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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore%20Cord%20Blood%20Bank
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The Singapore Cord Blood Bank (Abbreviation: SCBB) is Singapore's only public cord blood bank that collects, processes and stores donated umbilical cord blood for use in stem cell transplants. Its cord blood units may be searched for use by qualifying transplant centers around the world.
Public Cord Blood Banking
As a public cord blood bank, SCBB does not charge cord blood donors for its services. However, as the cord blood is donated altruistically, the donor relinquishes any claims to it after donation. This contrasts with a private cord blood bank where parents pay a fee for the cord blood banking services, but retain ownership over the use of their cord blood.
Cord blood and its uses
Cord blood is the blood that circulates through the umbilical cord from the foetus to the placenta. After delivery, the placenta is almost always thrown away. Yet this humble umbilical cord has become a life saving and precious commodity, because cord blood is rich in blood stem cells.
Blood stem cells are young or immature cells that can transform into other forms of essential blood cell types (pluripotent), such as red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets. The use of blood stem cells has emerged as a potentially curative option for the treatment of several diseases, including blood cancers (such as leukemia and lymphoma), and severe anaemia (such as myelodysplastic syndrome, thalassemia major and severe aplastic anaemia). What type of disease can be treated by cord blood stem c
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic%20symbol
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An electronic symbol is a pictogram used to represent various electrical and electronic devices or functions, such as wires, batteries, resistors, and transistors, in a schematic diagram of an electrical or electronic circuit. These symbols are largely standardized internationally today, but may vary from country to country, or engineering discipline, based on traditional conventions.
Standards for symbols
The graphic symbols used for electrical components in circuit diagrams are covered by national and international standards, in particular:
IEC 60617 (also known as BS 3939).
There is also IEC 61131-3 – for ladder-logic symbols.
JIC JIC (Joint Industrial Council) symbols as approved and adopted by the NMTBA (National Machine Tool Builders Association). They have been extracted from the Appendix of the NMTBA Specification EGPl-1967.
ANSI Y32.2-1975 (also known as IEEE Std 315-1975 or CSA Z99-1975).
IEEE Std 91/91a: graphic symbols for logic functions (used in digital electronics). It is referenced in ANSI Y32.2/IEEE Std 315.
Australian Standard AS 1102 (based on a slightly modified version of IEC 60617; withdrawn without replacement with a recommendation to use IEC 60617).
The number of standards leads to confusion and errors.
Symbols usage is sometimes unique to engineering disciplines, and national or local variations to international standards exist. For example, lighting and power symbols used as part of architectural drawings may be different from symbols for d
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dihydroergotamine
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Dihydroergotamine (DHE), sold under the brand names D.H.E. 45 and Migranal among others, is an ergot alkaloid used to treat migraines. It is a derivative of ergotamine. It is administered as a nasal spray or injection and has an efficacy similar to that of sumatriptan. Nausea is a common side effect.
It has similar actions to the triptans, acting as an agonist to the serotonin receptors and causing vasoconstriction of the intracranial blood vessels, but also interacts centrally with dopamine and adrenergic receptors. It can be used to treat acute intractable headache or withdrawal from analgesics.
Medical uses
Subcutaneous and intramuscular injections are generally more effective than the nasal spray and can be self-administered by patients. Intravenous injection is considered very effective for severe migraine or status migrainosus. DHE is also used in the treatment of medication overuse headache.
Side effects
Nausea is a common side effect of IV administration and less common in other modes. Antiemetics can be given prior to DHE to counteract the nausea. Risks and contraindications are similar to the triptans. DHE and triptans should never be taken within 24 hours of each other due to the potential for coronary artery vasospasm. DHE produces no dependence.
Contraindications
DHE is contraindicated with potent CYP3A4 inhibitors, like macrolide antibiotics.
Pharmacology
Mechanism of action
DHE's antimigraine activity is due to its action as an agonist at the serotonin
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chevalley%E2%80%93Warning%20theorem
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In number theory, the Chevalley–Warning theorem implies that certain polynomial equations in sufficiently many variables over a finite field have solutions. It was proved by and a slightly weaker form of the theorem, known as Chevalley's theorem, was proved by . Chevalley's theorem implied Artin's and Dickson's conjecture that finite fields are quasi-algebraically closed fields .
Statement of the theorems
Let be a finite field and be a set of polynomials such that the number of variables satisfies
where is the total degree of . The theorems are statements about the solutions of the following system of polynomial equations
The Chevalley–Warning theorem states that the number of common solutions is divisible by the characteristic of . Or in other words, the cardinality of the vanishing set of is modulo .
The Chevalley theorem states that if the system has the trivial solution , that is, if the polynomials have no constant terms, then the system also has a non-trivial solution .
Chevalley's theorem is an immediate consequence of the Chevalley–Warning theorem since is at least 2.
Both theorems are best possible in the sense that, given any , the list has total degree and only the trivial solution. Alternatively, using just one polynomial, we can take f1 to be the degree n polynomial given by the norm of x1a1 + ... + xnan where the elements a form a basis of the finite field of order pn.
Warning proved another theorem, known as Warning's second theorem, which
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive%20robotics
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Cognitive Robotics or Cognitive Technology is a subfield of robotics concerned with endowing a robot with intelligent behavior by providing it with a processing architecture that will allow it to learn and reason about how to behave in response to complex goals in a complex world. Cognitive robotics may be considered the engineering branch of embodied cognitive science and embodied embedded cognition, consisting of Robotic Process Automation, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, Deep Learning, Optical Character Recognition, Image Processing, Process Mining, Analytics, Software Development and System Integration.
Core issues
While traditional cognitive modeling approaches have assumed symbolic coding schemes as a means for depicting the world, translating the world into these kinds of symbolic representations has proven to be problematic if not untenable. Perception and action and the notion of symbolic representation are therefore core issues to be addressed in cognitive robotics.
Starting point
Cognitive robotics views human or animal cognition as a starting point for the development of robotic information processing, as opposed to more traditional Artificial Intelligence techniques. Target robotic cognitive capabilities include perception processing, attention allocation, anticipation, planning, complex motor coordination, reasoning about other agents and perhaps even about their own mental states. Robotic cognition embodies the behavior of intelligent agents in
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20Sharp%20Macleay
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William Sharp Macleay or McLeay (21 July 1792 – 26 January 1865) was a British civil servant and entomologist. He was a prominent promoter of the Quinarian system of classification.
After graduating, he worked for the British embassy in Paris, following his interest in natural history at the same time, publishing essays on insects and corresponding with Charles Darwin.
Macleay moved to Havana, Cuba, where he was, in turn, commissioner of arbitration, commissary judge, and then judge. Retiring from this work, he emigrated to Australia, where he continued to collect insects and studied marine natural history.
Early life
Macleay was born in London, eldest son of Alexander Macleay, who named him for his then business partner, fellow wine merchant William Sharp. He attended Westminster School and Trinity College, Cambridge, graduating with honours in 1814. He was then appointed attaché to the British embassy at Paris, and secretary to the board for liquidating British claims on the French government, and following his father in taking an interest in natural history, became friendly with Georges Cuvier, and other celebrated men of science.
Early scientific career
Macleay's principal work was Horae Entomologicae; or, Essays on the Annulose Animals, parts 1-2 (1819–1821). The first part of Horae Entomologicae included a re-examination of Linnaeus' genus Scarabaeus (12th edition of Systema Naturae, 1767) within the taxonomic context of Pierre Andre Latreille's "Lamellicornes" beco
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coding%20efficiency
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Coding efficiency may refer to:
In computing
Data compression efficiency
Algorithmic efficiency
In biology
Efficient coding hypothesis
See also
Efficiency (disambiguation)
Coding (disambiguation)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prestin
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Prestin is a protein that is critical to sensitive hearing in mammals. It is encoded by the SLC26A5 (solute carrier anion transporter family 26, member 5) gene.
Prestin is the motor protein of the outer hair cells of the inner ear of the mammalian cochlea. It is highly expressed in the outer hair cells, and is not expressed in the nonmotile inner hair cells. Immunolocalization shows prestin is expressed in the lateral plasma membrane of the outer hair cells, the region where electromotility occurs. The expression pattern correlates with the appearance of outer hair cell electromotility.
Function
Prestin is essential in auditory processing. It is specifically expressed in the lateral membrane of outer hair cells (OHCs) of the cochlea. There is no significant difference between prestin density in high-frequency and low-frequency regions of the cochlea in fully developed mammals. There is good evidence that prestin has undergone adaptive evolution in mammals associated with acquisition of high frequency hearing in mammals. The prestin protein shows several parallel amino acid replacements in bats, whales, and dolphins that have independently evolved ultrasonic hearing and echolocation, and these represent rare cases of convergent evolution at the sequence level.
Prestin (mol. wt. 80 kDa) is a member of a distinct family of anion transporters, SLC26. Members of this family are structurally well conserved and can mediate the electroneutral exchange of chloride and carbonate
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Growth%20differentiation%20factor-9
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Growth/differentiation factor 9 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GDF9 gene.
Growth factors synthesized by ovarian somatic cells directly affect oocyte growth and function. Growth differentiation factor-9 (GDF9) is expressed in oocytes and is thought to be required for ovarian folliculogenesis. GDF9 is a member of the transforming growth factor-beta (TGFβ) superfamily.
Growth Differentiation Factor 9 (GDF9)
Growth differentiation factor 9 (GDF9) is an oocyte derived growth factor in the transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) superfamily. It is highly expressed in the oocyte and has a pivotal influence on the surrounding somatic cells, particularly granulosa, cumulus and theca cells. Paracrine interactions between the developing oocyte and its surrounding follicular cells is essential for the correct progression of both the follicle and the oocyte. GDF9 is essential for the overall process of folliculogenesis, oogenesis and ovulation and thus plays a major role in female fertility.
Signaling Pathway
GDF9 acts through two receptors on the cells surrounding the oocyte, it binds to bone morphogenic protein receptor 2 (BMPRII) and downstream to this utilizes the TGF-β receptor type 1 (ALK5). Ligand receptor activation allows the downstream phosphorylation and activation of SMAD proteins. SMAD proteins are transcription factors found in vertebrates, insects and nematodes, and are the intercellular substrates of all TGF-β molecules. GDF9 specifically activates SMAD2
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Run-time%20algorithm%20specialization
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In computer science, run-time algorithm specialization is a methodology for creating efficient algorithms for costly computation tasks of certain kinds. The methodology originates in the field of automated theorem proving and, more specifically, in the Vampire theorem prover project.
The idea is inspired by the use of partial evaluation in optimising program translation.
Many core operations in theorem provers exhibit the following pattern.
Suppose that we need to execute some algorithm in a situation where a value of is fixed for potentially many different values of . In order to do this efficiently, we can try to find a specialization of for every fixed , i.e., such an algorithm , that executing is equivalent to executing .
The specialized algorithm may be more efficient than the generic one, since it can exploit some particular properties of the fixed value . Typically, can avoid some operations that would have to perform, if they are known to be redundant for this particular parameter .
In particular, we can often identify some tests that are true or false for , unroll loops and recursion, etc.
Difference from partial evaluation
The key difference between run-time specialization and partial evaluation is that the values of on which is specialised are not known statically, so the specialization takes place at run-time.
There is also an important technical difference. Partial evaluation is applied to algorithms explicitly represented as codes in some programm
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief%20cell
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In human anatomy, there are three types of chief cells, the gastric chief cell, the parathyroid chief cell, and the type 1 chief cells found in the carotid body.
Cell types
The gastric chief cell (also known as a zymogenic cell or peptic cell) is a cell in the stomach that releases pepsinogen and chymosin. Pepsinogen is activated into the digestive enzyme pepsin when it comes in contact with hydrochloric acid produced by gastric parietal cells. This type of cell also secretes gastric lipase enzymes, which help digest triglycerides into free fatty acids and di- and mono-glycerides. There is also evidence that the gastric chief cell secretes leptin in response to the presence of food in the stomach. Leptin has been found in the pepsinogen granules of chief cells.
Gastric pit cells are replaced every 2–4 days. This high rate of turnover is a protective mechanism designed to protect the epithelial lining of the stomach from both the proteolytic action of pepsin and the acid produced by parietal cells. Gastric chief cells are much longer lived and are believed to differentiate from stem cells located higher in the gastric unit in the isthmus. These stem cells differentiate into mucous neck cells in the isthmus and transition into chief cells as they migrate towards the base. Since the mucus neck cells do not divide as it becomes a chief cell this process is known as transdifferentiation. The gene Mist1 has been shown to regulate mucus neck cell to chief cell transdifferentiati
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British%20NVC%20community%20SD1
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NVC community SD1 (Rumex crispus - Glaucium flavum shingle community) is the only shingle community in the British National Vegetation Classification system.
It is a fairly widely distributed community. There are two subcommunities.
Community composition
Two constant species, Yellow Horned-poppy (Glaucium flavum) and Curled Dock (Rumex crispus), are found in this community:
One rare species, Sea-kale (Crambe maritima), is also associated with the community:
Distribution
This community is found in many localities on the south and east coasts of England, from Norfolk to Dorset, and also in scattered localities in the Isles of Scilly, Wales, northwest England and southwest Scotland.
Subcommunities
There are two subcommunities:
the so-called typical subcommunity
the Lathyrus japonicus subcommunity
References
Rodwell, J. S. (2000) British Plant Communities Volume 5 - Maritime communities and vegetation of open habitats (hardback), (paperback)
SD01
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long%20Ago%20%28and%20Far%20Away%29
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"Long Ago (and Far Away)" is a popular song with music by Jerome Kern, and lyrics about nostalgia by Ira Gershwin from the 1944 Technicolor film musical Cover Girl starring Rita Hayworth and Gene Kelly and released by Columbia Pictures. The song was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Original Song in 1944 but lost out to “Swinging on a Star”, from Going My Way. The song was published in 1944 and sold over 600,000 copies in sheet music in a year. In 2004 it finished #92 in AFI's 100 Years...100 Songs survey of top tunes in American cinema.
