GIS tools. It works in partnership with other international organisations such as the Catalogue of Life partnership, Biodiversity Information Standards, the Consortium for the Ba
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duffing%20equation
|
The Duffing equation (or Duffing oscillator), named after Georg Duffing (1861–1944), is a non-linear second-order differential equation used to model certain damped and driven oscillators. The equation is given by
where the (unknown) function is the displacement at time , is the first derivative of with respect to time, i.e. velocity, and is the second time-derivative of i.e. acceleration. The numbers and are given constants.
The equation describes the motion of a damped oscillator with a more complex potential than in simple harmonic motion (which corresponds to the case ); in physical terms, it models, for example, an elastic pendulum whose spring's stiffness does not exactly obey Hooke's law.
The Duffing equation is an example of a dynamical system that exhibits chaotic behavior. Moreover, the Duffing system presents in the frequency response the jump resonance phenomenon that is a sort of frequency hysteresis behaviour.
Parameters
The parameters in the above equation are:
controls the amount of damping,
controls the linear stiffness,
controls the amount of non-linearity in the restoring force; if the Duffing equation describes a damped and driven simple harmonic oscillator,
is the amplitude of the periodic driving force; if the system is without a driving force, and
is the angular frequency of the periodic driving force.
The Duffing equation can be seen as describing the oscillations of a mass attached to a nonlinear spring and a linear damper. The r
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paddy%20McCarthy
|
Patrick Richard McCarthy (born 31 May 1983) is an Irish former professional footballer who played as a centre-back. He is currently assistant manager of Premier League club Crystal Palace.
Born in Dublin, he began his football career as a junior with Manchester City before joining Leicester City in 2005 where he spent three seasons before joining Charlton Athletic in the summer of 2007. He remained with Charlton for just twelve months, joining Crystal Palace in the summer of 2008 where he remained until 2016. McCarthy has also played for Boston United and Notts County on loan during the early part of his career and Sheffield United, Bolton Wanderers and Preston North End, also as a loan player.
Having previously been the coach of Crystal Palace's under-18s side since 2016, in March 2023 McCarthy was interim manager of the first team, and then became the assistant manager.
Club career
McCarthy was born in Dublin. He joined Leicester City in March 2005 for a fee of £100,000 from Manchester City, signing a three-year contract. He had never played for Manchester City's first team but had enjoyed loan spells at Boston United and Notts County during 2002 and 2003. Boston had made a bid to sign McCarthy on a permanent basis in February 2003.
McCarthy became a favourite with the Leicester fans, due to his no-nonsense style of play, and in July 2006 was named club captain for the 2006–07 season. His season was cut short when he dislocated his shoulder in a training accident in Feb
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kodaira%20vanishing%20theorem
|
In mathematics, the Kodaira vanishing theorem is a basic result of complex manifold theory and complex algebraic geometry, describing general conditions under which sheaf cohomology groups with indices q > 0 are automatically zero. The implications for the group with index q = 0 is usually that its dimension — the number of independent global sections — coincides with a holomorphic Euler characteristic that can be computed using the Hirzebruch–Riemann–Roch theorem.
The complex analytic case
The statement of Kunihiko Kodaira's result is that if M is a compact Kähler manifold of complex dimension n, L any holomorphic line bundle on M that is positive, and KM is the canonical line bundle, then
for q > 0. Here stands for the tensor product of line bundles. By means of Serre duality, one also obtains the vanishing of for q < n. There is a generalisation, the Kodaira–Nakano vanishing theorem, in which , where Ωn(L) denotes the sheaf of holomorphic (n,0)-forms on M with values on L, is replaced by Ωr(L), the sheaf of holomorphic (r,0)-forms with values on L. Then the cohomology group Hq(M, Ωr(L)) vanishes whenever q + r > n.
The algebraic case
The Kodaira vanishing theorem can be formulated within the language of algebraic geometry without any reference to transcendental methods such as Kähler metrics. Positivity of the line bundle L translates into the corresponding invertible sheaf being ample (i.e., some tensor power gives a projective embedding). The algebraic Kodaira–Ak
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High%20Frequency%20Global%20Communications%20System
|
The High Frequency Global Communications System (HFGCS) is a network of single sideband shortwave transmitters of the United States Air Force which is used to communicate with aircraft in flight, ground stations and some United States Navy surface assets. All worldwide receiving and transmitting sites in the HFGCS system are remotely controlled from Andrews Air Force Base and Grand Forks Air Force Base. Before 1 October 2002 it was known as the Global High Frequency System (GHFS).
HFGCS stations tend to operate in the aviation bands clustered around 5, 6, 8 and 11/12 MHz, although other frequencies are in use. The primary HFGCS voice frequencies are 4724.0 kHz, 8992.0 kHz, 11175.0 kHz, and 15016.0 kHz. In addition to the HFGCS, U.S. aircraft frequently use Military Auxiliary Radio System (MARS) HF stations (13927.0 kHz) and Canadian Forces HF stations (11232.0 kHz) to relay messages. Various other discrete frequencies are available, and used, as part of the HFGCS network and are not listed here.
One common use for the HFGCS is to place telephone calls from the aircraft in flight by means of the Defense Switched Network (DSN) to an U.S. Air Force base, U.S. Naval Air Station, U.S. Marine Corps Air Station, U.S. Army Airfield, or Air Force Reserve or Air National Guard installations on civilian airports, or Army Reserve or Army National Guard Aviation Support Facilities on civilian airports, to obtain local weather conditions, to arrange for refueling, and to inform the base
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%20Promenade%20of%20the%20Hearts
|
A Promenade of the Hearts () is a collection of stories, anecdotes, and poems from the Arab Middle Ages, including some poems on homosexual and lesbian themes. Ahmad al-Tifashi, the compiler (1184–1253), was born in Tiffech now in Algeria and studied in Tunisia, Egypt and Damascus. His interests included law, natural science, astrology, poetry and the social sciences.
A French translation by René R. Khawam, titled Les Délices des cœurs par Ahmad al-Tifachi, was published in 1971 and 1981, and an English translation by Edward A. Lacey, titled The Delight of Hearts, or What You Will Not Find in Any Book, was published in 1988 by Gay Sunshine Press. The English version won a Lambda Literary Award at the 1st Lambda Literary Awards in 1989.
See also
Encyclopedia of Pleasure
References
LGBT poetry
Medieval Arabic poems
13th-century Arabic books
Lambda Literary Award-winning works
Arabic anthologies
Arabic erotic literature
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Composite%20measure
|
Composite measure in statistics and research design refer to composite measures of variables, i.e. measurements based on multiple data items.
An example of a composite measure is an IQ test, which gives a single score based on a series of responses to various questions.
Three common composite measures include:
indexes - measures that summarize and rank specific observations, usually on the ordinal scale;
scales - advanced indexes whose observations are further transformed (scaled) due to their logical or empirical relationships;
typologies - measures that classify observations in terms of their attributes on multiple variables, usually on a nominal scale.
Indexes versus scales
Indexes are often referred to as scales, but in fact not all indexes are scales.
