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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20rare%20species%20in%20the%20British%20National%20Vegetation%20Classification
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The following is a list of vascular plants, bryophytes and lichens which were regarded as rare species by the authors of British Plant Communities, together with the communities in which they occur.
Vascular plants
Man orchid (Aceras anthropophorum) CG2, CG3, CG5
Baneberry (Actaea spicata) W9
Bristle bent (Agrostis curtisii) H2, H3, H4, H5, H6
Ground-pine (Ajuga chamaepitys) CG2, OV15
The lady's-mantle Alchemilla filicaulis ssp. filicaulis CG10
The lady's-mantle Alchemilla acutiloba MG3
The lady's-mantle Alchemilla glomerulans MG3
The lady's-mantle Alchemilla monticola MG3
The lady's-mantle Alchemilla subcrenata MG3
The lady's-mantle Alchemilla wichurae MG3, CG10
Babington's leek (Allium ampeloprasum var. babingtonii) OV6
Chives (Allium schoenoprasum) H6, H7, MC5
Three-cornered garlic (Allium triquetrum) OV24
Bog-rosemary (Andromeda polifolia) M2
Annual vernal-grass (Anthoxanthum aristatum) OV1
Loose silky-bent (Apera spica-venti) OV5
Bristol rock-cress (Arabis stricta) CG1
Field wormwood (Artemisia campestris) CG7
Goldilocks aster (Aster linosyris) CG1
Purple milk-vetch (Astragalus danicus) H7, CG2, CG3, CG4, CG5, CG7, SD11, SD12, MC10, MC5
Wild cabbage (Brassica oleracea) OV41, MC4, MC5
Lesser quaking-grass (Briza minor) OV1, OV2, OV6
Lesser hairy brome (Bromus benekenii) W9
Great pignut (Bunium bulbocastanum) CG2
Small hare's-ear (Bupleurum baldense) CG1
European box (Buxus sempervirens) W13
Narrow small-reed (Calamagrostis stricta) S1
N
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compensation%20of%20employees
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Compensation of employees (CE) is a statistical term used in national accounts, balance of payments statistics and sometimes in corporate accounts as well. It refers basically to the total gross (pre-tax) wages paid by employers to employees for work done in an accounting period, such as a quarter or a year.
However, in reality, the aggregate includes more than just gross wages, at least in national accounts and balance of payments statistics. The reason is that in these accounts, CE is defined as "the total remuneration, in cash or in kind, payable by an enterprise to an employee in return for work done by the latter during the accounting period". It represents effectively a total labour cost to an employer, paid from the gross revenues or the capital of an enterprise.
Compensation of employees is accounted for on an accrual basis; i.e., it is measured by the value of the remuneration in cash or in kind which an employee becomes entitled to receive from an employer in respect of work done, during the relevant accounting period – whether paid in advance, simultaneously, or in arrears of the work itself. This contrasts with other inputs to production, which are to be valued at the point when they are actually used.
For statistical purposes, the relationship of employer to employee exists, when there is an agreement, formal or informal, between an enterprise and a person, normally entered into voluntarily by both parties, whereby the person works for the enterprise, in retu
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbohydrase
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Carbohydrase is the name of a set of enzymes that catalyze 5 types of reactions, turning carbohydrates into simple sugars, from the large family of glycosidases.
Carbohydrases are produced in the pancreas, salivary glands and small intestine, breaking down polysaccharides. This is because complex sugars are often insoluble (such as starch), and therefore breaking them down will make it easier for the sugars to be absorbed into the blood, through the wall of the small intestine. A carbohydrate is usually a compound consisting of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. Carbohydrase facilitates the hydrolysis of polysaccharides into simpler sugars called Monosaccharides.
Examples
Maltase reduces maltose into glucose: C12H22O11 + H2O → 2C6H12O6Maltose + Water → α-Glucose
α-amylase breaks starch down into maltose and dextrin, by breaking down large, insoluble starch molecules into soluble starches (amylodextrin, erythrodextrin, and achrodextrin) producing successively smaller starches and ultimately maltose.
β-amylase catalyses the hydrolysis of starch into maltose by the process of removing successive maltose units from the non-reducing ends of the chains.
γ-Amylase will cleave the last α(1–4)glycosidic linkages at the nonreducing end of amylose and amylopectin, yielding glucose.
References
Enzymes
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WCHC
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WCHC (88.1 FM) is the student-run radio station of College of the Holy Cross in Worcester, MA, its city of license and broadcasts at a frequency of 88.1 MHz.
WCHC's official slogan is: "Worcester's Only Alternative Source"
The station is operated by mainly student DJs who play a wide variety of music, from rock to classical and modern, including talk shows about sports, politics, and modern events.
Sports
All home games and a handful of away games of Holy Cross' Crusader sporting events, namely football, basketball, and ice hockey, are broadcast live on WCHC.
History
WCHC began operation on December 6, 1948, as a closed-circuit station, limited to the Holy Cross campus, available at 640 AM. The College started the station as a student activity under the guidance of (Rev.) John Kelly, S.J., who often broadcast from the studios himself as "Father Pseudo".
By the 1970s WCHC had begun broadcasting as a 10-watt FM station at the frequency 89.1.
In 1988, after many years awaiting approval from the FCC, the station was granted approval to increase its output from 10 watts to 100 watts allowing it to reach most of the city of Worcester, but in order to accommodate the increased power, the station had to move to the 88.1 frequency to avoid interference with other stations in New England, particularly, the 4,000 watt WERS (Emerson College) at 88.9 in Boston.
On December 6, 2008, WCHC-FM celebrated its 60th Anniversary.
External links
Official site
Holy Cross Athletics
CHC
CHC
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British%20NVC%20community%20SD11
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NVC community SD11 (Carex arenaria - Cornicularia aculeata dune community) is one of the 16 sand-dune communities in the British National Vegetation Classification system.
It is one of four communities associated with fixed dunes.
It is a comparatively localised community. There are two subcommunities.
Community composition
The following constant species are found in this community:
Sand sedge (Carex arenaria)
the lichen Cornicularia aculeata
The following rare species are also associated with the community:
Purple Milk-vetch (Astragalus danicus)
Grey Hair-grass (Corynephorus canescens)
Distribution
This community is found on the east coast, mostly on the sand-dunes of Norfolk and Suffolk, but also in Aberdeenshire and on the south coast of Kent. It is also found inland, in The Brecks on the Norfolk/Suffolk border.
Subcommunities
There are two subcommunities:
the Ammophila arenaria subcommunity
the Festuca ovina subcommunity
References
Rodwell, J. S. (2000) British Plant Communities Volume 5 - Maritime communities and vegetation of open habitats (hardback), (paperback)
SD11
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axolemma
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In neuroscience, the axolemma (, and 'axo-' from axon) is the cell membrane of an axon, the branch of a neuron through which signals (action potentials) are transmitted. The axolemma is a three-layered, bilipid membrane. Under standard electron microscope preparations, the structure is approximately 8 nanometers thick.
Composition
The skeletal framework of this structure is formed by a spectrum of hexagonal or pentagonal arrangement on the inside of the cell membrane, as well as actin connected to the transmembrane. The metric cellular matrix is bound by transmembrane proteins, including the β1-integrin, to the cytoskeleton via the membrane skeleton. The axolemma is a phospholipid bilayer membrane, and charged ions/particles cannot directly pass through it. Instead, transmembrane proteins, such as specialized energy dependent ion pumps (the sodium/potassium pump), and ion channels (ligand-gated channels, mechanically gated channels, voltage-gated channels, and leakage channels) that sit within the axolemma are required to assist these charged ions/particles across the membrane, and to generate transmembrane potentials that will generate an action potential.
Function
The primary responsibility of cell membranes, including those surrounding the axon, is to regulate what goes into the cell and what goes out of the cell. The axolemma plays an important role in the nervous system, specifically the sensation, integration, and response pathways within the nervous system. Communi
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20constant%20species%20in%20the%20British%20National%20Vegetation%20Classification
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The following is a list of vascular plants, bryophytes and lichens which are constant species in one or more community of the British National Vegetation Classification system.
Vascular plants
Grasses
Sedges and rushes
Trees
Other dicotyledons
Other monocotyledons
Ferns
Clubmosses
Bryophytes
Mosses
Liverworts
Lichens
British National Vegetation Classification
Lists of biota of the United Kingdom
British National Vegetation Classification, constant
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manufacturing%20in%20Japan
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Japan's major export industries include automobiles, consumer electronics (see Electronics industry in Japan), computers, semiconductors, copper, and iron and steel. Additional key industries in Japan's economy are petrochemicals, pharmaceuticals, bioindustry, shipbuilding, aerospace, textiles, and processed foods.
The Japanese manufacturing industry is heavily dependent on imported raw materials and fuels. Japanese manufacturing and industry is very diversified, with a variety of advanced industries that are highly successful. Industry accounts for 30.1% (2017) of the nation's GDP. The country's manufacturing output is the third highest in the world. Well-known Japanese manufacturing and tech companies include Toyota, Nissan, Honda, Fujitsu, Yamaha, Epson, Toshiba, Sony, Panasonic, Nintendo, Sega, Nippon, Takeda Pharma, Mazda, Subaru, Isuzu, Mitsubishi Co, Komatsu, Sharp, Nikon, Canon, NEC and Hitachi are from Japan.
Steel
In 2018, the top three export markets for Japan were: South Korea, Thailand (Nippon Steel, JFE Steel and Kobe Steel) accounting for 85.25 million metric tons, or 82 percent of total 2018 production, based on available data.
The iron and steel industry of Japan is mainly concentrated in the Tokyo-China region, Chukyo region, Osaka - Kobe, Fukuoka-Yamaguchi, Oka-Yamaha and Hokkaido region contributes about 20 per cent of the Japanese steel production. Major cities in where steel industries based are Kobe, Osaka and Kitakyushu.
Shipbuilding
Japan domina
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bleb
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Bleb may refer to:
Bleb (cell biology), an irregular bulge in the plasma membrane of a cell
Bleb (medicine), a large blister filled with serous fluid, or jargon for an outpouching of any kind, from a vessel (see Aneurysm), or an air pocket in the lungs (see Focal lung pneumatosis)
Bleb (mineralogy), a small bubble-like inclusion of one mineral within a larger mineral
Bleb, a book of poetry written by B-52's frontman Fred Schneider
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectrin
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Spectrin is a cytoskeletal protein that lines the intracellular side of the plasma membrane in eukaryotic cells. Spectrin forms pentagonal or hexagonal arrangements, forming a scaffold and playing an important role in maintenance of plasma membrane integrity and cytoskeletal structure. The hexagonal arrangements are formed by tetramers of spectrin subunits associating with short actin filaments at either end of the tetramer. These short actin filaments act as junctional complexes allowing the formation of the hexagonal mesh. The protein is named spectrin since it was first isolated as a major protein component of human red blood cells which had been treated with mild detergents; the detergents lysed the cells and the hemoglobin and other cytoplasmic components were washed out. In the light microscope the basic shape of the red blood cell could still be seen as the spectrin-containing submembranous cytoskeleton preserved the shape of the cell in outline. This became known as a red blood cell "ghost" (spectre), and so the major protein of the ghost was named spectrin.
In certain types of brain injury such as diffuse axonal injury, spectrin is irreversibly cleaved by the proteolytic enzyme calpain, destroying the cytoskeleton. Spectrin cleavage causes the membrane to form blebs and ultimately to be degraded, usually leading to the death of the cell. Spectrin subunits may also be cleaved by caspase family enzymes, and calpain and caspase produce different spectrin breakdown p
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pertussis%20toxin
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Pertussis toxin (PT) is a protein-based AB5-type exotoxin produced by the bacterium Bordetella pertussis, which causes whooping cough. PT is involved in the colonization of the respiratory tract and the establishment of infection. Research suggests PT may have a therapeutic role in treating a number of common human ailments, including hypertension, viral infection, and autoimmunity.
History
PT clearly plays a central role in the pathogenesis of pertussis although this was discovered only in the early 1980s. The appearance of pertussis is quite recent, compared with other epidemic infectious diseases. The earliest mention of pertussis, or whooping cough, is of an outbreak in Paris in 1414. This was published in Moulton's The Mirror of Health, in 1640. Another epidemic of pertussis took place in Paris in 1578 and was described by a contemporary observer, Guillaume de Baillou. Pertussis was well known throughout Europe by the middle of the 18th century. Jules Bordet and Octave Gengou described in 1900 the finding of a new “ovoid bacillus” in the sputum of a 6-month-old infant with whooping cough. They were also the first to cultivate Bordetella pertussis at the Pasteur Institute in Brussels in 1906.
One difference between the different species of Bordetella is that B. pertussis produces PT and the other species do not. Bordetella parapertussis shows the most similarity to B. pertussis and was therefore used for research determining the role of PT in causing the typical symptom
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purussaurus
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Purussaurus is an extinct genus of giant caiman that lived in South America during the Miocene epoch, from the Friasian to the Huayquerian in the SALMA classification. It is known from skull material found in the Brazilian and Peruvian Amazon, Colombian Villavieja Formation, Panamanian Culebra Formation, Urumaco and Socorro Formations of northern Venezuela.
Description
The skull length of the largest known individual of the type species, P. brasiliensis is .
It has been estimated that P. brasiliensis reached about in length, weighing about . Another estimate gave a larger size of in length, ranging from , and in weight, ranging from , with a mean daily food intake of . It is also likely that Purussaurus reached only long and . A 2022 study estimated a length of and a mass of using a phylogenetic approach; and a length of and mass of using a non-phylogenetic approach. As only skulls have been found, the actual length is not certain. Bite force has been estimated to be around 52,500 N (around 5.3 metric tons-force), with upper estimates indicating that Purussaurus was capable of generating 69,000 N (around 7 metric tons-force). The large size and estimated strength of this animal appears to have allowed it to include a wide range of prey in its diet, making it an apex predator in its ecosystem. As an adult, it would have preyed upon large to very large vertebrates such as the xenarthrans and notoungulates present, with no real competition from sympatric, smaller, ca
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calpain
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A calpain (; , ) is a protein belonging to the family of calcium-dependent, non-lysosomal cysteine proteases (proteolytic enzymes) expressed ubiquitously in mammals and many other organisms. Calpains constitute the C2 family of protease clan CA in the MEROPS database. The calpain proteolytic system includes the calpain proteases, the small regulatory subunit CAPNS1, also known as CAPN4, and the endogenous calpain-specific inhibitor, calpastatin.
