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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continuation%20map
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In differential topology, given a family of Morse-Smale functions on a smooth manifold X parameterized by a closed interval I, one can construct a Morse-Smale vector field on X × I whose critical points occur only on the boundary. The Morse differential defines a chain map from the Morse complexes at the boundaries of the family, the continuation map. This can be shown to descend to an isomorphism on Morse homology, proving its invariance of Morse homology of a smooth manifold.
Continuation maps were defined by Andreas Floer to prove the invariance of Floer homology in infinite dimensional analogues of the situation described above; in the case of finite-dimensional Morse theory, invariance may be proved by proving that Morse homology is isomorphic to singular homology, which is known to be invariant. However, Floer homology is not always isomorphic to a familiar invariant, so continuation maps yield an a priori proof of invariance.
In finite-dimensional Morse theory, different choices made in constructing the vector field on X × I yield distinct but chain homotopic maps and thus descend to the same isomorphism on homology. However, in certain infinite dimensional cases, this does not hold, and these techniques may be used to produce invariants of one-parameter families of objects (such as contact structures or Legendrian knots).
References
Lecture Notes on Morse Homology (including continuation maps in finite-dimensional theory), by Michael Hutchings
Contact h
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diflunisal
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Diflunisal is a salicylic acid derivative with analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity. It was developed by Merck Sharp & Dohme in 1971, as MK647, after showing promise in a research project studying more potent chemical analogs of aspirin. It was first sold under the brand name Dolobid, marketed by Merck & Co., but generic versions are now widely available. It is classed as a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) and is available in 250 mg and 500 mg tablets.
Mechanism of action
Like all NSAIDs, diflunisal acts by inhibiting the production of prostaglandins, hormones which are involved in inflammation and pain. Diflunisal also has an antipyretic effect, but this is not a recommended use of the drug.
It has been found to inhibit p300 and CREB-binding protein (CBP), which are epigenetic regulators that control the levels of proteins that cause inflammation or are involved in cell growth.
It has been reported that diflunisal has some antibacterial activity in vitro against Francisella tularensis live vaccine strain (LVS).
Duration of effect
Though diflunisal has an onset time of 1 hour, and maximum analgesia at 2 to 3 hours, the plasma levels of diflunisal will not be steady until repeated doses are taken. The long plasma half-life is a distinctive feature of diflunisal in comparison to similar drugs. To increase the rate at which the diflunisal plasma levels become steady, a loading dose is usually used. It is primarily used to treat symptoms of arthritis, and f
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usher%201C
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Usher 1C is a human gene. Recessive alleles of this gene are responsible for type 1C Usher syndrome and nonsyndromic deafness.
The official name of the gene Usher 1C is “Usher syndrome 1C (autosomal recessive, severe).”
USH1C is the gene's official symbol. The USH1C gene is also known by other names, listed in the Other Names section, below.
Function
The USH1C gene carries the instructions for the production of a protein called harmonin. Harmonin has the ability to bind to many other proteins in cell membranes and coordinates their activities. Harmonin sometimes acts as a bridge linking proteins in the cell membrane to those in the cytoskeleton, the internal framework that supports the cell.
Research suggests that harmonin plays a role in the development and maintenance of hairlike projections called stereocilia. Stereocilia line the inner ear and bend in response to sound waves. This bending motion is critical for converting sound waves to nerve impulses, an essential process for normal hearing. In the inner ear, protein complexes organized by harmonin probably act as connectors that link stereocilia into a bundle. This protein complex likely helps regulate the transmission of sound waves.
Harmonin is also made in specialized cells called photoreceptors. These cells detect and transfer light energy to the light-sensitive tissue at the back of the eye (the retina). The function of the harmonin-protein complex in the retina is not well understood, but it is thought to be
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood-oxygen-level-dependent%20imaging
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Blood-oxygen-level-dependent imaging, or BOLD-contrast imaging, is a method used in functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to observe different areas of the brain or other organs, which are found to be active at any given time.
Theory
Neurons do not have internal reserves of energy in the form of sugar and oxygen, so their firing causes a need for more energy to be brought in quickly. Through a process called the haemodynamic response, blood releases oxygen to active neurons at a greater rate than to inactive neurons. This causes a change of the relative levels of oxyhemoglobin and deoxyhemoglobin (oxygenated or deoxygenated blood) that can be detected on the basis of their differential magnetic susceptibility.