Whereas indexes are usually created by aggregating scores assigned to individual attributes of various variables, scales are more nuanced and take into account differences in intensity among the attribute of the same variable in question. Indexes and scales should provide an ordinal ranking of cases on a given variable, though scales are usually more efficient at this. While indexes are based on a simple aggregation of indicators of a variable, scales are more advanced, and their calculations may be more complex, using for example scaling procedures such as semantic differential.
Composite measure validation
A good composite measure will ensure that the indicators are independent of one another. It should also succe
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Crystal%20Ship
|
"The Crystal Ship" is a song by American rock band the Doors, from their 1967 debut album The Doors, and the B-side of the number-one hit single "Light My Fire". It was composed as a love song to Jim Morrison's first serious girlfriend, Mary Werbelow, shortly after their relationship ended.
The song borrows from elements from baroque music. The lyrics in the opening verse resemble a conventional love song, while the later verses are vague in intention and contain more challenging imagery. A music video was later compiled from footage of the band performing on American Bandstand, coupled with film of Morrison and Pamela Courson at Kern River, near Bakersfield, California.
Lyrics
Morrison's lyrics are often deliberately vague, and this, coupled with the song's dreamlike atmosphere, has led to speculation as to the meaning of "The Crystal Ship". According to Greil Marcus, the opening lines "Before you slip into unconsciousness, I'd like to have another kiss" could be about "sleep, it could be an overdose, inflicted by the singer or the person he's addressing; it could be murder suicide, or a suicide pact." Critic James Perone noted that the song's title is open to wide interpretations, and that the crystal ship "could just as easily represent sleep as a drug trip". He conceded that "in 1967 the latter would probably have been the more common interpretation". Authors David Luhrssen and Michael Larson formulated in their book that sex could be expressed as "the lucid dream of 'T
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DBc
|
dBc (decibels relative to the carrier) is the power ratio of a signal to a carrier signal, expressed in decibels. For example, phase noise is expressed in dBc/Hz at a given frequency offset from the carrier. dBc can also be used as a measurement of Spurious-Free Dynamic Range (SFDR) between the desired signal and unwanted spurious outputs resulting from the use of signal converters such as a digital-to-analog converter or a frequency mixer.
If the dBc figure is positive, then the relative signal strength is greater than the carrier signal strength. If the dBc figure is negative, then the relative signal strength is less than carrier signal strength.
Although the decibel (dB) is permitted for use alongside SI units, the dBc is not.
Example
If a carrier (reference signal) has a power of , and noise signal has power of .
Power of reference signal expressed in decibel is :
Power of noise expressed in decibel is :
The calculation of dBc difference between noise signal and reference signal is then as follows:
It is also possible to compute the dBc power of noise signal with respect to reference signal directly as logarithm of their ratio as follows:
.
References
External links
Encyclopedia of Laser Physics and Technology
Units of measurement
Radio frequency propagation
Telecommunications engineering
Logarithmic scales of measurement
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ectopic%20expression
|
Ectopic is a word used with a prefix, ecto, meaning “out of place.” Ectopic expression is an abnormal gene expression in a cell type, tissue type, or developmental stage in which the gene is not usually expressed. The term ectopic expression is predominantly used in studies using metazoans, especially in Drosophila melanogaster for research purposes.
How is it used
Although ectopic expression can be caused by a natural condition, it is uncommonly seen in nature because it is a product of defects in gene regulation. In fact, ectopic expression is more commonly used for research purposes. Artificially induced gene expression helps to determine the function of a gene of interest. Common techniques such as overexpressing or misexpressing the genes by UAS-Gal4 system in D. melanogaster are used. In model organisms, such techniques are used to perform genetic screens to identify a function of the gene involved in specific cellular or developmental processes.
Ectopic expression using these techniques is a useful tool because phenotypes induced in a tissue or cell type where are not normally expressed are easily distinguishable compared to a tissue or cell type where the gene is normally expressed. By the comparison with its basal expression, the function of a gene of interest can be identified.
Although the understanding of ectopic expressions deals with endogenous genes in an organism, it can be expended to a similar concept like transgenesis, which an exogenous gene is introdu
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hodgkin%E2%80%93Huxley%20model
|
The Hodgkin–Huxley model, or conductance-based model, is a mathematical model that describes how action potentials in neurons are initiated and propagated. It is a set of nonlinear differential equations that approximates the electrical engineering characteristics of excitable cells such as neurons and muscle cells. It is a continuous-time dynamical system.
Alan Hodgkin and Andrew Huxley described the model in 1952 to explain the ionic mechanisms underlying the initiation and propagation of action potentials in the squid giant axon. They received the 1963 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for this work.
Basic components
The typical Hodgkin–Huxley model treats each component of an excitable cell as an electrical element (as shown in the figure). The lipid bilayer is represented as a capacitance (Cm). Voltage-gated ion channels are represented by electrical conductances (gn, where n is the specific ion channel) that depend on both voltage and time. Leak channels are represented by linear conductances (gL). The electrochemical gradients driving the flow of ions are represented by voltage sources (En) whose voltages are determined by the ratio of the intra- and extracellular concentrations of the ionic species of interest. Finally, ion pumps are represented by current sources (Ip). The membrane potential is denoted by Vm.
Mathematically, the current flowing through the lipid bilayer is written as
and the current through a given ion channel is the product of that chan
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avraham%20Even-Shoshan
|
Avraham Even-Shoshan (né Rozenshteyn; 25 December 1906 – 8 August 1984) was a Belarusian-born Israeli Hebrew linguist and lexicographer, compiler of the Even-Shoshan dictionary, one of the foremost dictionaries of the Hebrew language.
Biography
Avraham Rozenshteyn was born in Minsk, in what was then the Russian Empire, on 25 December 1906. He attended the cheder run by his father, who later sent him to public school and yeshiva.
Rosenstein managed to avoid the British restrictions on Jewish immigration to Mandatory Palestine and settled there in 1925, where he changed his name to Even-Shoshan, a translation of Rosenstein, and initially worked as a laborer. He studied at the College for Hebrew Teachers (now the David Yellin College of Education) in Jerusalem and the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. He worked as a teacher in Jerusalem until 1967.
In 1946–58, Even-Shoshan compiled HaMilon HeHadash (New Dictionary of the Hebrew Language), which since 2003 has become known as the Even-Shoshan Dictionary. The completed dictionary consisted of 24,698 main entries and about 70,000 words, and is still in print. It includes synonyms in Arabic, Aramaic, Akkadian, and Ugaritic. He was also the author of the Even-Shoshan concordance and co-author of the Bialik concordance.
Even-Shoshan died in the Hadassah Medical Center in Jerusalem in 1984. He was buried in the Har HaMenuchot.
Awards
In 1978, Even-Shoshan was awarded the Israel Prize, for language.
In 1981, he was the co-recipien
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutrodyne
|
The Neutrodyne radio receiver, invented in 1922 by Louis Hazeltine, was a particular type of tuned radio frequency (TRF) receiver, in which the instability-causing inter-electrode capacitance of the triode RF tubes is cancelled out or "neutralized" to prevent parasitic oscillations which caused "squealing" or "howling" noises in the speakers of early radio sets. In most designs, a small extra winding on each of the RF amplifiers' tuned anode coils was used to generate a small antiphase signal, which could be adjusted by special variable trim capacitors to cancel out the stray signal coupled to the grid via plate-to-grid capacitance. The Neutrodyne circuit was popular in radio receivers until the 1930s, when it was superseded by the superheterodyne receiver.
