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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GEP
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GEP may refer to:
Gene expression programming
Giant Electric Pea, a British music label
Gifted Education Programme (Singapore)
Global Environmental Politics, a scholarly journal
Global Entrepreneur Programme, of the UK government
Good engineering practice
Growth elasticity of poverty
Good Epidemiological Practices
Generation expansion planning, in power engineering
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prostate%20cancer%20staging
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Prostate cancer staging is the process by which physicians categorize the risk of cancer having spread beyond the prostate, or equivalently, the probability of being cured with local therapies such as surgery or radiation. Once patients are placed in prognostic categories, this information can contribute to the selection of an optimal approach to treatment. Prostate cancer stage can be assessed by either clinical or pathological staging methods. Clinical staging usually occurs before the first treatment and tumour presence is determined through imaging and rectal examination, while pathological staging is done after treatment once a biopsy is performed or the prostate is removed by looking at the cell types within the sample.
There are two schemes commonly used to stage prostate cancer in the United States. The most common is promulgated by the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC), and is known as the TNM system, which evaluates the size of the tumor, the extent of involved lymph nodes, and any metastasis (distant spread) and also takes into account cancer grade. As with many other cancers, these are often grouped into four stages (I–IV). Another scheme that was used in the past was Whitmore-Jewett staging, although TNM staging is more common in modern practice.
In the United Kingdom the 5-tiered Cambridge Prognostic Group (CPG) is used, replacing a previous system that divided prostate cancer into three risk groups.
TNM staging
From the AJCC 7th edition and UICC 7t
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal%20Clear
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Crystal Clear may refer to:
Music and film
Crystal Clear (Jaci Velasquez album), 2000
Crystal Clear (David Dunn album), 2015
Crystal Clear (EP), a 2014 EP by David Dunn
"Crystal Clear", a 1988 song from World Without End by the Mighty Lemon Drops
"Crystal Clear", a 1993 song from Evolver by The Grid.
"Crystal Clear", a 2003 song from Gallowsbird's Bark by The Fiery Furnaces
"Crystal Clear", a 2010 song from All Our Kings Are Dead by Young Guns
Crystal Clear, a 2000 short film by and with Jonathan Jackson
CLC (band), a South Korean girl group also known as CrystaL Clear
Other uses
Crystal Clear (company), a Philippine brand of purified water
Crystal Clear, a computer icon set for Linux KDE
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destroyer%20leader
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Destroyer leader (DL) was the United States Navy designation for large destroyers from 9 February 1951 through the early years of the Cold War. United States ships with hull classification symbol DL were officially frigates from 1 January 1955 until 1975. The smaller destroyer leaders were reclassified as destroyers and the larger as cruisers by the United States Navy 1975 ship reclassification so destroyer escorts could be reclassified as frigates (FF) in conformance with international usage of the term.
Background
By the end of World War I the destroyers intended to screen formations of battleships had evolved to a displacement of approximately 1,100 tons armed with four guns and six or more torpedoes. Italy had built three esploratori (scout cruisers) approximately 70% larger than contemporary destroyers. The Washington Naval Treaty encouraged the United Kingdom's satisfaction with its traditional fleet of s and the United States' contentment with the similar and s, while the signatories with smaller fleets explored alternative warship configurations between the classical definitions of destroyer and cruiser. Italy launched three more esploratori and France responded with six Chacal-class contre-torpilleur super destroyers. Japan launched the minimum light cruiser followed by the Fubuki-class special type destroyers with endurance to escort the Kido Butai mobile force of aircraft carriers over the wide reaches of the Pacific.
Germany built similarly enlarged Zerstö
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Set%20You%20Free%20This%20Time
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"Set You Free This Time" is a song by the American folk rock group the Byrds, written by band member Gene Clark. It was first released in December 1965 on the group's Turn! Turn! Turn! album, and later issued as a single in January 1966.
Composition
According to Clark, "Set You Free This Time" was written in just a few hours during the Byrds' 1965 British tour, after a night spent carousing with Paul McCartney at the Scotch of St James club in London. Clark sings the lead vocal and also plays acoustic guitar and harmonica on the track. The lyrics relate the breakup of a relationship, and Byrds biographer Johnny Rogan has commented that Clark's vocal inflections and densely worded lyrics suggest the influence of Bob Dylan. Critic Matthew Greenwald has remarked that the song also has a vague country rock feel to it, largely due to the song's melody and Clark's harmonica solo. The chord progression and rhythm of the song, however, are atypical of country music.
Single releases
Following its appearance on the Turn! Turn! Turn! album, the song was issued as the A-side of a single on January 10, 1966. However, initial sales were relatively poor, with the single only managing to reach number 79 on the Billboard Hot 100. As a result, Columbia Records in America began promoting the single's B-side "It Won't Be Wrong" instead, which resulted in the single eventually climbing to number 63.
In the UK, after a review in the NME stated that the B-side was better than "Set You Free This
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AN/APQ-174
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The AN/APQ-174 is an American Ku band radar used on military helicopters for navigation, particularly at low level.
It was developed during the late 1980s, as a derivative of the AN/APQ-168 and LANTIRN radars. It was initially procured in the early 1990s for a variety of platforms, including U.S. Army MH-47 Chinooks and MH-60s. The radar can be used for a variety of missions, including: combat search and rescue and special forces insertion and extraction.
This podded radar has a variety of modes, including terrain-following and terrain-avoidance, ground mapping, air-to-ground ranging, weather detection/tracking, navigation, beacon interrogation, cross scan modes and power management.
Angular scan times are 5.5º/sec and the weather mode is improved during heavy rain by the use of circular polarization.
See also
List of radars
References
Airborne Radar Handbook , 200 4 page 271/272, published by the National Defense Industry Publishing Co, 23 Zi Zu Yilan South Road, Hai Ding Chu, Beijing, China
Jane's Avionics Yearbook 1991/92 page 92; Jane's Avionics Yearbook 2004/05 page 627.
Aircraft radars
Military radars of the United States
Military equipment introduced in the 1990s
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ND5
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ND5 may refer to:
MT-ND5, a protein
China Railways Class ND5, a diesel-electric locomotive
North Dakota Highway 5
An aerobic, rod-shaped ultramicrobacteria
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Random%20variate
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In probability and statistics, a random variate or simply variate is a particular outcome of a random variable; the random variates which are other outcomes of the same random variable might have different values (random numbers).
A random deviate or simply deviate is the difference of a random variate with respect to the distribution central location (e.g., mean), often divided by the standard deviation of the distribution (i.e., as a standard score).
Random variates are used when simulating processes driven by random influences (stochastic processes). In modern applications, such simulations would derive random variates corresponding to any given probability distribution from computer procedures designed to create random variates corresponding to a uniform distribution, where these procedures would actually provide values chosen from a uniform distribution of pseudorandom numbers.
Procedures to generate random variates corresponding to a given distribution are known as procedures for (uniform) random number generation or non-uniform pseudo-random variate generation.
In probability theory, a random variable is a measurable function from a probability space to a measurable space of values that the variable can take on. In that context, those values are also known as random variates or random deviates, and this represents a wider meaning than just that associated with pseudorandom numbers.
Definition
Devroye defines a random variate generation algorithm (for real numbers)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lattice%20constant
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A lattice constant or lattice parameter is one of the physical dimensions and angles that determine the geometry of the unit cells in a crystal lattice, and is proportional to the distance between atoms in the crystal. A simple cubic crystal has only one lattice constant, the distance between atoms, but in general lattices in three dimensions have six lattice constants: the lengths a, b, and c of the three cell edges meeting at a vertex, and the angles α, β, and γ between those edges.
The crystal lattice parameters a, b, and c have the dimension of length. The three numbers represent the size of the unit cell, that is, the distance from a given atom to an identical atom in the same position and orientation in a neighboring cell (except for very simple crystal structures, this will not necessarily be distance to the nearest neighbor). Their SI unit is the meter, and they are traditionally specified in angstroms (Å); an angstrom being 0.1 nanometer (nm), or 100 picometres (pm). Typical values start at a few angstroms. The angles α, β, and γ are usually specified in degrees.
Introduction
A chemical substance in the solid state may form crystals in which the atoms, molecules, or ions are arranged in space according to one of a small finite number of possible crystal systems (lattice types), each with fairly well defined set of lattice parameters that are characteristic of the substance. These parameters typically depend on the temperature, pressure (or, more generally, the l
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium%20arsenide
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Aluminium arsenide () is a semiconductor material with almost the same lattice constant as gallium arsenide and aluminium gallium arsenide and wider band gap than gallium arsenide. (AlAs) can form a superlattice with gallium arsenide (GaAs) which results in its semiconductor properties. Because GaAs and AlAs have almost the same lattice constant, the layers have very little induced strain, which allows them to be grown almost arbitrarily thick. This allows for extremely high performance high electron mobility, HEMT transistors, and other quantum well devices.
Properties
It has the following properties:
Thermal expansion coefficient 5 µm/(°C*m)
Debye temperature 417 K
Microhardness 5.0 GPa (50 g load)
Number of atoms in 1 cm3: (4.42-0.17x)·1022
Bulk modulus (7.55+0.26x)·1011 dyn cm−2
Hardness on the Mohs scale: ~ 5
Insolubility in H2O
Uses
Aluminium arsenide is a III-V compound semiconductor material and is an advantageous material for the manufacture of optoelectronic devices, such as light emitting diodes.
Aluminium arsenide can be prepared using well-known methods, such as liquid and vapor-phase epitaxy techniques or melt-growth techniques. However, aluminium arsenide crystals prepared by these methods are generally unstable and generate arsine (AsH3) when exposed to moist air.
Synthesis
Little work has been reported on the preparation of aluminium arsenide, mainly because of the practical difficulties involved. Preparation from the melt is difficult because of the high
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacterial%20translation
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Bacterial translation is the process by which messenger RNA is translated into proteins in bacteria.
Initiation
Initiation of translation in bacteria involves the assembly of the components of the translation system, which are: the two ribosomal subunits (50S and 30S subunits); the mature mRNA to be translated; the tRNA charged with N-formylmethionine (the first amino acid in the nascent peptide); guanosine triphosphate (GTP) as a source of energy, and the three prokaryotic initiation factors IF1, IF2, and IF3, which help the assembly of the initiation complex. Variations in the mechanism can be anticipated.
The ribosome has three active sites: the A site, the P site, and the E site. The A site is the point of entry for the aminoacyl tRNA (except for the first aminoacyl tRNA, which enters at the P site). The P site is where the peptidyl tRNA is formed in the ribosome. And the E site which is the exit site of the now uncharged tRNA after it gives its amino acid to the growing peptide chain.
The selection of an initiation site (usually an AUG codon) depends on the interaction between the 30S subunit and the mRNA template. The 30S subunit binds to the mRNA template at a purine-rich region (the Shine-Dalgarno sequence) upstream of the AUG initiation codon. The Shine-Dalgarno sequence is complementary to a pyrimidine rich region on the 16S rRNA component of the 30S subunit. This sequence has been evolutionarily conserved and plays a major role in the microbial world we know tod
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryotic%20translation
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Eukaryotic translation is the biological process by which messenger RNA is translated into proteins in eukaryotes. It consists of four phases: initiation, elongation, termination, and recapping.
Initiation
Translation initiation is the process by which the ribosome and its associated factors bind to an mRNA and are assembled at the start codon. This process is defined as either cap-dependent, in which the ribosome binds initially at the 5' cap and then travels to the stop codon, or as cap-independent, where the ribosome does not initially bind the 5' cap.
Cap-dependent initiation
Initiation of translation usually involves the interaction of certain key proteins, the initiation factors, with a special tag bound to the 5'-end of an mRNA molecule, the 5' cap, as well as with the 5' UTR. These proteins bind the small (40S) ribosomal subunit and hold the mRNA in place. eIF3 is associated with the 40S ribosomal subunit and plays a role in keeping the large (60S) ribosomal subunit from prematurely binding. eIF3 also interacts with the eIF4F complex, which consists of three other initiation factors: eIF4A, eIF4E, and eIF4G. eIF4G is a scaffolding protein that directly associates with both eIF3 and the other two components. eIF4E is the cap-binding protein. Binding of the cap by eIF4E is often considered the rate-limiting step of cap-dependent initiation, and the concentration of eIF4E is a regulatory nexus of translational control. Certain viruses cleave a portion of eIF4G that
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Injection%20seeder
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Injection seeders are devices that direct the output of small "seed" lasers into the cavity of a much larger laser to stabilize the latter's output. Most seed lasers are stable, single-frequency lasers that emit within the linewidth of the larger laser's gain medium. The single frequency encourages the larger laser to lase in a single longitudinal mode, and the seed laser can also improve the laser's spatial profile and improve the M2 parameter.
Seed lasers can be continuous or pulsed. Seeding a pulsed laser can reduce variations in the output energy and timing (jitter) from pulse to pulse, and smooth out temporal variations within the pulse. Many commercial lasers use a laser diode as a seeding source.
See also
Laser construction
Q-switching
Mode locking
References
Spotlight: Injection Seeding, Technical University of Darmstadt
Bibliography
Laser science
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jayyous
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Jayyus () is a Palestinian village near the west border of the West Bank, close to Qalqilya. It is a farming community. According to the Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics, the village had a population of 3,478 inhabitants in 2017.
Location
Jayyus (including Khirbet Sir) is located - northeast of Qalqiliya. It is bordered by Baqat al Hatab and Kafr Laqif to the east, Kafr Jamal, Kafr Zibad and Kafr ‘Abbush to the south, ‘Azzun, ‘Izbat at Tabib, An Nabi Elyas and ‘Arab Abu Farda to the west, and the Green Line to the north.
History
At Khirbet Sir, just east of Jayyus, two rock-cut tombs have been found, with a large mound with terraces cut in the sides, and a good well below. Byzantine ceramics have also been found.