Discovery
The history of calpain's discovery originates in 1964, when calcium-dependent proteolytic activities caused by a "calcium-activated neutral protease" (CANP) were detected in brain, lens of the eye and other tissues. In the late 1960s the enzymes were isolated and characterised independently in both rat brain and skeletal muscle. These activities were caused by an intracellular cysteine protease not associated with the lysosome and having an optimum activity at neutral pH, which clearly distinguished it from the cathepsin family of proteases. The calcium-dependent activity, intracellular localization, and the limited, specific proteolysis on its substrates, highlighted calpain’s role as a regulatory, rather than a digestive, protease. When the sequence of this enzyme became known, it was given the name "calpain", to recognize its common properties with two well-known proteins at the time, the calcium-regulated signalling protein, calmodulin, and the cysteine protease of papaya, papain. Shortly thereafter, the activity was
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inward-rectifier%20potassium%20channel
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Inward-rectifier potassium channels (Kir, IRK) are a specific lipid-gated subset of potassium channels. To date, seven subfamilies have been identified in various mammalian cell types, plants, and bacteria. They are activated by phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2). The malfunction of the channels has been implicated in several diseases. IRK channels possess a pore domain, homologous to that of voltage-gated ion channels, and flanking transmembrane segments (TMSs). They may exist in the membrane as homo- or heterooligomers and each monomer possesses between 2 and 4 TMSs. In terms of function, these proteins transport potassium (K+), with a greater tendency for K+ uptake than K+ export. The process of inward-rectification was discovered by Denis Noble in cardiac muscle cells in 1960s and by Richard Adrian and Alan Hodgkin in 1970 in skeletal muscle cells.
Overview of inward rectification
A channel that is "inwardly-rectifying" is one that passes current (positive charge) more easily in the inward direction (into the cell) than in the outward direction (out of the cell). It is thought that this current may play an important role in regulating neuronal activity, by helping to stabilize the resting membrane potential of the cell.
By convention, inward current (positive charge moving into the cell) is displayed in voltage clamp as a downward deflection, while an outward current (positive charge moving out of the cell) is shown as an upward deflection. At membrane potent
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majorization
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In mathematics, majorization is a preorder on vectors of real numbers. Let denote the -th largest element of the vector . Given , we say that weakly majorizes (or dominates) from below (or equivalently, we say that is weakly majorized (or dominated) by from below) denoted as if for all . If in addition , we say that majorizes (or dominates) , written as , or equivalently, we say that is majorized (or dominated) by . The order of the entries of the vectors or does not affect the majorization, e.g., the statement is simply equivalent to . As a consequence, majorization is not a partial order, since and do not imply , it only implies that the components of each vector are equal, but not necessarily in the same order.
The majorization partial order on finite dimensional vectors, described here, can be generalized to the Lorenz ordering, a partial order on distribution functions. For example, a wealth distribution is Lorenz-greater than another if its Lorenz curve lies below the other. As such, a Lorenz-greater wealth distribution has a higher Gini coefficient, and has more income disparity. Various other generalizations of majorization are discussed in chapters 14 and 15 of.
The majorization preorder can be naturally extended to density matrices in the context of quantum information. In particular, exactly when (where denotes the state's spectrum).
Examples
(Strong) majorization: . For vectors with components
(Weak) majorization: . For vectors with compon
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/String%20cosmology
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String cosmology is a relatively new field that tries to apply equations of string theory to solve the questions of early cosmology. A related area of study is brane cosmology.
Overview
This approach can be dated back to a paper by Gabriele Veneziano that shows how an inflationary cosmological model can be obtained from string theory, thus opening the door to a description of pre-Big Bang scenarios.
The idea is related to a property of the bosonic string in a curve background, better known as nonlinear sigma model. First calculations from this model showed as the beta function, representing the running of the metric of the model as a function of an energy scale, is proportional to the Ricci tensor giving rise to a Ricci flow. As this model has conformal invariance and this must be kept to have a sensible quantum field theory, the beta function must be zero producing immediately the Einstein field equations. While Einstein equations seem to appear somewhat out of place, nevertheless this result is surely striking showing as a background two-dimensional model could produce higher-dimensional physics. An interesting point here is that such a string theory can be formulated without a requirement of criticality at 26 dimensions for consistency as happens on a flat background. This is a serious hint that the underlying physics of Einstein equations could be described by an effective two-dimensional conformal field theory. Indeed, the fact that we have evidence for an inflationar
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linearized%20gravity
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In the theory of general relativity, linearized gravity is the application of perturbation theory to the metric tensor that describes the geometry of spacetime. As a consequence, linearized gravity is an effective method for modeling the effects of gravity when the gravitational field is weak. The usage of linearized gravity is integral to the study of gravitational waves and weak-field gravitational lensing.
Weak-field approximation
The Einstein field equation (EFE) describing the geometry of spacetime is given as (using natural units)
where is the Ricci tensor, is the Ricci scalar, is the energy–momentum tensor, and is the spacetime metric tensor that represent the solutions of the equation.
Although succinct when written out using Einstein notation, hidden within the Ricci tensor and Ricci scalar are exceptionally nonlinear dependencies on the metric which render the prospect of finding exact solutions impractical in most systems. However, when describing particular systems for which the curvature of spacetime is small (meaning that terms in the EFE that are quadratic in do not significantly contribute to the equations of motion), one can model the solution of the field equations as being the Minkowski metric plus a small perturbation term . In other words:
In this regime, substituting the general metric for this perturbative approximation results in a simplified expression for the Ricci tensor:
where is the trace of the perturbation, denotes the partial deri
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fusion%20rules
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In mathematics and theoretical physics, fusion rules are rules that determine the exact decomposition of the tensor product of two representations of a group into a direct sum of irreducible representations. The term is often used in the context of two-dimensional conformal field theory where the relevant group is generated by the Virasoro algebra, the relevant representations are the conformal families associated with a primary field and the tensor product is realized by operator product expansions. The fusion rules contain the information about the kind of families that appear on the right hand side of these OPEs, including the multiplicities.
More generally, integrable models in 2 dimensions which aren't conformal field theories are also described by fusion rules for their charges.
References
Conformal field theory
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conformal%20family
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In theoretical physics, a conformal family is an irreducible representation of the Virasoro algebra. In most cases, it is uniquely determined by its primary field or the highest weight vector. The family contains all of its descendant fields.
References
See also
Conformal field theory
Conformal field theory
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal%20equation
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The term personal equation, in 19th- and early 20th-century science, referred to the idea that different observers have different reaction times, which can introduce bias when it comes to measurements and observations.
Astronomy
The term originated in astronomy, when it was discovered that numerous observers making simultaneous observations would record slightly different values (for example, in recording the exact time at which a star crossed the wires of a reticule in a telescope), some of which were of a significant enough difference to afford for problems in larger calculations.
The existence of the effect was first discovered when, in 1796, the Astronomer Royal Neville Maskelyne dismissed his assistant Kinnebrooke because he could not better the error of his observations relative to Maskelyne's own values. The problem was forgotten and only analysed two decades later by Friedrich Wilhelm Bessel at Königsberg Observatory in Prussia. Setting up an experiment to compare the values, Bessel and an assistant measured the times at which several stars crossed the wires of a reticule in different nights. Compared to his assistant, Bessel found himself to be ahead by more than a second.
In response to this realization, astronomers became increasingly suspicious of the results of other astronomers and their own assistants and began systematic programs to attempt to find ways to remove or lessen the effects. These included attempts at the automation of observations (appealing to
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British%20NVC%20community%20M20
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NVC community M20 (Eriophorum vaginatum raised and blanket mire) is one of the mire communities in the British National Vegetation Classification system.
It is a comparatively localised community. There are two subcommunities.
Community composition
Two constant species, Common Cottongrass (Eriophorum angustifolium) and Hare's-tail Cottongrass (Eriophorum vaginatum), are found in this community.
No rare species are associated with the community.
Distribution
This community is found throughout northern England. It is extensive in the southern Pennines, but more local elsewhere. It is also found locally in eastern Scotland and south Wales. It is mainly found within tracts of upland blanket bog, but also locally on raised bogs.
Subcommunities
There are two subcommunities:
the so-called Species-poor subcommunity
the Calluna vulgaris - Cladonia spp. subcommunity
References
Rodwell, J. S. (1991) British Plant Communities Volume 2 - Mires and heaths (hardback), (paperback)
M20
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20S.%20Rodwell
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John S. Rodwell (1946 – present) is an ecologist who was based at the University of Lancaster, noted for his role in the development of the British National Vegetation Classification and as editor of the five volumes of British Plant Communities.
Education
Rodwell graduated in Botany from the University of Leeds in 1968, then researched limestone vegetation at the University of Southampton under Joyce Lambert for his PhD in Biology, awarded in 1974. He also trained for the priesthood at Ripon College Cuddesdon, University of Oxford, maintaining this vocation as a non-stipendiary priest since 1974 in the Diocese of Blackburn since 1975 and is honorary canon of Blackburn Cathedral.
Career
In the same year, 1975, he became co-ordinator of research leading to the development of the British National Vegetation Classification (NVC). at Lancaster University, becoming editor of the NVC, a task that dominated his working life for more than two decades. All five volumes of British Plant Communities, which describe the NVC, were edited by Rodwell.
He joined the faculty of Lancaster University in 1991, was made Professor of Ecology in 1997 and retired in 2004 but has continued to teach and publish since then. In 2009 he was awarded the Institute of Ecology and Environmental Management medal of honour.
He is a Honorary Member of the International Association for Vegetation Science (2010).
References
1946 births
Living people
English ecologists
British National Vegetation Classificat
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nor%20Crystal%20Tears
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Nor Crystal Tears is a science fiction novel by American writer Alan Dean Foster, first published on 12 August 1982. Foster's ninth book set in the Humanx Commonwealth, it is a first-contact story about the meeting of the insectoid Thranx and Man. This sets in motion the creation of the Humanx Commonwealth; the political body that is the union of human and thranx society which forms the foundation for many of Foster's science-fiction novels.
Nor Crystal Tears is written from the perspective of the Thranx and the cultural lens through which they encounter the monstrous, fleshy alien mammals known as humans. A primary theme is the paranoia and fear the two vastly different races naturally have for each other upon first contact, but also how individuals are able to overcome these innate fears and prejudices and set in motion the foundation for what would become Foster's Humanx Commonwealth.
Foster would further expand on this theme with another alien race, the furry Quozl, in their eponymous novel.
Plot summary
The story follows a Thranx, Ryozenzuzex (i.e. Ryo, of Family Zen, clan Zu, Hive Zex) who came from an odd-numbered hatching (thranx offspring almost always come in multiples of two) immediately making him somewhat different from his brethren. Setting himself aside as different Ryo decides that he has to know what is the secret of the new space-faring race that supposedly wear "their skeletons inside". To accomplish this un-thranxlike task, Ryo travels from his hom
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M1%20protein
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The M1 protein is a matrix protein of the influenza virus. It forms a coat inside the viral envelope. This is a bifunctional membrane/RNA-binding protein that mediates the encapsidation of nucleoprotein cores into the membrane envelope. It is therefore required that M1 binds both membrane and RNA simultaneously.
The M1 protein binds to the viral RNA. The binding is not specific to any RNA sequence, and is performed via a peptide sequence rich in basic amino acids.
It also has multiple regulatory functions, performed by interaction with the components of the host cell. The mechanisms regulated include a role in the export of the viral ribonucleoproteins from the host cell nucleus, inhibition of viral transcription, and a role in the virus assembly and budding. The protein was found to undergo phosphorylation in the host cell.
The M1 protein forms a layer under the patches of host cell membrane that are rich with the viral hemagglutinin, neuraminidase and M2 transmembrane proteins, and facilitates budding of the mature viruses.
M1 consists of two domains connected by a linker sequence. The N-terminal domain has a multi-helical structure that can be divided into two subdomains. The C-terminal domain also contains alpha-helical structure.
See also
H5N1 genetic structure
Sources and notes
Membrane biology
Peripheral membrane proteins
Influenza A virus
Viral structural proteins
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viral%20matrix%20protein
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Viral matrix proteins are structural proteins linking the viral envelope with the virus core. They play a crucial role in virus assembly, and interact with the RNP complex as well as with the viral membrane. They are found in many enveloped viruses including paramyxoviruses, orthomyxoviruses, herpesviruses, retroviruses, filoviruses and other groups.
An example is the M1 protein of the influenza virus, showing affinity to the glycoproteins inserted in the host cell membrane on one side and affinity for the RNP complex molecules on the other side, which allows formation at the membrane of a complex made of the viral ribonucleoprotein at the inner side indirectly connected to the viral glycoproteins protruding from the membrane. This assembly complex will now bud out of the cell as new mature viruses.
Viral matrix proteins, like many other viral proteins, can exert different functions during the course of the infection. For example, in rhabdoviruses, binding of M proteins to nucleocapsids is accountable for the formation of its “bullet” shaped virions.
In herpesviruses, the viral matrix is usually called viral tegument and contains many proteins involved in viral entry, early gene expression and immune evasion.
References
See also
Retroviral matrix protein
Viral tegument
Virology
Viral structural proteins
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intrinsically%20disordered%20proteins
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In molecular biology, an intrinsically disordered protein (IDP) is a protein that lacks a fixed or ordered three-dimensional structure, typically in the absence of its macromolecular interaction partners, such as other proteins or RNA. IDPs range from fully unstructured to partially structured and include random coil, molten globule-like aggregates, or flexible linkers in large multi-domain proteins. They are sometimes considered as a separate class of proteins along with globular, fibrous and membrane proteins.
IDPs are a very large and functionally important class of proteins and their discovery has disproved the idea that three-dimensional structures of proteins must be fixed to accomplish their biological functions. For example, IDPs have been identified to participate in weak multivalent interactions that are highly cooperative and dynamic, lending them importance in DNA regulation and in cell signaling. Many IDPs can also adopt a fixed three-dimensional structure after binding to other macromolecules. Overall, IDPs are different from structured proteins in many ways and tend to have distinctive function, structure, sequence, interactions, evolution and regulation.
