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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudo-polynomial%20time
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In computational complexity theory, a numeric algorithm runs in pseudo-polynomial time if its running time is a polynomial in the numeric value of the input (the largest integer present in the input)—but not necessarily in the length of the input (the number of bits required to represent it), which is the case for polynomial time algorithms.
In general, the numeric value of the input is exponential in the input length, which is why a pseudo-polynomial time algorithm does not necessarily run in polynomial time with respect to the input length.
An NP-complete problem with known pseudo-polynomial time algorithms is called weakly NP-complete.
An NP-complete problem is called strongly NP-complete if it is proven that it cannot be solved by a pseudo-polynomial time algorithm unless . The strong/weak kinds of NP-hardness are defined analogously.
Examples
Primality testing
Consider the problem of testing whether a number n is prime, by naively checking whether no number in divides evenly. This approach can take up to divisions, which is sub-linear in the value of n but exponential in the length of n (which is about ). For example, a number n slightly less than would require up to approximately 100,000 divisions, even though the length of n is only 11 digits. Moreover one can easily write down an input (say, a 300-digit number) for which this algorithm is impractical. Since computational complexity measures difficulty with respect to the length of the (encoded) input, this
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deviation%20analysis
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Deviation analysis may mean;
in statistics; measurement of the absolute difference between any one number in a set and the mean of the set.
in social psychology; monitoring of the behavior of people or objects within systems to measure compliance with expected or desired norms in order to trigger alerts, identity users or spot anomalies.
Analysis
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwanga%20language
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Kwanga (Gawanga) is a Sepik language spoken in Gawanga Rural LLG of East Sepik Province, Papua New Guinea.
Classification
There are two main dialects, and five subdialects. The 14th (2000) edition of Ethnologue classified Apos, Bongos, Wasambu, and Yubanakor as distinct languages, and assigned them the ISO codes apo, bxy, wsm, and yuo, respectively. They have since been subsumed under Kwanga.
Dialects are:
Apos ()
Bongos (Bongomaise, Bongomamsi, Kambaminchi, Nambi) (, )
Tau (Kubiwat, Mangamba, Nambes) (, )
Wasambu ()
Yubanakor (Daina) (, , )
References
Nukuma languages
Languages of East Sepik Province
Languages of Sandaun Province
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prothrombinase
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The prothrombinase complex consists of the serine protease, Factor Xa, and the protein cofactor, Factor Va. The complex assembles on negatively charged phospholipid membranes in the presence of calcium ions. The prothrombinase complex catalyzes the conversion of prothrombin (Factor II), an inactive zymogen, to thrombin (Factor IIa), an active serine protease. The activation of thrombin is a critical reaction in the coagulation cascade, which functions to regulate hemostasis in the body. To produce thrombin, the prothrombinase complex cleaves two peptide bonds in prothrombin, one after Arg271 and the other after Arg320. Although it has been shown that Factor Xa can activate prothrombin when unassociated with the prothrombinase complex, the rate of thrombin formation is severely decreased under such circumstances. The prothrombinase complex can catalyze the activation of prothrombin at a rate 3 x 105-fold faster than can Factor Xa alone. Thus, the prothrombinase complex is required for the efficient production of activated thrombin and also for adequate hemostasis.
Activation of protein precursors
Both Factor X and Factor V circulate in the blood as inactive precursors prior to activation by the coagulation cascade. The inactive zymogen Factor X consists of two chains, a light chain (136 residues) and a heavy chain (306 residues). The light chain contains an N-terminal γ-carboxyglutamic acid domain (Gla domain) and two epidermal growth factor-like domains (EGF1 and EGF
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RecLOH
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RecLOH is a term in genetics that is an abbreviation for "Recombinant Loss of Heterozygosity".
This is a type of mutation which occurs with DNA by recombination. From a pair of equivalent ("homologous"), but slightly different (heterozygous) genes, a pair of identical genes results. In this case there is a non-reciprocal exchange of genetic code between the chromosomes, in contrast to chromosomal crossover, because genetic information is lost.
For Y chromosome
In genetic genealogy, the term is used particularly concerning similar seeming events in Y chromosome DNA. This type of mutation happens within one chromosome, and does not involve a reciprocal transfer. Rather, one homologous segment "writes over" the other. The mechanism is presumed to be different from RecLOH events in autosomal chromosomes, since the target is the very same chromosome instead of the homologous one.
During the mutation one of these copies overwrites the other. Thus the differences between the two are lost. Because differences are lost, heterozygosity is lost.
Recombination on the Y-chromosome does not only take place during meiosis, but virtually at every mitosis when the Y chromosome condenses, because it doesn't require pairing between chromosomes. Recombination frequency even exceeds the frame shift mutation frequency (slipped strand mispairing) of (average fast) Y-STRs, however many recombination products may lead to infertile germ cells and "daughter out".
Recombination events (RecLOH) can
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summer%20Stock
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Summer Stock is a 1950 American Technicolor musical film produced by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. It was directed by Charles Walters, stars Judy Garland and Gene Kelly, and features Eddie Bracken, Gloria DeHaven, Marjorie Main, and Phil Silvers. Musical numbers were staged by Nick Castle and Kelly.
Garland struggled with many personal problems during filming and Summer Stock proved to be her final film for MGM, as well as her last onscreen pairing with Kelly. By mutual agreement, MGM terminated Garland's contract in September 1950, something studio head L. B. Mayer said he later regretted doing.
Plot
Jane Falbury (Judy Garland) is a farm owner whose actress sister, Abigail (Gloria DeHaven), arrives at the family farm with her theater troupe. They need a place to rehearse, and Jane and her housekeeper, Esme (Marjorie Main), reluctantly agree to let them use their barn. The actors and actresses, including the director, Joe Ross (Gene Kelly), repay her hospitality by doing chores around the farm. Although Joe is engaged to Abigail, he begins to fall in love with Jane after Abigail leaves him in an angry fit. Similarly, although Jane is engaged to Orville (Eddie Bracken), she falls in love with Joe.
Highlights
The film's most famous scene is the now-classic final song-and-dance number "Get Happy" performed by Garland in a tuxedo jacket, black fedora, and black nylons to an arrangement by Skip Martin. It was choreographed by Charles Walters and filmed two months after the rest of the f
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank%E2%80%93Wolfe%20algorithm
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The Frank–Wolfe algorithm is an iterative first-order optimization algorithm for constrained convex optimization. Also known as the conditional gradient method, reduced gradient algorithm and the convex combination algorithm, the method was originally proposed by Marguerite Frank and Philip Wolfe in 1956. In each iteration, the Frank–Wolfe algorithm considers a linear approximation of the objective function, and moves towards a minimizer of this linear function (taken over the same domain).
Problem statement
Suppose is a compact convex set in a vector space and is a convex, differentiable real-valued function. The Frank–Wolfe algorithm solves the optimization problem
Minimize
subject to .
Algorithm
Initialization: Let , and let be any point in .
Step 1. Direction-finding subproblem: Find solving
Minimize
Subject to
(Interpretation: Minimize the linear approximation of the problem given by the first-order Taylor approximation of around constrained to stay within .)
Step 2. Step size determination: Set , or alternatively find that minimizes subject to .
Step 3. Update: Let , let and go to Step 1.
Properties
While competing methods such as gradient descent for constrained optimization require a projection step back to the feasible set in each iteration, the Frank–Wolfe algorithm only needs the solution of a linear problem over the same set in each iteration, and automatically stays in the feasible set.
The convergence of the Frank–Wolfe algorithm is sub
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granin%20%28disambiguation%29
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Granin is a family of proteins. Granin may also refer to
Daniil Granin (1919–2017), Soviet novelist
Aleksandr Leonovitch Granin, a character in Metal Gear Solid 3: Snake Eater
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opar%20%28fictional%20city%29
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Opar is a fictional lost city in the Tarzan novels of Edgar Rice Burroughs and later the Khokarsa novels of Philip José Farmer and Christopher Paul Carey, as well as various derivative works in other media.
The city first appeared in Burroughs' second Tarzan novel, The Return of Tarzan (1913).
In the works of Burroughs
As envisioned by Burroughs, Opar is a lost colony of Atlantis located deep in the jungles of Africa, in which incredible riches have been stockpiled down through the ages. The city's population exhibits extreme sexual dimorphism caused by a combination of excessive inbreeding, cross-breeding with apes, and selective culling of offspring. Consequently, female Oparians appear perfectly human, while male Oparians are apelike brutes. The ruler and high priestess of the city is Queen La, who on her first encounter with Tarzan falls in love with him, and subsequently carries a torch for him. Tarzan, already committed to Jane Porter, spurns her advances, thus endangering his own life, as the religion of Opar condones human sacrifice. Yet he returns to the lost city time and again to replenish his personal wealth from its hoarded treasure.
After its initial appearance in Burroughs's second Tarzan novel, The Return of Tarzan (1913), Opar is revisited in the fifth, Tarzan and the Jewels of Opar (1916); the ninth, Tarzan and the Golden Lion (1923); and the fourteenth, Tarzan the Invincible (1930). Exiles from Opar also appear in Burroughs' 1936 juvenile story "Tarzan a
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black%E2%80%93Derman%E2%80%93Toy%20model
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In mathematical finance, the Black–Derman–Toy model (BDT) is a popular short-rate model used in the pricing of bond options, swaptions and other interest rate derivatives; see . It is a one-factor model; that is, a single stochastic factor—the short rate—determines the future evolution of all interest rates. It was the first model to combine the mean-reverting behaviour of the short rate with the log-normal distribution, and is still widely used.
History
The model was introduced by Fischer Black, Emanuel Derman, and Bill Toy. It was first developed for in-house use by Goldman Sachs in the 1980s and was published in the Financial Analysts Journal in 1990. A personal account of the development of the model is provided in Emanuel Derman's memoir My Life as a Quant.
Formulae
Under BDT, using a binomial lattice, one calibrates the model parameters to fit both the current term structure of interest rates (yield curve), and the volatility structure for interest rate caps (usually as implied by the Black-76-prices for each component caplet); see aside. Using the calibrated lattice one can then value a variety of more complex interest-rate sensitive securities and interest rate derivatives.
Although initially developed for a lattice-based environment, the model has been shown to imply the following continuous stochastic differential equation:
where,
= the instantaneous short rate at time t
= value of the underlying asset at option expiry
= instant short rate volatility
= a sta
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linamarase
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Linamarase, or beta-D-glucosidase (), is an enzyme found in many plants including cassava and the butter bean.
In cassava it is found in the cell walls. When the plant is chewed or ground, it exposes the enzyme to compounds like linamarin and lotaustralin which release cyanide compounds that can be lethal to the eater. In humans, chronic toxicity is more likely than death.
This action of the enzyme is used by many cultures to process cassava into an edible substance. The enzyme converts the cyanide containing compounds into acetone cyanohydrin, which spontaneously decomposes to hydrogen cyanide (HCN). The HCN then either dissolves readily in water or is released into the air. Not all cyanide can be removed during processing.
Linamarase can be inhibited by low pH via a dilute acid.
References
T. Itoh-Nashida, M. Hiraiwa and Y. Uda 1987. "Purification and properties of beta-D-glucosidase (linamarase) from the butter bean, Phaseolus lunatus". Last accessed 13 November 2005.
Heuberger, Christoph. 10 May 2005. "Physicochemical properties of cassava tubers with focus on cyanide content in fermented products". Last accessed 13 November 2005.
EC 3.2.1
Enzymes
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Large%20set%20%28Ramsey%20theory%29
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In Ramsey theory, a set S of natural numbers is considered to be a large set if and only if Van der Waerden's theorem can be generalized to assert the existence of arithmetic progressions with common difference in S. That is, S is large if and only if every finite partition of the natural numbers has a cell containing arbitrarily long arithmetic progressions having common differences in S.
Examples
The natural numbers are large. This is precisely the assertion of Van der Waerden's theorem.
The even numbers are large.
Properties
Necessary conditions for largeness include:
If S is large, for any natural number n, S must contain at least one multiple (equivalently, infinitely many multiples) of n.
If is large, it is not the case that sk≥3sk-1 for k≥ 2.
Two sufficient conditions are:
If S contains n-cubes for arbitrarily large n, then S is large.
If where is a polynomial with and positive leading coefficient, then is large.
The first sufficient condition implies that if S is a thick set, then S is large.
Other facts about large sets include:
If S is large and F is finite, then S – F is large.
is large.
If S is large, is also large.
If is large, then for any , is large.
2-large and k-large sets
A set is k-large, for a natural number k > 0, when it meets the conditions for largeness when the restatement of van der Waerden's theorem is concerned only with k-colorings. Every set is either large or k-large for some maximal k. This follows from two important, albeit t
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Baptiste%20L.%20Rom%C3%A9%20de%20l%27Isle
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Jean-Baptiste Louis Romé de l'Isle (26 August 1736 – 3 July 1790) was a French mineralogist, considered one of the creators of modern crystallography.
Romé was born in Gray, Haute-Saône, in eastern France. As secretary of a company of artillery in the Carnatic Wars he visited the East Indies, was taken prisoner by the English in 1761, and held in captivity for several years. He was also an alumnus of the Collège Sainte-Barbe in Paris.
Subsequently, he became distinguished for his researches on mineralogy and crystallography. He was the author of Essai de Cristallographie (1772), the second edition of which, regarded as his principal work, was published as Cristallographie (3 vols. and atlas, 1783). His formulation of the Law of Constancy of Interfacial Angles built on observations by the geologist Nicolaus Steno.
In 1775, he was elected a foreign member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. He died in Paris, France on 3 July 1790.
References
Works
External links
Romé de L'Isle, Jean-Baptiste Louis de (1736-1790). Des caractères extérieurs des minéraux, ou Réponse à cette question, 1794
1736 births
1790 deaths
People from Gray, Haute-Saône
Crystallographers
French geologists
French mineralogists
Members of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences
Members of the Prussian Academy of Sciences
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mean%20piston%20speed
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The mean piston speed is the average speed of the piston in a reciprocating engine. It is a function of stroke and RPM. There is a factor of 2 in the equation to account for one stroke to occur in 1/2 of a crank revolution (or alternatively: two strokes per one crank revolution) and a '60' to convert seconds from minutes in the RPM term.