Ottoman era
Jayyus was incorporated into the Ottoman Empire in 1517 with all of Palestine, and in 1596 it appeared in the tax registers as being in the Nahiya of Bani Sa'b of the Liwa of Nablus. It had a population of 24 households and 6 bachelors, all Muslim. The villagers paid taxes on wheat, barley, summer crops, olive trees, occasional revenues, goats and/or beehives; a total of 11,746 akçe. Half of the revenue went to a Muslim charitable endowment.
According to historian Roy Marom, in the 18th or early 19th centuries, residents of Jayyous affiliated with the Qaysi camp during the Qays and Yaman conflicts, alongside residents of Deir Abu Mash'al and part of the residents of Bayt Nabala. They fought several skirmishes against Yamani rivals from Qi
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20C.%20Butcher
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John Charles Butcher (born 31 March 1933) is a New Zealand mathematician who specialises in numerical methods for the solution of ordinary differential equations.
Butcher works on multistage methods for initial value problems, such as Runge-Kutta and general linear methods. The Butcher group and the Butcher tableau are named after him.
More recently, he is investigating a new type of method with stability identical to that of a Runge-Kutta method.
Biography
Butcher studied mathematics at Auckland University College - BSc and MSc - and the University of Sydney - PhD (1961) and DSc.
Positions held are as aside.
He was awarded the Jones Medal from the Royal Society of New Zealand in 2010, for his "exceptional lifetime work on numerical methods for the solution of differential equations and leadership in the development of New Zealand mathematical sciences." In 2011, he received the Van Wijngaarden Award.
In the 2013 Queen's Birthday Honours, Butcher was appointed an Officer of the New Zealand Order of Merit, for services to mathematics.
Publications
.
.
John C. Butcher: "Trees, B-series and exponential integrators", IMA Journal of Numerical Analysis Vol.30,No.1(Jan. 2010),pp. 131–140. DOI:10.1093/imanum/drn086 .
.
J.C.Butcher:"Trees and B-series", Numerical Algorithms (2019), vol.81, pp. 1311–1325. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11075-018-0643-7
John C. Butcher: "B-Series : Algebraic Analysis of Numerical Methods", Springer(SSCM, volume 55), ISBN 978-3030709556 (April, 20
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music%20Genome%20Project
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The Music Genome Project is an effort to "capture the essence of music at the most fundamental level" using various attributes to describe songs and mathematics to connect them together into an interactive map. The Music Genome Project covers five music genres: Pop/Rock, Hip-Hop/Electronica, Jazz, World Music, and Classical.
Any given song is represented by approximately 450 "genes" (analogous to trait-determining genes for organisms in the field of genetics). Each gene corresponds to a characteristic of the music, for example, gender of lead vocalist, prevalent use of groove, level of distortion on the electric guitar, type of background vocals, etc. Rock and pop songs have 150 genes, rap songs have 350, and jazz songs have approximately 400. Other genres of music, such as world and classical music, have 300–450 genes. The system depends on a sufficient number of genes to render useful results. Each gene is assigned a number between 0 and 5, in half-integer increments. The Music Genome Project's database is built using a methodology that includes the use of precisely defined terminology, a consistent frame of reference, redundant analysis, and ongoing quality control to ensure that data integrity remains reliably high.
Given the vector of one or more songs, a list of other similar songs is constructed using what the company calls its "matching algorithm". Each song is analyzed by a musician in a process that takes 20 to 30 minutes per song. Ten percent of songs are analyze
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transporter%20Classification%20Database
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The Transporter Classification Database (or TCDB) is an International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (IUBMB)-approved classification system for membrane transport proteins, including ion channels.
Classification
The upper level of classification and a few examples of proteins with known 3D structure:
1. Channels and pores
1.A α-type channels
1.A.1 Voltage-gated ion channel superfamily
1.A.2 Inward-rectifier K+ channel family
1.A.3 Ryanodine-inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor Ca2+ channel family
1.A.4 Transient receptor potential Ca2+ channel family
1.A.5 Polycystin cation channel family
1.A.6 Epithelial Na+ channel family
1.A.7 ATP-gated P2X receptor cation channel family
1.A.8 Major intrinsic protein superfamily
1.A.9 Neurotransmitter receptor, Cys loop, ligand-gated ion channel family
1.A.10 Glutamate-gated ion channel family of neurotransmitter receptors
1.A.11 Ammonium channel transporter family
1.A.12 Intracellular chloride channel family
1.A.13 Epithelial chloride channel family
1.A.14 Testis-enhanced gene transfer family
1.A.15 Nonselective cation channel-2 family
1.A.16 Formate-nitrite transporter family
1.A.17 Calcium-dependent chloride channel family
1.A.18 Chloroplast envelope anion-channel-forming Tic110 family
1.A.19 Type A influenza virus matrix-2 channel family
1.A.20 BCL2/Adenovirus E1B-interacting protein 3 family
1.A.21 Bcl-2 family
1.A.22 Large-conductance mechanosensitive ion channel
1.A.23 Small-conductance mechan
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natalie%20West
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Natalie West (born Natalie Neal West; January 23, 1956) is an American television, film and stage actress best known for her role as Crystal Anderson-Conner on the 1988–2018 TV series Roseanne.
Career
West's career began in the early 1980s when she starred in several plays in Chicago area theaters. Her major break came when she won the role of Crystal Anderson Conner, Roseanne's friend and, later, Dan's stepmother, on Roseanne. She was a regular cast member for seasons three and four and a recurring guest star before and afterward. Her final appearance was in the season eight premiere in 1995. Soon after she took a hiatus from film and television to focus on her stage career. She appeared in the 2018 revival of the show. However, on May 29, 2018, in the wake of controversial remarks made by Barr on Twitter regarding Valerie Jarrett (an advisor of former president Barack Obama), ABC cancelled the revival after a single season.
In 2004, she acted in the independent film Life Sentence. She later appeared in a few more independent films over the years. In 2012, she starred in her first leading film role in the independent comedy-drama film Nate & Margaret, playing Margaret. She has continued to perform in several Chicago theatre productions including with A Red Orchid Theatre where she is an ensemble member.
Her films include Bushwhacked (1995), Life Sentence (2004) The Poker House (2007) and Nate & Margaret (2012).
Awards
1984 – Joseph Jefferson Award for Actress in a Supp
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quicksort
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Quicksort is an efficient, general-purpose sorting algorithm. Quicksort was developed by British computer scientist Tony Hoare in 1959 and published in 1961. It is still a commonly used algorithm for sorting. Overall, it is slightly faster than merge sort and heapsort for randomized data, particularly on larger distributions.
Quicksort is a divide-and-conquer algorithm. It works by selecting a 'pivot' element from the array and partitioning the other elements into two sub-arrays, according to whether they are less than or greater than the pivot. For this reason, it is sometimes called partition-exchange sort. The sub-arrays are then sorted recursively. This can be done in-place, requiring small additional amounts of memory to perform the sorting.
Quicksort is a comparison sort, meaning that it can sort items of any type for which a "less-than" relation (formally, a total order) is defined. Most implementations of quicksort are not stable, meaning that the relative order of equal sort items is not preserved.
Mathematical analysis of quicksort shows that, on average, the algorithm takes comparisons to sort n items. In the worst case, it makes comparisons.
History
The quicksort algorithm was developed in 1959 by Tony Hoare while he was a visiting student at Moscow State University. At that time, Hoare was working on a machine translation project for the National Physical Laboratory. As a part of the translation process, he needed to sort the words in Russian sentences bef
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liverpool%20Built-up%20Area
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The Liverpool Built-up Area (previously Liverpool Urban Area in 2001 and prior) is a term used by the Office for National Statistics (ONS) to denote the urban area around Liverpool in England, to the east of the River Mersey. The contiguous built-up area extends beyond the area administered by Liverpool City Council into adjoining local authority areas, particularly parts of Sefton and Knowsley. As defined by ONS, the area extends as far east as St Helens, Haydock, and Ashton-in-Makerfield in Greater Manchester.
The Liverpool Urban Area is not the same area as Merseyside (or Greater Merseyside), which includes areas of Wirral on the west bank of the Mersey and Southport. The western extent of the Greater Manchester conurbation is narrowly avoided as that extends as far as Golborne and Newton-le-Willows, with small gaps separating those towns from Ashton-In-Makerfield and Haydock.
Settlements
The Liverpool Urban Area defined by ONS covers Liverpool and its contiguous built-up areas, with a population of 864,122 a considerable increase from the 2001 census due to the rapid growth in the population of Liverpool during this period. The population of the area was 816,216 in the 2001 census,. The urban area facing Liverpool on the Wirral Peninsula is a separate division known as the Birkenhead Urban Area.
The ONS definition is based purely on physical criteria with a focus on the presence or absence of significant gaps between built-up areas. It therefore extends as far as Asht
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reading%20built-up%20area
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The Reading Built-up Area or Reading/Wokingham Urban Area is a name given by the Office for National Statistics to a conurbation in Berkshire, England, with a population of 318,014. This was a significant decrease from the population according to the 2001 census of 369,804 due to Bracknell no longer being considered part of the built-up area, but forming part of the Greater London Urban Area instead.
Its largest population centre is Reading, and it also includes Arborfield, Woodley, Theale, Crowthorne, Earley and Wokingham.
Part of the urban area, Crowthorne, is just to the north of Sandhurst, part of the Farnborough/Aldershot Urban Area, and its eastern extremity is just west of Bracknell part of the Greater London Urban Area.
References
Urban areas of England
Urban Area
Urban Area
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional%20ecology
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Functional ecology is a branch of ecology that focuses on the roles, or functions, that species play in the community or ecosystem in which they occur. In this approach, physiological, anatomical, and life history characteristics of the species are emphasized. The term "function" is used to emphasize certain physiological processes rather than discrete properties, describe an organism's role in a trophic system, or illustrate the effects of natural selective processes on an organism. This sub-discipline of ecology represents the crossroads between ecological patterns and the processes and mechanisms that underlie them. It focuses on traits represented in large number of species and can be measured in two ways – the first being screening, which involves measuring a trait across a number of species, and the second being empiricism, which provides quantitative relationships for the traits measured in screening. Functional ecology often emphasizes an integrative approach, using organism traits and activities to understand community dynamics and ecosystem processes, particularly in response to the rapid global changes occurring in earth's environment.
Functional ecology sits at the nexus of several disparate disciplines and serves as the unifying principle between evolutionary ecology, evolutionary biology, genetics and genomics, and traditional ecological studies. It explores such areas as "[species'] competitive abilities, patterns of species co-occurrence, community assembly,
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmason%20Model
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The Palmason model is a depth, distance, temperature and heat flow gradient model of crustal accretion mechanism through the Iceland lithosphere which denotes the spreading material trajectories from a rift axis. The material erupting at the rift axis will tend to sink down, due to thermal subsidence and spreading, to a depth of many kilometers, while lava flows spreading to a distance of many kilometers away from the rift axis on the surface will sink down to shallower depth. Surface erosion can expose such preserved materials.
The model was developed in the 1970s and 80s by Guðmundur Pálmason (1928–2004), once one of Iceland's best chess players. The name given to the model, however, misrepresents Icelandic naming conventions; Pálmason is a patronymic, not a surname, and in Iceland he would have properly been referred to by his given first name, Guðmundur.
References
Plate tectonics
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complement%20component%205a
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C5a is a protein fragment released from cleavage of complement component C5 by protease C5-convertase into C5a and C5b fragments. C5b is important in late events of the complement cascade, an orderly series of reactions which coordinates several basic defense mechanisms, including formation of the membrane attack complex (MAC), one of the most basic weapons of the innate immune system, formed as an automatic response to intrusions from foreign particles and microbial invaders. It essentially pokes microscopic pinholes in these foreign objects, causing loss of water and sometimes death. C5a, the other cleavage product of C5, acts as a highly inflammatory peptide, encouraging complement activation, formation of the MAC, attraction of innate immune cells, and histamine release involved in allergic responses. The origin of C5 is in the hepatocyte, but its synthesis can also be found in macrophages, where it may cause local increase of C5a. C5a is a chemotactic agent and an anaphylatoxin; it is essential in the innate immunity but it is also linked with the adaptive immunity. The increased production of C5a is connected with a number of inflammatory diseases.
Structure
Human polypeptide C5a contains 74 amino acids and has 11kDa. NMR spectroscopy proved that the molecule is composed of four helices and connected by peptide loops with three disulphide bonds between helix IV and II, III. There is a short 1.5 turn helix on N-terminus but all agonist activity take place in the C-ter
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade%20in%20services%20statistics
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Trade in services statistics are economic statistics which detail international trade in services. They received a great deal of focus at the advent of services negotiations which took place under the Uruguay Round, which became part of the General Agreement on Trade in Services, one of the four principal pillars of the World Trade Organization (WTO) trade treaty, also called the "WTO Agreement".
The General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) Four Modes of Supply comprises:
Mode 1 Cross border trade, which is defined as delivery of a service from the territory of one country into the territory of other country;
Mode 2 Consumption abroad - this mode covers supply of a service of one country to the service consumer of any other country;
Mode 3 Commercial presence - which covers services provided by a service supplier of one country in the territory of any other country, i.e., foreign direct investment undertaken by a service provider;
Mode 4 Presence of natural persons - which covers services provided by a service supplier of one country through the presence of natural persons in the territory another economy.
Statistics which correspondent to the GATS Four Modes of Supply comprise quantitative data addressing:
Trade in services, which is defined as delivery of a service from the territory of one country into the territory of other country, specific disaggregation as per GATS Four Modes of Supply may not apply, i.e., this depends on decisions taken by each country
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign%20affiliate%20trade%20statistics
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Foreign affiliate trade statistics (FATS), also known as transnational corporation (TNC) data details the economic operations of foreign direct investment-based enterprises.
Collection of such information, and aggregation at the national level, can provide economists and policymakers with insight as to the relationship that transnational corporations, being FDI-related enterprises, have on economies.
