source
stringlengths 32
209
| text
stringlengths 18
1.5k
|
|---|---|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optoelectric%20nuclear%20battery
|
An optoelectric nuclear battery (also radiophotovoltaic device, radioluminescent nuclear battery or radioisotope photovoltaic generator) is a type of nuclear battery in which nuclear energy is converted into light, which is then used to generate electrical energy. This is accomplished by letting the ionizing radiation emitted by the radioactive isotopes hit a luminescent material (scintillator or phosphor), which in turn emits photons that generate electricity upon striking a photovoltaic cell.
The technology was developed by researchers of the Kurchatov Institute in Moscow.
Description
A beta emitter such as technetium-99 or strontium-90 is suspended in a gas or liquid containing luminescent gas molecules of the excimer type, constituting a "dust plasma". This permits a nearly lossless emission of beta electrons from the emitting dust particles. The electrons then excite the gases whose excimer line is selected for the conversion of the radioactivity into a surrounding photovoltaic layer such that a theoretical lightweight, low-pressure, high-efficiency battery can be realized. (In practice, existing designs are heavy and involve high pressure.) These nuclides are relatively low-cost radioactive waste from nuclear power reactors. The diameter of the dust particles is so small (a few micrometers) that the electrons from the beta decay leave the dust particles nearly without loss. The surrounding weakly ionized plasma consists of gases or gas mixtures (such as krypton, arg
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Favorskii%20rearrangement
|
The Favorskii rearrangement is principally a rearrangement of cyclopropanones and α-halo ketones that leads to carboxylic acid derivatives. In the case of cyclic α-halo ketones, the Favorskii rearrangement constitutes a ring contraction. This rearrangement takes place in the presence of a base, sometimes hydroxide, to yield a carboxylic acid but most of the time either an alkoxide base or an amine to yield an ester or an amide, respectively. α,α'-Dihaloketones eliminate HX under the reaction conditions to give α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds.
History
The reaction is named for the Russian chemist Alexei Yevgrafovich Favorskii
Reaction mechanism
The reaction mechanism is thought to involve the formation of an enolate on the side of the ketone away from the chlorine atom. This enolate cyclizes to a cyclopropanone intermediate which is then attacked by the hydroxide nucleophile.
The second step has also been proposed to be stepwise process, with chloride anion leaving first to produce a zwitterionic oxyallyl cation before a disrotatory electrocyclic ring closure takes place to afford the cyclopropanone intermediate.
Usage of alkoxide anions such as sodium methoxide, instead of sodium hydroxide, yields the ring-contracted ester product.
When enolate formation is impossible, the Favorskii rearrangement takes place by an alternate mechanism, in which addition to hydroxide to the ketone takes place, followed by concerted collapse of the tetrahedral intermediate and migratio
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Characteristic%20function%20%28probability%20theory%29
|
In probability theory and statistics, the characteristic function of any real-valued random variable completely defines its probability distribution. If a random variable admits a probability density function, then the characteristic function is the Fourier transform of the probability density function. Thus it provides an alternative route to analytical results compared with working directly with probability density functions or cumulative distribution functions. There are particularly simple results for the characteristic functions of distributions defined by the weighted sums of random variables.
In addition to univariate distributions, characteristic functions can be defined for vector- or matrix-valued random variables, and can also be extended to more generic cases.
The characteristic function always exists when treated as a function of a real-valued argument, unlike the moment-generating function. There are relations between the behavior of the characteristic function of a distribution and properties of the distribution, such as the existence of moments and the existence of a density function.
Introduction
The characteristic function is a way to describe a random variable.
The characteristic function,
a function of t,
completely determines the behavior and properties of the probability distribution of the random variable X.
The characteristic function is similar to the cumulative distribution function,
(where 1{X ≤ x} is the indicator function — it is equal to 1
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioshelter
|
A bioshelter is a solar greenhouse managed as an indoor ecosystem. The word bioshelter was coined by the New Alchemy Institute and solar designers Sean Wellesley-Miller and Day Chahroudi. The term was created to distinguish their work in greenhouse design and management from twentieth century petro-chemical fuelled monoculture greenhouses.
New Alchemy's pioneering work in ecological design is documented in their published Journals and Reports. In 1976 the Alchemists built the Cape Cod Ark bioshelter and her sister The Prince Edward Island Ark. For the next 15 years the New Alchemy Institute studied and reported on the use of these prototype food producing ecosystems.
A bioshelter (life-shelter) involves two fields of knowledge and design. The first is architecture designed to nurture an ecosystem within. A bioshelter structure uses glazing to contain and protect the living biology inside, control air exchange and absorb energy. The building exchanges nutrients, gases and energy with the surrounding environment, produces crops, and recycles waste organic material into the soil. Solar energy is stored as heat energy in thermal mass such as water, stone, masonry, soil and plant biomass.
The second is the biology inside the bioshelter. Earle Barnhart of the New Alchemy Institute has compared a bioshelter to a contained ecosystem. Solar heat is absorbed and stored in thermal mass to moderate air temperatures and provide heat for later use. Water moves from rainfall
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha%20globulin
|
Alpha globulins are a group of globular proteins in plasma that are highly mobile in alkaline or electrically charged solutions. They inhibit certain blood proteases and show significant inhibitor activity.
The alpha globulins typically have molecular weights of around 93 kDa.
Examples
Alpha globulins include certain hormones, proteins that transport hormones, and other compounds, including prothrombin and HDL.
Alpha 1 globulins
α1-antitrypsin
Alpha 1-antichymotrypsin
Orosomucoid (acid glycoprotein)
Serum amyloid A
Alpha 1-lipoprotein
Protein HC
Alpha 2 globulins
Haptoglobin
Alpha-2u globulin
α2-macroglobulin
Ceruloplasmin
Thyroxine-binding globulin
Alpha 2-antiplasmin
Protein C
Alpha 2-lipoprotein
Angiotensinogen
Cortisol binding globulin
Vitamin D-binding protein
References
Blood proteins
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drilling%20fluid
|
In geotechnical engineering, drilling fluid, also known as drilling mud, is used to aid the drilling of boreholes into the earth. Used while drilling oil and natural gas wells and on exploration drilling rigs, drilling fluids are also used for much simpler boreholes, such as water wells.
The two main categories of drilling fluids are water-based muds (WBs), which can be dispersed and non-dispersed, and non-aqueous muds, usually called oil-based muds (OBs). Along with their formatives, these are used along with appropriate polymer and clay additives for drilling various oil and gas formations. Gaseous drilling fluids, typically utilizing air or natural gas, sometimes with the addition of foaming agents, can be used when downhole conditions permit.
The main functions of liquid drilling fluids are to exert hydrostatic pressure to prevent formation fluids from entering into the well bore, and carrying out drill cuttings as well as suspending the drill cuttings while drilling is paused such as when the drilling assembly is brought in and out of the hole. The drilling fluid also keeps the drill bit cool and clears out cuttings beneath it during drilling. The drilling fluid used for a particular job is selected to avoid formation damage and to limit corrosion.
Composition of drilling mud
Liquid fluids are composed of natural and synthetic material in a mixed state, which can be of two types:
Aqueous; usually with substances added that control viscosity, along with lubricants
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balloonist%20theory
|
Balloonist theory was a theory in early neuroscience that attempted to explain muscle movement by asserting that muscles contract by inflating with air or fluid. The Greek physician Galen believed that muscles contracted due to a fluid flowing into them, and for 1500 years afterward, it was believed that nerves were hollow and that they carried fluid. René Descartes, who was interested in hydraulics and used fluid pressure to explain various aspects of physiology such as the reflex arc, proposed that "animal spirits" flowed into muscle and were responsible for their contraction. In the model, which Descartes used to explain reflexes, the spirits would flow from the ventricles of the brain, through the nerves, and to the muscles to animate the latter.
In 1667, Thomas Willis proposed that muscles may expand by the reaction of animal spirits with vital spirits. He hypothesized that this reaction would produce air in a manner similar to the reaction that causes an explosion, causing muscles to swell and produce movement.
This theory has now been superseded by the mainstream scientific community due to the establishment of neuroscience, which is supported by empirical evidence.
Physiological refutations of the theory
In 1667, Jan Swammerdam, a Dutch anatomist famous for working with insects, struck the first important blow against the balloonist theory. Swammerdam, who was the first to experiment on nerve-muscle preparations, showed that muscles do not increase in size when
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annihilator%20method
|
In mathematics, the annihilator method is a procedure used to find a particular solution to certain types of non-homogeneous ordinary differential equations (ODE's). It is similar to the method of undetermined coefficients, but instead of guessing the particular solution in the method of undetermined coefficients, the particular solution is determined systematically in this technique. The phrase undetermined coefficients can also be used to refer to the step in the annihilator method in which the coefficients are calculated.
The annihilator method is used as follows. Given the ODE , find another differential operator such that . This operator is called the annihilator, hence the name of the method. Applying to both sides of the ODE gives a homogeneous ODE for which we find a solution basis as before. Then the original inhomogeneous ODE is used to construct a system of equations restricting the coefficients of the linear combination to satisfy the ODE.
This method is not as general as variation of parameters in the sense that an annihilator does not always exist.
Annihilator table
Where is in the natural numbers, and are in the real numbers.
If consists of the sum of the expressions given in the table, the annihilator is the product of the corresponding annihilators.
Example
Given , .
The simplest annihilator of is . The zeros of are , so the solution basis of is
Setting we find
giving the system
which has solutions
,
giving the solution set
T
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagrangian%20Grassmannian
|
In mathematics, the Lagrangian Grassmannian is the smooth manifold of Lagrangian subspaces of a real symplectic vector space V. Its dimension is n(n + 1) (where the dimension of V is 2n). It may be identified with the homogeneous space
,
where is the unitary group and the orthogonal group. Following Vladimir Arnold it is denoted by Λ(n). The Lagrangian Grassmannian is a submanifold of the ordinary Grassmannian of V.
A complex Lagrangian Grassmannian is the complex homogeneous manifold of Lagrangian subspaces of a complex symplectic vector space V of dimension 2n. It may be identified with the homogeneous space of complex dimension n(n + 1)
,
where is the compact symplectic group.
As a homogeneous space
To see that the Lagrangian Grassmannian Λ(n) can be identified with , note that is a 2n-dimensional real vector space, with the imaginary part of its usual inner product making it into a symplectic vector space. The Lagrangian subspaces of are then the real subspaces of real dimension n on which the imaginary part of the inner product vanishes. An example is . The unitary group acts transitively on the set of these subspaces, and the stabilizer of is the orthogonal group . It follows from the theory of homogeneous spaces that Λ(n) is isomorphic to as a homogeneous space of .
Topology
The stable topology of the Lagrangian Grassmannian and complex Lagrangian Grassmannian is completely understood, as these spaces appear in the Bott periodicity theorem: , an
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wakan%20Sansai%20Zue
|
The is an illustrated Japanese leishu encyclopedia published in 1712 in the Edo period. It consists of 105 volumes in 81 books. Its compiler was Terashima or Terajima (), a doctor from Osaka. It describes and illustrates various activities of daily life, such as carpentry and fishing, as well as plants and animals, and constellations. It depicts the people of "different/strange lands" (ikoku) and "outer barbarian peoples". As seen from the title of the book (wa , which means Japan, and kan , which means China), Terajima's idea was based on a Chinese encyclopedia, specifically the Ming work Sancai Tuhui ("Pictorial..." or "Illustrated Compendium of the Three Powers") by Wang Qi (1607), known in Japan as the . Reproductions of the Wakan Sansai Zue are still in print in Japan.
References
External links
Scans of the pages are available in the Digital Library of the National Diet Library, Japan.
Scans of copies from the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign are available at the Internet Archive: volumes 1-8, 9-15, 16-36, 37-47, 48-60, 66-72, 72-77, 78-87, 88-95, 96-105 with index.
Edo-period works
Japanese encyclopedias
18th century in Japan
1712 books
18th-century encyclopedias
Leishu
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salpeter
|
Salpeter may refer to:
Science
11757 Salpeter, a minor planet found in 1960 by a team from Palomar Observatory
Bethe–Salpeter equation, describes two-particle quantum field binding, derived by Hans Bethe and Edwin Salpeter
Salpeter process, a process of nuclear fusion mathematically defined by Edwin Salpeter
Salpeter initial mass function, an early and influential model for the distribution of the masses of stars upon formation
People
Edwin Ernest Salpeter (1924–2008), US astronomer
Greta Salpeter (born 1988), U.S. musician
Lonah Chemtai Salpeter (born 1988), Kenyan-Israeli Olympic runner
Miriam Salpeter (1929—2000). US neurobiologist, wife of Edwin Ernest Salpeter
See also
Saltpeter (disambiguation)
Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, a teaching hospital in Paris, France
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNA%20polymerase%20III
|
In eukaryote cells, RNA polymerase III (also called Pol III) is a protein that transcribes DNA to synthesize 5S ribosomal RNA, tRNA and other small RNAs.
The genes transcribed by RNA Pol III fall in the category of "housekeeping" genes whose expression is required in all cell types and most environmental conditions. Therefore, the regulation of Pol III transcription is primarily tied to the regulation of cell growth and the cell cycle, and thus requires fewer regulatory proteins than RNA polymerase II. Under stress conditions however, the protein Maf1 represses Pol III activity. Rapamycin is another Pol III inhibitor via its direct target TOR.
Transcription
The process of transcription (by any polymerase) involves three main stages:
Initiation, requiring construction of the RNA polymerase complex on the gene's promoter
Elongation, the synthesis of the RNA transcript
Termination, the finishing of RNA transcription and disassembly of the RNA polymerase complex
Initiation
Initiation: the construction of the polymerase complex on the promoter. Pol III is unusual (compared to Pol II) by requiring no control sequences upstream of the gene, instead normally relying on internal control sequences - sequences within the transcribed section of the gene (although upstream sequences are occasionally seen, e.g. U6 snRNA gene has an upstream TATA box as seen in Pol II Promoters).