History
In the 1930s-1950s, the first protein structures were solved by protein crystallography. These early structures suggested that a fixed three-dimensional structure might be generally required to mediate biological functions of proteins. These publications solidified the central dogma of molecular bi
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eureka%20%281983%20film%29
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Eureka is a 1983 psychological drama film directed by Nicolas Roeg, and starring Gene Hackman, Rutger Hauer, Theresa Russell, Mickey Rourke, and Joe Pesci. It follows the life of a Klondike prospector who becomes one of the world's wealthiest men after striking gold in 1925, but, 20 years on, fears that he is being preyed upon by his daughter and her social-climbing husband, as well as a mobster attempting to usurp the Caribbean island he owns. The screenplay is loosely based on the unsolved murder of Sir Harry Oakes in the Bahamas in 1943.
Eureka was filmed in 1982 in England, the United States, Canada, and Jamaica, on a budget of $11 million. It received a theatrical release in England in May 1983, though its distributor, United Artists, temporarily shelved the film from release in the United States, as they were unsure how to properly market it to the public. Furthermore, it was granted an X rating in the United States for its graphic depictions of violence. It was eventually given a limited release in Los Angeles in the fall of 1984. The film was a box-office bomb, and received mixed reviews from critics.
Plot
In 1925 in the Yukon, prospector Jack McCann spends the evening in a remote brothel, where he has a spiritual experience with the madam, Frieda, a clairvoyant who bestows him a mysterious stone. Frieda warns Jack that he will strike gold, but that it will lead him toward a grim fate. The following morning, while prospecting, Jack falls through a glacier into a cac
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SNOPT
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SNOPT, for Sparse Nonlinear OPTimizer, is a software package for solving large-scale nonlinear optimization problems written by Philip Gill, Walter Murray and Michael Saunders. SNOPT is mainly written in Fortran, but interfaces to C, C++, Python and MATLAB are available.
It employs a sparse sequential quadratic programming (SQP) algorithm with limited-memory quasi-Newton approximations to the Hessian of the Lagrangian. It is especially effective for nonlinear problems with functions and gradients that are expensive to evaluate. The functions should be smooth but need not be convex.
SNOPT is used in several trajectory optimization software packages, including Copernicus, AeroSpace Trajectory Optimization and Software (ASTOS), General Mission Analysis Tool, and Optimal Trajectories by Implicit Simulation (OTIS). It is also available in the Astrogator module of Systems Tool Kit.
SNOPT is supported in the AIMMS, AMPL, APMonitor, General Algebraic Modeling System (GAMS), and TOMLAB modeling systems.
References
External links
SNOPT manual (.pdf)
Numerical software
Mathematical optimization software
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sphaerocarpos
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Sphaerocarpos is a genus of plants known as bottle liverworts. There are eight or nine species in this genus.
Classification
Sphaerocarpos is one of two extant genera in the family Sphaerocarpaceae. The following species are currently recognized:
Sphaerocarpos cristatus
Sphaerocarpos donnelli
Sphaerocarpos drewiae
Sphaerocarpos hians
Sphaerocarpos michelii
Sphaerocarpos muccilloi
Sphaerocarpos stipitatus
Sphaerocarpos texanus
References
External links
Sphaerocarpales
Liverwort genera
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerebroside
|
Cerebrosides is the common name for a group of glycosphingolipids called monoglycosylceramides which are important components in animal muscle and nerve cell membranes.
They consist of a ceramide with a single sugar residue at the 1-hydroxyl moiety. The sugar residue can be either glucose or galactose; the two major types are therefore called glucocerebrosides (a.k.a. glucosylceramides) and galactocerebrosides (a.k.a. galactosylceramides). Galactocerebrosides are typically found in neural tissue, while glucocerebrosides are found in other tissues.
Structure
The fundamental structure of a cerebroside is ceramide. Monoglycosyl and oligoglycosylceramides having a mono or polysaccharide bonded glycosidically to the terminal OH group of ceramide are defined as cerebrosides. Sphingosine is the main long-chain base present in ceramide.
Galactosylceramide is the principal glycosphingolipid in brain tissue. Galactosylceramides are present in all nervous tissues, and can compose up to 2% dry weight of grey matter and 12% of white matter. They are major constituents of oligodendrocytes. Glucosylceramide is found at low levels in animal cells such as the spleen, erythrocytes, and nervous tissues, especially neurons. Glucosylceramide is a major constituent of skin lipids, where it is essential for lamellar body formation in the stratum corneum and to maintain the water permeability barrier of the skin. Glucosylceramide is the only glycosphingolipid common to plants, fungi and animals.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblical%20genre
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A Biblical genre is a classification of Bible literature according to literary genre. The genre of a particular Bible passage is ordinarily identified by analysis of its general writing style, tone, form, structure, literary technique, content, design, and related linguistic factors; texts that exhibit a common set of literary features (very often in keeping with the writing styles of the times in which they were written) are together considered to be belonging to a genre. In Biblical studies, genres are usually associated with whole books of the Bible, because each of its books comprises a complete textual unit; however, a book may be internally composed of a variety of styles, forms, and so forth, and thus bear the characteristics of more than one genre (for example, chapter 1 of the Book of Revelation is prophetic/visionary; chapters 2 and 3 are similar to the epistle genre; etc.).
Academic debate
Within the discipline of literary analysis, the existence and subjectivity of genres are a matter of some debate. This is reflected in academic discussion of Biblical genres. However, isolating the broad genres of the Bible and discerning which books/passages belong to which genre is not a matter of complete agreement; for instance, scholars diverge over the existence and features of such Bible genres as gospel and apocalyptic. Furthermore, some detect subgenres—more narrowly defined compositional categories within a genre—in surrounding historical literature, and speculate that
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DEXRON
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Dexron is the trade name for a group of technical specifications for automatic transmission fluid (ATF) created by General Motors (GM). The name was first registered as a trademark and later evolved into a brand of GM. GM licenses the name and specifications to companies that manufacture the fluid and sell it under their own brand names. Not all Dexron fluids are licensed by GM for reselling under another brand name. To be licensed, the product must have a license number that begins with the letters B through J and include a "Dexron Approved" sticker on its container. Like many automobile manufacturers, GM uses transmissions sourced from other suppliers or transmission manufacturers around the world; many of these may use their own unique fluid.
Originally, the Dexron name was associated exclusively with automatic transmission fluids, though GM later released Dexron gear oils and other lubricants under the Dexron brand.
GM Automatic Transmission Fluids (ATF)
The original Dexron (B) transmission fluid was introduced on April 1, 1967. Over the years, the original Dexron (B) was supplanted by Dexron-II (C), Dexron-II (D), Dexron-II (E), Dexron-III (F), Dexron-III (G), Dexron-III (H), Dexron-VI (J), Dexron HP, Dexron LV ATF HP, and Dexron ULV, which is the latest fluid. GM has upgraded the Dexron's specifications over time. The newer fluids are not always backward-compatible with previous fluids. Newer 6, 8, 9, and 10-speed transmissions, as well as plug-in hybrid (PHEV) and el
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium%20oxalate
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Sodium oxalate, or disodium oxalate, is the sodium salt of oxalic acid with the formula Na2C2O4. It is a white, crystalline, odorless solid, that decomposes above 290 °C.
Disodium oxalate can act as a reducing agent, and it may be used as a primary standard for standardizing potassium permanganate (KMnO4) solutions.
The mineral form of sodium oxalate is natroxalate. It is only very rarely found and restricted to extremely sodic conditions of ultra-alkaline pegmatites.
Preparation
Sodium oxalate can be prepared through the neutralization of oxalic acid with sodium hydroxide (NaOH) in a 1:2 acid-to-base molar ratio. Evaporation yields the anhydrous oxalate that can be thoroughly dried by heating to between 200 and 250 °C.
Half-neutralization can be accomplished with NaOH in a 1:1 ratio which produces NaHC2O4, monobasic sodium oxalate or sodium hydrogenoxalate.
Alternatively, it can be produced by decomposing sodium formate by heating it at a temperature exceeding 360 °C.
Reactions
Sodium oxalate starts to decompose above 290 °C into sodium carbonate and carbon monoxide:
→ +
When heated at between 200 and 525°C with vanadium pentoxide in a 1:2 molar ratio, the above reaction is suppressed, yielding instead a sodium vanadium oxibronze with release of carbon dioxide
x + 2 → 2 + 2x
with x increasing up to 1 as the temperature increases.
Sodium oxalate is used to standardize potassium permanganate solutions. It is desirable that the temperature of the titration
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guanidinium%20thiocyanate
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Guanidinium thiocyanate (GTC) or guanidinium isothiocyanate (GITC) is a chemical compound used as a general protein denaturant, being a chaotropic agent, although it is most commonly used as a nucleic acid protector in the extraction of DNA and RNA from cells.
GITC may also be recognized as guanidine thiocyanate. This is because guanidinium is the conjugate acid of guanidine and is called the guanidinium cation, [CH6N3]+.
Uses
Guanidinium thiocyanate can be used to deactivate a virus, such as the influenza virus that caused the 1918 "Spanish flu", so that it can be studied safely.
Guanidinium thiocyanate is also used to lyse cells and virus particles in RNA and DNA extractions, where its function, in addition to its lysing action, is to prevent activity of RNase enzymes and DNase enzymes by denaturing them. These enzymes would otherwise damage the extract.
A commonly used method is guanidinium thiocyanate-phenol-chloroform extraction. It is not strictly necessary to use phenol or chloroform if extracting RNA for Northern blotting or DNA for Southern blot analysis because the gel electrophoresis followed by transfer to a membrane will separate the RNA/DNA from the proteins. Additionally, since these methods use probes to bind to their conjugates, peptides that get through the process don't generally matter unless a peptide is an RNase or DNase, and then only if the enzyme manages to renature, which should not occur if proper protocols are followed. A possible exception m
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tensor%E2%80%93vector%E2%80%93scalar%20gravity
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Tensor–vector–scalar gravity (TeVeS), developed by Jacob Bekenstein in 2004, is a relativistic generalization of Mordehai Milgrom's Modified Newtonian dynamics (MOND) paradigm.
The main features of TeVeS can be summarized as follows:
As it is derived from the action principle, TeVeS respects conservation laws;
In the weak-field approximation of the spherically symmetric, static solution, TeVeS reproduces the MOND acceleration formula;
TeVeS avoids the problems of earlier attempts to generalize MOND, such as superluminal propagation;
As it is a relativistic theory it can accommodate gravitational lensing.
The theory is based on the following ingredients:
A unit vector field;
A dynamical scalar field;
A nondynamical scalar field;
A matter Lagrangian constructed using an alternate metric;
An arbitrary dimensionless function.
These components are combined into a relativistic Lagrangian density, which forms the basis of TeVeS theory.
Details
MOND is a phenomenological modification of the Newtonian acceleration law. In Newtonian gravity theory, the gravitational acceleration in the spherically symmetric, static field of a point mass at distance from the source can be written as
where is Newton's constant of gravitation. The corresponding force acting on a test mass is
To account for the anomalous rotation curves of spiral galaxies, Milgrom proposed a modification of this force law in the form
where is an arbitrary function subject to the following conditions:
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyruvate%20decarboxylase
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Pyruvate decarboxylase is an enzyme () that catalyses the decarboxylation of pyruvic acid to acetaldehyde. It is also called 2-oxo-acid carboxylase, alpha-ketoacid carboxylase, and pyruvic decarboxylase. In anaerobic conditions, this enzyme is participates in the fermentation process that occurs in yeast, especially of the genus Saccharomyces, to produce ethanol by fermentation. It is also present in some species of fish (including goldfish and carp) where it permits the fish to perform ethanol fermentation (along with lactic acid fermentation) when oxygen is scarce. Pyruvate decarboxylase starts this process by converting pyruvate into acetaldehyde and carbon dioxide. Pyruvate decarboxylase depends on cofactors thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP) and magnesium. This enzyme should not be mistaken for the unrelated enzyme pyruvate dehydrogenase, an oxidoreductase (), that catalyzes the oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA.
Structure
Pyruvate decarboxylase occurs as a dimer of dimers with two active sites shared between the monomers of each dimer. The enzyme contains a beta-alpha-beta structure, yielding parallel beta-sheets. It contains 563 residue subunits in each dimer; the enzyme has strong intermonomer attractions, but the dimers loosely interact to form a loose tetramer.
Active site residues
Each active site has 20 amino acid residues, including the acidic Glu-477, which interacts with the TPP ring, and Glu-51, which participates with the binding of the co
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cocycle
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In mathematics a cocycle is a closed cochain. Cocycles are used in algebraic topology to express obstructions (for example, to integrating a differential equation on a closed manifold). They are likewise used in group cohomology. In autonomous dynamical systems, cocycles are used to describe particular kinds of map, as in the Oseledets theorem.
Definition
Algebraic Topology
Let X be a CW complex and be the singular cochains with coboundary map . Then elements of are cocycles. Elements of are coboundaries. If is a cocycle, then , which means cocycles vanish on boundaries.
See also
Čech cohomology
Cocycle condition
References
Algebraic topology
Cohomology theories
Dynamical systems
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ALCO%20RSD-4
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The ALCO RSD-4 was a six axle diesel-electric locomotive built by the American Locomotive Company between 1951 and 1952. It was a derivative of the four-axle ALCO RS-3, with two additional powered axles which allowed better tractive effort at lower speeds. Due to the inadequate capacity of the main generator, this model was later superseded in production by the ALCO RSD-5.
Original owners
Preserved units
The only ALCO RSD-4 that has survived is Kennecott Copper Corporation #201. It resided at the Northwest Railway Museum until November 2021 (formerly known as the Puget Sound & Snoqualmie Valley Railway) in Snoqualmie, Washington in its orange Kennecott paint scheme. As of 2021, it has been returned to Ely, Nevada (along with EMD SD7 #401) to the Nevada Northern Railway Museum.
References
C-C locomotives
RSD-04
Diesel-electric locomotives of the United States
Railway locomotives introduced in 1951
Standard gauge locomotives of the United States
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information%20Hyperlinked%20over%20Proteins
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Information Hyperlinked over Proteins (or iHOP) is an online text mining service that provides a gene-guided network to access PubMed abstracts. The service was established by Robert Hoffmann and Alfonso Valencia in 2004.