For example, a piston in an automobile engine which has a stroke of 90 mm will have a mean speed at 3000 rpm of
2 * (90 / 1000) * 3000 / 60 = 9 m/s.
The 5.2-liter V10 that debuted in the 2009 Audi R8 has the highest mean piston speed for any production car (26.9 m/s) thanks to its 92.8 mm stroke and 8700-rpm redline.
Classes
low speed diesels ~8.5 m/s for marine and electric power generation applications
medium speed diesels ~11 m/s for trains or trucks
high speed diesel ~14–17 m/s for automobile engines
medium speed petrol ~16 m/s for automobile engines
high speed petrol ~20–25 m/s for sport automobile engines or motorcycles
competition Some extreme examples are NASCAR Sprint Cup Series and Formula one engines with ~25 m/s and Top Fuel and MotoGP engines ~30 m/s
The mean of any function refers to the average value. In the case of mean piston speed, taken in a narrow mathematical sense, it is zero because half of the time the piston is moving up and half of the time the piston is moving down; this is not useful. The way the term is usually used is to describe the distance traveled by the piston per unit of time, taking dista
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4-8-6
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Under the Whyte notation for the classification of steam locomotives, a 4-8-6 locomotive would have had four leading wheels, eight coupled driving wheels and six trailing wheels.
Other equivalent classifications are:
UIC classification: 2D3 (also known as German classification and Italian classification)
French classification: 243
Turkish classification: 49
Swiss classification: 4/9
This wheel arrangement was proposed by Lima Locomotive Works in 1949 as a continuation of their "Super Power" concept, essentially an expansion of the 4-8-4. A larger firebox similar to the ones on the 2-6-6-6 locomotives built by Lima would have been fitted, allowing for greater power at speed. Despite promotion by Lima, there is no firm evidence that an example of this type was ever built and no nickname was ever assigned to the arrangement. In 1949, few railroads were interested in new steam locomotives due to steady improvements in diesel-electric locomotives.
It is possible that CB&Q 4-8-4 5601 was experimentally equipped with a six-wheel trailing truck to allow use on branch lines with lighter rail, but the experiment was unsuccessful. Photographic evidence is said to have existed in the 1950s, but no photos are known to exist at present.
Despite there being no documented full size examples built, there have been some 4-8-6s built for model railroads.
Reference:
Bill Withuhn, "Did we scrap steam too soon?", in Trains, Vol. 34, No. 8, June 1974, pp. 36–47.
8,4-8-6
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thyroiditis
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Thyroiditis is the inflammation of the thyroid gland. The thyroid gland is located on the front of the neck below the laryngeal prominence, and makes hormones that control metabolism.
Signs and symptoms
There are many different signs and symptoms for thyroiditis, none of which are exclusively limited to this disease. Many of the signs imitate symptoms of other diseases, so thyroiditis can sometimes be difficult to diagnose. Common hypothyroid symptoms manifest when thyroid cell damage is slow and chronic, and may include fatigue, weight gain, feeling "fuzzy headed", depression, dry skin, and constipation. Other, rarer symptoms include swelling of the legs, vague aches and pains, decreased concentration and so on. When conditions become more severe, depending on the type of thyroiditis, one may start to see puffiness around the eyes, slowing of the heart rate, a drop in body temperature, or even incipient heart failure. On the other hand, if the thyroid cell damage is acute, the thyroid hormone within the gland leaks out into the bloodstream causing symptoms of thyrotoxicosis, which is similar to those of hyperthyroidism. These symptoms include weight loss, irritability, anxiety, insomnia, fast heart rate, and fatigue. Elevated levels of thyroid hormone in the bloodstream cause both conditions, but thyrotoxicosis is the term used with thyroiditis since the thyroid gland is not overactive, as in the case of hyperthyroidism.
Causes
Thyroiditis is generally caused by an immun
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear%20dimorphism
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Nuclear dimorphism is a term referred to the special characteristic of having two different kinds of nuclei in a cell. There are many differences between the types of nuclei. This feature is observed in protozoan ciliates, like Tetrahymena, and some foraminifera. Ciliates contain two nucleus types: a macronucleus that is primarily used to control metabolism, and a micronucleus which performs reproductive functions and generates the macronucleus. The compositions of the nuclear pore complexes help determine the properties of the macronucleus and micronucleus. Nuclear dimorphism is subject to complex epigenetic controls. Nuclear dimorphism is continuously being studied to understand exactly how the mechanism works and how it is beneficial to cells. Learning about nuclear dimorphism is beneficial to understanding old eukaryotic mechanisms that have been preserved within these unicellular organisms but did not evolve into multicellular eukaryotes.
Key components
The ciliated protozoan Tetrahymena is a useful research model for studying nuclear dimorphism; it maintains two distinct nuclear genomes, the micronucleus and the macronucleus. The macronucleus and micronucleus are located in the same cytoplasm, however, they are very different. The micronucleus genome contains five chromosomes that undergo mitosis during micronuclear division and meiosis during conjugation, which is the sexual division of the micronucleus. The macronuclear genome is broken down and catabolized once p
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colipase
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Colipase, abbreviated CLPS, is a protein co-enzyme required for optimal enzyme activity of pancreatic lipase. It is secreted by the pancreas in an inactive form, procolipase, which is activated in the intestinal lumen by trypsin. Its function is to prevent the inhibitory effect of bile salts on the lipase-catalyzed intraduodenal hydrolysis of dietary long-chain triglycerides.
In humans, the colipase protein is encoded by the CLPS gene.
Protein domain
Colipase is also a family of evolutionarily related proteins.
Colipase is a small protein cofactor needed by pancreatic lipase for efficient dietary lipid hydrolysis. Efficient absorption of dietary fats is dependent on the action of pancreatic triglyceride lipase. Colipase binds to the C-terminal, non-catalytic domain of lipase, thereby stabilising an active conformation and considerably increasing the hydrophobicity of its binding site. Structural studies of the complex and of colipase alone have revealed the functionality of its architecture.
Colipase is a small protein (12K) with five conserved disulphide bonds. Structural analogies have been recognised between a developmental protein (Dickkopf), the pancreatic lipase C-terminal domain, the N-terminal domains of lipoxygenases and the C-terminal domain of alpha-toxin. These non-catalytic domains in the latter enzymes are important for interaction with membrane. It has not been established if these domains are also involved in eventual protein cofactor binding as is the
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extreme%20pressure%20additive
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Extreme pressure additives, or EP additives, are additives for lubricants with a role to decrease wear of the parts of the gears exposed to very high pressures. They are also added to cutting fluids for machining of metals.
Extreme pressure additives are usually used in applications such as gearboxes, while antiwear additives are used with lighter load applications such as hydraulic and automotive engines.
Extreme pressure gear oils perform well over a range of temperatures, speeds and gear sizes to help prevent damage to the gears during starting and stopping of the engine. Unlike antiwear additives, extreme pressure additives are rarely used in motor oils. The sulfur or chlorine compounds contained in them can react with water and combustion byproducts, forming acids that facilitate corrosion of the engine parts and bearings.
Extreme pressure additives typically contain organic sulfur, phosphorus or chlorine compounds, including sulfur-phosphorus and sulfur-phosphorus-boron compounds, which chemically react with the metal surface under high pressure conditions. Under such conditions, small irregularities on the sliding surfaces cause localized flashes of high temperature (300-1000 °C), without significant increase of the average surface temperature. The chemical reaction between the additives and the surface is confined to this area.
The early extreme pressure additives were based on lead salts of fatty acids ("lead soaps"), "active sulfur" compounds (e.g. thiols and el
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bidirectional%20search
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Bidirectional search is a graph search algorithm that finds a shortest path from an initial vertex to a goal vertex in a directed graph. It runs two simultaneous searches: one forward from the initial state, and one backward from the goal, stopping when the two meet. The reason for this approach is that in many cases it is faster: for instance, in a simplified model of search problem complexity in which both searches expand a tree with branching factor b, and the distance from start to goal is d, each of the two searches has complexity O(bd/2) (in Big O notation), and the sum of these two search times is much less than the O(bd) complexity that would result from a single search from the beginning to the goal.
Andrew Goldberg and others explained the correct termination conditions for the bidirectional version of Dijkstra’s Algorithm.
As in A* search, bi-directional search can be guided by a heuristic estimate of the remaining distance to the goal (in the forward tree) or from the start (in the backward tree).
was the first one to design and implement a bi-directional heuristic search algorithm. Search trees emanating from the start and goal nodes failed to meet in the middle of the solution space. The BHFFA algorithm fixed this defect Champeaux (1977).
A solution found by the uni-directional A* algorithm using an admissible heuristic has a shortest path length; the same property holds for the BHFFA2 bidirectional heuristic version described in de Champeaux (1983). BHFFA
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%BCrthle%20cell%20neoplasm
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Hürthle cell neoplasm is a rare tumor of the thyroid, typically seen in women between the ages of 70 and 80 years old. When benign, it is called a Hürthle cell adenoma, and when malignant it is called a Hürthle cell carcinoma. Hürthle cell adenoma is characterized by a mass of benign Hürthle cells (Askanazy cells). Typically such a mass is removed because it is not easy to predict whether it will transform into the malignant counterpart of Hürthle cell carcinoma, which is a subtype of follicular thyroid cancer.
Histology
Hürthle cells are characterized as enlarged epithelial cells. These cells, when stained with hematoxylin-eosin show as pink. This is due to the abundant mitochondria and granular eosinophilic matter within the cells' cytoplasm. These cells are often found in the thyroid. The thyroid is a butterfly-shaped organ, responsible for producing various hormones for metabolism. These cells are often benign, but they can be malignant and metastasize. Hürthle cells are resistant to radiation, but can be treated using radioactive iodine treatment.
Diagnosis
This mass can be detected and removed before transformation and metastasis. The tumor is often detected by imaging such as ultrasound. The location and size of the tumor may cause pressure and pain to the patient. But often the tumor goes undetected. After detection, the mass is tested using an invasive fine-needle aspiration biopsy.
Hürthle cell adenoma is the benign analogue of Hürthle cell carcinoma. This adeno
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangweulu%20Wetlands
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The Bangweulu Wetlands is a wetland ecosystem adjacent to Lake Bangweulu in north-eastern Zambia. The area has been designated as one of the world's most important wetlands by the Ramsar Convention and an "Important Bird Area" by BirdLife International. African Parks began managing Bangweulu in partnership with Zambia's Department of National Parks and Wildlife with the establishment of the Bangweulu Wetland Management Board in 2008.
Overview
The Bangweulu Wetlands ecosystem was first described in the 1940s. Bangweulu, which means "where the water meets the sky", is located mostly within Zambia's Northern Province and recognized by the Ramsar Convention as one of the world's most important wetlands. The region has floodplains, seasonally flooded grasslands, woodlands, and permanent swamps fed by the Chambeshi, Luapula, Lukulu, and Lulimala rivers. The nonprofit conservation organization African Parks manages a area of the greater Bangweulu ecosystem.
Flora and fauna
The ecosystem has Cyperus papyrus, floating grasses, miombo woodland, and reeds that support large populations of crocodiles, fish, and water birds. Mammals include buffalo, Burchell's zebra, bushbuck, common tsessebe, elephants, hippopotamus, hyenas, jackals, oribi, reedbuck, roan and sable antelope, and sitatunga. Bangweulu has the only remaining significant population of the black lechwe; There were an estimated 36,600 reported in 2020. Millions of straw-coloured fruit bats migrate to Bangweulu's Mushitu s
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BQH
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BQH or bqh may refer to:
Black Queen hypothesis, a reductive evolution theory which seeks to explain how natural selection can drive gene loss
BQH, the IATA code for London Biggin Hill Airport, London, England
bqh, the ISO 639-3 code for Baima language, Sichuan and Gansu Province, China
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC%20model%20of%20flower%20development
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The ABC model of flower development is a scientific model of the process by which flowering plants produce a pattern of gene expression in meristems that leads to the appearance of an organ oriented towards sexual reproduction, a flower. There are three physiological developments that must occur in order for this to take place: firstly, the plant must pass from sexual immaturity into a sexually mature state (i.e. a transition towards flowering); secondly, the transformation of the apical meristem's function from a vegetative meristem into a floral meristem or inflorescence; and finally the growth of the flower's individual organs. The latter phase has been modelled using the ABC model, which aims to describe the biological basis of the process from the perspective of molecular and developmental genetics.
An external stimulus is required in order to trigger the differentiation of the meristem into a flower meristem. This stimulus will activate mitotic cell division in the apical meristem, particularly on its sides where new primordia are formed. This same stimulus will also cause the meristem to follow a developmental pattern that will lead to the growth of floral meristems as opposed to vegetative meristems. The main difference between these two types of meristem, apart from the obvious disparity between the objective organ, is the verticillate (or whorled) phyllotaxis, that is, the absence of stem elongation among the successive whorls or verticils of the primordium. These
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Needlestick%20injury
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A needlestick injury is the penetration of the skin by a hypodermic needle or other sharp object that has been in contact with blood, tissue or other body fluids before the exposure. Even though the acute physiological effects of a needlestick injury are generally negligible, these injuries can lead to transmission of blood-borne diseases, placing those exposed at increased risk of infection from disease-causing pathogens, such as the hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Among healthcare workers and laboratory personnel worldwide, more than 25 blood-borne virus infections have been reported to have been caused by needlestick injuries. In addition to needlestick injuries, transmission of these viruses can also occur as a result of contamination of the mucous membranes, such as those of the eyes, with blood or body fluids, but needlestick injuries make up more than 80% of all percutaneous exposure incidents in the United States. Various other occupations are also at increased risk of needlestick injury, including law enforcement, laborers, tattoo artists, food preparers, and agricultural workers.