FATS indicators - including:
employment information,
expenditures,
exports and imports (specific to FDI-owned firms)
inter- and intra-firm trade,
profits,
sales,
value-added (product).
Inward FATS - Data which represent the operations of foreign-owned (in the FDI sense, i.e. at a minimum of 10% of book value) firms in the local economy, or country.
Outward FATS - Data which represent the operations firms abroad, which are owned by a firm in our home-country ("owned" in the FDI sense, i.e. at a minimum of 10% of book value).
FATS are an economic indicator which has a direct linkage to WTO-GATS Mode 3 Legal Commitments; GATS Mode 3 is one of the Four Modes of Supply enshrined as the framework of the General Agreement on Trade in Services GATS of the World Trade Organization WTO.
FATS describe economic activities which take place as a result of WTO-GATS Mode 3 enterprise trade, or trade which takes place under Commercial Presence circumstances.
The standard for definition for Commercial Presence in the WTO-GATS differs from the generally accepted definition of FD
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IIE%20iron%20meteorite
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The iron meteorites of the IIE chemical type are octahedrites of various coarseness, most of which contain numerous inclusions of recrystallized stony silicates.
Composition and origin
They have mineral compositions and oxygen isotope ratios very similar to the H chondrites, which makes it probable that they originate from the same parent body. The best candidate for this parent body is the S-type asteroid 6 Hebe. Unlike most iron meteorites, the type IIE are thought to have been melted out of the chondritic surface of the parent asteroid by impacts during its early history.
Rarity
It is a rare type with 24 known members as of 2020.
See also
Glossary of meteoritics
References
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Learning%20automaton
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A learning automaton is one type of machine learning algorithm studied since 1970s. Learning automata select their current action based on past experiences from the environment. It will fall into the range of reinforcement learning if the environment is stochastic and a Markov decision process (MDP) is used.
History
Research in learning automata can be traced back to the work of Michael Lvovitch Tsetlin in the early 1960s in the Soviet Union. Together with some colleagues, he published a collection of papers on how to use matrices to describe automata functions. Additionally, Tsetlin worked on reasonable and collective automata behaviour, and on automata games. Learning automata were also investigated by researches in the United States in the 1960s. However, the term learning automaton was not used until Narendra and Thathachar introduced it in a survey paper in 1974.
Definition
A learning automaton is an adaptive decision-making unit situated in a random environment that learns the optimal action through repeated interactions with its environment. The actions are chosen according to a specific probability distribution which is updated based on the environment response the automaton obtains by performing a particular action.
With respect to the field of reinforcement learning, learning automata are characterized as policy iterators. In contrast to other reinforcement learners, policy iterators directly manipulate the policy π. Another example for policy iterators are evo
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MediaGX
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The MediaGX CPU is an x86-compatible processor that was designed by Cyrix and manufactured by National Semiconductor following the two companies' merger. It was introduced in 1997. The core is based on the integration of the Cyrix Cx5x86 CPU core with hardware to process video and audio output (XpressRAM, XpressGRAPHICS, XpressAUDIO). Following the buyout of Cyrix by National Semiconductor and the sale of the Cyrix name and trademarks to VIA Technologies, the core was developed by National Semiconductor into the Geode line of processors, which was subsequently sold to Advanced Micro Devices.
Whether this processor belongs in the fourth or fifth generation of x86 processors can be considered a matter of debate as the processor was based on the 5x86 (a scaled down version of the Cyrix 6x86). While the 5x86 was intended to compete with the Intel Pentium line, the 5th generation x86, it was designed to interface with a 4th generation (80486) motherboard and had only the 486's instruction set, lacking the ability to run software requiring the Pentium's new instructions.
The MediaGX CPU was mostly used for subcompact laptops. It was also used in the CTX EzBook V92C266, Compaq Presario 1220 and 1230 laptops, Compaq Presario 2100 and 2200 desktops, Casio Cassiopeia Fiva MPC-100 series subnotebook and MPC-501 tablet PCs, and many others, as well as in high-performance embedded applications such as the Pinball 2000 arcade pinball system and Atari Games arcade platforms. Sun Microsyst
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interleukin%2013
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Interleukin 13 (IL-13) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the IL13 gene. IL-13 was first cloned in 1993 and is located on chromosome 5q31.1 with a length of 1.4kb. It has a mass of 13 kDa and folds into 4 alpha helical bundles. The secondary structural features of IL-13 are similar to that of Interleukin 4 (IL-4); however it only has 25% sequence identity to IL-4 and is capable of IL-4 independent signaling. IL-13 is a cytokine secreted by T helper type 2 (Th2) cells, CD4 cells, natural killer T cell, mast cells, basophils, eosinophils and nuocytes. Interleukin-13 is a central regulator in IgE synthesis, goblet cell hyperplasia, mucus hypersecretion, airway hyperresponsiveness, fibrosis and chitinase up-regulation. It is a mediator of allergic inflammation and different diseases including asthma.
Functions
IL-13 has effects on immune cells that are similar to those of the closely related cytokine IL-4.
However, IL-13 is suspected to be the central mediator of the physiologic changes induced by allergic inflammation in many tissues.
Although IL-13 is associated primarily with the induction of airway disease, it also has anti-inflammatory properties. IL-13 induces a class of protein-degrading enzymes, known as matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), in the airways. These enzymes are required to induce aggression of parenchymal inflammatory cells into the airway lumen, where they are then cleared. Among other factors, IL-13 induces these MMPs as part of a mechanism that pro
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energetics
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Energetics is the study of energy, and may refer to:
Thermodynamics
Bioenergetics
Energy flow (ecology)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texture%20gradient
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Texture gradient is the distortion in size which closer objects have compared to objects farther away. It also involves groups of objects appearing denser as they move farther away. Additionally, it could be explained by noticing a certain amount of detail depending on how close something is, giving a sense of depth perception.
There are three main forms of texture gradient: density, perspective, and distortion of texture elements.
Texture gradient is carefully used in the painting Paris Street, Rainy Day by Gustave Caillebotte.
Texture gradient was used in a study of child psychology in 1976 and studied by Sidney Weinstein in 1957.
In 2000, a paper about the texture gradient equation, wavelets, and shape from texture was released by Maureen Clerc and Stéphane Mallat.
See also
Texture (visual arts)
Image gradient
Perspective distortion
References
Artistic techniques
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetarianism%20and%20wine
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The production of wine often includes a process called fining (or "clarifying"), in which fining agents are added to wine to remove proteins, yeast, and other suspended organic particles, and later filtered out. Fining agents can be either animal, carbon, or clay-based. Animal-based fining agents include gelatin, isinglass, egg white (albumen), and casein.
Since the fining agent is filtered back out of the wine, the labeling of these additives is not required or regulated in most places. However, the use of animal-derived additives in wine production is a matter of ethical concern in vegetarianism and veganism.
Non-vegetarian/vegan additives
Examples of common animal products used as fining agents are gelatin, isinglass, casein, and egg albumen. Dried bull's blood was also used in some Mediterranean countries but, as a legacy of bovine spongiform encephalopathy, is not allowed in the U.S. or the European Union.
Gelatin
The most common animal product used for fining is gelatin, due to its potency and effectiveness. Gelatin is made from the boiling of animal parts. Wine specifically responds best to type A gelatin, which is derived from the boiling of pig's skin. It takes only one ounce of gelatin to clarify 1,000 gallons of wine. Gelatin is used in both white and red wines to fix haze/color and to adjust the flavor or bitterness of the wine.
Isinglass
Isinglass is derived from fish bladders. It is primarily used to clear white wines. Like gelatin, isinglass needs to be
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Glory%20of%20Christmas
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The Glory of Christmas was an annual musical performance of the story of the birth of Jesus performed between 1981 and 2009 at Christmastime in the Crystal Cathedral in Garden Grove, California. The show was cancelled from 2010 on after the church filed for bankruptcy, following the cancellation earlier that year of a related show, The Glory of Easter.
History
In 1980 the Crystal Cathedral was dedicated. In 1981, The Glory of Christmas premiered at the cathedral. The cathedral seated 2,736 for church services, but only seated 2,508 when holding the large Glory of Christmas set. Installing the production set took a month of preparation, including lighting load-in, angel track installation and rigging, as well as set construction.
The cathedral's pipe organ has 287 ranks of pipes, 16,000 individual, 549 horizontal trumpet pipes in the east and west balconies and 5,000 additional pipes in the south balcony division, making it the largest collection of such pipes in the world.
More than 300 volunteers dedicated over 160 hours each to The Glory of Christmas as both cast members and volunteer ushers.
Performance style
The performance was in the style of traditional Christmas pageants but on a grand scale with the feel of a Broadway show. Costumes, such as those of Roman centurions or the Three Wise Men, were professionally designed and produced. The musical numbers included Christmas songs such as "O Holy Night", "Silent Night", and "Mary, Did You Know?", and featured orchest
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mergelyan%27s%20theorem
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Mergelyan's theorem is a result from approximation by polynomials in complex analysis proved by the Armenian mathematician Sergei Mergelyan in 1951.
Statement
Let K be a compact subset of the complex plane C such that C∖K is connected. Then, every continuous function f : K C, such that the restriction f to int(K) is holomorphic, can be approximated uniformly on K with polynomials. Here, int(K) denotes the interior of K.
Mergelyan's theorem also holds for open Riemann surfaces
If K is a compact set without holes in an open Riemann surface X, then every function in can be approximated uniformly on K by functions in .
Mergelyan's theorem does not always hold in higher dimensions (spaces of several complex variables), but it has some consequences.
History
Mergelyan's theorem is a generalization of the Weierstrass approximation theorem and Runge's theorem.
In the case that C∖K is not connected, in the initial approximation problem the polynomials have to be replaced by rational functions. An important step of the solution of this further rational approximation problem was also suggested by Mergelyan in 1952. Further deep results on rational approximation are due to, in particular, A. G. Vitushkin.
Weierstrass and Runge's theorems were put forward in 1885, while Mergelyan's theorem dates from 1951. After Weierstrass and Runge, many mathematicians (in particular Walsh, Keldysh, Lavrentyev, Hartogs, and Rosenthal) had been working on the same problem. The method of the pr
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypertonia
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Hypertonia is a term sometimes used synonymously with spasticity and rigidity in the literature surrounding damage to the central nervous system, namely upper motor neuron lesions. Impaired ability of damaged motor neurons to regulate descending pathways gives rise to disordered spinal reflexes, increased excitability of muscle spindles, and decreased synaptic inhibition. These consequences result in abnormally increased muscle tone of symptomatic muscles. Some authors suggest that the current definition for spasticity, the velocity-dependent over-activity of the stretch reflex, is not sufficient as it fails to take into account patients exhibiting increased muscle tone in the absence of stretch reflex over-activity. They instead suggest that "reversible hypertonia" is more appropriate and represents a treatable condition that is responsive to various therapy modalities like drug or physical therapy.
Presentation
Symptoms associated with central nervous systems disorders are classified into positive and negative categories. Positive symptoms include those that increase muscle activity through hyper-excitability of the stretch reflex (i.e., rigidity and spasticity) where negative symptoms include those of insufficient muscle activity (i.e. weakness) and reduced motor function. Often the two classifications are thought to be separate entities of a disorder; however, some authors propose that they may be closely related.
Pathophysiology
Hypertonia is caused by upper motor neu
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluid%20coupling
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A fluid coupling or hydraulic coupling is a hydrodynamic or 'hydrokinetic' device used to transmit rotating mechanical power. It has been used in automobile transmissions as an alternative to a mechanical clutch. It also has widespread application in marine and industrial machine drives, where variable speed operation and controlled start-up without shock loading of the power transmission system is essential.
Hydrokinetic drives, such as this, should be distinguished from hydrostatic drives, such as hydraulic pump and motor combinations.
History
The fluid coupling originates from the work of Hermann Föttinger, who was the chief designer at the AG Vulcan Works in Stettin. His patents from 1905 covered both fluid couplings and torque converters.
Dr Gustav Bauer of the Vulcan-Werke collaborated with English engineer Harold Sinclair of Hydraulic Coupling Patents Limited to adapt the Föttinger coupling to vehicle transmission in an attempt to mitigate the lurching Sinclair had experienced while riding on London buses during the 1920s Following Sinclair's discussions with the London General Omnibus Company begun in October 1926, and trials on an Associated Daimler bus chassis, Percy Martin of Daimler decided to apply the principle to the Daimler group's private cars.
During 1930 The Daimler Company of Coventry, England began to introduce a transmission system using a fluid coupling and Wilson self-changing gearbox for buses and their flagship cars. By 1933 the system was used i
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thyroid%20storm
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Thyroid storm is a rare but severe and life-threatening complication of hyperthyroidism. It occurs when overactive thyroid activity leads to hypermetabolism, the end result being death from cardiac arrest or multiple organ failure.
It is characterized by a high fever (temperatures often above ), fast and often irregular heart beat, elevated blood pressure, vomiting, diarrhea, and agitation. Hypertension with a wide pulse pressure occurs in early to mid crisis, with hypotension accompanying shock occurring in the late stage. Heart failure and heart attack may occur. Death may occur despite treatment. Most episodes occur either in those with known hyperthyroidism whose treatment has been stopped or become ineffective, or in those with untreated mild hyperthyroidism who have developed an intercurrent illness (such as an infection).
The primary treatment of thyroid storm is with inorganic iodine and antithyroid drugs (propylthiouracil or methimazole) to reduce synthesis and release of thyroid hormone. Temperature control and intravenous fluids are also mainstays of management. Beta blockers are often used to reduce the effects of thyroid hormone. Patients often require admission to the intensive care unit.