In the film it is sung by Rita Hayworth (dubbed by Martha Mears) to Gene Kelly, and later briefly reprised by Jinx Falkenburg. Charting versions were recorded almost simultaneously by Dick Haymes and Helen Forrest, Bing Crosby, Jo Stafford, and Perry Como.
The Dick Haymes-Helen Forrest recording was released by Decca Records as catalog number 23317. The record first reached the Billboard magazine charts on April 27, 1944 and lasted 11 weeks on the chart, peaking at #2.
The Jo Stafford recording was released by Capitol Records as catalog number 153. The record first reached the Billboard magazine charts on May 4, 1944 and lasted 12 weeks on the chart, peaking at #6.
The Perry Como recording was released by RCA Victor as catalog number 20-1569. The record first reached the Billboard magazine charts on May 11, 1944 and lasted three weeks on the chart, peaking at #8.
The Bing Crosby recording was released by Decca Records as catalog n
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canterbury%20corpus
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The Canterbury corpus is a collection of files intended for use as a benchmark for testing lossless data compression algorithms. It was created in 1997 at the University of Canterbury, New Zealand and designed to replace the Calgary corpus. The files were selected based on their ability to provide representative performance results.
Contents
In its most commonly used form, the corpus consists of 11 files, selected as "average" documents from 11 classes of documents, totaling 2,810,784 bytes as follows.
The University of Canterbury also offers the following corpora. Additional files may be added, so results should be only reported for individual files.
The Artificial Corpus, a set of files with highly "artificial" data designed to evoke pathological or worst-case behavior. Last updated 2000 (tar timestamp).
The Large Corpus, a set of large (megabyte-size) files. Contains an E. coli genome, a King James bible, and the CIA world fact book. Last updated 1997 (tar timestamp).
The Miscellaneous Corpus. Contains one million digits of pi. Last updated 2000 (tar timestamp).
See also
Data compression
References
External links
Data compression
Test items
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British%20NVC%20community%20W1
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NVC community W1 (Salix cinerea - Galium palustre woodland) is one of the woodland communities in the British National Vegetation Classification system; it is one of seven woodland communities in the NVC classed as "wet woodlands".
This is a community with a widely scattered distribution in the lowlands of Britain. There are no subcommunities.
Community composition
Two constant species are found in this community, Grey Willow (Salix cinerea) and Common Marsh-bedstraw (Galium palustre).
One rare species, Tufted Loosestrife (Lysimachia thyrsiflora) is also associated with the community.
Distribution
This community is widely distributed in the lowlands of Britain.
References
Rodwell, J. S. (1991) British Plant Communities Volume 1 - Woodlands and scrub (hardback), (paperback)
W01
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%20cell
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In anatomy, the G cell or gastrin cell, is a type of cell in the stomach and duodenum that secretes gastrin. It works in conjunction with gastric chief cells and parietal cells. G cells are found deep within the pyloric glands of the stomach antrum, and occasionally in the pancreas and duodenum. The vagus nerve innervates the G cells. Gastrin-releasing peptide is released by the post-ganglionic fibers of the vagus nerve onto G cells during parasympathetic stimulation. The peptide hormone bombesin also stimulates gastrin from G cells. Gastrin-releasing peptide, as well as the presence of amino acids in the stomach, stimulates the release of gastrin from the G cells. Gastrin stimulates enterochromaffin-like cells to secrete histamine. Gastrin also targets parietal cells by increasing the amount of histamine and the direct stimulation by gastrin, causing the parietal cells to increase HCl secretion in the stomach. G-cells frequently express PD-L1 during homeostasis which protects them from Helicobacter pylori-induced immune destruction
Structure
G cells have a distinctive microscopic appearance that allows one to separate them from other cells in the gastric antrum; their nuclei are centrally located in the cell. They are found in the middle portion of the gastric glands.
See also
List of human cell types derived from the germ layers
References
External links
Definition at thefreedictionary.com
Protein secreting cells
Stomach
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concordance%20%28genetics%29
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In genetics, concordance is the probability that a pair of individuals will both have a certain characteristic (phenotypic trait) given that one of the pair has the characteristic. Concordance can be measured with concordance rates, reflecting the odds of one person having the trait if the other does. Important clinical examples include the chance of offspring having a certain disease if the mother has it, if the father has it, or if both parents have it. Concordance among siblings is similarly of interest: what are the odds of a subsequent offspring having the disease if an older child does? In research, concordance is often discussed in the context of both members of a pair of twins. Twins are concordant when both have or both lack a given trait. The ideal example of concordance is that of identical twins, because the genome is the same, an equivalence that helps in discovering causation via deconfounding, regarding genetic effects versus epigenetic and environmental effects (nature versus nurture).
In contrast, discordance occurs when a similar trait is not shared by the persons. Studies of twins have shown that genetic traits of monozygotic twins are fully concordant, whereas in dizygotic twins, half of genetic traits are concordant, while the other half are discordant. Discordant rates that are higher than concordant rates express the influence of the environment on twin traits.
Studies
A twin study compares the concordance rate of identical twins to that of frater
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boys%20Club%20%28duo%29
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Boys Club was a pop duo consisting of Gene Hunt and Joe Pasquale from Minneapolis, Minnesota and was created and put together by Don Hunter Powell. They had a big hit with "I Remember Holding You" in 1989, which peaked at #8 on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100. Throughout the greater part of Minnesota, Boys Club was also regarded as "Minnesota's version of Wham!". "I Remember Holding You" was their only song to reach the Billboard Hot 100, making them a one-hit wonder. Their second single, "The Loneliest Heart" peaked at #39 on the US Adult Contemporary chart a few months after "I Remember Holding You" had peaked at #4 on the same chart.
In radio interviews conducted during the height of their success, both Hunt and Pasquale stated that one of their primary musical influences was George Michael, and more specifically, the work Michael did during the Wham! years. "The way he arranged songs and melodies was quite unique and we tried to emulate that with our own music," Hunt was quoted as saying during one of those early interviews.
Boys Club was the first recording artist to appear on the All-New Mickey Mouse Club as a musical guest during the first episode.
Hunt (born Eugene Wolfgramm) was previously a member of the family group The Jets. His youngest brothers and sisters are now members of a hard rock group, Against the Season.
In 1990, Hunt briefly reunited with The Jets to record four new tracks for The Best of The Jets (1990). He was featured on the cover and inside album sl
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold%20water%20extraction
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Cold water extraction (also called CWE) is the process whereby a substance is extracted from a mixture via cold water. It is a type of fractional crystallization.
The process generally involves taking a mixture of substances, dissolving them in warm water, and then rapidly cooling the mixture. The insoluble compounds precipitate out of the water, while the soluble ones stay dissolved. The solution can then be separated by filtration or decantation. This process works by exploiting the differences in solubility of different substances in a low temperature mixture.
Opiates are much more soluble in cold water than acetaminophen. It is used to separate out opiate drugs that have been mixed with common non-opiate analgesics. When cold water extraction is used with codeine/paracetamol, hydrocodone/paracetamol and oxycodone/paracetamol medications, it is not effective at removing all of the paracetamol.
Items needed
The cold water extraction process is fairly simple not only due to the simplicity of the method but also because the items needed are minimal and can all be found in a common household. The items used in the process are usually 2 drinking glasses (or any other container), a screen (used to filter) and an item capable of crushing the tablets (mortar and pestle for example). The recommended screen to use is a simple coffee filter due to its high effectiveness when compared to other screens such as a piece of cloth or folded napkin.
Legality
Extraction of controlled sub
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basal%20cell
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Basal cell may refer to:
the epidermal cell in the stratum basale
the airway basal cell, an epithelial cell in the respiratory epithelium
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater%20Manchester%20Built-up%20Area
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The Greater Manchester Built-up Area is an area of land defined by the Office for National Statistics (ONS), consisting of the large conurbation that encompasses the urban element of the city of Manchester and the metropolitan area that forms much of Greater Manchester in North West England. According to the United Kingdom Census 2011, the Greater Manchester Built-up Area has a population of 2,553,379 making it the second most populous conurbation in the United Kingdom after the Greater London Built-up Area. This was an increase of 14% from the population recorded at the United Kingdom Census 2001 of 2,240,230, when it was known as the Greater Manchester Urban Area.
The Greater Manchester Built-up Area is not conterminous with Greater Manchester, a metropolitan county of the same name (and, until 1974, part of the county of Lancashire) for it excludes settlements such as Wigan and Marple from Greater Manchester, but includes hinterland settlements which lie outside its statutory boundaries, such as Wilmslow in Cheshire, Glossop in Derbyshire, Whitworth in Lancashire and Newton-le-Willows in Merseyside.
Constituent parts
The largest settlements (in descending order of population) within the Greater Manchester Built-up Area are Manchester, Bolton, Stockport, Oldham, Rochdale, Salford, and Bury. These settlements are not coterminous with the Metropolitan Boroughs of the same name, and the ONS takes some of its settlement boundaries within the conurbation from the contiguous u
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermophotovoltaic%20energy%20conversion
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Thermophotovoltaic (TPV) energy conversion is a direct conversion process from heat to electricity via photons. A basic thermophotovoltaic system consists of a hot object emitting thermal radiation and a photovoltaic cell similar to a solar cell but tuned to the spectrum being admitted from the hot object.
As TPV systems generally work at lower temperatures than solar cells, their efficiencies tend to be low. Offsetting this through the use of multi-junction cells based on non-silicon materials is common, but generally very expensive. This currently limits TPV to niche roles like spacecraft power and waste heat collection from larger systems like steam turbines.
General concept
PV
Typical photovoltaics work by creating a p–n junction near the front surface of a thin semiconductor material. When photons above the bandgap energy of the material hit atoms within the bulk lower layer, below the junction, an electron is photoexcited and becomes free of its atom. The junction creates an electric field that accelerates the electron forward within the cell until it passes the junction and is free to move to the thin electrodes patterned on the surface. Connecting a wire from the front to the rear allows the electrons to flow back into the bulk and complete the circuit.
Photons with less energy than the bandgap do not eject electrons. Photons with energy above the bandgap will eject higher-energy electrons which tend to thermalize within the material and lose their extra energy as
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancestral%20graph
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In statistics and Markov modeling, an ancestral graph is a type of mixed graph to provide a graphical representation for the result of marginalizing one or more vertices in a graphical model that takes the form of a directed acyclic graph.
Definition
Ancestral graphs are mixed graphs used with three kinds of edges: directed edges, drawn as an arrow from one vertex to another, bidirected edges, which have an arrowhead at both ends, and undirected edges, which have no arrowheads. It is required to satisfy some additional constraints:
If there is an edge from a vertex u to another vertex v, with an arrowhead at v (that is, either an edge directed from u to v or a bidirected edge), then there does not exist a path from v to u consisting of undirected edges and/or directed edges oriented consistently with the path.
If a vertex v is an endpoint of an undirected edge, then it is not also the endpoint of an edge with an arrowhead at v.
Applications
Ancestral graphs are used to depict conditional independence relations between variables in Markov models.
References
Extensions and generalizations of graphs
Graphical models
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scalar%20processor
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Scalar processors are a class of computer processors that process only one data item at a time. Typical data items include integers and floating point numbers.
Classification
A scalar processor is classified as a single instruction, single data (SISD) processor in Flynn's taxonomy. The Intel 486 is an example of a scalar processor. It is to be contrasted with a vector processor where a single instruction operates simultaneously on multiple data items (and thus is referred to as a single instruction, multiple data (SIMD) processor). The difference is analogous to the difference between scalar and vector arithmetic.
The term scalar in computing dates to the 1970 and 1980s when vector processors were first introduced. It was originally used to distinguish the older designs from the new vector processors.
Superscalar processor
A superscalar processor (such as the Intel P5) may execute more than one instruction during a clock cycle by simultaneously dispatching multiple instructions to redundant functional units on the processor. Each functional unit is not a separate CPU core but an execution resource within a single CPU such as an arithmetic logic unit, a bit shifter, or a multiplier. The Cortex-M7, like many consumer CPUs today, is a superscalar processor.
Scalar data type
A scalar data type, or just scalar, is any non-composite value.
Generally, all basic primitive data types are considered scalar:
The boolean data type (bool)
Numeric types (int, the floating poin
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M-separation
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In statistics, m-separation is a measure of disconnectedness in ancestral graphs and a generalization of d-separation for directed acyclic graphs. It is the opposite of m-connectedness.
Suppose G is an ancestral graph. For given source and target nodes s and t and a set Z of nodes in G\{s, t}, m-connectedness can be defined as follows. Consider a path from s to t. An intermediate node on the path is called a collider if both edges on the path touching it are directed toward the node. The path is said to m-connect the nodes s and t, given Z, if and only if:
every non-collider on the path is outside Z, and
for each collider c on the path, either c is in Z or there is a directed path from c to an element of Z.
If s and t cannot be m-connected by any path satisfying the above conditions, then the nodes are said to be m-separated.
The definition can be extended to node sets S and T. Specifically, S and T are m-connected if each node in S can be m-connected to any node in T, and are m-separated otherwise.
References
Drton, Mathias and Thomas Richardson. Iterative Conditional Fitting for Gaussian Ancestral Graph Models. Technical Report 437, December 2003.
See also
d-separation
Graphical models
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cilastatin
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Cilastatin inhibits the human enzyme dehydropeptidase.
Uses
Dehydropeptidase is an enzyme found in the kidney and is responsible for degrading the antibiotic imipenem. Cilastatin can therefore be combined intravenously with imipenem in order to protect it from degradation, prolonging its antibacterial effect.
Imipenem alone is an effective antibiotic and can be given without cilastatin. Cilastatin itself does not have antibiotic activity, although it has been proved to be active against a zinc-dependent beta-lactamase that usually confers antibiotic resistance to certain bacteria, more precisely, the carbapenem family of antibiotics. This property is due to the physicochemical similarities between membrane dipeptidase (MDP), the compound it is usually set to target, and the bacterial metallo-beta-lactamase carried by the CphA gene. The combination allows the antibiotic to be more effective by changing the pharmacokinetics involved. Thus imipenem/cilastatin, like amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, is a commonly used combination product.