There are three classes of Pol III initiation, corresponding to 5S rRNA, tRNA, and U6 snRNA initiation. In
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto%20Laporte
|
Otto Laporte (July 23, 1902 – March 28, 1971) was a German-born American physicist who made contributions to quantum mechanics, electromagnetic wave propagation theory, spectroscopy, and fluid dynamics. His name is lent to the Laporte rule in spectroscopy and to the Otto Laporte Award of the American Physical Society.
Education
Laporte’s ancestors came from French Huguenot families who fled to Switzerland in the 17th century. His father was an officer in the military. Before World War I, they were stationed in the fortified cities of Mainz (where Laporte was born), Cologne, and Metz, in which he received his early education. After the war started, they returned to Mainz.
In the spring of 1920, the family moved to Frankfurt, staying just one year, where Laporte attended the University of Frankfurt. There, he was influenced by the mathematicians Arthur Schoenflies, Ludwig Bieberbach, and Ernst Hellinger, and the physicists Max Born, and Alfred Landé. In the summer of 1921, the Laporte family moved to Munich, where Laporte became a student of Arnold Sommerfeld at the Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich (LMU). Max Born had sent an enthusiastic recommendation of Laporte to Sommerfeld. At that time, Wolfgang Pauli was an assistant to Sommerfeld and Sommerfeld’s students included Werner Heisenberg, Gregor Wentzel, Karl Herzfeld, and Paul Peter Ewald – all of whom would go on to become famous physicists in their own right. Laporte’s first independent research was on the diffrac
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histone%20H1
|
Histone H1 is one of the five main histone protein families which are components of chromatin in eukaryotic cells. Though highly conserved, it is nevertheless the most variable histone in sequence across species.
Structure
Metazoan H1 proteins feature a central globular "winged helix" domain and long C- and short N-terminal tails. H1 is involved with the packing of the "beads on a string" sub-structures into a high order structure, whose details have not yet been solved. H1 found in protists and bacteria, otherwise known as nucleoproteins HC1 and HC2 (, ), lack the central domain and the N-terminal tail.
H1 is less conserved than core histones. The globular domain is the most conserved part of H1.
Function
Unlike the other histones, H1 does not make up the nucleosome "bead". Instead, it sits on top of the structure, keeping in place the DNA that has wrapped around the nucleosome. H1 is present in half the amount of the other four histones, which contribute two molecules to each nucleosome bead. In addition to binding to the nucleosome, the H1 protein binds to the "linker DNA" (approximately 20-80 nucleotides in length) region between nucleosomes, helping stabilize the zig-zagged 30 nm chromatin fiber. Much has been learned about histone H1 from studies on purified chromatin fibers. Ionic extraction of linker histones from native or reconstituted chromatin promotes its unfolding under hypotonic conditions from fibers of 30 nm width to beads-on-a-string nucleosome arrays
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H2A
|
H2A, H-2A or H-IIA can refer to:
Histone H2A, a component of DNA higher structure in eukaryotic cells
H-IIA, a family of Japanese rockets.
H-2A Visa, a temporary, nonimmigrant visa allowing foreign nationals entry into the U.S. for seasonal agricultural work.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histone%20H4
|
Histone H4 is one of the five main histone proteins involved in the structure of chromatin in eukaryotic cells. Featuring a main globular domain and a long N-terminal tail, H4 is involved with the structure of the nucleosome of the 'beads on a string' organization. Histone proteins are highly post-translationally modified. Covalently bonded modifications include acetylation and methylation of the N-terminal tails. These modifications may alter expression of genes located on DNA associated with its parent histone octamer. Histone H4 is an important protein in the structure and function of chromatin, where its sequence variants and variable modification states are thought to play a role in the dynamic and long term regulation of genes.
Genetics
Histone H4 is encoded in multiple genes at different loci including:
HIST1H4A, HIST1H4B, HIST1H4C, HIST1H4D, HIST1H4E, HIST1H4F, HIST1H4G, HIST1H4H, HIST1H4I, HIST1H4J, HIST1H4K, HIST1H4L, HIST2H4A, HIST2H4B, HIST4H4.
Evolution
Histone proteins are among the most highly conserved eukaryotic proteins. For example, the amino acid sequence of histone H4 from a pea and cow differ at only 2 out of the 102 positions. This evolutionary conservation suggests that the functions of histone proteins involve nearly all of their amino acids so that any change is deleterious to the cell. Most changes in histone sequences are lethal; the few that are not lethal cause changes in the pattern of gene expression as well as other abnormalities.
Structure
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TATA-binding%20protein
|
The TATA-binding protein (TBP) is a general transcription factor that binds specifically to a DNA sequence called the TATA box. This DNA sequence is found about 30 base pairs upstream of the transcription start site in some eukaryotic gene promoters.
TBP gene family
TBP is a member of a small gene family of TBP-related factors. The first TBP-related factor (TRF/TRF1) was identified in the fruit fly Drosophila, but appears to be fly or insect-specific. Subsequently TBPL1/TRF2 was found in the genomes of many metazoans, whereas vertebrate genomes encode a third vertebrate family member, TBPL2/TRF3. In specific cell types or on specific promoters TBP can be replaced by one of these TBP-related factors, some of which interact with the TATA box similarly to TBP.
Role as transcription factor
TBP is a subunit of the eukaryotic general transcription factor TFIID. TFIID is the first protein to bind to DNA during the formation of the transcription preinitiation complex of RNA polymerase II (RNA Pol II). As one of the few proteins in the preinitiation complex that binds DNA in a sequence-specific manner, it helps position RNA polymerase II over the transcription start site of the gene. However, it is estimated that only 10–20% of human promoters have TATA boxes - the majority of human promoters are TATA-less housekeeping gene promoters - so TBP is probably not the only protein involved in positioning RNA polymerase II.. The binding of TBP to these promoters is facilitated by hous
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dispersal
|
Dispersal may refer to:
Biological dispersal, the movement of organisms from their birth site to their breeding site, or from one breeding site to another
Dispersal vector, forces that carry seeds for plants
Oceanic dispersal, the movement of terrestrial organisms from one land mass to another by sea-crossing
Seed dispersal, the movement or transport of seeds away from the parent plant
Dispersal draft, a system in professional sports for reassigning players whose former team is defunct
Dispersal of ownership, breaking up large media companies and media conglomerates to diversify ownership of property rights
Dispersal (military), strategic spreading-out of military personnel and equipment to reduce collateral damage
Dispersal prison, one of five secure prisons in the United Kingdom that houses Category A prisoners
Dispersal index, for volcanic eruptions
The dispersal area of an aerodrome, where aeroplanes are parked away from the runway.
See also
Dispersion (disambiguation)
Dispersive (disambiguation)
Dispersity, a measure of the heterogeneity of sizes of molecules or particles in a mixture
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nodule%20%28medicine%29
|
In medicine, nodules are small firm lumps, usually greater than 1 cm in diameter. If filled with fluid they are referred to as cysts. Smaller (less than 0.5 cm) raised soft tissue bumps may be termed papules.
The evaluation of a skin nodule includes a description of its appearance, its location, how it feels to touch and any associated symptoms which may give clues to an underlying medical condition.
Nodules in skin include dermatofibroma and pyogenic granuloma. Nodules may form on tendons and muscles in response to injury, and are frequently found on vocal cords. They may occur in organs such as the lung, or thyroid, or be a sign in other medical conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis.
Characteristics
Nodules are small firm lumps usually greater than 1 cm in diameter, found in skin and other organs. If filled with fluid they are usually softer and referred to as cysts. Smaller (less than 0.5 cm) raised soft tissue bumps may be termed papules.
Evaluation
The evaluation of a skin nodule includes a description of its appearance, its location, how it feels to touch and any associated symptoms which may give clues to an underlying medical condition.
Often discovered unintentionally on a chest x-ray, a single nodule in the lung requires assessment to exclude cancer.
Conditions
Nodules may form on tendons and muscles in response to injury, and are frequently found on vocal cords, They occur in conditions including endometriosis, neurofibromatosis, and in rheumatoid arthritis
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spermidine%20synthase
|
Spermidine synthase is an enzyme () that catalyzes the transfer of the propylamine group from S-adenosylmethioninamine to putrescine in the biosynthesis of spermidine. The systematic name is S-adenosyl 3-(methylthio)propylamine:putrescine 3-aminopropyltransferase and it belongs to the group of aminopropyl transferases. It does not need any cofactors. Most spermidine synthases exist in solution as dimers.
Specificity
With exception of the spermidine synthases from Thermotoga maritimum and from Escherichia coli, which accept different kinds of polyamines, all enzymes are highly specific for putrescine. No known spermidine synthase can use S-adenosyl methionine. This is prevented by a conserved aspartatyl residue in the active site, which is thought to repel the carboxyl moiety of S-adenosyl methionine. The putrescine-N-methyl transferase whose substrates are putrescine and S-adenosyl methionine, and which is evolutionary related to the spermidine synthases, lacks this aspartyl residue. It is even possible to convert the spermidine synthase by some mutations to a functional putrescine-N-methyltransferase.
Mechanism
It is assumed that the synthesis of spermidine follows the Sn2 mechanism. There is some uncertainty if the reaction occurs via a ping-pong or via a ternary-complex mechanism. Some kinetic data, but not all, suggest a ping-pong mechanism, while the investigation of the stereochemical path of the reaction argues for a ternary-complex mechanism. Prior to the nucleoph
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hematein
|
Hematein (US spelling) or haematein is an oxidized derivative of haematoxylin, used in staining. Haematein should not be confused with haematin, which is a brown to black iron-containing pigment formed by decomposition of haemoglobin. In the Colour Index (but nowhere else), haematein is called haematine.
Properties
Hematein exhibits indicator-like properties, being blue and less soluble in aqueous alkaline conditions, and red and more soluble in alcoholic acidic conditions. Dissolved haematein slowly reacts with atmospheric oxygen, yielding products that have not found applications.
Applications
In acidic solutions, complexes of hematein with metals (usually aluminium or iron, but also chromium, zirconium and several others) are used as biological stains. Aluminium-haematein (haemalum) is the "routine" stain for cell nuclei in sections of human and other animal tissues. Metal-haematein stains are available also for objects other than nuclei, including myelin sheaths of nerve fibres and various cytoplasmic organelles. The color of the stained objects depends on the salt used. Aluminium-haematein complexes are usually blue, whereas ferric complexes are very dark blue or black.
Aluminium-haematein complexes (haemalum) bind to the chromatin of the nuclei of cells. Although haemalum staining methods have been in use since the 1860s, the chemical identity of the substance or substances that bind the dye-metal complex is still not known with certainty. Some histochemical investi
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Servian%2C%20H%C3%A9rault
|
Servian (; ) is a commune in the Hérault department in the Occitanie region in southern France.
Geography
Climate
Servian has a mediterranean climate (Köppen climate classification Csa). The average annual temperature in Servian is . The average annual rainfall is with October as the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in July, at around , and lowest in January, at around . The highest temperature ever recorded in Servian was on 7 July 1982; the coldest temperature ever recorded was on 16 January 1985.
Population
See also
Communes of the Hérault department
References
Communes of Hérault
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorene
|
Fluorene , or 9H-fluorene is an organic compound with the formula (C6H4)2CH2. It forms white crystals that exhibit a characteristic, aromatic odor similar to that of naphthalene. It has a violet fluorescence, hence its name. For commercial purposes it is obtained from coal tar. It is insoluble in water and soluble in many organic solvents. Although sometimes classified as a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, the five-membered ring has no aromatic properties. Fluorene is mildly acidic.
Synthesis, structure, and reactivity
Although fluorene is obtained from coal tar, it can also be prepared by dehydrogenation of diphenylmethane. Alternatively, it can be prepared by the reduction of fluorenone with zinc or hypophosphorous acid–iodine. The fluorene molecule is nearly planar, although each of the two benzene rings is coplanar with the central carbon 9.
Fluorene can be found after the incomplete combustion of plastics such as PS, PE and PVC.
Acidity
The C9-H sites of the fluorene ring are weakly acidic (pKa = 22.6 in DMSO.) Deprotonation gives the stable fluorenyl anion, nominally C13H9−, which is aromatic and has an intense orange colour. The anion is a nucleophile. Electrophiles react with it by adding to the 9-position. The purification of fluorene exploits its acidity and the low solubility of its sodium derivative in hydrocarbon solvents.
Both protons can be removed from C9. For example, 9,9-fluorenyldipotassium can be obtained by treating fluorene with potassium metal in
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binary%20cycle
|
A binary cycle is a method for generating electrical power from geothermal resources and employs two separate fluid cycles, hence binary cycle. The primary cycle extracts the geothermal energy from the reservoir, and secondary cycle converts the heat into work to drive the generator and generate electricity.
Binary cycles permit electricity generation even from low temperature geothermal resources (<180°C) that would otherwise produce insufficient quantities of steam to make flash power plants economically viable. However, due to the lower temperatures binary cycles have low overall efficiencies of about 10-13%.
Introduction
In contrast to conventional geothermal power generation methods like dry-steam or flash, which use a single open cycle, a binary cycle has two separate cycles operating in tandem, hence binary cycle. The primary cycle extracts heat from the geothermal reservoir and provides this to the secondary cycle, which converts heat into work (see Heat Engine) to drive a generator and produce electricity. Thermodynamically, binary cycle power plants are similar to coal-fired or nuclear power plants in that they employ Rankine Power Cycles, the main difference being the heat source and the choice of cycle working fluid.
Primary cycle
The geothermal reservoir's hot in-situ fluid (or geofluid) is produced to the surface via a wellbore, if necessary assisted by a pump. On the surface, the hot geofluid transfers some of its heat to the secondary cycle, via a heat ex
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrer
|
Barrer is a non-SI unit of gas permeability (specifically, gas permeability) used in the membrane technology and contact lens industry. It is named after Richard Barrer.