A life-threatening medical emergency, thyroid storm has a mortality rate of up to 25% despite treatment. Without treatment, the condition is very likely fatal, with a mortality rate of 80-100%. Historically, the condition was considered untreatable, with hospital mortality
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grading%20%28tumors%29
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In pathology, grading is a measure of the cell appearance in tumors and other neoplasms. Some pathology grading systems apply only to malignant neoplasms (cancer); others apply also to benign neoplasms. The neoplastic grading is a measure of cell anaplasia (reversion of differentiation) in the sampled tumor and is based on the resemblance of the tumor to the tissue of origin. Grading in cancer is distinguished from staging, which is a measure of the extent to which the cancer has spread.
Pathology grading systems classify the microscopic cell appearance abnormality and deviations in their rate of growth with the goal of predicting developments at tissue level (see also the 4 major histological changes in dysplasia).
Cancer is a disorder of cell life cycle alteration that leads (non-trivially) to excessive cell proliferation rates, typically longer cell lifespans and poor differentiation. The grade score (numerical: G1 up to G4) increases with the lack of cellular differentiation - it reflects how much the tumor cells differ from the cells of the normal tissue they have originated from (see 'Categories' below). Tumors may be graded on four-tier, three-tier, or two-tier scales, depending on the institution and the tumor type.
The histologic tumor grade score along with the metastatic (whole-body-level cancer-spread) staging are used to evaluate each specific cancer patient, develop their individual treatment strategy and to predict their prognosis. A cancer that is very p
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Saga%20of%20Crystar
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The Saga of Crystar, Crystal Warrior was an 11-issue fantasy-based comic book published by American company Marvel Comics in 1983. It was associated with a toy line from Remco, consisting of seven figures, some vehicles and accessories.
Production
The toys were first sold in late 1982; the Marvel Comics series was first published in the spring of 1983. Since the toys were released first, many assumed the comic had been a licensed adaptation of the toyline, but Crystar and all of the characters in the toy line and comic book were created and owned by Marvel Comics, which had created the concept with the express intent of selling the license to a toy company.
Despite the Crystar franchise's obscurity, the title character had a profile featured in the Marvel Comics 1980s Handbook, as well as the Official Handbook of the Marvel Universe A-Z hardcover series. The character also appeared in the variant cover of Marvel Zombies 4 #3, which featured a number of 1980s Marvel Comics characters in a parody of Michael Jackson's "Thriller" video. Crystar and related characters were also the subjects of a parody in the episode "Ban on the Fun" of Robot Chicken, wherein it was suggested that Crystar and his people were made out of crystal meth.
The comic book series was set parallel to the Marvel Universe and featured guest appearances by Doctor Strange, Nightcrawler and Alpha Flight.
The cover of issue #8 of The Saga of Crystar, drawn by Michael Golden, featured a skull logo that was u
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004%20California%20Proposition%2071
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Proposition 71 of 2004 (or the California Stem Cell Research and Cures Act) is a law enacted by California voters to support stem cell research in the state. It was proposed by means of the initiative process and approved in the 2004 state elections on November 2. The Act amended both the Constitution of California and the Health and Safety Code.
The Act makes conducting stem cell research a state constitutional right. It authorizes the sale of general obligation bonds to allocate three billion dollars over a period of ten years to stem cell research and research facilities. Although the funds could be used to finance all kinds of stem cell research, it gives priority to human embryonic stem cell research.
Proposition 71 created the California Institute for Regenerative Medicine (CIRM), which is in charge of making "grants and loans for stem cell research, for research facilities, and for other vital research opportunities to realize therapies" as well as establishing "the appropriate regulatory standards of oversight bodies for research and facilities development". The Act also establishes a governing body called the Independent Citizen's Oversight Committee (ICOC) to oversee CIRM.
Proposition 71 is unique in at least three ways. Firstly, it uses general obligation bonds, which are usually used to finance brick-and-mortar projects such as bridges or hospitals, to fund scientific research. Secondly, by funding scientific research on such a large scale, California is taki
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glutamate%20dehydrogenase%201
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GLUD1 (glutamate dehydrogenase 1) is a mitochondrial matrix enzyme, one of the family of glutamate dehydrogenases that are ubiquitous in life, with a key role in nitrogen and glutamate (Glu) metabolism and energy homeostasis. This dehydrogenase is expressed at high levels in liver, brain, pancreas and kidney, but not in muscle. In the pancreatic cells, GLUD1 is thought to be involved in insulin secretion mechanisms. In nervous tissue, where glutamate is present in concentrations higher than in the other tissues, GLUD1 appears to function in both the synthesis and the catabolism of glutamate and perhaps in ammonia detoxification.
Structure
Gene
Human GLUD1 contains 13 exons and is located on the 10th chromosome.
There is evidence that GLUD1 has been retro-posed to the X chromosome, where it gave rise to the intronless GLUD2 through random mutations and natural selection. GLUD2 have adapted to the particular needs of the nervous system where it is specifically expressed.
Protein
GLUD1 is a hexamer. The monomer unit has:
N-terminal Glu-BD(Binding domain) that is composed mostly of β-strands.
NAD-BD - can bind either NAD+ or NADP+.
48-residue antenna-like projection that extends from the top of each NAD-BD. The antenna consists of an ascending helix and a descending random coil strand that contains a small α-helix toward the C-terminal end of the strand.
NAD-BD sits on the top of Glu-BD. NAD-BD and Glu-BD form the catalytic cleft. During substrate binding, the NAD-BD m
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermodynamic%20process
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Classical thermodynamics considers three main kinds of thermodynamic process: (1) changes in a system, (2) cycles in a system, and (3) flow processes.
(1) A Thermodynamic process is a process in which the thermodynamic state of a system is changed. A change in a system is defined by a passage from an initial to a final state of thermodynamic equilibrium. In classical thermodynamics, the actual course of the process is not the primary concern, and often is ignored. A state of thermodynamic equilibrium endures unchangingly unless it is interrupted by a thermodynamic operation that initiates a thermodynamic process. The equilibrium states are each respectively fully specified by a suitable set of thermodynamic state variables, that depend only on the current state of the system, not on the path taken by the processes that produce the state. In general, during the actual course of a thermodynamic process, the system may pass through physical states which are not describable as thermodynamic states, because they are far from internal thermodynamic equilibrium. Non-equilibrium thermodynamics, however, considers processes in which the states of the system are close to thermodynamic equilibrium, and aims to describe the continuous passage along the path, at definite rates of progress.
As a useful theoretical but not actually physically realizable limiting case, a process may be imagined to take place practically infinitely slowly or smoothly enough to allow it to be described by a
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagrange%27s%20theorem
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In mathematics, Lagrange's theorem usually refers to any of the following theorems, attributed to Joseph Louis Lagrange:
Lagrange's theorem (group theory)
Lagrange's theorem (number theory)
Lagrange's four-square theorem, which states that every positive integer can be expressed as the sum of four squares of integers
Mean value theorem in calculus
The Lagrange inversion theorem
The Lagrange reversion theorem
The method of Lagrangian multipliers for mathematical optimization
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagrange%27s%20theorem%20%28number%20theory%29
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In number theory, Lagrange's theorem is a statement named after Joseph-Louis Lagrange about how frequently a polynomial over the integers may evaluate to a multiple of a fixed prime. More precisely, it states that if p is a prime number, , and is a polynomial with integer coefficients, then either:
every coefficient of is divisible by p, or
has at most solutions
where is the degree of . If the modulus is not prime, then it is possible for there to be more than solutions.
Proof
The two key ideas are the following. Let be the polynomial obtained from by taking the coefficients . Now:
is divisible by if and only if ; and
has no more than roots.
More rigorously, start by noting that if and only if each coefficient of is divisible by . Assume ; its degree is thus well-defined. It is easy to see . To prove (1), first note that we can compute either directly, i.e. by plugging in (the residue class of) and performing arithmetic in , or by reducing . Hence if and only if , i.e. if and only if is divisible by . To prove (2), note that is a field, which is a standard fact (a quick proof is to note that since is prime, is a finite integral domain, hence is a field). Another standard fact is that a non-zero polynomial over a field has at most as many roots as its degree; this follows from the division algorithm.
Finally, note that two solutions are incongruent if and only if . Putting everything together, the number of incongruent solutions by (1) is the s
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xar%20%28graphics%29
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The Xar file format is the fully specified vector graphics file format of Xara and Xara Photo & Graphic Designer.
External links
Xara homepage
Complete documentation of the XAR file format
Vector graphics file formats
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gammaridea
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Gammaridea is one of the suborders of the order Amphipoda, comprising small, shrimp-like crustaceans. Until recently, in a traditional classification, it encompassed about 7,275 (92%) of the 7,900 species of amphipods described by then, in approximately 1,000 genera, divided among around 125 families. That concept of Gammaridea included almost all freshwater amphipods, while most of the members still were marine.
The group is however considered paraphyletic, and is under deconstruction by the amphipod taxonomists J. Lowry and A. Myers. In 2003 they moved several families from Gammaridea to join members of the former Caprellidea in a new suborder Corophiidea. Further, in 2013 another large suborder Senticaudata was established, which now encompasses much of the original Gammaridea, particularly its freshwater families, and into which also the Corophiidea was merged.
The remaining Gammaridea encompasses 85 families and about 4,000 of the ca. 9,550 amphipod species recognized in 2014. The family Gammaridae does not belong to Gammaridea in this new system.
Families
This list comprises those families that remain in the suborder Gammaridea after the separation of the Senticaudata, as listed in WoRMS (April 2014):
Superfamily Eusiroidea Bousfield, 1979
Eusiridae Stebbing, 1888
Superfamily Liljeborgioidea Stebbing, 1899
Liljeborgiidae Stebbing, 1899
Superfamily Lysianassoidea Dana, 1849
Acidostomatidae Stoddart & Lowry, 2012
Amaryllididae Lowry & Stoddart, 2002
Aristiidae Low
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unit%20measure
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Unit measure is an axiom of probability theory that states that the probability of the entire sample space is equal to one (unity); that is, P(S)=1 where S is the sample space. Loosely speaking, it means that S must be chosen so that when the experiment is performed, something happens. The term measure here refers to the measure-theoretic approach to probability.
Violations of unit measure have been reported in arguments about the outcomes of events under which events acquire "probabilities" that are not the probabilities of probability theory. In situations such as these the term "probability" serves as a false premise to the associated argument.
References
Probability theory
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient%20DNA
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Ancient DNA (aDNA) is DNA isolated from ancient specimens. Due to degradation processes (including cross-linking, deamination and fragmentation) ancient DNA is more degraded in comparison with contemporary genetic material. Even under the best preservation conditions, there is an upper boundary of 0.4–1.5 million years for a sample to contain sufficient DNA for sequencing technologies. The oldest sample ever sequenced is estimated to be 1.65 million years old. Genetic material has been recovered from paleo/archaeological and historical skeletal material, mummified tissues, archival collections of non-frozen medical specimens, preserved plant remains, ice and from permafrost cores, marine and lake sediments and excavation dirt. On 7 December 2022, The New York Times reported that two-million year old genetic material was found in Greenland, and is currently considered the oldest DNA discovered so far.
History of ancient DNA studies
1980s
The first study of what would come to be called aDNA was conducted in 1984, when Russ Higuchi and colleagues at the University of California, Berkeley reported that traces of DNA from a museum specimen of the Quagga not only remained in the specimen over 150 years after the death of the individual, but could be extracted and sequenced. Over the next two years, through investigations into natural and artificially mummified specimens, Svante Pääbo confirmed that this phenomenon was not limited to relatively recent museum specimens but could ap
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenine%20phosphoribosyltransferase
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Adenine phosphoribosyltransferase (APRTase) is an enzyme encoded by the APRT gene, found in humans on chromosome 16. It is part of the Type I PRTase family and is involved in the nucleotide salvage pathway, which provides an alternative to nucleotide biosynthesis de novo in humans and most other animals. In parasitic protozoa such as giardia, APRTase provides the sole mechanism by which AMP can be produced. APRTase deficiency contributes to the formation of kidney stones (urolithiasis) and to potential kidney failure.
Function
APRTase catalyzes the following reaction in the purine nucleotide salvage pathway:
Adenine + Phosphoribosyl Pyrophosphate (PRPP) → Adenylate (AMP) + Pyrophosphate (PPi)
In organisms that can synthesize purines de novo, the nucleotide salvage pathway provides an alternative that is energetically more efficient. It can salvage adenine from the polyamine biosynthetic pathway or from dietary sources of purines. Although APRTase is functionally redundant in these organisms, it becomes more important during periods of rapid growth, such as embryogenesis and tumor growth. It is constitutively expressed in all mammalian tissue.
In protozoan parasites, the nucleotide salvage pathway provides the sole means for nucleotide synthesis. Since the consequences of APRTase deficiency in humans is comparatively mild and treatable, it may be possible to treat certain parasitic infections by targeting APRTase function.
In plants, as in other organisms, ARPTase func
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/APRT
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APRT may refer to:
Adenine phosphoribosyltransferase, an enzyme
Adenine phosphoribosyltransferase deficiency, a genetic and metabolic disorder
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Phantom%20Empire
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The Phantom Empire is a 1935 American Western serial film directed by Otto Brower and B. Reeves Eason and starring Gene Autry, Frankie Darro, and Betsy King Ross. This 12-chapter Mascot Pictures serial combined the Western, musical and science-fiction genres. The first episode is 30 minutes, the rest about 20 minutes. The serial film is about a singing cowboy who stumbles upon an ancient subterranean civilization living beneath his own ranch that becomes corrupted by unscrupulous greedy speculators from the surface. In 1940, a 70-minute feature film edited from the serial was released under the titles Radio Ranch or Men with Steel Faces. This was Gene Autry's first starring role, playing himself as a singing cowboy. It is considered to be the first science-fiction Western.
Plot
Gene Autry (Gene Autry) is a singing cowboy who runs Radio Ranch, a dude ranch from which he makes a daily live radio broadcast at 2:00 pm. Gene has two kid sidekicks, Frankie Baxter (Frankie Darro) and Betsy Baxter (Betsy King Ross), who lead a club, the Junior Thunder Riders, in which the kids play at being armored knights of an unknown civilization, the mysterious Thunder Riders who make a sound like thunder when they ride. The kids, dressing up in capes and water-bucket helmets, play at riding "To the rescue!" (their motto).
