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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CDC4
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CDC4 may refer to:
Cell division control protein 4
Saint-Quentin Aerodrome
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund%20Lodge
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Edmund Lodge, KH (1756–1839), herald, was a long-serving English officer of arms, a writer on heraldic subjects, and a compiler of short biographies.
Life and career
Lodge was born in Poland Street, London on 13 June 1756, the son of Edmund Lodge, rector of Carshalton, Surrey and his wife, Mary Garrard, daughter of Richard Garrard of Carshalton. Little is known of his education, but he briefly held a cornet's commission in the army, which he resigned in 1773. In 1782 he became Bluemantle Pursuivant of Arms in Ordinary at the College of Arms. He subsequently became Lancaster Herald of Arms in Ordinary, Norroy King of Arms, and Clarenceux King of Arms, in other words second in command of the college. In 1832, he was appointed Knight of the Hanoverian Royal Guelphic Order, but was not subsequently made a knight bachelor to entitle him to the prefix Sir, which often came with appointments to that order. He married Jane-Anne-Elizabeth Field (died May 1820) on 27 April 1808, but they had no children. He died at his house in Bloomsbury Square, London on 16 January 1839.
Publications
Lodge wrote Illustrations of British History, Biography, and Manners in the Reigns of Henry VIII, Edward VI, Mary, Elizabeth and James I (3 vols., 1791), which consisted of selections from the manuscripts of the Howard, Talbot and Cecil families preserved at the College of Arms. He also wrote Life of Sir Julius Caesar (2nd ed., 1827). He contributed the literary matter to Portraits of Illustrious Pe
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemopexin
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Hemopexin (or haemopexin; Hpx; Hx), also known as beta-1B-glycoprotein, is a glycoprotein that in humans is encoded by the HPX gene and belongs to the hemopexin family of proteins. Hemopexin is the plasma protein with the highest binding affinity for heme.
Hemoglobin itself circulating alone in the blood plasma (called free hemoglobin, as opposed to the hemoglobin situated in and circulating with the red blood cell.) will soon be oxidized into met-hemoglobin which then further disassociates into free heme along with globin chain. The free heme will then be oxidized into free met-heme and sooner or later the hemopexin will come to bind free met-heme together, forming a complex of met-heme and hemopexin, continuing their journey in the circulation until reaching a receptor, such as CD91, on hepatocytes or macrophages within the spleen, liver and bone marrow.
Hemopexin's arrival and subsequent binding to the free heme not only prevent heme's pro-oxidant and pro-inflammatory effects but also promotes free heme's detoxification.
Hemopexin is different from haptoglobin, the latter always binds to free hemoglobin. (See Haptoglobin § Differentiation with hemopexin)
Cloning, expression, and discovery
Takahashi et al. (1985) determined that human plasma hemopexin consists of a single polypeptide chain of 439 amino acids residues with six intrachain disulfide bridges and has a molecular mass of approximately 63 kD. The amino-terminal threonine residue is modified by a mucin-type O-
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cliff%20Gallup
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Clifton E. Gallup (June 17, 1930 – October 9, 1988) was an American guitarist. He was the lead guitarist for the rockabilly group Gene Vincent and the Blue Caps throughout the 1950s.
Biography
In February 1956, local radio DJ Sheriff Tex Davis (William Douchette, 1914–2007) heard Gene Vincent performing at a talent show in Norfolk, Virginia, became his manager, and assembled a band of local musicians to back him. The band included Gallup, who had previously played in a local band, the Virginians, and who was older than Vincent and most of the other band members. In May 1956, the band recorded in Nashville, Tennessee. Producer Ken Nelson had session musicians standing by in case the band was not up to par, but as soon as Gallup played the solos on "Race with the Devil" they knew they would not be needed.
Gallup played on 35 tracks with Vincent, including his biggest hit, "Be-Bop-A-Lula", and established a reputation as one of the most technically proficient guitarists in early rock and roll. As a married man, Gallup was reluctant to tour with Vincent, and left the band in late 1956, returning only for some more studio sessions that same year for the second LP by Vincent and His Blue Caps. In the mid-1960s Gallup made a solo album for the local Pussy Cat record label in Norfolk, Straight Down the Middle, in a more mellow instrumental style akin to that of Chet Atkins and Les Paul. Gallup occasionally played with local bands, while working in school maintenance. He played guit
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disaccharidase
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Disaccharidases are glycoside hydrolases, enzymes that break down certain types of sugars called disaccharides into simpler sugars called monosaccharides. In the human body, disaccharidases are made mostly in an area of the small intestine's wall called the brush border, making them members of the group of "brush border enzymes".
A genetic defect in one of these enzymes will cause a disaccharide intolerance, such as lactose intolerance or sucrose intolerance.
Examples of disaccharidases
Lactase (breaks down lactose into glucose and galactose)
Maltase (breaks down maltose into 2 glucoses)
Sucrase (breaks down sucrose into glucose and fructose)
Trehalase (breaks down trehalose into 2 glucoses)
For a thorough scientific overview of small-intestinal disaccharidases, one can consult chapter 75 of OMMBID. For more online resources and references, see inborn error of metabolism.
References
Further reading
EC 3.2.1
Glycobiology
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waldenstr%C3%B6m%20macroglobulinemia
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Waldenström macroglobulinemia ( , ) is a type of cancer affecting two types of B cells: lymphoplasmacytoid cells and plasma cells. Both cell types are white blood cells. It is characterized by having high levels of a circulating antibody, immunoglobulin M (IgM), which is made and secreted by the cells involved in the disease. Waldenström macroglobulinemia is an "indolent lymphoma" (i.e., one that tends to grow and spread slowly) and a type of lymphoproliferative disease which shares clinical characteristics with the indolent non-Hodgkin lymphomas. It is commonly classified as a form of plasma cell dyscrasia, similar to other plasma cell dyscrasias that, for example, lead to multiple myeloma. Waldenström macroglobulinemia is commonly preceded by two clinically asymptomatic but progressively more pre-malignant phases, IgM monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance and smoldering Waldenström macroglobulinemia. The Waldenström macroglobulinemia spectrum of dysplasias differs from other spectrums of plasma cell dyscrasias in that it involves not only aberrant plasma cells but also aberrant lymphoplasmacytoid cells and that it involves IgM while other plasma dyscrasias involve other antibody isoforms.
Waldenström macroglobulinemia is a rare disease, with only about 1,500 cases per year in the United States. It occurs more frequently in older adults. While the disease is incurable, it is treatable. Because of its indolent nature, many patients are able to lead active live
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head%20direction%20cell
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Head direction (HD) cells are neurons found in a number of brain regions that increase their firing rates above baseline levels only when the animal's head points in a specific direction. They have been reported in rats, monkeys, mice, chinchillas and bats, but are thought to be common to all mammals, perhaps all vertebrates and perhaps even some invertebrates, and to underlie the "sense of direction". When the animal's head is facing in the cell's "preferred firing direction" these neurons fire at a steady rate (i.e., they do not show adaptation), but firing decreases back to baseline rates as the animal's head turns away from the preferred direction (usually about 45° away from this direction).
HD cells are found in many brain areas, including the cortical regions of postsubiculum (also known as the dorsal presubiculum), retrosplenial cortex, and entorhinal cortex, and subcortical regions including the thalamus (the anterior dorsal and the lateral dorsal thalamic nuclei), lateral mammillary nucleus, dorsal tegmental nucleus and striatum. It is thought that the cortical head direction cells process information about the environment, while the subcortical ones process information about angular head movements.
A striking characteristic of HD cells is that in most brain regions they maintain the same relative preferred firing directions, even if the animal is moved to a different room, or if landmarks are moved. This has suggested that the cells interact so as to maintain a u
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quickselect
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In computer science, quickselect is a selection algorithm to find the kth smallest element in an unordered list, also known as the kth order statistic. Like the related quicksort sorting algorithm, it was developed by Tony Hoare, and thus is also known as Hoare's selection algorithm. Like quicksort, it is efficient in practice and has good average-case performance, but has poor worst-case performance. Quickselect and its variants are the selection algorithms most often used in efficient real-world implementations.
Quickselect uses the same overall approach as quicksort, choosing one element as a pivot and partitioning the data in two based on the pivot, accordingly as less than or greater than the pivot. However, instead of recursing into both sides, as in quicksort, quickselect only recurses into one side – the side with the element it is searching for. This reduces the average complexity from to , with a worst case of .
As with quicksort, quickselect is generally implemented as an in-place algorithm, and beyond selecting the th element, it also partially sorts the data. See selection algorithm for further discussion of the connection with sorting.
Algorithm
In quicksort, there is a subprocedure called partition that can, in linear time, group a list (ranging from indices left to right) into two parts: those less than a certain element, and those greater than or equal to the element. Here is pseudocode that performs a partition about the element list[pivotIndex]:
func
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bingel%20reaction
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The Bingel reaction in fullerene chemistry is a fullerene cyclopropanation reaction to a methanofullerene first discovered by C. Bingel in 1993 with the bromo derivative of diethyl malonate in the presence of a base such as sodium hydride or DBU. The preferred double bonds for this reaction on the fullerene surface are the shorter bonds at the junctions of two hexagons (6-6 bonds) and the driving force is relief of steric strain.
The reaction is of importance in the field of chemistry because it allows the introduction of useful extensions to the fullerene sphere. These extensions alter their properties, for instance solubility and electrochemical behavior, and therefore widen the range of potential technical applications.
Reaction mechanism
The reaction mechanism for this reaction is as follows: a base abstracts the acidic malonate proton generating a carbanion or enolate which reacts with the electron deficient fullerene double bond in a nucleophilic addition. This in turn generates a carbanion which displaces bromine in a nucleophilic aliphatic substitution in an intramolecular ring cyclopropane ring closure.
Scope
The Bingel reaction is a popular method in fullerene chemistry. The malonate (functionalized with the halide atom) is often obtained in situ in a mixture of base and tetrabromomethane or iodine. The reaction is also known to take place with the ester groups replaced by alkyne groups in dialkynylmethanofullerenes.
An alternative to the Bingel reaction is a
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy%20derivative
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An energy derivative is a derivative contract based on (derived from) an underlying energy asset, such as natural gas, crude oil, or electricity. Energy derivatives are exotic derivatives and include exchange-traded contracts such as futures and options, and over-the-counter (i.e., privately negotiated) derivatives such as forwards, swaps and options. Major players in the energy derivative markets include major trading houses, oil companies, utilities, and financial institutions.
Energy derivatives were criticized after the 2008 financial crisis, with critics pointing out that the market artificially inflates the price of oil and other energy providers.
Definition
The basic building blocks for all derivative contracts are futures contracts and swaps contracts. In energy markets, these are traded on the New York Mercantile Exchange NYMEX, in Tokyo TOCOM and online through the IntercontinentalExchange.
Futures contracts
A futures contract is an agreement to buy or sell a commodity (for example, crude oil) at a specified price on a defined date in the future. The investor who agrees to buy the commodity is in a "long" position with respect to the commodity; the investor who agrees to sell is in a "short" position. The specified price, known as the delivery price, is agreed on the date the agreement is struck, together with volume, duration, and the underlying commodity. For example, in 2012 NYMEX futures contracts for light, sweet crude oil were based on delivery of 1,000 ba
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Total%20body%20irradiation
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Total body irradiation (TBI) is a form of radiotherapy used primarily as part of the preparative regimen for haematopoietic stem cell (or bone marrow) transplantation. As the name implies, TBI involves irradiation of the entire body, though in modern practice the lungs are often partially shielded to lower the risk of radiation-induced lung injury. Total body irradiation in the setting of bone marrow transplantation serves to destroy or suppress the recipient's immune system, preventing immunologic rejection of transplanted donor bone marrow or blood stem cells. Additionally, high doses of total body irradiation can eradicate residual cancer cells in the transplant recipient, increasing the likelihood that the transplant will be successful.
Dosage
Doses of total body irradiation used in bone marrow transplantation typically range from 10 to >12 Gy. For reference, an unfractionated (i.e. single exposure) dose of 4.5 Gy is fatal in 50% of exposed individuals without aggressive medical care. The 10-12 Gy is typically delivered across multiple fractions to minimise toxicities to the patient.
Early research in bone marrow transplantation by E. Donnall Thomas and colleagues demonstrated that this process of splitting TBI into multiple smaller doses resulted in lower toxicity and better outcomes than delivering a single, large dose. The time interval between fractions allows other normal tissues some time to repair some of the damage caused. However, the dosing is still high enoug
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LXD%20Incorporated
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LXD, Incorporated is one of the first Liquid Crystal Display manufacturers in the world. The company, headquartered in Cleveland, Ohio, has factories in the United States and China.
History
LXD, Incorporated was founded as ILIXCO (International Liquid Xtal Company) by James Fergason in 1968 in Kent, Ohio and was the first manufacturer of the twisted nematic LCD. ILIXCO became cash strapped while trying to break into the display market with watch and large instrument displays, and it was purchased by then customer DICKEY-john Corp in 1974. John Lamphier III, owner of DICKEY-john Corp, renamed the company Liquid Xtal Displays Inc. and later sold the company to the Electronic Components Division of General Electric in September 1979.
In December 1983, the company was purchased by Dr. Hugh Mailer, who shortened the name to LXD, Incorporated. In 1986, majority ownership of LXD was acquired by a Norwegian company, LCDVision.
In July 1994, the company became a subsidiary of the Brenlin Group.
In 1996, James Fergason's son Jeffrey Fergason formed a new company using the Ilixco name. The new Ilixco is a holding company that owns controlling interests in IO Display Systems and Razor Digital Entertainment.
In January 2008, the company was acquired by current management. A joint venture between Jiya-LXD in China was established.
In September 2010, LXD announced the opening of a new facility in Research Triangle, North Carolina.