Definition
Here the 'cm3STP' is standard cubic centimeter, which is a unit of amount of gas rather than a unit of volume. It represents the number of gas molecules or moles that would occupy one cubic centimeter at standard temperature and pressure, as calculated via the ideal gas law.
The cm corresponds in the permeability equations to the thickness of the material whose permeability is being evaluated, the cm3STPcm−2s−1 to the flux of gas through the material, and the cmHg to the pressure drop across the material. That is, it measures the rate of fluid flow passing through an area of material with a thickness driven by a given pressure. See Darcy's Law.
In SI unit Barrer can be expressed as:
To convert to CGS permeability unit, one must use the following:
Where M is the molecular weight of the penetrant gas (g/mol).
Another commonly expressed unit is Gas Permeance Unit (GPU). It is used in the measurement of gas permeance. Permeance can be expressed as the ratio of the permeability with the thickness of membrane.
Or in SI units:
References
Units of measurement
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convex%20analysis
|
Convex analysis is the branch of mathematics devoted to the study of properties of convex functions and convex sets, often with applications in convex minimization, a subdomain of optimization theory.
Convex sets
A subset of some vector space is if it satisfies any of the following equivalent conditions:
If is real and then
If is real and with then
Throughout, will be a map valued in the extended real numbers with a domain that is a convex subset of some vector space.
The map is a if
holds for any real and any with If this remains true of when the defining inequality () is replaced by the strict inequality
then is called .
Convex functions are related to convex sets. Specifically, the function is convex if and only if its
is a convex set. The epigraphs of extended real-valued functions play a role in convex analysis that is analogous to the role played by graphs of real-valued function in real analysis. Specifically, the epigraph of an extended real-valued function provides geometric intuition that can be used to help formula or prove conjectures.
The domain of a function is denoted by while its is the set
The function is called if and for Alternatively, this means that there exists some in the domain of at which and is also equal to In words, a function is if its domain is not empty, it never takes on the value and it also is not identically equal to If is a proper convex function then there exist some vector and
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black%20tamarin
|
The black tamarin (Saguinus niger) or western black-handed tamarin, is a species of tamarin endemic to Brazil.
Taxonomy
Based on mitochondrial DNA analysis, black tamarins were found to be more closely related to populations on the same side of the Tocantins River than on the other, showing that the river constitutes an effective gene flow barrier. As a consequence of the genetic divergence, as well as minor differences in pelage color, some recent authorities have argued for recognizing the population east of the Tocantins River as S. ursulus (eastern black-handed tamarin), leaving the "true" S. niger for the population west of this river.
The closest living relative of the black tamarin is thought to be the golden-handed tamarin (S. midas).
Description
Black-handed tamarins are among the smallest primates, weighing approximately 500 grams. As with other tamarins, the hind limbs are longer than the forelimbs and the thumbs are not opposable. With the exception of the big toe, there are claws on all fingers and toes, as well as two molars on each side of the jaw. The face of the black tamarin is generally hairless. The fur is blackish-brown with lighter markings on the back, similar to the golden-handed tamarin but without the golden-orange feet and hands of that species.
Distribution and habitat
The geographic range of black-handed tamarins, which are endemic to Pará, Brazil, is limited by the Rio Amazonas (Amazon River) to the North, the Rio Tocantins (Tocantins River
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subharmonic%20function
|
In mathematics, subharmonic and superharmonic functions are important classes of functions used extensively in partial differential equations, complex analysis and potential theory.
Intuitively, subharmonic functions are related to convex functions of one variable as follows. If the graph of a convex function and a line intersect at two points, then the graph of the convex function is below the line between those points. In the same way, if the values of a subharmonic function are no larger than the values of a harmonic function on the boundary of a ball, then the values of the subharmonic function are no larger than the values of the harmonic function also inside the ball.
Superharmonic functions can be defined by the same description, only replacing "no larger" with "no smaller". Alternatively, a superharmonic function is just the negative of a subharmonic function, and for this reason any property of subharmonic functions can be easily transferred to superharmonic functions.
Formal definition
Formally, the definition can be stated as follows. Let be a subset of the Euclidean space and let
be an upper semi-continuous function. Then, is called subharmonic if for any closed ball of center and radius contained in and every real-valued continuous function on that is harmonic in and satisfies for all on the boundary of , we have for all
Note that by the above, the function which is identically −∞ is subharmonic, but some authors exclude this function by defin
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Branch%20and%20cut
|
Branch and cut is a method of combinatorial optimization for solving integer linear programs (ILPs), that is, linear programming (LP) problems where some or all the unknowns are restricted to integer values. Branch and cut involves running a branch and bound algorithm and using cutting planes to tighten the linear programming relaxations. Note that if cuts are only used to tighten the initial LP relaxation, the algorithm is called cut and branch.
Algorithm
This description assumes the ILP is a maximization problem.
The method solves the linear program without the integer constraint using the regular simplex algorithm. When an optimal solution is obtained, and this solution has a non-integer value for a variable that is supposed to be integer, a cutting plane algorithm may be used to find further linear constraints which are satisfied by all feasible integer points but violated by the current fractional solution. These inequalities may be added to the linear program, such that resolving it will yield a different solution which is hopefully "less fractional".
At this point, the branch and bound part of the algorithm is started. The problem is split into multiple (usually two) versions. The new linear programs are then solved using the simplex method and the process repeats. During the branch and bound process, non-integral solutions to LP relaxations serve as upper bounds and integral solutions serve as lower bounds. A node can be pruned if an upper bound is lower than an
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholinergic%20crisis
|
A cholinergic crisis is an over-stimulation at a neuromuscular junction due to an excess of acetylcholine (ACh), as a result of the inactivity of the AChE enzyme, which normally breaks down acetylcholine.
Symptoms and diagnosis
As a result of cholinergic crisis, the muscles stop responding to the high synaptic levels of ACh, leading to flaccid paralysis, respiratory failure, and other signs and symptoms reminiscent of organophosphate poisoning. Other symptoms include increased sweating, salivation, bronchial secretions along with miosis (constricted pupils).
This crisis may be masked by the concomitant use of atropine along with cholinesterase inhibitor medication in order to prevent side effects. Flaccid paralysis resulting from cholinergic crisis can be distinguished from myasthenia gravis by the use of the drug edrophonium (Tensilon), as it only worsens the paralysis caused by cholinergic crisis but strengthens the muscle response in the case of myasthenia gravis. (Edrophonium is a cholinesterase inhibitor, hence increases the concentration of acetylcholine present).
Some of the symptoms of increased cholinergic stimulation include:
Salivation: stimulation of the salivary glands
Lacrimation: stimulation of the lacrimal glands (tearing)
Urination: relaxation of the internal sphincter muscle of urethra, and contraction of the detrusor muscles
Defecation
Gastrointestinal distress: Smooth muscle tone changes causing gastrointestinal problems, including cramping
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coriolis%20frequency
|
The Coriolis frequency ƒ, also called the Coriolis parameter or Coriolis coefficient, is equal to twice the rotation rate Ω of the Earth multiplied by the sine of the latitude .
The rotation rate of the Earth (Ω = 7.2921 × 10−5 rad/s) can be calculated as 2π / T radians per second, where T is the rotation period of the Earth which is one sidereal day (23 h 56 min 4.1 s). In the midlatitudes, the typical value for is about 10−4 rad/s. Inertial oscillations on the surface of the Earth have this frequency. These oscillations are the result of the Coriolis effect.
Explanation
Consider a body (for example a fixed volume of atmosphere) moving along at a given latitude at velocity in the Earth's rotating reference frame. In the local reference frame of the body, the vertical direction is parallel to the radial vector pointing from the center of the Earth to the location of the body and the horizontal direction is perpendicular to this vertical direction and in the meridional direction. The Coriolis force (proportional to ), however, is perpendicular to the plane containing both the earth's angular velocity vector (where ) and the body's own velocity in the rotating reference frame . Thus, the Coriolis force is always at an angle with the local vertical direction. The local horizontal direction of the Coriolis force is thus . This force acts to move the body along longitudes or in the meridional directions.
Equilibrium
Suppose the body is moving with a velocity such that
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antlerite
|
Antlerite is a greenish hydrous copper sulfate mineral, with the formula Cu3(SO4)(OH)4. It occurs in tabular, acicular, or fibrous crystals with a vitreous luster. Originally believed to be a rare mineral, antlerite was found to be the primary ore of the oxidised zones in several copper mines across the world, including the Chuquicamata mine in Chile, and the Antler mine in Arizona, US from which it takes its name. It is chemically and optically similar in many respects to other copper minerals such as malachite and brochantite, though it can be distinguished from the former by a lack of effervescence in hydrochloric acid.
Antlerite is a common corrosion product on bronze sculptures located in urban areas, where atmospheric sulfur dioxide (a common pollutant) is present. Antlerite forms mainly in sheltered areas where weathering is low, which permits accumulation of copper ions and enhancement in the acidity of water films. In exposed areas, the main corrosion product is brochantite.
References
Copper(II) minerals
Sulfate minerals
Orthorhombic minerals
Minerals in space group 62
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine%20Statistics%20Authority
|
The Philippine Statistics Authority (; PSA) is the central statistical authority of the Philippine government that collects, compiles, analyzes and publishes statistical information on economic, social, demographic, political affairs and general affairs of the people of the Philippines and enforces the civil registration functions in the country.
It is an attached agency of the National Economic and Development Authority (NEDA) for purposes of policy coordination. The PSA comprises the PSA Board and offices on sectoral statistics, censuses and technical coordination, civil registration, Philippine registry office, central support and field statistical services.
The National Statistician, who is appointed by the president of the Philippines from a list of nominees submitted by a Special Committee and endorsed by the PSA Board Chairperson, is the head of the PSA and has a rank equivalent to an Undersecretary. Aside from directing and supervising the general administration of the PSA, the National Statistician provides overall direction in the implementation of the Civil Registry Law and related issuances and exercise technical supervision over the civil registrars as Civil Registrar General.
The current National Statistician and Civil Registrar General (NSCRG) is Usec. Dennis Mapa, Ph.D. as appointed by President Rodrigo Duterte.
History and precursor agencies
Philippine Statistical System
Recognizing the need to further enhance the efficiency of the statistical system an
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organ%20dysfunction
|
Organ dysfunction is a condition where an organ does not perform its expected function. Organ failure is organ dysfunction to such a degree that normal homeostasis cannot be maintained without external clinical intervention or life support.
It is not a diagnosis. It can be classified by the cause, but when the cause is not known, it can also be classified by whether the onset is chronic or acute.
Multiple organ failure can be associated with sepsis and is often fatal. Countries such as Spain have shown a rise in mortality risk due to a large elderly population there.
There are tools physicians use when diagnosing multiple organ failure and when prognosing the outcome. The Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) score uses early lab values in a patient's hospitalization (within 24 hours) to predict fatal outcomes for a patient.
References
External links
Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) Score
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-transcriptional%20modification
|
Transcriptional modification or co-transcriptional modification is a set of biological processes common to most eukaryotic cells by which an RNA primary transcript is chemically altered following transcription from a gene to produce a mature, functional RNA molecule that can then leave the nucleus and perform any of a variety of different functions in the cell. There are many types of post-transcriptional modifications achieved through a diverse class of molecular mechanisms.
One example is the conversion of precursor messenger RNA transcripts into mature messenger RNA that is subsequently capable of being translated into protein. This process includes three major steps that significantly modify the chemical structure of the RNA molecule: the addition of a 5' cap, the addition of a 3' polyadenylated tail, and RNA splicing. Such processing is vital for the correct translation of eukaryotic genomes because the initial precursor mRNA produced by transcription often contains both exons (coding sequences) and introns (non-coding sequences); splicing removes the introns and links the exons directly, while the cap and tail facilitate the transport of the mRNA to a ribosome and protect it from molecular degradation.
Post-transcriptional modifications may also occur during the processing of other transcripts which ultimately become transfer RNA, ribosomal RNA, or any of the other types of RNA used by the cell.
mRNA processing
5' processing
Capping
Capping of the pre-mRNA involv
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madame%20Masque
|
Madame Masque (birth name Giulietta Nefaria but legally renamed Whitney Frost) is a supervillain appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Created by Stan Lee and Gene Colan, the character first appeared in Tales of Suspense #97 (October 1967). An occasional love interest and enemy of Iron Man and the daughter of Count Nefaria, she originally wore a golden mask to cover up her disfigured face and continues to do so after her face was healed.
Over the years, Madame Masque has appeared in various forms of media, including animated television series and video games. A version of Whitney Frost appears in the second season of the Agent Carter television series set in the Marvel Cinematic Universe, portrayed by Wynn Everett.
Publication history
Whitney Frost first appeared in Tales of Suspense #97 (October 1967) using the code name Big M and was created by Stan Lee and Gene Colan. She started appearing as Madame Masque in Iron Man #17 (September 1969).
Fictional character biography
Madame Masque was born as Giulietta Nefaria, the daughter of the master criminal Count Luchino Nefaria, in Rome, Italy. Her mother died when giving birth and Luchino wanted his daughter to lead a respectable life, so he gave the child to Byron Frost, a wealthy financier and an employee of Nefaria, and his wife Loretta Frost.
Frost called the child Whitney and raised her as his own. As a young adult, Whitney was a debutante and socialite, and became engaged to politician Roger Van
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pancreatic%20juice
|
Pancreatic juice is a liquid secreted by the pancreas, which contains a number of digestive enzymes, including trypsinogen, chymotrypsinogen, elastase, carboxypeptidase, pancreatic lipase, nucleases and amylase. The pancreas is located in the visceral region, and is a major part of the digestive system required for proper digestion and subsequent assimilation of macronutrient substances required for living.
Pancreatic juice is alkaline in nature due to the high concentration of bicarbonate ions. Bicarbonate is useful in neutralizing the acidic gastric acid, allowing for effective enzymic changes.