History
The circuit was developed about 1922 by Harold Wheeler who worked in Louis Hazeltine's laboratory at Stevens Institute of Technology, so Hazeltine is usually given the credit. The tuned radio frequency (TRF) receiver, one of the most popular radio receiver designs of the time, consisted of several tuned radio frequency (RF) amplifier stages, followed by a detector and several audio amplifier stages. A major defect of the TRF receiver was that, due to the high interelectrode capacitance of early triode vacuum tubes, feedback within the RF amplifier stages gave them a tendency to oscillate, creating unwanted radio frequency alternating currents. These parasitic oscillations mixed with the carrier wave in the
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AN/APQ-181
|
The AN/APQ-181 is an all-weather, low probability of intercept (LPI) phased array radar system designed by Hughes Aircraft (now Raytheon) for the U.S. Air Force B-2A Spirit bomber aircraft. The system was developed in the mid-1980s and entered service in 1993. The APQ-181 provides a number of precision targeting modes, and also supports terrain-following radar and terrain avoidance. The radar operates in the Ku band (a subset of the J band). The original design uses a TWT-based transmitter with a 2-dimensional passive electronically scanned array (PESA) antenna.
In 1991, the B-2 Industrial Team (including Hughes as a major subcontractor) was awarded the Collier Trophy in recognition of the "design, development, production, and flight testing of the B-2 aircraft, which has contributed significantly to America's enduring leadership in aerospace and the country's future national security."
In 2002, Raytheon was awarded a contract to develop a new, active electronically scanned array (AESA) version of the APQ-181. This upgrade will improve system reliability, and will also eliminate potential conflicts in frequency usage between the B-2 and commercial satellite systems that also use the J band.
In 2008 the Federal Communications Commission accidentally sold the APQ-181 frequency to a commercial user resulting in the need for installing new radar arrays at a cost of over $1 billion. All B-2 aircraft are expected to have the upgraded radar by 2010.
See also
List of radars
J
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuiper%27s%20theorem
|
In mathematics, Kuiper's theorem (after Nicolaas Kuiper) is a result on the topology of operators on an infinite-dimensional, complex Hilbert space H. It states that the space GL(H) of invertible bounded endomorphisms of H is such that all maps from any finite complex Y to GL(H) are homotopic to a constant, for the norm topology on operators.
A significant corollary, also referred to as Kuiper's theorem, is that this group is weakly contractible, ie. all its homotopy groups are trivial. This result has important uses in topological K-theory.
General topology of the general linear group
For finite dimensional H, this group would be a complex general linear group and not at all contractible. In fact it is homotopy equivalent to its maximal compact subgroup, the unitary group U of H. The proof that the complex general linear group and unitary group have the same homotopy type is by the Gram-Schmidt process, or through the matrix polar decomposition, and carries over to the infinite-dimensional case of separable Hilbert space, basically because the space of upper triangular matrices is contractible as can be seen quite explicitly. The underlying phenomenon is that passing to infinitely many dimensions causes much of the topological complexity of the unitary groups to vanish; but see the section on Bott's unitary group, where the passage to infinity is more constrained, and the resulting group has non-trivial homotopy groups.
Historical context and topology of spheres
It is a
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tensor%20product%20of%20modules
|
In mathematics, the tensor product of modules is a construction that allows arguments about bilinear maps (e.g. multiplication) to be carried out in terms of linear maps. The module construction is analogous to the construction of the tensor product of vector spaces, but can be carried out for a pair of modules over a commutative ring resulting in a third module, and also for a pair of a right-module and a left-module over any ring, with result an abelian group. Tensor products are important in areas of abstract algebra, homological algebra, algebraic topology, algebraic geometry, operator algebras and noncommutative geometry. The universal property of the tensor product of vector spaces extends to more general situations in abstract algebra. The tensor product of an algebra and a module can be used for extension of scalars. For a commutative ring, the tensor product of modules can be iterated to form the tensor algebra of a module, allowing one to define multiplication in the module in a universal way.
Balanced product
For a ring R, a right R-module M, a left R-module N, and an abelian group G, a map is said to be R-balanced, R-middle-linear or an R-balanced product if for all m, m′ in M, n, n′ in N, and r in R the following hold:
The set of all such balanced products over R from to G is denoted by .
If φ, ψ are balanced products, then each of the operations and −φ defined pointwise is a balanced product. This turns the set into an abelian group.
For M and N fixed,
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marek%20Karpinski
|
Marek Karpinski is a computer scientist and mathematician known for his research in the theory of algorithms and their applications, combinatorial optimization, computational complexity, and mathematical foundations. He is a recipient of several research prizes in the above areas.
He is currently a Professor of Computer Science, and the Head of the Algorithms Group at the University of Bonn. He is also a member of Bonn International Graduate School in Mathematics BIGS and the Hausdorff Center for Mathematics.
See also
List of computer scientists
List of mathematicians
References
Theoretical computer scientists
Mathematical logicians
Graph theorists
Academic staff of the University of Bonn
American computer scientists
20th-century Polish mathematicians
21st-century Polish mathematicians
Members of Academia Europaea
Polish computer scientists
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blade%20pitch
|
Blade pitch or simply pitch refers to the angle of a blade in a fluid. The term has applications in aeronautics, shipping, and other fields.
Aeronautics
In aeronautics, blade pitch refers to the angle of the blades of an aircraft propeller or helicopter rotor. Blade pitch is measured relative to the aircraft body. It is usually described as "fine" or "low" for a more vertical blade angle, and "coarse" or "high" for a more horizontal blade angle.
Blade pitch is normally described as a ratio of forward distance per rotation assuming no slip.
Blade pitch acts much like the gearing of the final drive of a car. Low pitch yields good low speed acceleration (and climb rate in an aircraft) while high pitch optimizes high speed performance and fuel economy.
It is quite common for an aircraft to be designed with a variable-pitch propeller, to give maximum thrust over a larger speed range. A fine pitch would be used during take-off and landing, whereas a coarser pitch is used for high-speed cruise flight. This is because the effective angle of attack of the propeller blade decreases as airspeed increases. To maintain the optimum effective angle of attack, the pitch must be increased. Blade pitch angle is not the same as blade angle of attack. As speed increases, blade pitch is increased to keep blade angle of attack constant.
A propeller blade's "lift", or its thrust, depends on the angle of attack combined with its speed. Because the velocity of a propeller blade varies from the
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis%20number
|
In fluid dynamics and thermodynamics, the Lewis number (denoted ) is a dimensionless number defined as the ratio of thermal diffusivity to mass diffusivity. It is used to characterize fluid flows where there is simultaneous heat and mass transfer. The Lewis number puts the thickness of the thermal boundary layer in relation to the concentration boundary layer. The Lewis number is defined as
.
where:
is the thermal diffusivity,
is the mass diffusivity,
is the thermal conductivity,
is the density,
is the mixture-averaged diffusion coefficient,
is the specific heat capacity at constant pressure.
In the field of fluid mechanics, many sources define the Lewis number to be the inverse of the above definition.