Increasing recognition of the unique occupational hazard posed by needlestick injuries, as well as the development of efficacious interventions to minimize the largely preventable occupational risk, encouraged legislative regulation in the US, causing a decline in needlestick injuries among healthcare workers.
Health effects
Whil
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal%20College%20of%20Surgeons
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The Royal College of Surgeons is an ancient college (a form of corporation) established in England to regulate the activity of surgeons. Derivative organisations survive in many present and former members of the Commonwealth. These organisations are now also responsible for training surgeons and setting their examinations.
History
The earliest form of the Royal College of Surgeons was the "Guild of Surgeons Within the City of London" founded in the 14th century. There was dispute between the surgeons and barber surgeons until an agreement was signed between them in 1493, giving the fellowship of surgeons the power of incorporation. The Guild of Barbers of Dublin received a Royal Charter of Henry VI in 1446, making it the earliest Royal Medical incorporation in Britain or Ireland. This was followed in 1505 by the incorporation of the Barber Surgeons of Edinburgh as a Craft Guild of Edinburgh. This body was granted a royal charter in 1506 by King James IV of Scotland. It was followed by the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Glasgow, granted a charter by King by James VI in 1599, as the Glasgow Faculty.
The union in London was formalised further in 1540 by King Henry VIII of England between the Worshipful Company of Barbers (incorporated 1462) and the Guild of Surgeons to form the Company of Barber-Surgeons. In 1745 the surgeons broke away from the barbers to form the Company of Surgeons. In 1800 the Company was granted a Royal Charter to become the Royal College of
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seismicity%20of%20the%20Sanriku%20coast
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The seismicity of the Sanriku coast identifies and describes the seismic activity of an area of Japan. Seismicity refers to the frequency, type and size of earthquakes experienced over a period of time. The is a descriptive term referring to the coastal areas of the former provinces of Rikuō in Aomori, Rikuchū in Aomori, and Rikuzen in Miyagi.
The irregular ria coastline and its many bays tend to amplify the destructiveness of tsunami waves which reach the shores of Sanriku, as demonstrated in the damage caused by the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami.
History
The Sanriku coast has a well-documented history of significant seismic activity. A major earthquake in the 19th century caused more than 20,000 deaths, and another in the 20th century caused thousands more. The recurrence of major seismic activity continues in the 21st century.
Ancient
There is geological evidence of six catastrophic tsunamis hitting the Sanriku coast within 6000 years. Among them are:
A catastrophic tsunami about 5400–6000 years ago, predating the Towada eruption.
A catastrophic tsunami about 2000 years ago.
869 AD, Jogan earthquake and tsunami.
1611 AD, Keicho Sanriku earthquake.
19th century
Some 22,000 people were killed in the Meiji Sanriku earthquake of 1896. Most of the deaths were caused by tsunami. The disaster struck at 7:32pm on the afternoon of June 15. The epicenter was determined to have been located at 39.5 Latitude/140.6 Longitude, and the earthquake had an estimated magn
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low%20IF%20receiver
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In a low-IF receiver, the RF signal is mixed down to a non-zero low or moderate intermediate frequency, typically a few megahertz (instead of 33–40 MHz) for TV, and even lower frequencies (typically 120–130 kHz instead of 10.7–10.8 MHz or 13.45 MHz) in the case of FM radio band receivers or (455–470 kHz for) AM (MW/LW/SW) receivers. Low-IF receiver topologies have many of the desirable properties of zero-IF architectures, but avoid the DC offset and 1/f noise problems.
The use of a non-zero IF re-introduces the image issue. However, when there are relatively relaxed image and neighbouring channel rejection requirements they can be satisfied by carefully designed low-IF receivers. Image signal and unwanted blockers can be rejected by quadrature down-conversion (complex mixing) and subsequent filtering.
This technique is now widely used in the tiny FM receivers incorporated into MP3 players and mobile phones and is becoming commonplace in both analog and digital TV receiver designs. Using advanced analog- and digital signal processing techniques, cheap, high quality receivers using no resonant circuits at all are now possible.
Communication circuits
Radio electronics
Receiver (radio)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epson%20Robots
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EPSON Robots is the robotics design and manufacturing department of Japanese corporation Seiko Epson, the brand-name watch and computer printer producer.
Epson started the production of robots in 1980. Epson manufactures Cartesian, SCARA and 6-axis industrial robots for factory automation. Cleanroom and ESD compliant models are available.
They offer PC-based controllers and integrated vision systems utilizing Epson's own vision processing technology.
Epson has a 30-year heritage and there are more than 30,000 Epson robots installed in manufacturing industries around the world.
Epson uses a standardized PC-based controller for 6-axis robots, SCARA, and Linear Module needs. A move that simplifies support and reduces learning time.
Epson SCARA Robots
Epson offers four different lines of SCARA robots including the T-Series, G-Series, RS-Series, and LS-Series . The performance and features offered for each series of robot is determined by the intended purpose and needs of the robot. The T- Series robot is a high performance alternative to slide robots for pick-and-place operations. The G-Series offers a wide variety of robots in regards to the size, arm design, payload application, and more. The RS-Series offers two SCARA robots that are mounted from above and have the ability to move the second axis under the first axis. The LS-Series features several low cost and high performance robots that come in a variety of sizes.
References
External links
Official website
Robotics
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Branched-chain%20amino%20acid
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A branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) is an amino acid having an aliphatic side-chain with a branch (a central carbon atom bound to three or more carbon atoms). Among the proteinogenic amino acids, there are three BCAAs: leucine, isoleucine, and valine. Non-proteinogenic BCAAs include 2-aminoisobutyric acid and alloisoleucine.
The three proteinogenic BCAAs are among the twelve essential amino acids for humans, accounting for 35% of the essential amino acids in muscle proteins and 40% of the preformed amino acids required by mammals. Synthesis for BCAAs occurs in all locations of plants, within the plastids of the cell, as determined by presence of mRNAs which encode for enzymes in the metabolic pathway.
BCAAs fill several metabolic and physiologic roles. Metabolically, BCAAs promote protein synthesis and turnover, signaling pathways, and metabolism of glucose. Oxidation of BCAAs may increase fatty acid oxidation and play a role in obesity. Physiologically, BCAAs take on roles in the immune system and in brain function. BCAAs are broken down effectively by dehydrogenase and decarboxylase enzymes expressed by immune cells, and are required for lymphocyte growth and proliferation and cytotoxic T lymphocyte activity. Lastly, BCAAs share the same transport protein into the brain with aromatic amino acids (Trp, Tyr, and Phe). Once in the brain BCAAs may have a role in protein synthesis, synthesis of neurotransmitters, and production of energy.
Requirements
The Food and Nutrition
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biotinidase%20deficiency
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Biotinidase deficiency is an autosomal recessive metabolic disorder in which biotin is not released from proteins in the diet during digestion or from normal protein turnover in the cell. This situation results in biotin deficiency.
Biotin is an important water-soluble nutrient that aids in the metabolism of fats, carbohydrates, and proteins. Biotin deficiency can result in behavioral disorders, lack of coordination, learning disabilities and seizures. Biotin supplementation can alleviate and sometimes totally stop such symptoms.
Signs and symptoms
Signs and symptoms of a biotinidase deficiency (BTD) can appear several days after birth. These include seizures, hypotonia and muscle/limb weakness, ataxia, paresis, hearing loss, optic atrophy, skin rashes (including seborrheic dermatitis and psoriasis), and alopecia. If left untreated, the disorder can rapidly lead to coma and death.
Neonates with BTD may not exhibit any signs, and symptoms typically appear after the first few weeks or months of life. If left untreated, around 70% of infants with BTD will experience seizures (staring spells, jerking limb movements, stiffness, flickering eyelids), which often acts as the first symptom of BTD. Infants with BTD may also have weak muscles and hypotonia; this may cause infants to appear abnormally "floppy" and have affected feeding and motor skills. BTD may result in developmental delays, vision or hearing problems, eye infections, alopecia, and eczema. The urine of infants with
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilly%20Hicks
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Hilly Gene Hicks Sr. is an American character actor.
Early life
Hicks was born in Los Angeles, California.
Biography
The role for which Hicks is perhaps best known is Lewis Harvey (the younger son of Alex Haley's second great-grandfather Chicken George) in the TV mini-series Roots. He appeared in the programs Adam-12, The Rookies, The Bill Cosby Show, Night Gallery, Hill Street Blues, M*A*S*H (appearing twice; once as a soldier trying to steal penicillin and again as an Army medic), Roll Out! (a short-lived sitcom created by M*A*S*H producers Larry Gelbart & Gene Reynolds), the TV movie Friendly Fire, the theatrical movies Gray Lady Down and Raise the Titanic. Hicks appeared in the Barnaby Jones episode titled "Dangerous Summer" (02/11/1975). He starred as Robbie Robertson in the 1977 television movie pilot for the CBS series The Amazing Spider-Man, and did voicework in Hanna Barbera's 1970s Godzilla TV cartoon. He also played Brent in the period film and mini-series Louisiana.
Hicks has been pastor of New Beginnings United Methodist Church North Campus (July 2013 to June 2015) in San Bernardino, California; Emmanuel United Methodist Church (July 2010 to June 2015) in San Bernardino, California; and Crenshaw United Methodist Church (July 2008 to June 2010) in Inglewood, California.
Hicks is the father of playwright Hilly Hicks, Jr.
References
External links
Crenshaw United Methodist Church
Clip of Hilly Hicks Auditioning for Chicago's PM Magazine
Living people
Af
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dry%20Cell%20%28band%29
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Dry Cell was an American rock band formed in 1998 in California, United States, known in earlier stages as Impúr. They are best known for their song "Body Crumbles", which was featured in numerous third party media, such as the Queen of the Damned soundtrack and Madden NFL 2003. They're also known for the song "Slip Away" which was featured in Freekstyle. The band released one studio album, Disconnected, in 2002.
History
Early years (1998–2001)
Guitarist Danny Hartwell and drummer Brandon Brown met in 1998 at a Ratt Show on the Sunset Strip. The pair later added bassist Judd Gruenbaum and began playing under the name Beyond Control.
Beyond Control soon earned the attention of Warner Brothers A&R executive Jeff Blue, responsible for discovering Linkin Park. Blue signed the band to a development deal, found a new lead singer in Jeff Gutt from Detroit and renamed the group Impúr.
Blue described the band as "Like Metallica meets Incubus meets Linkin Park but heavier. No DJing, no rapping, very melodic and the kids are just phenomenal musicians".
While known as Impúr the song Body Crumbles was featured on Rob Zombie's sampler disc Calling All Maniacs which circulated with his 2001 release titled The Sinister Urge.
Disconnected (2002–2003)
After being signed to Warner Bros. Records, the band went to work recording their debut album titled Disconnected. The 12-track album was due to be released on July 16, 2002. It was later pushed back to August 27, 2002. In the end, one of
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quartz-porphyry
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Quartz-porphyry, in layman's terms, is a type of volcanic (igneous) rock containing large porphyritic crystals of quartz. These rocks are classified as hemi-crystalline acid rocks.
Structure
The quartz crystals exist in a fine-grained matrix, usually of micro-crystalline or felsitic structure. In specimens, the quartz appears as small rounded, clear, greyish, vitreous blebs, which are crystals, double hexagonal pyramids, with their edges and corners rounded by resorption or corrosion. Under the microscope they are often seen to contain rounded enclosures of the ground-mass or fluid cavities, which are frequently negative crystals with regular outlines resembling those of perfect quartz crystals. Many of the latter contain liquid carbonic acid and a bubble of gas that may exhibit vibratile motion under high magnifying powers.
Variants
In addition to quartz there are usually phenocrysts of feldspar, mostly orthoclase, though a varying amount of plagioclase is often present. The feldspars are usually full and cloudy from the formation of secondary kaolin and muscovite throughout their substance. Their crystals are larger than those of quartz and sometimes attain a length of two inches. Not uncommonly scales of biotite are visible in the specimens, being hexagonal plates, which may be weathered into a mixture of chlorite and epidote.
Common minerals
Apatite, magnetite, and zircon, all in small but frequently perfect crystals, are almost universal minerals of the quartz-por
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop%E2%80%93Cannings%20theorem
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The Bishop–Cannings theorem is a theorem in evolutionary game theory. It states that (i) all members of a mixed evolutionarily stable strategy (ESS) have the same payoff (Theorem 2), and (ii) that none of these can also be a pure ESS (from their Theorem 3). The usefulness of the results comes from the fact that they can be used to directly find ESSes algebraically, rather than simulating the game and solving it by iteration.
The logic of (i) also applies to Nash equilibria (all strategies in the support of a mixed strategy receive the same payoff).
The theorem was formulated by Tim Bishop and Chris Cannings at Sheffield University, who published it in 1978.
A review is given by John Maynard Smith in Evolution and the Theory of Games, with proof in the appendix.
Notes
Evolutionary game theory
Biological theorems
Economics theorems
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy%E2%80%93momentum
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Energy–momentum may refer to:
Four-momentum
Stress–energy tensor
Energy–momentum relation
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nabesite
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Nabesite is a rare silicate mineral of the zeolite group with the chemical formula Na2BeSi4O10·4(H2O). It occurs as colorless to white orthorhombic crystals in thin platy mica like sheets. It has the zeolite structure. Its Mohs hardness is 5 to 6 and its specific gravity is 2.16. The reported refractive index values are nα=1.499, nβ=1.507, and nγ=1.511.
It was discovered in the Ilimaussaq intrusive complex, of southwest Greenland, and first recognized in 2000. It occurs in tugtupite-bearing albitite, a rare highly alkaline igneous rock.