Pancreatic juice secretion is principally regulated by the hormones secretin and cholecystokinin, which are produced by the walls of the duodenum, and by the action of autonomic innervation.
The release of these hormones into the blood is stimulated by the entry of the acidic chyme into the duodenum. Their coordinated action results in the secretion of a large volume of pancreatic juice, which is alkaline and enzyme-rich, into the duodenum. The pancreas also receives autonomic innervation. The blood flow into pancreas is regulated by sympathetic nerve fibers, while parasympathetic neurons stimulate the activity of acinar and centroacinar cells.
Pancreatic secretion is an aqueous solution of bicarbonate originating from the duct cells and enzymes originating from the acinar cells. The bicarbonate assists in neutralising the low pH of the chyme coming from the stomach, while th
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toda%20lattice
|
The Toda lattice, introduced by , is a simple model for a one-dimensional crystal in solid state physics. It is famous because it is one of the earliest examples of a non-linear completely integrable system.
It is given by a chain of particles with nearest neighbor interaction, described by the Hamiltonian
and the equations of motion
where is the displacement of the -th particle from its equilibrium position,
and is its momentum (mass ),
and the Toda potential .
Soliton solutions
Soliton solutions are solitary waves spreading in time with no change to their shape and size and interacting with each other in a particle-like way. The general N-soliton solution of the equation is
where
with
where
and
.
Integrability
The Toda lattice is a prototypical example of a completely integrable system. To see this one uses Flaschka's variables
such that the Toda lattice reads
To show that the system is completely integrable, it suffices to find a Lax pair, that is, two operators L(t) and P(t) in the Hilbert space of square summable sequences such that the Lax equation
(where [L, P] = LP - PL is the Lie commutator of the two operators) is equivalent to the time derivative of Flaschka's variables. The choice
where f(n+1) and f(n-1) are the shift operators, implies that the operators L(t) for different t are unitarily equivalent.
The matrix has the property that its eigenvalues are invariant in time. These eigenvalues constitute independent integrals of motion, therefo
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedl%C3%A4nder%20synthesis
|
The Friedländer synthesis is a chemical reaction of 2-aminobenzaldehydes with ketones to form quinoline derivatives. It is named after German chemist Paul Friedländer (1857–1923).
This reaction has been catalyzed by trifluoroacetic acid, toluenesulfonic acid, iodine, and Lewis acids.
Several reviews have been published.
Mechanism
Two viable reaction mechanisms exist for this reaction. In the first mechanism 2-amino substituted carbonyl compound 1 and carbonyl compound 2 react in a rate-limiting step to aldol adduct 3. This intermediate loses water in an elimination reaction to unsaturated carbonyl compound 4 and then loses water again in imine formation to quinoline 7. In the second mechanism the first step is Schiff base formation to 5 followed by Aldol reaction to 6 and elimination to 7.
The Pfitzinger reaction and the Niementowski quinoline synthesis are variations of the Friedländer reaction.
See also
Doebner-Miller reaction
Povarov reaction
Skraup reaction
References
Condensation reactions
Quinoline forming reactions
Name reactions
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumicera
|
Lumicera is a transparent ceramic developed by Murata Manufacturing Co., Ltd.
Murata Manufacturing first developed transparent polycrystalline ceramics in February 2001. This polycrystalline ceramic is a type of dielectric resonator material commonly used in microwaves and millimeter waves. While offering superior electrical properties, high levels of transmissivity, and refractive index, it also has good optical characteristics without birefringence.
Normally, ceramics are opaque because pores are formed at triple points where grains intersect, causing scattering of incident light. Murata has optimized the entire development process of making dense and homogenous ceramics to improve their performance.
Under recommendations from Casio, the material itself has been refined for use in digital camera optical lenses by endowing it with improved transmission of short wavelength light and by reducing pores inside ceramics that reduce transparency.
Lumicera has the same light transmitting qualities as optical glass commonly used in today's conventional camera lenses, however it has a refractive index (nd = 2.08 at 587 nm) much greater than that of optical glass (nd = 1.5 – 1.85 ) and offers superior strength. The Lumicera Z variant is described as barium oxide based material, not containing any environmentally hazardous materials (e.g. lead).
Lumicera is transparent up to 10 micrometers, making it useful for instruments operating in the mid-infrared spectrum.
Lumicera is a tra
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niementowski%20quinoline%20synthesis
|
The Niementowski quinoline synthesis is the chemical reaction of anthranilic acids and ketones (or aldehydes) to form γ-hydroxyquinoline derivatives.
Overview
In 1894, Niementowski reported that 2-phenyl-4-hydroxyquinoline was formed when anthranilic acid and acetophenone were heated to 120–130 °C. He later found that at higher heat, 200 °C, anthranilic acid and heptaldehyde formed minimal yields of 4-hydroxy-3-pentaquinoline.
Several reviews have been published.
Variations
The temperatures required for this reaction make it less popular than other quinoline synthetic procedures. However, variations have been proposed to make this a more pragmatic and useful reaction. Adding phosphorus oxychloride to the reaction mixture mediates a condensation to make both isomers of an important precursor to an important α1-adrenoreceptor antagonist. When the 3 position of an arylketone is substituted, it has been shown that a Niementowski-type reaction with propionic acid can produce a 4-hydroxyquinoline with 2-thiomethyl substitute. The method has also been altered to occur with a catalytic amount of base, or in the presence of polyphosphoric acid.
Mechanism
Because of the similarity of these to the reagents in the Friedlander quinolone synthesis, a benzaldehyde with an aldehyde or ketone, the Niementowski quinoline synthesis mechanism is minimally different from that of the Friedländer synthesis. While studied in depth, two reaction pathways are possible and both have significant su
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LEAPS%20%28finance%29
|
In finance, Long-term Equity AnticiPation Securities (LEAPS) are derivatives that track the price of an underlying financial instrument (stocks or indices). They are option contracts with a much longer time to expiry than standard options. According to the Options Industry Council, the educational arm of the Options Clearing Corporation, LEAPS are available on stocks and indexes that have an average daily trading volume of at least 1000 contracts. As with standard options, LEAPS are available in two forms, calls and puts.
Options were originally created with expiry cycles of 3, 6, and 9 months, with no option term lasting more than a year. Options of this form, for such terms, still constitute the vast majority of options activity. LEAPS were created relatively recently and typically extend for terms of 2 years out. Equity LEAPS typically expire in January. For example, if today were December 2020, one could buy a Microsoft option that would expire in January of 2021, 2022, or 2023. The latter two are LEAPS. In practice, LEAPS behave and are traded just like standard options.
When LEAPS were first introduced in 1990, they were derivative instruments solely for stocks; however, more recently, equivalent instruments for indices have become available. These are also referred to as LEAPS.
Applications
LEAPS are often used as a risk reduction tool by investors. For example, in an article in Stocks, Futures and Options Magazine, Dan Haugh of PTI Securities & Futures suggests tha
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XDH
|
XDH may refer to:
the XDH Assumption, or, the External Diffie-Hellman assumption, a mathematic assumption used in elliptic curve cryptography
xanthine dehydrogenase, an enzyme
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana%20%28album%29
|
Ghana is third in a three-part series of compilations of songs by The Mountain Goats that have appeared on various releases. It is preceded by Protein Source of the Future...Now!, and Bitter Melon Farm.
Track listing
Personnel
John Darnielle - Vocals, acoustic guitar
Rachel Ware - Bass guitar, backing vocals (2, 5, 6, 11, 21, 30)
Alastair Galbraith - Violin, etc. (7-10)
Cover versions
Michael and the G2s cover "Going to Port Washington" in their album Michael and the G2s Cover Everything.
References
The Mountain Goats compilation albums
1999 compilation albums
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyanogen%20bromide
|
Cyanogen bromide is the inorganic compound with the formula (CN)Br or BrCN. It is a colorless solid that is widely used to modify biopolymers, fragment proteins and peptides (cuts the C-terminus of methionine), and synthesize other compounds. The compound is classified as a pseudohalogen.
Synthesis, basic properties, and structure
The carbon atom in cyanogen bromide is bonded to bromine by a single bond and to nitrogen by a triple bond (i.e. ). The compound is linear and polar, but it does not spontaneously ionize in water. It dissolves in both water and polar organic solvents.
Cyanogen bromide can be prepared by oxidation of sodium cyanide with bromine, which proceeds in two steps via the intermediate cyanogen ():
2 NaCN + Br2 -> (CN)2 + 2 NaBr
(CN)2 + Br2 -> 2 (CN)Br
When refrigerated the material has an extended shelflife. Like some other cyanogen compounds, cyanogen bromide undergoes an exothermic trimerisation to cyanuric bromide (). This reaction is catalyzed by traces of bromine, metal salts, acids and bases. For this reason, experimentalists avoid brownish samples.
Cyanogen bromide is hydrolyzed to release hydrogen cyanide and hypobromous acid
(CN)Br + H2O -> HCN + HOBr
Biochemical applications
The main uses of cyanogen bromide are to immobilize proteins, fragment proteins by cleaving peptide bonds, and synthesize cyanamides and other molecules.
Protein immobilization
Cyanogen bromide is often used to immobilize proteins by coupling them to reagents such a
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auramine%20O
|
Auramine O is a diarylmethane dye used as a fluorescent stain. In its pure form, Auramine O appears as yellow needle crystals. It is insoluble in water and soluble in ethanol and DMSO.
Auramine O can be used to stain acid-fast bacteria (e.g. Mycobacterium, where it binds to the mycolic acid in its cell wall) in a way similar to Ziehl–Neelsen stain. It can also be used as a fluorescent version of the Schiff reagent.
Auramine O can be used together with Rhodamine B as the Truant auramine-rhodamine stain for Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It can be also used as an antiseptic agent.
References
External links
Auramine O spectra data
Diarylmethane dyes
Staining dyes
Antiseptics
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mucunain
|
The proteolytic enzyme mucunain is a protein in the tissues of certain legumes of the genus Mucuna, especially velvet bean (Mucuna pruriens).
In these species the mucunain is found in stiff hairs, or trichomes, covering the seed pods. When the hairs rub off and come in contact with skin they cause severe itching and irritation.
References
Plant proteins
Enzymes
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithium%20niobate
|
Lithium niobate () is a synthetic salt consisting of niobium, lithium, and oxygen. Its single crystals are an important material for optical waveguides, mobile phones, piezoelectric sensors, optical modulators and various other linear and non-linear optical applications. Lithium niobate is sometimes referred to by the brand name linobate.
Properties
Lithium niobate is a colorless solid, and it is insoluble in water. It has a trigonal crystal system, which lacks inversion symmetry and displays ferroelectricity, the Pockels effect, the piezoelectric effect, photoelasticity and nonlinear optical polarizability. Lithium niobate has negative uniaxial birefringence which depends slightly on the stoichiometry of the crystal and on temperature. It is transparent for wavelengths between 350 and 5200 nanometers.
Lithium niobate can be doped by magnesium oxide, which increases its resistance to optical damage (also known as photorefractive damage) when doped above the optical damage threshold. Other available dopants are iron, zinc, hafnium, copper, gadolinium, erbium, yttrium, manganese and boron.
Growth
Single crystals of lithium niobate can be grown using the Czochralski process.
After a crystal is grown, it is sliced into wafers of different orientation. Common orientations are Z-cut, X-cut, Y-cut, and cuts with rotated angles of the previous axes.
Thin films
Thin-film lithium niobate (e.g. for optical wave guides) can be transferred to or grown on sapphire and other substrat
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FORK-256
|
FORK-256 is a hash algorithm designed in response to security issues discovered in the earlier SHA-1 and MD5 algorithms. After substantial cryptanalysis, the algorithm is considered broken.
Background
In 2005, Xiaoyun Wang announced an order- collision attack on the government's hash standard SHA-1. The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), the body responsible for setting cryptographic standards in the United States, concluded this was a practical attack (as previous estimates were order-) and began encouraging additional research into hash functions and their weaknesses. As part of this effort, NIST hosted two workshops where potential new algorithms, including FORK-256, were introduced and discussed. Rather than immediately select any of these algorithms, NIST conducted a public competition from 2007–2012 which ultimately resulted in the Keccak algorithm being selected for use as the SHA-3 standard.
Algorithm and Analysis
FORK-256 was introduced at the 2005 NIST Hash workshop and published the following year. FORK-256 uses 512-bit blocks and implements preset constants that change after each repetition. Each block is hashed into a 256-bit block through four branches that divides each 512 block into sixteen 32-bit words that are further encrypted and rearranged.
The initial algorithm garnered significant cryptanalysis, summarized in (Saarinen 2007). Matusiewicz et al. (2006) discovered a collision attack with complexity of . Mendel et al. (2006) i
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mean%20squared%20prediction%20error
|
In statistics the mean squared prediction error (MSPE), also known as mean squared error of the predictions, of a smoothing, curve fitting, or regression procedure is the expected value of the squared prediction errors (PE), the square difference between the fitted values implied by the predictive function and the values of the (unobservable) true value g. It is an inverse measure of the explanatory power of and can be used in the process of cross-validation of an estimated model.
Knowledge of g would be required in order to calculate the MSPE exactly; in practice, MSPE is estimated.
Formulation
If the smoothing or fitting procedure has projection matrix (i.e., hat matrix) L, which maps the observed values vector to predicted values vector then PE and MSPE are formulated as:
The MSPE can be decomposed into two terms: the squared bias (mean error) of the fitted values and the variance of the fitted values:
The quantity is called sum squared prediction error.
The root mean squared prediction error is the square root of MSPE: .