The Lewis number can also be expressed in terms of the Prandtl number () and the Schmidt number ():
It is named after Warren K. Lewis (1882–1975), who was the first head of the Chemical Engineering Department at MIT. Some workers in the field of combustion assume (incorrectly) that the Lewis number was named for Bernard Lewis (1899–1993), who for many years was a major figure in the field of combustion research.
Literature
References
Dimensionless numbers
Fluid dynamics
Dimensionless numbers of fluid mechanics
Combustion
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schmidt%20number
|
In fluid dynamics, the Schmidt number (denoted ) of a fluid is a dimensionless number defined as the ratio of momentum diffusivity (kinematic viscosity) and mass diffusivity, and it is used to characterize fluid flows in which there are simultaneous momentum and mass diffusion convection processes. It was named after German engineer Ernst Heinrich Wilhelm Schmidt (1892–1975).
The Schmidt number is the ratio of the shear component for diffusivity (viscosity divided by density) to the diffusivity for mass transfer . It physically relates the relative thickness of the hydrodynamic layer and mass-transfer boundary layer.
It is defined as:
where (in SI units):
is the kinematic viscosity (m2/s)
is the mass diffusivity (m2/s).
is the dynamic viscosity of the fluid (Pa·s = N·s/m2 = kg/m·s)
is the density of the fluid (kg/m3).
The heat transfer analog of the Schmidt number is the Prandtl number (). The ratio of thermal diffusivity to mass diffusivity is the Lewis number ().
Turbulent Schmidt Number
The turbulent Schmidt number is commonly used in turbulence research and is defined as:
where:
is the eddy viscosity in units of (m2/s)
is the eddy diffusivity (m2/s).
The turbulent Schmidt number describes the ratio between the rates of turbulent transport of momentum and the turbulent transport of mass (or any passive scalar). It is related to the turbulent Prandtl number, which is concerned with turbulent heat transfer rather than turbulent mass transfer. It is useful
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strong%20prior
|
In Bayesian statistics, a strong prior is a preceding assumption, theory, concept or idea upon which, after taking account of new information, a current assumption, theory, concept or idea is founded. The term is used to contrast the case of a weak or uninformative prior probability. A strong prior would be a type of informative prior in which the information contained in the prior distribution dominates the information contained in the data being analysed. The Bayesian analysis combines the information contained in the prior with that extracted from the data to produce the posterior distribution which, in the case of a "strong prior", would be little changed from the prior distribution.
Bayesian statistics
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Throughput%20%28business%29
|
Throughput is rate at which a product is moved through a production process and is consumed by the end-user, usually measured in the form of sales or use statistics. The goal of most organizations is to minimize the investment in inputs as well as operating expenses while increasing throughput of its production systems. Successful organizations which seek to gain market share strive to match throughput to the rate of market demand of its products.
Overview
In the business management theory of constraints, throughput is the rate at which a system achieves its goal. Oftentimes, this is monetary revenue and is in contrast to output, which is inventory that may be sold or stored in a warehouse. In this case, throughput is measured by revenue received (or not) at the point of sale—exactly the right time. Output that becomes part of the inventory in a warehouse may mislead investors or others about the organizations condition by inflating the apparent value of its assets. The theory of constraints and throughput accounting explicitly avoid that trap.
Throughput can be best described as the rate at which a system generates its products or services per unit of time. Businesses often measure their throughput using a mathematical equation known as Little's law, which is related to inventories and process time: time to fully process a single product.
Basic formula
Using Little's Law, one can calculate throughput with the equation:
where:
I is the number of units contained within the
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rationality%20theorem
|
The rationality theorem is a theory introduced by political scientist Graham Allison in his book, Essence of Decision: Explaining the Cuban Missile Crisis. His definition of the rationality theorem states: There exists no pattern of activity for which an imaginative analyst cannot write a large number of objective functions such that the pattern of activity maximizes each function.
Allison uses the theorem to attack any social science analysis that assumes a measure of rationality on the part of the actors.
Political science theories
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seeligerite
|
Seeligerite is a rare complex lead chloride iodate mineral with formula: Pb3Cl3(IO3)O. It is a yellow mineral crystallizing in the orthorhombic system. It has perfect to good cleavage in two directions and a quite high specific gravity of 6.83 due to the lead content. It is translucent to transparent with refractive indices of nα=2.120 nβ=2.320 nγ=2.320.
It was first reported in 1971 from the Casucha Mine, Sierra Gorda, Antofagasta Region, Chile.
References
Lead minerals
Oxide minerals
Iodates
Orthorhombic minerals
Minerals in space group 20
Oxychlorides
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturalis%20Biodiversity%20Center
|
Naturalis Biodiversity Center () is a national museum of natural history and a research center on biodiversity in Leiden, Netherlands. It was named the European Museum of the Year 2021.
Although its current name and organization are relatively recent, the history of Naturalis can be traced back to the early 1800s. Its collection includes approximately 42 million specimens, making it one of the largest natural history collections in the world.
History
The beginnings of Naturalis go back to the creation of the Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie (abbreviated RMNH, National Museum of Natural History) by Dutch King William I on August 9, 1820. In 1878, the geological and mineralogical collections of the museum were split off into a separate museum, remaining distinct until the merger of the Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie with the Rijksmuseum van Geologie en Mineralogie (abbreviated RGM) in 1984, to form the Nationaal Natuurhistorisch Museum (NNM) or National Museum of Natural History.
In 1986, it was decided that the institution should become a public museum, and a new building was designed by the Dutch architect Fons Verheijen. The building's reception area incorporated the 1657-1661 Pesthuis, designed by Huybert Corneliszoon van Duyvenvlucht. Completed in 1998, it was opened on April 7, 1998, by Queen Beatrix of the Netherlands. The new building costs were about €60 million, making it the second most expensive museum building in the Netherlands.
In 2010 the National M
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blocks%20world
|
The blocks world is a planning domain in artificial intelligence. The algorithm is similar to a set of wooden blocks of various shapes and colors sitting on a table. The goal is to build one or more vertical stacks of blocks. Only one block may be moved at a time: it may either be placed on the table or placed atop another block. Because of this, any blocks that are, at a given time, under another block cannot be moved. Moreover, some kinds of blocks cannot have other blocks stacked on top of them.
The simplicity of this toy world lends itself readily to classical symbolic artificial intelligence approaches, in which the world is modeled as a set of abstract symbols which may be reasoned about.
Motivation
Artificial Intelligence can be researched in theory and with practical applications. The problem with most practical application is, that the engineers don't know how to program an AI system. Instead of rejecting the challenge at all the idea is to invent an easy to solve domain which is called a toy problem. Toy problems were invented with the aim to program an AI which can solve it. The blocks world domain is an example for a toy problem. Its major advantage over more realistic AI applications is, that many algorithms and software programs are available which can handle the situation. This allows to compare different theories against each other.
In its basic form, the blocks world problem consists of cubes in the same size which have all the color black. A mechanical r
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstitium
|
The interstitium is a contiguous fluid-filled space existing between a structural barrier, such as a cell membrane or the skin, and internal structures, such as organs, including muscles and the circulatory system. The fluid in this space is called interstitial fluid, comprises water and solutes, and drains into the lymph system. The interstitial compartment is composed of connective and supporting tissues within the body – called the extracellular matrix – that are situated outside the blood and lymphatic vessels and the parenchyma of organs.