A chance to become real heroes occurs when Betsy, Frankie, and Gene are kidnapped by the real Thunder Riders from the super-scientific underground empire of Murania, complete
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor%20Isakov
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Victor Isakov (1947 – May 14, 2021) was a mathematician working in the field of inverse problems for partial differential equations and related topics (potential theory, uniqueness of continuation and Carleman estimates, nonlinear functional analysis and calculus of variation). He was a distinguished professor in the Department of Mathematics and Statistics at Wichita State University.
His areas of professional interest included:
Inverse problems of gravimetry (general uniqueness conditions and local solvability theorems) and related problems of imaging including prospecting active part of the brain and the source of noise of the aircraft from exterior measurements of electromagnetic and acoustical fields.
Inverse problems of conductivity (uniqueness of discontinuous conductivity and numerical methods) and their applications to medical imaging and nondestructive testing of materials for cracks and inclusions.
Inverse scattering problems (uniqueness and stability of penetrable and soft scatterers).
Finding constitutional laws from experimental data (reconstructing nonlinear partial differential equation from all or some boundary data).
Uniqueness of the continuation for hyperbolic equations and systems of mathematical physics.
The inverse option pricing problem.
Publications
Isakov has over 90 publications in print or in preparation as of late 2005, which include:
Increased stability in the continuation of solutions to the Helmholtz equation (with Tomasz Hrycak), Inverse
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asymptotically%20optimal%20algorithm
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In computer science, an algorithm is said to be asymptotically optimal if, roughly speaking, for large inputs it performs at worst a constant factor (independent of the input size) worse than the best possible algorithm. It is a term commonly encountered in computer science research as a result of widespread use of big-O notation.
More formally, an algorithm is asymptotically optimal with respect to a particular resource if the problem has been proven to require of that resource, and the algorithm has been proven to use only
These proofs require an assumption of a particular model of computation, i.e., certain restrictions on operations allowable with the input data.
As a simple example, it's known that all comparison sorts require at least comparisons in the average and worst cases. Mergesort and heapsort are comparison sorts which perform comparisons, so they are asymptotically optimal in this sense.
If the input data have some a priori properties which can be exploited in construction of algorithms, in addition to comparisons, then asymptotically faster algorithms may be possible. For example, if it is known that the objects are integers from the range then they may be sorted time, e.g., by the bucket sort.
A consequence of an algorithm being asymptotically optimal is that, for large enough inputs, no algorithm can outperform it by more than a constant factor. For this reason, asymptotically optimal algorithms are often seen as the "end of the line" in researc
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noncentral%20t-distribution
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The noncentral t-distribution generalizes Student's t-distribution using a noncentrality parameter. Whereas the central probability distribution describes how a test statistic t is distributed when the difference tested is null, the noncentral distribution describes how t is distributed when the null is false. This leads to its use in statistics, especially calculating statistical power. The noncentral t-distribution is also known as the singly noncentral t-distribution, and in addition to its primary use in statistical inference, is also used in robust modeling for data.
Definitions
If Z is a standard normal random variable, and V is a chi-squared distributed random variable with ν degrees of freedom that is independent of Z, then
is a noncentral t-distributed random variable with ν degrees of freedom and noncentrality parameter μ ≠ 0. Note that the noncentrality parameter may be negative.
Cumulative distribution function
The cumulative distribution function of noncentral t-distribution with ν degrees of freedom and noncentrality parameter μ can be expressed as
where
is the regularized incomplete beta function,
and Φ is the cumulative distribution function of the standard normal distribution.
Alternatively, the noncentral t-distribution CDF can be expressed as:
where Γ is the gamma function and I is the regularized incomplete beta function.
Although there are other forms of the cumulative distribution function, the first form presented above is very easy to evalua
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castigliano%27s%20method
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Castigliano's method, named after Carlo Alberto Castigliano, is a method for determining the displacements of a linear-elastic system based on the partial derivatives of the energy. He is known for his two theorems. The basic concept may be easy to understand by recalling that a change in energy is equal to the causing force times the resulting displacement. Therefore, the causing force is equal to the change in energy divided by the resulting displacement. Alternatively, the resulting displacement is equal to the change in energy divided by the causing force. Partial derivatives are needed to relate causing forces and resulting displacements to the change in energy.
Castigliano's first theorem – for forces in an elastic structure
Castigliano's method for calculating forces is an application of his first theorem, which states:
If the strain energy of an elastic structure can be expressed as a function of generalised displacement qi then the partial derivative of the strain energy with respect to generalised displacement gives the generalised force Qi.
In equation form,
where U is the strain energy.
If the force-displacement curve is nonlinear then the complementary strain energy needs to be used instead of strain energy.
Castigliano's second theorem – for displacements in a linearly elastic structure.
Castigliano's method for calculating displacements is an application of his second theorem, which states:
If the strain energy of a linearly elastic structure can be exp
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transistor%20Radio%20%28album%29
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Transistor Radio is the fourth studio album by M. Ward.
The first track is an instrumental cover of a track from The Beach Boys album Pet Sounds.
The track "Here Comes the Sun Again" is featured in the commercial for the 2007 Cadillac SRX Crossover. It was also played in the background during the second episode of Eli Stone. The track "I'll Be Yr Bird" was used in the movie The Go-Getter. The song "One Life Away" was featured prominently in the beginning of an episode of the TV series Dollhouse. The song "Lullaby + Exile" was used briefly in an episode of Atypical.
Track listing
All songs by Matt Ward except where noted.
"You Still Believe in Me" (Brian Wilson, Tony Asher) – 2:24
"One Life Away" – 1:57
"Sweethearts on Parade" (Carmen Lombardo, Charles Newman) – 2:12
"Hi-Fi" – 4:14
"Fuel for Fire" – 4:12
"Four Hours in Washington" – 3:01
"Regeneration No.1" – 1:18
"Big Boat" – 2:45
"Paul's Song" – 3:10
"Radio Campaign" – 2:36
"Here Comes the Sun Again" – 2:21
"Deep Dark Well" – 2:25
"Oh Take Me Back" – 2:07
"I'll Be Yr Bird" – 2:54
"Lullaby + Exile" – 2:44
"Well-Tempered Clavier" (Johann Sebastian Bach) – 2:58
Charts
References
2005 albums
M. Ward albums
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twelvefold%20way
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In combinatorics, the twelvefold way is a systematic classification of 12 related enumerative problems concerning two finite sets, which include the classical problems of counting permutations, combinations, multisets, and partitions either of a set or of a number. The idea of the classification is credited to Gian-Carlo Rota, and the name was suggested by Joel Spencer.
Overview
Let and be finite sets. Let and be the cardinality of the sets. Thus is an -set, and is an -set.
The general problem we consider is the enumeration of equivalence classes of functions .
The functions are subject to one of the three following restrictions:
No condition: each in may be sent by to any in , and each may occur multiple times.
is injective: each value for in must be distinct from every other, and so each in may occur at most once in the image of .
is surjective: for each in there must be at least one in such that , thus each will occur at least once in the image of .
(The condition " is bijective" is only an option when ; but then it is equivalent to both " is injective" and " is surjective".)
There are four different equivalence relations which may be defined on the set of functions from to :
equality;
equality up to a permutation of ;
equality up to a permutation of ;
equality up to permutations of and .
The three conditions on the functions and the four equivalence relations can be paired in ways.
The twelve problems of counting equivalence classe
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot%20learning
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Robot learning is a research field at the intersection of machine learning and robotics. It studies techniques allowing a robot to acquire novel skills or adapt to its environment through learning algorithms. The embodiment of the robot, situated in a physical embedding, provides at the same time specific difficulties (e.g. high-dimensionality, real time constraints for collecting data and learning) and opportunities for guiding the learning process (e.g. sensorimotor synergies, motor primitives).
Example of skills that are targeted by learning algorithms include sensorimotor skills such as locomotion, grasping, active object categorization, as well as interactive skills such as joint manipulation of an object with a human peer, and linguistic skills such as the grounded and situated meaning of human language. Learning can happen either through autonomous self-exploration or through guidance from a human teacher, like for example in robot learning by imitation.
Robot learning can be closely related to adaptive control, reinforcement learning as well as developmental robotics which considers the problem of autonomous lifelong acquisition of repertoires of skills.
While machine learning is frequently used by computer vision algorithms employed in the context of robotics, these applications are usually not referred to as "robot learning".
Projects
Maya Cakmak, assistant professor of computer science and engineering at the University of Washington, is trying to create a robo
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nijenhuis%E2%80%93Richardson%20bracket
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In mathematics, the algebraic bracket or Nijenhuis–Richardson bracket is a graded Lie algebra structure on the space of alternating multilinear forms of a vector space to itself, introduced by A. Nijenhuis and R. W. Richardson, Jr (1966, 1967). It is related to but not the same as the Frölicher–Nijenhuis bracket and the Schouten–Nijenhuis bracket.
Definition
The primary motivation for introducing the bracket was to develop a uniform framework for discussing all possible Lie algebra structures on a vector space, and subsequently the deformations of these structures. If V is a vector space and is an integer, let
be the space of all skew-symmetric -multilinear mappings of V to itself. The direct sum Alt(V) is a graded vector space. A Lie algebra structure on V is determined by a skew-symmetric bilinear map . That is to say, μ is an element of Alt1(V). Furthermore, μ must obey the Jacobi identity. The Nijenhuis–Richardson bracket supplies a systematic manner for expressing this identity in the form .
In detail, the bracket is a bilinear bracket operation defined on Alt(V) as follows. On homogeneous elements and , the Nijenhuis–Richardson bracket is given by
Here the interior product iP is defined by
where denotes (q+1, p)-shuffles of the indices, i.e. permutations of such that and .
On non-homogeneous elements, the bracket is extended by bilinearity.
Derivations of the ring of forms
The Nijenhuis–Richardson bracket can be defined on the vector valued fo
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C3%B6licher%E2%80%93Nijenhuis%20bracket
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In mathematics, the Frölicher–Nijenhuis bracket is an extension of the Lie bracket of vector fields to vector-valued differential forms on a differentiable manifold.
It is useful in the study of connections, notably the Ehresmann connection, as well as in the more general study of projections in the tangent bundle.
It was introduced by Alfred Frölicher and Albert Nijenhuis (1956) and is related to the work of Schouten (1940).
It is related to but not the same as the Nijenhuis–Richardson bracket and the Schouten–Nijenhuis bracket.
Definition
Let Ω*(M) be the sheaf of exterior algebras of differential forms on a smooth manifold M. This is a graded algebra in which forms are graded by degree:
A graded derivation of degree ℓ is a mapping
which is linear with respect to constants and satisfies
Thus, in particular, the interior product with a vector defines a graded derivation of degree ℓ = −1, whereas the exterior derivative is a graded derivation of degree ℓ = 1.
The vector space of all derivations of degree ℓ is denoted by DerℓΩ*(M). The direct sum of these spaces is a graded vector space whose homogeneous components consist of all graded derivations of a given degree; it is denoted
This forms a graded Lie superalgebra under the anticommutator of derivations defined on homogeneous derivations D1 and D2 of degrees d1 and d2, respectively, by
Any vector-valued differential form K in Ωk(M, TM) with values in the tangent bundle of M defines a graded derivation of degree
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dideoxynucleotide
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Dideoxynucleotides are chain-elongating inhibitors of DNA polymerase, used in the Sanger method for DNA sequencing. They are also known as 2',3' because both the 2' and 3' positions on the ribose lack hydroxyl groups, and are abbreviated as ddNTPs (ddGTP, ddATP, ddTTP and ddCTP).
Role in the Sanger method
The Sanger method is used to amplify a target segment of DNA, so that the DNA sequence can be determined precisely. The incorporation of ddNTPs in the reaction valves are simply used to terminate the synthesis of a growing DNA strand, resulting in partially replicated DNA fragments. This is because DNA polymerase requires the 3' OH group of the growing chain and the 5' phosphate group of the incoming dNTP to create a phosphodiester bond. Sometimes the DNA polymerase will incorporate a ddNTP and the absence of the 3' OH group will interrupt the condensation reaction between the 5' phosphate (following the cleavage of pyrophospate) of the incoming nucleotide with the 3' hydroxyl group of the previous nucleotide on the growing strand. This condensation reaction would normally occur with the incorporation of a non-modified dNTP by DNA polymerase. In the simplest of terms, the nucleophilic attack of the 3' OH group leds to the addition of a nucleotide onto a growing chain. The absence of the 3' hydroxyl group inhibits this nucleophilic attack from happening, disabling the DNA polymerase's ability to continue with its function.
This discovery led to its appropriate name "C
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex%20Mineiro
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Alexander Pereira Cardoso (born March 15, 1975), most commonly known as Alex Mineiro, is a former Brazilian football striker.
Club statistics
Honours
Club
Cruzeiro
Copa Libertadores: 1997
Minas Gerais State Championship: 1997
Atlético Paranaense
Brazilian Série A: 2001
Paraná State Championship: 2001, 2005
Palmeiras
São Paulo State Championship: 2008
Individual
Bola de Ouro: 2001
Campeonato Paulista Top Scorer: 2008
Campeonato Brasileiro Série A Team of the Year: 2008
References
External links
CBF
1975 births
Living people
Brazilian men's footballers
Brazilian expatriate men's footballers
Club Athletico Paranaense players
Expatriate men's footballers in Japan
Expatriate men's footballers in Mexico
Cruzeiro Esporte Clube players
Kashima Antlers players
América Futebol Clube (MG) players
Esporte Clube Vitória players
Tigres UANL footballers
Clube Atlético Mineiro players
Sociedade Esportiva Palmeiras players
J1 League players
Grêmio Foot-Ball Porto Alegrense players
Esporte Clube Bahia players
Liga MX players
Campeonato Brasileiro Série A players
Men's association football forwards
Footballers from Belo Horizonte
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opsoclonus
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Opsoclonus refers to uncontrolled, irregular, and nonrhythmic eye movement. Opsoclonus consists of rapid, involuntary, multivectorial (horizontal and vertical), unpredictable, conjugate fast eye movements without inter-saccadic intervals. It is also referred to as saccadomania or reflexive saccade. The movements of opsoclonus may have a very small amplitude, appearing as tiny deviations from primary position.