References
Webmineral.com data
Mindat.org
External links
Structure type NAB
Sodium minerals
Beryllium minerals
Zeolites
Orthorhombic minerals
Minerals in space group 19
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SmartEiffel
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SmartEiffel was the GNU free Eiffel compiler, provided with associated tools, libraries and classes. GNU has continued to support a free license Eiffel via a new project, LibertyEiffel. The compiler translates Eiffel code either to ANSI C or Java bytecode. Hence it can be used to write programs that run on virtually any platform for which an ANSI C compiler or a Java virtual machine exist.
SmartEiffel was developed at the Lorraine Laboratory of Research in Information Technology and its Applications (LORIA), an institute affiliated to the French National Institute for Research in Computer Science and Control (INRIA), on the campus of Nancy-Université in Lorraine. SmartEiffel has seen wide use in academia.
History
The project was initiated in 1994 by the French researcher Dominique Colnet. The compiler was then called SmallEiffel, in reference to the Smalltalk language. In 1995, the compiler was able to compile itself for the first time. In 1998, on the occasion of a visit to LORIA by Richard Stallman, the project became part of the GNU Project. In December 2002, the project was renamed SmartEiffel and reached version 1.0. In September 2004, SmartEiffel reached version 2.0.
In May 2005, after divergences with the working group for the normalization of the Eiffel language, the SmartEiffel project announced that they would not implement the ECMA TC39-TG4 norm.
By version 2.2 (2006), the project had reportedly announced via its wiki, "we, the SmartEiffel project, consider t
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regular%20singular%20point
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In mathematics, in the theory of ordinary differential equations in the complex plane , the points of are classified into ordinary points, at which the equation's coefficients are analytic functions, and singular points, at which some coefficient has a singularity. Then amongst singular points, an important distinction is made between a regular singular point, where the growth of solutions is bounded (in any small sector) by an algebraic function, and an irregular singular point, where the full solution set requires functions with higher growth rates. This distinction occurs, for example, between the hypergeometric equation, with three regular singular points, and the Bessel equation which is in a sense a limiting case, but where the analytic properties are substantially different.
Formal definitions
More precisely, consider an ordinary linear differential equation of -th order
with meromorphic functions.
The equation should be studied on the Riemann sphere to include the point at infinity as a possible singular point. A Möbius transformation may be applied to move ∞ into the finite part of the complex plane if required, see example on Bessel differential equation below.
Then the Frobenius method based on the indicial equation may be applied to find possible solutions that are power series times complex powers near any given in the complex plane where need not be an integer; this function may exist, therefore, only thanks to a branch cut extending out from , or on a
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francesco%20Paolo%20Cantelli
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Francesco Paolo Cantelli (20 December 187521 July 1966) was an Italian mathematician. He made contributions to celestial mechanics, probability theory, and actuarial science.
Biography
Cantelli was born in Palermo. He received his doctorate in mathematics in 1899 from the University of Palermo with a thesis on celestial mechanics and continued his interest in astronomy by working until 1903 at Palermo Astronomical Observatory (osservatorio astronomico cittadino), which was under the direction of Annibale Riccò. Cantelli's early papers were on problems in astronomy and celestial mechanics.
From 1903 to 1923 Cantelli worked at the Istituto di Previdenza della Cassa Depositi e Prestiti (Pension Fund for the Government Deposits and Loans Bank). During these years he did research on the mathematics of finance theory and actuarial science, as well as the probability theory. Cantelli's later work was all on probability theory. Borel–Cantelli lemma, Cantelli's inequality and the Glivenko–Cantelli theorem are result of his work in this field. In 1916–1917 he made contributions to the theory of stochastic convergence. In 1923 he resigned his actuarial position when he was appointed professor of actuarial mathematics at the University of Catania. From there, he went to the University of Naples, where he worked as a professor and then in 1931 to the Sapienza University of Rome where he remained until his retirement in 1951. He died in Rome.
Cantelli made fundamental contributions t
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean%20Brachet
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Jean Louis Auguste Brachet (19 March 1909 – 10 August 1988) was a Belgian biochemist who made a key contribution in understanding the role of RNA.
Life
Brachet was born in Etterbeek near Brussels in Belgium, the son of Albert Brachet, an eminent embryologist.
He was educated at L'École alsacienne in Paris and the Royal Athenaeum of Ixelles in Brussels. He studied medicine at the , graduating in 1934. He then worked at the University of Cambridge and at Princeton University and at several institutes of marine biological research.
Brachet was appointed Professor of Animal Morphology and General Biology at the ('Free University of Brussels', the institution operating between 1834 and 1969) and Research Director of the International Laboratory for Genetics and Biophysics in Naples.
In 1933 Brachet was able to show that DNA was found in chromosomes and that RNA was present in the cytoplasm of all cells. His work with Torbjörn Caspersson showed that RNA plays an active role in protein synthesis. Brachet also carried out pioneering work in the field of cell differentiation. Brachet demonstrated that differentiation is preceded by the formation of new ribosomes and accompanied by the release from the nucleus of a wave of new messenger RNA.
In 1934 he married Françoise de Baray. In 2004, his daughter Lise Brachet published a biography of her father.
In 1948 Jean Brachet was awarded the Francqui Prize for Biological and Medical Sciences and in 1953 he received the Albert Brach
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hexamethonium
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Hexamethonium is a non-depolarising ganglionic blocker, a neuronal nicotinic (nAChR) receptor antagonist that acts in autonomic ganglia by binding mostly in or on the nAChR receptor, and not the acetylcholine binding site itself. It does not have any effect on the muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChR) located on target organs of the parasympathetic nervous system, nor on the nicotinic receptors at the skeletal neuromuscular junction, but acts as antagonist at the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors located in sympathetic and parasympathetic ganglia (nAChR).
Pharmacology
By blocking the neuronal nicotinic receptors in autonomic ganglia, which are necessary for transmission in all autonomic ganglia, both the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems are inhibited. Its action on the neuronal nicotinic receptors is primarily through the block of the ion pore, rather than through competition with the binding site for acetylcholine.
Postganglionic sympathetic systems are usually regulated by norepinephrine (noradrenaline) (adrenergic receptors), whereas parasympathetic systems are acetylcholine-based, and instead rely on muscarinic receptors (some post-ganglionic sympathetic neurons, such as those stimulating sweat glands, release acetylcholine).
The organ system and adverse effects of ganglion blockers are due to the parasympathetic and sympathetic stimuli blockage at preganglionic sites. Side-effects include combined sympatholytic (e.g., orthostatic hypotension a
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point%20accepted%20mutation
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A point accepted mutation — also known as a PAM — is the replacement of a single amino acid in the primary structure of a protein with another single amino acid, which is accepted by the processes of natural selection. This definition does not include all point mutations in the DNA of an organism. In particular, silent mutations are not point accepted mutations, nor are mutations that are lethal or that are rejected by natural selection in other ways.
A PAM matrix is a matrix where each column and row represents one of the twenty standard amino acids. In bioinformatics, PAM matrices are sometimes used as substitution matrices to score sequence alignments for proteins. Each entry in a PAM matrix indicates the likelihood of the amino acid of that row being replaced with the amino acid of that column through a series of one or more point accepted mutations during a specified evolutionary interval, rather than these two amino acids being aligned due to chance. Different PAM matrices correspond to different lengths of time in the evolution of the protein sequence.
Biological background
The genetic instructions of every replicating cell in a living organism are contained within its DNA. Throughout the cell's lifetime, this information is transcribed and replicated by cellular mechanisms to produce proteins or to provide instructions for daughter cells during cell division, and the possibility exists that the DNA may be altered during these processes. This is known as a mutation.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smoluchowski%20coagulation%20equation
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In statistical physics, the Smoluchowski coagulation equation is a population balance equation introduced by Marian Smoluchowski in a seminal 1916 publication, describing the time evolution of the number density of particles as they coagulate (in this context "clumping together") to size x at time t.
Simultaneous coagulation (or aggregation) is encountered in processes involving polymerization, coalescence of aerosols, emulsication, flocculation.
Equation
The distribution of particle size changes in time according to the interrelation of all particles of the system. Therefore, the Smoluchowski coagulation equation is an integrodifferential equation of the particle-size distribution. In the case when the sizes of the coagulated particles are continuous variables, the equation involves an integral:
If dy is interpreted as a discrete measure, i.e. when particles join in discrete sizes, then the discrete form of the equation is a summation:
There exists a unique solution for a chosen kernel function.
Coagulation kernel
The operator, K, is known as the coagulation kernel and describes the rate at which particles of size coagulate with particles of size . Analytic solutions to the equation exist when the kernel takes one of three simple forms:
known as the constant, additive, and multiplicative kernels respectively. For the case it could be mathematically proven that the solution of Smoluchowski coagulation equations have asymptotically the dynamic scaling prope
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keratosis
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Keratosis (from kerat- + -osis) is a growth of keratin on the skin or on mucous membranes stemming from keratinocytes, the prominent cell type in the epidermis. More specifically, it can refer to:
actinic keratosis (also known as solar keratosis), a premalignant condition
chronic scar keratosis
hydrocarbon keratosis
keratosis pilaris (KP, also known as follicular keratosis)
seborrheic keratosis, not premalignant
See also
Folliculitis
Keratoderma
References
External links
Dermatologic terminology
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KLA%20Corporation
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KLA Corporation is an American capital equipment company based in Milpitas, California. It supplies process control and yield management systems for the semiconductor industry and other related nanoelectronics industries. The company's products and services are intended for all phases of wafer, reticle, integrated circuit (IC) and packaging production, from research and development to final volume manufacturing.
History
KLA-Tencor was formed in 1997 through the merger of KLA Instruments and Tencor Instruments, two companies in the semiconductor equipment and yield management systems industry. The merger was intended to create a single source for chip process and diagnostics equipment. KLA Instruments was founded in 1975 by Ken Levy and Bob Anderson, and focused on photomask detection to identify chip defects. KLA later broadened its product line to include wafer inspection, wafer metrology and integrated inspection and analysis software. Tencor was founded in 1976 by Czech scientist and US immigrant Karel Urbanek, along with colleague John Schwabacher. The company initially focused on making precise measurements of semiconductor film layer thickness, and in 1984, developed laser-scanning technology to detect particle and other contamination. The company also developed defect review and data analysis equipment. At the time of the merger, the companies' combined revenue was greater than $1 billion.
In February 1998, KLA-Tencor acquired Freiburg, Germany-based Nanopro GmbH, a
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cauchy%20formula%20for%20repeated%20integration
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The Cauchy formula for repeated integration, named after Augustin-Louis Cauchy, allows one to compress n antiderivatives of a function into a single integral (cf. Cauchy's formula).
Scalar case
Let f be a continuous function on the real line. Then the nth repeated integral of f with base-point a,
is given by single integration
Proof
A proof is given by induction. The base case with n=1 is trivial, since it is equivalent to:
Now, suppose this is true for n, and let us prove it for n+1. Firstly, using the Leibniz integral rule, note that
Then, applying the induction hypothesis,
It has been shown that this statement holds true for the base case .
If the statement is true for , then it has been shown that the statement holds true for .
Thus this statement has been proven true for all positive integers.
This completes the proof.
Generalizations and applications
The Cauchy formula is generalized to non-integer parameters by the Riemann-Liouville integral, where is replaced by , and the factorial is replaced by the gamma function. The two formulas agree when .
Both the Cauchy formula and the Riemann-Liouville integral are generalized to arbitrary dimension by the Riesz potential.
In fractional calculus, these formulae can be used to construct a differintegral, allowing one to differentiate or integrate a fractional number of times. Differentiating a fractional number of times can be accomplished by fractional integration, then differentiating the result.
References
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smooth%20vector
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Smooth vector may refer to:
Smooth vector for a strongly continuous group action; see group action
Smooth vector field on a differentiable manifold; see tangent space
A smooth vector in a representation is a vector such that the action at the vector is a smooth function.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lan
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Lan or LAN may also refer to:
Science and technology
Local asymptotic normality, a fundamental property of regular models in statistics
Longitude of the ascending node, one of the orbital elements used to specify the orbit of an object in space
Łan, unit of measurement in Poland
Local area network, a computer network that interconnects within a limited area such as one or more buildings
Lan blood group system, a human blood group
Places
Lancashire (Chapman code), England
Lancaster railway station (National Rail station code), England
Capital Region International Airport (IATA airport code), Lansing, Michigan, US
Lan County, Shanxi, China
Łan, Lublin Voivodeship, Poland
Lan (river), Belarus
Llan (placename), a placename element known in Breton as lan
Airlines
LAN Airlines, former name of LATAM Chile, an airline in Chile, with a stake in other airlines:
LAN Peru, an airline based in Peru
LAN Ecuador, an airline based in Quito, Ecuador
LAN Argentina, a defunct Argentine airline
LAN Dominicana, a defunct Dominican airline
LAN Colombia, an airline based in Bogotá, Colombia
Arts
Lan (film), a 2009 Chinese film
Lan Mandragoran, a fictional character from Robert Jordan's The Wheel of Time series
Lan Hikari, protagonist of the Mega Man: Battle Network series of video games and animated television shows
People
Lan (surname 蓝), a Chinese surname
Lan (surname 兰), a Chinese surname
Lan (given name), a given name (including a list of people with the name)
La
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6del%27s%20theorem
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Gödel's theorem may refer to any of several theorems developed by the mathematician Kurt Gödel:
Gödel's incompleteness theorems
Gödel's completeness theorem
Gödel's speed-up theorem
See also
Gödel's ontological proof
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxwell%20stress%20tensor
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The Maxwell stress tensor (named after James Clerk Maxwell) is a symmetric second-order tensor used in classical electromagnetism to represent the interaction between electromagnetic forces and mechanical momentum. In simple situations, such as a point charge moving freely in a homogeneous magnetic field, it is easy to calculate the forces on the charge from the Lorentz force law. When the situation becomes more complicated, this ordinary procedure can become impractically difficult, with equations spanning multiple lines. It is therefore convenient to collect many of these terms in the Maxwell stress tensor, and to use tensor arithmetic to find the answer to the problem at hand.