References
Hydrolase inhibitors
Alpha-Amino acids
Amino acid derivatives
Thioethers
Dicarboxylic acids
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordazepam
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Nordazepam (INN; marketed under brand names Nordaz, Stilny, Madar, Vegesan, and Calmday; also known as nordiazepam, desoxydemoxepam, and desmethyldiazepam) is a 1,4-benzodiazepine derivative. Like other benzodiazepine derivatives, it has amnesic, anticonvulsant, anxiolytic, muscle relaxant, and sedative properties. However, it is used primarily in the treatment of anxiety disorders. It is an active metabolite of diazepam, chlordiazepoxide, clorazepate, prazepam, pinazepam, and medazepam.
Nordazepam is among the longest lasting (longest half-life) benzodiazepines, and its occurrence as a metabolite is responsible for most cumulative side-effects of its myriad of pro-drugs when they are used repeatedly at moderate-high doses; the nordazepam metabolite oxazepam is also active (and is a more potent, full BZD-site agonist), which contributes to nordazepam cumulative side-effects but occur too minutely to contribute to the cumulative side-effects of nordazepam pro-drugs (except when they are abused chronically in extremely supra-therapeutic doses).
Side effects
Common side effects of nordazepam include somnolence, which is more common in elderly patients and/or people on high-dose regimens. Hypotonia, which is much less common, is also associated with high doses and/or old age.
Contraindications and special caution
Benzodiazepines require special precaution if used in the elderly, during pregnancy, in children, alcohol- or drug-dependent individuals, and individuals with comorbi
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bile%20bear
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Bile bears, sometimes called battery bears, are bears kept in captivity to harvest their bile, a digestive fluid produced by the liver and stored in the gallbladder, which is used by some traditional Asian medicine practitioners. It is estimated that 12,000 bears are farmed for bile in China, South Korea, Laos, Vietnam, and Myanmar. Demand for the bile has been found in those nations as well as in some others, such as Malaysia and Japan.
The bear species most commonly farmed for bile is the Asiatic black bear (Ursus thibetanus), although the sun bear (Helarctos malayanus), brown bear (Ursus arctos) and every other East Asian bear species are also used (the only exception being the giant panda which does not produce UDCA). Both the Asiatic black bear and the sun bear are listed as Vulnerable on the Red List of Threatened Animals published by the International Union for Conservation of Nature. They were previously hunted for bile but factory farming has become common since hunting was banned in the 1980s.
The bile can be harvested using several techniques, all of which require some degree of surgery, and may leave a permanent fistula or inserted catheter. A significant proportion of the bears die because of the stress of unskilled surgery or the infections which may occur.
Farmed bile bears are housed continuously in small cages which often prevent them from standing or sitting upright, or from turning around. These highly restrictive cage systems and the low level of skille
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michel-Pouliot%20Gasp%C3%A9%20Airport
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Michel-Pouliot Gaspé Airport or Gaspé (Michel-Pouliot) Airport is located west of Gaspé, Quebec, Canada. The airport is non-towered, but has a mandatory frequency linked remotely to the flight service station (FSS) located in Mont-Joli. There are instrument approaches available for poor weather.
Both the city and airport are located in a valley that is oriented in a more or less east–west direction, with the eastern end open to the ocean and the western end terminating in the highlands. For this reason, most small (i.e. unpressurized) aircraft prefer to approach from the east, thereby avoiding the steep descent over the high hills to the west.
History
Transport Canada began construction of the airport in 1965, and handed control to the municipality in 1967 (while continuing to subsidize the airport). The airport added a terminal building in 1972, and a hangar and flight service station in 1974. The hangar was destroyed by a fire in 1978 and rebuilt in 1979; the flight service station has subsequently been closed. In 1983, Transport Canada installed navigation aids (the airport has both a VOR and a LOC), and formally handed full control of the airport over to the municipality in 1998 as a result of the National Airports Policy.
Air Canada, the only airline that was operating scheduled passenger flights from the airport, indefinitely suspended its routes to Gaspé Airport in June 2020 due to the financial impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in Canada. Pascan Aviation and PAL A
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freed
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Freed may refer to:
People
Alan Freed (1921–1965), American radio personality
Arthur Freed (1894–1973), American film producer and lyricist
Dan Freed (born 1959), American mathematician
Gene Freed (1930–2009), American bridge player
James Ingo Freed (1930–2005), German-American architect
Leonard Freed (1929–2006), American photographer
Richard Freed (born 1928), American music critic
Media
Jio Freed, a character in O-Parts Hunter
The Freed Man, 1989 Sebadoh album
"Freed", a song by Tracy Bonham, from her album Down Here
Freed: Fifty Shades Freed as Told by Christian, 2021 novel by E. L. James
Other
Freed, West Virginia
Freed of London, a specialist manufacturer of dance shoes and clothing
Honda Freed, a Mini MPV vehicle made by Honda
Freedman, a former slave who has been released from slavery
See also
Free (disambiguation)
Freedom (disambiguation)
Freeman (disambiguation)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycogen%20debranching%20enzyme
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A debranching enzyme is a molecule that helps facilitate the breakdown of glycogen, which serves as a store of glucose in the body, through glucosyltransferase and glucosidase activity. Together with phosphorylases, debranching enzymes mobilize glucose reserves from glycogen deposits in the muscles and liver. This constitutes a major source of energy reserves in most organisms. Glycogen breakdown is highly regulated in the body, especially in the liver, by various hormones including insulin and glucagon, to maintain a homeostatic balance of blood-glucose levels. When glycogen breakdown is compromised by mutations in the glycogen debranching enzyme, metabolic diseases such as Glycogen storage disease type III can result.
Glucosyltransferase and glucosidase are performed by a single enzyme in mammals, yeast, and some bacteria, but by two distinct enzymes in E. coli and other bacteria, complicating nomenclature. Proteins that catalyze both functions are referred to as glycogen debranching enzymes (GDEs). When glucosyltransferase and glucosidase are catalyzed by distinct enzymes, "glycogen debranching enzyme" usually refers to the glucosidase enzyme. In some literature, an enzyme capable only of glucosidase is referred to as a "debranching enzyme".
Function
Together with phosphorylase, glycogen debranching enzymes function in glycogen breakdown and glucose mobilization. When phosphorylase has digested a glycogen branch down to four glucose residues, it will not remove further
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scatchard%20equation
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The Scatchard equation is an equation used in molecular biology to calculate the affinity and number of binding sites of a receptor for a ligand. It is named after the American chemist George Scatchard.
Equation
Throughout this article, [RL] denotes the concentration of a receptor-ligand complex, [R] the concentration of free receptor, and [L] the concentration of free ligand (so that the total concentration of the receptor and ligand are [R]+[RL] and [L]+[RL], respectively). Let n be the number of binding sites for ligand on each receptor molecule, and let represent the average number of ligands bound to a receptor. Let Kd denote the dissociation constant between the ligand and receptor. The Scatchard equation is given by
By plotting /[L] versus , the Scatchard plot shows that the slope equals to -1/Kd while the x-intercept equals the number of ligand binding sites n.
Derivation
n=1 Ligand
When each receptor has a single ligand binding site, the system is described by
with an on-rate (kon) and off-rate (koff) related to the dissociation constant through Kd=koff/kon. When the system equilibrates,
so that the average number of ligands bound to each receptor is given by
which is the Scatchard equation for n=1.
n=2 Ligands
When each receptor has two ligand binding sites, the system is governed by
At equilibrium, the average number of ligands bound to each receptor is given by
which is equivalent to the Scatchard equation.
General Case of n Ligands
For a receptor
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypervitaminosis%20A
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Hypervitaminosis A refers to the toxic effects of ingesting too much preformed vitamin A (retinyl esters, retinol, and retinal). Symptoms arise as a result of altered bone metabolism and altered metabolism of other fat-soluble vitamins. Hypervitaminosis A is believed to have occurred in early humans, and the problem has persisted throughout human history. Toxicity results from ingesting too much preformed vitamin A from foods (such as fish liver or animal liver), supplements, or prescription medications and can be prevented by ingesting no more than the recommended daily amount.
Diagnosis can be difficult, as serum retinol is not sensitive to toxic levels of vitamin A, but there are effective tests available. Hypervitaminosis A is usually treated by stopping intake of the offending food(s), supplement(s), or medication. Most people make a full recovery. High intake of provitamin carotenoids (such as beta-carotene) from vegetables and fruits does not cause hypervitaminosis A.
Signs and symptoms
Symptoms may include:
Changes in consciousness
Decreased appetite
Dizziness
Vision changes, double vision (young children)
Drowsiness
Headache
Irritability
Nausea
Poor weight gain (infants and children)
Skin and hair changes
Cracking at corners of the mouth
Hair loss
Higher sensitivity to sunlight
Oily skin and hair (seborrhea)
Skin peeling, itching
Vomiting
Yellow discoloration of the skin (aurantiasis cutis)
Signs
Abnormal softening of the skull bone (craniotabe
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restriction%20fragment
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A restriction fragment is a DNA fragment resulting from the cutting of a DNA strand by a restriction enzyme (restriction endonucleases), a process called restriction. Each restriction enzyme is highly specific, recognising a particular short DNA sequence, or restriction site, and cutting both DNA strands at specific points within this site. Most restriction sites are palindromic, (the sequence of nucleotides is the same on both strands when read in the 5' to 3' direction of each strand), and are four to eight nucleotides long. Many cuts are made by one restriction enzyme because of the chance repetition of these sequences in a long DNA molecule, yielding a set of restriction fragments. A particular DNA molecule will always yield the same set of restriction fragments when exposed to the same restriction enzyme. Restriction fragments can be analyzed using techniques such as gel electrophoresis or used in recombinant DNA technology.
Applications
In recombinant DNA technology, specific restriction endonucleases are used that will isolate a particular gene and cleave the sugar phosphate backbones at different points (retaining symmetry), so that the double-stranded restriction fragments have single-stranded ends. These short extensions, called sticky ends, can form hydrogen bonded base pairs with complementary sticky ends on any other DNA cut with the same enzyme (such as a bacterial plasmid).
In agarose gel electrophoresis, the restriction fragments yield a band pattern charac
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breusch%E2%80%93Pagan%20test
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In statistics, the Breusch–Pagan test, developed in 1979 by Trevor Breusch and Adrian Pagan, is used to test for heteroskedasticity in a linear regression model. It was independently suggested with some extension by R. Dennis Cook and Sanford Weisberg in 1983 (Cook–Weisberg test). Derived from the Lagrange multiplier test principle, it tests whether the variance of the errors from a regression is dependent on the values of the independent variables. In that case, heteroskedasticity is present.
Suppose that we estimate the regression model
and obtain from this fitted model a set of values for , the residuals. Ordinary least squares constrains these so that their mean is 0 and so, given the assumption that their variance does not depend on the independent variables, an estimate of this variance can be obtained from the average of the squared values of the residuals. If the assumption is not held to be true, a simple model might be that the variance is linearly related to independent variables. Such a model can be examined by regressing the squared residuals on the independent variables, using an auxiliary regression equation of the form
This is the basis of the Breusch–Pagan test. It is a chi-squared test: the test statistic is distributed nχ2 with k degrees of freedom. If the test statistic has a p-value below an appropriate threshold (e.g. p < 0.05) then the null hypothesis of homoskedasticity is rejected and heteroskedasticity assumed.
If the Breusch–Pagan test shows th
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methionine%20synthase
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Methionine synthase also known as MS, MeSe, MTR is responsible for the regeneration of methionine from homocysteine. In humans it is encoded by the MTR gene (5-methyltetrahydrofolate-homocysteine methyltransferase). Methionine synthase forms part of the S-adenosylmethionine (SAMe) biosynthesis and regeneration cycle, and is the enzyme responsible for linking the cycle to one-carbon metabolism via the folate cycle. There are two primary forms of this enzyme, the Vitamin B12 (cobalamin)-dependent (MetH) and independent (MetE) forms, although minimal core methionine synthases that do not fit cleanly into either category have also been described in some anaerobic bacteria. The two dominant forms of the enzymes appear to be evolutionary independent and rely on considerably different chemical mechanisms. Mammals and other higher eukaryotes express only the cobalamin-dependent form. In contrast, the distribution of the two forms in Archaeplastida (plants and algae) is more complex. Plants exclusively possess the cobalamin-independent form, while algae have either one of the two, depending on species. Many different microorganisms express both the cobalamin-dependent and cobalamin-independent forms.
Mechanism
Methionine synthase catalyzes the final step in the regeneration of methionine (Met) from homocysteine (Hcy). Both the cobalamin-dependent and cobalamin-independent forms of the enzyme carry out the same overall chemical reaction, the transfer of a methyl group from 5-methylt
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law%20Society%20of%20Hong%20Kong
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The Law Society of Hong Kong is the professional association and law society for solicitors in Hong Kong, established in 1907. The Law Society of Hong Kong is responsible for the classification and qualification of lawyers in Hong Kong. According to Hong Kong law, all Hong Kong solicitors must be members of this association.
The Law Society is currently headed by President C. M. Chan (陳澤銘) and is located on the third floor of Wing On House in Central.
History
It was formed on 8 April 1907 as a company limited by guarantee, and was then known as The Incorporated Law Society of Hong Kong. The present name was adopted in 1969.
In 2014, the society underwent its first ever motion of no confidence in its president over his declared support for the white paper published by the PRC on the city's autonomy in which patriotism was a prerequisite for the territory's judges. Ambrose Lam's declaration appeared to be at odds with sentiment of its members, a thousand of whom marched in response to the white paper. Over 100 petitioners objected to Lam's politicisation of the Law Society, requesting that Lam withdraw his comments and reassert support for judicial independence. The tabler of the no confidence vote had expected Lam to be able to call on a large reservoir of proxy votes in his defence. At a meeting called for 14 August 2014, Lam suffered a surprising defeat in the non-binding vote calling for him to resign. The motion was carried by 2,392 votes to 1,478, with almost half its
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphoterite
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Amphoterite is an obsolete classification of chondritic meteorites that are now classified as LL (Low Iron and Low total metal content) types.