Possible causes of opsoclonus include neuroblastoma and encephalitis in children, and breast, lung, or ovarian cancer in adults. Other considerations include GLUT1 Deficiency Syndrome, multiple sclerosis, toxins, medication effects (e.g. Serotonin Syndrome), celiac disease, certain infections (West Nile virus, Lyme disease), non-Hodgkin lymphoma, and renal adenocarcinoma. It can also be caused by a lesion in the omnipause neurons which tonically inhibit initiation of saccadic eye movement (until signaled by the superior colliculus) by blocking paramedian pontine reticular formation (PPRF) burst neurons in the pons. It frequently occurs along with myoclonus in opsoclonus myoclonus syndrome.
See also
Clonus
Migraine
Epilepsy
Pathologic nystagmus
Physiologic nystagmus
Psychogenic non-epileptic seizures
Saccade
Ocular flutter
References
External links
Opsoclonus in cancer
Medical signs
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punie
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Punie is a compiler created as a test case for the Parrot virtual machine. Its goal is to compile Perl v1 code and thereby exercise Parrot's compiler tools.
Status
The project is championed by Allison Randal, though several other Parrot hackers have contributed to the project. As of the release of Parrot 0.5.1 on Perl's 20th anniversary, Punie was capable of running almost the entire Perl 1 test suite successfully.
Name
The name Punie is a pun on the Ponie project (an implementation of Perl 5 running on Parrot), on "uni" meaning "1" (Perl 1), and on "puny" meaning something small. The name was first suggested for an implementation of Perl 1 on Parrot by Allison Randal and chromatic in a late-night hacking session in August 2003. It narrowly missed being named Penie.
References
External links
Latest version via ViewCVS
Allison Randal's blog
How Parrot's Compiler Tools Work
The Perl Programming Language
Perl
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA%20machine
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A DNA machine is a molecular machine constructed from DNA. Research into DNA machines was pioneered in the late 1980s by Nadrian Seeman and co-workers from New York University. DNA is used because of the numerous biological tools already found in nature that can affect DNA, and the immense knowledge of how DNA works previously researched by biochemists.
DNA machines can be logically designed since DNA assembly of the double helix is based on strict rules of base pairing that allow portions of the strand to be predictably connected based on their sequence. This "selective stickiness" is a key advantage in the construction of DNA machines.
An example of a DNA machine was reported by Bernard Yurke and co-workers at Lucent Technologies in the year 2000, who constructed molecular tweezers out of DNA.
The DNA tweezers contain three strands: A, B and C. Strand A latches onto half of strand B and half of strand C, and so it joins them all together. Strand A acts as a hinge so that the two "arms" — AB and AC — can move. The structure floats with its arms open wide. They can be pulled shut by adding a fourth strand of DNA (D) "programmed" to stick to both of the dangling, unpaired sections of strands B and C. The closing of the tweezers was proven by tagging strand A at either end with light-emitting molecules that do not emit light when they are close together. To re-open the tweezers add a further strand (E) with the right sequence to pair up with strand D. Once paired up, the
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platinum%20silicide
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Platinum silicide, also known as platinum monosilicide, is the inorganic compound with the formula PtSi. It is a semiconductor that turns into a superconductor when cooled to 0.8 K.
Structure and bonding
The crystal structure of PtSi is orthorhombic, with each silicon atom having six neighboring platinum atoms. The distances between the silicon and the platinum neighbors are as follows: one at a distance of 2.41 angstroms, two at a distance of 2.43 angstroms, one at a distance of 2.52 angstroms, and the final two at a distance of 2.64 angstroms. Each platinum atom has six silicon neighbors at the same distances, as well as two platinum neighbors, at a distance of 2.87 and 2.90 angstroms. All of the distances over 2.50 angstroms are considered too far to really be involved in bonding interactions of the compound. As a result, it has been shown that two sets of covalent bonds compose the bonds forming the compound. One set is the three center Pt–Si–Pt bond, and the other set the two center Pt–Si bonds. Each silicon atom in the compound has one three center bond and two center bonds. The thinnest film of PtSi would consist of two alternating planes of atoms, a single sheet of orthorhombic structures. Thicker layers are formed by stacking pairs of the alternating sheets. The mechanism of bonding between PtSi is more similar to that of pure silicon than pure platinum or , though experimentation has revealed metallic bonding character in PtSi that pure silicon lacks.
Synthesis
M
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defined%20daily%20dose
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The defined daily dose (DDD) is a statistical measure of drug consumption, defined by the World Health Organization (WHO) Collaborating Centre for Drug Statistics Methodology. It is defined in combination with the ATC Code drug classification system for grouping related drugs. The DDD enables comparison of drug usage between different drugs in the same group or between different health care environments, or to look at trends in drug utilisation over time. The DDD is not to be confused with the therapeutic dose or prescribed daily dose (PDD), or recorded daily dose (RDD), and will often be different to the dose actually prescribed by a physician for an individual person.
The WHO's definition is: "The DDD is the assumed average maintenance dose per day for a drug used for its main indication in adults." The Defined Daily Dose was first developed in the late 1970s.
Assignment
Before a DDD is assigned by the WHO Collaborating Centre for Drug Statistics Methodology, it must have an ATC Code and be approved for sale in at least one country. The DDD is calculated for a 70kg adult, except if this drug is only ever used in children. The dose is based on recommendations for treatment rather than prevention, except if prevention is the main indication. Generally there is only one DDD for all formulations of a drug, however exceptions are made if some formulations are typically used in significantly different strengths (e.g., antibiotic injection in a hospital vs tablets in the commun
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tolcapone
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Tolcapone, sold under the brand name Tasmar, is a medication used to treat Parkinson's disease (PD). It is a selective, potent and reversible nitrocatechol-type inhibitor of the enzyme catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT). It has demonstrated significant liver toxicity, which has led to suspension of marketing authorisations in a number of countries.
In comparison with entacapone, another nitrocatechol COMT inhibitor, tolcapone has a longer half life (2.9 hours vs. 0.8 hours) and can better penetrate the blood–brain barrier, acting both in the central nervous system and in the periphery. However, entacapone is less toxic for the liver.
Medical uses
Tolcapone is used in the treatment of Parkinson's disease as an adjunct to levodopa/carbidopa or levodopa/benserazide medications. Levodopa is a prodrug for dopamine, which reduces Parkinson symptoms; carbidopa and benserazide are aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase (AADC) inhibitors.
Without administration of tolcapone, the beneficial effects of levodopa tend to wear off more quickly, resulting in motor fluctuations.
Contraindications
Combining tolcapone with non-selective monoamine oxidase inhibitors such as phenelzine or tranylcypromine is contraindicated. Tolcapone is also contraindicated for people with liver diseases or increased liver enzymes.
Side effects
Tolcapone has demonstrated significant liver toxicity (hepatotoxicity) that limits the drug's utility. Entacapone is an alternative, largely since it has a more favor
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzyme%20replacement%20therapy
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Enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) is a medical treatment which replaces an enzyme that is deficient or absent in the body. Usually, this is done by giving the patient an intravenous (IV) infusion of a solution containing the enzyme.
ERT is available for some lysosomal storage diseases: Gaucher disease, Fabry disease, MPS I, MPS II (Hunter syndrome), MPS VI and Pompe disease. ERT does not correct the underlying genetic defect, but it increases the concentration of the enzyme that the patient is lacking. ERT has also been used to treat patients with severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) resulting from an adenosine deaminase deficiency (ADA-SCID).
Other treatment options for patients with enzyme or protein deficiencies include substrate reduction therapy, gene therapy, and bone-marrow derived stem cell transplantation.
History
ERT was developed in 1964 by Christian de Duve and Roscoe Brady. Leading work was done on this subject at the Department of Physiology at the University of Alberta by Mark J. Poznansky and Damyanti Bhardwaj, where a model for enzyme therapy was developed using rats. ERT was not used in clinical practice until 1991, after the FDA gave orphan drug approval for the treatment of Gaucher disease with Alglucerase. ERTs were initially manufactured by isolating the therapeutic enzyme from human placenta. The FDA has approved ERTs that are derived from other human cells, animal cells (i.e. Chinese hamster ovary cells, or CHO cells), and plant cells.
Medic
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein%20tyrosine%20phosphatase
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Protein tyrosine phosphatases (EC 3.1.3.48, systematic name protein-tyrosine-phosphate phosphohydrolase) are a group of enzymes that remove phosphate groups from phosphorylated tyrosine residues on proteins:
[a protein]-tyrosine phosphate + H2O = [a protein]-tyrosine + phosphate
Protein tyrosine (pTyr) phosphorylation is a common post-translational modification that can create novel recognition motifs for protein interactions and cellular localization, affect protein stability, and regulate enzyme activity. As a consequence, maintaining an appropriate level of protein tyrosine phosphorylation is essential for many cellular functions. Tyrosine-specific protein phosphatases (PTPase; ) catalyse the removal of a phosphate group attached to a tyrosine residue, using a cysteinyl-phosphate enzyme intermediate. These enzymes are key regulatory components in signal transduction pathways (such as the MAP kinase pathway) and cell cycle control, and are important in the control of cell growth, proliferation, differentiation, transformation, and synaptic plasticity.
Functions
Together with tyrosine kinases, PTPs regulate the phosphorylation state of many important signalling molecules, such as the MAP kinase family.
PTPs are increasingly viewed as integral components of signal transduction cascades, despite less study and understanding compared to tyrosine kinases.
PTPs have been implicated in regulation of many cellular processes, including, but not limited to:
Cell growth
Cellular
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal%20Renn
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Crystal Renn (born June 18, 1986, in Miami, Florida) is an American model and author.
Personal life
Renn started her modeling career in high fashion at the age of 14 after being spotted by a professional scout in her hometown in Clinton, Mississippi. Renn was told she would need to lose almost a third of her total body weight if she wanted to become a model. Later, after years of anorexia nervosa, Renn reassessed her diet and exercise habits. After gaining 70 pounds (32 kg) and re-emerging as a U.S. size 12, she was re-marketed by her agents as a plus-size model. Renn has authored a book, Hungry: A Young Model's Story of Appetite, Ambition and the Ultimate Embrace of Curves, about her experiences in the fashion industry in relation to her several body type transformations.
On June 30, 2007, Renn married her longtime boyfriend Gregory Vrecenak at the Church of St. Ignatius Loyola in Manhattan, New York. Fashion portraits of her wedding were taken by photographer Brian Boulos. In mid-2009 the couple ended their marriage. Renn currently resides in Brooklyn, New York.
In November 2010, Renn said she had lost weight through hiking and yoga, and that her dress size dropped to a US 8.
Career
Renn has worked repeatedly with notable fashion photographers Ruven Afanador and Steven Meisel. Crystal has enjoyed lucrative contracts with many high-profile plus-size clothing manufacturers such as Lane Bryant, Evans and Torrid.
She has appeared in editorials for American, Australian, Ita
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indium%20arsenide
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Indium arsenide, InAs, or indium monoarsenide, is a narrow-bandgap semiconductor composed of indium and arsenic. It has the appearance of grey cubic crystals with a melting point of 942 °C.
Indium arsenide is similar in properties to gallium arsenide and is a direct bandgap material, with a bandgap of 0.35 eV at room temperature.
Indium arsenide is used for the construction of infrared detectors, for the wavelength range of 1.0–3.8 µm. The detectors are usually photovoltaic photodiodes. Cryogenically cooled detectors have lower noise, but InAs detectors can be used in higher-power applications at room temperature as well. Indium arsenide is also used for making diode lasers.
InAs are well known for their high electron mobility and narrow energy bandgap. It is widely used as a terahertz radiation source as it is a strong photo-Dember emitter.
Quantum dots can be formed in a monolayer of indium arsenide on indium phosphide or gallium arsenide. The mismatches of lattice constants of the materials create tensions in the surface layer, which in turn leads to the formation of the quantum dots. Quantum dots can also be formed in indium gallium arsenide, as indium arsenide dots sitting in the gallium arsenide matrix.
References
Cited sources
External links
Ioffe institute data archive entry
National Compound Semiconductor Roadmap entry for InAs at ONR web site
Arsenides
Indium compounds
III-V semiconductors
III-V compounds
Zincblende crystal structure
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-sectional%20data
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In statistics and econometrics, cross-sectional data is a type of data collected by observing many subjects (such as individuals, firms, countries, or regions) at a single point or period of time. Analysis of cross-sectional data usually consists of comparing the differences among selected subjects, typically with no regard to differences in time.
For example, if we want to measure current obesity levels in a population, we could draw a sample of 1,000 people randomly from that population (also known as a cross section of that population), measure their weight and height, and calculate what percentage of that sample is categorized as obese. This cross-sectional sample provides us with a snapshot of that population, at that one point in time. Note that we do not know based on one cross-sectional sample if obesity is increasing or decreasing; we can only describe the current proportion.
Cross-sectional data differs from time series data, in which the same small-scale or aggregate entity is observed at various points in time. Another type of data, panel data (or longitudinal data), combines both cross-sectional and time series data aspects and looks at how the subjects (firms, individuals, etc.) change over a time series. Panel data deals with the observations on the same subjects in different times.
Panel analysis uses panel data to examine changes in variables over time and its differences in variables between selected subjects.