In 1990, three papers published by Seiji Ogawa and colleagues showed that hemoglobin has different magnetic properties in its oxygenated and deoxygenated forms (deoxygenated hemoglobin is paramagnetic and oxygenated hemoglobin is diamagnetic), both of which could be detected using MRI. This leads to magnetic signal variation which can be detected using an MRI scanner. Given many repetitions of a thought, action or experience, statistical methods can be used to determine the areas of the brain which reliably have more of this difference as a result, and therefore which areas of the brain are most active during that thought, action or experience.
Criticism and limitations
Although most fMRI research uses BOLD contrast imaging as a method to determine which
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rank%20correlation
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In statistics, a rank correlation is any of several statistics that measure an ordinal association—the relationship between rankings of different ordinal variables or different rankings of the same variable, where a "ranking" is the assignment of the ordering labels "first", "second", "third", etc. to different observations of a particular variable. A rank correlation coefficient measures the degree of similarity between two rankings, and can be used to assess the significance of the relation between them. For example, two common nonparametric methods of significance that use rank correlation are the Mann–Whitney U test and the Wilcoxon signed-rank test.
Context
If, for example, one variable is the identity of a college basketball program and another variable is the identity of a college football program, one could test for a relationship between the poll rankings of the two types of program: do colleges with a higher-ranked basketball program tend to have a higher-ranked football program? A rank correlation coefficient can measure that relationship, and the measure of significance of the rank correlation coefficient can show whether the measured relationship is small enough to likely be a coincidence.
If there is only one variable, the identity of a college football program, but it is subject to two different poll rankings (say, one by coaches and one by sportswriters), then the similarity of the two different polls' rankings can be measured with a rank correlation coef
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resonance%20chamber
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A resonance chamber uses resonance to enhance the transfer of energy from a sound source (e.g. a vibrating string) to the air. The chamber has interior surfaces which reflect an acoustic wave. When a wave enters the chamber, it bounces back and forth within the chamber with low loss (See standing wave). As more wave energy enters the chamber, it combines with and reinforces the standing wave, increasing its intensity.
Since the resonance chamber is an enclosed space that has an opening where the sound wave enters and exits after bouncing off of the internal walls producing resonance, commonly acoustic resonance as in many musical instruments (see Sound board (music)), the material of the chamber, particularly that of the actual internal walls, its shape and the position of the opening, as well as the finish (porosity) of the internal walls are contributing factors for the final resulting sound produced.
See also
Cavity resonator (electrical version)
Resonance
Sounding box
Waveguide
Sources
Acoustics
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macromerine
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Macromerine is a phenethylamine derivative. It was first identified from the cactus Coryphantha macromeris. It can also be found in C. runyonii, C. elephantidens, and other related members of the family Cactaceae. The plants may have been used by Tarahumara shamans for their entheogenic effects.
Chemistry
Macromerine is a phenethylamine derivative with the molecular formula C12H19NO3.
Effects
At least one study found macromerine to be non-psychoactive, however as a phenethylamine derivative, it may be psychoactive.
See also
Phenethylamine cactus
Mescaline
References
Phenethylamine alkaloids
Phenethylamines
Phenol ethers
Phenylethanolamines
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weston%20cell
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The Weston cell or Weston standard cell is a wet-chemical cell that produces a highly stable voltage suitable as a laboratory standard for calibration of voltmeters. Invented by Edward Weston in 1893, it was adopted as the International Standard for EMF from 1911 until superseded by the Josephson voltage standard in 1990.
Chemistry
The anode is an amalgam of cadmium with mercury with a cathode of pure mercury over which a paste of mercurous sulfate and mercury is placed. The electrolyte is a saturated solution of cadmium sulfate, and the depolarizer is a paste of mercurous sulfate.
As shown in the illustration, the cell is set up in an H-shaped glass vessel with the cadmium amalgam in one leg and the pure mercury in the other. Electrical connections to the cadmium amalgam and the mercury are made by platinum wires fused through the lower ends of the legs.
Anode reaction Cd(s) → Cd2+(aq) + 2e−
Cathode reaction (Hg+)2(s) + 2e− → 2Hg(l) + (aq)
Reference cells must be applied in such a way that no current is drawn from them.