External links
Official website
Electronics com
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Gene%20Generation
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The Gene Generation is a 2007 biopunk science fiction action film about an assassin who battles DNA hackers. The film was directed by Pearry Reginald Teo, and stars Bai Ling, Parry Shen, Faye Dunaway, and Alec Newman.
Synopsis
The story revolves around Michelle, an assassin who navigates the challenges of battling DNA Hackers, individuals who utilize their skills to gain unauthorized access to people's bodies with fatal outcomes. Alongside her personal struggles with past demons, Michelle also bears the responsibility of keeping her younger brother, Jackie, from falling prey to trouble. Unfortunately, Jackie becomes involved in a robbery, propelling him into a dark world of underground trades that involves DNA Hackers, Loan Sharks, and Gang Fights. Despite Michelle's efforts to keep him away from such vices, Jackie's desire for respect leads him deeper into the dangerous world. Michelle, on the other hand, has always desired a peaceful existence away from the city. As the siblings face multiple challenges, including gunfights, they must navigate their way through an immoral world while holding on to the hope that love can conquer all and that family bonds are unbreakable.
Cast
Bai Ling – Michelle
Parry Shen – Jackie
Alec Newman – Christian
Michael Shamus Wiles – Solemn
Faye Dunaway – Josephine Hayden
Robert David Hall – Abraham
Rebecca Parisi – Julianne
Tom Choi – Dad
Visual effects
Shero Rauf – 3D lead artist
Dobri Georgiev – lead CGI artist
Milen Jeliazkov – 2D lead arti
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plectasin
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Plectasin is an antibiotic protein from the mushroom Pseudoplectania nigrella. It was initially discovered in 2005 and commercialised by Novozymes. Plectasin belongs to the antimicrobial peptide class called fungal defensins, which is also present in invertebrates such as flies and mussels.
Clinical trials
Pre-clinical tests in mice have shown promising results in that multiresistant bacteria have problems mutating resistance against plectasin, which acts by directly binding the bacterial cell-wall precursor Lipid II.
At the end of 2008, Novozymes signed a global licensing agreement with Sanofi-Aventis for the further development and marketing of NZ2114, a derivative of plectasin, as a treatment for gram-positive bacterial infections, e.g. Streptococcus and Staphylococcus which are resistant to all existing antibiotics.
References
Antibiotics
Peptides
Defensins
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy%20G.%20Mills
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Billy Gene Mills (born November 19, 1929) is a retired Los Angeles Superior Court judge and a former Los Angeles City Council member, serving from 1963 to 1974. He was one of the first three African-Americans elected to the council.
Biography
Mills was born on November 19, 1929, in Waco, Texas, the son of Roosevelt Mills of Marshall, Texas, and Jenye Vive Mills, also of Texas. He went to A.J. Moore High School in Waco, where he was captain and quarterback of the football team. A member of the debate and declamation squad, he was named "Most Outstanding Student" in 1947. He moved to California after graduation and then received an associate in arts degree from Compton College and a Bachelor of Arts degree from UCLA in 1951. While an undergraduate, he joined the Kappa Alpha Psi fraternity. He earned a Juris Doctor degree from UCLA in 1954, and was a member of the first graduating class to complete the university's full three-year program and the first black student to receive that degree from UCLA. He spent a year working at Douglas Aircraft and then was in the Army until 1957; he was assigned to legal duties in Japan. After his discharge, he became a deputy county probation officer, and in 1960 began to practice law. He ran unsuccessfully for a municipal judgeship in 1962. He was honored by UCLA as Alumnus of the Year and as Judge of the Year by the Beverly Hills Bar Association.
He was married on June 20, 1953, to Rubye Maurine Jackson of Texarkana, Texas. They had twin
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proprotein%20convertase%201
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Proprotein convertase 1, also known as prohormone convertase, prohormone convertase 3, or neuroendocrine convertase 1 and often abbreviated as PC1/3 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PCSK1 gene. PCSK1 and PCSK2 differentially cleave proopiomelanocortin and they act together to process proinsulin and proglucagon in pancreatic islets.
Function
PC1/3 is an enzyme that performs the proteolytic cleavage of prohormones to their intermediate (or sometimes completely cleaved) forms. It is present only in neuroendocrine cells such as brain, pituitary and adrenal, and most often cleaves after a pair of basic residues within prohormones but can occasionally cleave after a single arginine. It binds to a protein known as proSAAS, which also represents its endogenous inhibitor. PC1 is synthesized as a 99 kDa proform quickly converted to an 87 kDa major active form, which itself is nearly completely cleaved to a 66 kDa active form within neuroendocrine cells.
Proprotein convertase 1 is the enzyme largely responsible for the first step in the biosynthesis of insulin. Following the action of proprotein convertase 1, a carboxypeptidase is required to remove the basic residues from the processing intermediate and generate the bioactive form of insulin. Another prohormone convertase, proprotein convertase 2 plays a more minor role in the first step of insulin biosynthesis, but a greater role in the first step of glucagon biosynthesis. The knockout of proprotein convertase 1 is
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olav%20Reiers%C3%B8l
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Olav Reiersøl (28 June 1908 – 14 February 2001) was a Norwegian statistician and econometrician, who made several substantial contributions to econometrics and statistics. His works on identifiability and instrumental variables are standard references both in econometrics and statistics, and his work on genetic algebras are frequently cited in genetics.
Reiersøl became interested in the international language Esperanto at a young age, and later in life used it to keep in touch with other mathematicians. He was one of the founders of the Esperanto association Internacia Asocio de Esperantistaj Matematikistoj ("International Association of Esperantist Mathematicians").
He was made a fellow of the Econometric Society in 1952.
References
External links
ET Interviews: Professor Olav Reiersøl on the Econometric Theory page.
1908 births
2001 deaths
University of Oslo alumni
Fellows of the Econometric Society
Norwegian statisticians
Norwegian Esperantists
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reactor%20pressure%20vessel
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A reactor pressure vessel (RPV) in a nuclear power plant is the pressure vessel containing the nuclear reactor coolant, core shroud, and the reactor core.
Classification of nuclear power reactors
Russian Soviet era RBMK reactors have each fuel assembly enclosed in an individual 8 cm diameter pipe rather than having a pressure vessel. Whilst most power reactors do have a pressure vessel, they are generally classified by the type of coolant rather than by the configuration of the vessel used to contain the coolant. The classifications are:
Light-water reactor - Includes the pressurized water reactor and the boiling water reactor. Most nuclear power reactors are of this type.
Graphite-moderated reactor - Includes the Chernobyl reactor (RBMK), which has a highly unusual reactor configuration compared to the vast majority of nuclear power plants in Russia and around the world.
Gas cooled thermal reactor - Includes the Advanced Gas-cooled Reactor, the gas cooled fast breeder reactor, and the high temperature gas cooled reactor. An example of a gas cooled reactor is the British Magnox.
Pressurized heavy-water reactor - utilizes heavy water, or water with a higher than normal proportion of the hydrogen isotope deuterium, in some manner. However, D2O (heavy water) is more expensive and may be used as a main component, but not necessarily as a coolant in this case. An example of a heavy water reactor is Canada's CANDU reactor.
Liquid metal cooled reactor - utilizes a liquid metal, su
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rostral%20migratory%20stream
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The rostral migratory stream (RMS) is a specialized migratory route found in the brain of some animals along which neuronal precursors that originated in the subventricular zone (SVZ) of the brain migrate to reach the main olfactory bulb (OB). The importance of the RMS lies in its ability to refine and even change an animal's sensitivity to smells, which explains its importance and larger size in the rodent brain as compared to the human brain, as our olfactory sense is not as developed. This pathway has been studied in the rodent, rabbit, and both the squirrel monkey and rhesus monkey. When the neurons reach the OB they differentiate into GABAergic interneurons as they are integrated into either the granule cell layer or periglomerular layer.
Although it was originally believed that neurons could not regenerate in the adult brain, neurogenesis has been shown to occur in mammalian brains, including those of primates. However, neurogenesis is limited to the hippocampus and SVZ, and the RMS is one mechanism neurons use to relocate from these areas.
Brief history
The RMS was named and discovered by J. Altman in 1969 using 3H-thymidine autoradiography in the rat brain. He traced the migration of labeled cells from the SVZ, which is situated throughout the lateral walls of the lateral ventricles, rostrally to the main olfactory bulb. He also quantitatively studied the effect of age on the size of the RMS. There is still some ongoing debate about the extent of the RMS and adul
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azodicarbonamide
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Azodicarbonamide, ADCA, ADA, or azo(bis)formamide, is a chemical compound with the molecular formula . It is a yellow to orange-red, odorless, crystalline powder. It is sometimes called a 'yoga mat' chemical because of its widespread use in foamed plastics. It was first described by John Bryden in 1959.
Synthesis
It is prepared in two steps via treatment of urea with hydrazine to form biurea, as described in this idealized equation:
Oxidation with chlorine or chromic acid yields azodicarbonamide:
Applications
Blowing agent
The principal use of azodicarbonamide is in the production of foamed plastics as a blowing agent. The thermal decomposition of azodicarbonamide produces nitrogen, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, and ammonia gases, which are trapped in the polymer as bubbles to form a foamed article.
Azodicarbonamide is used in plastics, synthetic leather, and other industries and can be pure or modified. Modification affects the reaction temperatures. Pure azodicarbonamide generally reacts around 200 °C. In the plastic, leather, and other industries, modified azodicarbonamide (average decomposition temperature 170 °C) contains additives that accelerate the reaction or react at lower temperatures.
An example of the use of azodicarbonamide as a blowing agent is found in the manufacture of vinyl (PVC) and EVA-PE foams, where it forms bubbles upon breaking down into gas at high temperature. Vinyl foam is springy and does not slip on smooth surfaces. It is useful for carp
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Suntones
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The Suntones were a barbershop quartet from Miami, Florida, USA, and the 1961 SPEBSQSA international champions. At the time it won gold, the quartet featured Gene Cokeroft as tenor, Bob Franklin as lead, Harlan Wilson as baritone, and Bill Cain as bass.
The Suntones are notable among the barbershop community because they were one of the first quartets to perform show tunes and make use of hand-held microphones.
History
After winning the 1961 SPEBSQSA championship, the Suntones became more active touring, performing and recording. In 1966, Jackie Gleason moved his popular TV variety show to Miami and hired the Suntones to sing both as a barbershop quartet and as backing singers.
In addition to barbershop standards, the Suntones introduced many contemporary songs into their performances including medleys of songs from Broadway musicals (West Side Story, Fiddler on the Roof, The Sound of Music, etc.) arranged by Walter Latzko.
In 1979, Bob Franklin left the group, and Drayton Justus became the new lead singer. The group's "final" performance was in early 1985 in Montclair, New Jersey, during a special tribute to arranger Walter Latzko. Bill Cain died in 2004, but Franklin later returned to join Cokeroft, Harlan Wilson, and Todd Wilson (Harlan's son) on bass for limited performances.
Discography
Studio recordings
Originally released on Sunrise Records:
A Touch of Gold (1962)
Afterglow (1966)
Watch What Happens (1967)
Somewhere (1971)
Keep America Singing (1972)
A Touch of O
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlascopcosaurus
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Atlascopcosaurus () is a genus of herbivorous basal iguanodont dinosaur from the Early Cretaceous of the present Australia.
Classification
The type specimen, NMV P166409, was found in 1984 at the Dinosaur Cove East site at the coast of Victoria, in layers of the Eumeralla Formation dating from the early Cretaceous, Aptian-Albian. The holotype consists of a piece of the upper jaw, a partial maxilla with teeth, and referred specimens include teeth, another maxilla, and dentaries. Although the rest of the skeleton is unknown it can be inferred from closely related species that the genus represents a small bipedal herbivore. By extrapolation it has been estimated that it was about two to three metres (6.5–10 ft) long and weighed approximately 125 kg.
The type species, Atlascopcosaurus loadsi, was named and described by Tom Rich and Patricia Vickers-Rich in 1989. The generic name refers to the Atlas Copco Company who had provided equipment for the dig that discovered this dinosaur in 1984. The project revealed 85 fossil bone fragments of various species. This opened the door for more excavation and, along with other companies, Atlas Copco helped over ten years excavate about sixty metres of tunnel in a cliff wall at the sea shore. The specific name, loadsi, honours William Loads, the state manager for Atlas Copco at the time, who assisted during the dig. Despite being assigned to Hypsilophodontidae by its describers, the original classification of Atlascoposaurus was considere
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doubly%20stochastic%20matrix
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In mathematics, especially in probability and combinatorics, a doubly stochastic matrix
(also called bistochastic matrix) is a square matrix of nonnegative real numbers, each of whose rows and columns sums to 1, i.e.,
Thus, a doubly stochastic matrix is both left stochastic and right stochastic.
Indeed, any matrix that is both left and right stochastic must be square: if every row sums to 1 then the sum of all entries in the matrix must be equal to the number of rows, and since the same holds for columns, the number of rows and columns must be equal.
Birkhoff polytope
The class of doubly stochastic matrices is a convex polytope known as the Birkhoff polytope . Using the matrix entries as Cartesian coordinates, it lies in an -dimensional affine subspace of -dimensional Euclidean space defined by independent linear constraints specifying that the row and column sums all equal 1. (There are constraints rather than because one of these constraints is dependent, as the sum of the row sums must equal the sum of the column sums.) Moreover, the entries are all constrained to be non-negative and less than or equal to 1.
Birkhoff–von Neumann theorem
The Birkhoff–von Neumann theorem (often known simply as Birkhoff's theorem) states that the polytope is the convex hull of the set of permutation matrices, and furthermore that the vertices of are precisely the permutation matrices. In other words, if is a doubly stochastic matrix, then there exist and permutation matric
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edubuntu
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Edubuntu, previously known as Ubuntu Education Edition, is an official derivative of the Ubuntu operating system designed for use in classrooms inside schools, homes and communities.