Most of the iron in these types of meteorites is present as ironoxide in the minerals (e.g. olivine) rather than as free metal, as it is found in most other meteorites. Free metallic iron amounts to between 0.3% and 3.0% of the meteorite, and with a total iron content of 20% give or take a couple of percentage points.
There will be a number after the LL in a meteorites classification type, e.g. LL3, LL5, LL6. (Types range from 3 to 7) The number indicates the amount of alteration suffered by the chondrules in the meteorite.
A chondrule is a small mineral ball generally in diameter. An LL3 type is pristine with perfectly discernible chondrules, an LL7 type has been melted or altered by pressure or other force to almost completely obliterate the round chondrules.
Sources
Astrodigital Online Dictionary of Meteoritics
See also
Glossary of meteoritics
Meteorite mineralogy and petrology
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirror%20cell
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The term Mirror cell may be used as:
Colloquial term for Mirror neuron, a specialized brain neuron
Mirror support cell which supports the primary mirror in a reflecting telescope
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heckscher%E2%80%93Ohlin%20theorem
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The Heckscher–Ohlin theorem is one of the four critical theorems of the Heckscher–Ohlin model, developed by Swedish economist Eli Heckscher and Bertil Ohlin (his student). In the two-factor case, it states: "A capital-abundant country will export the capital-intensive good, while the labor-abundant country will export the labor-intensive good."
The critical assumption of the Heckscher–Ohlin model is that the two countries are identical, except for the difference in resource endowments. This also implies that the aggregate preferences are the same. The relative abundance in capital will cause the capital-abundant country to produce the capital-intensive good cheaper than the labor-abundant country and vice versa.
Initially, when the countries are not trading:
the price of the capital-intensive good in the capital-abundant country will be bid down relative to the price of the good in the other country,
the price of the labor-intensive good in the labor-abundant country will be bid down relative to the price of the good in the other country.
Once trade is allowed, profit-seeking firms will move their products to the markets that have (temporary) higher price. As a result:
the capital-abundant country will export the capital-intensive good,
the labor-abundant country will export the labor-intensive good.
The Leontief paradox, presented by Wassily Leontief in 1951, found that the U.S. (the most capital-abundant country in the world by any criterion) exported labor-inten
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scalar%20boson
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A scalar boson is a boson whose spin equals zero. A boson is a particle whose wave function is symmetric under particle exchange and therefore follows Bose–Einstein statistics. The spin–statistics theorem implies that all bosons have an integer-valued spin. Scalar bosons are the subset of bosons with zero-valued spin.
The name scalar boson arises from quantum field theory, which demands that fields of spin-zero particles transform like a scalar under Lorentz transformation (i.e. are Lorentz invariant).
A pseudoscalar boson is a scalar boson that has odd parity, whereas "regular" scalar bosons have even parity.
Examples
Scalar
The only fundamental scalar boson in the Standard Model of particle physics is the Higgs boson, the existence of which was confirmed on 14 March 2013 at the Large Hadron Collider by CMS and ATLAS. As a result of this confirmation, the 2013 Nobel Prize in physics was awarded to Peter Higgs and François Englert.
Various known composite particles are scalar bosons, e.g. the alpha particle and scalar mesons.
The φ4-theory or quartic interaction is a popular "toy model" quantum field theory that uses scalar bosonic fields, used in many introductory quantum textbooks to introduce basic concepts in field theory.
Pseudoscalar
There are no fundamental pseudoscalars in the Standard Model, but there are pseudoscalar mesons, like the pion.
See also
Scalar field theory
Klein–Gordon equation
Vector boson
Higgs boson
References
Bosons
Quantum field
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dermal%20bone
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A dermal bone or investing bone or membrane bone is a bony structure derived from intramembranous ossification forming components of the vertebrate skeleton including much of the skull, jaws, gill covers, shoulder girdle and fin spines rays (lepidotrichia), and the shell (of tortoises and turtles). In contrast to endochondral bone, dermal bone does not form from cartilage that then calcifies, and it is often ornamented. Dermal bone is formed within the dermis and grows by accretion only – the outer portion of the bone is deposited by osteoblasts.
The function of some dermal bone is conserved throughout vertebrates, although there is variation in shape and in the number of bones in the skull roof and postcranial structures. In bony fish, dermal bone is found in the fin rays and scales. A special example of dermal bone is the clavicle. Some of the dermal bone functions regard biomechanical aspects such as protection against predators. The dermal bones are also argued to be involved in ecophysiological implications such as the heat transfers between the body and the surrounding environment when basking (seen in crocodilians) as well as in bone respiratory acidosis buffering during prolonged apnea (seen in both crocodilians and turtles). These ecophysiological functions rely on the set-up of a blood vessel network within and straight above the dermal bones.
References
Vertebrate anatomy
Dermal and subcutaneous growths
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo%20International%20Film%20Festival
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The is a film festival established in 1985. The event was held biennially from 1985 to 1991 and annually thereafter. According to FIAPF statistics, it is one of Asia's competitive film festivals, is considered to be the second largest film festival in Asia behind the Shanghai International Film Festival, and the only Japanese festival accredited by the FIAPF.
The awards handed out during the festival have changed throughout its existence, but the Tokyo Grand Prix, handed to the best film, has stayed as the top award. Other awards that have been given regularly include the Special Jury Award and awards for best actor, best actress and best director.
In recent years, the festival's main events have been held over one week in late October, at the Roppongi Hills development. Events include open-air screenings, voice-over screenings, and appearances by actors, as well as seminars and symposiums related to the film market.
List of festivals and award winners
Other awards
Best Screenplay Award
2017 - Euthanizer, Teemu Nikki
2018 - Amanda, Mikhael Hers and Maud Ameline
2019 - A Beloved Wife, Shin Adachi
Best Artistic Contribution Award
2012 - Pankaj Kumar, Ship of Theseus
2014 - Ispytanie, Aleksandr Kott
2015 - Family Film, Olmo Omerzu
2017 - The Looming Storm
2018 - The White Crow
2019 - Chaogtu with Sarula
2021 - Crane Lantern
2022 - Peacock Lament, Sanjeewa Pushpakumara
Audience Award
2013 - Red Family, Lee Ju-hyoung
2014 - Pale Moon, Daihachi Yoshida
2015 - God Wi
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European%20Cup%20and%20UEFA%20Champions%20League%20records%20and%20statistics
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This page details statistics of the European Cup and Champions League. Unless noted, these statistics concern all seasons since the inception of the European Cup in the 1955–56 season, and renamed since 1992 as the UEFA Champions League. This does not include the qualifying rounds of the UEFA Champions League, unless otherwise noted.
General performances
By club
A total of 23 clubs have won the tournament since its 1955 inception, with Real Madrid being the only team to win it fourteen times, including the first five. Only three other clubs have reached ten or more finals: AC Milan, Bayern Munich and Liverpool. A total of thirteen clubs have won the tournament multiple times: the four forementioned clubs, along with Benfica, Inter Milan, Ajax, Nottingham Forest, Juventus, Manchester United, Porto, Barcelona and Chelsea. A total of nineteen clubs have reached the final without ever managing to win the tournament.
Clubs from ten countries have provided tournament winners. Spanish clubs have been the most successful, winning nineteen titles. England is second with fifteen and Italy is third with twelve, while the other multiple-time winners are Germany with eight, the Netherlands with six, and Portugal with four. The only other countries to provide a tournament winner are Scotland, Romania, Yugoslavia, and France. Greece, Belgium and Sweden have all provided losing finalists.
By nation
Overall team records
In this ranking two points are awarded for a win, 1 for a draw an
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TUNEL%20assay
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Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) is a method for detecting DNA fragmentation by labeling the 3′- hydroxyl termini in the double-strand DNA breaks generated during apoptosis.
Method
TUNEL is a method for detecting apoptotic DNA fragmentation, widely used to identify and quantify apoptotic cells, or to detect excessive DNA breakage in individual cells. The assay relies on the use of terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT), an enzyme that catalyzes attachment of deoxynucleotides, tagged with a fluorochrome or another marker, to 3'-hydroxyl termini of DNA double strand breaks. It may also label cells having DNA damage by other means than in the course of apoptosis.
History
The fluorochrome-based TUNEL assay applicable for flow cytometry, combining the detection of DNA strand breaks with respect to the cell cycle-phase position, was originally developed by Gorczyca et al. Concurrently, the avidin-peroxidase labeling assay applicable for light absorption microscope was described by Gavrieli et al. Since 1992 the TUNEL has become one of the main methods for detecting apoptotic programmed cell death. However, for years there has been a debate about its accuracy, due to problems in the original assay which caused necrotic cells to be inappropriately labeled as apoptotic. The method has subsequently been improved dramatically and if performed correctly should only identify cells in the last phase of apoptosis. New methods incorporate the dUTPs
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amyloid-beta%20precursor%20protein%20secretase
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Secretases are enzymes that "snip" pieces off a longer protein that is embedded in the cell membrane. Among other roles in the cell, secretases act on the amyloid-beta precursor protein (APP) to cleave the protein into three fragments. Sequential cleavage by beta-secretase 1 (BACE) and gamma-secretase (γ-secretase) produces the amyloid-beta peptide fragment that aggregates into clumps called amyloid plaques in the brains affected by Alzheimer's disease. If alpha-secretase (α-secretase) acts on APP first instead of BACE, no amyloid beta is formed because α-secretase recognizes a target protein sequence closer to the cell surface than BACE. The non-pathogenic middle fragment formed by an α/γ cleavage sequence is called P3.
Structure
The structure of the three secretases varies widely.
The α-secretase gene has not been conclusively identified but is believed to be a metalloproteinase.
BACE is a transmembrane protein with an extracellular aspartic acid protease domain.
γ-secretase is actually a protein complex containing presenilin, nicastrin, APH-1, and PEN-2. Presenilin is believed to harbor the protease domain and represents an important example of an uncommon type of protease that cleaves targets within the cell membrane.
Function
Besides their involvement in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's, these proteins also have other functional roles in the cell.
γ-secretase plays a critical role in developmental signalling by the transmembrane receptor Notch, freeing the cytop
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gauge%20covariant%20derivative
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In physics, the gauge covariant derivative is a means of expressing how fields vary from place to place, in a way that respects how the coordinate systems used to describe a physical phenomenon can themselves change from place to place. The gauge covariant derivative is used in many areas of physics, including quantum field theory and fluid dynamics and in a very special way general relativity.
If a physical theory is independent of the choice of local frames, the group of local frame changes, the gauge transformations, act on the fields in the theory while leaving unchanged the physical content of the theory. Ordinary differentiation of field components is not invariant under such gauge transformations, because they depend on the local frame. However, when gauge transformations act on fields and the gauge covariant derivative simultaneously, they preserve properties of theories that do not depend on frame choice and hence are valid descriptions of physics. Like the covariant derivative used in general relativity (which is special case), the gauge covariant derivative is an expression for a connection in local coordinates after choosing a frame for the fields involved, often in the form of index notation.
Overview
There are many ways to understand the gauge covariant derivative. The approach taken in this article is based on the historically traditional notation used in many physics textbooks. Another approach is to understand the gauge covariant derivative as a kind of c
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthogonal%20Defect%20Classification
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Orthogonal Defect Classification (ODC) turns semantic information in the software defect stream into a measurement on the process. The ideas were developed in the late '80s and early '90s by Ram Chillarege at IBM Research. This has led to the development of new analytical methods used for software development and test process analysis. ODC is process model, language and domain independent. Applications of ODC have been reported by several corporations on a variety of platforms and development processes, ranging from waterfall, spiral, gated, and agile
development processes.
One of the popular applications of ODC is software root cause analysis.
ODC is known to reduce the time taken to perform root cause analysis by over a factor of 10. The gains come primarily from a different approach to root cause analysis, where the ODC data is generated rapidly (in minutes, as opposed to hours per defect) and analytics used for the cause and effect analysis. This shifts the burden of analysis from a purely human method to one that is more data intensive.
ODC as proposed in its original papers have specific attribute-value sets that create measurements on the development process. Two of the five more well known categories are the Defect Type and Defect Trigger. The Defect Type captures the changes made in the code as a result of the defect. There are seven values for Defect Type and they have been empirically established to provide a measurement of the product through the process th
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oral%20mucosa
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The oral mucosa is the mucous membrane lining the inside of the mouth. It comprises stratified squamous epithelium, termed "oral epithelium", and an underlying connective tissue termed lamina propria. The oral cavity has sometimes been described as a mirror that reflects the health of the individual. Changes indicative of disease are seen as alterations in the oral mucosa lining the mouth, which can reveal systemic conditions, such as diabetes or vitamin deficiency, or the local effects of chronic tobacco or alcohol use.
The oral mucosa tends to heal faster and with less scar formation compared to the skin. The underlying mechanism remains unknown, but research suggests that extracellular vesicles might be involved.
Classification
Oral mucosa can be divided into three main categories based on function and histology:
Lining mucosa, nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium, found almost everywhere else in the oral cavity, including the:
Alveolar mucosa, the lining between the buccal and labial mucosae. It is a brighter red, smooth, and shiny with many blood vessels, and is not connected to underlying tissue by rete pegs.
Buccal mucosa, the inside lining of the cheeks; part of the lining mucosa.
Labial mucosa, the inside lining of the lips; part of the lining mucosa.
Masticatory mucosa, keratinized stratified squamous epithelium, found on the dorsum of the tongue, hard palate, and attached gingiva.
Specialized mucosa, specifically in the regions of the taste buds on
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beyond%20the%20Crystal%20Cave
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Beyond the Crystal Cave is a Dungeons & Dragons module set in the World of Greyhawk campaign setting. It is unusual among Dungeons & Dragons modules in that it encourages a non-violent approach (mainly parleying and true role-playing tactics) to achieving the module's goals. It is set in an old English milieu on Sybarate Isle in the Hold of the Sea Princes.