Characteristics
The original design was a saturated cadmium cell producing a reference and had the advantage of having a lower temperature coefficient than the previously used Clark cell.
One of the great advantages of the Weston normal cell is its small change of electromotive force with change of temperature. At any temperature between and ,
.
This temperature formula was adopted by the London conference of 1908
The temperature coefficien
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clark%20cell
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The Clark cell, invented by English engineer Josiah Latimer Clark in 1873, is a wet-chemical cell (colloquially: battery) that produces a highly stable voltage. In 1893, the output of the Clark cell at 15 °C was defined by the International Electrical Congress as 1.434 volts, and this definition became law in the United States in 1894. This definition was later supplanted by one based on the Weston cell.
Chemistry
Clark cells use a zinc, or zinc amalgam, anode and a mercury cathode in a saturated aqueous solution of zinc sulfate, with a paste of mercurous sulfate as depolarizer.
Construction
Original cell
Clark's original cell was set up in a glass jar in a similar way to a gravity Daniell cell. The copper cathode was replaced by a pool of mercury at the bottom of the jar. Above this was the mercurous sulfate paste and, above that, the zinc sulfate solution. A short zinc rod dipped into the zinc sulfate solution. The zinc rod was supported by a cork with two holes — one for the zinc rod and the other for a glass tube reaching to the bottom of the cell. A platinum wire, fused into the glass tube, made contact with the mercury pool. When complete, the cell was sealed with a layer of marine glue.
H-form cell
The H-form cell was introduced by Lord Rayleigh in 1882. It was set up in an H-shaped glass vessel with zinc amalgam in one leg and pure mercury, surmounted by a layer of mercurous sulfate paste, in the other. The vessel was filled, nearly to the top, with zinc s
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WCRW%20%28Chicago%29
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WCRW was an AM radio station in Chicago, Illinois, which operated on a "shared time" frequency until 1996 with two other stations, WEDC and WSBC, each broadcasting a part of the day.
History
Clinton White, a radio engineer, started the station in 1926. It initially operated on 720 kHz from studios at Waveland and Pine Grove on Chicago's north side. White and his wife, Josephine, worked at their station as a team, with both sharing the on-air duties. Josephine claimed to be the first female disk jockey. While the Whites entertained friends and neighbors with their radio station, this programming was not able to pay the station's operating expenses. They were able to stay afloat by selling segments of the station's air time to others. German, Italian, and Swedish language programs paid the bills.
WCRW began sharing its frequency with radio stations WHT (owned by Chicago mayor William Hale Thompson) and WIBO. Its frequency soon changed: first to 760 kHz and then to 1340 kHz, where their new time-sharing partners were stations WPCC and WFKB.
In 1927, the U.S Congress passed the Radio Act of 1927, which led to the establishment of the establishment of the Federal Radio Commission (FRC). Stations were initially issued a series of temporary authorizations starting on May 3, 1927. In addition, they were informed that if they wanted to continue operating, they needed to file a formal license application by January 15, 1928, as the first step in determining whether they met the
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signal-to-quantization-noise%20ratio
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Signal-to-quantization-noise ratio (SQNR or SNqR) is widely used quality measure in analysing digitizing schemes such as pulse-code modulation (PCM). The SQNR reflects the relationship between the maximum nominal signal strength and the quantization error (also known as quantization noise) introduced in the analog-to-digital conversion.
The SQNR formula is derived from the general signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) formula:
where:
is the probability of received bit error
is the peak message signal level
is the mean message signal level
As SQNR applies to quantized signals, the formulae for SQNR refer to discrete-time digital signals. Instead of , the digitized signal will be used. For quantization steps, each sample, requires bits. The probability distribution function (PDF) represents the distribution of values in and can be denoted as . The maximum magnitude value of any is denoted by .
As SQNR, like SNR, is a ratio of signal power to some noise power, it can be calculated as:
The signal power is:
The quantization noise power can be expressed as:
Giving:
When the SQNR is desired in terms of decibels (dB), a useful approximation to SQNR is:
where is the number of bits in a quantized sample, and is the signal power calculated above. Note that for each bit added to a sample, the SQNR goes up by approximately 6 dB ().