The concept underlying iHOP is that by using genes and proteins as hyperlinks between sentences and abstracts, the information in PubMed can be converted into one navigable resource. Navigating across interrelated sentences within this network rather than the use of conventional keyword searches allows for stepwise and controlled acquisition of information. Moreover, this literature network can be superimposed upon experimental interaction data to facilitate the simultaneous analysis of novel and existing knowledge. As of September 2014, the network presented in iHOP contains 28.4 million sentences and 110,000 genes from over 2,700 organisms, including the model organisms Homo sapiens, Mus musculus, Drosophila melanogaster, Caenorhabditis elegans, Danio rerio, Arabidopsis thaliana, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Escherichia coli.
The iHOP system has shown that by navigating from gene to gene, distant medical and biological concepts may be connected by only a small number of genes; the shortest path between two genes has been shown to involve on average four intermediary genes.
The iHOP system architecture consists of two separate parts: the 'iHOP factory' and the web application. The iHOP factory manages the PubMed source data (text and gene data) and organ
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal%20ribosome%20entry%20site
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An internal ribosome entry site, abbreviated IRES, is an RNA element that allows for translation initiation in a cap-independent manner, as part of the greater process of protein synthesis. In eukaryotic translation, initiation typically occurs at the 5' end of mRNA molecules, since 5' cap recognition is required for the assembly of the initiation complex. The location for IRES elements is often in the 5'UTR, but can also occur elsewhere in mRNAs.
History
IRES sequences were first discovered in 1988 in the poliovirus (PV) and encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV) RNA genomes in the labs of Nahum Sonenberg and Eckard Wimmer, respectively. They are described as distinct regions of RNA molecules that are able to recruit the eukaryotic ribosome to the mRNA. This process is also known as cap-independent translation. It has been shown that IRES elements have a distinct secondary or even tertiary structure, but similar structural features at the levels of either primary or secondary structure that are common to all IRES segments have not been reported to date.
In recent years it has become common for molecular biologists to insert IRES sequences into their vectors to allow for expression of two genes from a single vector—for example, a transgene and a fluorescent reporter molecule. The first gene is initiated at the normal 5' cap, and the second gene is initiated at the IRES.
Location
IRESs are commonly located in the 5'UTR of RNA viruses and allow translation of the RNAs in a cap-i
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simple%20interactive%20object%20extraction
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Simple interactive object extraction (SIOX) is an algorithm for extracting foreground objects from color images and videos with very little user interaction. It has been implemented as "foreground selection" tool in the GIMP (since version 2.3.3), as part of the tracer tool in Inkscape (since 0.44pre3), and as function in ImageJ and Fiji (plug-in). Experimental implementations were also reported for Blender and Krita. Although the algorithm was originally designed for videos, virtually all implementations use SIOX primarily for still image segmentation. In fact, it is often said to be the current de facto standard for this task in the open-source world.
Initially, a free hand selection tool is used to specify the region of interest. It must contain all foreground objects to extract and as few background as possible. The pixels outside the region of interest form the sure background while the inner region define a superset of the foreground, i.e. the unknown region. A so-called foreground brush is then used to mark representative foreground regions. The algorithm outputs a selection mask. The selection can be refined by either adding further foreground markings or by adding background markings using the background brush.
Technically, the algorithm performs the following steps:
Create a set of representative colors for sure foreground and sure background, the so-called color signatures.
Assign all image points to foreground or background by a weighted nearest neighbor sea
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SIOX
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SIOX may refer to:
Serial Input/Output eXchange an asynchronous datacommunications bus.
Simple Interactive Object Extraction an algorithm for extracting foreground objects from color photographs.
Silicon oxide (SiOx)
Sistema de Ingresos de Oaxaca
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stolz%E2%80%93Ces%C3%A0ro%20theorem
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In mathematics, the Stolz–Cesàro theorem is a criterion for proving the convergence of a sequence. The theorem is named after mathematicians Otto Stolz and Ernesto Cesàro, who stated and proved it for the first time.
The Stolz–Cesàro theorem can be viewed as a generalization of the Cesàro mean, but also as a l'Hôpital's rule for sequences.
Statement of the theorem for the case
Let and be two sequences of real numbers. Assume that is a strictly monotone and divergent sequence (i.e. strictly increasing and approaching , or strictly decreasing and approaching ) and the following limit exists:
Then, the limit
Statement of the theorem for the case
Let and be two sequences of real numbers. Assume now that and while is strictly decreasing. If
then
Proofs
Proof of the theorem for the case
Case 1: suppose strictly increasing and divergent to , and . By hypothesis, we have that for all there exists such that
which is to say
Since is strictly increasing, , and the following holds
.
Next we notice that
thus, by applying the above inequality to each of the terms in the square brackets, we obtain
Now, since as , there is an such that for all , and we can divide the two inequalities by for all
The two sequences (which are only defined for as there could be an such that )
are infinitesimal since and the numerator is a constant number, hence for all there exists , such that
therefore
which concludes the proof. The case with strictly decreasi
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard%20algorithms
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In elementary arithmetic, a standard algorithm or method is a specific method of computation which is conventionally taught for solving particular mathematical problems. These methods vary somewhat by nation and time, but generally include exchanging, regrouping, long division, and long multiplication using a standard notation, and standard formulas for average, area, and volume. Similar methods also exist for procedures such as square root and even more sophisticated functions, but have fallen out of the general mathematics curriculum in favor of calculators (or tables and slide rules before them).
The concepts of reform mathematics which the NCTM introduced in 1989 favors an alternative approach. It proposes a deeper understanding of the underlying theory instead of memorization of specific methods will allow students to develop individual methods which solve the same problems. Students' alternative algorithms are often just as correct, efficient, and generalizable as the standard algorithms, and maintain emphasis on the meaning of the quantities involved, especially as relates to place values (something that is usually lost in the memorization of standard algorithms). The development of sophisticated calculators has made manual calculation less important (see the note on square roots, above) and cursory teaching of traditional methods has created failure among many students. Greater achievement among all types of students is among the primary goals of mathematics educatio
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cladribine
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Cladribine, sold under the brand name Leustatin, among others, is a medication used to treat hairy cell leukemia (leukemic reticuloendotheliosis) and B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Cladribine, sold under the brand name Mavenclad, is used for the treatment of adults with highly active forms of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis.
Cladribine (2-chloro-2'-deoxyadenosine [2-CdA]) is a purine analogue that selectively targets and suppresses lymphocytes implicated in the underlying pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis and B-cell leukaemia. Chemically, it mimics the nucleoside deoxyadenosine. However, unlike deoxyadenosine, it is relatively resistant to breakdown by the enzyme adenosine deaminase, which causes it to accumulate in targeted cells and interfere with the cell's ability to process DNA. Cladribine is taken up by cells via transporter proteins. Once inside a cell, cladribine undergoes phosphorylation by the enzyme deoxycytidine kinase (DCK) to produce mononucleotide 2-chlorodeoxyadenosine 5’monophosphate (2-CdAMP), which is subsequently phosphorylated to the triphosphorylated active compound 2-chlorodeoxyadenosine 5’triphosphate (2-CdATP). Activated cladribine is incorporated into cellular DNA, which triggers apoptosis. Accumulation of cladribine into cells is dependent on the ratio of DCK and 5'-nucleotidase (5’-NT), which breaks down and inactivates the compound. This ratio differs between cell types, with high levels in T and B lymphocytes, resulting in select
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy%E2%80%93momentum%20relation
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In physics, the energy–momentum relation, or relativistic dispersion relation, is the relativistic equation relating total energy (which is also called relativistic energy) to invariant mass (which is also called rest mass) and momentum. It is the extension of mass–energy equivalence for bodies or systems with non-zero momentum. It can be written as the following equation:
This equation holds for a body or system, such as one or more particles, with total energy , invariant mass , and momentum of magnitude ; the constant is the speed of light. It assumes the special relativity case of flat spacetime and that the particles are free. Total energy is the sum of rest energy and kinetic energy, while invariant mass is mass measured in a center-of-momentum frame.
For bodies or systems with zero momentum, it simplifies to the mass–energy equation , where total energy in this case is equal to rest energy (also written as ).
The Dirac sea model, which was used to predict the existence of antimatter, is closely related to the energy–momentum relation.
Connection to
The energy–momentum relation is consistent with the familiar mass–energy relation in both its interpretations: relates total energy to the (total) relativistic mass (alternatively denoted or ), while relates rest energy to (invariant) rest mass .
Unlike either of those equations, the energy–momentum equation () relates the total energy to the rest mass . All three equations hold true simultaneously.
Speci
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASML%20Holding
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ASML Holding N.V. (commonly shortened to ASML, originally standing for Advanced Semiconductor Materials Lithography) is a Dutch multinational corporation founded in 1984. ASML specializes in the development and manufacturing of photolithography machines which are used to produce computer chips.
it is the largest supplier for the semiconductor industry and the sole supplier in the world of extreme ultraviolet lithography (EUV) photolithography machines that are required to manufacture the most advanced chips. , ASML was the most highly valued European tech company, with a market capitalization of about US$280 billion.
Products
ASML produces the photolithography machines used in the production of computer chips. In these machines, patterns are optically imaged onto a silicon wafer that is covered with a film of light-sensitive material (photoresist). This procedure is repeated dozens of times on a single wafer. The photoresist is then further processed to create the actual electronic circuits on the silicon. The optical imaging that ASML's machines deal with is used in the fabrication of nearly all integrated circuits and, as of 2011, ASML had 67 percent of the worldwide sales of lithography machines.
ASML's competition consisted of Ultratech, Canon and Nikon, MKS Instruments, Lam Research and Cadence Design Systems.
Immersion lithography
Since immersion lithography was first proposed by Burn-Jeng Lin in the 1970s, ASML cooperated with Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aminocaproic%20acid
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Aminocaproic acid (also known as ε-aminocaproic acid, ε-Ahx, or 6-aminohexanoic acid) is a derivative and analogue of the amino acid lysine, which makes it an effective inhibitor for enzymes that bind that particular residue. Such enzymes include proteolytic enzymes like plasmin, the enzyme responsible for fibrinolysis. For this reason it is effective in treatment of certain bleeding disorders, and it is sold under the brand name Amicar. Aminocaproic acid is also an intermediate in the polymerization of Nylon-6, where it is formed by ring-opening hydrolysis of caprolactam. The crystal structure determination showed that the 6-aminohexanoic acid is present as a salt, at least in the solid state.
Medical use
Aminocaproic acid (Amicar) is FDA-approved for use in the treatment of acute bleeding due to elevated fibrinolytic activity. It also carries an orphan drug designation from the FDA for the prevention of recurrent hemorrhage in patients with traumatic hyphema. In clinical practice, aminocaproic acid is frequently used off-label for control of bleeding in patients with severe thrombocytopenia, control of oral bleeding in patients with congenital and acquired coagulation disorders, control of perioperative bleeding associated with cardiac surgery, prevention of excessive bleeding in patients on anticoagulation therapy undergoing invasive dental procedures, and reduction of the risk of catastrophic hemorrhage in patients with acute promyelocytic leukemia.
References
Further
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1935%20German%20Grand%20Prix
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The 1935 German Grand Prix was a Grand Prix motor race held at the Nürburgring on 28 July 1935.
Classification
Race
The 1935 event was considered to be one of the greatest motorsports victories of all time. The 1935 German Grand Prix will always be remembered as Tazio Nuvolari's greatest race. In a monumental drive, the Italian beat nine superior German Silver Arrows with an inferior red Alfa Romeo. The 1935 German Grand Prix at Nürbugring was held under chilling and dreadful conditions. An estimated 300,000 German fans including some of the most powerful and high ranking Third Reich officers showed up for the race that was run over the course of 22.8 km consisting of 174 turns. There were high expectations that one of the German drivers would win the race since they had the most powerful and advanced cars. Three Alfa-Romeos were presented by the Scuderia Ferrari team and were driven by Italian drivers Tazio Nuvolari and Antonio Brivio, along with Monegasque driver Louis Chiron. The rest of the competitors were from Maserati, ERA and Bugatti and were contested under private teams. Italian legend, Tazio Nuvolari's Alfa Romeo P3 Tipo B enjoyed the maximum engine capacity used in these cars, 3.2 litre, 290 bhp.
The race position was determined by a ballot and Tazio Nuvolari secured the front row at P2 but due to a poor start, Nuvolari dropped down to the third place with teammates Brivio retiring at lap 1 and Chiron at Lap 5 leaving Tazio with the only Alfa Romeo left compet
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osteopontin
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Osteopontin (OPN), also known as bone /sialoprotein I (BSP-1 or BNSP), early T-lymphocyte activation (ETA-1), secreted phosphoprotein 1 (SPP1), 2ar and Rickettsia resistance (Ric), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SPP1 gene (secreted phosphoprotein 1). The murine ortholog is Spp1. Osteopontin is a SIBLING (glycoprotein) that was first identified in 1986 in osteoblasts.
The prefix osteo- indicates that the protein is expressed in bone, although it is also expressed in other tissues. The suffix -pontin is derived from "pons," the Latin word for bridge, and signifies osteopontin's role as a linking protein. Osteopontin is an extracellular structural protein and therefore an organic component of bone.
The gene has 7 exons, spans 5 kilobases in length and in humans it is located on the long arm of chromosome 4 region 22 (4q1322.1). The protein is composed of ~300 amino acids residues and has ~30 carbohydrate residues attached, including 10 sialic acid residues, which are attached to the protein during post-translational modification in the Golgi apparatus. The protein is rich in acidic residues: 30-36% are either aspartic or glutamic acid.
Structure
OPN is a highly negatively charged, heavily phosphorylated extracellular matrix protein that lacks an extensive secondary structure as an intrinsically disordered protein. It is composed of about 300 amino acids (297 in mouse; 314 in human) and is expressed as a 33-kDa nascent protein; there are also functionally im
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperateness%20%28virology%29
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In virology, temperate refers to the ability of some bacteriophages (notably coliphage λ) to display a lysogenic life cycle. Many (but not all) temperate phages can integrate their genomes into their host bacterium's chromosome, together becoming a lysogen as the phage genome becomes a prophage. A temperate phage is also able to undergo a productive, typically lytic life cycle, where the prophage is expressed, replicates the phage genome, and produces phage progeny, which then leave the bacterium. With phage the term virulent is often used as an antonym to temperate, but more strictly a virulent phage is one that has lost its ability to display lysogeny through mutation rather than a phage lineage with no genetic potential to ever display lysogeny (which more properly would be described as an obligately lytic phage).