Edubuntu is developed in collaboration with teachers and technologists in several countries. Edubuntu is built on top of the Ubuntu base, incorporates the LTSP thin client architecture and several education-specific applications, and is aimed at users aged 6 to 18. It was designed for easy installation and ongoing system maintenance.
Features
Included with Edubuntu is the Linux Terminal Server Project and many applications relevant to education including GCompris, KDE Edutainment Suite, Sabayon Profile Manager, Pessulus Lockdown Editor, Edubuntu Menueditor, LibreOffice, Gnome Nanny and iTalc. Edubuntu CDs were previously available free of charge through their Shipit service; it is only available as a download in a DVD format.
In 23.04, Edubuntu's default GUI is GNOME. From 12.04 to 14.04, Edubuntu's default GUI was Unity; however GNOME, which had previously been the default, was also available. Since release 7.10, KDE is also available as Edubuntu KDE. In 2010, Edubuntu and the Qimo 4 Kids project were working on providing Qimo within Edubuntu, but this was not done as it would not have fit on a CD.
Project goals
The primary goal of Edubuntu was to enable an educator with limited technical knowledge and skills to set up a computer lab or an on-line learning environment in an hour or less a
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cystolith
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Cystolith (Gr. "cavity" and "stone") is a botanical term for outgrowths of the epidermal cell wall, usually of calcium carbonate, formed in a cellulose matrix in special cells called lithocysts, generally in the leaf of plants.
Cystoliths are present in certain families, including in many genera of Acanthaceae. Plants in the family Urticaceae, known as stinging nettles, also form leaf cystoliths, but only during their later flowering and seed setting stages. Other examples include Cannabis and other plants in the family Cannabaceae, which produce leaf and flower cystoliths, and Ficus elastica, the Indian rubber plant of the family Moraceae.
From a 1987 article on cystolith development and structure:
References
Cell anatomy
Plant anatomy
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equation%20of%20the%20center
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In two-body, Keplerian orbital mechanics, the equation of the center is the angular difference between the actual position of a body in its elliptical orbit and the position it would occupy if its motion were uniform, in a circular orbit of the same period. It is defined as the difference true anomaly, , minus mean anomaly, , and is typically expressed a function of mean anomaly, , and orbital eccentricity, .
Discussion
Since antiquity, the problem of predicting the motions of the heavenly bodies has been simplified by reducing it to one of a single body in orbit about another. In calculating the position of the body around its orbit, it is often convenient to begin by assuming circular motion. This first approximation is then simply a constant angular rate multiplied by an amount of time. There are various methods of proceeding to correct the approximate circular position to that produced by elliptical motion, many of them complex, and many involving solution of Kepler's equation. In contrast, the equation of the center is one of the easiest methods to apply.
In cases of small eccentricity, the position given by the equation of the center can be nearly as accurate as any other method of solving the problem. Many orbits of interest, such as those of bodies in the Solar System or of artificial Earth satellites, have these nearly-circular orbits. As eccentricity becomes greater, and orbits more elliptical, the equation's accuracy declines, failing completely at the highest va
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agarophyte
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An agarophyte is a seaweed, usually a red alga, that produces the hydrocolloid agar in its cell walls. This agar can be harvested commercially for use in biological experiments and culturing. In some countries (especially in the developing world), the harvesting of agarophytes, either as natural stocks or a cultivated crop, is of considerable economic importance. Notable genera of commercially exploited agarophytes include Gracilaria and Gelidium (such as Gelidium amansii and Gelidium corneum).
References
Seaweeds
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael%20Aston
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Michael Aston (born 1961) is a Welsh musician. He is the founder and current leader of Michael Aston's Gene Loves Jezebel (known as Gene Love Jezebel in the US).
In 1989, Aston left Gene Loves Jezebel over his unhappiness with the direction of the band and strained relations with his twin brother, Jay. Moving to California, Aston started the Immigrants, which eventually became Edith Grove. Aston wrote and released his first solo album, called Why Me Why This Why Now?. He rejoined Gene Loves Jezebel instead of writing and recording a new Edith Grove album.
Trademark dispute
On 15 February 2008, a lawsuit was filed by Michael Aston in California's Central District Court, against "Chris Bell, James Stevenson, Jay Aston, John Aston, Libertalia Entertainment and others" for trademark infringement. In a posting on their Myspace page on 25 September 2009, Jay Aston's Gene Loves Jezebel announced that an agreement had been reached with Michael Aston regarding the use of the name Gene Loves Jezebel: Jay Aston's band is now known as "Gene Loves Jezebel" in the UK and "Jay Aston's Gene Loves Jezebel" within the US; Michael Aston's band is now known as "Gene Loves Jezebel" in the US and "Michael Aston's Gene Loves Jezebel" in the UK. The settlement agreement was posted on Michael Aston's Gene Loves Jezebel website.
References
External links
Official site
Gothic rock musicians
Living people
Welsh expatriates in the United States
Welsh twins
1957 births
Welsh new wave musicians
Ge
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macronucleus
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A macronucleus (formerly also meganucleus) is the larger type of nucleus in ciliates. Macronuclei are polyploid and undergo direct division without mitosis. It controls the non-reproductive cell functions, such as metabolism. During conjugation, the macronucleus disintegrates, and a new one is formed by karyogamy of the micronuclei.
Macronuclei contain hundreds to thousands of chromosomes, each present in many copies. There is no mechanism to precisely partition this complex genome equally during nuclear division; thus, how the cell manages to maintain a balanced genome after generations of divisions is unknown.
See also
Micronucleus
References
.
Cell nucleus
Ciliate biology
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICD-10%20Procedure%20Coding%20System
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The ICD-10 Procedure Coding System (ICD-10-PCS) is a US system of medical classification used for procedural coding. The Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, the agency responsible for maintaining the inpatient procedure code set in the U.S., contracted with 3M Health Information Systems in 1995 to design and then develop a procedure classification system to replace Volume 3 of ICD-9-CM. ICD-9-CM contains a procedure classification; ICD-10-CM does not. ICD-10-PCS is the result. ICD-10-PCS was initially released in 1998. It has been updated annually since that time. Despite being named after the WHO's International Classification of Diseases, it is a US-developed standard which is not used outside the United States.
Section structure
Each code consists of seven alphanumeric characters. The first character is the 'section'. The second through seventh characters mean different things in each section. Each character can be any of 34 possible values the ten digits 0-9 and the 24 letters A-H, J-N and P-Z may be used in each character. The letters O and I are excluded to avoid confusion with the numbers 0 and 1. There are no decimals in ICD-10-PCS
Of the 72,081 codes in ICD-10-PCS, 62,022 are in the first section, "Medical and surgical".
Root operations
For medical/surgical, these are the root operation codes:
00 alteration; 01 bypass; 02 change; 03 control; 04 creation; 05 destruction; 06 detachment; 07 dilation; 08 division; 09 drainage; 0B excision; 0C extirpation; 0D
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Membranelle
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Membranelles (also membranellae) are structures found around the mouth, or cytostome, in ciliates. They are typically arranged in series, to form an "adoral zone of membranelles", or AZM, on the left side of the buccal cavity (peristome). The membranelles are made up of kinetosomes arranged in groups to make up polykinetids. The cilia which emerge from these structures appear to be fused and to function as a single membrane, which can be used to sweep particles of food into the cytostome, or for locomotion.
References
Organelles
Ciliate biology
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behrens%E2%80%93Fisher%20problem
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In statistics, the Behrens–Fisher problem, named after Walter-Ulrich Behrens and Ronald Fisher, is the problem of interval estimation and hypothesis testing concerning the difference between the means of two normally distributed populations when the variances of the two populations are not assumed to be equal, based on two independent samples.
Specification
One difficulty with discussing the Behrens–Fisher problem and proposed solutions, is that there are many different interpretations of what is meant by "the Behrens–Fisher problem". These differences involve not only what is counted as being a relevant solution, but even the basic statement of the context being considered.
Context
Let X1, ..., Xn and Y1, ..., Ym be i.i.d. samples from two populations which both come from the same location–scale family of distributions. The scale parameters are assumed to be unknown and not necessarily equal, and the problem is to assess whether the location parameters can reasonably be treated as equal. Lehmann states that "the Behrens–Fisher problem" is used both for this general form of model when the family of distributions is arbitrary, and for when the restriction to a normal distribution is made. While Lehmann discusses a number of approaches to the more general problem, mainly based on nonparametrics, most other sources appear to use "the Behrens–Fisher problem" to refer only to the case where the distribution is assumed to be normal: most of this article makes this assumption.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclic%20enzyme%20system
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A cyclic enzyme system is a theoretical system of two enzymes sharing a single substrate or cofactor, also referred to as a biochemical switching device. It has been used as a biochemical implementation of a simple computational device, acting as a chemical diode.
See also
Biocomputer
Computational gene
References
Enzymes
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Studentization
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In statistics, Studentization, named after William Sealy Gosset, who wrote under the pseudonym Student, is the adjustment consisting of division of a first-degree statistic derived from a sample, by a sample-based estimate of a population standard deviation. The term is also used for the standardisation of a higher-degree statistic by another statistic of the same degree: for example, an estimate of the third central moment would be standardised by dividing by the cube of the sample standard deviation.
A simple example is the process of dividing a sample mean by the sample standard deviation when data arise from a location-scale family. The consequence of "Studentization" is that the complication of treating the probability distribution of the mean, which depends on both the location and scale parameters, has been reduced to considering a distribution which depends only on the location parameter. However, the fact that a sample standard deviation is used, rather than the unknown population standard deviation, complicates the mathematics of finding the probability distribution of a Studentized statistic.
In computational statistics, the idea of using Studentized statistics is of some importance in the development of confidence intervals with improved properties in the context of resampling and, in particular, bootstrapping.
Examples
Studentized range
Studentized residual
See also
Pivotal quantity
References
Statistical ratios
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suberic%20acid
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Suberic acid, also octanedioic acid, is a dicarboxylic acid, with formula C8H14O4. It is a colorless crystalline solid used in drug syntheses and plastics manufacture. Its name is derived from the Latin word suber which means cork.
References
Dicarboxylic acids
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pressure%20gradient
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In atmospheric science, the pressure gradient (typically of air but more generally of any fluid) is a physical quantity that describes in which direction and at what rate the pressure increases the most rapidly around a particular location. The pressure gradient is a dimensional quantity expressed in units of pascals per metre (Pa/m). Mathematically, it is the gradient of pressure as a function of position. The negative gradient of pressure is known as the force density.
In petroleum geology and the petrochemical sciences pertaining to oil wells, and more specifically within hydrostatics, pressure gradients refer to the gradient of vertical pressure in a column of fluid within a wellbore and are generally expressed in pounds per square inch per foot (psi/ft). This column of fluid is subject to the compound pressure gradient of the overlying fluids. The path and geometry of the column is totally irrelevant; only the vertical depth of the column has any relevance to the vertical pressure of any point within its column and the pressure gradient for any given true vertical depth.
Physical interpretation
The concept of a pressure gradient is a local characterisation of the air (more generally of the fluid under investigation). The pressure gradient is defined only at these spatial scales at which pressure (more generally fluid dynamics) itself is defined.
Within planetary atmospheres (including the Earth's), the pressure gradient is a vector pointing roughly downwards, because
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truncation%20%28disambiguation%29
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Truncation is the term used for limiting the number of digits right of the decimal point by discarding the least significant ones.
Truncation may also refer to:
Mathematics
Truncation (statistics) refers to measurements which have been cut off at some value
Truncation (numerical analysis) refers to truncating an infinite sum by a finite one
Truncation (geometry) is the removal of one or more parts, as for example in truncated cube
Propositional truncation, a type former which truncates a type down to a mere proposition
Computer science
Data truncation, an event that occurs when a file or other data is stored in a location too small to accommodate its entire length
Truncate (SQL), a command in the SQL data manipulation language to quickly remove all data from a table
Biology
Truncate, a leaf shape
Truncated protein, a protein shortened by a mutation which specifically induces premature termination of messenger RNA translation
Other uses
Cheque truncation, the conversion of physical cheques into electronic form for transmission to the paying bank
Clipping (morphology), the word formation process which consists in the reduction of a word to one of its parts
Truncation (archaeology), also 'cut', the removal of archaeological deposits from an archaeological record
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picloram
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Picloram is a systemic herbicide used for general woody plant control. It also controls a wide range of broad-leaved weeds, but most grasses are resistant. A chlorinated derivative of picolinic acid, picloram is in the pyridine family of herbicides.
Picloram can be sprayed on foliage, injected into plants, applied to cut surfaces, or placed at the base of the plant where it will leach to the roots. Once absorbed by the foliage, stem, or roots, picloram is transported throughout the plant.
Herbicides containing picloram are sold under a variety of brand names. Dow Chemicals and now Dow AgroSciences sell herbicides containing it under the brand name Tordon.
During the Vietnam War, picloram and other herbicides were combined to make Agent White (commercially available as Tordon 101) and enhanced Agent Orange, which was previously conducted by the British military during the Malayan Emergency. Large quantities of these herbicides were sprayed by U.S. forces in areas where they considered its long-term persistence desirable, such as inland forests.
Safety
Picloram is of moderate toxicity to the eyes and only mildly toxic on the skin. No history of human intoxication by picloram has been documented, so symptoms of acute exposure are difficult to characterize.
Picloram is the most persistent of its family of herbicides. It does not adhere to soil, so may leach to groundwater, and has in fact been detected there. It is degraded in soil and water mainly by microbes. Picloram ha
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computational%20finance
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Computational finance is a branch of applied computer science that deals with problems of practical interest in finance. Some slightly different definitions are the study of data and algorithms currently used in finance and the mathematics of computer programs that realize financial models or systems.