References
B. P. Lathi, Modern Digital and Analog Communication Systems (3rd edition), Oxford University Press, 1998
External links
Signal to
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igor%20Pak
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Igor Pak () (born 1971, Moscow, Soviet Union) is a professor of mathematics at the University of California, Los Angeles, working in combinatorics and discrete probability. He formerly taught at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the University of Minnesota, and he is best known for his bijective proof of the hook-length formula for the number of Young tableaux, and his work on random walks. He was a keynote speaker alongside George Andrews and Doron Zeilberger at the 2006 Harvey Mudd College Mathematics Conference on Enumerative Combinatorics.
Pak is an Associate Editor for the journal Discrete Mathematics. He gave a Fejes Tóth Lecture at the University of Calgary in February 2009.
In 2018, he was an invited speaker at the International Congress of Mathematicians in Rio de Janeiro.
Background
Pak went to Moscow High School № 57. After graduating, he worked for a year at Bank Menatep.
He did his undergraduate studies at Moscow State University. He was a PhD student of Persi Diaconis at Harvard University, where he received a doctorate in Mathematics in 1997, with a thesis titled Random Walks on Groups: Strong Uniform Time Approach. Afterwards, he worked with László Lovász as a postdoc at Yale University. He was a fellow at the Mathematical Sciences Research Institute and a long-term visitor at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem.
References
External links
Personal site.
List of published papers, with abstracts.
MIT Mathematics Department website.
MathSciN
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon-13%20nuclear%20magnetic%20resonance
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Carbon-13 (C13) nuclear magnetic resonance (most commonly known as carbon-13 NMR spectroscopy or 13C NMR spectroscopy or sometimes simply referred to as carbon NMR) is the application of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy to carbon. It is analogous to proton NMR ( NMR) and allows the identification of carbon atoms in an organic molecule just as proton NMR identifies hydrogen atoms. 13C NMR detects only the isotope. The main carbon isotope, does not produce an NMR signal. Although ca. 1 mln. times less sensitive than 1H NMR spectroscopy, 13C NMR spectroscopy is widely used for characterizing organic and organometallic compounds, primarily because 1H-decoupled 13C-NMR spectra are more simple, have a greater sensitivity to differences in the chemical structure, and, thus, are better suited for identifying molecules in complex mixtures. At the same time, such spectra lack quantitative information about the atomic ratios of different types of carbon nuclei, because nuclear Overhauser effect used in 1H-decoupled 13C-NMR spectroscopy enhances the signals from carbon atoms with a larger number of hydrogen atoms attached to them more than from carbon atoms with a smaller number of H's, and because full relaxation of 13C nuclei is usually not attained (for the sake of reducing the exaperiment time), and the nuclei with shorter relaxation times produce more intense signals.
The major isotope of carbon, the 12C isotope, has a spin quantum number of zero and so is not magn
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton%20nuclear%20magnetic%20resonance
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Proton nuclear magnetic resonance (proton NMR, hydrogen-1 NMR, or 1H NMR) is the application of nuclear magnetic resonance in NMR spectroscopy with respect to hydrogen-1 nuclei within the molecules of a substance, in order to determine the structure of its molecules. In samples where natural hydrogen (H) is used, practically all the hydrogen consists of the isotope 1H (hydrogen-1; i.e. having a proton for a nucleus).
Simple NMR spectra are recorded in solution, and solvent protons must not be allowed to interfere. Deuterated (deuterium = 2H, often symbolized as D) solvents especially for use in NMR are preferred, e.g. deuterated water, D2O, deuterated acetone, (CD3)2CO, deuterated methanol, CD3OD, deuterated dimethyl sulfoxide, (CD3)2SO, and deuterated chloroform, CDCl3. However, a solvent without hydrogen, such as carbon tetrachloride, CCl4 or carbon disulfide, CS2, may also be used.
Historically, deuterated solvents were supplied with a small amount (typically 0.1%) of tetramethylsilane (TMS) as an internal standard for referencing the chemical shifts of each analyte proton. TMS is a tetrahedral molecule, with all protons being chemically equivalent, giving one single signal, used to define a chemical shift = 0 ppm.