In the relativistic formulation of electromagnetism, the Maxwell's tensor appears as a part of the electromagnetic stress–energy tensor which is the electromagnetic component of the total stress–energy tensor. The latter describes the density and flux of energy and momentum in spacetime.
Motivation
As outlined below, the electromagnetic force is written in terms of and . Using vector calculus and Maxwell's equations, symmetry is sought for in the terms containing and , and introducing the Maxwell stress tensor simplifies the result.
in the above relation for conservation of momentum, is the momentum flux density and plays a role similar to in Poynting's theorem.
The above derivation assumes complete knowledge of both and (both free and bounded charges and currents). For the case of nonline
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encephalocele
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Encephalocele is a neural tube defect characterized by sac-like protrusions of the brain and the membranes that cover it through openings in the skull. These defects are caused by failure of the neural tube to close completely during fetal development. Encephaloceles cause a groove down the middle of the skull, or between the forehead and nose, or on the back side of the skull. The severity of encephalocele varies, depending on its location.
Signs and symptoms
Encephaloceles are often accompanied by craniofacial abnormalities or other brain malformations. Symptoms may include neurologic problems, hydrocephalus (cerebrospinal fluid accumulated in the brain), spastic quadriplegia (paralysis of the limbs), microcephaly (an abnormally small head), ataxia (uncoordinated muscle movement), developmental delay, vision problems, mental and growth retardation, and seizures.
Causes
Since its earliest cited case in the 16th century, many generations of scientists have attempted to explain the cause. Little has been revealed in the centuries to follow. Although the exact cause is unknown, encephaloceles are caused by failure of the neural tube to close completely during fetal development. Both environmental and genetic factors have been seen to contribute to the cause of encephaloceles. Some studies have revealed a higher occurrence in female embryos, suggesting a genetic cause. Research has indicated that teratogens (substances known to cause birth defects), trypan blue (a stain used
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%28613100%29%202005%20TN74
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(also written 2005 TN74) is a trans-Neptunian object (TNO) in a 3:5 resonance with Neptune. It was discovered by Scott S. Sheppard and Chadwick A. Trujillo in 2005.
It was initially suspected of being a Neptune trojan since the first observations gave it a semi-major axis of 30 AU and an orbital eccentricity of 0.16, but further observations showed it to have a semi-major axis of 42.7 AU, a perihelion of 32.1 AU, and an aphelion of 53.4 AU.
With an absolute magnitude of 7.2, it has an expected diameter in the range of 85 to 240 km.
It has been observed 19 times over four oppositions.
References
External links
613100
613100
613100
20051008
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network%20flow%20problem
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In combinatorial optimization, network flow problems are a class of computational problems in which the input is a flow network (a graph with numerical capacities on its edges), and the goal is to construct a flow, numerical values on each edge that respect the capacity constraints and that have incoming flow equal to outgoing flow at all vertices except for certain designated terminals.
Specific types of network flow problems include:
The maximum flow problem, in which the goal is to maximize the total amount of flow out of the source terminals and into the sink terminals
The minimum-cost flow problem, in which the edges have costs as well as capacities and the goal is to achieve a given amount of flow (or a maximum flow) that has the minimum possible cost
The multi-commodity flow problem, in which one must construct multiple flows for different commodities whose total flow amounts together respect the capacities
Nowhere-zero flow, a type of flow studied in combinatorics in which the flow amounts are restricted to a finite set of nonzero values
The max-flow min-cut theorem equates the value of a maximum flow to the value of a minimum cut, a partition of the vertices of the flow network that minimizes the total capacity of edges crossing from one side of the partition to the other. Approximate max-flow min-cut theorems provide an extension of this result to multi-commodity flow problems. The Gomory–Hu tree of an undirected flow network provides a concise representation of a
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integral%20symbol
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The integral symbol:
is used to denote integrals and antiderivatives in mathematics, especially in calculus.
History
The notation was introduced by the German mathematician Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz in 1675 in his private writings; it first appeared publicly in the article "" (On a hidden geometry and analysis of indivisibles and infinites), published in Acta Eruditorum in June 1686. The symbol was based on the ſ (long s) character and was chosen because Leibniz thought of the integral as an infinite sum of infinitesimal summands.
Typography in Unicode and LaTeX
Fundamental symbol
The integral symbol is in Unicode and \int in LaTeX. In HTML, it is written as ∫ (hexadecimal), ∫ (decimal) and ∫ (named entity).
The original IBM PC code page 437 character set included a couple of characters ⌠ and ⌡ (codes 244 and 245 respectively) to build the integral symbol. These were deprecated in subsequent MS-DOS code pages, but they still remain in Unicode (U+2320 and U+2321 respectively) for compatibility.
The ∫ symbol is very similar to, but not to be confused with, the letter ʃ ("esh").
Extensions of the symbol
Related symbols include:
Typography in other languages
In other languages, the shape of the integral symbol differs slightly from the shape commonly seen in English-language textbooks. While the English integral symbol leans to the right, the German symbol (used throughout Central Europe) is upright, and the Russian variant leans slightly to the
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pure%20red%20cell%20aplasia
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Pure red cell aplasia (PRCA) or erythroblastopenia refers to a type of aplastic anemia affecting the precursors to red blood cells but usually not to white blood cells. In PRCA, the bone marrow ceases to produce red blood cells. There are multiple etiologies that can cause PRCA. The condition has been first described by Paul Kaznelson in 1922.
Signs and symptoms
Signs and symptoms may include:
Pale appearance
Rapid heart rate
Fatigue
Causes
Causes of PRCA include:
Treatment
PRCA is considered an autoimmune disease as it will respond to immunosuppressant treatment such as cyclosporin in many patients, though this approach is not without risk.
It has also been shown to respond to treatments with rituximab and tacrolimus.
See also
Diamond–Blackfan anemia (genetic red cell aplasia)
Aplastic anemia (aplasia affecting other bone marrow cells as well)
References
External links
Aplastic anemias
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosomal%20fragile%20site
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A chromosomal fragile site is a specific heritable point on a chromosome that tends to form a gap or constriction and may tend to break when the cell is exposed to partial replication stress. Based on their frequency, fragile sites are classified as "common" or "rare". To date, more than 120 fragile sites have been identified in the human genome.
Common fragile sites are considered part of normal chromosome structure and are present in all (or nearly all) individuals in a population. Under normal conditions, most common fragile sites are not prone to spontaneous breaks. Common fragile sites are of interest in cancer studies because they are frequently affected in cancer and they can be found in healthy individuals. Sites FRA3B (harboring the FHIT gene) and FRA16D (harboring the WWOX gene) are two well known examples and have been a major focus of research.
Rare fragile sites are found in less than 5% of the population, and are often composed of two- or three-nucleotide repeats. They are often susceptible to spontaneous breakage during replication, frequently affecting neighboring genes. Clinically, the most important rare fragile site is FRAXA in the FMR1 gene, which is associated with the fragile X syndrome, the most common cause of hereditary intellectual disability.
For a database of fragile sites in human chromosomes, see
Rare fragile sites
Classification
Rare fragile sites (RFSs) are classified into two sub-groups based on the compounds that elicit breakage: folat
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selectable%20marker
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A selectable marker is a gene introduced into a cell, especially a bacterium or to cells in culture, that confers a trait suitable for artificial selection. They are a type of reporter gene used in laboratory microbiology, molecular biology, and genetic engineering to indicate the success of a transfection or other procedure meant to introduce foreign DNA into a cell. Selectable markers are often antibiotic resistance genes (An antibiotic resistance marker is a gene that produces a protein that provides cells expressing this protein with resistance to an antibiotic.). Bacteria that have been subjected to a procedure to introduce foreign DNA are grown on a medium containing an antibiotic, and those bacterial colonies that can grow have successfully taken up and expressed the introduced genetic material.
Normally the genes encoding resistance to antibiotics such as ampicillin, chloramphenicol, tetracycline or kanamycin, etc., are considered useful selectable markers for E. coli.
Modus operandi
The non-recombinants are separated from recombinants; i.e., a r-DNA is introduced in bacteria, some bacteria are successfully transformed some remain non-transformed. When grown on medium containing ampicillin, bacteria die due to lack of ampicillin resistance. The position is later noted on nitrocellulose paper and separated out to move them to nutrient medium for mass production of required product.
An alternative to a selectable marker is a screenable marker which can also be denoted
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/18-Crown-6
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18-Crown-6 is an organic compound with the formula [C2H4O]6 and the IUPAC name of 1,4,7,10,13,16-hexaoxacyclooctadecane. It is a white, hygroscopic crystalline solid with a low melting point. Like other crown ethers, 18-crown-6 functions as a ligand for some metal cations with a particular affinity for potassium cations (binding constant in methanol: 106 M−1). The point group of 18-crown-6 is S6. The dipole moment of 18-crown-6 varies in different solvent and under different temperature. Under 25 °C, the dipole moment of 18-crown-6 is in cyclohexane and in benzene. The synthesis of the crown ethers led to the awarding of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry to Charles J. Pedersen.
Synthesis
This compound is prepared by a modified Williamson ether synthesis in the presence of a templating cation:(CH2OCH2CH2Cl)2 + (CH2OCH2CH2OH)2 + 2 KOH → (CH2CH2O)6 + 2 KCl + 2 H2O
It can be also prepared by the oligomerization of ethylene oxide. It can be purified by distillation, where its tendency to supercool becomes evident. 18-Crown-6 can also be purified by recrystallisation from hot acetonitrile. It initially forms an insoluble solvate. Rigorously dry material can be made by dissolving the compound in THF followed by the addition of NaK to give [K(18-crown-6)]Na, an alkalide salt.
Crystallographic analysis reveals a relatively flat molecule but one where the oxygen centres are not oriented in the idealized 6-fold symmetric geometry usually shown. The molecule undergoes
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qcow
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qcow is a file format for disk image files used by QEMU, a hosted virtual machine monitor. It stands for "QEMU Copy On Write" and uses a disk storage optimization strategy that delays allocation of storage until it is actually needed. Files in qcow format can contain a variety of disk images which are generally associated with specific guest operating systems. Three versions of the format exist: qcow, qcow2 and qcow3 which use the .qcow, .qcow2 and .qcow3 file extensions, respectively.
qemu-img command allows to inspect, check, create, convert, resize and take snapshot of qcow images. The e2fsprogs command e2image also has support for generating qcow2 files to avoid the use of sparse file support.
Features
One of the main characteristics of qcow disk images is that files with this format can grow as data is added. This allows for smaller file sizes than raw disk images, which allocate the whole image space to a file, even if parts of it are empty. This is particularly useful for file systems that do not support sparse files, such as FAT32.
The qcow format also allows storing changes made to a read-only base image on a separate qcow file by using copy on write. This new qcow file contains the path to the base image to be able to refer back to it when required. When a particular piece of data has to be read from this new image, the content is retrieved from it if it is new and was stored there; if it is not, the data is fetched from the base image.
Optional features includ
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox%20FM%20%28Melbourne%20radio%20station%29
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Fox FM (call sign: 3FOX) is a commercial FM radio station broadcasting in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, on a frequency of 101.9 MHz, and is the flagship station on Southern Cross Austereo's Hit Network. The station's transmitter is shared with the ATV-10 transmitter on top of Mount Dandenong.
History
Fox FM started life at 5PM on 1 August 1980. The station was put together by radio consultant and 1960s/1970s radio personality and programmer Rhett H. Walker, who also acted as first General Manager. This followed a successful stint for Walker as a consultant for Radio 3KZ in 1979. One of Fox FM's original advertising lines was 'Catch the Fox'. The original announcing team consisted of Mike Jeffries, John Aimes, Ralphe Rickman, Rod McNeil, Graham Braddy, Richard Combe, and overnight announcers Geoff Harrison, Noel Miller and Peter Acfield. In the newsroom were Pam Wilson, Gary McQuade and Michael Schilberger.
The first song to be played on air, George Benson's "Breezin'," was played at the wrong speed for a few bars by the station's first presenter, John Amies. Amies suggested this was due to repeated rehearsals of the station opening on instruction from studio manager Gary Collins, who was allegedly fussing around him in the studio right before the station went on air.
The first station studio equipment was a 16 channel Poul Kirk mixing desk, four cuemaster cart decks, JBL studio pro speakers and (then brand new) Technics turntables. Located in Nunawading, the studio was
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PQS%20%28software%29
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PQS is a general purpose quantum chemistry program. Its roots go back to the first ab initio gradient program developed in Professor Peter Pulay's group but now it is developed and distributed commercially by Parallel Quantum Solutions. There is a reduction in cost for academic users and a site license. Its strong points are geometry optimization, NMR chemical shift calculations, and large MP2 calculations, and high parallel efficiency on computing clusters. It includes many other capabilities including Density functional theory, the semiempirical methods, MINDO/3, MNDO, AM1 and PM3, Molecular mechanics using the SYBYL 5.0 Force Field, the quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics mixed method using the ONIOM method, natural bond orbital (NBO) analysis and COSMO solvation models. Recently, a highly efficient parallel CCSD(T) code for closed shell systems has been developed. This code includes many other post Hartree–Fock methods: MP2, MP3, MP4, CISD, CEPA, QCISD and so on.
History
The origin of PQS program was developed by Meyer and Pulay in the late 1960s. They both were at the Max-Planck Institute for Physics and Astrophysics in Munich when they began to write a new ab initio program. The main purpose was to establish new ab initio techniques. Pulay and Meyer had slightly different interests. Pulay was interested in implementing gradient geometry optimization, analytical energy derivatives (force), and force constant calculations via the numerical differentiation of analytica
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laser%20crystal
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Laser crystal may refer to:
Active laser medium, the source of optical gain within a laser
Bubblegram, a 3D image composed of points suspended in a medium, typically a plastic block
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic%20resonance%20cholangiopancreatography
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Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) is a medical imaging technique. It uses magnetic resonance imaging to visualize the biliary and pancreatic ducts non-invasively. This procedure can be used to determine whether gallstones are lodged in any of the ducts surrounding the gallbladder.