Structure
The non-fluid parts of the interstitium are predominantly collagen types I, III, and V, elastin, and glycosaminoglycans, such as hyaluronan and proteoglycans that are cross-linked to form a honeycomb-like reticulum. Such structural components exist both for the general interstitium of the body, and within individual organs, such as the myocardial interstitium of the heart, the renal interstitium of the kidney, and the pulmonary interstitium of the lung.
The interstitium in the submucosae of visceral organs, the dermis, superficial fascia, and perivascular adventitia are fluid-filled spaces supported by a collagen bundle lattice. The fluid spaces communicate with draining lymph nodes though they do not have lining cells or structures of lymphatic channels.
Functions
The interstitial fluid is a reservoir and transportation system for nutrients and solutes distributing among organs, cells, and capillaries, for signaling molecu
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerebral%20perfusion%20pressure
|
Cerebral perfusion pressure, or CPP, is the net pressure gradient causing cerebral blood flow to the brain (brain perfusion). It must be maintained within narrow limits because too little pressure could cause brain tissue to become ischemic (having inadequate blood flow), and too much could raise intracranial pressure (ICP).
Definitions
The cranium encloses a fixed-volume space that holds three components: blood, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and very soft tissue (the brain). While both the blood and CSF have poor compression capacity, the brain is easily compressible.
Every increase of ICP can cause a change in tissue perfusion and an increase in stroke events.
From resistance
CPP can be defined as the pressure gradient causing cerebral blood flow (CBF) such that
where:
CVR is cerebrovascular resistance
By intracranial pressure
An alternative definition of CPP is:
where:
MAP is mean arterial pressure
ICP is intracranial pressure
JVP is jugular venous pressure
This definition may be more appropriate if considering the circulatory system in the brain as a Starling resistor, where an external pressure (in this case, the intracranial pressure) causes decreased blood flow through the vessels. In this sense, more specifically, the cerebral perfusion pressure can be defined as either:
(if ICP is higher than JVP)
or
(if JVP is higher than ICP).
Physiologically, increased intracranial pressure (ICP) causes decreased blood perfusion of brain cells by mainly two mechan
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choked%20flow
|
Choked flow is a compressible flow effect. The parameter that becomes "choked" or "limited" is the fluid velocity.
Choked flow is a fluid dynamic condition associated with the Venturi effect. When a flowing fluid at a given pressure and temperature passes through a constriction (such as the throat of a convergent-divergent nozzle or a valve in a pipe) into a lower pressure environment the fluid velocity increases. At initially subsonic upstream conditions, the conservation of energy principle requires the fluid velocity to increase as it flows through the smaller cross-sectional area of the constriction. At the same time, the venturi effect causes the static pressure, and therefore the density, to decrease at the constriction. Choked flow is a limiting condition where the mass flow will not increase with a further decrease in the downstream pressure environment for a fixed upstream pressure and temperature.
For homogeneous fluids, the physical point at which the choking occurs for adiabatic conditions, is when the exit plane velocity is at sonic conditions; i.e., at a Mach number of 1. At choked flow, the mass flow rate can be increased only by increasing density upstream and at the choke point.
The choked flow of gases is useful in many engineering applications because the mass flow rate is independent of the downstream pressure, and depends only on the temperature and pressure and hence the density of the gas on the upstream side of the restriction. Under choked condit
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISIC
|
ISIC may refer to:
International Space Innovation Centre, a facility of the UK Space Agency
International Standard Industrial Classification, a United Nations industry classification system
International Student Identity Card, an internationally accepted proof of student status
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United%20Nations%20Statistics%20Division
|
The United Nations Statistics Division (UNSD), formerly the United Nations Statistical Office, serves under the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs (DESA) as the central mechanism within the Secretariat of the United Nations to supply the statistical needs and coordinating activities of the global statistical system. The Division is overseen by the United Nations Statistical Commission, established in 1947, as the apex entity of the global statistical system and highest decision making body for coordinating international statistical activities. It brings together the Chief Statisticians from member states from around the world.
The Division compiles and disseminates global statistical information, develops standards and norms for statistical activities, and supports countries' efforts to strengthen their national statistical systems.
The Division regularly publishes data updates, including the Statistical Yearbook and World Statistics Pocketbook, and books and reports on statistics and statistical methods. Many of the Division's databases are also available at its site (See below), as electronic publications and data files in the form of CD-ROMs, diskettes and magnetic tapes, or as printed publications. UNdata, a new internet-based data service for the global user community brings UN Statistical databases within easy reach of users through a single entry point. Users can search and download a variety of statistical resources of the UN system.
Director
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midland%20Railway%202228%20Class
|
The Midland Railway 2228 Class was a class of 0-4-4T side tank steam locomotive designed by Samuel Johnson. They were given the power classification 1P.
Overview
They were a follow-on to the 1823 class of 1889–1893, and were the Midland's last order of 0-4-4T locomotive, though the LMS did build some class 2 0-4-4Ts in 1932/3.
A total of fifty were built: two batches of twenty from Dübs and Company of Glasgow, were separated by an order of 10 from Derby Works.
All were in service at the 1907 renumbering, and all passed to the London, Midland and Scottish Railway at the 1923 Grouping. Withdrawals started in 1930, and twenty locomotives were still in LMS stock at the end of 1947, to be inherited by British Railways.
Withdrawal
No. 1385 was withdrawn in January 1948, and in March the remaining nineteen (1382/89/90/96/97, 1402/06/11/13/16/20–26/29/30) were allocated the BR numbers 58073–58091, although four did not receive their BR numbers before their withdrawal. The last, 58087 was withdrawn in August 1960. All members of the class were scrapped.
References
2228
0-4-4T locomotives
Railway locomotives introduced in 1895
Standard gauge steam locomotives of Great Britain
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watchman%20route%20problem
|
The Watchman Problem is an optimization problem in computational geometry where the objective is to compute the shortest route a watchman should take to guard an entire area with obstacles given only a map of the area. The challenge is to make sure the watchman peeks behind every corner and to determine the best order in which corners should be visited in. The problem may be solved in polynomial time when the area to be guarded is a simple polygon. The problem is NP-hard for polygons with holes, but may be approximated in polynomial time by a solution whose length is within a polylogarithmic factor of optimal.
See also
Art gallery problem, which similarly involves viewing all points of a given area, but with multiple stationary watchmen
References
Geometric algorithms
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bauer%E2%80%93Fike%20theorem
|
In mathematics, the Bauer–Fike theorem is a standard result in the perturbation theory of the eigenvalue of a complex-valued diagonalizable matrix. In its substance, it states an absolute upper bound for the deviation of one perturbed matrix eigenvalue from a properly chosen eigenvalue of the exact matrix. Informally speaking, what it says is that the sensitivity of the eigenvalues is estimated by the condition number of the matrix of eigenvectors.
The theorem was proved by Friedrich L. Bauer and C. T. Fike in 1960.
The setup
In what follows we assume that:
is a diagonalizable matrix;
is the non-singular eigenvector matrix such that , where is a diagonal matrix.