It is volatile, making sample recovery easy as well. Modern spectrometers are able to reference spectra based on the residual proton in the solvent (e.g. the CHCl3, 0.01% in 99.99% CDCl3). Deuterated solvents are now commonly supplied without TMS.
Deuterat
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UBE3A
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Ubiquitin-protein ligase E3A (UBE3A) also known as E6AP ubiquitin-protein ligase (E6AP) is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the UBE3A gene. This enzyme is involved in targeting proteins for degradation within cells.
Protein degradation is a normal process that removes damaged or unnecessary proteins and helps maintain the normal functions of cells.
Ubiquitin protein ligase E3A attaches a small marker protein called ubiquitin to proteins that should be degraded. Cellular structures called proteasomes recognize and digest proteins tagged with ubiquitin.
Both copies of the UBE3A gene are active in most of the body's tissues. In most neurons, however, only the copy inherited from a person's mother (the maternal copy) is normally active; this is known as paternal imprinting. Recent evidence shows that at least some glial cells and neurons may exhibit biallelic expression of UBE3A. Further work is thus needed to delineate a complete map of UBE3A imprinting in humans and model organisms such as mice.
Silencing of Ube3a on the paternal allele is thought to occur through the Ube3a-ATS part of a lincRNA called "LNCAT" (Large Non-Coding Antisense Transcript).
The UBE3A gene is located on the long (q) arm of chromosome 15 between positions 11 and 13, from base pair 23,133,488 to base pair 23,235,220.
Clinical significance
Mutations within the UBE3A gene are responsible for some cases of Angelman syndrome and Prader-Willi syndrome. Most of these mutations result in an abnormal
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire%20protection%20fluid
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Fire Protection Fluid is a fluid that acts like water, looks like water, and flows like water, but does not get things wet in the same way as water. When discharged from a fire apparatus, it converts to a gas, due to its thermodynamic properties and suppresses fire when used at its extinguishing concentration to remove heat. It is often used to extinguish fires as part of automatic fire suppression systems, especially in facilities housing electronic equipment and will not damage electronics in the way that water will.
Firefighting equipment
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCCRA
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OCCRA stands for Oakland County Competitive Robotics Association. OCCRA is an organized competition between the robotics teams of about 30 different high schools in Oakland County, Michigan, United States, that takes place each fall, beginning in early September and ending in early December.
OCCRA vs. FIRST Robotics
Although inspired by FIRST Robotics, OCCRA differs from FIRST in several key ways. Firstly, the student members of the robotics teams are expected to design and build the robots without direct assistance from their adult mentors. This gives students more responsibility and allows them to develop leadership skills.
In OCCRA, teams are also forbidden from having corporate sponsorships. Each team is responsible for raising its own money to promote teamwork and to teach students to work within a budget. The league as a whole has corporate sponsors.
Furthermore, "heavy machinery" is restricted. Lathes and other types of precision machinery are not to be used in the construction of OCCRA-bound robots. Instead, students build their robots with rulers, hacksaws, and cordless drills. This rule is intended to ensure equality among teams with varying resources (e.g. having a machine shop in the team's high school or in a team member's garage).
One key way in which OCCRA does emulate FIRST is that OCCRA maintains a policy of gracious professionalism.
See also
FIRST
External links
Official OCCRA website
ChiefDelphi Forums - OCCRA
AdamBots (Team 245) - OCCRA
Monster
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-point%20tensor
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Two-point tensors, or double vectors, are tensor-like quantities which transform as Euclidean vectors with respect to each of their indices. They are used in continuum mechanics to transform between reference ("material") and present ("configuration") coordinates. Examples include the deformation gradient and the first Piola–Kirchhoff stress tensor.
As with many applications of tensors, Einstein summation notation is frequently used. To clarify this notation, capital indices are often used to indicate reference coordinates and lowercase for present coordinates. Thus, a two-point tensor will have one capital and one lower-case index; for example, AjM.
Continuum mechanics
A conventional tensor can be viewed as a transformation of vectors in one coordinate system to other vectors in the same coordinate system. In contrast, a two-point tensor transforms vectors from one coordinate system to another. That is, a conventional tensor,
,
actively transforms a vector u to a vector v such that
where v and u are measured in the same space and their coordinates representation is with respect to the same basis (denoted by the "e").
In contrast, a two-point tensor, G will be written as
and will transform a vector, U, in E system to a vector, v, in the e system as
.