Induction
At some point, temperate bacteriophages switch from the lysogenic life cycle to the lytic life cycle. This conversion may happen spontaneously, although at very low frequencies (λ displays spontaneous conversion of 10−8 to 10−5 per cell). In the majority of observed switch events, stressors - such as the cell's SOS response (due to DNA damage) or a change in nutrients - induces the switch.
Notes
Virology
Bacteriophages
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Front%20end%20of%20line
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The front-end-of-line (FEOL) is the first portion of IC fabrication where the individual components (transistors, capacitors, resistors, etc.) are patterned in the semiconductor.
FEOL generally covers everything up to (but not including) the deposition of metal interconnect layers.
For the CMOS process, FEOL contains all fabrication steps needed to form isolated CMOS elements:
Selecting the type of wafer to be used; Chemical-mechanical planarization and cleaning of the wafer.
Shallow trench isolation (STI) (or LOCOS in early processes, with feature size > 0.25 μm)
Well formation
Gate module formation
Source and drain module formation
See also
Back end of line
Integrated circuit
References
Further reading
"CMOS: Circuit Design, Layout, and Simulation" Wiley-IEEE, 2010. . pages 177-178 (Chapter 7.2 CMOS Process Integration); pages 180-199 (7.2.1 Frontend-of-the-line integration)
Electronics manufacturing
Semiconductor device fabrication
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family%20car
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A family car is a car classification used in Europe to describe normally-sized cars. The name comes from the marketed use of these cars to carry a whole family locally or on vacations. Most family cars are hatchbacks or sedans, although there are MPVs, estates and cabriolets with the same structure as with the other body style. The term covers two types of family cars.
See also
Car classification
Vehicle size class
Automotive industry in Europe
it:Segmento D
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Back%20end%20of%20line
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The back end of line (BEOL) is the second portion of IC fabrication where the individual devices (transistors, capacitors, resistors, etc.) get interconnected with wiring on the wafer, the metalization layer. Common metals are copper and aluminum.
BEOL generally begins when the first layer of metal is deposited on the wafer. BEOL includes contacts, insulating layers (dielectrics), metal levels, and bonding sites for chip-to-package connections.
After the last FEOL step, there is a wafer with isolated transistors (without any wires). In BEOL part of fabrication stage contacts (pads), interconnect wires, vias and dielectric structures are formed. For modern IC process, more than 10 metal layers can be added in the BEOL.
Steps of the BEOL:
Silicidation of source and drain regions and the polysilicon region.
Adding a dielectric (first, lower layer is pre-metal dielectric (PMD) – to isolate metal from silicon and polysilicon), CMP processing it
Make holes in PMD, make a contacts in them.
Add metal layer 1
Add a second dielectric, called the inter-metal dielectric (IMD)
Make vias through dielectric to connect lower metal with higher metal. Vias filled by Metal CVD process.
Repeat steps 4–6 to get all metal layers.
Add final passivation layer to protect the microchip
Before 1998, practically all chips used aluminium for the metal interconnection layers.
The four metals with the highest electrical conductivity are silver with the highest conductivity, then copper, then go
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N-Methylmorpholine%20N-oxide
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N-Methylmorpholine N-oxide (more correctly 4-methylmorpholine 4-oxide), NMO or NMMO is an organic compound. This heterocyclic amine oxide and morpholine derivative is used in organic chemistry as a co-oxidant and sacrificial catalyst in oxidation reactions for instance in osmium tetroxide oxidations and the Sharpless asymmetric dihydroxylation or oxidations with TPAP. NMO is commercially supplied both as a monohydrate C5H11NO2·H2O and as the anhydrous compound. The monohydrate is used as a solvent for cellulose in the lyocell process to produce cellulose fibers.
Uses
Solvent of cellulose
NMMO monohydrate is used as a solvent in the lyocell process to produce lyocell fiber. It dissolves cellulose to form a solution called dope, and the cellulose is reprecipitated in a water bath to produce a fiber. The process is similar but not analogous to the viscose process. In the viscose process, cellulose is made soluble by conversion to its xanthate derivatives. With NMMO, cellulose is not derivatized but dissolves to give a homogeneous polymer solution. The resulting fiber is similar to viscose; this was observed, for example, for Valonia cellulose microfibrils. Dilution with water causes the cellulose to reprecipitate, i.e. the solvation of cellulose with NMMO is a water sensitive process.
Cellulose remains insoluble in most solvents because it has a strong and highly structured intermolecular hydrogen bonding network, which resists common solvents. NMMO breaks the hydrogen bondin
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balabanov
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Balabanov (Balaban, Balabanoff, Ballabon, etc.) and their derivatives (-ovs, -ich, etc.) are common last names in North Macedonia, Serbia, Bulgaria, Ukraine and Russia. Notable people with the surname include:
Aleksei Balabanov (1959-2013), Russian filmmaker
Andrey Balabanov, Soviet-born Ukrainian sprint canoer
Angelica Balabanov (1878-1965), Russian-Italian Marxist revolutionary, Comintern secretary in 1919-1921
Kostantyn Balabanov (born 1982), Ukrainian football player
Vasile Balabanov (1873-1947), provincial administrator of Imperial Russia
Origins of the name
Possible origins of the name according to Tudor Balabanov:
1. in the Kazakh Mountains there is an eagle called Balaban from which the name may be derived.
2. One of the recipients of this name may have been the Persians that around 4000 years ago started naming the leading three soldiers of a battalion, namely: the one with the flag, those with a drum, and the one with a blow instrument - the Balabans.
3. The Turks may have taken over this name and given it to the relatively tall non-Muslim men from their territories.
See also
Balaban (disambiguation)
Ballabon
Slavic-language surnames
Bulgarian-language surnames
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20probability%20distributions
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Many probability distributions that are important in theory or applications have been given specific names.
Discrete distributions
With finite support
The Bernoulli distribution, which takes value 1 with probability p and value 0 with probability q = 1 − p.
The Rademacher distribution, which takes value 1 with probability 1/2 and value −1 with probability 1/2.
The binomial distribution, which describes the number of successes in a series of independent Yes/No experiments all with the same probability of success.
The beta-binomial distribution, which describes the number of successes in a series of independent Yes/No experiments with heterogeneity in the success probability.
The degenerate distribution at x0, where X is certain to take the value x0. This does not look random, but it satisfies the definition of random variable. This is useful because it puts deterministic variables and random variables in the same formalism.
The discrete uniform distribution, where all elements of a finite set are equally likely. This is the theoretical distribution model for a balanced coin, an unbiased die, a casino roulette, or the first card of a well-shuffled deck.
The hypergeometric distribution, which describes the number of successes in the first m of a series of n consecutive Yes/No experiments, if the total number of successes is known. This distribution arises when there is no replacement.
The negative hypergeometric distribution, a distribution which describes the number of attemp
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium%20channel
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Sodium channels are integral membrane proteins that form ion channels, conducting sodium ions (Na+) through a cell's membrane. They belong to the superfamily of cation channels.
Classification
They are classified into 2 types:
Function
In excitable cells such as neurons, myocytes, and certain types of glia, sodium channels are responsible for the rising phase of action potentials. These channels go through three different states called resting, active and inactive states. Even though the resting and inactive states would not allow the ions to flow through the channels the difference exists with respect to their structural conformation.
Selectivity
Sodium channels are highly selective for the transport of ions across cell membranes. The high selectivity with respect to the sodium ion is achieved in many different ways. All involve encapsulation of the sodium ion in a cavity of specific size within a larger molecule.
Voltage-gated sodium channels
Structure
Sodium channels consist of large alpha subunits that associate with accessory proteins, such as beta subunits. An alpha subunit forms the core of the channel and is functional on its own. When the alpha subunit protein is expressed by a cell, it is able to form a pore in the cell membrane that conducts Na+ in a voltage-dependent way, even if beta subunits or other known modulating proteins are not expressed. When accessory proteins assemble with α subunits, the resulting complex can display altered voltage dependence a
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Static%20spherically%20symmetric%20perfect%20fluid
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In metric theories of gravitation, particularly general relativity, a static spherically symmetric perfect fluid solution (a term which is often abbreviated as ssspf) is a spacetime equipped with suitable tensor fields which models a static round ball of a fluid with isotropic pressure.
Such solutions are often used as idealized models of stars, especially compact objects such as white dwarfs and especially neutron stars. In general relativity, a model of an isolated star (or other fluid ball) generally consists of a fluid-filled interior region, which is technically a perfect fluid solution of the Einstein field equation, and an exterior region, which is an asymptotically flat vacuum solution. These two pieces must be carefully matched across the world sheet of a spherical surface, the surface of zero pressure. (There are various mathematical criteria called matching conditions for checking that the required matching has been successfully achieved.) Similar statements hold for other metric theories of gravitation, such as the Brans–Dicke theory.
In this article, we will focus on the construction of exact ssspf solutions in our current Gold Standard theory of gravitation, the theory of general relativity. To anticipate, the figure at right depicts (by means of an embedding diagram) the spatial geometry of a simple example of a stellar model in general relativity. The euclidean space in which this two-dimensional Riemannian manifold (standing in for a three-dimensional
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glomalin
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Glomalin is a hypothetical glycoprotein produced abundantly on hyphae and spores of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi in soil and in roots. Glomalin was proposed in 1996 by Sara F. Wright, a scientist at the USDA Agricultural Research Service, but it was not isolated and described yet. The name comes from Glomerales, an order of fungi. Most AM fungi are of the division Glomeromycota. An elusive substance, it is mostly assumed to have a glue-like effect on soil, but it has not been isolated yet.
Definition and controversy
The specific protein glomalin has not yet been isolated and described. What has been described is an extraction process involving heat and citrate, producing a mixture containing a substance that is reactive to a monoclonal antibody Mab32B11 raised against crushed AM fungi spores. The substance is then provisionally named "glomalin". As many laboratories do not have the equipment to perform an antibody-based isolation (ELISA), a crude mixture called glomalin-related soil proteins (GRSP) is used to refer to the extract portion reactive to the Bradford protein assay. There is significant confusion between the ideal glomalin protein, the antibody-reactive extract portion termed "glomalin", and GRSP.
"Glomalin" was first detected by the Mab32B11 ELISA assay in 1987. According to the scientist that proposed the hypothetical protein, Sarah F. Wright, it eluded extraction until 1996 because "It requires an unusual effort to dislodge glomalin for study: a bath i
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6nig%27s%20theorem%20%28kinetics%29
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In kinetics, König's theorem or König's decomposition is a mathematical relation derived by Johann Samuel König that assists with the calculations of angular momentum and kinetic energy of bodies and systems of particles.
For a system of particles
The theorem is divided in two parts.
First part of König's theorem
The first part expresses the angular momentum of a system as the sum of the angular momentum of the centre of mass and the angular momentum applied to the particles relative to the center of mass.
Proof
Considering an inertial reference frame with origin O, the angular momentum of the system can be defined as:
The position of a single particle can be expressed as:
And so we can define the velocity of a single particle:
The first equation becomes:
But the following terms are equal to zero:
So we prove that:
where M is the total mass of the system.
Second part of König's theorem
The second part expresses the kinetic energy of a system of particles in terms of the velocities of the individual particles and the centre of mass.
Specifically, it states that the kinetic energy of a system of particles is the sum of the kinetic energy associated to the movement of the center of mass and the kinetic energy associated to the movement of the particles relative to the center of mass.
Proof
The total kinetic energy of the system is:
Like we did in the first part, we substitute the velocity:
We know that so if we define:
we're left with:
For a rigi
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FR-V%20%28microprocessor%29
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The Fujitsu FR-V (Fujitsu RISC-VLIW) is one of the very few processors ever able to process both a very long instruction word (VLIW) and vector processor instructions at the same time, increasing throughput with high parallel computing while increasing performance per watt and hardware efficiency. The family was presented in 1999. Its design was influenced by the VPP500/5000 models of the Fujitsu VP/2000 vector processor supercomputer line.
Featuring a 1–8 way very long instruction word (VLIW, Multiple Instruction Multiple Data (MIMD), up to 256 bit) instruction set it additionally uses a 4-way single instruction, multiple data (SIMD) vector processor core. A 32-bit RISC instruction set in the superscalar core is combined with most variants integrating a dual 16-bit media processor also in VLIW and vector architecture. Each processor core is superpipelined as well as 4-unit superscalar.
A typical integrated circuit integrates a system on a chip and further multiplies speed by integrating multiple cores. Due to the very low power requirements it is a solution even for battery-powered applications.
Variants
The family started with the FR-500, includes FR-300, FR-400, FR-450, FR-550 and FR1000 architecture 32-bit processors, can run Linux, RTLinux, VxWorks, eCos, or ITRON and is also supported by the Softune Integrated development environment and the GNU Compiler Collection or GNUPro.
It is often used for image processing or video processing with most variants including a d
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parametric%20model
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In statistics, a parametric model or parametric family or finite-dimensional model is a particular class of statistical models. Specifically, a parametric model is a family of probability distributions that has a finite number of parameters.
Definition
A statistical model is a collection of probability distributions on some sample space. We assume that the collection, , is indexed by some set . The set is called the parameter set or, more commonly, the parameter space. For each , let denote the corresponding member of the collection; so is a cumulative distribution function. Then a statistical model can be written as
The model is a parametric model if for some positive integer .
When the model consists of absolutely continuous distributions, it is often specified in terms of corresponding probability density functions:
Examples
The Poisson family of distributions is parametrized by a single number :
where is the probability mass function. This family is an exponential family.
The normal family is parametrized by , where is a location parameter and is a scale parameter:
This parametrized family is both an exponential family and a location-scale family.
The Weibull translation model has a three-dimensional parameter :
The binomial model is parametrized by , where is a non-negative integer and is a probability (i.e. and ):
This example illustrates the definition for a model with some discrete parameters.
General remarks
A parametric model is
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin%20Porter
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Martin F. Porter is the inventor of the Porter Stemmer, one of the most common algorithms for stemming English, and the Snowball programming framework. His 1980 paper "An algorithm for suffix stripping", proposing the stemming algorithm, has been cited over 8000 times (Google Scholar).