Plot summary
Beyond the Crystal Cave, is in adventure in which the player characters are hired to save a recently eloped couple from the Cave of Echoes after they fled there. The heroes must resolve the secret of the Crystal Cave to enter Porpherio's Garden, a magical place located on the island of Sybarate, where it is summer all year long. Experience points are gained by resolving with encounters intelligently without unneeded violence.
Publication history
Beyond the Crystal Cave was written by British designers Dave J. Browne, Tom Kirby, and Graeme Morris, and published by TSR in 1983 as a 32-page booklet with an outer folder.
In 2005, Kenzer and Company published a HackMaster module based on the adventure named Porpher's Enchanted Garden. It was originally solicited as Yonder Crystal Caverns, but was changed due to substantial lateness in gaining authorisation from Wizards of the Coast. The new version required less talking and more action, making it more typical of the game system. The module was hacked by James Butler, a freelance writer from the United Kingdom.
In 2011, Wizards of the Coast updated the module f
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew%20Stephens%20%28statistician%29
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Matthew Stephens (born 1970) is a Bayesian statistician and professor in the departments of human genetics and statistics at the University of Chicago. He is known for the Li and Stephens model as an efficient coalescent.
Education
Stephens has a PhD from Magdalen College, Oxford University where his advisor was Brian D. Ripley. He then went on to work with Peter Donnelly as a postdoctoral researcher.
Career
Stephens conducted postdoctoral research with Peter Donnelly at the University of Oxford. It was there that he developed the Structure computer program, along with Jonathan Pritchard, whic is used for determining population structure and estimating individual admixture. He then went on to develop the influential Li and Stephens model as an efficient model for linkage disequilibrium.
Awards
Stephens was awarded the Guy Medal (bronze) in 2006. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 2023.
Notes
1970 births
British statisticians
Population geneticists
Statistical geneticists
Living people
20th-century British mathematicians
21st-century British mathematicians
Genetic epidemiologists
Fellows of the Royal Society
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accession%20number%20%28bioinformatics%29
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An accession number, in bioinformatics, is a unique identifier given to a DNA or protein sequence record to allow for tracking of different versions of that sequence record and the associated sequence over time in a single data repository. Because of its relative stability, accession numbers can be utilized as foreign keys for referring to a sequence object, but not necessarily to a unique sequence. All sequence information repositories implement the concept of "accession number" but might do so with subtle variations.
LRG
Locus Reference Genomic (LRG) records have unique accession numbers starting with LRG_ followed by a number. They are recommended in the Human Genome Variation Society Nomenclature guidelines as stable genomic reference sequences to report sequence variants in LSDBs and the literature.
Notes and references
Bioinformatics
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypochondroplasia
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Hypochondroplasia (HCH) is a developmental disorder caused by an autosomal dominant genetic defect in the fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 gene (FGFR3) that results in a disproportionately short stature, micromelia and a head that appears large in comparison with the underdeveloped portions of the body. It is classified as short-limbed dwarfism.
Signs and symptoms
Individuals affected by this disorder appear normal at birth. As the infant grows, however, their arms and legs do not develop properly, and their body becomes thicker and shorter than normal. The following are characteristics consistent with this condition:
Brachydactyly
Short stature
Micromelia
Skeletal dysplasia
Abnormality of femur
Cause
Hypochondroplasia is inherited as an autosomal dominant trait affecting the FGFR3 gene on chromosome 4p16.3. There is currently no cure for this condition.
Pathophysiology
This disorder results from mutations in the proximal tyrosine kinase domain of the FGFR3 gene. This gene plays an important role in embryonic development, helping to regulate activities such as cell division, migration and differentiation.
Hypochondroplasia can be caused by point mutations such as p. Lys650Asn. In FGFR3, some 20 different mutations have been associated with hypochondroplasia, and it seems to have a role in skeletal dysplasia.
Diagnosis
The diagnosis of this condition can be done via X-rays (with lack of normal distance L1 to L5), and additionally genetic testing is available to
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moving%20parts
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Machines include both fixed and moving parts. The moving parts have controlled and constrained motions.
Moving parts are machine components excluding any moving fluids, such as fuel, coolant or hydraulic fluid. Moving parts also do not include any mechanical locks, switches, nuts and bolts, screw caps for bottles etc. A system with no moving parts is described as "solid state".
Mechanical efficiency and wear
The amount of moving parts in a machine is a factor in its mechanical efficiency. The greater the number of moving parts, the greater the amount of energy lost to heat by friction between those parts. For example, in a modern automobile engine, roughly 7% of the total power obtained from burning the engine's fuel is lost to friction between the engine's moving parts.
Conversely, the fewer the number of moving parts, the greater the efficiency. Machines with no moving parts at all can be very efficient. An electrical transformer, for example, has no moving parts, and its mechanical efficiency is generally above the 90% mark. (The remaining power losses in a transformer are from other causes, including loss to electrical resistance in the copper windings and hysteresis loss and eddy current loss in the iron core.)
Two means are used for overcoming the efficiency losses caused by friction between moving parts. First, moving parts are lubricated. Second, the moving parts of a machine are designed so that they have a small amount of contact with one another. The la
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cram%C3%A9r%E2%80%93Wold%20theorem
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In mathematics, the Cramér–Wold theorem in measure theory states that a Borel probability measure on is uniquely determined by the totality of its one-dimensional projections. It is used as a method for proving joint convergence results. The theorem is named after Harald Cramér and Herman Ole Andreas Wold.
Let
and
be random vectors of dimension k. Then converges in distribution to if and only if:
for each , that is, if every fixed linear combination of the coordinates of converges in distribution to the correspondent linear combination of coordinates of .
If takes values in , then the statement is also true with .
Footnotes
References
External links
Project Euclid: "When is a probability measure determined by infinitely many projections?"
Theorems in measure theory
Probability theorems
Convergence (mathematics)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supercritical%20carbon%20dioxide
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Supercritical carbon dioxide (s) is a fluid state of carbon dioxide where it is held at or above its critical temperature and critical pressure.
Carbon dioxide usually behaves as a gas in air at standard temperature and pressure (STP), or as a solid called dry ice when cooled and/or pressurised sufficiently. If the temperature and pressure are both increased from STP to be at or above the critical point for carbon dioxide, it can adopt properties midway between a gas and a liquid. More specifically, it behaves as a supercritical fluid above its critical temperature () and critical pressure (), expanding to fill its container like a gas but with a density like that of a liquid.
Supercritical is becoming an important commercial and industrial solvent due to its role in chemical extraction in addition to its relatively low toxicity and environmental impact. The relatively low temperature of the process and the stability of also allows most compounds to be extracted with little damage or denaturing. In addition, the solubility of many extracted compounds in varies with pressure, permitting selective extractions.
Applications
Solvent
Carbon dioxide is gaining popularity among coffee manufacturers looking to move away from classic decaffeinating solvents. s is forced through the green coffee beans which are then sprayed with water at high pressure to remove the caffeine. The caffeine can then be isolated for resale (e.g. to the pharmaceutical or beverage manufacturers) by
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm%20K%C3%BChne
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Wilhelm Friedrich Kühne (28 March 183710 June 1900) was a German physiologist. Born in Hamburg, he is best known today for coining the word enzyme in 1878.
Biography
Kühne was born at Hamburg on 28 March 1837. After attending the gymnasium in Lüneburg, he went to Göttingen, where his master in chemistry was Friedrich Wöhler and in physiology Rudolph Wagner. Having graduated in 1856, he studied under various famous physiologists, including Emil du Bois-Reymond at Berlin, Claude Bernard in Paris, and KFW Ludwig and EW von Brücke in Vienna.
At the end of 1863 he was put in charge of the chemical department of the pathological laboratory at Berlin, under Rudolf Virchow; in 1868 he was appointed professor of physiology at Amsterdam; and in 1871 he was chosen to succeed Hermann von Helmholtz in the same capacity at Heidelberg, where he died on 10 June 1900.
Works
Kühne's original work falls into two main groups, the physiology of muscle, and nerve, which occupied the earlier years of his life. In 1864 Kühne extracted a viscous protein from skeletal muscle that he held responsible for keeping the tension state in muscle. He called this protein myosin. He began to investigate the chemistry of digestion while at Berlin with Virchow. In 1876, he discovered the protein-digesting enzyme trypsin.
He was also known for his research on vision and the chemical changes occurring in the retina under the influence of light. Using the "visual purple" (or rhodopsin), described by Franz Christ
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AP%20endonuclease
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Apurinic/apyrimidinic (AP) endonuclease is an enzyme that is involved in the DNA base excision repair pathway (BER). Its main role in the repair of damaged or mismatched nucleotides in DNA is to create a nick in the phosphodiester backbone of the AP site created when DNA glycosylase removes the damaged base.
There are four types of AP endonucleases that have been classified according to their mechanism and site of incision. Class I AP endonucleases () cleave 3′ to AP sites by a β-lyase mechanism, leaving an unsaturated aldehyde, termed a 3′-(4-hydroxy-5-phospho-2-pentenal) residue, and a 5′-phosphate. Class II AP endonucleases incise DNA 5′ to AP sites by a hydrolytic mechanism, leaving a 3′-hydroxyl and a 5′-deoxyribose phosphate residue. Class III and class IV AP endonucleases also cleave DNA at the phosphate groups 3′ and 5′ to the baseless site, but they generate a 3′-phosphate and a 5′-OH.
Humans have two AP endonucleases, APE1 and APE2. APE1 exhibits robust AP-endonuclease activity, which accounts for >95% of the total cellular activity, and APE1 is considered to be the major AP endonuclease in human cells. Human AP endonuclease (APE1), like most AP endonucleases, is of class II and requires an Mg2+ in its active site in order to carry out its role in base excision repair. The yeast homolog of this enzyme is APN1.
Human AP Endonuclease 2 (APE2), like most AP endonucleases, is also of class II. The exonuclease activity of APE2 is strongly dependent upon metal ions.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stagnation%20pressure
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In fluid dynamics, stagnation pressure is the static pressure at a stagnation point in a fluid flow. At a stagnation point the fluid velocity is zero. In an incompressible flow, stagnation pressure is equal to the sum of the free-stream static pressure and the free-stream dynamic pressure.
Stagnation pressure is sometimes referred to as pitot pressure because the two pressures are numerically equal.
Magnitude
The magnitude of stagnation pressure can be derived from Bernoulli equation for incompressible flow and no height changes. For any two points 1 and 2:
The two points of interest are 1) in the freestream flow at relative speed where the pressure is called the "static" pressure, (for example well away from an airplane moving at speed ); and 2) at a "stagnation" point where the fluid is at rest with respect to the measuring apparatus (for example at the end of a pitot tube in an airplane).
Then
or
where:
is the stagnation pressure
is the fluid density
is the speed of fluid
is the static pressure
So the stagnation pressure is increased over the static pressure, by the amount which is called the "dynamic" or "ram" pressure because it results from fluid motion. In our airplane example, the stagnation pressure would be atmospheric pressure plus the dynamic pressure.
In compressible flow however, the fluid density is higher at the stagnation point than at the static point. Therefore, can't be used for the dynamic pressure. For many purposes in compressible flow
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food%20group
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A food group is a collection of foods that share similar nutritional properties or biological classifications. Lists of nutrition guides typically divide foods into food groups, and Recommended Dietary Allowance recommends daily servings of each group for a healthy diet. In the United States for instance, the USDA has described food as being in from 4 to 11 different groups.
Historical food groups
The USDA promoted eight basic food groups prior to 1943, then seven basic food groups until 1956, then four food groups. A food pyramid was introduced in 1992, then MyPyramid in 2005, followed by MyPlate in 2011. Dietary guidelines were introduced in 2015 and slated to be rereleased every five years. The 2020 guidelines were to be released in spring 2020.
The most common food groups
Dairy, also called milk products and sometimes categorized with milk alternatives or meat, is typically a smaller category in nutrition guides, if present at all, and is sometimes listed apart from other food groups. Examples of dairy products include milk, butter, ghee, yogurt, cheese, cream and ice cream. The categorization of dairy as a food group with recommended daily servings has been criticized by, for example, the Harvard School of Public Health who point out that "research has shown little benefit, and considerable potential for harm, of such high dairy intakes. Moderate consumption of milk or other dairy products—one to two servings a day—is fine, and likely has some benefits for childre
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIRL
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MIRL may refer to:
Membrane Inhibitor of Reactive Lysis, CD59, a cell surface glycoprotein that inhibits complement-mediated lysis.
Medium Intensity Runway Lights
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microcrystalline%20wax
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Microcrystalline waxes are a type of wax produced by de-oiling petrolatum, as part of the petroleum refining process. In contrast to the more familiar paraffin wax which contains mostly unbranched alkanes, microcrystalline wax contains a higher percentage of isoparaffinic (branched) hydrocarbons and naphthenic hydrocarbons. It is characterized by the fineness of its crystals in contrast to the larger crystal of paraffin wax. It consists of high molecular weight saturated aliphatic hydrocarbons. It is generally darker, more viscous, denser, tackier and more elastic than paraffin waxes, and has a higher molecular weight and melting point. The elastic and adhesive characteristics of microcrystalline waxes are related to the non-straight chain components which they contain. Typical microcrystalline wax crystal structure is small and thin, making them more flexible than paraffin wax. It is commonly used in cosmetic formulations.
Microcrystalline waxes when produced by wax refiners are typically produced to meet a number of ASTM specifications. These include congeal point (ASTM D938), needle penetration (ASTM D1321), color (ASTM D6045), and viscosity (ASTM D445). Microcrystalline waxes can generally be put into two categories: "laminating" grades and "hardening" grades. The laminating grades typically have a melting point of 140–175 F (60 – 80 °C) and needle penetration of 25 or above. The hardening grades will range from about 175–200 F (80 – 93 °C), and have a needle penetration
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ear%20tag
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An ear tag is a plastic or metal object used for identification of domestic livestock and other animals. If the ear tag uses Radio Frequency Identification Device (RFID) technology it is referred to as an electronic ear tag. Electronic ear tags conform to international standards ISO 11784 and ISO 11785 working at 134.2 kHz, as well as ISO/IEC 18000-6C operating in the UHF spectrum. There are other non-standard systems such as Destron working at 125 kHz. Although there are many shapes of ear tags, the main types in current use are as follows:
Flag-shaped ear tag: two discs joined through the ear, one or both bearing a wide, flat plastic surface on which identification details are written or printed in large, easily legible script.