If is invertible, its condition number in -norm is denoted by and defined by:
The Bauer–Fike Theorem
Bauer–Fike Theorem. Let be an eigenvalue of . Then there exists such that:
Proof. We can suppose , otherwise take and the result is trivially true since . Since is an eigenvalue of , we have and so
However our assumption, , implies that: and therefore we can write:
This reveals to be an eigenvalue of
Since all -norms are consistent matrix norms we have where is an eigenvalue of . In this instance this gives us:
But is a diagonal matrix, the -norm of which is easily computed:
whence:
An Alternate Formulation
The theorem can also be reformulated to better suit numerical methods. In fact, dealing with real eigensystem problems, one often has an exact matrix , but knows only an approximate eig
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourier%20number
|
In the study of heat conduction, the Fourier number, is the ratio of time, , to a characteristic time scale for heat diffusion, . This dimensionless group is named in honor of J.B.J. Fourier, who formulated the modern understanding of heat conduction. The time scale for diffusion characterizes the time needed for heat to diffuse over a distance, . For a medium with thermal diffusivity, , this time scale is , so that the Fourier number is . The Fourier number is often denoted as or .
The Fourier number can also be used in the study of mass diffusion, in which the thermal diffusivity is replaced by the mass diffusivity.
The Fourier number is used in analysis of time-dependent transport phenomena, generally in conjunction with the Biot number if convection is present. The Fourier number arises naturally in nondimensionalization of the heat equation.
Definition
The general definition of the Fourier number, , is:
For heat diffusion with a characteristic length scale in a medium of thermal diffusivity , the diffusion time scale is , so that
where:
is the thermal diffusivity (m2/s)
is the time (s)
is the characteristic length through which conduction occurs (m)
Interpretation of the Fourier number
Consider transient heat conduction in a slab of thickness that is initially at a uniform temperature, . One side of the slab is heated to higher temperature, , at time . The other side is adiabatic. The time needed for the other side of the object to show significant t
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potency
|
Potency may refer to:
Potency (pharmacology), a measure of the activity of a drug in a biological system
Virility
Cell potency, a measure of the differentiation potential of stem cells
In homeopathic dilutions, potency is a measure of how dilute a substance is
Potency in philosophy is a specific potentiality in Aristotle's Theory of Potentiality and actuality, or "Act and Potency"; e.g., since the material, stone, is potentially a statue, it has a potency for statuehood, of which the form of any statue is the "act"
See also
Potent (disambiguation)
Potens (disambiguation)
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cometabolism
|
Cometabolism is defined as the simultaneous degradation of two compounds, in which the degradation of the second compound (the secondary substrate) depends on the presence of the first compound (the primary substrate). This is in contrast to simultaneous catabolism, where each substrate is catabolized concomitantly by different enzymes. Cometabolism occurs when an enzyme produced by an organism to catalyze the degradation of its growth-substrate to derive energy and carbon from it is also capable of degrading additional compounds. The fortuitous degradation of these additional compounds does not support the growth of the bacteria, and some of these compounds can even be toxic in certain concentrations to the bacteria.
The first report of this phenomenon was the degradation of ethane by the species Pseudomonas methanica. These bacteria degrade their growth-substrate methane with the enzyme methane monooxygenase (MMO). MMO was discovered to be capable of degrading ethane and propane, although the bacteria were unable to use these compounds as energy and carbon sources to grow.
Another example is Mycobacterium vaccae, which uses an alkane monooxygenase enzyme to oxidize propane. Accidentally, this enzyme also oxidizes, at no additional cost for M. vaccae, cyclohexane into cyclohexanol. Thus, cyclohexane is co-metabolized in the presence of propane. This allows for the commensal growth of Pseudomonas on cyclohexane. The latter can metabolize cyclohexanol, but not cyclohexane.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Days%20of%20Wild
|
"Days of Wild" is a song by Prince and The New Power Generation, first commercially released in 1998 on the triple-album Crystal Ball and then later as a digital single in 2002. It was written by Prince in early 1994 after his name change to an unpronounceable symbol. The song is regarded as one of Prince's first legitimate successes at rapping and is both an ode to and criticism of gangsta rap. Strong language and cursing is used throughout the track, but it ultimately elevates women with lyrics such as "A woman everyday should be thanked, not disrespected, not raped or spanked". "Days of Wild" is pure funk, relying heavily on bass guitar as well as the organ and samplers to create an infectious groove. The song contains an interpolation of Duke Ellington's 'Caravan'.
"Days of Wild" was premiered live in concert in February 1994 along with other new material to promote Prince's new on-stage persona, performing all new material. Shortly thereafter, the studio version of this song and others were played as a promotion on European radio stations and began circulating among collectors. "Days of Wild" became a crowd favorite at concerts, despite it never being officially released. The song was originally to be released on 1995's The Gold Experience but ended up being pulled for unknown reasons. Comments by Prince and associates suggest that he may have simply been dissatisfied with the studio version, which pales in comparison to live performances.
A live performance of the son
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipoxygenase
|
Lipoxygenases () are a family of (non-heme) iron-containing enzymes most of which catalyze the dioxygenation of polyunsaturated fatty acids in lipids containing a cis,cis-1,4-pentadiene into cell signaling agents that serve diverse roles as autocrine signals that regulate the function of their parent cells, paracrine signals that regulate the function of nearby cells, and endocrine signals that regulate the function of distant cells.
The lipoxygenases are related to each other based upon their similar genetic structure and dioxygenation activity. However, one lipoxygenase, ALOXE3, while having a lipoxygenase genetic structure, possesses relatively little dioxygenation activity; rather its primary activity appears to be as an isomerase that catalyzes the conversion of hydroperoxy unsaturated fatty acids to their 1,5-epoxide, hydroxyl derivatives.
Lipoxygenases are found in eukaryotes (plants, fungi, animals, protists); while the third domain of terrestrial life, the archaea, possesses proteins with a slight (~20%) amino acid sequence similarity to lipoxygenases, these proteins lack iron-binding residues and therefore are not projected to possess lipoxygenase activity.
Biochemistry
Based on detailed analyses of 15-lipoxygenase 1 and stabilized 5-lipoxygenase, lipoxygenase structures consist of a 15 kilodalton N-terminal beta barrel domain, a small (e.g. ~0.6 kilodalton) linker inter-domain (see ), and a relatively large C-terminal catalytic domain which contains the non-hem
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proportional-fair%20scheduling
|
Proportional-fair scheduling is a compromise-based scheduling algorithm. It is based upon maintaining a balance between two competing interests: Trying to maximize the total throughput of the network (wired or not) while at the same time allowing all users at least a minimal level of service. This is done by assigning each data flow a data rate or a scheduling priority (depending on the implementation) that is inversely proportional to its anticipated resource consumption.
Weighted fair queuing
Proportionally fair scheduling can be achieved by means of weighted fair queuing (WFQ), by setting the scheduling weights for data flow to , where the cost is the amount of consumed resources per data bit. For instance:
In CDMA spread spectrum cellular networks, the cost may be the required energy per bit in the transmit power control (the increased interference level).
In wireless communication with link adaptation, the cost may be the required time to transmit a certain number of bits using the modulation and error coding scheme that this required. An example of this is EVDO networks, where reported SNR is used as the primary costing factor.
In wireless networks with fast Dynamic Channel Allocation, the cost may be the number of nearby base station sites that can not use the same frequency channel simultaneously, in view to avoid co-channel interference.