The transformation law for two-point tensor
Suppose we have two coordinate systems one primed and another unprimed and a vectors' components transform between them as
.
For tensors suppose we then have
.
A tensor
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cauchy%20stress%20tensor
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In continuum mechanics, the Cauchy stress tensor (symbol , named after Augustin-Louis Cauchy), also called true stress tensor or simply stress tensor, completely defines the state of stress at a point inside a material in the deformed state, placement, or configuration. The second order tensor consists of nine components and relates a unit-length direction vector e to the traction vector T(e) across an imaginary surface perpendicular to e:
The SI base units of both stress tensor and traction vector are newton per square metre (N/m2) or pascal (Pa), corresponding to the stress scalar. The unit vector is dimensionless.
The Cauchy stress tensor obeys the tensor transformation law under a change in the system of coordinates. A graphical representation of this transformation law is the Mohr's circle for stress.
The Cauchy stress tensor is used for stress analysis of material bodies experiencing small deformations: it is a central concept in the linear theory of elasticity. For large deformations, also called finite deformations, other measures of stress are required, such as the Piola–Kirchhoff stress tensor, the Biot stress tensor, and the Kirchhoff stress tensor.
According to the principle of conservation of linear momentum, if the continuum body is in static equilibrium it can be demonstrated that the components of the Cauchy stress tensor in every material point in the body satisfy the equilibrium equations (Cauchy's equations of motion for zero acceleration). At the same
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autotransplantation
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Autotransplantation is the transplantation of organs, tissues, or even particular proteins from one part of the body to another in the same person (auto- meaning "self" in Greek).
The autologous tissue (also called autogenous, autogeneic, or autogenic tissue) transplanted by such a procedure is called an autograft or autotransplant.
It is contrasted with allotransplantation (from other individual of the same species), syngeneic transplantation (grafts transplanted between two genetically identical individuals of the same species) and xenotransplantation (from other species).
A common example is the removal of a piece of bone (usually from the hip) and its being ground into a paste for the reconstruction of another portion of bone.
Autotransplantation, although most common with blood, bone, or skin, can be used for a wide variety of organs. One of the rare examples is autotransplantation of a kidney from one side of the body to the other. Kidney autotransplantation is used as a treatment for nutcracker syndrome.
Autologous blood donation
In blood banking terminology, autologous blood donation refers to a blood donation marked for use by the donor, typically for a scheduled surgery. (Generally, the notion of "donation" does not refer to giving to oneself, though in this context it has become somewhat acceptably idiomatic.) They are commonly called "autos" by blood bank personnel, and it is one major form of the more general concept of autotransfusion (the other being int
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Mosquito
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The Mosquito or Mosquito alarm is a machine used to deter loitering by emitting sound at high frequency. In some versions, it is intentionally tuned to be heard primarily by younger people. Nicknamed "Mosquito" for the buzzing sound it plays, the device is marketed as a safety and security tool for preventing youths from congregating in specific areas.
The latest version of the device, launched late in 2008, has two frequency settings, one of approximately 17.4 kHz that can generally be heard only by young people, and another at 8 kHz that can be heard by most people. The maximum potential output sound pressure level is stated by the manufacturer to be 108 decibels (dB)(comparable in loudness to a live rock concert) and the manufacturer's product specification furthermore states that the sound can typically be heard by people below 25 years of age. The ability to hear high frequencies deteriorates in most humans with age (a condition known as presbycusis), typically observable by the age of 18.
History
The Mosquito machine was invented and patented by Howard Stapleton in 2005, and was originally tested in Barry, South Wales, where it was successful in reducing teenagers loitering near a grocery store. The idea was born after he was irritated by a factory noise when he was a child. The push to create the product was when Stapleton's 17-year-old daughter went to the store to buy milk and was harassed by a group of 12- to 15-year-olds. Using his children as test subjects, he
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entropy%20in%20thermodynamics%20and%20information%20theory
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The mathematical expressions for thermodynamic entropy in the statistical thermodynamics formulation established by Ludwig Boltzmann and J. Willard Gibbs in the 1870s are similar to the information entropy by Claude Shannon and Ralph Hartley, developed in the 1940s.