Computational finance emphasizes practical numerical methods rather than mathematical proofs and focuses on techniques that apply directly to economic analyses. It is an interdisciplinary field between mathematical finance and numerical methods. Two major areas are efficient and accurate computation of fair values of financial securities and the modeling of stochastic time series.
History
The birth of computational finance as a discipline can be traced to Harry Markowitz in the early 1950s. Markowitz conceived of the portfolio selection problem as an exercise in mean-variance optimization. This required more computer power than was available at the time, so he worked on useful algorithms for approximate solutions. Mathematical finance began with the same insight, but diverged by making simplifying assumptions to express relations in simple closed forms that did not require sophisticated computer science to evaluate.
In the 1960s, hedge fund managers such as Ed Thorp and Michael Goodkin (working with Harry Markowitz, Paul Samuelson and Robert C. Merton) pioneered the use of computers in arbitrage trading. In academics, sophisticated computer processing was needed by researcher
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20Edward%20Zimmerman
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James Edward Zimmerman (February 19, 1923 – August 4, 1999) was born in Lantry, South Dakota. He was a coinventor of the radio-frequency superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) and he is credited with coining the term.
Career
Westinghouse Research Laboratory, Pittsburgh Pennsylvania - 1943 – ??
Smithsonian Institution, 1953 – 1955
Ford Motor Company, Scientific Laboratory in Dearborn, Michigan, 1955 – 1969
SHE (later BTi, then 4-D Neuroimaging), Founder 1969 – 1970
National Bureau of Standards, 1970 – 1985
While at NIST, Zimmerman introduced two important innovations in SQUID magnetometry:
Fractional-turn SQUID, improving the coupling efficiency
SQUID gradiometer, improving sensitivity to nearby fields
In addition, in the late 1970s and early 1980s, he also gave a major contribution to the development of low-power closed-cycle Stirling refrigerators, to reach temperatures in the range 4K - 8K with the purpose of cooling SQUID devices and small-scale superconducting electronics without resorting to liquid helium dewar vessels.
A major achievement was the use of plastic parts made in the laboratory, which would be assembled in a totally non-magnetic cryocooler (refrigerator), in order not to interfere with highly sensitive SQUIDs..
Later, he was also involved in the development of pulse tube cryocoolers.
Education
South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, B.S. Electrical Engineering 1943
Carnegie Institute of Technology, ScD Physics 1951 – 1953
Awa
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guy%20Boyd%20%28sculptor%29
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Guy Martin à Beckett Boyd (12 June 1923 – 26 April 1988) was an Australian potter and figurative sculptor noted for his ability to represent sensuality in the female nude with fluid forms. He was also active in environmental and other causes, including protesting against the damming of the Franklin River and advocating the innocence of Lindy Chamberlain.
Background and early years
Born in Murrumbeena, Victoria, Guy was the third child of William Merric Boyd, potter, and his wife Doris Lucy Eleanor Bloomfield, née Gough, a painter, and thus was a member of the Boyd artist dynasty. Brother of Arthur and David, both painters, Lucy a potter, and Mary, a painter (who married first John Perceval, and then later Sidney Nolan, both artists), he grew up in his father's pottery.
The Boyd family artistic dynasty includes painters, sculptors, architects, writers and other arts professionals, and descends from Boyd's grandfather Arthur Merric Boyd, Boyd's father Merric and mother Doris, uncles Penleigh Boyd and Martin Boyd.
After the privations of the Great Depression followed by a disastrous fire at his father's pottery, where he was assistant, in 1937 Boyd found work first as a jeweller's apprentice, then in a number of jobs, including at a nuts and bolts factory and as a builder's labourer. In 1941-46 he served in the Australian Army Reserve, however as a committed pacifist he was deployed as a draughtsman in Melbourne and then at Fortuna mansion in Bendigo, before conflicts with hi
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elater
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An elater is a cell (or structure attached to a cell) that is hygroscopic, and therefore will change shape in response to changes in moisture in the environment. Elaters come in a variety of forms, but are always associated with plant spores. In many plants that do not have seeds, they function in dispersing the spores to a new location. Mosses do not have elaters, but peristomes which change shape with changes in humidity or moisture to allow for a gradual release of spores.
Horsetail elaters
In the horsetails, elaters are four ribbon-like appendages attached to the spores. These appendages develop from an outer spiral layer of the spore wall. At maturity, the four strips peel away from the inner wall, except at a single point on the spore where all four strips are attached.
Under moist conditions, the elaters curl tightly around the spore. The wet spores tend to stick to each other and to nearby surfaces because of surface tension. When conditions are dry, the spores no longer stick to each other and are more easily dispersed. At that time, the elaters uncoil to extend out from the spore and will catch air currents. The fact that they are extended only when conditions are dry means that successful spore dispersal is more likely.
Liverwort elaters
In the liverworts also known as hepaticopsida [example Riccia,Marchantia], elaters are cells that develop in the sporophyte alongside the spores. They are complete cells, usually with helical thickenings at maturity that
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British%20NVC%20community%20H3
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NVC community H3 (Ulex minor - Agrostis curtisii heath) is one of the heath communities in the British National Vegetation Classification system. It is one of three communities which are considered transitional between the lowland dry heaths and the wetter communities classified in the NVC as mires.
It is a very localised community. There are three subcommunities.
Community composition
The following constant species are found in this community:
Bristle Bent (Agrostis curtisii)
Heather (Calluna vulgaris)
Bell Heather (Erica cinerea)
Cross-leaved Heath (Erica tetralix)
Purple Moor-grass (Molinia caerulea)
Dwarf Gorse (Ulex minor)
The following rare species are associated with the community:
Bristle Bent (Agrostis curtisii)
Dorset Heath (Erica ciliaris)
Pale Dog-violet (Viola lactea)
Distribution
This community is confined to Hampshire and southern Dorset.
Subcommunities
There are three subcommunities:
the so-called typical subcommunity
the Cladonia spp. subcommunity
the Agrostis curtisii subcommunity
References
Rodwell, J. S. (1991) British Plant Communities Volume 2 - Mires and heaths (hardback), (paperback)
H03
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topological%20K-theory
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In mathematics, topological -theory is a branch of algebraic topology. It was founded to study vector bundles on topological spaces, by means of ideas now recognised as (general) K-theory that were introduced by Alexander Grothendieck. The early work on topological -theory is due to Michael Atiyah and Friedrich Hirzebruch.
Definitions
Let be a compact Hausdorff space and or . Then is defined to be the Grothendieck group of the commutative monoid of isomorphism classes of finite-dimensional -vector bundles over under Whitney sum. Tensor product of bundles gives -theory a commutative ring structure. Without subscripts, usually denotes complex -theory whereas real -theory is sometimes written as . The remaining discussion is focused on complex -theory.
As a first example, note that the -theory of a point is the integers. This is because vector bundles over a point are trivial and thus classified by their rank and the Grothendieck group of the natural numbers is the integers.
There is also a reduced version of -theory, , defined for a compact pointed space (cf. reduced homology). This reduced theory is intuitively modulo trivial bundles. It is defined as the group of stable equivalence classes of bundles. Two bundles and are said to be stably isomorphic if there are trivial bundles and , so that . This equivalence relation results in a group since every vector bundle can be completed to a trivial bundle by summing with its orthogonal complement. Alternatively, can
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calnexin
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Calnexin (CNX) is a 67kDa integral protein (that appears variously as a 90kDa, 80kDa, or 75kDa band on western blotting depending on the source of the antibody) of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). It consists of a large (50 kDa) N-terminal calcium-binding lumenal domain, a single transmembrane helix and a short (90 residues), acidic cytoplasmic tail.
Function
Calnexin is a chaperone, characterized by assisting protein folding and quality control, ensuring that only properly folded and assembled proteins proceed further along the secretory pathway. It specifically acts to retain unfolded or unassembled N-linked glycoproteins in the ER.
Calnexin binds only those N-glycoproteins that have GlcNAc2Man9Glc1 oligosaccharides. These monoglucosylated oligosaccharides result from the trimming of two glucose residues by the sequential action of two glucosidases, I and II. Glucosidase II can also remove the third and last glucose residue. If the glycoprotein is not properly folded, an enzyme called UGGT (for UDP-glucose:glycoprotein glucosyltransferase) will add the glucose residue back onto the oligosaccharide thus regenerating the glycoprotein's ability to bind to calnexin. The improperly-folded glycoprotein chain thus loiters in the ER and the expression of EDEM/Htm1p which eventually sentences the underperforming glycoprotein to degradation by removing one of the nine mannose residues. The mannose lectin Yos-9 (OS-9 in humans) marks and sorts misfolded glycoproteins for degrada
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sport%20compact
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Sport compact is an American car classification for a high-performance version of an affordable compact car or a subcompact car. There is no precise definition and the description is applied for marketing purposes to a wide variety of models.
Cars began to be marketed as sport compacts in the mid-1980s, when it was used for option packages on American-built coupes. Since then, it has also been used for standalone sports car models and cars imported from Europe and Asia.
The European equivalent is a hot hatch, however sport compacts are not restricted to just hatchback body styles.
Characteristics
A sport compact should "fulfill the multiple duties of family car, plaything, and daily driver". Many sport compacts have coupe, sedan or hatchback body styles and are built on mass-production platforms. Other common (but not essential) characteristics include front-wheel drive or all-wheel drive, a four-cylinder gasoline engine, suspension tuned for handling and bodywork designed to improve aerodynamics or allow for larger wheels.
"Econosport" is a rarely used term for a sport version of a small economy car.
History
An early sport compact was the 1968 Ford Capri, a European coupe built on the platform of the second generation Ford Cortina sedans.
The early American-built sport compact models consisted of performance or sporting packages for mass-produced compact car coupes in the 1980s, for example the 1986 Chevrolet Cavalier Z24, the 1986 Ford EXP Sport Coupe and the 1988
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British%20NVC%20community%20A9
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The Potamogeton natans community (NVC community A9) is one of the aquatic communities in the British National Vegetation Classification system.
It is a comparatively widely distributed community. There are three subcommunities.
Community composition
One constant species is found in this community, Broad-leaved Pondweed (Potamogeton natans).
No rare species are associated with the community.
Distribution
This community is found widely throughout Britain.
Subcommunities
There are three subcommunities:
the so-called Species-poor subcommunity
the Elodea canadensis subcommunity
the Juncus bulbosus - Myriophyllum alterniflorum subcommunity
References
Rodwell, J. S. (1995) British Plant Communities Volume 4 - Aquatic communities, swamps and tall-herb fens (hardback), (paperback)
A09
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal%20Springs%20Rhododendron%20Garden
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Crystal Springs Rhododendron Garden is a botanical garden located between Reed College and the Eastmoreland Golf Course in southeastern Portland in the U.S. state of Oregon.
Description and history
The garden, located between Southeast 28th Avenue and Woodstock Boulevard, covers and is named for the numerous springs within the garden. Crystal Springs Garden features more than 2,500 rhododendrons, azaleas, and other plants in a setting of small lakes, paved and unpaved paths, fountain, and small waterfalls.
The garden is open 10:00am to 4:00pm Thursday through Tuesday, and 1:00pm to 4:00pm on Wednesdays (last admission is at 3:30pm). Pets are allowed on a leash.
The project began in 1950 as a rhododendron test garden on a site previously covered with brush, blackberries, native trees, and the remnants of a Shakespeare theater developed by students of Reed College. In 1964, the park's name was officially changed to Crystal Springs Rhododendron Garden.
In addition to the manicured areas that make up most of the garden, patches of less orderly shrubs, upland forest, marsh vegetation, and submerged logs attract wildlife, especially waterfowl, most prevalent in winter. The Rhododendron Society has counted 94 species in the garden, including grebes, herons, ducks, Canada geese, wigeons, gulls, thrushes, nuthatches, hummingbirds, and others.
See also
List of botanical gardens in the United States
References
External links
Rhododendron Gardens brochure (archived)
1950 esta
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tautological%20bundle
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In mathematics, the tautological bundle is a vector bundle occurring over a Grassmannian in a natural tautological way: for a Grassmannian of -dimensional subspaces of , given a point in the Grassmannian corresponding to a -dimensional vector subspace , the fiber over is the subspace itself. In the case of projective space the tautological bundle is known as the tautological line bundle.
The tautological bundle is also called the universal bundle since any vector bundle (over a compact space) is a pullback of the tautological bundle; this is to say a Grassmannian is a classifying space for vector bundles. Because of this, the tautological bundle is important in the study of characteristic classes.
Tautological bundles are constructed both in algebraic topology and in algebraic geometry. In algebraic geometry, the tautological line bundle (as invertible sheaf) is
the dual of the hyperplane bundle or Serre's twisting sheaf . The hyperplane bundle is the line bundle corresponding to the hyperplane (divisor) in . The tautological line bundle and the hyperplane bundle are exactly the two generators of the Picard group of the projective space.
In Michael Atiyah's "K-theory", the tautological line bundle over a complex projective space is called the standard line bundle. The sphere bundle of the standard bundle is usually called the Hopf bundle. (cf. Bott generator.)
More generally, there are also tautological bundles on a projective bundle of a vector bundle as well as a Gr
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinaman%27s%20chance
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Chinaman's chance is an American idiom which means that a person has little or no chance at success, synonymous with similar idioms of improbability such as a snowball's chance in hell or when pigs fly. Although the origin of the phrase is unclear, it may refer to the historical misfortunes which were suffered by Chinese-American immigrants.
Meaning
The idiom is defined as meaning "no chance at all" in The Columbia Guide to Standard American English. The phrase is sometimes used in extended form as not a Chinaman's chance or not a Chinaman's chance in hell, indicating that the lives and safety of Chinese immigrants were not valued or fair treatment of Chinese immigrants was impossible.