Variants include pooled cross-sectional data
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury%20battery
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A mercury battery (also called mercuric oxide battery, mercury cell, button cell, or Ruben-Mallory) is a non-rechargeable electrochemical battery, a primary cell. Mercury batteries use a reaction between mercuric oxide and zinc electrodes in an alkaline electrolyte. The voltage during discharge remains practically constant at 1.35 volts, and the capacity is much greater than that of a similarly sized zinc-carbon battery. Mercury batteries were used in the shape of button cells for watches, hearing aids, cameras and calculators, and in larger forms for other applications.
For a time during and after World War II, batteries made with mercury became a popular power source for portable electronic devices. Due to the content of toxic mercury and environmental concerns about its disposal, the sale of mercury batteries is now banned in many countries. Both ANSI and IEC have withdrawn their standards for mercury batteries.
History
The mercury oxide-zinc battery system was known since the 19th century, but did not become widely used until 1942, when Samuel Ruben developed a balanced mercury cell which was useful for military applications such as metal detectors, munitions, and walkie-talkies. The battery system had the advantages of long shelf life (up to 10 years) and steady voltage output. After the Second World War the battery system was widely applied for small electronic devices such as cardiac pacemakers and hearing aids. Mercury oxide batteries were made in a range of sizes
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human%20behavioral%20ecology
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Human behavioral ecology (HBE) or human evolutionary ecology applies the principles of evolutionary theory and optimization to the study of human behavioral and cultural diversity. HBE examines the adaptive design of traits, behaviors, and life histories of humans in an ecological context. One aim of modern human behavioral ecology is to determine how ecological and social factors influence and shape behavioral flexibility within and between human populations. Among other things, HBE attempts to explain variation in human behavior as adaptive solutions to the competing life-history demands of growth, development, reproduction, parental care, and mate acquisition. HBE overlaps with evolutionary psychology, human or cultural ecology, and decision theory. It is most prominent in disciplines such as anthropology and psychology where human evolution is considered relevant for a holistic understanding of human behavior.
Evolutionary theory
Human behavioral ecology rests upon a foundation of evolutionary theory. This includes aspects of both general evolutionary theory and established middle-level evolutionary theories, as well. Aspects of general evolutionary theory include:
Natural selection, the process by which individual organisms with favorable traits are more likely to survive and reproduce.
Sexual selection, the theory that competition for mates between individuals of the same sex results in differential mating and reproduction.
Kin selection, the changes in gene frequency
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O-Toluic%20acid
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o-Toluic acid, also 2-methylbenzoic acid, is an aromatic carboxylic acid, with formula (CH3)C6H4(COOH). It is an isomer of p-toluic acid and m-toluic acid. When purified and recrystallized, o-toluic acid forms needle-shaped crystals. o-Toluic acid was first noticed by Sir William Ramsay, credited discoverer of the noble gases and winner of the 1904 Nobel Prize in Chemistry.
o-Toluic acid is prepared by oxidation of o-xylene with nitric acid.
References
Benzoic acids
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andreotti%E2%80%93Frankel%20theorem
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In mathematics, the Andreotti–Frankel theorem, introduced by , states that if is a smooth, complex affine variety of complex dimension or, more generally, if is any Stein manifold of dimension , then
admits a Morse function with critical points of index at most n, and so is homotopy equivalent to a CW complex of real dimension at most n.
Consequently, if is a closed connected complex submanifold of complex dimension , then has the homotopy type of a CW complex of real dimension .
Therefore
and
This theorem applies in particular to any smooth, complex affine variety of dimension .
References
Chapter 7.
Complex manifolds
Theorems in homotopy theory
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asbestiform
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Asbestiform is a crystal habit. It describes a mineral that grows in a fibrous aggregate of high tensile strength, flexible, long, and thin crystals that readily separate. The most common asbestiform mineral is chrysotile, commonly called "white asbestos", a magnesium phyllosilicate part of the serpentine group. Other asbestiform minerals include riebeckite, an amphibole whose fibrous form is known as crocidolite or "blue asbestos", and brown asbestos, a cummingtonite-grunerite solid solution series.
The United States Environmental Protection Agency explains that, "In general, exposure may occur only when the asbestos-containing material is disturbed or damaged in some way to release particles and fibers into the air."
"Mountain leather" is an old-fashioned term for flexible, sheet-like natural formations of asbestiform minerals which resemble leather. Asbestos-containing minerals known to form mountain leather include: actinolite, palygorskite, saponite, sepiolite, tremolite, and zeolite.
See also
Chrysotile
References
Crystallography
Mineralogy
Mineral habits
Asbestos
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category%202%20cable
|
Category 2 cable, also known as Cat 2, is a grade of unshielded twisted pair cabling designed for telephone and data communications. The maximum frequency suitable for transmission over Cat 2 cable is 4 MHz, and the maximum bandwidth is 4 Mbit/s. Cat 2 cable contains 4 pairs of wires, or 8 wires total.
Official TIA/EIA-568 standards have only been established for cables of Category 3 ratings or above. Though not an official category standard established by TIA/EIA, Category 2 has become the de facto name given to Level 2 cables originally defined by Anixter International, the distributor.
Anixter Level 2 cable was frequently used on ARCnet and 4 Mbit/s Token Ring networks, it is also used in telephone networks but it is no longer commonly used.
References
Networking hardware
Signal cables
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron%20Noades
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Ronald Geoffrey Noades (22 June 1937 – 24 December 2013) was an English businessman, best known for his investments in football clubs. He was the chairman of Southall, Wimbledon, Crystal Palace and finally Brentford. He was also the manager of Brentford from 1998 to 2000, and led the club to the Third Division championship in 1999.
Football club ownership
Southall
The first club owned by Noades was non-league Southall.
Wimbledon
Noades then took over Wimbledon, who were elected to the Football League in 1977. They won promotion from the Fourth Division in only their second season as a Football League club, although they were relegated after just one season. He then entered tentative talks with the Milton Keynes Development Corporation with a view to relocating the club to the new town some 70 miles away in Buckinghamshire, but nothing came of this. Ironically, Wimbledon would ultimately be relocated to Milton Keynes more than 20 years later.
Noades remained chairman of Wimbledon until 1981, when the club won a second promotion to the Third Division. Just before departing, he appointed Dave Bassett as manager – a move which would bring the club great success.
Crystal Palace
As Crystal Palace chairman, he led them through their brightest period, which included promotion to the old First Division (1989), an FA Cup final (1990), a third-placed finish in the First Division (1991), and winning the Full Members Cup (also in 1991). He took the club over just after their relegat
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trev%20Faulk
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Treverance Donta Faulk (born August 6, 1981) is a former NFL American football linebacker.
College career
Faulk attended Louisiana State University (LSU).
Statistics
Professional career
Denver Broncos
Faulk signed with the Broncos as an undrafted rookie free agent on April 29, 2002. He appeared in the week 1 preseason game against the Chicago Bears on August 10, 2002, and made 3 tackles and sacked quarterback Henry Burris for a loss of 9 yards. The Broncos went on to win the game 27-3. He made another appearance in week 2 and was on the roster in week 3 but did not play. He did not survive the preseason cuts and the Broncos waived him on August 26, 2002, making him a free agent.
Dallas Cowboys
Faulk joined the Cowboys' practice squad on September 26, 2002. He was waived on November 15, 2002.
Arizona Cardinals
Faulk signed with the Arizona Cardinals on December 11, 2002. He was on the inactive list through weeks 15 to 17 of the 2002 season but did not see any playing time. During the 2003 preseason, he appeared in the week 2 game against the San Diego Chargers on August 16, 2003, and made 2 tackles. He was waived on August 25, 2003.
St. Louis Rams
He was picked up by the St. Louis Rams on December 31, 2003. He survived preseason cuts and made the 2004 regular season team for the first time in his career. He tore his hamstring in week 1 against the Cardinals and was sidelined for the next two games. He returned in week 4 against the 49ers, making 4 tackles. In
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniform-machines%20scheduling
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Uniform machine scheduling (also called uniformly-related machine scheduling or related machine scheduling) is an optimization problem in computer science and operations research. It is a variant of optimal job scheduling. We are given n jobs J1, J2, ..., Jn of varying processing times, which need to be scheduled on m different machines. The goal is to minimize the makespan - the total time required to execute the schedule. The time that machine i needs in order to process job j is denoted by pi,j. In the general case, the times pi,j are unrelated, and any matrix of positive processing times is possible. In the specific variant called uniform machine scheduling, some machines are uniformly faster than others. This means that, for each machine i, there is a speed factor si, and the run-time of job j on machine i is pi,j = pj / si.
In the standard three-field notation for optimal job scheduling problems, the uniform-machine variant is denoted by Q in the first field. For example, the problem denoted by " Q||" is a uniform machine scheduling problem with no constraints, where the goal is to minimize the maximum completion time. A special case of uniform machine scheduling is identical machine scheduling, in which all machines have the same speed. This variant is denoted by P in the first field.
In some variants of the problem, instead of minimizing the maximum completion time, it is desired to minimize the average completion time (averaged over all n jobs); it is denoted by Q|
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugene%20Freedman
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Eugene Freedman (March 9, 1925 – February 19, 2008) (a.k.a. Gene Freedman, Gene-san) was an entrepreneur and philanthropist. He is widely known as the founder of the Enesco Corporation, the worldwide distributor for Precious Moments porcelain figurines between 1997 and 2005.
Early life and education
Born in Philadelphia to parents Isadore and Ethel Freedman. When Eugene was still a small child, the family moved to Milwaukee, Wisconsin. He attended Northwestern University and California Institute of Technology. He received his Navy commission at University of Notre Dame and is a World War II veteran.
Career
He began his career in 1947 as a salesman for a Milwaukee-based gift and novelty company under his own name, Eugene Freedman, Co. An example of the company's product was a series of Western themed chalkware plaques sold under the label of the artist Dan Muller Creations. Several years later, it became the Freedman-Mathews Corporation. He resigned in 1958 to become one of the founders of Enesco Imports, a subsidiary of N. Shure, Co., one of the largest and oldest general merchandise catalog companies in Chicago. When N. Shure was sold to Butler Brothers in 1967, Freedman became president and CEO of this subsidiary, renamed Enesco Corporation. The company was sold three more times, ending up named Stanhome, Inc. in 1983. In 1998, when Enesco took over Stanhome's assets, Freedman stepped down as president and CEO but remained active in the corporate workings of the company
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McNemar%27s%20test
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In statistics, McNemar's test is a statistical test used on paired nominal data. It is applied to 2 × 2 contingency tables with a dichotomous trait, with matched pairs of subjects, to determine whether the row and column marginal frequencies are equal (that is, whether there is "marginal homogeneity"). It is named after Quinn McNemar, who introduced it in 1947. An application of the test in genetics is the transmission disequilibrium test for detecting linkage disequilibrium.
The commonly used parameters to assess a diagnostic test in medical sciences are sensitivity and specificity. Sensitivity (or recall) is the ability of a test to correctly identify the people with disease. Specificity is the ability of the test to correctly identify those without the disease.
Now presume two tests are performed on the same group of patients. And also presume that these tests have identical sensitivity and specificity. In this situation one is carried away by these findings and presume that both the tests are equivalent. However this may not be the case. For this we have to study the patients with disease and patients without disease (by a reference test). We also have to find out where these two tests disagree with each other. This is precisely the basis of McNemar's test. This test compares the sensitivity and specificity of two diagnostic tests on the same group of patients.
Definition
The test is applied to a 2 × 2 contingency table, which tabulates the outcomes of two tests on
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simple%20columnar%20epithelium
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Simple columnar epithelium is a single layer of columnar epithelial cells which are tall and slender with oval-shaped nuclei located in the basal region, attached to the basement membrane. In humans, simple columnar epithelium lines most organs of the digestive tract including the stomach, and intestines. Simple columnar epithelium also lines the uterus.
Structure
Simple columnar epithelium is further divided into two categories: ciliated and non-ciliated (glandular). The ciliated part of the simple columnar epithelium has tiny hairs which help move mucus and other substances up the respiratory tract.
The shape of the simple columnar epithelium cells are tall and narrow giving a column like appearance. the apical surfaces of the tissue face the lumen of organs while the basal side faces the basement membrane. The nuclei are located closer along the basal side of the cell.
Absorptive columnar epithelium is characterized as having a striated boarder on its apical side, this border is made up of non-motile microvilli allowing for increase surface area for absorption. These are known as non-ciliated columnar epithelium. Non-ciliated simple columnar epithelium is made up of glandular goblet cells which secrete mucin to form mucus. The rest of the cell is made up of cytoplasm with membrane bound secretory granules which secrete the mucin, and are found towards the apical surface of the cell.
Ciliated
Ciliated columnar epithelium has many cilia which moves mucus and other subs
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CFWF-FM
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CFWF-FM is a Canadian radio station owned by Harvard Media, and is licensed to Regina, Saskatchewan. It broadcasts on the assigned frequency of 104.9 MHz, and is branded as 104.9 The Wolf, playing an active rock format.
The station was launched in 1982 as CKIT-FM, an easy listening station. In 1989, it began calling itself K105 FM, with a similar format, and later identified as Magic 104.9 and Hot 105. On January 5, 1996, it adopted "The Wolf" branding, with a rock format.
In 2017, CFWF won the award for best medium-market radio station at the Canadian Music and Broadcast Industry Awards.
References
External links
104.9 The Wolf
Fwf
Fwf
Fwf
Radio stations established in 1982
1982 establishments in Saskatchewan
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reprogramming
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In biology, reprogramming refers to erasure and remodeling of epigenetic marks, such as DNA methylation, during mammalian development or in cell culture. Such control is also often associated with alternative covalent modifications of histones.
Reprogrammings that are both large scale (10% to 100% of epigenetic marks) and rapid (hours to a few days) occur at three life stages of mammals. Almost 100% of epigenetic marks are reprogrammed in two short periods early in development after fertilization of an ovum by a sperm. In addition, almost 10% of DNA methylations in neurons of the hippocampus can be rapidly altered during formation of a strong fear memory.