Computation of MSPE over out-of-sample data
The mean squared prediction error can be computed exactly in two contexts. First, with a data sample of length n, the data analyst may run the regression over only q of the data points (with q < n), holding back the other n – q data points with the specific purpose of using them to compute the estimated model’s MSPE out of sample (i.e., not using data that were used in the model estimation process). Si
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contrast%20agent
|
A contrast agent (or contrast medium) is a substance used to increase the contrast of structures or fluids within the body in medical imaging. Contrast agents absorb or alter external electromagnetism or ultrasound, which is different from radiopharmaceuticals, which emit radiation themselves. In x-ray imaging, contrast agents enhance the radiodensity in a target tissue or structure. In magnetic resonance imaging, contrast agents shorten (or in some instances increase) the relaxation times of nuclei within body tissues in order to alter the contrast in the image.
Contrast agents are commonly used to improve the visibility of blood vessels and the gastrointestinal tract.
The types of contrast agent are classified according their intended imaging modalities.
Radiocontrast media
For radiography, which is based on X-rays, iodine and barium are the most common types of contrast agent. Various sorts of iodinated contrast agents exist, with variations occurring between the osmolarity, viscosity and absolute iodine content. Non-ionic dimers are favored for their low osmolarity and toxicity, but have a correspondingly higher price attached to their use.
MRI contrast agents
Gadolinium is used in magnetic resonance imaging as an MRI contrast agent or gadolinium-based contrast agent (GBCA). In the 3+ oxidation state the metal has seven unpaired electrons. This causes water around the contrast agent to relax quickly, enhancing the quality of the MRI scan.
Ultrasound contrast agents
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infiltration%20%28medical%29
|
Infiltration is the diffusion or accumulation (in a tissue or cells) of foreign substances in amounts excess of the normal. The material collected in those tissues or cells is called infiltrate.
Definitions of infiltration
As part of a disease process, infiltration is sometimes used to define the invasion of cancer cells into the underlying matrix or the blood vessels. Similarly, the term may describe the deposition of amyloid protein. During leukocyte extravasation, white blood cells move in response to cytokines from within the blood, into the diseased or infected tissues, usually in the same direction as a chemical gradient, in a process called chemotaxis. The presence of lymphocytes in tissue in greater than normal numbers is likewise called infiltration.
As part of medical intervention, local anaesthetics may be injected at more than one point so as to infiltrate an area prior to a surgical procedure. However, the term may also apply to unintended iatrogenic leakage of fluids from phlebotomy or intravenous drug delivery procedures, a process also known as extravasation or "tissuing".
Causes
Infiltration may be caused by:
Puncture of distal vein wall during venipuncture
Puncture of any portion of the vein wall by mechanical friction from the catheter/needle cannula
Dislodgement of the catheter/needle cannula from the intima of the vein which may be a result of a poorly secured IV device or inappropriate choice of venous site to puncture.
Improper cannula size or
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forced%20convection
|
Forced convection is a mechanism, or type of transport, in which fluid motion is generated by an external source (like a pump, fan, suction device, etc.). Alongside natural convection, thermal radiation, and thermal conduction it is one of the methods of heat transfer and allows significant amounts of heat energy to be transported very efficiently.
Applications
This mechanism is found very commonly in everyday life, including central heating, air conditioning, steam turbines, and in many other machines. Forced convection is often encountered by engineers designing or analyzing heat exchangers, pipe flow, and flow over a plate at a different temperature than the stream (the case of a shuttle wing during re-entry, for example).
Mixed convection
In any forced convection situation, some amount of natural convection is always present whenever there are gravitational forces present (i.e., unless the system is in an inertial frame or free-fall). When the natural convection is not negligible, such flows are typically referred to as mixed convection.
Mathematical analysis
When analyzing potentially mixed convection, a parameter called the Archimedes number (Ar) parametrizes the relative strength of free and forced convection. The Archimedes number is the ratio of Grashof number and the square of Reynolds number, which represents the ratio of buoyancy force and inertia force, and which stands in for the contribution of natural convection. When Ar ≫ 1, natural convection dominates an
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indium%20gallium%20nitride
|
Indium gallium nitride (InGaN, ) is a semiconductor material made of a mix of gallium nitride (GaN) and indium nitride (InN). It is a ternary group III/group V direct bandgap semiconductor. Its bandgap can be tuned by varying the amount of indium in the alloy.
InxGa1−xN has a direct bandgap span from the infrared (0.69 eV) for InN to the ultraviolet (3.4 eV) of GaN.
The ratio of In/Ga is usually between 0.02/0.98 and 0.3/0.7.
Applications
LEDs
Indium gallium nitride is the light-emitting layer in modern blue and green LEDs and often grown on a GaN buffer on a transparent substrate as, e.g. sapphire or silicon carbide. It has a high heat capacity and its sensitivity to ionizing radiation is low (like other group III nitrides), making it also a potentially suitable material for solar photovoltaic devices, specifically for arrays for satellites.
It is theoretically predicted that spinodal decomposition of indium nitride should occur for compositions between 15% and 85%, leading to In-rich and Ga-rich InGaN regions or clusters. However, only a weak phase segregation has been observed in experimental local structure studies. Other experimental results using cathodoluminescence and photoluminescence excitation on low In-content InGaN multi-quantum wells have demonstrated that providing correct material parameters of the InGaN/GaN alloys, theoretical approaches for AlGaN/GaN systems also apply to InGaN nanostructures.
GaN is a defect-rich material with typical dislocation densit
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark%20Plotkin
|
Mark J. Plotkin (born May 21, 1955) is an ethnobotanist and a plant explorer in the Neotropics, where he is an expert on rainforest ecosystems. Plotkin is an advocate for tropical rainforest conservation and host of Plants of the Gods: Hallucinogens, Healing, Culture and Conservation podcast.
Background and career
After attending Isidore Newman School in New Orleans, Plotkin worked at Harvard University's Museum of Comparative Zoology when he joined an expedition searching for an elusive crocodilian species in 1978 and was galvanized into returning to education. He completed his bachelor of liberal arts degree at Harvard University's Harvard Extension School, his master's degree in forestry at Yale School of Forestry, and his Ph.D. at Tufts University; during which he completed a handbook for the Tiriyó people of Suriname detailing their own medicinal plants—the only other book printed in Tiriyó language being the Bible. He went on to do research at Harvard under Richard Evans Schultes. He is the author of the book Tales of a Shaman's Apprentice. Other critically acclaimed books by Plotkin include Medicine Quest, The Killers Within: the Deadly Rise of Drug-Resistant Bacteria (with Michael Shnayerson), and The Shaman's Apprentice, (a children's book with Lynne Cherry).
In 1995, Plotkin and prominent Costa Rican conservationist Liliana Madrigal formed the Amazon Conservation Team to protect Amazonian rainforest in partnership with local indigenous peoples. ACT has now worke
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glutathione%20reductase
|
Glutathione reductase (GR) also known as glutathione-disulfide reductase (GSR) is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the GSR gene. Glutathione reductase (EC 1.8.1.7) catalyzes the reduction of glutathione disulfide (GSSG) to the sulfhydryl form glutathione (GSH), which is a critical molecule in resisting oxidative stress and maintaining the reducing environment of the cell. Glutathione reductase functions as dimeric disulfide oxidoreductase and utilizes an FAD prosthetic group and NADPH to reduce one molar equivalent of GSSG to two molar equivalents of GSH:
The glutathione reductase is conserved between all kingdoms. In bacteria, yeasts, and animals, one glutathione reductase gene is found; however, in plant genomes, two GR genes are encoded. Drosophila and trypanosomes do not have any GR at all. In these organisms, glutathione reduction is performed by either the thioredoxin or the trypanothione system, respectively.
Function
Glutathione plays a key role in maintaining proper function and preventing oxidative stress in human cells. It can act as a scavenger for hydroxyl radicals, singlet oxygen, and various electrophiles. Reduced glutathione reduces the oxidized form of the enzyme glutathione peroxidase, which in turn reduces hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), a dangerously reactive species within the cell. [In the following illustration of redox reeactions, the rightmost arrow is reversed; it should be pointing up not down.] In addition, it plays a key role in the metabolis
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deubiquitinating%20enzyme
|
Deubiquitinating enzymes (DUBs), also known as deubiquitinating peptidases, deubiquitinating isopeptidases, deubiquitinases, ubiquitin proteases, ubiquitin hydrolases, or ubiquitin isopeptidases, are a large group of proteases that cleave ubiquitin from proteins. Ubiquitin is attached to proteins in order to regulate the degradation of proteins via the proteasome and lysosome; coordinate the cellular localisation of proteins; activate and inactivate proteins; and modulate protein-protein interactions. DUBs can reverse these effects by cleaving the peptide or isopeptide bond between ubiquitin and its substrate protein. In humans there are nearly 100 DUB genes, which can be classified into two main classes: cysteine proteases and metalloproteases. The cysteine proteases comprise ubiquitin-specific proteases (USPs), ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolases (UCHs), Machado-Josephin domain proteases (MJDs) and ovarian tumour proteases (OTU). The metalloprotease group contains only the Jab1/Mov34/Mpr1 Pad1 N-terminal+ (MPN+) (JAMM) domain proteases.
Classes
In humans there are 102 putative DUB genes, which can be classified into two main classes: cysteine proteases and metalloproteases, consisting of 58 ubiquitin-specific proteases (USPs), 4 ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolases (UCHs), 5 Machado-Josephin domain proteases (MJDs), 14 ovarian tumour proteases (OTU), and 14 Jab1/Mov34/Mpr1 Pad1 N-terminal+ (MPN+) (JAMM) domain-containing genes. 11 of these proteins are predicted to be non-functio
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soft%20Cell%27s%20Non-Stop%20Exotic%20Video%20Show
|
Soft Cell's Non-Stop Exotic Video Show is a video album by British synthpop duo Soft Cell. It is a companion release to their debut album, Non-Stop Erotic Cabaret. The collection was originally issued on VHS, Betamax and Laserdisc in 1982, and re-issued on DVD in 2004.
Track listing
"Entertain Me"
"Bedsitter"
"Frustration"
"Torch"
"Seedy Films"
"Secret Life"
"Tainted Love"
"Youth"
"Memorabilia"
"Sex Dwarf"
"What"
"Say Hello, Wave Goodbye"
References
External links
Soft Cell video albums
Music video compilation albums
1982 video albums
1982 compilation albums
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copy%20number%20variation
|
Copy number variation (CNV) is a phenomenon in which sections of the genome are repeated and the number of repeats in the genome varies between individuals. Copy number variation is a type of structural variation: specifically, it is a type of duplication or deletion event that affects a considerable number of base pairs. Approximately two-thirds of the entire human genome may be composed of repeats and 4.8–9.5% of the human genome can be classified as copy number variations. In mammals, copy number variations play an important role in generating necessary variation in the population as well as disease phenotype.
Copy number variations can be generally categorized into two main groups: short repeats and long repeats. However, there are no clear boundaries between the two groups and the classification depends on the nature of the loci of interest. Short repeats include mainly dinucleotide repeats (two repeating nucleotides e.g. A-C-A-C-A-C...) and trinucleotide repeats. Long repeats include repeats of entire genes. This classification based on size of the repeat is the most obvious type of classification as size is an important factor in examining the types of mechanisms that most likely gave rise to the repeats, hence the likely effects of these repeats on phenotype.
Types and chromosomal rearrangements
One of the most well known examples of a short copy number variation is the trinucleotide repeat of the CAG base pairs in the huntingtin gene responsible for the neurologica
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feulgen%20stain
|
Feulgen stain is a staining technique discovered by Robert Feulgen and used in histology to identify chromosomal material or DNA in cell specimens. It is darkly stained. It depends on acid hydrolysis of DNA, therefore fixating agents using strong acids should be avoided.
The specimen is subjected to warm (60 °C) hydrochloric acid, then to Schiff reagent. In the past, a sulfite rinse followed, but this is now considered unnecessary. Optionally, the sample can be counterstained with Light Green SF yellowish. Finally, it is dehydrated with ethanol, cleared with xylene, and mounted in a resinous medium.
DNA should be stained red. The background, if counterstained, is green.
The Feulgen reaction is a semi-quantitative technique. If the only aldehydes remaining in the cell are those produced from the hydrolysis of DNA, then the technique is quantitative for DNA. It is possible to use an instrument known as a microdensitometer or microspectrophotometer to actually measure the intensity of the pink Feulgen reaction for a given organelle. Using this procedure, it was early determined that interphase cells were composed of two populations, those with diploid DNA and those with tetraploid DNA (two complete genomes). The nuclei looked identical, but one contained twice as much DNA. This gave rise to the division of the interphase period of the cell cycle to G1, S, and G2 phases based on the synthesis of that extra DNA.
References
Biochemistry detection reactions
Microscopy
Microbiol
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prediction%20models
|
Prediction models may refer to:
Financial forecast or stock market prediction in finance
Free-space path loss in telecommunications
Predictive inference in statistics
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Very%20minimum%20shift%20keying
|
Very minimum shift keying, or VMSK, modulation, is one of several ultra-narrow-band modulation (UNBM) methods indeterminately claimed to send high-speed digital data through very low bandwidth (or narrowband) channels.
VMSK is a type of phase-shift keying, not related to minimum shift keying.
Claims versus analysis
VMSK was introduced in 1998 as a cellular telephone modulating method. Hardware was sent to and tested by Vodafone, Sprint and AT&T. The method was reported on favorably by William C.Y. Lee, V.P. of Vodafone Airtouch, in "Lee's Essentials of Wireless Communications", McGraw Hill 2001. There have been individuals who have made an analysis based on positive group delay filters that claim the method does not work; however, VMSK, like all ultra-narrow band modulation methods uses negative- or zero-delay filters.
Walker claims that with VMSK, "Efficiencies up to 15 bits/s/Hz are now being achieved in usable hardware with C/N ratios better than that obtainable using FM, BPSK or QPSK."
Analysis by third parties (Karn and Tomasic) have concluded that "no ultra narrow band modulation (UNBM) method, which includes very minimum shift keying (VMSK) and VPSK, can have substantially greater efficiency than conventional methods."