Potential origins
The origin of the phrase is not well documented. In The Chinese looking glass (1967), Dennis Bloodworth asserts the Chinese people have a long association with gambling. He states they believe "it is better to be lucky than clever", concluding the I Ching has encouraged the acceptance of chance and fate: "the philosophy that makes the Chinese the soothsayer's best customer makes him one of the world's outstanding gamblers, too." This in turn resulted in a resilient attitude in response to misfortune and bad luck: "in the course of a long and turbulent history [the Chinese have] sooner or later overthrown by violence every single major dynasty that [have] misruled [them]".
Two potential origins of the phrase have been advanced, depending on the capitalization of the term. E
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foldamer
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In chemistry, a foldamer is a discrete chain molecule (oligomer) that folds into a conformationally ordered state in solution. They are artificial molecules that mimic the ability of proteins, nucleic acids, and polysaccharides to fold into well-defined conformations, such as α-helices and β-sheets. The structure of a foldamer is stabilized by noncovalent interactions between nonadjacent monomers. Foldamers are studied with the main goal of designing large molecules with predictable structures. The study of foldamers is related to the themes of molecular self-assembly, molecular recognition, and host–guest chemistry.
Design
Foldamers can vary in size, but they are defined by the presence of noncovalent, nonadjacent interactions. This definition excludes molecules like poly(isocyanates) (commonly known as (polyurethane)) and poly(prolines) as they fold into helices reliably due to adjacent covalent interactions., Foldamers have a dynamic folding reaction [unfolded → folded], in which large macroscopic folding is caused by solvophobic effects (hydrophobic collapse), while the final energy state of the folded foldamer is due to the noncovalent interactions. These interactions work cooperatively to form the most stable tertiary structure, as the completely folded and unfolded states are more stable than any partially folded state.
Prediction of folding
The structure of a foldamer can often be predicted from its primary sequence. This process involves dynamic simulations of
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British%20NVC%20community%20OV5
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British NVC community OV5 (Digitaria ischaemum - Erodium cicutarium community) is an open habitat community in the British National Vegetation Classification system. It is one of six arable weed and track-side communities of light, less-fertile acid soils.
It is a very localised community. There are no subcommunities.
Community composition
The following constant species are found in this community:
Smooth hawk's-beard (Crepis capillaris)
Smooth finger-grass (Digitaria ischaemum)
Common couch (Elytrigia repens)
Common stork's-bill (Erodium cicutarium)
Dove's-foot crane's-bill (Geranium molle)
Annual meadow-grass (Poa annua)
Groundsel (Senecio vulgaris)
Corn spurrey (Spergula arvensis)
Common chickweed (Stellaria media)
One rare species is associated with the community:
Loose silky-bent (Apera spica-venti).
Distribution
This community is confined to a single locality in Surrey.
References
OV05
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majorana%20equation
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In physics, the Majorana equation is a relativistic wave equation. It is named after the Italian physicist Ettore Majorana, who proposed it in 1937 as a means of describing fermions that are their own antiparticle. Particles corresponding to this equation are termed Majorana particles, although that term now has a more expansive meaning, referring to any (possibly non-relativistic) fermionic particle that is its own anti-particle (and is therefore electrically neutral).
There have been proposals that massive neutrinos are described by Majorana particles; there are various extensions to the Standard Model that enable this. The article on Majorana particles presents status for the experimental searches, including details about neutrinos. This article focuses primarily on the mathematical development of the theory, with attention to its discrete and continuous symmetries. The discrete symmetries are charge conjugation, parity transformation and time reversal; the continuous symmetry is Lorentz invariance.
Charge conjugation plays an outsize role, as it is the key symmetry that allows the Majorana particles to be described as electrically neutral. A particularly remarkable aspect is that electrical neutrality allows several global phases to be freely chosen, one each for the left and right chiral fields. This implies that, without explicit constraints on these phases, the Majorana fields are naturally CP violating. Another aspect of electric neutrality is that the left and righ
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akbar%20Abdi
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Akbar Abdi (, born 26 August 1960) is an Iranian actor. He has received various accolades, including two Crystal Simorgh, a Hafez Award and an Iran's Film Critics and Writers Association Award.
Career
He began his career in 1981 with the children's TV series “The Traffic Neighborhood”, directed by Dariush Moadebian. His main credits include “The Actor”, “Delshodegan” and “The Snowman". He also acted in the film "Ejareh-Nesheenha" (The Tenants).
Abdi went through Kidney transplant in June 2016. He has been criticized for anti-Semitic remarks.
Filmography
Film
Web
Awards and nominations
Receiving the Crystal Simorgh for the second role of a man from the 8th Fajr Film Festival for his role in Ali Hatami's film Mother (1989)
Receiving Crystal Simorgh for Best Supporting Actor from the 30th Fajr International Film Festival for his role in the film I Dream I Made by Reza Attaran
Nominated for the 20th Fajr Film Festival Award for the film Bread, Love and Motor 1000
References
External links
Living people
Male actors from Tehran
Iranian male film actors
Iranian male television actors
Iranian male stage actors
People from Ardabil
21st-century Iranian male actors
20th-century Iranian male actors
1960 births
Recipients of the Order of Culture and Art
Crystal Simorgh for Best Supporting Actor winners
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British%20NVC%20community%20MG12
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British NVC community MG12 (Festuca arundinacea grassland) is one of the mesotrophic grassland communities in the British National Vegetation Classification system. It is one of three types of mesotrophic grassland classified as grass-dominated inundation communities.
It is a fairly localised coastal community. There are two subcommunities.
Community composition
The following constant species are found in this community:
Creeping Bent (Agrostis stolonifera)
Tall Fescue (Festuca arundinacea)
Red Fescue (Festuca rubra)
No rare species are associated with this community.
Distribution
This community is exclusively coastal; it is mainly found on the south coast and western coasts of Britain, with an outlying site on the coast of Yorkshire.
Subcommunities
There are two subcommunities:
the Lolium perenne - Holcus lanatus subcommunity
the Oenanthe lachenalii subcommunity
References
Rodwell, J. S. (1992) British Plant Communities Volume 3 - Grasslands and montane communities (hardback), (paperback)
MG12
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AAAP
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"aaap" or "AAAP" may refer to:
Amateur Astronomers Association of Pittsburgh
Amino Acid/Auxin Permease (AAAP) Family, family of secondary transport proteins
American Academy of Addiction Psychiatry
American Association of Applied Psychologists
Asociación de Atletismo del Alto Paraná
Association for the Advancement of AcuEnergetics® Practitioners (AAAP)
American Association for Applied Psychology
NASDAQ-Code for Advanced Accelerator Applications
Atheists & Agnostics Alliance Pakistan
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Force%20field%20%28physics%29
|
In physics, a force field is a vector field corresponding with a non-contact force acting on a particle at various positions in space. Specifically, a force field is a vector field , where is the force that a particle would feel if it were at the point .
Examples
Gravity is the force of attraction between two objects. A gravitational force field models this influence that a massive body (or more generally, any quantity of energy) extends into the space around itself. In Newtonian gravity, a particle of mass M creates a gravitational field , where the radial unit vector points away from the particle. The gravitational force experienced by a particle of light mass m, close to the surface of Earth is given by , where g is Earth's gravity.
An electric field exerts a force on a point charge q, given by .
In a magnetic field , a point charge moving through it experiences a force perpendicular to its own velocity and to the direction of the field, following the relation: .
Work
Work is dependent on the displacement as well as the force acting on an object. As a particle moves through a force field along a path C, the work done by the force is a line integral:
This value is independent of the velocity/momentum that the particle travels along the path.
Conservative force field
For a conservative force field, it is also independent of the path itself, depending only on the starting and ending points. Therefore, the work for an object travelling in a closed path is zero, since
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium%20sulfide
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Sodium sulfide is a chemical compound with the formula Na2S, or more commonly its hydrate Na2S·9H2O. Both the anhydrous and the hydrated salts in pure crystalline form are colorless solids, although technical grades of sodium sulfide are generally yellow to brick red owing to the presence of polysulfides and commonly supplied as a crystalline mass, in flake form, or as a fused solid. They are water-soluble, giving strongly alkaline solutions. When exposed to moist air, Na2S and its hydrates emit hydrogen sulfide, an extremely toxic, flammable and corrosive gas which smells like rotten eggs.
Some commercial samples are specified as Na2S·xH2O, where a weight percentage of Na2S is specified. Commonly available grades have around 60% Na2S by weight, which means that x is around 3. These grades of sodium sulfide are often marketed as 'sodium sulfide flakes'.
Structure
Na2S adopts the antifluorite structure, which means that the Na+ centers occupy sites of the fluoride in the CaF2 framework, and the larger S2− occupy the sites for Ca2+.
Production
Industrially Na2S is produced by carbothermic reduction of sodium sulfate often using coal:
Na2SO4 + 2 C → Na2S + 2 CO2
In the laboratory, the salt can be prepared by reduction of sulfur with sodium in anhydrous ammonia, or by sodium in dry THF with a catalytic amount of naphthalene (forming sodium naphthalenide):
2 Na + S → Na2S
Reactions with inorganic reagents
The sulfide ion in sulfide salts such as sodium sulfide ca
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabbitfish
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Rabbitfishes or spinefoots are perciform fishes in the family Siganidae. The 29 species are in a single genus, Siganus. In some now obsolete classifications, the species having prominent face stripes—colloquially called foxfaces–are in the genus Lo. Other species, such as the masked spinefoot (S. puellus), show a reduced form of the stripe pattern. Rabbitfishes are native to shallow waters in the Indo-Pacific, but S. luridus and S. rivulatus have become established in the eastern Mediterranean via Lessepsian migration. They are commercially important food fish, and can be used in the preparation of dishes such as bagoong.
Taxonomy
The Siganidae was first formally described as a family in 1837 by the Scottish naval surgeon, naturalist and arctic explorer Sir John Richardson. The genus Siganus was described in 1775 by the Danish zoologist Johan Christian Fabricius with Siganus rivulatus, a species also described by Fabricius in 1775, designated as the type species. The description was based on notes taken by the naturalist Peter Forsskål when he was on the Danish Arabia expedition (1761–67) and was published in Carsten Niebuhr's Descriptiones animalium avium, amphibiorum, piscium, insectorum, vermium; quae in itinere orientali observavit Petrus Forskål. Post mortem auctoris edidit Carsten Niebuhr. Catalog of Fishes lists the authority as " Fabricius [J. C.] (ex Forsskål) in Niebuhr 1775" and states that the genus is valid as "Siganus Fabricius 1775".
Carl Linnaeus originally
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CCP4
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CCP4 can refer to any one of the following:
Collaborative Computational Project Number 4 — comprehensive collection of protein crystallography software
CCP4 (file format) — An electron density file format used in molecular graphics
Port Hope Simpson Airport — ICAO Canadian airport code: CCP4
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnataka%20Brahmin
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Karnataka Brahmins or Carnatic Brahmins are Pancha Dravida Brahmin native to the Indian state of Karnataka.
Classification
Karnataka Brahmins fall under the Pancha Dravida Brahmin classification of the Brahmin community.
Karnataka Brahmins are divided into three major sub-divisions,
Smarta,
Madhva,
Sri Vaishnava,
with several sub-divisions under each.
References
Kannada Brahmins
Tulu Nadu
Ethnic groups in India
Karnataka society
Mangalorean society
Dravidian peoples
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uncommon%20Valor
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Uncommon Valor is a 1983 American action war film directed by Ted Kotcheff and starring Gene Hackman, Fred Ward, Reb Brown, Randall "Tex" Cobb, Robert Stack, Patrick Swayze, Harold Sylvester and Tim Thomerson. Hackman plays a former U.S. Marine colonel who puts together a rag-tag team to rescue his son, who he believes is among those still held in Laos after the Vietnam War.
Plot
In 1972, a group of soldiers in Vietnam carry one of their wounded during the platoon's evacuation to the helicopters, but they are left behind as the helicopter carrying "Blaster", "Sailor", and Wilkes departs the hot landing zone.
In the early 1980s, retired Marine Colonel Jason Rhodes is obsessed with finding his son Frank, an Army Lieutenant listed as "missing in action" since 1972. After 10 years of searching Southeast Asia and turning up several leads, Rhodes believes that Frank is still alive and being kept in Laos as a prisoner of war.
After petitioning the United States government for help, but receiving none, Colonel Rhodes brings together a disparate group of Vietnam War veterans, including some who were a part of Frank's platoon: the demolitions expert Blaster; the "tunnel rat" Wilkes who suffers from PTSD; and the machine gunner Sailor. Additionally, two helicopter pilot acquaintances of Rhodes, Distinguished Flying Cross recipient Johnson, and Charts, join the group. Former Force Recon Marine Kevin Scott joins the team and later turns out to be the son of a pilot who was shot down in
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonic%20Trouble
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Tonic Trouble is a 1999 action-adventure game developed by Ubi Soft Montreal and published by Ubi Soft. The game follows janitor Ed, who drops a container of unidentified fluid from his spaceship to Earth, transforming the planet into a mutated version of itself. Drunkard Grögh drinks from the container and is granted powers that lead him to conquer Earth. Assuming the role of Ed, the player is tasked with solving puzzles and defeating enemies to acquire the tools to conquer Grögh and repossess the container to create an antidote.
Tonic Trouble was conceptualized by Michel Ancel and developed by a team of around 120 people, starting pre-production in June 1996. After multiple delays, the game was released for Nintendo 64 in August 1999, with a Windows version following that December. A Game Boy Color adaptation was made by RFX Interactive and released in Europe in 2000. Tonic Trouble received a mixed response from critics, who approved of the controls, score, level design, and graphics, but criticized the camera system, gameplay, visuals, and its derivative nature. The game sold 1.1 million copies.