User prioritization
Another way to schedule data transfer that leads to similar results is through the use of prioritization
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PCP%20theorem
|
In computational complexity theory, the PCP theorem (also known as the PCP characterization theorem) states that every decision problem in the NP complexity class has probabilistically checkable proofs (proofs that can be checked by a randomized algorithm) of constant query complexity and logarithmic randomness complexity (uses a logarithmic number of random bits).
The PCP theorem says that for some universal constant K, for every n, any mathematical proof for a statement of length n can be rewritten as a different proof of length poly(n) that is formally verifiable with 99% accuracy by a randomized algorithm that inspects only K letters of that proof.
The PCP theorem is the cornerstone of the theory of computational hardness of approximation, which investigates the inherent difficulty in designing efficient approximation algorithms for various optimization problems. It has been described by Ingo Wegener as "the most important result in complexity theory since Cook's theorem" and by Oded Goldreich as "a culmination of a sequence of impressive works […] rich in innovative ideas".
Formal statement
The PCP theorem states that
NP = PCP[O(log n), O(1)],
where PCP[r(n), q(n)] is the class of problems for which a probabilistically checkable proof of a solution can be given, such that the proof can be checked in polynomial time using r(n) bits of randomness and by reading q(n) bits of the proof, correct proofs are always accepted, and incorrect proofs are rejected with probabi
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asymptotic%20distribution
|
In mathematics and statistics, an asymptotic distribution is a probability distribution that is in a sense the "limiting" distribution of a sequence of distributions. One of the main uses of the idea of an asymptotic distribution is in providing approximations to the cumulative distribution functions of statistical estimators.
Definition
A sequence of distributions corresponds to a sequence of random variables Zi for i = 1, 2, ..., I . In the simplest case, an asymptotic distribution exists if the probability distribution of Zi converges to a probability distribution (the asymptotic distribution) as i increases: see convergence in distribution. A special case of an asymptotic distribution is when the sequence of random variables is always zero or Zi = 0 as i approaches infinity. Here the asymptotic distribution is a degenerate distribution, corresponding to the value zero.
However, the most usual sense in which the term asymptotic distribution is used arises where the random variables Zi are modified by two sequences of non-random values. Thus if
converges in distribution to a non-degenerate distribution for two sequences {ai} and {bi} then Zi is said to have that distribution as its asymptotic distribution. If the distribution function of the asymptotic distribution is F then, for large n, the following approximations hold
If an asymptotic distribution exists, it is not necessarily true that any one outcome of the sequence of random variables is a convergent sequence of
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embryonal%20carcinoma
|
Embryonal carcinoma is a relatively uncommon type of germ cell tumour that occurs in the ovaries and testes.
Signs and symptoms
The presenting features may be a palpable testicular mass or asymmetric testicular enlargement in some cases. The tumour may present as signs and symptoms relating to the presence of widespread metastases, without any palpable lump in the testis. The clinical features associated with metastasising embryonal carcinoma may include low back pain, dyspnoea, cough, haemoptysis, haematemesis and neurologic abnormalities.
Males with pure embryonal carcinoma tend to have a normal amount of the protein alpha-fetoprotein in the fluid component of their blood. The finding of elevated amounts of alpha-fetoprotein is more suggestive of a mixed germ cell tumour, with the alpha-fetoprotein being released by the yolk sac tumour component.
Diagnosis
The gross examination usually shows a two to three centimetre pale grey, poorly defined tumour with associated haemorrhage and necrosis.
The microscopic features include: indistinct cell borders, mitoses, a variable architecture (tubulopapillary, glandular, solid, embryoid bodies – ball of cells surrounded by empty space on three sides), nuclear overlap, and necrosis.
Solid (55%), glandular (17%), and papillary (11%) are the most common primary patterns (predominant architectural pattern occupying at least 50%). Other less common primary patterns included nested (3%), micropapillary (2%), anastomosing glandular (
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental%20Change%20Network
|
The Environmental Change Network (ECN) was established in 1992 by the Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) to monitor long-term environmental change and its effects on ecosystems at a series of sites throughout Great Britain and Northern Ireland. Measurements made include a wide range of physical, chemical and biological variables.
See also
Climate change
External links
Environmental Change Network website
Environment of the United Kingdom
Natural Environment Research Council
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torelli%20theorem
|
In mathematics, the Torelli theorem, named after Ruggiero Torelli, is a classical result of algebraic geometry over the complex number field, stating that a non-singular projective algebraic curve (compact Riemann surface) C is determined by its Jacobian variety J(C), when the latter is given in the form of a principally polarized abelian variety. In other words, the complex torus J(C), with certain 'markings', is enough to recover C. The same statement holds over any algebraically closed field. From more precise information on the constructed isomorphism of the curves it follows that if the canonically principally polarized Jacobian varieties of curves of genus are k-isomorphic for k any perfect field, so are the curves.
This result has had many important extensions. It can be recast to read that a certain natural morphism, the period mapping, from the moduli space of curves of a fixed genus, to a moduli space of abelian varieties, is injective (on geometric points). Generalizations are in two directions. Firstly, to geometric questions about that morphism, for example the local Torelli theorem. Secondly, to other period mappings. A case that has been investigated deeply is for K3 surfaces (by Viktor S. Kulikov, Ilya Pyatetskii-Shapiro, Igor Shafarevich and Fedor Bogomolov) and hyperkähler manifolds (by Misha Verbitsky, Eyal Markman and Daniel Huybrechts).
Notes
References
Algebraic curves
Abelian varieties
Moduli theory
Theorems in complex geometry
Theorems in alg
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antimony%20trioxide%20%28data%20page%29
|
This page provides supplementary chemical data on antimony trioxide.
Also known as Sb2O3. It has a melting point of 656 °C, and a boiling point of 1550 °C. It is a Cubic Crystal Structure with a
density of 5.2G/Cm3
Material Safety Data Sheet
MSDS from SIRI
Structure and properties
Thermodynamic properties
Spectral data
References
Chemical data pages
Chemical data pages cleanup
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cue%20validity
|
Cue validity is the conditional probability that an object falls in a particular category given a particular feature or cue. The term was popularized by , and especially by Eleanor Rosch in her investigations of the acquisition of so-called basic categories (;).
Definition of cue validity
Formally, the cue validity of a feature with respect to category has been defined in the following ways:
As the conditional probability ; see , , .
As the deviation of the conditional probability from the category base rate, ; see , .
As a function of the linear correlation; see , , , .
Other definitions; see , .
For the definitions based on probability, a high cue validity for a given feature means that the feature or attribute is more diagnostic of the class membership than a feature with low cue validity. Thus, a high-cue validity feature is one which conveys more information about the category or class variable, and may thus be considered as more useful for identifying objects as belonging to that category. Thus, high cue validity expresses high feature informativeness. For the definitions based on linear correlation, the expression of "informativeness" captured by the cue validity measure is not the full expression of the feature's informativeness (as in mutual information, for example), but only that portion of its informativeness that is expressed in a linear relationship. For some purposes, a bilateral measure such as the mutual information or category utility is more appro
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Procedure%20code
|
Procedure codes are a sub-type of medical classification used to identify specific surgical, medical, or diagnostic interventions. The structure of the codes will depend on the classification; for example some use a numerical system, others alphanumeric.