Button-shaped ear tag: two discs joined through the ear.
Plastic clip ear tag: a moulded plastic strip, folded over the edge of the ear and joined through it.
Metal ear tag: an aluminium, steel or brass rectangle with sharp points, clipped over the edge of the ear, with the identification stamped into it.
Electronic Identification Tags, include the EID number and sometimes a management number on the button that appears on the back of the ear. These can at times be combined as a matched set, which includes Visual tags with Electronic Identification Tags.
Each of these except the metal type may carry a RFID chip, which normally carries an electronic version of the same identification number.
Overview
An ear tag usually carries an Animal Ident
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quackser%20Fortune%20Has%20a%20Cousin%20in%20the%20Bronx
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Quackser Fortune Has a Cousin in the Bronx is a 1970 Irish-American comedy film directed by Waris Hussein and written by Gabriel Walsh. It stars Gene Wilder as the title character, a poor Irish manure collector who falls in love with an American exchange student (Margot Kidder) after she almost runs him over.
Plot
In Dublin, a working-class family has been unsuccessful in convincing their son to get a real job: the son prefers his job of scooping up horse's dung and selling it for flower gardens. An American exchange student almost runs him over and gets to know him. The dung man has ignored warnings from his family and suddenly the horses have been banned from Dublin. His new love is leaving for America and he must find a way to cope with the new reality.
Cast
Gene Wilder as Aloysius "Quackser" Fortune
Margot Kidder as Zazel Pierce
Eileen Colgan as Betsy Bourke
Seamus Forde as Mr. Fortune
May Ollis as Mrs. Fortune
Liz Davis as Kathleen Fortune
Caroline Tully as Vera Fortune
David Kelly as Tom Maguire
David Davin-Power (uncredited extra)
Nomination
The film was nominated for Best Comedy Written Directly for the Screen (WGA Award – Screen) at the Writers Guild of America, awards in 1971.
Home media
The film was released on DVD on September 7, 1999.
References
External links
1970 films
Irish romantic comedy-drama films
1970s romantic comedy-drama films
Films directed by Waris Hussein
Films set in Dublin (city)
Films shot in Dublin (city)
21st Century Film Corporation fi
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foot%20per%20second
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The foot per second (plural feet per second) is a unit of both speed (scalar) and velocity (vector quantity, which includes direction). It expresses the distance in feet (ft) traveled or displaced, divided by the time in seconds (s). The corresponding unit in the International System of Units (SI) is the meter per second.
Abbreviations include ft/s, fps, and the scientific notation ft s−1.
Conversions
See also
Foot per second squared, a corresponding unit of acceleration.
Feet per minute
References
Units of velocity
Customary units of measurement in the United States
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axonal%20transport
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Axonal transport, also called axoplasmic transport or axoplasmic flow, is a cellular process responsible for movement of mitochondria, lipids, synaptic vesicles, proteins, and other organelles to and from a neuron's cell body, through the cytoplasm of its axon called the axoplasm. Since some axons are on the order of meters long, neurons cannot rely on diffusion to carry products of the nucleus and organelles to the end of their axons. Axonal transport is also responsible for moving molecules destined for degradation from the axon back to the cell body, where they are broken down by lysosomes.
Movement toward the cell body is called retrograde transport and movement toward the synapse is called anterograde transport.
Mechanism
The vast majority of axonal proteins are synthesized in the neuronal cell body and transported along axons. Some mRNA translation has been demonstrated within axons. Axonal transport occurs throughout the life of a neuron and is essential to its growth and survival. Microtubules (made of tubulin) run along the length of the axon and provide the main cytoskeletal "tracks" for transportation. Kinesin and dynein are motor proteins that move cargoes in the anterograde (forwards from the soma to the axon tip) and retrograde (backwards to the soma (cell body)) directions, respectively. Motor proteins bind and transport several different cargoes including mitochondria, cytoskeletal polymers, autophagosomes, and synaptic vesicles containing neurotransmitters.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beryllonite
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Beryllonite is a rare sodium beryllium phosphate mineral with formula NaBePO4. The tabular to prismatic monoclinic crystals vary from colorless to white or pale yellowish, and are transparent with a vitreous luster. Twinning is common and occurs in several forms. It exhibits perfect cleavage in one direction. The hardness is 5.5 to 6 and the specific gravity is 2.8. Refractive indices are nα = 1.552, nβ = 1.558 and nγ = 1.561. A few crystals have been cut and faceted, but, as the refractive index is no higher than that of quartz, they do not make very brilliant gemstones.
It occurs as a secondary beryllium mineral in granitic and alkalic pegmatites. It was first described from complex crystals and as broken fragments in the disintegrated material of a granitic vein at Stoneham, Oxford County, Maine where it is associated with feldspar, smoky quartz, beryl and columbite. It was discovered by James Dwight Dana in 1888, and named beryllonite for its beryllium content.
References
Sources
Palache, C., H. Berman, and C. Frondel (1951) Dana’s system of mineralogy, (7th edition), v. II, pp. 677–679
Beryllium minerals
Phosphate minerals
Monoclinic minerals
Minerals in space group 14
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct%20simulation%20Monte%20Carlo
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Direct simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC) method uses probabilistic Monte Carlo simulation to solve the Boltzmann equation for finite Knudsen number fluid flows.
The DSMC method was proposed by Graeme Bird, emeritus professor of aeronautics, University of Sydney. DSMC is a numerical method for modeling rarefied gas flows, in which the mean free path of a molecule is of the same order (or greater) than a representative physical length scale (i.e. the Knudsen number Kn is greater than 1). In supersonic and hypersonic flows rarefaction is characterized by Tsien's parameter, which is equivalent to the product of Knudsen number and Mach number (KnM) or M/Re, where Re is the Reynolds number. In these rarefied flows, the Navier-Stokes equations can be inaccurate. The DSMC method has been extended to model continuum flows (Kn < 1) and the results can be compared with Navier Stokes solutions.
The DSMC method models fluid flows using probabilistic simulation molecules to solve the Boltzmann equation. Molecules are moved through a simulation of physical space in a realistic manner that is directly coupled to physical time such that unsteady flow characteristics can be modeled. Intermolecular collisions and molecule-surface collisions are calculated using probabilistic, phenomenological models. Common molecular models include the hard sphere model, the variable hard sphere (VHS) model, and the variable soft sphere (VSS) model. Various collision models are presented in.
Currently, the DSMC
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosgenite
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Phosgenite is a rare mineral consisting of lead carbonate chloride, (PbCl)2CO3. The tetragonal crystals are prismatic or tabular in habit: they are usually colorless and transparent, and have a brilliant adamantine lustre. Sometimes the crystals have a curious helical twist about the tetrad or principal axis. The hardness is 3 and the specific gravity 6.3. The mineral is rather sectile, and consequently was earlier known as corneous lead, (German Hornblei).
Name and occurrence
The name phosgenite was given by August Breithaupt in 1820, after phosgene, carbon oxychloride, because the mineral contains the elements carbon, oxygen, and chlorine.
It was found associated with anglesite and matlockite in cavities within altered galena in a lead mine at Cromford, near Matlock: hence its common name cromfordite. Crystals are also found in galena at Monteponi near Iglesias in Sardinia, and near Dundas in Tasmania. It has also been reported from Laurium, Greece; Tarnowitz, Poland; the Altai district, Siberia; the Touissit mine, near Oujda, Morocco; Sidi Amor ben Salem, Tunisia; Tsumeb, Namibia; Broken Hill, New South Wales; and Boleo, near Santa Rosalía, Baja California Sur. In the US it has been reported from the Terrible mine, Custer County, Colorado; the Stevenson-Bennett mine, Organ Mountains, Doña Ana County, New Mexico; and the Mammoth mine, Tiger, Pinal County, Arizona.
Crystals of phosgenite, and also of the corresponding bromine compound PbBr2CO3, have been prepared artific
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SIDD
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In bioinformatics, SIDD is short for Stress-Induced (DNA) Duplex Destabilization. It is the melting of the DNA which is not induced by a promoter, but purely by the superhelical (also called topological) nature of the DNA. It is based on a statistical mechanics treatment of DNA made by Craig J. Benham and Richard M. Fye. This stress-induced unwinding was shown to coincide with DNA promoter regions of bacterial plasmids and may direct the global response of cells to changes in their external environments by affecting which genes are transcribed.
The computational model itself calculates the probability profile of a given base-pair sequence of DNA to denature, as well as the energy profile of sequence. It is through this energy profile that the technique derives its name: base pairs at lower energies are less stable (destabilized) than those of higher energies and more likely to denature. Stress related to the linking number (specifically its twist component) of the DNA causes the destabilization of the double helix (duplex); hence, Stress-Induced Duplex Destabilization.
Applet
Craig Benham has also developed an online applet that calculates the SIDD profile of input DNA sequences. It also shows the probability profile for the given base pair sequence to denature, as well as counting the number and location of denaturation runs.
As the full SIDD computational method takes up a large amount of machine processing time (due to its complex nature), an accelerated algorithm propo
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khams%20Tibetan
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Khams Tibetan () is the Tibetic language used by the majority of the people in Kham. Khams is one of the three branches of the traditional classification of Tibetic languages (the other two being Amdo Tibetan and Ü-Tsang). In terms of mutual intelligibility, Khams could communicate at a basic level with the Ü-Tsang branch (including Lhasa Tibetan).
Both Khams Tibetan and Lhasa Tibetan evolve to not preserve the word-initial consonant clusters, which makes them very far from Classical Tibetan, especially when compared to the more conservative Amdo Tibetan. Also, Kham and Lhasa Tibetan evolved to be tonal, which Classical Tibetan was not. Khams Tibetan has 80% lexical similarity with Central Tibetan.
Distribution
Kham Tibetan is spoken in Kham, which is now divided between the eastern part of Tibet Autonomous Region, the southern part of Qinghai, the western part of Sichuan, and the northwestern part of Yunnan, China.
Khampa Tibetan is also spoken by about 1,000 people in two enclaves in eastern Bhutan, the descendants of pastoral yak-herding communities.
Dialects
There are five dialects of Khams Tibetan proper:
Central Khams, spoken in Dêgê County and Chamdo
Southern Khams, spoken in the Dêqên Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture. There are several subdialects due to the mountainous terrain, as well as contact with neighboring language communities for trade.
Northern or Northeastern Khams, spoken in Nangqên County and Yushu Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture
Eastern Khams, spoken
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immigration%20to%20France
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According to the French National Institute of Statistics INSEE, the 2021 census counted nearly 7 million immigrants (foreign-born people) in France, representing 10.3% of the total population. This is a decrease from INSEE statistics in 2018 in which there were 9 million immigrants (foreign-born people) in France, which at the time represented 14% of the country's total population.
The area with the largest proportion of immigrants is the Parisian urban area (Greater Paris), where almost 40% of immigrants lived in 2012. Other regions with important immigrant populations are Rhône-Alpes (Lyon) and Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur (Marseille).
The Paris region is a magnet for immigrants, hosting one of the largest concentrations of immigrants in Europe. As of 2006, about 45% of people (6 million) living in the region were either immigrant (25%) or born to at least one immigrant parent (20%).
Among the 802,000 newborns in metropolitan France in 2010, 27.3% had one or both parents foreign-born, and about one quarter (23.9%) had one parent or both born outside of Europe. Including grandparents, about 22% of newborns in France between 2006 and 2008 had at least one foreign-born grandparent (9% born in another European country, 8% born in Maghreb and 2% born in another region of the world).
In 2014, the National Institute of Statistics (INSEE) published a study reporting that the number of Spanish, Portuguese, and Italian immigrants in France between 2009 and 2012 has doubled. This in
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asparaginase
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id: Asparaginase
Asparaginase is an enzyme that is used as a medication and in food manufacturing. As a medication, L-asparaginase is used to treat acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and lymphoblastic lymphoma (LBL). It is given by injection into a vein, muscle, or under the skin. A pegylated version is also available. In food manufacturing it is used to decrease acrylamide.
Common side effects when used by injection include allergic reactions, pancreatitis, blood clotting problems, high blood sugar, kidney problems, and liver dysfunction. Use in pregnancy may harm the baby. As a food it is generally recognized as safe. Asparaginase works by breaking down the amino acid known as asparagine without which the cancer cells cannot make protein.
The most common nonhematological adverse reactions of asparaginase erwinia chrysanthemi (recombinant) include abnormal liver test, nausea, musculoskeletal pain, infection, fatigue, headache, febrile neutropenia, pyrexia, hemorrhage (bleeding), stomatitis, abdominal pain, decreased appetite, drug hypersensitivity, hyperglycemia, diarrhea, pancreatitis, and hypokalemia. The most common side effects of asparaginase erwinia chrysanthemi (recombinant) when given in combination with chemotherapy for the treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia and lymphoblastic lymphoma are abnormal liver tests, nausea, muscle and bone pain, and fatigue.
Asparaginase was approved for medical use in the United States in 1978. It is on the World Health Organi
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PHK
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PHK may refer to:
Palm Beach County Glades Airport (IATA code)
Phosphorylase kinase, PhK, an enzyme
Poul-Henning Kamp, a Danish software developer
Para Hills Knights SC, an South Australian association football team
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borneol
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Borneol is a bicyclic organic compound and a terpene derivative. The hydroxyl group in this compound is placed in an endo position. The exo diastereomer is called isoborneol. Being chiral, borneol exists as enantiomers, both of which are found in nature.
Reactions
Borneol is oxidized to the ketone (camphor).