Gameplay
Tonic Trouble is an action-adventure game played from a third-person view. The playable character, Ed, navigates three-dimensional environments through platforming and entering portals, while wielding a peashooter (used in a first-person perspective); new gadgets are rewarded as more levels are completed. Gadgets are created by a mad doctor character, who builds the pe
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuronal%20tuning
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Neuronal tuning refers to the hypothesized property of brain cells by which they selectively represent a particular type of sensory, association, motor, or cognitive information. Some neuronal responses have been hypothesized to be optimally tuned to specific patterns through experience. Neuronal tuning can be strong and sharp, as observed in primary visual cortex (area V1) (but see Carandini et al 2005 ), or weak and broad, as observed in neural ensembles. Single neurons are hypothesized to be simultaneously tuned to several modalities, such as visual, auditory, and olfactory. Neurons hypothesized to be tuned to different signals are often hypothesized to integrate information from the different sources. In computational models called neural networks, such integration is the major principle of operation. The best examples of neuronal tuning can be seen in the visual, auditory, olfactory, somatosensory, and memory systems, although due to the small number of stimuli tested the generality of neuronal tuning claims is still an open question.
Visually Tuned System
Accepted neuronal tuning models suggest that neurons respond to different degrees based on the similarity between the optimal stimulus of the neuron and the given stimulus. (Teller (1984), however, has challenged the "detector" view of neurons on logical grounds) The first major evidence of neuronal tuning in the visual system was provided by Hubel and Wiesel in 1959. They discovered that oriented slits of light were
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C5-convertase
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C5 convertase is an enzyme belonging to a family of serine proteases that play key role in the innate immunity. It participates in the complement system ending with cell death.
There are four different C5 convertases able to specifically convert the protein C5 to C5a and C5b fragments. Two of the convertases are physiological complement enzymes, associate to the cell-surface and mediate the classical pathway (C4b2b3b, or C4b2a3b depending on source) or the alternative pathway (C3bBbC3b) of complement system. Two fluid phase C5 convertases have been described: the classical pathway enzyme, C4b2boxy3b and the cobra venom factor-dependent C5 convertase, CVFBb.
Structure
Cell-bound C3 and C5 convertase differ in their C3b requirement. C3-convertase (C3bBb) need only one molecule of C3b to form, whereas two or more C3b are required for generation of C5 convertase (C3bBb). It means, when C3b is randomly distributed on the surface of a cell, only C3 convertase activity appears after addition of Factors B and D. However, when C3b is distributed in clusters, C3 and C5 convertase activity is generated upon addition of Factors B and D.
The classical pathway C5 convertase is composed of the fragments of complement proteins, C4b, C2a produced by cleavage mediated by C1 complex, and C3b produced by cleavage mediated by the classical pathway C3 convertase (C4bC2a).
The formation of the alternative pathway C5 convertase (C3bBbC3b) starts by spontaneous cleavage of C3 protein exposing pr
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20numerical%20computational%20geometry%20topics
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List of numerical computational geometry topics enumerates the topics of computational geometry that deals with geometric objects as continuous entities and applies methods and algorithms of nature characteristic to numerical analysis. This area is also called "machine geometry", computer-aided geometric design, and geometric modelling.
See List of combinatorial computational geometry topics for another flavor of computational geometry that states problems in terms of geometric objects as discrete entities and hence the methods of their solution are mostly theories and algorithms of combinatorial character.
Curves
In the list of curves topics, the following ones are fundamental to geometric modelling.
Parametric curve
Bézier curve
Spline
Hermite spline
Beta spline
B-spline
Higher-order spline
NURBS
Contour line
Surfaces
Bézier surface
Isosurface
Parametric surface
Other
Level-set method
Computational topology
Mathematics-related lists
Geometric algorithms
Geometry
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobby%20Tambling
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Robert Victor Tambling (born 18 September 1941) is an English former professional footballer, who played as a forward, most notably for Chelsea, Crystal Palace and England. He was Chelsea's all-time top scorer for 47 years, with 202 goals in all competitions until Frank Lampard surpassed this total on 11 May 2013. Tambling remains Chelsea's all-time top scorer in league competition with 164 goals. After enjoying a successful career in the Football League during the 1960s and early 1970s, Tambling moved to Ireland. He subsequently played for several clubs in the League of Ireland and also represented the League of Ireland XI. After retiring as a player he continued to live in Ireland, residing in Crosshaven, County Cork.
Playing career
Chelsea
A talented schoolboy footballer who played for England schoolboys, his signature as a professional player was sought out by several teams including Reading, Wolverhampton Wanderers and the club he supported as a boy, Blackpool. Having met scout Jimmy Thompson and manager Ted Drake Tambling joined Chelsea as a fifteen-year-old in 1957. He made his debut, aged seventeen in 1959 scoring in a 3–2 win against West Ham United. Two years later, following the transfer of Jimmy Greaves to AC Milan, he became Chelsea's main striker and was their leading goal scorer for five seasons in the 1960s. Forming a partnership with Barry Bridges, Tambling was made club captain in 1962 by manager Tommy Docherty after Chelsea's relegation to the Second Divi
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Busulfan
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Busulfan (Myleran, GlaxoSmithKline, Busulfex IV, Otsuka America Pharmaceutical, Inc.) is a chemotherapy drug in use since 1959. It is a cell cycle non-specific alkylating antineoplastic agent, in the class of alkyl sulfonates. Its chemical designation is 1,4-butanediol dimethanesulfonate.
History
Busulfan was approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for treatment of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) in 1999. Busulfan was the mainstay of the chemotherapeutic treatment of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) until it was displaced by the new gold standard, imatinib, though it is still in use to a degree as a result of the drug's relative low cost.
Indications
Busulfan is used in pediatrics and adults in combination with cyclophosphamide or fludarabine/clofarabine as a conditioning agent prior to bone marrow transplantation, especially in chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) and other leukemias, lymphomas, and myeloproliferative disorders. Busulfan can control tumor burden but cannot prevent transformation or correct cytogenic abnormalities.
The drug was recently used in a study to examine the role of platelet-transported serotonin in liver regeneration.
Availability
Myleran is supplied in white film coated tablets with 2 mg of busulfan per tablet. After 2002, a great interest has appeared for intravenous presentations of busulfan. Busulfex is supplied as an intravenous solution with 6 mg/ml busulfan. Busulfex has proved equally effective as oral busulfan, with presume
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British%20NVC%20community%20U6
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NVC community U6 (Juncus squarrosus - Festuca ovina grassland) is one of the calcifugous grassland communities in the British National Vegetation Classification system.
It is a comparatively localised community. There are four subcommunities.
Community composition
The following constant species are found in this community:
Sheep's Fescue (Festuca ovina)
Heath Rush (Juncus squarrosus)
Common Haircap Polytrichum commune
Bifid Crestwort Lophocolea bidentata sensu lato
One rare species is associated with the community, Greater Pawwort, Barbilophozia lycopodioides.
Distribution
This community is found locally in the uplands of Wales, northern England and Scotland.
Subcommunities
There are four subcommunities:
the Sphagnum spp. subcommunity
the Carex nigra - Calypogeia trichomanis subcommunity
the Vaccinium myrtillus subcommunity
the Agrostis capillaris - Luzula multiflora subcommunity
References
Rodwell, J. S. (1992) British Plant Communities Volume 3 - Grasslands and montane communities (hardback), (paperback)
U06
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sipser%E2%80%93Lautemann%20theorem
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In computational complexity theory, the Sipser–Lautemann theorem or Sipser–Gács–Lautemann theorem states that bounded-error probabilistic polynomial (BPP) time is contained in the polynomial time hierarchy, and more specifically Σ2 ∩ Π2.
In 1983, Michael Sipser showed that BPP is contained in the polynomial time hierarchy. Péter Gács showed that BPP is actually contained in Σ2 ∩ Π2. Clemens Lautemann contributed by giving a simple proof of BPP’s membership in Σ2 ∩ Π2, also in 1983. It is conjectured that in fact BPP=P, which is a much stronger statement than the Sipser–Lautemann theorem.
Proof
Here we present the Lautemann's proof. Without loss of generality, a machine M ∈ BPP with error ≤ 2−|x| can be chosen. (All BPP problems can be amplified to reduce the error probability exponentially.) The basic idea of the proof is to define a Σ2 sentence that is equivalent to stating that x is in the language, L, defined by M by using a set of transforms of the random variable inputs.
Since the output of M depends on random input, as well as the input x, it is useful to define which random strings produce the correct output as A(x) = {r | M(x,r) accepts}. The key to the proof is to note that when x ∈ L, A(x) is very large and when x ∉ L, A(x) is very small. By using bitwise parity, ⊕, a set of transforms can be defined as A(x) ⊕ t={r ⊕ t | r ∈ A(x)}. The first main lemma of the proof shows that the union of a small finite number of these transforms will contain the entire spac
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20Salsburg
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David S. Salsburg (born 1931) is an author. His 2002 book The Lady Tasting Tea, subtitled How Statistics Revolutionized Science in the Twentieth Century, provides a layman's overview of important developments in the field of statistics in the late 19th and early 20th century, particularly in the areas of experiment design, the study of random distributions, and the careers of major researchers in the field such as Ronald Fisher, Karl Pearson, and Jerzy Neyman.
Salsburg is a retired pharmaceutical company statistician (having been a senior research fellow at Pfizer's central research department until 1995) who has taught at Harvard, Yale, Connecticut College, the University of Connecticut, the University of Pennsylvania, Rhode Island College, and Trinity College and has been a Fellow of the American Statistical Association since 1978. Salsburg was also the first statistician hired by Pfizer. In 1994, Salsburg was awarded the Career Achievement Award of the Biostatistics Section of the Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America, given annually for "significant contributions to the advancement of biostatistics in the pharmaceutical industry". The Mathematical Association of America characterised him as follows
"Salsburg believes that the public is not fully aware of the degree to which recent developments in statistics impact the way we perceive the world. He correctly points out that the twentieth century saw the fading of a deterministic outlook and the rise of a s
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monopolin
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Monopolin is a protein complex that in budding yeast is composed of the four proteins CSM1, HRR25, LRS4, and MAM1. Monopolin is required for the segregation of homologous centromeres to opposite poles of a dividing cell during anaphase I of meiosis. This occurs by bridging DSN1 kinetochore proteins to sister kinetochores within the centromere to physically fuse them and allow for the microtubules to pull each homolog toward opposite mitotic spindles.
Molecular structure
Monopolin is composed of a 4 CSM1:2 LRS4 complex which forms a V-shaped structure with two globular heads at the ends, which are responsible for directly crosslinking sister kinetochores. Bound to each CSM1 head is a MAM1 protein which recruits one copy of the HRR25 kinase. The hydrophobic cavity on the CSM1 subunit allows the hydrophobic regions of Monopolin receptor and kinetochore protein, DSN1, to bind to and fuse the sister kinetochores. Microtubules can then attach to the kinetochores on the homologous centromeres and pull them toward opposite mitotic spindles to complete anaphase of meiosis I.
References
Proteins
Molecular biology
Protein complexes
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Separatrix%20%28mathematics%29
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In mathematics, a separatrix is the boundary separating two modes of behaviour in a differential equation.
Example: simple pendulum
Consider the differential equation describing the motion of a simple pendulum:
where denotes the length of the pendulum, the gravitational acceleration and the angle between the pendulum and vertically downwards. In this system there is a conserved quantity H (the Hamiltonian), which is given by
With this defined, one can plot a curve of constant H in the phase space of system. The phase space is a graph with along the horizontal axis and on the vertical axis – see the thumbnail to the right. The type of resulting curve depends upon the value of H.
If then no curve exists (because must be imaginary).
If then the curve will be a simple closed curve which is nearly circular for small H and becomes "eye" shaped when H approaches the upper bound. These curves correspond to the pendulum swinging periodically from side to side.
If then the curve is open, and this corresponds to the pendulum forever swinging through complete circles.
In this system the separatrix is the curve that corresponds to . It separates — hence the name — the phase space into two distinct areas, each with a distinct type of motion. The region inside the separatrix has all those phase space curves which correspond to the pendulum oscillating back and forth, whereas the region outside the separatrix has all the phase space curves which correspond to the pendul
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Lady%20Tasting%20Tea
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The Lady Tasting Tea: How Statistics Revolutionized Science in the Twentieth Century () is a book by David Salsburg about the history of modern statistics and the role it played in the development of science and industry.
The title comes from the "lady tasting tea", an example from the famous book, The Design of Experiments, by Ronald A. Fisher. Regarding Fisher's example, the statistician Debabrata Basu wrote that "the famous case of the 'lady tasting tea'" was "one of the two supporting pillars [...] of the randomization analysis of experimental data".
Summary
The book discusses the statistical revolution which took place in the twentieth century, where science shifted from a deterministic view (Clockwork universe) to a perspective concerned primarily with probabilities and distributions and parameters. Salsburg does this through a collection of stories about the people who were fundamental in the change, starting with men like R.A. Fisher and Karl Pearson. He discusses at length how many of these people had their own philosophy of statistics, and in particular their own understanding of statistical significance. Throughout, he introduces in a very nontechnical fashion a variety of statistical ideas and methods, such as maximum likelihood estimation and bootstrapping.
Reception
The book was generally well-received, receiving coverage in a variety of medical and statistical journals. Reviewers from the medical field enjoyed Salsburg's coverage of Fisher's opposition
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bersa%20Thunder%209
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The Thunder 9 is a full-size semi-automatic handgun manufactured by Bersa at the Ramos Mejia production plant in Argentina. It is also sold under the name Firestorm or FS 9.
Derivatives in other calibres include the Thunder 40 and Thunder 45.