The Muscat search engine comes from research performed by Porter at the University of Cambridge and was commercialized in 1984 by Cambridge CD Publishing; it was subsequently sold to MAID which became the Dialog Corporation. Part of Dialog was then spun off to become BrightStation in 2000, which transitioned Open Muscat to a closed-source development model in 2001. Subsequently, a group of developers led by Porter initiated a project based on Open Muscat called Xapian and released the first official version on September 30, 2002.
In 2000 he was awarded the Tony Kent Strix award.
Porter read mathematics at St John's College, Cambridge (1963–66) and went to get a Diploma in Computer Science (1967) and a PhD. at Cambridge Computer Laboratory. He worked at the University of Leeds for a year before returning to Cambridge's Literary and Linguistic Computing Centre (1971-1974) and at the Sedgwick Museum as a programmer (1974-1976). In 1977, he became the Director of the Museum Documentation Advisory Unit (MDA).
Martin Porter is co-founder with John Snyder of the contextual targeting and content recommendation company, Grapeshot. John Snyder is listed as CEO and Martin Porter is listed as Chief Sci
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potassium%20metabisulfite
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Potassium metabisulfite, K2S2O5, also known as potassium pyrosulfite, is a white crystalline powder with a pungent odour. It is mainly used as an antioxidant or chemical sterilant. As a disulfite, it is chemically very similar to sodium metabisulfite, with which it is sometimes used interchangeably. Potassium metabisulfite has a monoclinic crystal structure.
Preparation and reactions
Potassium metabisulfite can be prepared by treating a solution of potassium hydroxide with sulfur dioxide.
2 SO2 + 2 KOH → K2S2O5 + H2O
It decomposes at 190 °C, yielding potassium sulfite and sulfur dioxide:
K2S2O5 → K2SO3 + SO2
Uses
It is used as a food additive, also known as E224. It is restricted in use and may cause allergic reactions in some sensitive persons.
Wine
Potassium metabisulfite is a common wine or must additive, in which it forms sulfur dioxide (SO2). Sulfur dioxide is a disinfectant. It also acts as a potent antioxidant, protecting both the color and delicate flavors of wine.
A high dose would be 3 grams of potassium metabisulfite per six-gallon bucket of must (yielding roughly 75 ppm of SO2) prior to fermentation; then 6 grams per six-gallon bucket (150 ppm of SO2) at bottling. Some countries regulate the SO2 content of wines.
Winemaking equipment is sanitized by spraying with a 1% SO2 (2 tsp potassium metabisulfite per L) solution.
Beer
Potassium metabisulfite is sometimes used in the brewing industry to inhibit the growth of wild bacteria and fungi. This s
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imilac
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Imilac is a pallasite meteorite found in the Atacama Desert of Northern Chile in 1822.
Classification
Imilac is classified as a stony–iron pallasite. Imilac specimens are highly prized by meteorite collectors due to its high concentration of beautiful olivine grains.
Strewn field
Numerous masses were found in a valley to the SW of Imilac. The total weight of the Imilac fall is estimated to be around . The primary strewn field is long about .
Specimens
Due to weathering, intact olivine grains are present only on large specimens (over ). Smaller samples contain darker altered olivine crystals. On the market there are also a lot of very small (few grams) Imilac individuals called metal skeletons: they are severely weathered and lack olivine grains.
Notes
See also
Glossary of meteoritics
Meteorites found in Chile
Atacama Region
Stony-iron meteorites
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chow%20test
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The Chow test (), proposed by econometrician Gregory Chow in 1960, is a test of whether the true coefficients in two linear regressions on different data sets are equal. In econometrics, it is most commonly used in time series analysis to test for the presence of a structural break at a period which can be assumed to be known a priori (for instance, a major historical event such as a war). In program evaluation, the Chow test is often used to determine whether the independent variables have different impacts on different subgroups of the population.
Illustrations
First Chow Test
Suppose that we model our data as
If we split our data into two groups, then we have
and
The null hypothesis of the Chow test asserts that , , and , and there is the assumption that the model errors are independent and identically distributed from a normal distribution with unknown variance.
Let be the sum of squared residuals from the combined data, be the sum of squared residuals from the first group, and be the sum of squared residuals from the second group. and are the number of observations in each group and is the total number of parameters (in this case 3, i.e. 2 independent variables coefficients + intercept). Then the Chow test statistic is
The test statistic follows the F-distribution with and degrees of freedom.
The same result can be achieved via dummy variables.
Consider the two data sets which are being compared. Firstly there is the 'primary' data set i={1,...,} and th
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20Barlow%20%28geologist%29
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William Barlow FRS (8 August 1845 – 28 February 1934) was an English amateur geologist specialising in crystallography.
He was born in Islington, in London, England. His father became wealthy as a speculative builder as well as a building surveyor, allowing William to have a private education. After his father died in 1875, William and his brother inherited this fortune, allowing him to pursue his interest in crystallography without a need to labour for a living.
William examined the forms of crystalline structures, and deduced that there were only 230 forms of symmetrical crystal arrangements, known as space groups. His results were published in 1894, after they had been independently announced by Evgraf Fedorov and Arthur Schönflies, although his approach did display some novelty. His structural models of simple compounds such as NaCl and CsCl were later confirmed using X-ray crystallography.
He served as the president of the English Mineralogical Society from 1915 until 1918.
He died in Great Stanmore, Middlesex, England.
Awards and honours
Fellow of the Royal Society, 1908.
The wrinkle ridge Dorsa Barlow on the Moon was named after him.
The mineral barlowite, Cu4FBr(OH)6, approved in 2010, was named in his honor.
Notes
1845 births
1934 deaths
English geologists
Fellows of the Royal Society
British crystallographers
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noiseman%20Sound%20Insect
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is a short anime film directed by Koji Morimoto, with production by Studio 4°C and music by Yoko Kanno featuring a young Crystal Kay Williams singing the ending theme.
The work is in Japanese and contains music and dialogue that are intricately linked. It was released in Japan on November 22, 1997. On October 28, 2022, Studio 4°C made an announcement that the film is online on YouTube worldwide (except Japan) until November 18th, for the first time in HD.
This short was aired on Locomotion for Latin America and Iberia in its Locotomía block.
Plot
In a world of music and musical plants, a mad scientist is experimenting with the seeds of those plants to create a child, Noiseman. After giving Noiseman a potion to grow faster the scientist couldn't control him anymore and accidentally split his body into a ghost and a crystal with a machine of his. Noiseman is now in control of the whole city, brainwashing people to capture those ghosts and telling the people that the music fruit is forbidden. Tobio who also was brainwashed got hit by a music fruit and remembered the past, where everyone would enjoy the music. He tries to convince Noiseman that his doing is wrong and that he should return the captured ghosts to their crystals but without success. Now the underground people are trying their best to help the ghosts with the help of Tobio's childhood friend.
Release history
References
External links
1990s animated short films
1997 anime films
1997 films
Anime short films
Ani
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detached%20eddy%20simulation
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Detached eddy simulation (DES) is a modification of a Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes equations (RANS) model in which the model switches to a subgrid scale formulation in regions fine enough for large eddy simulation (LES) calculations.
Details
Regions near solid boundaries and where the turbulent length scale is less than the maximum grid dimension are assigned the RANS mode of solution. As the turbulent length scale exceeds the grid dimension, the regions are solved using the LES mode. Therefore, the grid resolution is not as demanding as pure LES, thereby considerably cutting down the cost of the computation. Though DES was initially formulated for the Spalart-Allmaras model, it can be implemented with other RANS models (Strelets, 2001), by appropriately modifying the length scale which is explicitly or implicitly involved in the RANS model. So while Spalart-Allmaras model based DES acts as LES with a wall model, DES based on other models (like two equation models) behave as a hybrid RANS-LES model. Grid generation is more complicated than for a simple RANS or LES case due to the RANS-LES switch. DES is a non-zonal approach and provides a single smooth velocity field across the RANS and the LES regions of the solution.
References
External links
CFD wiki article on DES technique
Article comparing RANS and DES for Automotive Applications.
Computational fluid dynamics
Turbulence models
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diffusion%20barrier
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A diffusion barrier is a thin layer (usually micrometres thick) of metal usually placed between two other metals. It is done to act as a barrier to protect either one of the metals from corrupting the other.
Adhesion of a plated metal layer to its substrate requires a physical interlocking, inter-diffusion of the deposit or a chemical bonding between plate and substrate in order to work. The role of a diffusion barrier is to prevent or to retard the inter-diffusion of the two superposed metals. Therefore, to be effective, a good diffusion barrier requires inertness with respect to adjacent materials. To obtain good adhesion and a diffusion barrier simultaneously, the bonding between layers needs to come from a chemical reaction of limited range at both boundaries. Materials providing good adhesion are not necessarily good diffusion barriers and vice versa. Consequently, there are cases where two or more separate layers must be used to provide a proper interface between substrates.
Selection
While the choice of diffusion barrier depends on the final function, anticipated operating temperature, and service life, are critical parameters to select diffusion barrier materials. Many thin film metal combinations have been evaluated for their adhesion and diffusion barrier properties.
Aluminum provides good electrical and thermal conductivity, adhesion and reliability because of its oxygen reactivity and the self-passivation properties of its oxide.
Copper also easily reacts w
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star%20Wars%3A%20The%20Empire%20Strikes%20Back%20%281985%20video%20game%29
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Star Wars: The Empire Strikes Back is the sequel to the vector graphics Star Wars arcade video game released by Atari, Inc. in 1983. It was made available by Atari Games in 1985 as a conversion kit for the original game. As in Star Wars, the player takes on the role of Luke Skywalker in a set of battle sequences from a first-person perspective. The game features the Battle of Hoth and the subsequent escape of the Millennium Falcon through an asteroid field. It is the third Star Wars arcade title from Atari; the raster game Return of the Jedi came out the previous year.
Home ports were released by Domark for the Amstrad CPC, BBC Micro, ZX Spectrum, Atari ST, Commodore 64, and Amiga.
Gameplay
During the Hoth sequences, the player is flying a Rebel snowspeeder. The first section has the player patrolling in a search and destroy mission for Probots (Imperial Probe Droids). Imperial transmissions emanating from the Probots can be shot to prolong the stage. Once the transmission does end up fully transmitted, the player advances. To earn a Jedi letter, the player must eradicate the specified number of probots.
The second snowspeeder sequence involves the assault of AT-AT and AT-ST walkers against the Rebel shield generator. The walkers have to be either destroyed or avoided, as collisions will damage the aircraft. The player has four tow-cables which can be used to take down the AT-AT walkers instantly if fired at the walker's legs. Otherwise, the player has to aim for the red
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robust%20statistics
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Robust statistics are statistics with good performance for data drawn from a wide range of probability distributions, especially for distributions that are not normal. Robust statistical methods have been developed for many common problems, such as estimating location, scale, and regression parameters. One motivation is to produce statistical methods that are not unduly affected by outliers. Another motivation is to provide methods with good performance when there are small departures from a parametric distribution. For example, robust methods work well for mixtures of two normal distributions with different standard deviations; under this model, non-robust methods like a t-test work poorly.
Introduction
Robust statistics seek to provide methods that emulate popular statistical methods, but are not unduly affected by outliers or other small departures from model assumptions. In statistics, classical estimation methods rely heavily on assumptions that are often not met in practice. In particular, it is often assumed that the data errors are normally distributed, at least approximately, or that the central limit theorem can be relied on to produce normally distributed estimates. Unfortunately, when there are outliers in the data, classical estimators often have very poor performance, when judged using the breakdown point and the influence function, described below.
The practical effect of problems seen in the influence function can be studied empirically by examining the s
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase-transfer%20catalyst
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In chemistry, a phase-transfer catalyst or PTC is a catalyst that facilitates the transition of a reactant from one phase into another phase where reaction occurs. Phase-transfer catalysis is a special form of catalysis and can act through homogeneous catalysis or heterogeneous catalysis methods depending on the catalyst used. Ionic reactants are often soluble in an aqueous phase but insoluble in an organic phase in the absence of the phase-transfer catalyst. The catalyst functions like a detergent for solubilizing the salts into the organic phase. Phase-transfer catalysis refers to the acceleration of the reaction upon the addition of the phase-transfer catalyst.
By using a PTC process, one can achieve faster reactions, obtain higher conversions or yields, make fewer byproducts, eliminate the need for expensive or dangerous solvents that will dissolve all the reactants in one phase, eliminate the need for expensive raw materials and/or minimize waste problems. Phase-transfer catalysts are especially useful in green chemistry—by allowing the use of water, the need for organic solvents is reduced.
Contrary to common perception, PTC is not limited to systems with hydrophilic and hydrophobic reactants. PTC is sometimes employed in liquid/solid and liquid/gas reactions. As the name implies, one or more of the reactants are transported into a second phase which contains both reactants.
Types
Phase-transfer catalysts for anionic reactants are often quaternary ammonium salts. Com
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xara%20Xtreme%20LX
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Xara Xtreme LX is a discontinued 2D vector graphics editor, developed as an open source version of the commercial Xara Xtreme. The abbreviation LX stands for Xara Xtreme on Linux and was retained in some places such as the executable "xaralx".
History
The first version was released for Linux in October 2005, and Xara Group Ltd announced it will release the source code of the trimmed down version under a free software licence, the GPL, and seek community help in porting it over to Linux and Mac OS X using the wxWidgets toolkit.
At the opening of the Libre Graphics Meeting 2006 in Lyon, France, Xara released most of the source code of Xara Xtreme for Linux in an updated website with details on how to access the sources. According to the Xara Xtreme for Linux homepage, the released source code contained "the majority of the Xara Xtreme source code" excluding the CDraw rendering engine only available in the form of static GCC libraries for a few selected CPU architectures. The 0.3 beta series allowed use of the .xar file format.
The last beta version was 0.7. The progress of the Linux version has stalled and the program's website has not been updated since August 2006. Xara Group Ltd's CEO, Charles Moir, confirmed on 15 Feb 2007 on the Xara developer mailing list why CDraw source code wouldn't be released: "For a number of reasons, one significant reason being commercial risk outlined earlier" [on this list]
A new project, xarino, was created in December 2008, which provide
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EDX%20London
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EDX London was a derivatives exchange managed by the London Stock Exchange that was absorbed into the Turquoise trading platform in 2011. The market was set up in 2003 to combine the liquidity and expertise of the LSE with advanced derivatives technology offered by Sweden's OMX AB. Members of EDX could trade either standardized or flexible futures and options on indices or single stocks. Trading took place on the three Scandinavian linked exchanges, the Stockholm Stock Exchange, Copenhagen Stock Exchange, and Oslo Børs as well as some Russian stocks.