Uses
MRCP has been slowly replacing endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) as investigation of choice. MRCP is highly accurate in diagnosing the biliary system, pancreatic duct and accessing surrounding solid organs. Several advantages offered by MRCP is its non-invasive nature, less costly, requires less examination time when compared to ERCP (30 minutes), fewer staff required, and does not require any ionising radiation.
MRCP is used to diagnose gallstones. It can also diagnose choledochal cysts very reliably. Besides providing information regarding the biliary system, MRCP also provides information regarding surrounding solid organs and blood vessels, thus useful for planning the resection of pancreatic cancer and look for complications of primary sclerosing cholangitis such as liver cirrhosis and cholangiocarcinoma.
Technique
Subject is needed to fast for at least four hours to ensure the biliary system is maximally distended with fluid while keeping the fluid in the gastrointestinal system at a minimum. However, clear fluid and routine medication is allowed before the scan. Negative oral contrast such as pineapple juice, date syrup, ferumoxsil, Açaí juice an
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isodesmic%20crystal
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An isodesmic crystal is a crystal in which all the bonds have the same electrostatic valency. This means that all the bonds are of the same strength. Diamonds and halite have isodesmic crystals. The opposite of an isodesmic crystal is an anisodesmic crystal, in which anions more strongly bonded to central coordinating cation. Graphite is an example of an anisodesmic crystal.
References
Crystals
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear%20integrated%20circuit
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A linear integrated circuit or analog chip is a set of miniature electronic analog circuits formed on a single piece of semiconductor material.
Description
The voltage and current at specified points in the circuits of analog chips vary continuously over time. In contrast, digital chips only assign meaning to voltages or currents at discrete levels. In addition to transistors, analog chips often include a larger number of passive elements (capacitors, resistors, and inductors) than digital chips. Inductors tend to be avoided because of their large physical size, and difficulties incorporating them into monolithic semiconductor ICs. Certain circuits such as gyrators can often act as equivalents of inductors, while constructed only from transistors and capacitors.
Analog chips may also contain digital logic elements to replace some analog functions, or to allow the chip to communicate with a microprocessor. For this reason, and since logic is commonly implemented using CMOS technology, these chips typically use BiCMOS processes, as implemented by companies such as Freescale, Texas Instruments, STMicroelectronics, and others. This is known as "mixed signal processing", and allows a designer to incorporate more functions into a single chip. Some of the benefits of this mixed technology include load protection, reduced parts count, and higher reliability.
Purely analog chips in information processing have been mostly replaced with digital chips. Analog chips are still required
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domination%20analysis
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Domination analysis of an approximation algorithm is a way to estimate its performance, introduced by Glover and Punnen in 1997. Unlike the classical approximation ratio analysis, which compares the numerical quality of a calculated solution with that of an optimal solution, domination analysis involves examining the rank of the calculated solution in the sorted order of all possible solutions. In this style of analysis, an algorithm is said to have dominance number or domination number K, if there exists a subset of K different solutions to the problem among which the algorithm's output is the best. Domination analysis can also be expressed using a domination ratio, which is the fraction of the solution space that is no better than the given solution; this number always lies within the interval [0,1], with larger numbers indicating better solutions. Domination analysis is most commonly applied to problems for which the total number of possible solutions is known and for which exact solution is difficult.
For instance, in the Traveling salesman problem, there are (n-1)! possible solutions for a problem instance with n cities. If an algorithm can be shown to have dominance number close to (n-1)!, or equivalently to have domination ratio close to 1, then it can be taken as preferable to an algorithm with lower dominance number.
If it is possible to efficiently find random samples of a problem's solution space, as it is in the Traveling salesman problem, then it is straightfo
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morgan%20Quitno%20Press
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Morgan Quitno Press is a research and publishing company founded in 1989 and based in Lawrence, Kansas. The company compiled annual reference books of US state and city statistics. Its primary volumes included State Rankings, Health Care State Rankings, Education State Rankings, Crime State Rankings, City Crime Rankings, and State Trends. In 2007, Morgan Quitno Press was acquired by CQ Press, a division of Congressional Quarterly Inc. CQ Press later was acquired by Sage Publications which incorporated the Morgan Quitno statistics into its Sage Stats database.
Products
State Rankings – comprehensive livability of each State. Annual Most Livable State Award is given to No. 1 State in this ranking.
Health Care State Ranking – limited to and more detailed in health care. No. 1 State is awarded annual Healthiest State Award each year.
Crime State Rankings – limited to and more detailed in crime. Best State is awarded annual Safest State Award while worst State is tabbed as Most Dangerous State.
Education State Rankings – limited to and more detailed in K-12 education. Best State is awarded annual Smartest State Award.
City Crime Rankings – city and metro area version of Crime State Rankings mentioned above. Safest City, Safest Metro, Most Dangerous City, and Most Dangerous Metro are ranked based on the data on this rankings.
State Trends – shows trend of each State data. Most Improved State decided based on the data. Last edition was in 2007.
America's safest (most dangerous) c
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conjugate%20variables%20%28thermodynamics%29
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In thermodynamics, the internal energy of a system is expressed in terms of pairs of conjugate variables such as temperature and entropy, pressure and volume, or chemical potential and particle number. In fact, all thermodynamic potentials are expressed in terms of conjugate pairs. The product of two quantities that are conjugate has units of energy or sometimes power.
For a mechanical system, a small increment of energy is the product of a force times a small displacement. A similar situation exists in thermodynamics. An increment in the energy of a thermodynamic system can be expressed as the sum of the products of certain generalized "forces" that, when unbalanced, cause certain generalized "displacements", and the product of the two is the energy transferred as a result. These forces and their associated displacements are called conjugate variables. The thermodynamic force is always an intensive variable and the displacement is always an extensive variable, yielding an extensive energy transfer. The intensive (force) variable is the derivative of the internal energy with respect to the extensive (displacement) variable, while all other extensive variables are held constant.
The thermodynamic square can be used as a tool to recall and derive some of the thermodynamic potentials based on conjugate variables.
In the above description, the product of two conjugate variables yields an energy. In other words, the conjugate pairs are conjugate with respect to energy. In gener
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flying%20Rhino%20Junior%20High
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Flying Rhino Junior High is an Canadian-French animated television series produced by Neurones Animation, Nelvana Limited, and Scottish Television Enterprises. The show was originally aired from 3 October 1998 until 22 January 2000 on Teletoon in Canada. In the U.S., the show was aired on CBS (part of the CBS Kidshow block). On 2 February 2000, the show was cancelled.
Plot
The show revolves around four children: Billy O' Toole, Marcus Snarkis, Ruby Snarkis, and Lydia Lopez. The show's main antagonists are Earl P. Sidebottom (also known as The Phantom) and his rat sidekick, Ratticus. Earl is a boy genius who, sometime before the show's beginning, got a "D" grade in shop class and retreated to the school's sub-basement boiler room in shame. There, he built a supercomputer capable of altering reality, which he uses to cause chaos in the school as revenge, leaving the main group to stop him.
Characters
Ashley Brown as the voice of Billy O'Toole – An Irish-Canadian boy and the main protagonist of the show. He wears a red baseball cap with a "B" on it because he plays baseball. He dislikes taking baths because he thinks they are boring without his imagination.
Tracey Moore as the voice of Marcus Snarkis – a Black Canadian boy who is Billy's best friend and classmate. Marcus has a great knowledge of computers and carries around a mini-computer called a Megamind, which helps him solve problems. He is Ruby's younger brother.
Tracy Ryan as the voice of Ruby Snarkis – Marcus's older s
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudopeptidoglycan
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Pseudopeptidoglycan (also known as pseudomurein; PPG hereafter) is a major cell wall component of some Archaea that differs from bacterial peptidoglycan in chemical structure, but resembles bacterial peptidoglycan in function and physical structure. Pseudopeptidoglycan, in general, is only present in a few methanogenic archaea. The basic components are N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetyltalosaminuronic acid (bacterial peptidoglycan containing N-acetylmuramic acid instead), which are linked by β-1,3-glycosidic bonds.
Lysozyme, a host defense mechanism present in human secretions (e.g. saliva and tears) breaks β-1,4-glycosidic bonds to degrade peptidoglycan. However, because pseudopeptidoglycan has β-1,3-glycosidic bonds, lysozyme is ineffective. It was thought from these large differences in cell wall chemistry that archaeal cell walls and bacterial cell walls have not evolved from a common ancestor but are only the result of a convergent evolution, but recent structural work has revealed deeper homology.
No archaeal enzymes are known that cleave the β-1,3-glycosidic bonds in pseudopeptidoglycan, but it can be degraded by pseudomurein endoisopeptidase encoded by two prophages. The pseudomurein endoisopeptidases function by cleaving the peptide links between adjacent pseudopeptidoglycan strands.
Structure
Pseudopeptidoglycan is composed of two sugars, N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetyltalosaminuronic acid. These sugars are made of different amino acids, and the peptide cross-li
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PC532
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The PC532 was a "home-brew" microcomputer design created by George Scolaro and Dave Rand in 1989-1990, based on the National Semiconductor NS32532 microprocessor (a member of the NS320xx series). Full hardware documentation for the design, including schematics and PAL programming data, was made freely available, and a short run (around 200) of motherboard PCBs were produced for hobbyists to populate and assemble into fully functional systems.
Hardware specifications
PC/AT form-factor motherboard
NS32532 CPU and NS32381 FPU (25 MHz)
4 to 32 MB of RAM
National Semiconductor DP8490 SCSI host adapter
Adaptec AIC-6250 SCSI host adapter
Four SCN2861 DUARTs (providing 8 serial ports)
27256 32 kB firmware EPROM
Operating systems
The following operating systems were ported to the PC532:
MINIX A port of MINIX 1.3 to the PC532 (sometimes referred to as MINIX-532) was released by Bruce Culbertson in 1990.
Mach Mach 3.0 was ported to the PC532 in 1992 by Johannes Helander, Tero Kivinen, and Tatu Ylönen; some work was also done by them on porting a Net/2 BSD-based Mach server (bnr2ss) to provide BSD UNIX emulation.
NetBSD/pc532 A project to port 386BSD 0.1 to the PC532, initially called 532BSD, was started by Phil Nelson. This was integrated into the NetBSD project in 1993 and became NetBSD/pc532, with Nelson as the port maintainer. On January 9, 2008, NetBSD/pc532 was dropped from the NetBSD source tree, as GCC support for the NS32532 microprocessor had been dropped.
Referenc
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxime%20B%C3%B4cher
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Maxime Bôcher (August 28, 1867 – September 12, 1918) was an American mathematician who published about 100 papers on differential equations, series, and algebra. He also wrote elementary texts such as Trigonometry and Analytic Geometry. Bôcher's theorem, Bôcher's equation, and the Bôcher Memorial Prize are named after him.
Life
Bôcher was born in Boston, Massachusetts. His parents were Caroline Little and Ferdinand Bôcher. Maxime's father was professor of modern languages at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology when Maxime was born, and became Professor of French at Harvard University in 1872.
Bôcher received an excellent education from his parents and from a number of public and private schools in Massachusetts. He graduated from the Cambridge Latin School in 1883. He received his first degree from Harvard in 1888. At Harvard, he studied a wide range of topics, including mathematics, Latin, chemistry, philosophy, zoology, geography, geology, meteorology, Roman art, and music.
Bôcher was awarded many prestigious prizes, which allowed him to travel to Europe to do research. The University of Göttingen was then the leading mathematics university, and he attended there lectures by Felix Klein, Arthur Moritz Schoenflies, Hermann Schwarz, Issai Schur and Woldemar Voigt. He was awarded a doctorate in 1891 for his dissertation Über die Reihenentwicklungen der Potentialtheorie (German for "On the Development of the Potential Function into Series"); he was encouraged to stud
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qoca
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Qoca is a GPL library for incrementally solving systems of linear equations with various goal functions. It contains a robust implementation of Cassowary, a popular linear programming algorithm for handling Manhattan goal functions. It is used in several free software projects and is maintained at Monash University. It is available in a C++ or a Java version, and provides language bindings for Python and Perl.
External links
project page
The CVS host listed on the download page no longer exists.
The sources no longer compile out of the box (2013).
Perhaps this 2003 software is unmaintained today.
C (programming language) libraries
Java (programming language) libraries
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kafr%20Abbush
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Kafr 'Abbush () is a Palestinian town in the Tulkarm Governorate in the northwestern West Bank. According to the Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics, Kafr 'Abbush had a population of approximately 1,488 inhabitants in mid-year 2006 and 1,739 by 2017. 24.8% of the population of Kafr 'Abbush were refugees in 1997. The healthcare facilities for Kafr 'Abbush are based in Kafr 'Abbush, where the facilities are designated as MOH level 2.
History
Archeological findings from Kafr 'Abbush include potsherds from the Byzantine era and two menorahs carved in stone.
Ottoman era
Kafr 'Abbush was incorporated into the Ottoman Empire in 1517 with all of Palestine, and in 1596 it appeared under the name of Abbus in the tax registers as being in the Nahiya of Bani Sa'b, part of Nablus Sanjak. It had a population of 19 Muslim households. The villagers paid a fixed tax rate of 33.3% on various agricultural products, such as wheat, barley, summer crops, olive trees, goats and/or beehives, in addition to "occasional revenues" and a press for olive oil or grape syrup; a total of 4,974 akçe.
In 1838, Robinson noted Kefr 'Abush as a village in Beni Sa'ab district, west of Nablus.In 1870/1871 (1288 AH), an Ottoman census listed the village in the nahiya (sub-district) of Bani Sa'b.
In the 1860s, the Ottoman authorities granted the village an agricultural plot of land called Ghabat Kafr 'Abbush in the former confines of the Forest of Arsur (Ar. Al-Ghaba) in the coastal plain, west of the
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chondrin
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Chondrin is a bluish-white gelatin-like substance, being a protein-carbohydrate complex and can be obtained by boiling cartilage in water.