Equivalence of form of the defining expressions
The defining expression for entropy in the theory of statistical mechanics established by Ludwig Boltzmann and J. Willard Gibbs in the 1870s, is of the form:
where is the probability of the microstate i taken from an equilibrium ensemble, and is the Boltzmann's constant.
The defining expression for entropy in the theory of information established by Claude E. Shannon in 1948 is of the form:
where is the probability of the message taken from the message space M, and b is the base of the logarithm used. Common values of b are 2, Euler's number , and 10, and the unit of entropy is shannon (or bit) for b = 2, nat for b = , and hartley for b = 10.
Mathematically H may also be seen as an average information, taken over the message space, because when a certain message occurs with probability pi, the information quantity −log(pi) (called information content or self-information) will be obtained.
If all the microstates are equiprobable (a microcanonical ensemble), the statistical thermodynamic entropy reduces to the form, as given by Boltzmann,
where W is the number of microstates that corresponds to the macroscopic thermodynamic state. Therefore S depends on tem
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZJ
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ZJ or zJ may refer to:
ZJ theorem, a mathematical theorem proven by George Glauberman
Jeep Grand Cherokee (ZJ), an automobile style used in the Jeep Grand Cherokee and the Jeep Grand Wagoneer
Zambezi Airlines (IATA airline designator )
Zeptojoule (zJ), an SI unit of energy
Zettajoule (ZJ), an SI unit of energy
Zhejiang, a province of China (Guobiao abbreviation ZJ)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bondy%27s%20theorem
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In mathematics, Bondy's theorem is a bound on the number of elements needed to distinguish the sets in a family of sets from each other. It belongs to the field of combinatorics, and is named after John Adrian Bondy, who published it in 1972.
Statement
The theorem is as follows:
Let X be a set with n elements and let A1, A2, ..., An be distinct subsets of X. Then there exists a subset S of X with n − 1 elements such that the sets Ai ∩ S are all distinct.
In other words, if we have a 0-1 matrix with n rows and n columns such that each row is distinct, we can remove one column such that the rows of the resulting n × (n − 1) matrix are distinct.
Example
Consider the 4 × 4 matrix
where all rows are pairwise distinct. If we delete, for example, the first column, the resulting matrix
no longer has this property: the first row is identical to the second row. Nevertheless, by Bondy's theorem we know that we can always find a column that can be deleted without introducing any identical rows. In this case, we can delete the third column: all rows of the 3 × 4 matrix
are distinct. Another possibility would have been deleting the fourth column.
Learning theory application
From the perspective of computational learning theory, Bondy's theorem can be rephrased as follows:
Let C be a concept class over a finite domain X. Then there exists a subset S of X with the size at most |C| − 1 such that S is a witness set for every concept in C.
This implies that every finite concept class
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storm%20glass
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The storm glass or chemical weather glass was an instrument claimed to help predict weather. It consists of a special liquid placed inside a sealed transparent glass. The state of crystallization within the liquid was believed to be related to the weather. The inventor is unknown but the device became popular in the 1860s after being promoted by Royal Navy Admiral Robert FitzRoy who claimed that The compositions of the liquid in a storm glass varies but usually contains "camphor, nitrate of potassium and sal-ammoniac, dissolved by alcohol, with water and some air." These devices are now known to have little value in weather prediction but continue to be a curiosity.
Description
The liquid within the glass is a mixture of several ingredients, most commonly distilled water, ethanol, potassium nitrate, ammonium chloride, and camphor. This specific mixture was promoted by Admiral Robert FitzRoy although similar devices existed even two decades earlier with variants in Italy, France and Germany.
FitzRoy carefully documented his claims on how the storm glass would predict the weather:
If the liquid in the glass is clear, the weather will be bright and clear.
If the liquid is cloudy, the weather will be cloudy as well, perhaps with precipitation.
If there are small dots in the liquid, humid or foggy weather can be expected.
A cloudy glass with small stars indicates thunderstorms.
If the liquid contains small stars on sunny winter days, then snow is coming.
If there are large fl
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multipolar
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Multipolar or multipolarity can refer to:
Polarity (international relations)
Multipolar neuron
A multipolar language is another term for a pluricentric language, a language which is evolving among native speakers in two or more distinct places or polities.