The exchange utilised the electronic trading platform Sola Trading and trades were cleared via LCH.Clearnet. At its peak, there were approximately 150 contracts available for trading.
The cooperation between EDX London and OMX was terminated in November 2009 when Nasdaq took over OMX. Most of the contracts were moved to Nasdaq OMX with only the Norwegian derivatives remaining with EDX London. NasdaqOMX moved these contracts to its Genium Inet electronic trading platform in 2010. The LSE merged the remaining EDX London contracts with its Turquoise trading service that it had acquired in 2009.
References
External links
EDX London - Website of the EDX London
Financial services companies of the United Kingdom
London Stock Exchange
Defunct companies of the United Kingdom
2009 disestablishments in the United Kingdom
British companies disestablished in 2009
2003 establishments in the United Kingdom
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foster-Miller%20TALON
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The Foster-Miller TALON is a remotely operated vehicle, and it is a small, tracked military robot designed for missions ranging from reconnaissance to combat. It is made by the American robotics company QinetiQ-NA, a subsidiary of QinetiQ.
Overview
Foster-Miller claims the TALON is one of the fastest robots in production, one that can travel through sand, water, and snow, as well as climb stairs. The TALON transmits in color, black and white, infrared, and/or night vision to its operator who may be up to about away. It can run off lithium-ion batteries for a maximum of seven days on standby before needing to recharge. It has an 8.5-hour battery life at normal operating speeds, two standard lead batteries providing two hours each, and one optional lithium ion providing an additional 4.57 hours. It can withstand repeated decontamination, allowing it to work for extended periods of time in contaminated areas. It was used at Ground Zero after the September 11 attacks, working for 45 days under contaminated conditions without electronic failure. This led to the further development of the HAZMAT TALON.
It weighs less than , or for the reconnaissance version. Its cargo bay can accommodate a variety of sensor payloads. The robot is controlled through a two-way radio or fiber-optic link from a portable or wearable Operator Control Unit (OCU) that provides continuous data and video feedback for precise vehicle positioning.
Regular (IED/EOD) TALON: Carries sensors and a robotic man
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciliary%20ganglion
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The ciliary ganglion is a bundle of nerves, parasympathetic ganglion located just behind the eye in the posterior orbit. It is 1–2 mm in diameter and in humans contains approximately 2,500 neurons. The ganglion contains postganglionic parasympathetic neurons. These neurons supply the pupillary sphincter muscle, which constricts the pupil, and the ciliary muscle which contracts to make the lens more convex. Both of these muscles are involuntary since they are controlled by the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system.
The ciliary ganglion is one of four parasympathetic ganglia of the head. The others are the submandibular ganglion, pterygopalatine ganglion, and otic ganglion.
Structure
The ciliary ganglion contains postganglionic parasympathetic neurons that supply the ciliary muscle and the pupillary sphincter muscle. Because of the much larger size of the ciliary muscle, 95% of the neurons in the ciliary ganglion innervate it compared to the pupillary sphincter.
Roots
Three types of axons enter the ciliary ganglion but only the preganglionic parasympathetic axons synapse there. The entering axons are arranged into three roots which join enter the posterior surface of the ganglion:
The sensory root branches from the nasociliary nerve and travels through the ganglion forming part of the short ciliary nerves. These sensory axons supply the cornea, ciliary body and iris.
The sympathetic root originates from the internal carotid plexus with cell bodies in
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isothermal%20flow
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Isothermal flow is a model of compressible fluid flow whereby the flow remains at the same temperature while flowing in a conduit. In the model, heat transferred through the walls of the conduit is offset by frictional heating back into the flow. Although the flow temperature remains constant, a change in stagnation temperature occurs because of a change in velocity. The interesting part of this flow is that the flow is choked at and not at Mach number equal to one as in the case of many other model such as Fanno flow. This fact applies to real gases as well as ideal gases.
For an important practical case of a gas flow through a long tube, the model has an applicability in situations which occurs in a relatively long distance and where heat transfer is relatively rapid so that the temperature can be treated, for engineering purposes, as a constant. This model has also applicability as upper boundary to Fanno flow.
See also
Fanno flow
Isentropic process
Rayleigh flow
References
External links
Fundamentals of compressible Flow
Fluid dynamics
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sub%20Pop%20200
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Sub Pop 200 is a compilation released in the early days of the Seattle grunge scene (December 1988). It features songs (many of them first releases and otherwise unattainable) from Tad, The Fluid, Nirvana, Steven "Jesse" Bernstein, Mudhoney, The Walkabouts, Terry Lee Hale, Soundgarden, Green River, Fastbacks, Blood Circus, Swallow, Chemistry Set, Girl Trouble, The Nights and Days, Cat Butt, Beat Happening, Screaming Trees, Steve Fisk, and The Thrown Ups.
Many of these bands went on to be influential in the early 1990s and onwards. Most notable of these were Nirvana, Soundgarden, Green River (who spawned Mudhoney and Mother Love Bone and later Temple of the Dog and Pearl Jam), Screaming Trees, and Mudhoney.
The cover is an illustration by comics artist Charles Burns, who was regularly used by Sub Pop for covers and posters.
Track listing
"Sex God Missy" - Tad
"Is It Day I'm Seeing?" - The Fluid
"Spank Thru" - Nirvana
"Come Out Tonight" - Steven J. Bernstein
"The Rose" – Mudhoney (Amanda McBroom cover)
"Got No Chains" – The Walkabouts
"Dead Is Dead" – Terry Lee Hale
"Sub Pop Rock City" – Soundgarden
"Hangin' Tree" – Green River
"Swallow My Pride" – Fastbacks (Green River cover)
"The Outback" – Blood Circus
"Zoo" – Swallow
"Underground" – Chemistry Set
"Gonna Find a Cave" – Girl Trouble
"Split" – The Nights and Days
"Big Cigar" – Cat Butt
"Pajama Party in a Haunted Hive" – Beat Happening
"Love or Confusion" – Screaming Trees (Jimi Hendrix cover)
"Untitled" – Steve Fisk
"You L
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cajeput%20tree
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Cajeput tree is a common name used for certain classification of tree that has a white spongy bark that is flexible and can easily flake off the trunk. The Cajeput tree is of the genus Melaleuca, native to Australia and is commonly known in North America as the tea tree. The name "Cajeput tree" is primarily used for the species M. cajuputi, M. leucadendra, M. linariifolia, M. viridiflora and M. quinquenervia. Other names for these trees are the paperbark tree, punk tree, or the white bottle brush tree. Similar subtropical trees from the eucalyptus family are evergreens with pointed leaves and white, red or green flowers.
Invasive species in Florida
Melaleuca quinquenervia is considered an invasive species in swampy areas of Florida in the U.S. It was introduced into the United States both as an ornamental tree and to control erosion in swamps.
Uses of the Cajeput tree
The various parts of the Cajeput tree, specifically M. leucadendra, has many known uses.
Its flaky bark can be utilised for weaving. It is also used to caulk boats, making them waterproof. Aborigines of Australia often used the cajeput tree bark for shields, canoes, roofing material and timber.
Its fruits are known to be used as food seasoning in Southeast Asia, where this species is found locally.
The cajeput trees are a source of cajeput oil in Southeast Asia, an essential oil that is extracted from the leaves and twigs of the tree. Cajeput oil is primarily used in aromatherapy as an expectorant, pa
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20Price%20%28footballer%2C%20born%201955%29
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David James Price (born 23 June 1955) is an English former footballer who played as a midfielder. Price played in the Football League for Arsenal, Peterborough United, Crystal Palace and Leyton Orient.
Career
Born in Caterham, Surrey, Price was snapped up by Arsenal in 1970, as a prodigious young midfielder who captained England schoolboys. Whilst at the Gunners's Academy he went on to win the FA Youth Cup of 1971. Price made his debut for Arsenal at the age of 17 on 9 May 1973 in a First Division match against Leeds United. However, he played mostly with the reserves for the next few years.
After a loan spell at Peterborough United, Price broke into the Arsenal first team in 1977–78, playing 51 matches that season. This was noteworthy as he had previously made only 13 appearances for the club. His regular spell in the Arsenal side coincided with the Gunners' FA Cup runs of the late 1970s, where they consecutively got to the 1978 to 1980 finals of the cup. Price thus played three times at Wembley with Arsenal winning the 1979 FA Cup in a 3–2 win against Manchester United. Price got an assist in the game as he set up Brian Talbot for the opening goal. Price also played in Arsenal's 1980 Cup Winners' Cup defeat at the hands of Valencia, on penalties.
Price lost his place to the veteran John Hollins at the start of the 1980–81 season. Subsequently, he was sold to Crystal Palace in March 1981, in a part-exchange deal which saw Peter Nicholas move the other way. In all he playe
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drunk%20tank
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A drunk tank is a jail cell or separate facility accommodating people who are intoxicated, especially with alcohol. Some such facilities are mobile, and may be spoken of as "booze buses".
Traditionally, and in some jurisdictions currently, the circumstances of drunk tank occupants may vary widely, as to whether in fact intoxicated, whether willingly there, whether isolated to protect them from others, confined to protect others from them, or simply permitted to find shelter, and whether legally under arrest, charged with an offense, or neither. Those in need of more long-term treatment may be referred to a rehabilitation center.
Europe
Czech Republic
In the Czech Republic the name is protialkoholní záchytná stanice, colloquially záchytka. The first such institution in Czechoslovakia was opened in 1951 by psychiatrist Jaroslav Skála; its first patient was a Russian naval engineer. During its first 30 years of service, Prague's sobering-up station treated over 180,000 people. Other facilities in the country treated over 1,000,000 people. During its peak in Czechoslovakia, there were over 63 such institutions.
Poland
In Poland drunk tanks or "sobering-up chambers" (izba wytrzeźwień) exist in bigger cities (52 as of 2013), hosting a total of 300,000 people yearly. Being drunk by itself is not an offense. If police find a drunk person wandering near railroad tracks, or in harsh weather, they will try to return the person home. If the person is violent or a danger to others, th
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-chip%20module
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A multi-chip module (MCM) is generically an electronic assembly (such as a package with a number of conductor terminals or "pins") where multiple integrated circuits (ICs or "chips"), semiconductor dies and/or other discrete components are integrated, usually onto a unifying substrate, so that in use it can be treated as if it were a larger IC. Other terms for MCM packaging include "heterogeneous integration" or "hybrid integrated circuit". The advantage of using MCM packaging is it allows a manufacturer to use multiple components for modularity and/or to improve yields over a conventional monolithic IC approach.
Overview
Multi-chip modules come in a variety of forms depending on the complexity and development philosophies of their designers. These can range from using pre-packaged ICs on a small printed circuit board (PCB) meant to mimic the package footprint of an existing chip package to fully custom chip packages integrating many chip dies on a high density interconnection (HDI) substrate. The final assembled MCM substrate may be done in one of the following ways:
The substrate is a multi-layer laminated printed circuit board (PCB), such as those used in AMD's Zen 2 processors.
The substrate is built on ceramic, such as low temperature co-fired ceramic
The ICs are deposited on the base substrate using Thin Film technology.
The ICs that make up the MCM package may be:
ICs that can perform most, if not all of the functions of a component of a computer, such as the CP
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick%20%28DNA%29
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A nick is a discontinuity in a double stranded DNA molecule where there is no phosphodiester bond between adjacent nucleotides of one strand typically through damage or enzyme action. Nicks allow DNA strands to untwist during replication, and are also thought to play a role in the DNA mismatch repair mechanisms that fix errors on both the leading and lagging daughter strands.
Formation of nicks
The diagram shows the effects of nicks on intersecting DNA in a twisted plasmid. Nicking can be used to dissipate the energy held up by intersecting states. The nicks allow the DNA to take on a circular shape.
Nicked DNA can be the result of DNA damage or purposeful, regulated biomolecular reactions carried out in the cell. During processing, DNA can be nicked by physical shearing, over-drying or enzymes. Excessive rough handling in pipetting or vortexing creates physical stress that can lead to breaks and nicks in DNA. Overdrying of DNA can also break the phosphodiester bond in DNA and result in nicks. Nicking endonuclease enzymes can assist with this process. A single-stranded break (nick) in DNA can be formed by the hydrolysis and subsequent removal of a phosphate group within the helical backbone. This leads to a different DNA conformation, where a hydrogen bond forms in place of the missing piece of the DNA backbone in order to preserve the structure.
Repair of nicks
Ligases are versatile and ubiquitous enzymes that join the 3’ hydroxyl and 5’ phosphate ends to form a phosphodi
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hirzebruch%E2%80%93Riemann%E2%80%93Roch%20theorem
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In mathematics, the Hirzebruch–Riemann–Roch theorem, named after Friedrich Hirzebruch, Bernhard Riemann, and Gustav Roch, is Hirzebruch's 1954 result generalizing the classical Riemann–Roch theorem on Riemann surfaces to all complex algebraic varieties of higher dimensions. The result paved the way for the Grothendieck–Hirzebruch–Riemann–Roch theorem proved about three years later.
Statement of Hirzebruch–Riemann–Roch theorem
The Hirzebruch–Riemann–Roch theorem applies to any holomorphic vector bundle E on a compact complex manifold X, to calculate the holomorphic Euler characteristic of E in sheaf cohomology, namely the alternating sum
of the dimensions as complex vector spaces, where n is the complex dimension of X.
Hirzebruch's theorem states that χ(X, E) is computable in terms of the Chern classes ck(E) of E, and the Todd classes of the holomorphic tangent bundle of X. These all lie in the cohomology ring of X; by use of the fundamental class (or, in other words, integration over X) we can obtain numbers from classes in The Hirzebruch formula asserts that
where the sum is taken over all relevant j (so 0 ≤ j ≤ n), using the Chern character ch(E) in cohomology. In other words, the products are formed in the cohomology ring of all the 'matching' degrees that add up to 2n. Formulated differently, it gives the equality
where is the Todd class of the tangent bundle of X.