Examples of procedure codes
International
International Classification of Primary Care (ICPC-2), as well as procedure codes; ICPC-2 also contains diagnosis codes, reasons for encounter (RFE), and process of care.
International Classification of Procedures in Medicine (ICPM) and International Classification of Health Interventions (ICHI)
SNOMED CT
North American
Canadian Classification of Health Interventions (CCI) (used in Canada. Replaced CCP.)
Current Dental Terminology (CDT)
Healthcare Common Procedure Coding System (including Current Procedural Terminology) (for outpatient use; used in United States)
ICD-10 Procedure Coding System (ICD-10-PCS) (for inpatient use; used in United States)
ICD-9-CM Volume 3 (subset of ICD-9-CM) (formerly used in United States prior to the introduction of the ICD-10-PCS)
Nursing Interventions Classification (NIC) (used in United States)
Nursing Minimum Data Set (NMDS)
Nursing Outcomes Classification (NOC)
European
Classification des Actes Médicaux (CCAM) (used in France)
Classificatie van verrichtingen (Dutch)
Gebührenordnung für Ärzte (GOÄ) (Germany)
Nomenclature des prestations de santé de l'institut national d'assurance maladie invalidité (Belgium)
NOMESCO, the Nordic
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valiant%E2%80%93Vazirani%20theorem
|
The Valiant–Vazirani theorem is a theorem in computational complexity theory stating that if there is a polynomial time algorithm for Unambiguous-SAT, then NP = RP. It was proven by Leslie Valiant and Vijay Vazirani in their paper titled NP is as easy as detecting unique solutions published in 1986. The proof is based on the Mulmuley–Vazirani–Vazirani isolation lemma, which was subsequently used for a number of important applications in theoretical computer science.
The Valiant–Vazirani theorem implies that the Boolean satisfiability problem, which is NP-complete, remains a computationally hard problem even if the input instances are promised to have at most one satisfying assignment.
Proof outline
Unambiguous-SAT is the promise problem of deciding whether a given Boolean formula that has at most one satisfying assignment is unsatisfiable or has exactly one satisfying assignment. In the first case, an algorithm for Unambiguous-SAT should reject, and in the second it should accept the formula.
If the formula has more than one satisfying assignment, then there is no condition on the behavior of the algorithm.
The promise problem Unambiguous-SAT can be decided by a nondeterministic Turing machine that has at most one accepting computation path. In this sense, this promise problem belongs to the complexity class UP (which is usually only defined for languages).
The proof of the Valiant–Vazirani theorem consists of a probabilistic reduction from SAT to SAT such that, with prob
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICD-9-CM%20Volume%203
|
ICD-9-CM Volume 3 is a system of procedural codes used by health insurers to classify medical procedures for billing purposes. It is a subset of the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD) 9-CM.
Volumes 1 and 2 are used for diagnostic codes.
Main sections
(00) Procedures and interventions, not elsewhere classified
() Procedures and interventions, not elsewhere classified
() Procedures on blood vessels
() Percutaneous angioplasty or atherectomy of precerebral (extracranial) vessel(s)
(01–05) Operations on the nervous system
() Incision and excision of skull, brain, and cerebral meninges
() Craniotomy and craniectomy
() Incision of brain and cerebral meninges
() Lobotomy and tractotomy
() Other excision or destruction of brain and meninges
() Hemispherectomy
() Other operations on skull, brain, and cerebral meninges
() Ventriculostomy
() Operations on spinal cord and spinal canal structures
() Exploration and decompression of spinal canal structures
() Other exploration and decompression of spinal canal
Laminectomy
() Division of intraspinal nerve root
Rhizotomy
() Chordotomy
() Diagnostic procedures on spinal cord and spinal canal structures
() Spinal tap
() Operations on cranial and other nerves
() Incision, division, and excision of cranial and other nerves
() Gasserian ganglionectomy
() Other cranial or peripheral ganglionectomy
() Injection into a nerve
() Injection of anesthetic into a nerve for analgesia
() Operatio
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virokine
|
Virokines are proteins encoded by some large DNA viruses that are secreted by the host cell and serve to evade the host's immune system. Such proteins are referred to as virokines if they resemble cytokines, growth factors, or complement regulators; the term viroceptor is sometimes used if the proteins resemble cellular receptors. A third class of virally encoded immunomodulatory proteins consists of proteins that bind directly to cytokines. Due to the immunomodulatory properties of these proteins, they have been proposed as potentially therapeutically relevant to autoimmune diseases.
Mechanism
The primary mechanism of virokine interference with immune signaling is thought to be competitive inhibition of the binding of host signaling molecules to their target receptors. Virokines occupy binding sites on host receptors, thereby inhibiting access by signaling molecules. Viroceptors mimic host receptors and thus divert signaling molecules from finding their targets. Cytokine-binding proteins bind to and sequester cytokines, occluding the binding surface through which they interact with receptors. The effect is to attenuate and subvert host immune response.
Discovery
The term "virokine" was coined by National Institutes of Health virologist Bernard Moss. The early 1990s saw several reports of virally encoded proteins with sequence homology to immune proteins, followed by reports of the cowpox and vaccinia viruses directly interfering with key immune regulator IL1B. The first id
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNA%20%28disambiguation%29
|
RNA stands for ribonucleic acid, a biological macromolecule.
RNA may also refer to:
Organisations
RNA Society, a scientific society
Religion Newswriters Association
Republic of New Afrika, a black nationalist community and political lobby group
Rochester Numismatic Association
Rohingya National Army
Romantic Novelists' Association
The Royal National Agricultural and Industrial Association of Queensland, organiser of the Ekka
The Royal Nepali Army, renamed the Nepali Army in 2008
Royal Neighbors of America, an American fraternal order
Other uses
RNA (journal), a scientific journal
Radio Nacional de Angola, Angola National Radio
Ripley and New Albany Railroad, a Mississippi shortline railroad
RNA Showgrounds, Brisbane
zh:RNA
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cauchy%27s%20equation
|
In optics, Cauchy's transmission equation is an empirical relationship between the refractive index and wavelength of light for a particular transparent material. It is named for the mathematician Augustin-Louis Cauchy, who defined it in 1837.
The equation
The most general form of Cauchy's equation is
where n is the refractive index, λ is the wavelength, A, B, C, etc., are coefficients that can be determined for a material by fitting the equation to measured refractive indices at known wavelengths. The coefficients are usually quoted for λ as the vacuum wavelength in micrometres.
Usually, it is sufficient to use a two-term form of the equation:
where the coefficients A and B are determined specifically for this form of the equation.
A table of coefficients for common optical materials is shown below:
The theory of light-matter interaction on which Cauchy based this equation was later found to be incorrect. In particular, the equation is only valid for regions of normal dispersion in the visible wavelength region. In the infrared, the equation becomes inaccurate, and it cannot represent regions of anomalous dispersion. Despite this, its mathematical simplicity makes it useful in some applications.
The Sellmeier equation is a later development of Cauchy's work that handles anomalously dispersive regions, and more accurately models a material's refractive index across the ultraviolet, visible, and infrared spectrum.
Humidity dependence for air
Cauchy's two-term equation
|
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.