Occurrence
The compound was named in 1842 by the French chemist Charles Frédéric Gerhardt. Borneol can be found in several species of Heterotheca, Artemisia, Rosmarinus officinalis (rosemary) Dipterocarpaceae, Blumea balsamifera and Kaempferia galanga.
It is one of the chemical compounds found in castoreum. This compound is gathered from the beaver's plant food.
Synthesis
Borneol can be synthesized by reduction of camphor by the Meerwein–Ponndorf–Verley reduction (a reversible process). Reduction of camphor with sodium borohydride (fast and irreversible) gives instead the diastereomer isoborneol.
Uses
Whereas d-borneol was the enantiomer that used to be the most readily available commercially, the more commercially available enantiomer now is l-borneol, which also occurs in nature.
Borneol from Dipterocarpus spp. is used in traditional Chinese medicine. An early description is found in the Bencao Gangmu.
Borneol is a component of many essential oils and it is a natural insect repellent. It also generates a TRPM8-mediated cooling sensation similar to menthol.
Laevo-borneol is used in perfumery. It has a balsamic odour type with pine, woody and camphoraceous fa
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakespeare%27s%20plays
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Shakespeare's plays are a canon of approximately 39 dramatic works written by English poet, playwright, and actor William Shakespeare. The exact number of plays as well as their classifications as tragedy, history, comedy, or otherwise is a matter of scholarly debate. Shakespeare's plays are widely regarded as being among the greatest in the English language and are continually performed around the world. The plays have been translated into every major living language.
Many of his plays appeared in print as a series of quartos, but approximately half of them remained unpublished until 1623, when the posthumous First Folio was published. The traditional division of his plays into tragedies, comedies, and histories follows the categories used in the First Folio. However, modern criticism has labelled some of these plays "problem plays" that elude easy categorisation, or perhaps purposely break generic conventions, and has introduced the term romances for what scholars believe to be his later comedies.
When Shakespeare first arrived in London in the late 1580s or early 1590s, dramatists writing for London's new commercial playhouses (such as The Curtain) were combining two strands of dramatic tradition into a new and distinctively Elizabethan synthesis. Previously, the most common forms of popular English theatre were the Tudor morality plays. These plays, generally celebrating piety, use personified moral attributes to urge or instruct the protagonist to choose the virtuous l
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocular%20tonometry
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Tonometry is the procedure eye care professionals perform to determine the intraocular pressure (IOP), the fluid pressure inside the eye. It is an important test in the evaluation of patients at risk from glaucoma. Most tonometers are calibrated to measure pressure in millimeters of mercury (mmHg), with the normal eye pressure range between .
Methods
Applanation tonometry
In applanation tonometry the intraocular pressure (IOP) is inferred from the force required to flatten (applanate) a constant area of the cornea, for the Imbert-Fick law. The Maklakoff tonometer was an early example of this method, while the Goldmann tonometer is the most widely used version in current practice. Because the probe makes contact with the cornea, a topical anesthetic, such as proxymetacaine, is introduced on to the surface of the eye in the form of an eye drop.
Goldmann tonometry
Goldmann tonometry is considered to be the gold standard IOP test and is the most widely accepted method. A special disinfected prism is mounted on the tonometer head and then placed against the cornea. The examiner then uses a cobalt blue filter to view two green semicircles. The force applied to the tonometer head is then adjusted using a dial connected to a variable tension spring until the inner edges of the green semicircles in the viewfinder meet. When the area of a circle with diameter has been flattened, the opposing forces of corneal rigidity and the tear film are roughly approximate and cancel each oth
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naum%20Sekulovski
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Naum Sekulovski (born 14 May 1982) is an Australian soccer player who plays for Preston Lions in the NPL 2 Victoria competition.
A League career statistics
(Correct as of 21 March 2010)
Honours
Perth Glory FC
Best Clubman: 2010
References
External links
Perth Glory profile
Oz Football profile
1982 births
Living people
Soccer players from Melbourne
Sekulovski|Naum
Oakleigh Cannons FC players
Falcons 2000 SC players
Wollongong Wolves FC players
Parramatta Power SC players
Preston Lions FC players
Perth Glory FC players
Persema Malang players
Hume City FC players
Goulburn Valley Suns FC players
A-League Men players
National Premier Leagues players
Indonesian Premier League players
Victorian Institute of Sport alumni
Men's association football defenders
Australian men's soccer players
Australian expatriate men's soccer players
Expatriate men's footballers in Indonesia
Australian expatriate sportspeople in Indonesia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markov%20number
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A Markov number or Markoff number is a positive integer x, y or z that is part of a solution to the Markov Diophantine equation
studied by .
The first few Markov numbers are
1, 2, 5, 13, 29, 34, 89, 169, 194, 233, 433, 610, 985, 1325, ...
appearing as coordinates of the Markov triples
(1, 1, 1), (1, 1, 2), (1, 2, 5), (1, 5, 13), (2, 5, 29), (1, 13, 34), (1, 34, 89), (2, 29, 169), (5, 13, 194), (1, 89, 233), (5, 29, 433), (1, 233, 610), (2, 169, 985), (13, 34, 1325), ...
There are infinitely many Markov numbers and Markov triples.
Markov tree
There are two simple ways to obtain a new Markov triple from an old one (x, y, z). First, one may permute the 3 numbers x,y,z, so in particular one can normalize the triples so that x ≤ y ≤ z. Second, if (x, y, z) is a Markov triple then so is (x, y, 3xy − z). Applying this operation twice returns the same triple one started with. Joining each normalized Markov triple to the 1, 2, or 3 normalized triples one can obtain from this gives a graph starting from (1,1,1) as in the diagram. This graph is connected; in other words every Markov triple can be connected to by a sequence of these operations. If we start, as an example, with we get its three neighbors , and in the Markov tree if z is set to 1, 5 and 13, respectively. For instance, starting with and trading y and z before each iteration of the transform lists Markov triples with Fibonacci numbers. Starting with that same triplet and trading x and z before each iteration
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stigmasterol
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Stigmasterol – a plant sterol (phytosterol) – is among the most abundant of plant sterols, having a major function to maintain the structure and physiology of cell membranes. In the European Union, it is a food additive listed with E number E499, and may be used in food manufacturing to increase the phytosterol content, potentially lowering the levels of LDL cholesterol.
Discovery
Once called Wulzen factor in the mid-20th century, stigmasterol was discovered by the University of California physiologist Rosalind Wulzen (born 1886).
Natural occurrences
Stigmasterol is an unsaturated phytosterol occurring in the plant fats or oils of numerous plants, such as soybean, calabar bean, and rape seed, and in herbs used in herbalism practices, including the Chinese herbs Ophiopogon japonicus (Mai men dong), in Mirabilis jalapa.
Stigmasterol is a constituent of various vegetables, legumes, nuts, seeds, and unpasteurized milk. Pasteurization will inactivate stigmasterol. Edible oils contains higher amount than vegetables.
Uses
Stigmasterol is a food additive in manufactured food products in the United Kingdom and European Union. It was introduced as a precursor by Percy Lavon Julian for industrial large-scale manufacture of semisynthetic progesterone, a valuable human hormone that plays an important physiological role in the regulatory and tissue rebuilding mechanisms related to estrogen effects, as well as acting as an intermediate in the biosynthesis of androgens, estrogens, an
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resonance%20%28Anathema%20album%29
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Resonance is a compilation album by the British rock band Anathema. It was released in 2001 as the first of two compilation albums featuring best-of as well as previously unreleased material, this one focusing on the band's softer music. It was followed by Resonance Vol. 2 in 2002.
Track listing
References
2001 compilation albums
Resonance
Albums with cover art by Travis Smith (artist)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histamine%20H1%20receptor
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{{DISPLAYTITLE:Histamine H1 receptor}}
The H1 receptor is a histamine receptor belonging to the family of rhodopsin-like G-protein-coupled receptors. This receptor is activated by the biogenic amine histamine. It is expressed in smooth muscles, on vascular endothelial cells, in the heart, and in the central nervous system. The H1 receptor is linked to an intracellular G-protein (Gq) that activates phospholipase C and the inositol triphosphate (IP3) signalling pathway. Antihistamines, which act on this receptor, are used as anti-allergy drugs. The crystal structure of the receptor has been determined (shown on the right/below) and used to discover new histamine H1 receptor ligands in structure-based virtual screening studies.
Function
The expression of NF-κB, the transcription factor that regulates inflammatory processes, is promoted by the constitutive activity of the H1 receptor as well as by agonists that bind at the receptor. H1-antihistamines have been shown to attenuate NF-κB expression and mitigate certain inflammatory processes in associated cells.
Histamine may play a role in penile erection.
Neurophysiology
Histamine H1 receptors are activated by endogenous histamine, which is released by neurons that have their cell bodies in the tuberomammillary nucleus of the hypothalamus. The histaminergic neurons of the tuberomammillary nucleus become active during the 'wake' cycle, firing at approximately 2 Hz; during slow wave sleep, this firing rate drops to approximate
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myelocyte
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A myelocyte is a young cell of the granulocytic series, occurring normally in bone marrow (can be found in circulating blood when caused by certain diseases).
Structure
When stained with the usual dyes, the cytoplasm is distinctly basophilic and relatively more abundant than in myeloblasts or promyelocytes, even though myelocytes are smaller cells.
Numerous cytoplasmic granules are present in the more mature forms of myelocytes. Neutrophilic and eosinophilic granules are peroxidase-positive, while basophilic granules are not.
The nuclear chromatin is coarser than that observed in a promyelocyte, but it is relatively faintly stained and lacks a well-defined membrane.
The nucleus is fairly regular in contour (not indented), and seems to be 'buried' beneath the numerous cytoplasmic granules. (If the nucleus were indented, it would likely be a metamyelocyte.)
Measurement
There is an internationally agreed method of counting blasts, with results from M1 upwards.
Development
Promyelocyte → Myelocytes → metamyelocytes.
Additional images
References
External links
Neutrophilic Myelocyte Presented by the University of Virginia
Eosinophilic Myelocyte Presented by the University of Virginia
Basophilic Myelocyte Presented by the University of Virginia
Image at queensu.ca
Leukocytes
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tissue%20factor
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Tissue factor, also called platelet tissue factor, factor III, or CD142, is a protein encoded by the F3 gene, present in subendothelial tissue and leukocytes. Its role in the clotting process is the initiation of thrombin formation from the zymogen prothrombin. Thromboplastin defines the cascade that leads to the activation of factor X—the tissue factor pathway. In doing so, it has replaced the previously named extrinsic pathway in order to eliminate ambiguity.
Function
The F3 gene encodes coagulation factor III, which is a cell surface glycoprotein. This factor enables cells to initiate the blood coagulation cascades, and it functions as the high-affinity receptor for the coagulation factor VII. The resulting complex provides a catalytic event that is responsible for initiation of the coagulation protease cascades by specific limited proteolysis. Unlike the other cofactors of these protease cascades, which circulate as nonfunctional precursors, this factor is a potent initiator that is fully functional when expressed on cell surfaces. There are three distinct domains of this factor: extracellular, transmembrane, and cytoplasmic. This protein is the only one in the coagulation pathway for which a congenital deficiency has not been described. In addition to the membrane-bound tissue factor, soluble form of tissue factor was also found which results from alternatively spliced tissue factor mRNA transcripts, in which exon 5 is absent and exon 4 is spliced directly to exon 6.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histamine%20H2%20receptor
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{{DISPLAYTITLE:Histamine H2 receptor}}
H2 receptors are positively coupled to adenylate cyclase via Gs alpha subunit. It is a potent stimulant of cAMP production, which leads to activation of protein kinase A. PKA functions to phosphorylate certain proteins, affecting their activity. The drug betazole is an example of a histamine H2 receptor agonist.
Function
Histamine is a ubiquitous messenger molecule released from mast cells, enterochromaffin-like cells, and neurons. Its various actions are mediated by histamine receptors H1, H2, H3 and H4. The histamine receptor H2 belongs to the rhodopsin-like family of G protein-coupled receptors. It is an integral membrane protein and stimulates gastric acid secretion. It also regulates gastrointestinal motility and intestinal secretion and is thought to be involved in regulating cell growth and differentiation. Histamine may play a role in penile erection.
Tissue distribution
Histamine H2 receptors are expressed in the following tissues:
Peripheral tissues
Gastric parietal cells (oxyntic cells)
Vascular smooth muscle
Neutrophils
Mast cells
Heart
Genitourinary system (uterus, bladder)
Central nervous system tissues
Caudate–putamen
Cerebral cortex (external layers)
Hippocampal formation
Dentate nucleus of the cerebellum
Physiological responses
Activation of the H2 receptor results in the following physiological responses:
Stimulation of gastric acid secretion (Target of anti-histaminergics (H2 receptors) for peptic ulcer disease
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BFO
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BFO is an abbreviation that stands for:
Basic Formal Ontology
Beat frequency oscillator used to create an audio frequency signal for receiving continuous wave (Morse code) transmissions
The Black Forest Observatory in Germany
BiFeO3 (Bismuth ferrite), an inorganic chemical compound
Boron monofluoride monoxide
Budapest Festival Orchestra
Bunker Fuel Oil, a (low-cost) type of fuel oil
Federal Consultative Assembly (Bijeenkomst voor Federaal Overleg), an organisation of federal states of the United States of Indonesia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eyewash
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Eyewash is a fluid, commonly salineus, used to physically wash the eyes in the case that they may be contaminated by foreign materials or substances.
Eyewashes may be beneficial to those with sensitive eyes and can provide relief to the painful side effects of sensitivity. However, prolonged usage of such products will cause mild side effects, such as the reddening of the eye and/or pupil and cause itchiness.
Occupational safety
In the United States, the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) was created as a result of the Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970. The law was created to help further protect employee safety while providing "safe & healthful working conditions." OSHA's primary eyewash standard, 29 CFR 1910.151 states, "where the eyes or body of any person may be exposed to injurious corrosive materials, suitable facilities for quick drenching or flushing of the eyes and body shall be provided within the work area for immediate emergency use."
These suitable facilities include fixed-point eye wash stations (which are especially recommended for risk of chemical burns to eyes) and emergency eye wash stations.