On a spectrum analyzer, a VMSK signal looks narrow. However, the actual bandwidth required to avoid interference is much wider. One analyst says "the spectral efficiency claims being made for VMSK are hogwash", regardless of the filter used.
Perso
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photolyase
|
Photolyases () are DNA repair enzymes that repair damage caused by exposure to ultraviolet light. These enzymes require visible light (from the violet/blue end of the spectrum) both for their own activation and for the actual DNA repair. The DNA repair mechanism involving photolyases is called photoreactivation. They mainly convert pyrimidine dimers into a normal pair of pyrimidine bases.
Function
Photolyases bind complementary DNA strands and break certain types of pyrimidine dimers that arise when a pair of thymine or cytosine bases on the same strand of DNA become covalently linked. The bond length of this dimerization is shorter than the bond length of normal B-DNA structure which produces an incorrect template for replication and transcription. The more common covalent linkage involves the formation of a cyclobutane bridge. Photolyases have a high affinity for these lesions and reversibly bind and convert them back to the original bases.
Evolution
Photolyase is a phylogenetically old enzyme which is present and functional in many species, from the bacteria to the fungi to plants and to the animals. Photolyase is particularly important in repairing UV induced damage in plants. The photolyase mechanism is no longer working in humans and other placental mammals who instead rely on the less efficient nucleotide excision repair mechanism, although they do retain many cryptochromes.
Photolyases are flavoproteins and contain two light-harvesting cofactors. Many photoly
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monitor%20mode
|
Monitor mode, or RFMON (Radio Frequency MONitor) mode, allows a computer with a wireless network interface controller (WNIC) to monitor all traffic received on a wireless channel. Unlike promiscuous mode, which is also used for packet sniffing, monitor mode allows packets to be captured without having to associate with an access point or ad hoc network first. Monitor mode only applies to wireless networks, while promiscuous mode can be used on both wired and wireless networks. Monitor mode is one of the eight modes that 802.11 wireless adapter can operate in: Master (acting as an access point), Managed (client, also known as station), Ad hoc, Repeater, Mesh, Wi-Fi Direct, TDLS and Monitor mode.
Uses
Uses for monitor mode include: geographical packet analysis, observing of widespread traffic and acquiring knowledge of Wi-Fi technology through hands-on experience. It is especially useful for auditing unsecure channels (such as those protected with WEP). Monitor mode can also be used to help design Wi-Fi networks. For a given area and channel, the number of Wi-Fi devices currently being used can be discovered. This helps to create a better Wi-Fi network that reduces interference with other Wi-Fi devices by choosing the least used Wi-Fi channels.
Software such as KisMAC or Kismet, in combination with packet analyzers that can read pcap files, provide a user interface for passive wireless network monitoring.
Limitations
Usually the wireless adapter is unable to transmit in m
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congenital%20afibrinogenemia
|
Congenital afibrinogenemia is a rare, genetically inherited blood fibrinogen disorder in which the blood does not clot normally due to the lack of fibrinogen, a blood protein necessary for coagulation. This disorder is autosomal recessive, meaning that two unaffected parents can have a child with the disorder. The lack of fibrinogen expresses itself with excessive and, at times, uncontrollable bleeding.
Signs and symptoms
As this is a disorder that is present in an individual from birth, there are no warning signs to look for. The first symptom usually seen is hemorrhage from the umbilical cord that is difficult to stop.
Other symptoms include:
Nasal and oral mucosa bleeds
Gastrointestinal bleeding
Excessive/spontaneous bleeding or bruising from minor injury
Prolonged menstruation in women
Spontaneous abortion during pregnancy
CNS hemorrhaging
Spontaneous bleeding of the mouth, nose, and gastrointestinal tract are common. Since blood clots can not be formed, minor injuries tend to lead to excessive bleeding or bruising. The biggest concern for individuals with afibrinogenemia is CNS hemorrhage, bleeding in the brain, which can be fatal.
Many of these symptoms are chronic, and will continue to occur for the entirety of the affected individual's life.
Causes
A missense or nonsense mutation to the genes that code for the fibrinogen protein are affected. Usually the mutation leads to an early stop in the production of the protein. Due to the problem being genetically b
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ponceau%206R
|
Ponceau 6R, or Crystal ponceau 6R, Crystal scarlet, Brilliant crystal scarlet 6R, Acid Red 44, or C.I. 16250, is a red azo dye. It is soluble in water and slightly soluble in ethanol. It was used as a food dye, formerly having E number E126. It is also used in histology, for staining fibrin with the MSB Trichrome stain. It usually comes as disodium salt.
Amaranth is a closely related azo dye, also usable in trichrome staining.
References
Azo dyes
Food colorings
Staining dyes
Naphthalenesulfonates
2-Naphthols
Acid dyes
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precompiled%20header
|
In computer programming, a precompiled header (PCH) is a (C or C++) header file that is compiled into an intermediate form that is faster to process for the compiler. Usage of precompiled headers may significantly reduce compilation time, especially when applied to large header files, header files that include many other header files, or header files that are included in many translation units.
Rationale
In the C and C++ programming languages, a header file is a file whose text may be automatically included in another source file by the C preprocessor by the use of a preprocessor directive in the source file.
Header files can sometimes contain very large amounts of source code (for instance, the header files windows.h and Cocoa/Cocoa.h on Microsoft Windows and OS X, respectively). This is especially true with the advent of large "header" libraries that make extensive use of templates, like the Eigen math library and Boost C++ libraries. They are written almost entirely as header files that the user #includes, rather than being linked at runtime. Thus, each time the user compiles their program, the user is essentially recompiling numerous header libraries as well. (These would be precompiled into shared objects or dynamic link libraries in non "header" libraries.)
To reduce compilation times, some compilers allow header files to be compiled into a form that is faster for the compiler to process. This intermediate form is known as a precompiled header, and is commonly held
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methohexital
|
Methohexital or methohexitone (marketed under the brand names Brevital and Brietal) is a drug which is a barbiturate derivative. It is classified as short-acting, and has a rapid onset of action. It is similar in its effects to sodium thiopental, a drug with which it competed in the market for anaesthetics.
Pharmacology
Methohexital binds to a distinct site which is associated with Cl− ionophores at GABAA receptors. This increases the length of time which the Cl− ionopores are open, thus causing an inhibitory effect.
Metabolism of methohexital is primarily hepatic via demethylation and oxidation. Side-chain oxidation is the primary means of metabolism involved in the termination of the drug's biological activity.
Indications
Methohexital is primarily used to induce anesthesia, and is generally provided as a sodium salt (i.e. methohexital sodium). It is only used in hospital or similar settings, under strict supervision. It has been commonly used to induce deep sedation or general anesthesia for surgery and dental procedures. Unlike many other barbiturates, methohexital actually lowers the seizure threshold, a property that makes it particularly useful when anesthesia is provided for an electroconvulsive therapy (ECT). Its rapid recovery rate with consciousness being gained within three to seven minutes after induction and full recovery within 30 minutes is a major advantage over other ECT barbiturates.
Synthesis
Methohexital can be synthesized in the classic manner of m
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right%20to%20Life%20Australia
|
Right to Life Australia is an organisation which advocates consistent life ethic positions in issues such as abortion, euthanasia and stem cell research. Margaret Tighe is the President of Right to Life Australia and Dr Toni Turnbull is Vice President. It is non-denominational and is not affiliated with any political party.
History
Right to Life was started in 1973 as Right to Life Victoria. It became Right to Life Australia in 2001.
It has run political campaigns and public demonstrations against these things. Their members also lobby politicians, and give talks to schools and community groups.
Right to Life Australia organises an annual conference and a newsletter every two months, and funds Pregnancy Counselling Australia, which provides free counselling 24 hours per day, all year.
The number for Pregnancy Counselling Australia is 1300 RESPECT.
Right to Life Australia was closely involved in the passing of the Euthanasia Bill 1996 and the Research Involving Human Embryos Bill 2002. In 2005 Right to Life made a statement on the Maria Korp case. Right to Life Australia supports Mothers Without Medicare, an organization that helps cover the cost of childbirth for financially insecure mothers.
Political campaigns
Right to Life Australia campaigned in the 2010 Victorian state election in the electorates of Mount Waverley, Seymour, Gippsland East, Frankston, Mordialloc, Bendigo East, Mitcham, Burwood and Essendon. In 2012 Right to Life Australia campaigned in the Algeste
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudorandom%20generator%20theorem
|
In computational complexity theory and cryptography, the existence of pseudorandom generators is related to the existence of one-way functions through a number of theorems, collectively referred to as the pseudorandom generator theorem.
Introduction
Pseudorandomness
A distribution is considered pseudorandom if no efficient computation can distinguish it from the true uniform distribution by a non-negligible advantage. Formally, a family of distributions Dn is pseudorandom if for any polynomial size circuit C, and any ε inversely polynomial in n
|Probx∈U [C(x)=1] − Probx∈D [C(x)=1] | ≤ ε.
Pseudorandom generators
A function Gl: {0,1}l → {0,1}m, where l < m is a pseudorandom generator if:
Gl can be computed in time polynomial in l
Gl(x) is pseudorandom, when x is uniformly random.
One additional pseudorandom bit implies polynomially more pseudorandom bits
It can be shown that if there is a pseudorandom generator Gl: {0,1}l → {0,1}l+1, i.e. a generator that adds only one pseudorandom bit, then for any m = poly(l), there is a pseudorandom generator G'l: {0,1}l → {0,1}m.
The idea of the proof is as follows: first s bits from uniform distribution Ul are picked and used as the seed to the first instance of Gl, which is known to be a pseudorandom generator. Next, the output of the first instance of Gl is divided into two parts: first l bits are fed into the second instance of Gl as a seed, while the last bit becomes the first bit of the output. Repeating this process for m ti
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prostatic%20acid%20phosphatase
|
Prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP), also prostatic specific acid phosphatase (PSAP), is an enzyme produced by the prostate. It may be found in increased amounts in men who have prostate cancer or other diseases.
The highest levels of acid phosphatase are found in metastasized prostate cancer. Diseases of the bone, such as Paget's disease or hyperparathyroidism, diseases of blood cells, such as sickle-cell disease or multiple myeloma or lysosomal storage diseases, such as Gaucher's disease, will show moderately increased levels.
Certain medications can cause temporary increases or decreases in acid phosphatase levels. Manipulation of the prostate gland through massage, biopsy or rectal exam before a test may increase the level.
Its physiological function may be associated with the liquefaction process of semen.
Use in prostatic cancer prognosis
Serum marker
PSAP was used to monitor and assess progression of prostate cancer until the introduction of prostate specific antigen (PSA), which has now largely displaced it. Subsequent work, suggested that it has a role in prognosticating intermediate and high-risk prostate cancer, and led to renewed interest in it as a biomarker.
Immunohistochemistry
PSAP immunohistochemical staining is often used with PSA (staining), by pathologists, to help distinguish poorly differentiated carcinomas. For example, poorly differentiated prostate adenocarcinoma (prostate cancer) and urothelial carcinoma (bladder cancer) may appear similar under t
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurwitz%27s%20theorem
|
Hurwitz's theorem can refer to several theorems named after Adolf Hurwitz:
Hurwitz's theorem (complex analysis)
Riemann–Hurwitz formula in algebraic geometry
Hurwitz's theorem (composition algebras) on quadratic forms and nonassociative algebras
Hurwitz's automorphisms theorem on Riemann surfaces
Hurwitz's theorem (number theory)
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K-vector
|
In mathematics and physics, k-vector may refer to:
A wave vector k
Crystal momentum
A multivector of grade k, also called a k-vector, the dual of a differential k-form
An element of a k-dimensional vector space, especially a four-vector used in relativity to mean a quantity related to four-dimensional spacetime
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systems%20ecology
|
Systems ecology is an interdisciplinary field of ecology, a subset of Earth system science, that takes a holistic approach to the study of ecological systems, especially ecosystems. Systems ecology can be seen as an application of general systems theory to ecology. Central to the systems ecology approach is the idea that an ecosystem is a complex system exhibiting emergent properties. Systems ecology focuses on interactions and transactions within and between biological and ecological systems, and is especially concerned with the way the functioning of ecosystems can be influenced by human interventions. It uses and extends concepts from thermodynamics and develops other macroscopic descriptions of complex systems.
Overview
Systems ecology seeks a holistic view of the interactions and transactions within and between biological and ecological systems. Systems ecologists realise that the function of any ecosystem can be influenced by human economics in fundamental ways. They have therefore taken an additional transdisciplinary step by including economics in the consideration of ecological-economic systems. In the words of R.L. Kitching:
Systems ecology can be defined as the approach to the study of ecology of organisms using the techniques and philosophy of systems analysis: that is, the methods and tools developed, largely in engineering, for studying, characterizing and making predictions about complex entities, that is, systems..
In any study of an ecological system
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam%20Fisher%20%28Splinter%20Cell%29
|
Sam Fisher is a fictional character and the protagonist of the Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell series of video games developed by Ubisoft as well as a series of tie-in novels. He was created by the writer JT Petty and designed by artist Martin Caya.
Fisher was originally voiced by veteran actor Michael Ironside in the first five installments of the series. In 2013, Eric Johnson provided the voice and motion capture for the character in Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell: Blacklist. Ironside later returned to the role in 2018, participating in a crossover downloadable content for Tom Clancy's Ghost Recon: Wildlands and again in 2020 for Tom Clancy's Ghost Recon: Breakpoint. He was also added as a playable character in Tom Clancy's Rainbow Six Siege, voiced by Jeff Teravainen, and as a supporting character in Captain Laserhawk: A Blood Dragon Remix, voiced by Nigel Barber.
Conception and design
Sam is 178 cm (5 ft 10 in) tall, weighs 77 kg (170 pounds).