The cartilage is a connective tissue that contains cells embedded in a matrix of chondrin. Chondrin is made up of two proteins chondroalbunoid and chondromucoid.
See also
Chondroitin
External links
Charles Darwin - Insectivorous Plants Page 56
Animal products
Edible thickening agents
Proteins
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lepidocrocite
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Lepidocrocite (γ-FeO(OH)), also called esmeraldite or hydrohematite, is an iron oxide-hydroxide mineral. Lepidocrocite has an orthorhombic crystal structure, a hardness of 5, specific gravity of 4, a submetallic luster and a yellow-brown streak. It is red to reddish brown and forms when iron-containing substances rust underwater. Lepidocrocite is commonly found in the weathering of primary iron minerals and in iron ore deposits. It can be seen as rust scale inside old steel water pipes and water tanks.
The structure of lepidocrocite is similar to the boehmite structure found in bauxite and consists of layered iron(III) oxide octahedra bonded by hydrogen bonding via hydroxide layers. This relatively weakly bonded layering accounts for the scaley habit of the mineral.
It was first described in 1813 from the Zlaté Hory polymetallic ore deposit in Moravia, Czech Republic. The name is from the Greek lipis for scale and krokis for fibre.
References
Lepidocrocite and Boehmite Structure, Steven Dutch, 8 March 2002.
Hydroxide minerals
Iron(III) minerals
Orthorhombic minerals
Minerals in space group 63
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographic%20tongue
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Geographic tongue, also known by several other terms, is a condition of the mucous membrane of the tongue, usually on the dorsal surface. It is a common condition, affecting approximately 2–3% of the general population. It is characterized by areas of smooth, red depapillation (loss of lingual papillae) which migrate over time. The name comes from the map-like appearance of the tongue, with the patches resembling the islands of an archipelago. The cause is unknown, but the condition is entirely benign (importantly, it does not represent oral cancer), and there is no curative treatment. Uncommonly, geographic tongue may cause a burning sensation on the tongue, for which various treatments have been described with little formal evidence of efficacy.
Signs and symptoms
In health, the dorsal surface of the tongue is covered in tuft-like projections called lingual papillae (some of which are associated with taste buds), which give the tongue an irregular surface texture and a white-pink color. Geographic tongue is characterized by areas of atrophy and depapillation (loss of papillae), leaving an erythematous (darker red) and smoother surface than the unaffected areas. The depapillated areas are usually well-demarcated, and bordered by a slightly raised, white, yellow or grey, serpiginous (snaking) peripheral zone. A lesion of geographic tongue may start as a white patch before the depapillation occurs. In certain cases there may be only one lesion, but this is uncommon; the lesi
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extrafusal%20muscle%20fiber
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Extrafusal muscle fibers are the standard skeletal muscle fibers that are innervated by alpha motor neurons and generate tension by contracting, thereby allowing for skeletal movement. They make up the large mass of skeletal striated muscle tissue and are attached to bone by fibrous tissue extensions (tendons).
Each alpha motor neuron and the extrafusal muscle fibers innervated by it make up a motor unit. The connection between the alpha motor neuron and the extrafusal muscle fiber is a neuromuscular junction, where the neuron's signal, the action potential, is transduced to the muscle fiber by the neurotransmitter acetylcholine.
Extrafusal muscle fibers are not to be confused with intrafusal muscle fibers, which are innervated by sensory nerve endings in central noncontractile parts and by gamma motor neurons in contractile ends and thus serve as a sensory proprioceptor.
Extrafusal muscle fibers can be generated in vitro (in a dish) from pluripotent stem cells through directed differentiation. This allows study of their formation and physiology.
See also
Intrafusal muscle fiber
Type Ia sensory fiber
Type II sensory fiber
Alpha motor neuron
Gamma motor neuron
Beta motor neuron
References
Further reading
Muscular system
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trichostatin%20A
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Trichostatin A (TSA) is an organic compound that serves as an antifungal antibiotic and selectively inhibits the class I and II mammalian histone deacetylase (HDAC) families of enzymes, but not class III HDACs (i.e., sirtuins). However, there are recent reports of the interactions of this molecule with Sirt 6 protein. TSA inhibits the eukaryotic cell cycle during the beginning of the growth stage. TSA can be used to alter gene expression by interfering with the removal of acetyl groups from histones (histone deacetylases, HDAC) and therefore altering the ability of DNA transcription factors to access the DNA molecules inside chromatin. It is a member of a larger class of histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDIs or HDACIs) that have a broad spectrum of epigenetic activities. Thus, TSA has some potential as an anti-cancer drug. One suggested mechanism is that TSA promotes the expression of apoptosis-related genes, leading to cancerous cells surviving at lower rates, thus slowing the progression of cancer. Other mechanisms may include the activity of HDIs to induce cell differentiation, thus acting to "mature" some of the de-differentiated cells found in tumors. HDIs have multiple effects on non-histone effector molecules, so the anti-cancer mechanisms are truly not understood at this time.
TSA inhibits HDACs 1, 3, 4, 6 and 10 with IC50 values around 20 nM.
TSA represses IL (interleukin)-1β/LPS (lipopolysaccharide)/IFNγ (interferon γ)-induced nitric oxide synthase 2 (NOS2) expr
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Production%20tubing
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Production tubing is a tube used in a wellbore through which production fluids are produced (travel).
Background
Production tubing is run into the drilled well after the casing is run and cemented in place. Production tubing protects wellbore casing from wear, tear, corrosion, and deposition of by-products, such as sand / silt, paraffins, and asphaltenes. Along with other components that constitute the production string, it provides a continuous bore from the production zone to the wellhead through which oil and gas can be produced. It is usually between five and ten centimeters in diameter and is held inside the casing through the use of expandable packing devices. Purpose and design of production tubing is to enable quick, efficient, and safe installation, removal and re-installation.
If there is more than one zone of production in the well, up to four lines of production tubing can be run.
Production casing
Production casing is the final casing string set in a well and usually reaches from the surface to TD. The type of casing used depends upon the different conditions in the well. Commonly, production casing sizes range from 4 ½" to as large as 9 ⅝". It is the last string cemented in a well unless a production liner is run. This casing isolates production in the well so that different intervals can be selectively perforated and produced. Usually, the lower zones of production are perforated first. The formations are depleted, those perforations are squeezed with cemen
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lowest%20usable%20high%20frequency
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The lowest usable high frequency (LUF), in radio transmission, is a frequency in the HF band at which the received field intensity is sufficient to provide the required signal-to-noise ratio for a specified time period, e.g., 0100 to 0200 UTC, on 90% of the undisturbed days of the month. Any frequency lower than this is not able to fulfill those requirements, while higher frequencies usually yield better result until the maximum usable frequency is reached. The amount of energy absorbed by the lower regions of the ionosphere (D region, primarily) directly impacts the LUF.
See also
Maximum usable frequency
Frequency of optimum transmission
Sources
Federal Standard 1037C
Radio frequency propagation
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bounds-checking%20elimination
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In computer science, bounds-checking elimination is a compiler optimization useful in programming languages or runtime systems that enforce bounds checking, the practice of checking every index into an array to verify that the index is within the defined valid range of indexes. Its goal is to detect which of these indexing operations do not need to be validated at runtime, and eliminating those checks.
One common example is accessing an array element, modifying it, and storing the modified value in the same array at the same location. Normally, this example would result in a bounds check when the element is read from the array and a second bounds check when the modified element is stored using the same array index. Bounds-checking elimination could eliminate the second check if the compiler or runtime can determine that neither the array size nor the index could change between the two array operations. Another example occurs when a programmer loops over the elements of the array, and the loop condition guarantees that the index is within the bounds of the array. It may be difficult to detect that the programmer's manual check renders the automatic check redundant. However, it may still be possible for the compiler or runtime to perform proper bounds-checking elimination in this case.
Implementations
In natively compiled languages
One technique for bounds-checking elimination is to use a typed static single assignment form representation and for each array to create a new
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blytt%E2%80%93Sernander%20system
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The Blytt–Sernander classification, or sequence, is a series of north European climatic periods or phases based on the study of Danish peat bogs by Axel Blytt (1876) and Rutger Sernander (1908). The classification was incorporated into a sequence of pollen zones later defined by Lennart von Post, one of the founders of palynology.
Description
Layers in peat were first noticed by Heinrich Dau in 1829. A prize was offered by the Royal Danish Academy of Sciences and Letters to anyone who could explain them. Blytt hypothesized that the darker layers were deposited in drier times; the lighter, in moister times, applying his terms Atlantic (warm, moist) and Boreal (cool, dry). In 1926 C. A. Weber noticed the sharp boundary horizons, or Grenzhorizonte, in German peat, which matched Blytt's classification. Sernander defined subboreal and subatlantic periods, as well as the late glacial periods. Other scientists have since added other information.
The classification was devised before the development of more accurate dating methods, such as C-14 dating and oxygen isotope ratio cycles. Geologists working in different regions are studying sea levels, peat bogs and ice core samples by a variety of methods, with a view toward further verifying and refining the Blytt–Sernander sequence. They find a general correspondence across Eurasia and North America.
The fluctuations of climatic change are more complex than Blytt–Sernander periodizations can identify. For example, recent peat core s
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North%20American%20Product%20Classification%20System
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The North American Product Classification System (NAPCS) is a classification system used by Canada, Mexico, and the United States to classify products produced by industries in those countries. It was scheduled to be implemented from 2007 onwards.
NAPCS is a multi-phase effort by Canada, Mexico, and the United States to develop a comprehensive list of products, product definitions, and product codes that will be organized into an integrated demand-based classification framework that classifies both goods and services according to how they are principally used. It is intended that NAPCS will be used throughout the statistical community to coordinate the collection, tabulation, and analysis of data on the value of products produced by both goods- and services-producing industries and on the prices charged for those products.
The focus in the initial phases of NAPCS will be directed at identifying and defining the products of services-producing industries. NAPCS as a classification system will be a complementary to but independent from the North American Industry Classification System.
See also
North American Industry Classification System (NAICS)
References
Glossary of the U.S. Census Bureau
External links
NAPCS homepage
North American Product Classification System (NAPCS)
Product classifications
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obturator%20foramen
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The obturator foramen is the large, bilaterally paired opening of the bony pelvis. It is formed by the pubis and ischium. It is mostly closed by the obturator membrane except for a small opening - the obturator canal - through which the obturator nerve and vessels pass.
Structure
The obturator foramen is situated inferior and somewhat anterior to the acetabulum. It is bounded by the pubis bone and the ischium: superiorly by the (grooved obturator surface) of the superior ramus of pubis, inferiorly by the ramus of ischium, and laterally by (the anterior edge of) the body of ischium (including by the margin of the acetabulum).
The margin of the foramen is thin and uneven, and gives attachment to the obturator membrane. Superiorly, it presents a deep groove - the obturator groove - which passes obliquely inferomedially from the pelvis.
The foramen is largely closed by the obturator membrane save for a small opening at the superolateral end of the obturator foramen - the obturator canal - which establishes a communication between the pelvic cavity and the thigh. This canal gives passage to the obturator nerve, artery, and veins.
The free edge of the obturator membrane that bounds the obturator canal attaches at two tubercles (which may be indistinct):
The anterior obturator tubercle - situated on the obturator crest at the anterior extremity of the inferior border of the superior ramus of pubis.
The posterior obturator tubercle - situated at the anterior border of the acet
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHMP
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CHMP may refer to:
Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use
CHMP-FM, a French-language talk radio station located in Montreal, Quebec
Charged multivesicular body protein (disambiguation) also known as CHMP
CHMP1A
CHMP1B
CHMP2A
CHMP2B
CHMP4A
CHMP4B
CHMP4C
CHMP5
CHMP6
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super%20PI
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Super PI is a computer program that calculates pi to a specified number of digits after the decimal point—up to a maximum of 32 million. It uses Gauss–Legendre algorithm and is a Windows port of the program used by Yasumasa Kanada in 1995 to compute pi to 232 digits.
Significance
Super PI is popular in the overclocking community, both as a benchmark to test the performance of these systems and as a stress test to check that they are still functioning correctly.
Credibility concerns
The competitive nature of achieving the best Super PI calculation times led to fraudulent Super PI results, reporting calculation times faster than normal. Attempts to counter the fraudulent results resulted in a modified version of Super PI, with a checksum to validate the results. However, other methods exist of producing inaccurate or fake time results, raising questions about the program's future as an overclocking benchmark.
Super PI utilizes x87 floating point instructions which are supported on all x86 and x86-64 processors, current versions which also support the lower precision Streaming SIMD Extensions vector instructions.
The future
Super PI is single threaded, so its relevance as a measure of performance in the current era of multi-core processors is diminishing quickly. Therefore, wPrime has been developed to support multiple threaded calculations to be run at the same time so one can test stability on multi-core machines. Other multithreaded programs include: Hyper PI, IntelBurnT
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solid-state%20laser
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A solid-state laser is a laser that uses a gain medium that is a solid, rather than a liquid as in dye lasers or a gas as in gas lasers. Semiconductor-based lasers are also in the solid state, but are generally considered as a separate class from solid-state lasers, called laser diodes.
Solid-state media
Generally, the active medium of a solid-state laser consists of a glass or crystalline "host" material, to which is added a "dopant" such as neodymium, chromium, erbium, thulium or ytterbium. Many of the common dopants are rare-earth elements, because the excited states of such ions are not strongly coupled with the thermal vibrations of their crystal lattices (phonons), and their operational thresholds can be reached at relatively low intensities of laser pumping.
There are many hundreds of solid-state media in which laser action has been achieved, but relatively few types are in widespread use. Of these, probably the most common is neodymium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet (Nd:YAG). Neodymium-doped glass (Nd:glass) and ytterbium-doped glasses or ceramics are used at very high power levels (terawatts) and high energies (megajoules), for multiple-beam inertial confinement fusion.