OSHA provides additional regulations for battery charging stations in 29 CFR 1926.441(a)(6) "Facilities for quick drenching of the eyes and body shall be provided within 25 feet (7.62 m) of battery handling areas."
Compliance with eyewash stations regulations is a component of OSHA inspections.
Eyewash in the workplace
Eye wash station
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resonance%202
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Resonance Volume 2 is a compilation album by the British rock band Anathema. It was released in 2002 as a follow-up to 2001's Resonance.
Track listing
"Lovelorn Rhapsody" – 5:49 (from album Serenades)
"Sweet Tears" – 4:12 (from album Serenades)
"Sleepless 96" – 4:31 (1996 version, original from album Serenades)
"Eternal Rise of the Sun" – 6:34 (from album Serenades)
"Sunset of Age" – 6:55 (from album The Silent Enigma)
"Nocturnal Emission" – 4:18 (from album The Silent Enigma)
"A Dying Wish" – 8:12 (from album The Silent Enigma)
"Hope" – 5:54 (from album Eternity)
"Cries on the Wind" – 5:03 (from album Eternity)
"Fragile Dreams" – 5:32 (from album Alternative 4)
"Empty" – 3:00 (from album Alternative 4)
"Nailed to the Cross / 666" – 4:10 (from single We Are the Bible)
"Mine Is Yours" (video) (from ep Pentecost III)
Notes
The version of "Lovelorn Rhapsody" featured on this compilation is different from that of the Serenades performance and was originally exclusive to the Peaceville Volume 4 compilation.
Resonance Vol. 2
2002 compilation albums
Albums with cover art by Travis Smith (artist)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporate%20taxonomy
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Corporate taxonomy is the hierarchical classification of entities of interest of an enterprise, organization or administration, used to classify documents, digital assets and other information. Taxonomies can cover virtually any type of physical or conceptual entities (products, processes, knowledge fields, human groups, etc.) at any level of granularity.
Corporate taxonomies are increasingly used in information systems (particularly content management and knowledge management systems), as a way to promote discoverability and allow instant access to the right information within exponentially growing volumes of data in learning organizations. Relatively simple systems based on semantic networks and taxonomies proved to be a serious competitor to heavy data mining systems and behavior analysis software in contextual filtering applications used for routing customer requests, "pushing" content on a Web site or delivering product advertising in a targeted and pertinent way.
A powerful approach to map and retrieve unstructured data, taxonomies allow efficient solutions in the management of corporate knowledge, in particular in complex organizational models for workflows, human resources or customer relations.
As an extension of traditional thesauri and classifications used in a company, a corporate taxonomy is usually the fruit of a large harmonization effort involving most departments of the organization. It is often developed, deployed and fine tuned over the years, while sett
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonelli%27s%20theorem
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In mathematics, Tonelli's theorem may refer to
Tonelli's theorem in measure theory, a successor of Fubini's theorem
Tonelli's theorem in functional analysis, a fundamental result on the weak lower semicontinuity of nonlinear functionals on Lp spaces
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OPN
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OPN may stand for:
Osteopontin, a glycoprotein secreted by osteoblasts
Object Process Network, a simulation model meta-language
Optics & Photonics News, a magazine
Oneohtrix Point Never, recording alias of musician Daniel Lopatin
Olivary pretectal nucleus, a nucleus in the pretectal area, or pretectum
In mathematics, odd perfect number
Ora pro Nobis, Latin phrase litt. meaning "pray for us", often abbreviated as OpN in prayer books and breviaries
Yamaha YM2203, a sound chip
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van%20Deemter%20equation
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The van Deemter equation in chromatography, named for Jan van Deemter, relates the variance per unit length of a separation column to the linear mobile phase velocity by considering physical, kinetic, and thermodynamic properties of a separation. These properties include pathways within the column, diffusion (axial and longitudinal), and mass transfer kinetics between stationary and mobile phases. In liquid chromatography, the mobile phase velocity is taken as the exit velocity, that is, the ratio of the flow rate in ml/second to the cross-sectional area of the ‘column-exit flow path.’ For a packed column, the cross-sectional area of the column exit flow path is usually taken as 0.6 times the cross-sectional area of the column. Alternatively, the linear velocity can be taken as the ratio of the column length to the dead time. If the mobile phase is a gas, then the pressure correction must be applied. The variance per unit length of the column is taken as the ratio of the column length to the column efficiency in theoretical plates. The van Deemter equation is a hyperbolic function that predicts that there is an optimum velocity at which there will be the minimum variance per unit column length and, thence, a maximum efficiency. The van Deemter equation was the result of the first application of rate theory to the chromatography elution process.
Van Deemter equation
The van Deemter equation relates height equivalent to a theoretical plate (HETP) of a chromatographic colu
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trudinger%27s%20theorem
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In mathematical analysis, Trudinger's theorem or the Trudinger inequality (also sometimes called the Moser–Trudinger inequality) is a result of functional analysis on Sobolev spaces. It is named after Neil Trudinger (and Jürgen Moser).
It provides an inequality between a certain Sobolev space norm and an Orlicz space norm of a function. The inequality is a limiting case of Sobolev imbedding and can be stated as the following theorem:
Let be a bounded domain in satisfying the cone condition. Let and . Set
Then there exists the embedding
where
The space
is an example of an Orlicz space.
References
.
.
Sobolev spaces
Inequalities
Theorems in analysis
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transudate
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Transudate is extravascular fluid with low protein content and a low specific gravity (< 1.012). It has low nucleated cell counts (less than 500 to 1000 /microliter) and the primary cell types are mononuclear cells: macrophages, lymphocytes and mesothelial cells. For instance, an ultrafiltrate of blood plasma is transudate. It results from increased fluid pressures or diminished colloid oncotic forces in the plasma.
Transudate vs. exudate
There is an important distinction between transudates and exudates. Transudates are caused by disturbances of hydrostatic or colloid osmotic pressure, not by inflammation. They have a low protein content in comparison to exudates and thus appear clearer.
Levels of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) or a Rivalta test can be used to distinguish transudate from exudate.
Their main role in nature is to protect elements of the skin and other subcutaneous substances against the contact effects of external climate and the environment and other substances – it also plays a role in integumental hygiene.
Pathology
The most common causes of pathologic transudate include conditions that :
Increase hydrostatic pressure in vessels : left ventricular heart failure,
Decrease oncotic pressure in blood vessels :
Cirrhosis (Cirrhosis leads to hypoalbuminemia and decreasing of colloid oncotic pressure in plasma that causes edema)
Nephrotic syndrome (also due to hypoalbuminemia caused by proteinuria).
Malnutrition (hypoalbuminism)
See also
Exudate
Refer
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Static%20mixer
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A static mixer is a precision engineered device for the continuous mixing of fluid materials, without moving components. Normally the fluids to be mixed are liquid, but static mixers can also be used to mix gas streams, disperse gas into liquid or blend immiscible liquids. The energy needed for mixing comes from a loss in pressure as fluids flow through the static mixer. One design of static mixer is the plate-type mixer and another common device type consists of mixer elements contained in a cylindrical (tube) or squared housing. Mixer size can vary from about 6 mm to 6 meters diameter. Typical construction materials for static mixer components include stainless steel, polypropylene, Teflon, PVDF, PVC, CPVC and polyacetal. The latest designs involve static mixing elements made of glass-lined steel.
Design
Plate type
In the plate type design mixing is accomplished through intense turbulence in the flow.
Housed-elements design
In the housed-elements design the static mixer elements consist of a series of baffles made of metal or a variety of plastics. Similarly, the mixer housing can be made of metal or plastic. The housed-elements design incorporates a method for delivering two streams of fluids into the static mixer. As the streams move through the mixer, the non-moving elements continuously blend the materials. Complete mixing depends on many variables including the fluids' properties, tube inner diameter, number of elements and their design. The housed-elements mi
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Descemet%27s%20membrane
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Descemet's membrane (or the Descemet membrane) is the basement membrane that lies between the corneal proper substance, also called stroma, and the endothelial layer of the cornea. It is composed of different kinds of collagen (Type IV and VIII) than the stroma. The endothelial layer is located at the posterior of the cornea. Descemet's membrane, as the basement membrane for the endothelial layer, is secreted by the single layer of squamous epithelial cells that compose the endothelial layer of the cornea.
Structure
Its thickness ranges from 3 μm at birth to 8–10 μm in adults.
The corneal endothelium is a single layer of squamous cells covering the surface of the cornea that faces the anterior chamber.
Clinical significance
Significant damage to the membrane may require a corneal transplant. Damage caused by the hereditary condition known as Fuchs dystrophy (q.v.)—where Descemet's membrane progressively fails and the cornea thickens and clouds because the exchange of nutrients/fluids between the cornea and the rest of the eye is interrupted—can be reversed by surgery. The surgeon can scrape away the damaged Descemet membrane and insert/transplant a new membrane harvested from the eye of a donor. In the process most of the squamous cells of the donor membrane survive to dramatically and emphatically reverse the corneal deterioration (see DMEK surgery).
Descemet's membrane is also a site of copper deposition in patients with Wilson's disease or other liver diseases, l
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHOP%20%28chemotherapy%29
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CHOP is the acronym for a chemotherapy regimen used in the treatment of non-Hodgkin lymphoma. CHOP consists of:
Cyclophosphamide, an alkylating agent which damages DNA by binding to it and causing the formation of cross-links
(also called doxorubicin or adriamycin), an intercalating agent which damages DNA by inserting itself between DNA bases
(vincristine), which prevents cells from duplicating by binding to the protein tubulin
or , which are corticosteroids.
Sometimes the chimeric anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody, rituximab, is added to this treatment regimen to form the R-CHOP regimen.
Dosing regimen
R-Maxi-CHOP is used in mantle cell lymphoma and is given in 21-day intervals, alternating with R-HDAC (rituximab + high-dose cytarabine).
In most other non-Hodgkin lymphomas (excluding some aggressive forms), standard-dose [R]-CHOP is generally used as first-line therapy.
Uses and indications
Normal cells are more able than cancer cells to repair damage from chemotherapy drugs.
This regimen can also be combined with the monoclonal antibody rituximab if the lymphoma is of B cell origin; this combination is called R-CHOP. Typically, courses are administered at an interval of two or three weeks (CHOP-14 and CHOP-21 respectively). A staging CT scan is generally performed after three cycles to assess whether the disease is responding to treatment.
In patients with a history of cardiovascular disease, doxorubicin (which is cardiotoxic) is often deemed to be too great a
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Momentum%20transfer
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In particle physics, wave mechanics, and optics, momentum transfer is the amount of momentum that one particle gives to another particle. It is also called the scattering vector as it describes the transfer of wavevector in wave mechanics.
In the simplest example of scattering of two colliding particles with initial momenta , resulting in final momenta , the momentum transfer is given by
where the last identity expresses momentum conservation. Momentum transfer is an important quantity because is a better measure for the typical distance resolution of the reaction than the momenta themselves.
Wave mechanics and optics
A wave has a momentum and is a vectorial quantity. The difference of the momentum of the scattered wave to the incident wave is called momentum transfer. The wave number k is the absolute of the wave vector and is related to the wavelength . Momentum transfer is given in wavenumber units in reciprocal space
Diffraction
The momentum transfer plays an important role in the evaluation of neutron, X-ray, and electron diffraction for the investigation of condensed matter. Laue-Bragg diffraction occurs on the atomic crystal lattice, conserves the wave energy and thus is called elastic scattering, where the wave numbers final and incident particles, and , respectively, are equal and just the direction changes by a reciprocal lattice vector with the relation to the lattice spacing . As momentum is conserved, the transfer of momentum occurs to crystal momentum.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penrose%20graphical%20notation
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In mathematics and physics, Penrose graphical notation or tensor diagram notation is a (usually handwritten) visual depiction of multilinear functions or tensors proposed by Roger Penrose in 1971. A diagram in the notation consists of several shapes linked together by lines.
The notation widely appears in modern quantum theory, particularly in matrix product states and quantum circuits. In particular, Categorical quantum mechanics which includes ZX-calculus is a fully comprehensive reformulation of quantum theory in terms of Penrose diagrams, and is now widely used in quantum industry.
The notation has been studied extensively by Predrag Cvitanović, who used it, along with Feynman's diagrams and other related notations in developing "birdtracks", a group-theoretical diagram to classify the classical Lie groups. Penrose's notation has also been generalized using representation theory to spin networks in physics, and with the presence of matrix groups to trace diagrams in linear algebra.
Interpretations
Multilinear algebra
In the language of multilinear algebra, each shape represents a multilinear function. The lines attached to shapes represent the inputs or outputs of a function, and attaching shapes together in some way is essentially the composition of functions.
Tensors
In the language of tensor algebra, a particular tensor is associated with a particular shape with many lines projecting upwards and downwards, corresponding to abstract upper and lower indices o
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Added%20mass
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In fluid mechanics, added mass or virtual mass is the inertia added to a system because an accelerating or decelerating body must move (or deflect) some volume of surrounding fluid as it moves through it. Added mass is a common issue because the object and surrounding fluid cannot occupy the same physical space simultaneously. For simplicity this can be modeled as some volume of fluid moving with the object, though in reality "all" the fluid will be accelerated, to various degrees.
The dimensionless added mass coefficient is the added mass divided by the displaced fluid mass – i.e. divided by the fluid density times the volume of the body. In general, the added mass is a second-order tensor, relating the fluid acceleration vector to the resulting force vector on the body.
Background
Friedrich Wilhelm Bessel proposed the concept of added mass in 1828 to describe the motion of a pendulum in a fluid. The period of such a pendulum increased relative to its period in a vacuum (even after accounting for buoyancy effects), indicating that the surrounding fluid increased the effective mass of the system.
The concept of added mass is arguably the first example of renormalization in physics.
The concept can also be thought of as a classical physics analogue of the quantum mechanical concept of quasiparticles. It is, however, not to be confused with relativistic mass increase.
It is often erroneously stated that the added mass is determined by the momentum of the fluid. That thi
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