Development History
This handgun is an evolution of the Model 90, the first full-size 9mm Luger pistol made by the Argentine company and introduced in 1989. In 1994, when the entire Bersa pistol production line was renamed "Thunder", the Model 90 was modified with better functionalities and placement of the fire control group, match barrel, improved sights, better ergonomics, lighter weight and increased magazine capacity. It then became the full-size offering of the Thunder model range.
Design
The Thunder 9 shares little in common with the other handguns in the company's product line. While the smaller Thunders are blow-back pistols similar to the Walther PPK, the Thunder 9 is a full-size, short-recoil handgun to handle the greater pressure of the 9mm Parabellum cartridge. The gun bears some resemblance to the Walther P88 pistol.
The slide and barrel are high strength steel and the frame is aluminum alloy. Available finishes are black matte, nickel, and a two-tone with a nickel finished slide and satin black frame. All the available finishing styles are non-reflective. The polymer grips are integrated "wraparound" style. The trigger is double-action for the first shot, single-action thereafter. The magazine is double stack and the
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RF%20antenna%20ion%20source
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An RF antenna ion source (or radio frequency antenna ion source) is an internal multi-cusp design that can produce a particle beam of about ~30 to 40 mA current. It is used in high energy particle physics and in accelerator laboratories.
Previous RF antennas would penetrate the porcelain enamel coating on the antenna section at high RF power. This problem has been corrected in the development stage with a ten layer coating of titanium dioxide, with approximately 1 mm thick coating.
With the development of the RF antenna ion source, or "non-thermionic ion source," the ion source has an advantage over conventional cold cathodes and hot filament ion sources. The filament continuously burns out over time with a shorter lifespan, requiring venting of the ion source to atmosphere and rebuilding of the ion source.
See also
Ion source
Particle accelerator
External links
Lawrence Berkley National Laboratory Improvement of the lifetime of radio frequency antenna
Particle physics
Accelerator physics
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic%20wave%20equation
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The electromagnetic wave equation is a second-order partial differential equation that describes the propagation of electromagnetic waves through a medium or in a vacuum. It is a three-dimensional form of the wave equation. The homogeneous form of the equation, written in terms of either the electric field or the magnetic field , takes the form:
where
is the speed of light (i.e. phase velocity) in a medium with permeability , and permittivity , and is the Laplace operator. In a vacuum, , a fundamental physical constant. The electromagnetic wave equation derives from Maxwell's equations. In most older literature, is called the magnetic flux density or magnetic induction. The following equationspredicate that any electromagnetic wave must be a transverse wave, where the electric field and the magnetic field are both perpendicular to the direction of wave propagation.
The origin of the electromagnetic wave equation
In his 1865 paper titled A Dynamical Theory of the Electromagnetic Field, James Clerk Maxwell utilized the correction to Ampère's circuital law that he had made in part III of his 1861 paper On Physical Lines of Force. In Part VI of his 1864 paper titled Electromagnetic Theory of Light, Maxwell combined displacement current with some of the other equations of electromagnetism and he obtained a wave equation with a speed equal to the speed of light. He commented:
The agreement of the results seems to show that light and magnetism are affections of the same
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydraulic%20brake
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A hydraulic brake is an arrangement of braking mechanism which uses brake fluid, typically containing glycol ethers or diethylene glycol, to transfer pressure from the controlling mechanism to the braking mechanism.
History
During 1904, Frederick George Heath (Heath Hydraulic Brake Co., Ltd.), Redditch, England devised and fitted a hydraulic (water/glycerine) brake system to a cycle using a handlebar lever and piston. He obtained patent GB190403651A for “Improvements in hydraulic actuated brakes for cycles and motors”, as well as subsequently for improved flexible rubber hydraulic pipes.
In 1908, Ernest Walter Weight of Bristol, England devised and fitted a four-wheel hydraulic (oil) braking system to a motor car. He patented it in Great Britain (GB190800241A) in December 1908, later in Europe and the USA and then exhibited it at the 1909 London Motor Show. His brother, William Herbert Weight improved the patent (GB190921122A) and both were assigned to the Weight Patent Automobile Brake Ltd. of 23 Bridge Street, Bristol when it was established in 1909/10. The company, which had a factory at Luckwell Lane, Bristol, installed a four-wheel hydraulic braking system on a Metallurgique chassis, fitted with a Hill and Boll body, which was exhibited at the November 1910 London Motor Show. Although more cars had the brake system installed and the company advertised heavily, it disappeared without achieving the success it deserved.
Malcolm Loughead (who later changed the spelling of
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hox%20gene
|
Hox genes, a subset of homeobox genes, are a group of related genes that specify regions of the body plan of an embryo along the head-tail axis of animals. Hox proteins encode and specify the characteristics of 'position', ensuring that the correct structures form in the correct places of the body. For example, Hox genes in insects specify which appendages form on a segment (for example, legs, antennae, and wings in fruit flies), and Hox genes in vertebrates specify the types and shape of vertebrae that will form. In segmented animals, Hox proteins thus confer segmental or positional identity, but do not form the actual segments themselves.
Studies on Hox genes in ciliated larvae have shown they are only expressed in future adult tissues. In larvae with gradual metamorphosis the Hox genes are activated in tissues of the larval body, generally in the trunk region, that will be maintained through metamorphosis. In larvae with complete metamorphosis the Hox genes are mainly expressed in juvenile rudiments and are absent in the transient larval tissues. The larvae of the hemichordate species Schizocardium californicum and the pilidium larva of Nemertea do not express Hox genes.
An analogy for the Hox genes can be made to the role of a play director who calls which scene the actors should carry out next. If the play director calls the scenes in the wrong order, the overall play will be presented in the wrong order. Similarly, mutations in the Hox genes can result in body parts a
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antennapedia
|
Antennapedia (abbreviated Antp) is a Hox gene first discovered in Drosophila which controls the formation of legs during development. Loss-of-function mutations in the regulatory region of this gene result in the development of the second leg pair into ectopic antennae. By contrast gain-of-function alleles convert antennae into ectopic legs.
This is just one illustration of the tendency of organisms to exhibit variations on a theme: modulated repetition. Legs and antennae are related to one another as much as molars are to incisors, fingers are to toes, and arms are to legs.
Antp also refers to a gene complex (ANT-C) in Drosophila ending with the Antp gene. It is responsible for formation and differentiation of the thoracic and head segments of the fly's body.
Origin of Antennapedia-class homeobox gene
The origin of the ancestor homeobox gene is an important aspect of the evolution of the Antp-class Hox genes. Early evolution of the Antp-class genes may have predated the divergence of cnidarians. However, the role that Antp plays in the spatial body development of cnidarians remains unclear. A widely accepted theory is that the ancestor Hox cluster containing three genes arose in the early metazoan era. It is suggested that Antennapedia arose from Evx, a non-Hox family of genes. This duplication event of Evx into the Antp-class probably occurred prior to cnidarian divergence, as there are Cnidarians with Evx and without Hox class genes and vice versa.
Antennapedia in a
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castej%C3%B3n%2C%20Navarre
|
Castejón is a town and municipality located in the province and autonomous community of Navarre, northern Spain.
Castejón is home to Spain's largest photovoltaic power plant (2.44 MWp), which opened in 2006.
References
External links
Castejón in the Bernardo Estornés Lasa - Auñamendi Encyclopedia (Euskomedia Fundazioa)
Municipalities in Navarre
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CDX4
|
CDX4 may refer to:
CDX4 (gene), a human gene that encodes a homeobox protein
Fancy Lake Water Aerodrome, an abandoned airport
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecgonine
|
Ecgonine (tropane derivative) is a tropane alkaloid found naturally in coca leaves. It has a close structural relation to cocaine: it is both a metabolite and a precursor, and as such, it is a controlled substance in many jurisdictions, as are some substances which can be used as precursors to ecgonine itself.
Structurally, ecgonine is a cycloheptane derivative with a nitrogen bridge. It is obtained by hydrolysis of cocaine with acids or alkalis, and crystallizes with one molecule of water, the crystals melting at 198–199 °C. It is levorotary, and on warming with alkalis gives iso-ecgonine, which is dextrorotary.
It is a tertiary base, and has the properties of an acid and an alcohol. It is the carboxylic acid corresponding to tropine, for it yields the same products on oxidation, and by treatment with phosphorus pentachloride is converted into anhydroecgonine, C9H13NO2, which, when heated to 280 °C with hydrochloric acid, eliminates carbon dioxide and yields tropidine, C8H13N.
See also
Coca alkaloids
Anhydroecgonine
Cocaethylene
Dihydrocuscohygrine
Methylecgonidine
Salicylmethylecgonine
Tropinone
Troparil
References
Beta-Amino acids
Tropane alkaloids found in Erythroxylum coca
Secondary alcohols
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levulinic%20acid
|
Levulinic acid, or 4-oxopentanoic acid, is an organic compound with the formula CH3C(O)CH2CH2CO2H. It is classified as a keto acid. This white crystalline solid is soluble in water and polar organic solvents. It is derived from degradation of cellulose and is a potential precursor to biofuels, such as ethyl levulinate.
Synthesis
Levulinic acid was first prepared in 1840 by Dutch chemist Gerardus Johannes Mulder by heating fructose with hydrochloric acid. The first commercial production of levulinic acid began as a batchwise process in an autoclave by starch manufacturer A. E. Staley in the 1940s. In 1953 Quaker Oats developed a continuous process for the production of levulinic acid. In 1956 it was identified as a platform chemical with high potential. and in 2004 the US Department of Energy (U.S. DoE) identified levulinic acid as one of the 12 potential platform chemicals in the biorefinery concept.
The synthesis of levulinic acid from hexoses (glucose, fructose) or starch in dilute hydrochloric acid or sulfuric acid. In addition to formic acid further, partly insoluble, by-products are produced. These are deeply colored and their complete removal is a challenge for most technologies.
Many concepts for the commercial production of levulinic acid are based on a strong acid technology. The processes are conducted in a continuous manner at high pressures and temperatures. Lignocellulose is an inexpensive starting material. Levulinic acid is separated from the mineral acid
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etch%20pit%20density
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The etch pit density (EPD) is a measure for the quality of semiconductor wafers.
Etching
An etch solution is applied on the surface of the wafer where the etch rate is increased at dislocations of the crystal resulting in pits. For GaAs one uses typically molten KOH at 450 degrees Celsius for about 40 minutes in a zirconium crucible. The density of the pits can be determined by optical contrast microscopy. Silicon wafers have usually a very low density of < 100 cm−2 while semi-insulating GaAs wafers have a density on the order of 105 cm−2.
Germanium detectors
High-purity Germanium detectors require the Ge crystals to be grown with a controlled range of dislocation density to reduce impurities. The etch pitch density requirement is typically within the range 103 to 104 cm−2.
Standards
The etch pit density can be determined according to DIN 50454-1 and ASTM F 1404.
References
Semiconductors
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitter%20Melon%20Farm
|
Bitter Melon Farm is the second in a three-part series of compilations by the Mountain Goats, released in 1999 by Ajax Records. It is preceded by Protein Source of the Future...Now!, and followed by Ghana.
Track listing
Personnel
John Darnielle – vocals, guitar
Rachel Ware – vocals, bass
References
The Mountain Goats compilation albums
1999 compilation albums
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avidin
|
Avidin is a tetrameric biotin-binding protein produced in the oviducts of birds, reptiles and amphibians and deposited in the whites of their eggs. Dimeric members of the avidin family are also found in some bacteria. In chicken egg white, avidin makes up approximately 0.05% of total protein (approximately 1800 μg per egg). The tetrameric protein contains four identical subunits (homotetramer), each of which can bind to biotin (Vitamin B7, vitamin H) with a high degree of affinity and specificity. The dissociation constant of the avidin-biotin complex is measured to be KD ≈ 10−15 M, making it one of the strongest known non-covalent bonds.
In its tetrameric form, avidin is estimated to be 66–69 kDa in size. 10% of the molecular weight is contributed by carbohydrate, composed of four to five mannose and three N-acetylglucosamine residues The carbohydrate moieties of avidin contain at least three unique oligosaccharide structural types that are similar in structure and composition.
Functional avidin is found in raw egg, but depending on the amount of heat it is exposed to during cooking, the quantity of molecules available for binding biotin can change. The natural function of avidin in eggs is not known, although it has been postulated to be made in the oviduct as a bacterial growth inhibitor, by binding biotin helpful for bacterial growth. As evidence for this, streptavidin, a related protein with equal biotin affinity and a very similar binding site, is made by certain stra
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benedict%E2%80%93Webb%E2%80%93Rubin%20equation
|
The Benedict–Webb–Rubin equation (BWR), named after Manson Benedict, G. B. Webb, and L. C. Rubin, is an equation of state used in fluid dynamics. Working at the research laboratory of the M. W. Kellogg Company, the three researchers rearranged the Beattie–Bridgeman equation of state and increased the number of experimentally determined constants to eight.
The original BWR equation
,
where is the molar density.
The BWRS equation of state
A modification of the Benedict–Webb–Rubin equation of state by Professor Kenneth E. Starling of the University of Oklahoma:
,
where is the molar density. The 11 mixture parameters (, , etc.) are calculated using the following relations
where and are indices for the components, and the summations go over all components. , , etc. are the parameters for the pure components for the th component, is the mole fraction of the th component, and is an interaction parameter.
Values of the various parameters for 15 substances can be found in Starling's Fluid Properties for Light Petroleum Systems..
The modified BWR equation (mBWR)
A further modification of the Benedict–Webb–Rubin equation of state by Jacobsen and Stewart:
where:
The mBWR equation subsequently evolved into a 32 term version (Younglove and Ely, 1987) with numerical parameters determined by fitting the equation to empirical data for a reference fluid. Other fluids then are described by using reduced variables for temperature and density.