The first material used for lasers was synthetic ruby crystals. Ruby lasers are still used for a few applications, but they are not common because of their low power efficiencies. At room temperature, ruby lasers emit only short pulses of light, but at cryogenic temperatures they can be made to emi
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crigler%E2%80%93Najjar%20syndrome
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Crigler–Najjar syndrome is a rare inherited disorder affecting the metabolism of bilirubin, a chemical formed from the breakdown of the heme in red blood cells. The disorder results in a form of nonhemolytic jaundice, which results in high levels of unconjugated bilirubin and often leads to brain damage in infants. The disorder is inherited in an autosomal recessive manner. The annual incidence is estimated at 1 in 1,000,000.
This syndrome is divided into types I and II, with the latter sometimes called Arias syndrome. These two types, along with Gilbert's syndrome, Dubin–Johnson syndrome, and Rotor syndrome, make up the five known hereditary defects in bilirubin metabolism. Unlike Gilbert's syndrome, only a few causes of Crigler–Najjar syndrome are known.
Signs and symptoms
Signs and symptoms of Crigler–Najjar syndrome include jaundice, diarrhea, vomiting, fever, confusion, slurred speech, difficulty swallowing, change in gait, staggering, frequent falling and seizures.
Cause
It is caused by abnormalities in the gene coding for uridine diphosphoglucuronate glucuronosyltransferase (UGT1A1). UGT1A1 normally catalyzes the conjugation of bilirubin and glucuronic acid within hepatocytes. Conjugated bilirubin is more water-soluble and is excreted in bile.
Diagnosis
Type I
This is a very rare disease (estimated at 0.6–1.0 per million live births), and consanguinity increases the risk of this condition (other rare diseases may be present). Inheritance is autosomal recessive.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stathmin
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Stathmin, also known as metablastin and oncoprotein 18 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the STMN1 gene.
Stathmin is a highly conserved 17 kDa protein that is crucial for the regulation of the cell cytoskeleton. Changes in the cytoskeleton are important because the cytoskeleton is a scaffold required for many cellular processes, such as cytoplasmic organization, cell division and cell motility. More specifically, stathmin is crucial in regulating the cell cycle. It is found solely in eukaryotes.
Its function as an important regulatory protein of microtubule dynamics has been well-characterized. Eukaryotic microtubules are one of three major components of the cell's cytoskeleton. They are highly dynamic structures that continuously alternate between assembly and disassembly. Stathmin performs an important function in regulating rapid microtubule remodeling of the cytoskeleton in response to the cell's needs. Microtubules are cylindrical polymers of α,β-tubulin. Their assembly is in part determined by the concentration of free tubulin in the cytoplasm.
At low concentrations of free tubulin, the growth rate at the microtubule ends is slowed and results in an increased rate of depolymerization (disassembly).
Structure
Stathmin, and the related proteins SCG10 and XB3, contain a N-terminal domain (XB3 contains an additional N-terminal hydrophobic region), a 78 amino acid coiled-coil region, and a short C-terminal domain.
Function
The function of Stathmin is to r
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholesteryl%20ester%20transfer%20protein
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Cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP), also called plasma lipid transfer protein, is a plasma protein that facilitates the transport of cholesteryl esters and triglycerides between the lipoproteins. It collects triglycerides from very-low-density (VLDL) or Chylomicrons and exchanges them for cholesteryl esters from high-density lipoproteins (HDL), and vice versa. Most of the time, however, CETP does a heteroexchange, trading a triglyceride for a cholesteryl ester or a cholesteryl ester for a triglyceride.
Genetics
The CETP gene is located on chromosome 16 (16q21).
Protein Fold
The crystal structure of CETP is that of dimer of two TUbular LIPid (TULIP) binding domains. Each domain consists of a core of 6 elements: 4 beta-sheets forming an extended superhelix; 2 flanking elements that tend to include some alpha helix. The sheets wrap around the helices to produce a cylinder 6 x 2.5 x 2.5 nm. CETP contains two of these domains that interact head-to-head via an interface made of 6 beta-sheets, 3 from each protomer. The same fold is shared by Bacterial Permeability Inducing proteins (examples: BPIFP1 BPIFP2 BPIFA3 and BPIFB4), phospholipid transfer protein (PLTP), and long-Palate Lung, and Nasal Epithelium protein (L-PLUNC). The fold is similar to intracellular SMP domains, and originated in bacteria. The crystal structure of CETP has been obtained with bound CETP inhibitors. However, this has not resolved the doubt over whether CETP function as a lipid tube or shuttle.
Ro
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conquest%20of%20the%20Crystal%20Palace
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Conquest of the Crystal Palace, known in Japan as is a 1990 Nintendo Entertainment System platform game developed by Quest and published by Asmik Corporation of America (subsidiary of J:COM).
Story
Years prior to the events of the game, the Kingdom of the Crystal Palace was conquered by an evil being named Zaras, who crowned himself king. Only Zap, a dog who served as a Keeper of the Crystal Palace, and Farron, the kingdom's infant prince, managed to escape. As the game begins, Zap explains to a now-teenage Farron that the time has come to retake the Crystal Palace, giving the prince one of three magical crystals that grant special powers to their user.
Farron's quest takes him through five perilous realms filled with bizarre enemies, with aid for the prince coming only through Zap, a shopkeeper named Kim who doubles as a hint-dropping news reporter, and the kidnapped Crystal Princess who bestows the Moon Mirror upon Farron if he manages to free her.
Gameplay
Conquest of the Crystal Palace is an 2D action platform game. At the beginning of the game the player is given a choice between three crystals: a "Flight" crystal that increases Farron's jump height, a "Life" crystal that increases Farron's health, and a "Spirit" crystal that gives Farron unlimited use of a fireball attack. All of the crystal's effects can be temporarily replicated by power-ups that are dropped by defeated enemies or purchased through Kim's store. Farron's primary method of attack is his sword, thoug
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectator%20ion
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A spectator ion is an ion that exists both as a reactant and a product in a chemical equation of an aqueous solution.
For example, in the reaction of aqueous solutions of sodium carbonate and copper(II) sulfate:
2 (aq) + (aq) + (aq) + (aq) → 2 (aq) + (aq) + (s)
The and ions are spectator ions since they remain unchanged on both sides of the equation. They simply "watch" the other ions react and does not participate in any reaction, hence the name. They are present in total ionic equations to balance the charges of the ions. Whereas the and ions combine to form a precipitate of solid . In reaction stoichiometry, spectator ions are removed from a complete ionic equation to form a net ionic equation. For the above example this yields:
So: 2 (aq) + (aq) + (aq) + (aq) → 2 (aq) + (aq) + (s) (where x = spectator ion)
⇒ (aq) + (aq) → (s)
Spectator ion concentration only affects the Debye length. In contrast, potential determining ions, whose concentrations affect surface potential (by surface chemical reactions) as well the Debye length.
Net ionic equation
A net ionic equation ignores the spectator ions that were part of the original equation. So, the net ionic equation only shows the ions which reacted to produce a precipitate. Therefore, the total ionic reaction is different from the net reaction.
See also
Catalysis
References
Acid–base chemistry
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farman%20F.220
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The Farman F.220 and its derivatives were thick-sectioned, high-winged, four engined monoplanes from Farman Aviation Works. Based on the push-pull configuration proven by the F.211, design started in August 1925 and the first flight of the prototype was on 26 May 1932. The largest bomber to serve in France between the two world wars was the final F.222 variant. One variation was intended to be an airliner.
Development
After testing the sole F.220 prototype, Farman made a number of changes to the design, including a new tail fin, fully enclosing the nose and ventral gunners' positions, and changing from V-engines to radials. The first example of this version, dubbed the F.221 flew in May 1933, and was followed by ten production examples delivered to the Armee de l'Air from June 1936. These machines featured hand-operated turrets for the three gunners' stations. Meanwhile, the prototype F.220 was sold to Air France, where christened Le Centaur, it flew as a mail plane on the South Atlantic route. This led to a batch of four similar aircraft being built for the airline.
The F.222 variant began to enter service with Armee de l'Air in the spring of 1937. Unlike its predecessor, this plane featured a retractable undercarriage. Twenty-four aircraft were produced with redesigned front fuselages and dihedral added to the outer wing. During World War II these planes were used in leaflet raids over Germany and then night bombing raids during May and June 1940. These resulted in three
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libethenite
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Libethenite is a rare copper phosphate hydroxide mineral. It forms striking, dark green orthorhombic crystals. It was discovered in 1823 in Ľubietová, Slovakia and is named after the German name of that locality (Libethen). Libethenite has also been found in the Miguel Vacas Mine, Conceição, Vila Viçosa, Évora District, Portugal, and in Tier des Carrières, Cahai, Vielsaim, Stavelot Massif, Luxembourg Province, Belgium.
Appearance
Libethenite almost always takes the form of dark-green orthorhombic crystals. It is often found in clusters with other libethenite crystals.
Formation
Libethenite is found in the oxidized zone of copper ore deposits. It is most often formed from the weathering of phosphate rocks such as apatite, monazite, and xenotime. There have been no confirmed findings of primary libethenite, although a probable case has been reported.
References
Copper(II) minerals
Phosphate minerals
Orthorhombic minerals
Minerals in space group 58
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entropy%20%28Buffy%20the%20Vampire%20Slayer%29
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"Entropy" is the 18th episode of season 6 of the television series Buffy the Vampire Slayer. The episode aired on April 30, 2002 on UPN.
Plot
The Trio, riding ATVs, pursue two vampires through a cemetery; one of them throws a tree branch at Andrew, causing him to fall off and the others to crash. The vampires encounter Buffy and they fight. One vampire drops the mysterious disk that the Trio were after; Warren snatches it and the Trio escapes, unseen by the Slayer. As Buffy fights, Spike seizes one of the vampires and offers to stake him, provided that Buffy agrees to tell the Scooby Gang about their sex life. Buffy stakes both vampires without Spike's help and dares him to spill the beans himself; since her friends have forgiven her attempt to kill them a little dalliance is unlikely to make them hate her.
The next day, Willow waits for Tara outside of her classroom and the two talk and plan a coffee date. Buffy and Dawn stroll downtown, but there are very few stores where Dawn can show her face: she has confessed to shoplifting at most of them. They chat about all of the things Dawn stole and how they are working to remedy the whole problem.
Jonathan works on a project involving the disk they stole as Warren watches over, eager for it to be complete. While Jonathan finishes his work alone, Warren and Andrew Wells talk about their inability to trust Jonathan and how soon they will not need him anymore.
That evening, Xander comes home from work and finds Anya at his apart
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison%20sort
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A comparison sort is a type of sorting algorithm that only reads the list elements through a single abstract comparison operation (often a "less than or equal to" operator or a three-way comparison) that determines which of two elements should occur first in the final sorted list. The only requirement is that the operator forms a total preorder over the data, with:
if a ≤ b and b ≤ c then a ≤ c (transitivity)
for all a and b, a ≤ b or b ≤ a (connexity).
It is possible that both a ≤ b and b ≤ a; in this case either may come first in the sorted list. In a stable sort, the input order determines the sorted order in this case.
A metaphor for thinking about comparison sorts is that someone has a set of unlabelled weights and a balance scale. Their goal is to line up the weights in order by their weight without any information except that obtained by placing two weights on the scale and seeing which one is heavier (or if they weigh the same).
Examples
Some of the most well-known comparison sorts include:
Quicksort
Heapsort
Shellsort
Merge sort
Introsort
Insertion sort
Selection sort
Bubble sort
Odd–even sort
Cocktail shaker sort
Cycle sort
Merge-insertion sort
Smoothsort
Timsort
Block sort
Performance limits and advantages of different sorting techniques
There are fundamental limits on the performance of comparison sorts. A comparison sort must have an average-case lower bound of Ω(n log n) comparison operations, which is known as linearithmic time. This is a consequence of
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anoikis
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Anoikis is a form of programmed cell death that occurs in anchorage-dependent cells when they detach from the surrounding extracellular matrix (ECM). Usually cells stay close to the tissue to which they belong since the communication between proximal cells as well as between cells and ECM provide essential signals for growth or survival. When cells are detached from the ECM, there is a loss of normal cell–matrix interactions, and they may undergo anoikis. However, metastatic tumor cells may escape from anoikis and invade other organs.
Etymology
The word "anoikis" was coined by Frisch and Francis in a paper published in the Journal of Cell Biology in 1994. "Anoikis", in their words, means "(…the state of being without a home) to describe the cells' apoptotic response to the absence of cell–matrix interactions". The word apparently is a neologism construction consisting of three Greek morphemes agglutinated together: ἀν- "without", οἰκ- "house", and the suffix -ις.
In metastasis
The mechanism by which invading tumor cells survive the anoikis process remains largely unknown. Recent findings suggest that the protein TrkB, best known for its role in the nervous system, might be involved together with its ligand, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) . It seems that TrkB could make tumor cells resistant to anoikis by activating phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) signaling cascade .
In squamous cell carcinoma, researchers have found that anoikis resistance can be induced thro
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elliptic%20complex
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In mathematics, in particular in partial differential equations and differential geometry, an elliptic complex generalizes the notion of an elliptic operator to sequences. Elliptic complexes isolate those features common to the de Rham complex and the Dolbeault complex which are essential for performing Hodge theory. They also arise in connection with the Atiyah-Singer index theorem and Atiyah-Bott fixed point theorem.
Definition
If E0, E1, ..., Ek are vector bundles on a smooth manifold M (usually taken to be compact), then a differential complex is a sequence
of differential operators between the sheaves of sections of the Ei such that Pi+1 ∘ Pi=0. A differential complex with first order operators is elliptic if the sequence of symbols
is exact outside of the zero section. Here π is the projection of the cotangent bundle T*M to M, and π* is the pullback of a vector bundle.
See also
Chain complex
References
Differential geometry
Elliptic partial differential equations
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