Appearances
Sam Fisher (LCDR, USN-Ret.) is a former employee of Third Echelon, a top-secret black bag operation sub-branch within the National Security Agency (NSA) and a former member of its subsequent "Splinter Cell" program. Sam is currently the commander/head field operative of Fourth Echelon, a newly created covert special operations/counter-terrorism group that reports only to the President of the United States.
Samuel Leo Fisher was born on August 8, 1957, in the Baltimore suburb of Towson, Maryland. While not much is known of hi
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximum%20power
|
Maximum power can refer to:
Maximum power transfer theorem in electronics
Maximum power principle in systems theory
Maximum power point tracking in energy extraction, most commonly photovoltaic solar systems
See also
Max Power (disambiguation)
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faculty%20of%20Mathematics%2C%20University%20of%20Cambridge
|
The Faculty of Mathematics at the University of Cambridge comprises the Department of Pure Mathematics and Mathematical Statistics (DPMMS) and the Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics (DAMTP). It is housed in the Centre for Mathematical Sciences site in West Cambridge, alongside the Isaac Newton Institute. Many distinguished mathematicians have been members of the faculty.
Some current members
DPMMS
Béla Bollobás
John Coates
Thomas Forster
Timothy Gowers
Peter Johnstone
Imre Leader
Gabriel Paternain
Statistical Laboratory
John Aston
Geoffrey Grimmett
Frank Kelly
Ioannis Kontoyiannis
Richard Nickl
James Norris
Richard Samworth
David Spiegelhalter
Richard Weber
DAMTP
Gary Gibbons
Julia Gog, professor of mathematical biology
Raymond E. Goldstein
Rich Kerswell
Paul Linden
Michael Green
Peter Haynes, fluid dynamicist
John Hinch, fluid dynamicist, retired 2014
Richard Jozsa
Hugh Osborn
John Papaloizou
Malcolm Perry
David Tong, theoretical physicist
Paul Townsend
Grae Worster, editor for the Journal of Fluid Mechanics
Mihaela van der Schaar
Carola-Bibiane Schönlieb
Pure Mathematics and Mathematical Statistics
The Department of Pure Mathematics and Mathematical Statistics (DPMMS) was created in 1964 under the headship of Sir William Hodge. It was housed in a converted warehouse at 16 Mill Lane, adjacent to its sister department DAMTP, until its move around 2000 to the present Centre for Mathematical Sciences where it occupies Pavilions C, D, and E.
Head
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West%20Yorkshire%20Built-up%20Area
|
The West Yorkshire Built-up Area, previously known as the West Yorkshire Urban Area is a term used by the Office for National Statistics (ONS) to refer to a conurbation in West Yorkshire, England, based on the cities of Leeds, Bradford and Wakefield, and the large towns of Huddersfield and Halifax. It is the 4th largest urban area in the United Kingdom. However, it excludes other towns and villages such as Featherstone, Normanton, Castleford, Pontefract, Hemsworth, Todmorden, Hebden Bridge, Knottingley, Wetherby and Garforth which, though part of the county of West Yorkshire are considered independently. There are substantial areas of agricultural land within the designated area – more than in any other official urban area in England – many of the towns and cities are only just connected with one another by narrow outlying strips of development.
Urban subdivisions
The ONS gives the conurbation a population of 1,777,934 (2011 census), which makes it the fourth-most populous in the UK. The ONS partitions the area down into 39 sub-divisions:
Three further subdivisions are given with no population numbers as they are present or former industrial areas with no resident population.
Rawdon is the subdivision name for Horsforth Vale, on which a former industrial plant was redeveloped for housing from 2010, too late to be recorded for the 2011 census.
Brookfoot Quarry (Marshalls Southowram)
Esholt Water Treatment plant, named 'Works, nr Bradford' by the ONS
Rawdon
Note that
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chitlapakkam
|
Chitlapakkam is a residential locality located in Chennai Metropolitan Area governed by the Tambaram City Municipal Corporation. It is well known for its small, perennial lake and adjoining ecosystems.
Overview
Chitlapakkam is a fast-developing area, located about 7 km south from the Chennai International Airport. Its area is 2.95 km2 and population density is 8,581 per square kilometers (as of 2001). The neighbourhood is served by Tambaram Sanatorium railway station, which is 100 m from the locality and 200 meters from Chitlapakkam lake and govt school. Major suburbs neighbouring areas include Pallavaram, Chromepet, Selaiyur, Tambaram Sanatorium, and Tambaram.
The Kumaran Kundram temple of Lord Muruga is a 15-minute walk from Chitlapakkam.
Chitlapakkam lake has water almost all throughout the year; there are plans to modernize it with boating facilities.
Chitlappakkam and Sithalapakkam are frequently confused, as both are suburbs of Tambaram. Chitlappakkam is the more developed and well-established suburb.
Chitlapakkam is a fast-developing part of the city, and many people from Other places have relocated there because of its green environment, water availability, proximity to OMR and to MEPZ and GST Road. With advent of mini buses connecting Chitlapakkam to Chrompet and to Tambaram and Tambaram Sanatorium railway stations and also due to introduction of share autos connectivity and access has dramatically improved. There is a government bus No 52 D which operates 2 se
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farnborough/Aldershot%20built-up%20area
|
Farnborough/Aldershot built-up area and Aldershot Urban Area are names used by the Office for National Statistics (ONS) to refer to a conurbation spanning the borders of Surrey, Berkshire and Hampshire in England. The ONS found a population of 252,937 in 2011 (up 4%, rounded, from the 2001 figure of 243,344 residents). This makes it the 29th-largest built-up area in England.
A conurbation consisting of Aldershot and Farnborough, together with Frimley and Camberley was identified as a conurbation since at least the mid 20th century. These four places had a total population of 70,000 in 1931 which grew to 91,700 by 1961.
Most of the conurbation lies alongside the River Blackwater which gives a wider area including Fleet (which is not geographically in the Blackwater Valley) the alternate name of Blackwater Valley.
The area forms part of the London metropolitan area and borders the Metropolitan green belt. It almost adjoins the somewhat lower density Reading/Wokingham Urban Area at Sandhurst.
Subdivisions
It was given these subdivisions in the 2011 census:
References
Urban areas of England
Geography of Hampshire
Geography of Surrey
Geography of Berkshire
Aldershot
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imprecise%20probability
|
Imprecise probability generalizes probability theory to allow for partial probability specifications, and is applicable when information is scarce, vague, or conflicting, in which case a unique probability distribution may be hard to identify. Thereby, the theory aims to represent the available knowledge more accurately. Imprecision is useful for dealing with expert elicitation, because:
People have a limited ability to determine their own subjective probabilities and might find that they can only provide an interval.
As an interval is compatible with a range of opinions, the analysis ought to be more convincing to a range of different people.
Introduction
Uncertainty is traditionally modelled by a probability distribution, as developed by Kolmogorov, Laplace, de Finetti, Ramsey, Cox, Lindley, and many others. However, this has not been unanimously accepted by scientists, statisticians, and probabilists: it has been argued that some modification or broadening of probability theory is required, because one may not always be able to provide a probability for every event, particularly when only little information or data is available—an early example of such criticism is Boole's critique of Laplace's work—, or when we wish to model probabilities that a group agrees with, rather than those of a single individual.
Perhaps the most common generalization is to replace a single probability specification with an interval specification. Lower and upper probabilities, denoted by
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International%20Classification%20for%20Standards
|
International Classification for Standards (ICS) is an international classification system for technical standards. It is designed to cover every economic sector and virtually every activity of humankind where technical standards may be used.
Developed and maintained by the International Organization for Standardization, the ICS is intended to be a continuous work in progress and is updated when necessary. The latest edition of the ICS can be downloaded free of charge from the ISO web site.
Anyone may submit a proposal for modifications or additions to the ICS.
Purpose
The ICS serves as a structure for catalogues and databases of technical standards and other normative documents, and as a basis for standing-order systems for international, regional and national standards.
Classification principles
The ICS uses an hierarchical classification, which consists of three nested levels called fields (Level 1), groups (Level 2) and sub-groups (Level 3). Each field is subdivided into groups, which are further divided into sub-groups.
All classification levels are designated by a classification code (called notation) and a title. The notation is a set of Arabic numerals.
Top-level items, which have no parent levels, use a two-digit notation, for example:
43 ROAD VEHICLE ENGINEERING
The notations for groups and sub-groups include the parent-level notations. The example below shows a notation for Sub-Group 20 (Level 3), which belongs to Group 040 (Level 2) in Field 43 (Level 1).
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UFluids%40Home
|
μFluids@Home is a computer simulation of two-phase flow behavior in microgravity and microfluidics problems at Purdue University, using the Surface Evolver program.
About
The project's purpose is to develop better methods for the management of liquid rocket propellants in microgravity, and to investigate two-phase flow in microelectromechanical systems, taking into account factors like surface tension. Systems can then be designed that use electrowetting, channel geometry, and hydrophobic or hydrophilic coatings to allow the smooth passage of fluids. Such systems would include compact medical devices, biosensors, and fuel cells, to name a few.
Computing platform
μFluids@Home uses the BOINC volunteer computing platform.
Application notes
There is no screensaver.
Work unit CPU times are generally less than 20 hours.
Work units average in size around 500 kB.
You must run many work units to get levels of credit comparable to SETI@home or climateprediction.net BOINC projects.
References
External links
Website archive
Science in society
Free science software
Volunteer computing projects
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosetta%40home
|
Rosetta@home is a volunteer computing project researching protein structure prediction on the Berkeley Open Infrastructure for Network Computing (BOINC) platform, run by the Baker lab. Rosetta@home aims to predict protein–protein docking and design new proteins with the help of about fifty-five thousand active volunteered computers processing at over 487,946 GigaFLOPS on average as of September 19, 2020. Foldit, a Rosetta@home videogame, aims to reach these goals with a crowdsourcing approach. Though much of the project is oriented toward basic research to improve the accuracy and robustness of proteomics methods, Rosetta@home also does applied research on malaria, Alzheimer's disease, and other pathologies.
Like all BOINC projects, Rosetta@home uses idle computer processing resources from volunteers' computers to perform calculations on individual workunits. Completed results are sent to a central project server where they are validated and assimilated into project databases. The project is cross-platform, and runs on a wide variety of hardware configurations. Users can view the progress of their individual protein structure prediction on the Rosetta@home screensaver.
In addition to disease-related research, the Rosetta@home network serves as a testing framework for new methods in structural bioinformatics. Such methods are then used in other Rosetta-based applications, like RosettaDock or the Human Proteome Folding Project and the Microbiome Immunity Project, after bei
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATFS
|
ATFS may refer to:
Artificial transcription factor, an example of a chimeral protein designed to target and modulate gene transcription.
Association of Track and Field Statisticians, an international organisation run by volunteers whose goal is to collect and disseminate the statistics of Track and Field Athletics.
After The Forking Show, the explicit podcast created by the team from Spoonman's Classic Rock Show.
American Tree Farm System, a certification program for tree farms
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepacivirus
|
Hepacivirus is a genus of positive-strand RNA viruses in the family Flaviviridae. The hepatitis C virus (HCV), in species Hepacivirus C, infects humans and is associated with hepatitis and hepatocellular carcinoma. There are fourteen species in the genus which infect a range of other vertebrate.
History
Hepatitis C virus (HCV), which is the causative agent of hepatitis C in humans, and a member of the species Hepacivirus C, was discovered in 1989. Seven genotypes (1–7) and eighty-six subtypes (1a, 1b etc.) of hepatitis C virus have been named.
GBV-B virus (also known as GB virus B) discovered in 1995 is capable of infecting New World monkeys, in particular tamarins. Like HCV it is transmitted by the blood-borne route and similar to HCV it is associated with the viral hepatitis. However GBV-B has never been identified in wild animals and its natural host is not known.
Structure
Viruses in the genus Hepacivirus are enveloped and have spherical icosahedral-like geometries with pseudo T=3 symmetry. The virus particle diameter is around 50 nm. Genomes are linear, non-segmented, and around 10,000 nucleotides in length.
Life cycle
Entry into the host cell is achieved by attachment of the viral envelope protein E to host receptors, which mediates clathrin-mediated endocytosis. Replication follows the positive-strand RNA virus replication model. Positive strand RNA virus transcription is the method of transcription. Translation takes place by viral initiation. Humans and other ver
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TACE
|
Tace or TACE may refer to:
Transcatheter arterial chemoembolization, a medical procedure
ADAM 17 endopeptidase, an enzyme
Chlorotrianisene, a synthetic estrogen
Tamil All Character Encoding - TACE-16
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsorum
|
Microsorum is a genus of ferns in the family Polypodiaceae, subfamily Microsoroideae, according to the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I). The species are tropical. Like most ferns, they grow from rhizomes, rather than roots. The genus name is often misspelled "Microsorium" or "Microsoreum". It includes some species that are lithophytic rheophytes.
Taxonomy
The genus Phymatosorus is included in Microsorum in the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I). , both the Checklist of Ferns and Lycophytes of the World and Plants of the World Online kept Phymatosorus separate. A 2019 molecular phylogenetic study of the subfamily Microsoroideae did not distinguish Phymatosorus from Microsorum, and suggested that the genus as there circumscribed was sister to Leptochilus, together forming one of the three main clades in the subfamily:
Species
, the Checklist of Ferns and Lycophytes of the World recognized the following species, either in Microsorum or in Phymatosorus with a synonym in Microsorum (marked "[P]" in the list).
Microsorum aichmophyllum (Alston) Fraser-Jenk.
Microsorum alatum (Brack.) Copel. [P]
Microsorum aurantiacum Noot.
Microsorum australiense (Bailey) Bostock
Microsorum baithoense V.N.Tu
Microsorum biseriatum (Bosman) Noot. [P]
Microsorum cinctum Bosman
Microsorum commutatum (Blume) Copel. [P]
Microsorum congregatifolium (Alderw.) Holttum
Microsorum cromwellii (Rosenst.) Copel. [P]
Microsorum cuspidatum (D. Don) Tagawa [P]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-altitude%20cerebral%20edema
|
High-altitude cerebral edema (HACE) is a medical condition in which the brain swells with fluid because of the physiological effects of traveling to a high altitude. It generally appears in patients who have acute mountain sickness and involves disorientation, lethargy, and nausea among other symptoms. It occurs when the body fails to acclimatize while ascending to a high altitude.