Significant special cases are when E is a complex line bundle, and when X is an algebraic surface
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating%20surplus
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Operating surplus is an accounting concept used in national accounts statistics (such as United Nations System of National Accounts (UNSNA)) and in corporate and government accounts. It is the balancing item of the Generation of Income Account in the UNSNA. It may be used in macro-economics as a proxy for total pre-tax profit income, although entrepreneurial income may provide a better measure of business profits. According to the 2008 SNA, it is the measure of the surplus accruing from production before deducting property income, e.g., land rent and interest.
Operating surplus is a component of value added and GDP. The term "mixed income" is used when operating surplus cannot be distinguished from wage income, for example, in the case of sole proprietorships. Most of operating surplus will normally consist of gross profit income. In principle, it includes the (separately itemised) increase in the value of output inventories held, with or without a valuation adjustment reflecting average prices during the accounting period.
Operating surplus therefore does not necessarily refer to all gross profit income realized in an economy. Profits are also realized from all kinds of property transactions which do not involve new production, such as capital gains, and net profits are often also received from foreign countries or paid to foreign countries. In addition, many profits arising from the use of natural resources, land, and financial assets (in the form of interest income)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sec61
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Sec61, termed SecYEG in prokaryotes, is a membrane protein complex found in all domains of life. As the core component of the translocon, it transports proteins to the endoplasmic reticulum in eukaryotes and out of the cell in prokaryotes. It is a doughnut-shaped pore through the membrane with 3 different subunits (heterotrimeric), SecY (α), SecE (γ), and SecG (β). It has a region called the plug that blocks transport into or out of the ER. This plug is displaced when the hydrophobic region of a nascent polypeptide interacts with another region of Sec61 called the seam, allowing translocation of the polypeptide into the ER lumen.
Although SecY and SecE are conserved in all three domains of life, bacterial SecG is only weakly homologous with eukaryotic Sec61β. The eukaryotic Sec61β is however homologous to the archaeal "SecG", leading some authors to refer to the archaeal complex as SecYEβ instead of SecYEG. (All three components of the archaeal complex are closer to their eukaryotic homologues than to their bacterial ones, but the old two-empire names have become convention.)
Structure
Much of the knowledge on the structure of the SecY/Sec61α pore comes from an X-ray crystallography structure of its archaeal version. The large SecY subunit consists of two halves, trans-membrane segments 1-5 and trans-membrane segments 6-10. They are linked at the extracellular side by a loop between trans-membrane segments 5 and 6. SecY can open laterally at the front (lateral gate). SecE
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIVB%20Volleyball%20World%20League%20statistics
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This article gives the summarized final standings of each FIVB Volleyball World League tournament, an annual competition involving national men's volleyball teams. The most successful teams, , have been: Brazil, 9 times (1993, 2001, 2003–07, 2009–10) and Italy, 8 times (1990–92, 1994–95, 1997, 1999–2000). The competition has been won 3 times by Russia (2002, 2011, 2013), twice by United States (2008, 2014) and France (2015, 2017) and once by Netherlands (1996), Cuba (1998), Poland (2012) and Serbia (2016).
Summary I
1st - Champions
2nd - Runners-up
3rd - Third place
- – Did not enter / Did not qualify
– Hosts
Summary II
After 2017 World League
Qualifications are not included
Notes
External links
Honours (1990–2016)
Statistics
Volleyball records and statistics
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amidol
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Amidol is a colorless crystalline compound with the molecular structure C6H3(NH2)2OH. It is a dihydrogen chloride salt and is used as a photographic developer. It was introduced as a developing agent for photographic papers in 1892. It is unusual amongst developing agents as it works most effectively in slightly acid conditions rather than the strongly alkaline conditions required for most other developers. As amidol ages it changes color to a dark red-brown. Developing dishes and equipment used to prepare amidol solutions are also frequently stained brown, a stain that is very persistent.
Prints developed in amidol are typically a very warm brown-black color, but overdevelopment can quickly lead to chemical fogging.
Amidol's color change upon oxidation is used to advantage as a convenient colorimetric method for measuring the dissolved oxygen concentration in water supplies, rivers, etc.
References
Photographic chemicals
Anilines
Phenols
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horizontal%20scan%20rate
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Horizontal scan rate, or horizontal frequency, usually expressed in kilohertz, is the number of times per second that a raster-scan video system transmits or displays a complete horizontal line, as opposed to vertical scan rate, the number of times per second that an entire screenful of image data is transmitted or displayed.
Cathode ray tubes
Within a cathode-ray tube (CRT), the horizontal scan rate is how many times in a second that the electron beam moves from the left side of the display to the right and back. The number of horizontal lines displayed per second can be roughly derived from this number multiplied by the vertical scan rate.
The horizontal scan frequencies of a CRT include some intervals that occur during the vertical blanking interval, so the horizontal scan rate does not directly correlate to visible display lines unless the quantity of unseen lines are also known.
The horizontal scan rate is one of the primary figures determining the resolution capability of a CRT, since it is determined by how quickly the electromagnetic deflection system can reverse the current flowing in the deflection coil in order to move the electron beam from one side of the display to the other. Reversing the current more quickly requires higher voltages, which require more expensive electrical components.
In analog television systems the horizontal frequency is between 15.625 kHz and 15.750 kHz.
Other technologies
While other display technologies such as liquid-crystal disp
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YMM
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YMM may refer to:
Fort McMurray International Airport, by IATA code
YMM registers in the x86 microprocessor instruction set Advanced Vector Extensions
Maay Maay language (ISO 639-3 code ymm)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British%20NVC%20community%20MC7
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British NVC community MC7 (Stellaria media - Rumex acetosa sea-bird cliff community) is one of the maritime cliff communities in the British National Vegetation Classification system. It is one of two communities associated with sea-bird cliffs.
This community is found in a number of coastal areas. There are no subcommunities.
Community composition
One constant species is found in this community, Common Chickweed (Stellaria media)
No rare species are associated with this community.
Distribution
This community is found in coastal areas on the west coast of Britain from Pembrokeshire northwards, the north and east coasts of Scotland south to the Firth of Forth, and also on offshore islands including St Kilda.
References
Rodwell, J. S. (2000) British Plant Communities Volume 5 - Maritime communities and vegetation of open habitats (hardback), (paperback)
MC07
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National%20Longitudinal%20Surveys
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The National Longitudinal Surveys (NLS) are a set of surveys sponsored by the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) of the U.S. Department of Labor. These surveys have gathered information at multiple points in time on the labor market experiences and other significant life events of several groups of men and women. Each of the NLS samples consists of several thousand individuals, many of whom have been surveyed over several decades.
Surveys
The National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997 (NLSY97) began in 1997 with 8,984 men and women born in 1980-84 (ages 12–17 in 1997). Sample members were interviewed annually from 1997 to 2011 and biennially thereafter. The 2015 interview was conducted with 7,103 men and women ages 30–36. Data are available from Round 1 (1997–98) to Round 17 (2015–16).
The National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 (NLSY79) began in 1979 with 12,686 men and women born in 1957-64 (ages 14–22 in 1979). Sample members were interviewed annually from 1979-1994 and biennially thereafter. Oversamples of military and economically disadvantaged, nonblack/non-Hispanic respondents were dropped in 1985 and 1991, leaving a sample size of 9,964. The 2014 interview (Round 26) was conducted with 7,071 men and women ages 49–58.
The NLSY79 Children and Young Adults (NLSCYA) began in 1986 with children born to female NLSY79 respondents. Biennial data collection consists of interviews with the mothers and interviews with the children themselves; from 1994 onward, children tur
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet%20traffic%20engineering
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Internet traffic engineering is defined as that aspect of Internet network engineering dealing with the issue of performance evaluation and performance optimization of operational IP networks. Traffic engineering encompasses the application of technology and scientific principles to the measurement, characterization, modeling, and control of Internet traffic [RFC-2702, AWD2].
Enhancing the performance of an operational network, at both traffic and resource levels, are major objectives of Internet engineering. This is accomplished by addressing traffic performance requirements, while utilizing network economically and reliably. Traffic oriented performance includes packet transfer delay, packet delay variation, packet loss, and throughput.
An important objective of Internet traffic engineering is to facilitate reliable network operations [RFC-2702]. This can be done by providing mechanisms that network integrity and by embracing policies emphasizing survivability. This results in a minimization of the network to service outages arising from errors, faults and failures occurring within the infrastructure.
The Internet exists in order to transfer information from nodes to destination nodes. Accordingly, one of the most crucial functions performed by the Internet is the routing of traffic ingress nodes to egress nodes.
Ultimately, it is the performance of the network as seen by network services that is truly paramount. This crucial function should be considered throughout th
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lineage-bonded%20society
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A lineage-bonded society is a type of acephalous society predicated on claims of a common ancestor.
A lineage-bonded society is by population, the smallest classification of acephalous society. Beyond a certain size threshold, claims of common lineage become untenable, and the social ties resulting from those claims destabilize. A lineage-bonded society that outgrows its limits may break apart into subgroups. Such branches would then either become separate lineage-bonded societies, or would merge with a neighboring society. When two lineage-bonded societies merge in such a way, the outcome is a land-bonded society
A lineage-bonded society may harbor a secret society or may be large enough to support age sets but can't sustain both secret societies and age sets, and cannot make the transition to statehood.
This society is similar to a band society.
See also
Ethnic group
Tribe
Blood quantum laws
Dawes Act
Dawes Rolls
References
Based on material presented by Joseph C. Dorsey at Purdue University
Anthropological categories of peoples
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Williamsonia%20%28plant%29
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Williamsonia is a genus of plant belonging to Bennettitales, an extinct order of seed plants. Within the form classification system used in paleobotany, Williamsonia is used to refer to female seed cones, which are associated with plants that also bore the male flower-like reproductive structure Weltrichia.
Description
The monosporiangiate female Williamsonia seed cone (sometimes described as a "flower" though this does not imply homology with angiosperm flowers) consists of an ovulate receptacle enclosed by bracts (modified leaves), with the receptacle bearing sporophylls with terminal seeds/ovules, which are surrounded by interseminal scales. The micropyle of the ovules varied from protruding above the cone to slightly sunken in, depending on the species. The cones were of variable shape, with reported morphologies including pyriform (pear shaped), ovoid, subspheroidal, and oblate spheroid and could be up to in diameter. As many as 25–50 ovules could be present in each cone. The cone was borne on a peduncle, and grew at the apex of a branch. In at least some species, only one Williamsonia cone grew per active branch at any one time/season, while the cones from the preceding season/time developed into mature seed cones. The cones have been suggested to be wind pollinated. In at least some species, the cones increased in size during maturation, which might reflect the transformation of the interseminal scales into a fleshy coating possibly used to attract seed dispersers.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alloway%20Creek
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Alloway Creek is a tributary of the Delaware River in Salem County, New Jersey in the United States. The name is a derivative of Allowas, an Indian chief. It has also been known by other names: Aloes River, Aloes Creek, Cotton River, Korten River, Short River, Monmouth River, Munmouth River, and Roiter's River.
The headwaters of the creek are to the southeast of Daretown, in Upper Pittsgrove Township. It flows roughly parallel and to the south of Commissioners Pike, meeting Cool Run before turning west and flowing under the pike. Entering a marshy area, it meets an unnamed tributary and flows under Alloway Road. Here the creek enters Alloway Lake, formed by a dam at the town of Alloway and the largest lake in Salem County. Cedar Brook also feeds the lake, entering from the south.
Below the dam at Alloway, the creek becomes a tidal marsh and meadow estuary. About a mile west of the dam, Deep Run enters from the south. The meanders of the creek become pronounced as the creek turns to flow southwest towards Quinton, where it receives the outlet of Laurel Lake, the water supply for Salem. Route 49 crosses the creek at Quinton. Below Hancock's Bridge, the creek enters the marshes fringing the Delaware. A network of estuarine channels known as Abbotts Meadow lies on the north side. On the south side, a channel has been cut across a meander; Alloway Hope Halfway, a tidal channel connecting with Hope Creek, enters the south side of the meander loop there. The island in the middl
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resilin
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Resilin is an elastomeric protein found in many insects and other arthropods. It provides soft rubber-elasticity to mechanically active organs and tissue; for example, it enables insects of many species to jump or pivot their wings efficiently. Resilin was first discovered by Torkel Weis-Fogh in locust wing-hinges.
Resilin is currently the most efficient elastic protein known (Elvin et al., 2005). The elastic efficiency of the resilin isolated from locust tendon has been reported to be 97% (only 3% of stored energy is lost as heat). It does not have any regular structure but its randomly coiled chains are crosslinked by di- and tri-tyrosine links at the right spacing to confer the elasticity needed to propel some jumping insects distances up to 38 times their length (as found in fleas). Resilin must last for the lifetime of adult insects and must therefore operate for hundreds of millions of extensions and contractions; its elastic efficiency ensures performance during the insect's lifetime. Resilin exhibits unusual elastomeric behavior only when swollen in polar solvents such as water.
In 2005, a recombinant form of the resilin protein of the fly Drosophila melanogaster was synthesized by expressing a part of the fly gene in the bacterium Escherichia coli. Active studies are investigating potential application of recombinant resilins in biomedical engineering and medicine.
Occurrence
After its discovery in elastic tendons in dragon flies and wing hinges in locusts, resi
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harmonic%20balance
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Harmonic balance is a method used to calculate the steady-state response of nonlinear differential equations, and is mostly applied to nonlinear electrical circuits.
It is a frequency domain method for calculating the steady state, as opposed to the various time-domain steady-state methods. The name "harmonic balance" is descriptive of the method, which starts with Kirchhoff's Current Law written in the frequency domain and a chosen number of harmonics. A sinusoidal signal applied to a nonlinear component in a system will generate harmonics of the fundamental frequency. Effectively the method assumes a linear combination of sinusoids can represent the solution, then balances current and voltage sinusoids to satisfy Kirchhoff's law. The method is commonly used to simulate circuits which include nonlinear elements, and is most applicable to systems with feedback in which limit cycles occur.
Microwave circuits were the original application for harmonic balance methods in electrical engineering. Microwave circuits were well-suited because, historically, microwave circuits consist of many linear components which can be directly represented in the frequency domain, plus a few nonlinear components. System sizes were typically small. For more general circuits, the method was considered impractical for all but these very small circuits until the mid-1990s, when Krylov subspace methods were applied to the problem.
The application of preconditioned Krylov subspace methods allowed
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