See also
Real gas
References
Fu
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crawler%20%28BEAM%29
|
In BEAM robotics, a crawler is a robot that has a mode of locomotion by tracks or by transferring the robot's body on limbs or appendages. These do not drag parts of their body on the ground.
In the original paper "living machines" from 1995, two types of robots were introduced which was the Walkman (a simple crawler) and Spyder, which is a more elaborated legged robot. The difference between a walker and a crawler is, that the crawler is more primitive. It has robot legs and can move forward on the carpet but the legs don't have dedicated joints for articulated movements. Instead they are mounted directly on the robot's base.
The design of a crawler robot isn't specified in detail and each robot engineer is allowed to build their own version. Sometimes, crawling robots are equipped with dedicated microcontrollers plus a radio controlled chipset while in other implementations a minimalist approach is used. What all these robots have in common is, that they are following the philosophy of Biology, Electronics, Aesthetics and Mechanics which is about imitating biological bugs.
A possible alternative control over teleoperation is a nv network which is a specialized form of a central pattern generator. This is a pseudorandom number generator which is producing an oscillating signal. It moves the legs similar to a clockwork.
Genera
Turbots: Rolls over and over as a mode of locomotion via arms or flagella.
Inchworms: Driven mode of locomotion via the robot's body undulating;
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stress%20tensor
|
Stress tensor may refer to:
Cauchy stress tensor, in classical physics
Stress deviator tensor, in classical physics
Piola–Kirchhoff stress tensor, in continuum mechanics
Viscous stress tensor, in continuum mechanics
Stress–energy tensor, in relativistic theories
Maxwell stress tensor, in electromagnetism
Electromagnetic stress–energy tensor, in relativistic physics
See also
Stress (disambiguation)
Tensor (disambiguation)
Stress measures
Science disambiguation pages
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Term%20indexing
|
In computer science, a term index is a data structure to facilitate fast lookup of terms and clauses in a logic program, deductive database, or automated theorem prover.
Overview
Many operations in automatic theorem provers require search in huge collections of terms and clauses. Such operations typically fall into the following scheme. Given a collection of terms (clauses) and a query term (clause) , find in some/all terms related to according to a certain retrieval condition. Most interesting retrieval conditions are formulated as existence of a substitution that relates in a special way the query and the retrieved objects . Here is a list of retrieval conditions frequently used in provers:
term is unifiable with term , i.e., there exists a substitution , such that =
term is an instance of , i.e., there exists a substitution , such that =
term is a generalisation of , i.e., there exists a substitution , such that =
clause subsumes clause , i.e., there exists a substitution , such that is a subset/submultiset of
clause is subsumed by , i.e., there exists a substitution , such that is a subset/submultiset of
More often than not, we are actually interested in finding the appropriate
substitutions explicitly, together with the retrieved terms ,
rather than just in establishing existence of such substitutions.
Very often the sizes of term sets to be searched are large,
the retrieval calls are frequent and the retrieval condition test
is rather co
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epithelial%E2%80%93mesenchymal%20transition
|
The epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a process by which epithelial cells lose their cell polarity and cell–cell adhesion, and gain migratory and invasive properties to become mesenchymal stem cells; these are multipotent stromal cells that can differentiate into a variety of cell types. EMT is essential for numerous developmental processes including mesoderm formation and neural tube formation. EMT has also been shown to occur in wound healing, in organ fibrosis and in the initiation of metastasis in cancer progression.
Introduction
Epithelial–mesenchymal transition was first recognized as a feature of embryogenesis by Betty Hay in the 1980s. EMT, and its reverse process, MET (mesenchymal-epithelial transition) are critical for development of many tissues and organs in the developing embryo, and numerous embryonic events such as gastrulation, neural crest formation, heart valve formation, secondary palate development, and myogenesis. Epithelial and mesenchymal cells differ in phenotype as well as function, though both share inherent plasticity. Epithelial cells are closely connected to each other by tight junctions, gap junctions and adherens junctions, have an apico-basal polarity, polarization of the actin cytoskeleton and are bound by a basal lamina at their basal surface. Mesenchymal cells, on the other hand, lack this polarization, have a spindle-shaped morphology and interact with each other only through focal points. Epithelial cells express high levels of
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British%20NVC%20community%20SD18
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NVC community SD18 (Hippophae rhamnoides dune scrub) is one of the 16 sand-dune communities in the British National Vegetation Classification system.
It is the only community characterised in the NVC as "dune scrub".
It is a widely distributed coastal community. There are two subcommunities.
Community composition
The community has a single constant species, Sea Buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides), which is also regarded by the authors of British Plant Communities as a rare species.
Distribution
This community is found widely on the British east coast from Kent to Fife, but particularly in Norfolk and Lincolnshire; it is also found in a number of west coast localities, for example in Devon, Wales and Lancashire.
Subcommunities
There are two subcommunities:
the Festuca rubra subcommunity
the Urtica dioica - Arrhenatherum elatius subcommunity
References
Rodwell, J. S. (2000) British Plant Communities Volume 5 - Maritime communities and vegetation of open habitats (hardback), (paperback)
SD18
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peripheral%20blood%20mononuclear%20cell
|
A peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) is any peripheral blood cell having a round nucleus. These cells consist of lymphocytes (T cells, B cells, NK cells) and monocytes, whereas erythrocytes and platelets have no nuclei, and granulocytes (neutrophils, basophils, and eosinophils) have multi-lobed nuclei. In humans, lymphocytes make up the majority of the PBMC population, followed by monocytes, and only a small percentage of dendritic cells.
These cells can be extracted from whole blood using ficoll, a hydrophilic polysaccharide that separates layers of blood, and gradient centrifugation, which will separate the blood into a top layer of plasma, followed by a layer of PBMCs (buffy coat) and a bottom fraction of polymorphonuclear cells (such as neutrophils and eosinophils) and erythrocytes. The polymorphonuclear cells can be further isolated by lysing the red blood cells. Basophils are sometimes found in both the denser and the PBMC fractions.
Clinical significance
Infections
Recent studies indicate that PBMCs may be susceptible to pathogenic infections, such as Ureaplasma parvum and urealiticum, Mycoplasma genitalium and hominis and Chlamydia trachomatis infections. PBMCs may be also susceptible to viral infections. Indeed, footprints of JC polyomavirus and Merkel cell polyomavirus have been detected in PBMCs from pregnant women and women affected by spontaneous abortion.
Research uses
Many scientists conducting research in the fields of immunology (including auto-im
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simplified%20perturbations%20models
|
Simplified perturbations models are a set of five mathematical models (SGP, SGP4, SDP4, SGP8 and SDP8) used to calculate orbital state vectors of satellites and space debris relative to the Earth-centered inertial coordinate system. This set of models is often referred to collectively as SGP4 due to the frequency of use of that model particularly with two-line element sets produced by NORAD and NASA.
These models predict the effect of perturbations caused by the Earth’s shape, drag, radiation, and gravitation effects from other bodies such as the sun and moon. Simplified General Perturbations (SGP) models apply to near earth objects with an orbital period of less than 225 minutes. Simplified Deep Space Perturbations (SDP) models apply to objects with an orbital period greater than 225 minutes, which corresponds to an altitude of 5,877.5 km, assuming a circular orbit.
The SGP4 and SDP4 models were published along with sample code in FORTRAN IV in 1988 with refinements over the original model to handle the larger number of objects in orbit since. SGP8/SDP8 introduced additional improvements for handling orbital decay.
The SGP4 model has an error ~1 km at epoch and grows at ~1–3 km per day. This data is updated frequently in NASA and NORAD sources due to this error. The original SGP model was developed by Kozai in 1959, refined by Hilton & Kuhlman in 1966 and was originally used by the National Space Surveillance Control Center (and later the United States Space Surveilla
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pendulum-and-hydrostat%20control
|
Pendulum-and-hydrostat control is a control mechanism developed originally for depth control of the Whitehead torpedo. It is an early example of what is now known as proportional and derivative control.
The hydrostat is a mechanism that senses pressure; the torpedo's depth is proportional to pressure. However, with only a hydrostat controlling the depth fins in a negative feedback loop, the torpedo tends to oscillate around the desired depth rather than settling to the desired depth. The addition of a pendulum allows the torpedo to sense the pitch of the torpedo. The pitch information is combined with the depth information to set the torpedo's depth control fins. The pitch information provides a damping term to the depth control response and suppresses the depth oscillations.
Operation
In control theory the effect of the addition of the pendulum can be explained as turning the simple proportional controller into a proportional-derivative controller since the depth keeping is not controlled by the depth alone anymore but also by the derivative (rate of change) of the depth which is roughly proportional to the angle of the machine. The relative gain of the proportional and derivative functions could be altered by adjusting the linkages.
It was mainly used to control the depth of torpedoes until the end of the Second World War, and it reduced depth errors from ±40 feet (12 meters) to as little as ±6 inches (0.15 m).
The pendulum and hydrostat control was invented by Robert
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xubuntu
|
Xubuntu () is a Canonical Ltd.–recognized, community-maintained derivative of the Ubuntu operating system. The name Xubuntu is a portmanteau of Xfce and Ubuntu, as it uses the Xfce desktop environment, instead of Ubuntu's customized GNOME desktop.
Xubuntu seeks to provide "a light, stable and configurable desktop environment with conservative workflows" using Xfce components. Xubuntu is intended for both new and experienced Linux users. Rather than explicitly targeting low-powered machines, it attempts to provide "extra responsiveness and speed" on existing hardware.
History
Xubuntu was originally intended to be released at the same time as Ubuntu 5.10 Breezy Badger, 13 October 2005, but the work was not complete by that date. Instead the Xubuntu name was used for the xubuntu-desktop metapackage available through the Synaptic Package Manager which installed the Xfce desktop.
The first official Xubuntu release, led by Jani Monoses, appeared on 1 June 2006, as part of the Ubuntu 6.06 Dapper Drake line, which also included Kubuntu and Edubuntu.
Cody A.W. Somerville developed a comprehensive strategy for the Xubuntu project named the Xubuntu Strategy Document. This document was approved by the Ubuntu Community Council in 2008.
In February 2009 Mark Shuttleworth agreed that an official LXDE version of Ubuntu, Lubuntu, would be developed. The LXDE desktop uses the Openbox window manager and, like Xubuntu, is intended to be a low-system-requirement, low-RAM environment for net
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard%20test%20image
|
A standard test image is a digital image file used across different institutions to test image processing and image compression algorithms. By using the same standard test images, different labs are able to compare results, both visually and quantitatively.
The images are in many cases chosen to represent natural or typical images that a class of processing techniques would need to deal with. Other test images are chosen because they present a range of challenges to image reconstruction algorithms, such as the reproduction of fine detail and textures, sharp transitions and edges, and uniform regions.
Historical origins
Test images as transmission system calibration material probably date back to the original Paris to Lyon fax link. Analogue Fax equipment (and photographic equipment for the printing trade) were the largest user groups of the standardized image for calibration technology until the coming of television and digital image transmission systems.
Common test image resolutions
The standard resolution of the images is usually 512×512 or 720×576. Most of these images are available as TIFF files from the University of Southern California's Signal and Image Processing Institute. Kodak has released 768×512 images, available as PNGs, that was originally on Photo CD with higher resolution, that are widely used for comparing image compression techniques.
See also
Carole Hersee
FERET database (DARPA/NIST face recognition database)
Lenna
List of common 3D test mode
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light-harvesting%20complexes%20of%20green%20plants
|
The light-harvesting complex (or antenna complex; LH or LHC) is an array of protein and chlorophyll molecules embedded in the thylakoid membrane of plants and cyanobacteria, which transfer light energy to one chlorophyll a molecule at the reaction center of a photosystem.
The antenna pigments are predominantly chlorophyll b, xanthophylls, and carotenes. Chlorophyll a is known as the core pigment. Their absorption spectra are non-overlapping and broaden the range of light that can be absorbed in photosynthesis. The carotenoids have another role as an antioxidant to prevent photo-oxidative damage of chlorophyll molecules. Each antenna complex has between 250 and 400 pigment molecules and the energy they absorb is shuttled by resonance energy transfer to a specialized chlorophyll-protein complex known as the reaction center of each photosystem. The reaction center initiates a complex series of chemical reactions that capture energy in the form of chemical bonds.
For photosystem II, when either of the two chlorophyll a molecules at the reaction center absorb energy, an electron is excited and transferred to an electron acceptor molecule, pheophytin, leaving the chlorophyll a in an oxidized state. The oxidised chlorophyll a replaces the electrons by photolysis that involves the oxidation of water molecules to oxygen, protons and electrons.
The N-terminus of the chlorophyll a-b binding protein extends into the stroma where it is involved with adhesion of granal membranes and pho
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euler%20class
|
In mathematics, specifically in algebraic topology, the Euler class is a characteristic class of oriented, real vector bundles. Like other characteristic classes, it measures how "twisted" the vector bundle is. In the case of the tangent bundle of a smooth manifold, it generalizes the classical notion of Euler characteristic. It is named after Leonhard Euler because of this.
Throughout this article is an oriented, real vector bundle of rank over a base space .
Formal definition
The Euler class is an element of the integral cohomology group
constructed as follows. An orientation of amounts to a continuous choice of generator of the cohomology
of each fiber relative to the complement of zero. From the Thom isomorphism, this induces an orientation class
in the cohomology of relative to the complement of the zero section . The inclusions
where includes into as the zero section, induce maps
The Euler class e(E) is the image of u under the composition of these maps.
Properties
The Euler class satisfies these properties, which are axioms of a characteristic class:
Functoriality: If is another oriented, real vector bundle and is continuous and covered by an orientation-preserving map , then . In particular, .
Whitney sum formula: If is another oriented, real vector bundle, then the Euler class of their direct sum is given by
Normalization: If possesses a nowhere-zero section, then .
Orientation: If is with the opposite orientation, then .
Note that "Norm
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