After fertilization in mammals, DNA methylation patterns are largely erased and then re-established during early embryonic development. Almost all of the methylations from the parents are erased, first during early embryogenesis, and again in gametogenesis, with demethylation and remethylation occurring each time. Demethylation during early embryogenesis occurs in the preimplantation period. After a sperm fertilizes an ovum to form a zygote, rapid DNA demethylation of the paternal DNA and slower demethylation of the maternal DNA occurs until formation of a morula, which has almost no methylation. After the blastocyst is formed, methylation can begin, and with formation of the epiblast a wave of methylation then takes place until the implantation stage of the embryo. Another period of rapid and almost complete demet
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International%20Technology%20Roadmap%20for%20Semiconductors
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The International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors (ITRS) is a set of documents produced by a group of semiconductor industry experts. These experts are representative of the sponsoring organisations which include the Semiconductor Industry Associations of Taiwan, South Korea, the United States, Europe, Japan, and China. As of 2017, ITRS is no longer being updated. Its successor is the International Roadmap for Devices and Systems.
The documents carried disclaimer: "The ITRS is devised and intended for technology assessment only and is without regard to any commercial considerations pertaining to individual products or equipment".
The documents represent best opinion on the directions of research and time-lines up to about 15 years into the future for the following areas of technology:
History
Constructing an integrated circuit, or any semiconductor device, requires a series of operations—photolithography, etching, metal deposition, and so on. As the industry evolved, each of these operations were typically performed by specialized machines built by a variety of commercial companies. This specialization may potentially make it difficult for the industry to advance, since in many cases it does no good for one company to introduce a new product if the other needed steps are not available around the same time. A technology roadmap can help this by giving an idea when a certain capability will be needed. Then each supplier can target this date for their piece of the puz
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles%20Fritts
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Charles Fritts (1850 – 1903) was the American inventor credited with creating the first working selenium cell in 1883.
According to CleanTechnica, the world's first rooftop solar array, using Fritts' selenium cells, was installed in 1884 on a New York City rooftop. Bellingcat, however, attributes a photo of the cells to the roof of George Cove's laboratory.
Fritts coated the semiconductor material selenium with an extremely thin layer of gold. The resulting cells had a conversion electrical efficiency of only about 1% owing to the properties of selenium, which in combination with the material's high cost prevented the use of such cells for energy supply. Selenium cells found other applications however, for example as light sensors for exposure timing in photo cameras, where they were common well into the 1960s.
Solar cells later became practical for power uses after Russell Ohl's 1941 development of silicon P/N junction cells that reached efficiencies above 5% by the 1950s/1960s.
By 2006, the best silicon solar cells were over 40% efficient, with industrial average over 17%. By 2022, the average efficiency of crystalline Silicon was 21%.
See also
Timeline of solar energy
George Cove
References
Further reading
(link)
People associated with solar power
19th-century American inventors
1850 births
1903 deaths
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CJLX-FM
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CJLX-FM is a Canadian radio station, which broadcasts at 91.3 FM in Belleville, Ontario. It is the campus radio station of the city's Loyalist College. CJLX was the first frequency in Canada to be granted a campus instructional license, as it is a means of training for students in the school's radio broadcasting and broadcast journalism programs. Though broadcasting from Loyalist College, the station primarily has a community oriented focus, with slightly more emphasis on the college.
History
On November 13, 1990, the CRTC approved an application by Bryan E. Olney, representing a company to be incorporated, for an FM licence at Belleville. The new station would broadcast on a frequency of 92.3 MHz with an effective radiated power of 50 watts. Although commercial advertising is heard on CJLX, it is a not-for-profit radio station, which in turn generates support rather than competition from local broadcasting companies. The licensee was to be a non-profit corporation without share capital, and would be operated by and for the students of Loyalist College. Two closed circuit stations funded by the administration of Loyalist College had been in operation for several years. Loyalist proposed a Group II hard rock format.
The establishment costs for the new station were financed in large part by Quinte Broadcasting Co. Ltd. (CJBQ and CIGL-FM Belleville, and CJTN Trenton). Operating costs would be met largely through continuing grants from college administration, supplemented by fu
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact%20ionization
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Impact ionization is the process in a material by which one energetic charge carrier can lose energy by the creation of other charge carriers. For example, in semiconductors, an electron (or hole) with enough kinetic energy can knock a bound electron out of its bound state (in the valence band) and promote it to a state in the conduction band, creating an electron-hole pair. For carriers to have sufficient kinetic energy a sufficiently large electric field must be applied, in essence requiring a sufficiently large voltage but not necessarily a large current.
If this occurs in a region of high electrical field then it can result in avalanche breakdown. This process is exploited in avalanche diodes, by which a small optical signal is amplified before entering an external electronic circuit. In an avalanche photodiode the original charge carrier is created by the absorption of a photon.
The impact ionization process is used in modern cosmic dust detectors like the Galileo Dust Detector and dust analyzers Cassini CDA, Stardust CIDA and the Surface Dust Analyser for the identification of dust impacts and the compositional analysis of cosmic dust particles.
In some sense, impact ionization is the reverse process to Auger recombination.
Avalanche photodiodes (APD) are used in optical receivers before the signal is given to the receiver circuitry the photon is multiplied with the photocurrent and this increases the sensitivity of the receiver since photocurrent is multiplied be
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C.%20Thomas%20Elliott
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Charles Thomas Elliott (known as Tom Elliott), (born 16 January 1939), is a scientist in the fields of narrow gap semiconductor and infrared detector research.
Early life
Hailing from County Durham, he attended Washington Grammar Technical School. After gaining his Ph.D. he worked at the University of Manchester
Career
He joined RRE in Malvern, Worcestershire in the late 1960s. In the 1970s he invented the SPRITE detector (Signal PRocessing In The Element) which was also known as the TED (Tom Elliott's Detector). This was a photoconductor device in which the infrared scene was scanned across the detector (made from HgCdTe) at the same rate as the carriers drifted under an applied controlled constant bias current. This device became part of TICM - the standard UK thermal imaging common module used since the 1980s by UK armed forces. Tom Elliott received a Rank Prize in 1982 for this work and was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1988. He was appointed CBE in the 1994 Birthday Honours.
He won the Clifford Paterson Medal and Prize in 1997.
Tom Elliott also contributed to the development of the semiconductor indium antimonide (InSb) as an infrared detector, magnetic sensor and fast, low voltage transistor material. He was involved in the exploitation of negative luminescence in diode structures.
He retired from the successor to RRE, DERA in 1999 and is an honorary professor at Heriot-Watt University.
Personal life
A conference centre at DERA Malvern (by 2007 Qineti
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intergranular%20corrosion
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In materials science, intergranular corrosion (IGC), also known as intergranular attack (IGA), is a form of corrosion where the boundaries of crystallites of the material are more susceptible to corrosion than their insides. (Cf. transgranular corrosion.)
Description
This situation can happen in otherwise corrosion-resistant alloys, when the grain boundaries are depleted, known as , of the corrosion-inhibiting elements such as chromium by some mechanism. In nickel alloys and austenitic stainless steels, where chromium is added for corrosion resistance, the mechanism involved is precipitation of chromium carbide at the grain boundaries, resulting in the formation of chromium-depleted zones adjacent to the grain boundaries (this process is called sensitization). Around 12% chromium is minimally required to ensure passivation, a mechanism by which an ultra thin invisible film, known as passive film, forms on the surface of stainless steels. This passive film protects the metal from corrosive environments. The self-healing property of the passive film make the steel stainless. Selective leaching often involves grain boundary depletion mechanisms.
These zones also act as local galvanic couples, causing local galvanic corrosion. This condition happens when the material is heated to temperatures around 700 °C for too long a time, and often occurs during welding or an improper heat treatment. When zones of such material form due to welding, the resulting corrosion is termed we
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dickinson%20classification
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The Dickinson classification is a library classification scheme used to catalogue and classify musical compositions. It was developed by George Sherman Dickinson (1886–1964), and published in 1938. It is used by many music libraries, primarily those at Vassar and Columbia Universities.
It is fully detailed by Carol June Bradley in The Dickinson classification : a cataloguing & classification manual for music; including a reprint of the George Sherman Dickinson Classification of Musical Compositions published by Carlisle Books (1968).
References
External links
Classification of Musical Compositions: A Decimal-Symbol System
Library cataloging and classification
Musicology
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitral%20cell
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Mitral cells are neurons that are part of the olfactory system. They are located in the olfactory bulb in the mammalian central nervous system. They receive information from the axons of olfactory receptor neurons, forming synapses in neuropils called glomeruli. Axons of the mitral cells transfer information to a number of areas in the brain, including the piriform cortex, entorhinal cortex, and amygdala. Mitral cells receive excitatory input from olfactory sensory neurons and external tufted cells on their primary dendrites, whereas inhibitory input arises either from granule cells onto their lateral dendrites and soma or from periglomerular cells onto their dendritic tuft. Mitral cells together with tufted cells form an obligatory relay for all olfactory information entering from the olfactory nerve. Mitral cell output is not a passive reflection of their input from the olfactory nerve. In mice, each mitral cell sends a single primary dendrite into a glomerulus receiving input from a population of olfactory sensory neurons expressing identical olfactory receptor proteins, yet the odor responsiveness of the 20-40 mitral cells connected to a single glomerulus (called sister mitral cells) is not identical to the tuning curve of the input cells, and also differs between sister mitral cells. Odorant response properties of individual neurons in an olfactory glomerular module. The exact type of processing that mitral cells perform with their inputs is still a matter of controver
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lars%20Peter%20Hansen
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Lars Peter Hansen (born 26 October 1952 in Urbana, Illinois) is an American economist. He is the David Rockefeller Distinguished Service Professor in Economics, Statistics, and the Booth School of Business, at the University of Chicago and a 2013 recipient of the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics.
Hansen is best known for his work on the generalized method of moments, he is also a distinguished macroeconomist, focusing on the linkages between the financial sector and the macroeconomy. His current collaborative research develops and applies methods for pricing the exposure to macroeconomic shocks over alternative investment horizons and investigates the implications of the pricing of long-term uncertainty.
Among other honors, he received the 2010 BBVA Foundation Frontiers of Knowledge Award in the category of Economy, Finance and Management.
Biography
After graduating from Utah State University (B.S. Mathematics, Political Science, 1974) and the University of Minnesota (Ph.D. Economics, 1978), he served as assistant and associate professor at Carnegie Mellon University before moving to the University of Chicago in 1981. He is currently the David Rockefeller Distinguished Service Professor in Economics, Statistics and the College at the University of Chicago. He is married to Grace Tsiang (), who is the daughter of the famous economist Sho-Chieh Tsiang. Together, Hansen and Tsiang have one son named Peter. He has two brothers, Ted Howard Hansen, an immunologist at Washington
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoff%20Thomas%20%28footballer%2C%20born%201964%29
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Geoffrey Robert Thomas (born 5 August 1964) is an English former footballer, who won nine caps for the full England team and captained Crystal Palace to the FA Cup final in 1990. He is the Founder of the Geoff Thomas Foundation, a charity that raises funds to fight cancer, a disease from which Thomas has suffered.
Club career
After playing non-league football in his teenage years, Thomas gambled on a career in professional football in 1982 by taking a pay cut from his job as an electrician, to sign full-time with Rochdale in 1982. He did not play much whilst at Spotland, in the two seasons he spent at Rochdale he made only 12 appearances scoring just once.
In March 1984, Dario Gradi signed Thomas for Crewe Alexandra, on a free transfer. After three substitute appearances, Thomas made his full debut on 28 April 1984 in a 3–0 home win over Tranmere Rovers, and marked the occasion with his first goal for the club. A tough-tackling player, who could operate in central midfield or out on the right, Thomas was a mainstay of the team as Crewe finishing mid-table in the Fourth Division. He was to spend two-and-a-half seasons at Gresty Road, playing 137 times for the club
Thomas moved to Crystal Palace in June 1987, for a fee of £50,000. Thomas made an immediate impact at Selhurst Park, collecting the Supporters' Player-of-the-Season award in his first season, and helping his side to promotion to the top flight in his second year at the club. His third year at Palace was even be
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan%20Smith%20%28football%20manager%29
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Alan Smith (born 28 December 1946) is an English former football manager, who has managed Dulwich Hamlet F.C., Crystal Palace and Wycombe Wanderers.
Management career
Wimbledon
Smith began his coaching career in non-league football with Wimbledon F.C. He was appointed Reserve Team Coach to Allen Batsford in the 1975-76 season before they entered the Football League.
Dulwich Hamlet
In 1977 Smith moved to take the role as Manager of Dulwich Hamlet, who had just been relegated from the Isthmian League. In his first season they were promoted back to the Premier Division as Champions finishing 4th in the 1978-79 season and 3rd in the 1979-80 season. At the end of the 1980-1981 season having finished 15th Smith resigned due to business commitments, but during this period had also been appointed Joint Manager of the Isthmian League Representative Team.
Crystal Palace
Smith was then appointed by Alan Mullery, the then Crystal Palace Manager, in 1983-84 as Youth/Reserve Team Coach and continued in this role throughout Steve Coppell’s era from 1984 until he was made Assistant Manager in 1989.
When Coppell resigned following relegation from the Premier League in 1993 Smith was appointed Manager and achieved instant success at Selhurst Park as his team won the Division One Championship and he was awarded the League Manager's Association ‘Championship Manager of the Year’.
In Smith’s first year in the Premier League Palace reached both Semi Finals of the Domestic Cup competitions
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim%20McKnight
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Timothy Eric McKnight is an American biologist. He has been a key developer of a cell transfecting method using vertically aligned carbon nanofibers. Arrays of vertically aligned carbon nanofibers are modified with DNA and pressed into cells and tissue. Surviving cells can express DNA that is delivered during the penetration event, even when the DNA is covalently bound to the penetrant nanofiber element. This gene delivery technique has been termed Impalefection.
Selected publications
21st-century American biologists
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
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