It appears to be a vasogenic edema (fluid penetration of the blood–brain barrier), although cytotoxic edema (cellular retention of fluids) may play a role as well. Individuals with the condition must immediately descend to a lower altitude or coma and death can occur. Patients are usually given supplemental oxygen and dexamethasone as well.
HACE can be prevented by ascending to heights slowly to allow the body more time to acclimatize. Acetazolamide also helps prevent the condition. Untreated patients usually die within 48 hours. Those who receive treatment may take weeks to fully recover. It is a rare condition, occurring in less than one percent of people who ascend to . Although it was first described in 1913, little was known about the cause of the condition until MRI studies were performed in the 1990s.
Signs and symptoms
Early symptoms of HACE generally correspond with those of moderate to severe acute mountain sickness (AMS). Initial symptoms of HACE commonly include confusion, loss of consciousness, fever, ataxia, photophobia, rapid heart beat, lassitude, and an altered mental state. Tho
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katherine%20Albrecht
|
Katherine Albrecht is a consumer privacy advocate, Vice President (VP) of Startpage.com and spokesperson against radio-frequency identification (RFID). Albrecht devised the term "spy chips" to describe RFID tags such as those embedded in passport cards and certain enhanced United States driver's licenses. Katherine Albrecht holds a Doctor of Education degree from Harvard University. She is a resident of Nashua, New Hampshire.
Albrecht was interviewed about RFID chips in Aaron Russo's 2006 documentary America: From Freedom to Fascism.
Publications
Books
Albrecht and Liz McIntyre (CASPIAN's communications director) co-authored the book Spychips: How Major Corporations and Government Plan to Track Your Every Move, which won the November 2005 Lysander Spooner Award for advancing the literature of liberty. The book lays out the potential implications of RFID on privacy and civil liberties. RFID industry representatives have criticized it, claiming the authors exaggerate some RFID privacy threats. In a lengthy rebuttal, Albrecht asked why critics don't "mention sworn patent documents from IBM describing ways to secretly follow innocent people in libraries, theaters, and public restrooms through the RFID tags in their clothes and belongings? Where is […] outrage over BellSouth's patent-pending plans to pick through our garbage and skim the data contained in the RFID tags we discard?"
Articles and papers
Albrecht, Katherine. "Supermarket Cards: The Tip of the Retail Surveillance
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-speed%20multimedia%20radio
|
High-speed multimedia radio (HSMM) is the implementation of high-speed wireless TCP/IP data networks over amateur radio frequency allocations using commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) hardware such as 802.11 Wi-Fi access points. This is possible because the 802.11 unlicensed frequency bands partially overlap with amateur radio bands and ISM bands in many countries. Only licensed amateur radio operators may legally use amplifiers and high-gain antennas within amateur radio frequencies to increase the power and coverage of an 802.11 signal.
Basics
The idea behind this implementation is to modify commercial 802.11 equipment for use on licensed Amateur Radio frequencies. The main frequency bands being used for these networks are: 900 MHz (33 cm), 2.4 GHz (13 cm), 3.4 GHz (9 cm), and 5.8 GHz (5 cm). Since the unlicensed 802.11 or Wi-Fi frequency bands overlap with amateur frequencies, only custom firmware is needed to access these licensed frequencies.
Such networks can be used for emergency communications for disaster relief operations as well as in everyday amateur radio communications (hobby/social).
Capabilities
HSMM can support most of the traffic that the Internet currently does, including video chat, voice, instant messaging, email, the Web (HTTP), file transfer (FTP), and forums. The only differences being that with HSMM, such services are community instead of commercially implemented and it is mostly wireless. HSMM can even be connected to the Internet and used for web s
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2N3055
|
The 2N3055 is a silicon NPN power transistor intended for general purpose applications. It was introduced in the early 1960s by RCA using a hometaxial power transistor process, transitioned to an epitaxial base in the mid-1970s. Its numbering follows the JEDEC standard. It is a transistor type of enduring popularity.
Specifications
The exact performance characteristics depend on the manufacturer and date; before the move to the epitaxial base version in the mid-1970s the fT could be as low as 0.8 MHz, for example.
Packaged in a TO-3 case style, it is a 15 amp, 60 volt (or more, see below), 115 watt power transistor with a β (forward current gain) of 20 to 70 at a collector current of 4 A (this may be over 100 when testing at lower currents). It often has a transition frequency of around 3.0 MHz and 6 MHz is typical for the 2N3055A; at this frequency the calculated current gain (beta) drops to 1, indicating the transistor can no longer provide useful amplification in common emitter configuration. The frequency at which gain begins to drop off may be much lower, see below.
Maximum Ratings
The maximum collector-to-emitter voltage for the 2N3055, like other transistors, depends on the resistance path the external circuit provides between the base and emitter of the transistor; with 100 ohms a 70 volt breakdown rating, VCER, and the Collector-Emitter Sustaining voltage, VCEO(sus), is given by ON Semiconductor. Sometimes the 100 VCBO breakdown voltage (the maximum voltage b
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double%20descent
|
In statistics and machine learning, double descent is the phenomenon where a statistical model with a small number of parameters and a model with an extremely large number of parameters have a small error, but a model whose number of parameters is about the same as the number of data points used to train the model will have a large error. It was discovered around 2018 when researchers were trying to reconcile the bias-variance tradeoff in classical statistics, which states that having too many parameters will yield an extremely large error, with the 2010s empirical observation of machine learning practitioners that the larger models are, the better they work. The scaling behavior of double descent has been found to follow a broken neural scaling law functional form.
References
Further reading
External links
Model selection
Machine learning
Statistical classification
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar%20pond
|
A solar pond is a pool of saltwater which collects and stores solar thermal energy. The saltwater naturally forms a vertical salinity gradient also known as a "halocline", in which low-salinity water floats on top of high-salinity water. The layers of salt solutions increase in concentration (and therefore density) with depth. Below a certain depth, the solution has a uniformly high salt concentration.
Description
When the sun's rays contact the bottom of a shallow pool, they heat the water adjacent to the bottom. When water at the bottom of the pool is heated, it becomes less dense than the cooler water above it, and convection begins. Solar ponds heat water by impeding this convection. Salt is added to the water until the lower layers of water become completely saturated. High-salinity water at the bottom of the pond does not mix readily with the low-salinity water above it, so when the bottom layer of water is heated, convection occurs separately in the bottom and top layers, with only mild mixing between the two. This greatly reduces heat loss, and allows for the high-salinity water to get up to 90 °C while maintaining 30 °C low-salinity water. This hot, salty water can then be pumped away for use in electricity generation, through a turbine or as a source of thermal energy.
Advantages and disadvantages
The approach is particularly attractive for rural areas in developing countries. Very large area collectors can be set up for just the cost of the clay or plastic p
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aminophenazone
|
Aminophenazone (or aminopyrine, amidopyrine, Pyramidon) is a non-narcotic analgesic substance. It is a pyrazolone and a derivative of phenazone, which also has anti-inflammatory and antipyretic properties. While inexpensive and effective, especially in the treatment of rheumatism, the drug carries a serious risk of severe and sometimes fatal side-effects, including agranulocytosis. While its production and use have been banned in many countries, including France, Thailand, India and Japan, it is still sometimes used in the developing world.
A breath test with 13C-labeled aminopyrine has been used as a non-invasive measure of cytochrome P-450 metabolic activity in liver-function tests. It is also used in measuring the total body water in the human body system.
History
Aminophenazone was first synthesized by Friedrich Stolz and Ludwig Knorr in the late nineteenth century, and sold as an anti-fever medicine known as Pyramidon by Hoechst AG from 1897 until its eventual replacement by the safer propyphenazone molecule.
Symptoms
Symptoms of exposure to this compound include:
allergic reactions
strong spasmolytic effect on smooth muscle of peripheral blood vessels
irritability
palsy
copious sweating
dilated pupils
sharp drop then rise in body temperature
dysuria
dyspnea
anxiety
rectal tenesmus
urinary frequency
intermittent fever
fatty infiltration of the liver
heart muscle degeneration
death due to circulatory failure following cardiovascular collapse
Agranul
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fast%20folding%20algorithm
|
In signal processing, the fast folding algorithm (Staelin, 1969) is an efficient algorithm for the detection of approximately-periodic events within time series data. It computes superpositions of the signal modulo various window sizes simultaneously.
The FFA is best known for its use in the detection of pulsars, as popularised by SETI@home and Astropulse.
It was also used by the Breakthrough Listen Initiative during their 2023 Investigation for Periodic Spectral Signals campaign.
See also
Pulsar
References
External links
The search for unknown pulsars
Signal processing
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharmacological%20chaperone
|
A pharmacological chaperone or pharmacoperone is a drug that acts as a protein chaperone. That is, it contains small molecules that enter cells and serve as a molecular scaffolding in order to cause otherwise-misfolded mutant proteins to fold and route correctly within the cell.
Mutation of proteins often causes molecular misfolding, which results in protein misrouting within the cell. Accordingly, mutant molecules may retain proper function but end up in parts of the cell where the function is inappropriate, or even deleterious, to cell function. Misfolded proteins are usually recognized by the quality-control system of the cell and retained (and often destroyed or recycled) in the endoplasmic reticulum.
Pharmacoperones correct the folding of misfolded proteins, allowing them to pass through the cell's quality-control system and become correctly routed. Since mutations often cause disease by causing misfolding and misrouting, pharmacoperones are potentially therapeutic agents, since they are able to correct this defect.
Diseases that may be susceptible to such treatments include diabetes, inherited cataracts and cystic fibrosis.
Examples
Migalastat is a pharmacological chaperone for the treatment of Fabry disease.
Tafamidis is a pharmacological chaperone for the treatment of transthyretin amyloidosis (ATTR).
In 2013, mice with a disease that makes the males unable to father offspring were cured by use of pharmacoperones.
See also
Autochaperone
Enzyme replacement th
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crash%20%27n%20Burn%20%281993%20video%20game%29
|
Crash 'n Burn is a futuristic racing/shooter video game developed by Crystal Dynamics and released for the 3DO in 1993. The game was the launch title for the system and was included as a pack-in game with Panasonic's original 3DO console.
Gameplay
In Crash 'n Burn, players assume the role of any one of six cyberpunks, each equipped with a unique car and a deadly supply of weapons. Full-motion videos of the racers are accessible in between races, in which each character flaunt their skills and insult their opponents with death threats. The game has rally and tournament modes with a total of 30 tracks designed for one player.
Synopsis
The game is set in the year 2044 AD.
Development and release
Crystal Dynamics was formed on July 8, 1992, by Sega veterans Judy Lang, Madeline Canepa, and Dave Morse. Crystal was the first licensed developer for 3DO, a gaming hardware platform simultaneously funded by Kleiner Perkins. Mark Cerny joined the company, but he left to work for Universal Interactive Studios. In 1993, Strauss Zelnick, president of 20th Century Fox's film studio, was hired to run Crystal Dynamics. This made national news and helped to touch off the frenzy of multimedia investments of the mid-1990s. A 1993 editorial in Electronic Gaming Monthly declared that "the hottest new video game company on the upscale scene is definitely Crystal Dynamics."
Crash 'n Burn was conceived and produced by Mark Wallace and developed by Crystal Dynamics, with Bill Mitchell and Bil
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shear%20thinning
|
In rheology, shear thinning is the non-Newtonian behavior of fluids whose viscosity decreases under shear strain. It is sometimes considered synonymous for pseudo-plastic behaviour, and is usually defined as excluding time-dependent effects, such as thixotropy.
Shear thinning is the most common type of non-Newtonian behavior of fluids and is seen in many industrial and everyday applications. Although shear thinning is generally not observed in pure liquids with low molecular mass or ideal solutions of small molecules like sucrose or sodium chloride, it is often observed in polymer solutions and molten polymers, as well as complex fluids and suspensions like ketchup, whipped cream, blood, paint, and nail polish.
Theories behind shear-thinning behaviour
Though the exact cause of shear thinning is not fully understood, it is widely regarded to be the effect of small structural changes within the fluid, such that microscale geometries within the fluid rearrange to facilitate shearing. In colloid systems, phase separation during flow leads to shear thinning. In polymer systems such as polymer melts and solutions, shear thinning is caused by the disentanglement of polymer chains during flow. At rest, high molecular weight polymers are entangled and randomly oriented. However, when undergoing agitation at a high enough rate, these highly anisotropic polymer chains start to disentangle and align along the direction of the shear force. This leads to less molecular/particle interacti
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abel%27s%20identity
|
In mathematics, Abel's identity (also called Abel's formula or Abel's differential equation identity) is an equation that expresses the Wronskian of two solutions of a homogeneous second-order linear ordinary differential equation in terms of a coefficient of the original differential equation.
The relation can be generalised to nth-order linear ordinary differential equations. The identity is named after the Norwegian mathematician Niels Henrik Abel.
Since Abel's identity relates to the different linearly independent solutions of the differential equation, it can be used to find one solution from the other. It provides useful identities relating the solutions, and is also useful as a part of other techniques such as the method of variation of parameters. It is especially useful for equations such as Bessel's equation where the solutions do not have a simple analytical form, because in such cases the Wronskian is difficult to compute directly.
A generalisation of first-order systems of homogeneous linear differential equations is given by Liouville's formula.
Statement
Consider a homogeneous linear second-order ordinary differential equation
on an interval I of the real line with real- or complex-valued continuous functions p and q. Abel's identity states that the Wronskian of two real- or complex-valued solutions and of this differential equation, that is the function defined by the determinant
satisfies the relation
for each point .
Remarks
In particular
|
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.