See also
Tripolar (disambiguation)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intracellular%20receptor
|
Intracellular receptors are globular protein receptors located inside the cell rather than on its cell membrane. The word intracellular means "within or inside a cell". Molecules that cross a cell membrane to bind with a receptor are generally nonpolar and may be relatively small. These molecules are also known as ligands. Hormones that use intracellular receptors include thyroid, aldosterone, and steroid hormones.
Examples are the class of nuclear receptors located in the cell nucleus and cytoplasm and the IP3 receptor located on the endoplasmic reticulum. The ligands that bind to them are usually intracellular second messengers like inositol trisphosphate (IP3) and extracellular lipophilic hormones like steroid hormones. Some intracrine peptide hormones also have intracellular receptors.
Examples
transcription factors
nuclear receptors
other
Sigma1 (neurosteroids)
IP3 receptor (inositol triphosphate, IP3)
See also
Receptor
Steroid hormone
References
External links
Nuclear Receptor journal homepage
Nuclear receptor resource
Nuclear receptor signalling atlas (NURSA, open-access journal)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeal%20Monachorum
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Zeal Monachorum (; Latin translation Cell of the Monks) is a village and civil parish in the Mid Devon district of Devon, England, about north-west of Exeter, situated on the River Yeo. According to the 2001 census, it had a population of 398. The village is in the electoral ward of Taw whose population at the 2011 Census was 1,660.
The parish of Zeal Monachorum covers an area of almost 3,400 acres (1370 hectares) at a height of 280 - 640 feet (85 – 195 metres) above sea level. It lies at the centre of Devon, situated between the A3072 Okehampton to Crediton road on the south and the B3220 Torrington to Morchard road on the north, about halfway between Crediton and Okehampton. The village itself is on the south-facing hillside of the Yeo valley looking towards Dartmoor.
The civil parish includes a number of hamlets such as East Leigh, Leigh Cross and Waie.
A mile to the south-west of the village is Reeve Castle, a large turreted house dated 1900 and restored from a ruinous state in the late twentieth century.
History
In the Domesday Book (1086) the present parish of Zeal Monachorum consisted of four manors, Zeal Monachorum and Burston (both known as Limet, because of their proximity to the River Limet or Yeo), Newton and Loosebeare.
There is a local Saxon reference dated AD967 to land at Lesmanoac, and early maps refer to the settlement as Monkenfield, Munkton and Monks Nymet. The present name, written earlier as Sele and Zele, is said to derive from the fact that
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endorectal%20coil%20magnetic%20resonance%20imaging
|
Endorectal coil magnetic resonance imaging or endorectal coil MRI is a type of medical imaging in which MRI is used in conjunction with a coil placed into the rectum in order to obtain high quality images of the area surrounding the rectum. The technique has demonstrated higher accuracy than other modalities in assessing seminal vesicle invasion and extra-capsular extension (ECE) of prostate cancer (96% and 81% respectively). Endorectal coil MRI is useful for determining the extent of spread and local invasion of cancers of the prostate, rectum, and anus. The coil consists of a probe with an inflatable balloon which helps maintain appropriate positioning. Similar coils may be used vaginally for evaluating cervical cancer.
References
Magnetic resonance imaging
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal%20Cave
|
Crystal Cave may refer to:
Crystal Cave, Bermuda
Crystal Cave (Kentucky)
Crystal Cave (Ohio)
Crystal Cave (Pennsylvania)
Crystal Cave (Sequoia National Park)
Crystal Cave (Western Australia)
Crystal Cave (Wisconsin)
Cave of the Crystals (Cueva de los Cristales), Naica mine, Chihuahua, Mexico
Crystal Cave in St. Herman's Blue Hole National Park, Belize
Other
Crystal Caves, video game by Apogee
The Crystal Cave, 1970 fantasy novel by Mary Stewart
See also
Crystal Caverns (disambiguation)
Crystal Cavern
Crystal Grottoes
Geode
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sitting%20Bull%20Crystal%20Caverns
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Sitting Bull Crystal Caverns is a limestone cave complex nine miles south of Rapid City, South Dakota on the way to Mount Rushmore and by the Wind Cave National Park. For eight decades, the cave was open for the public to tour daily from Memorial Day weekend to Labor Day weekend.
The cave was discovered by the Duhamel family, Alex and Mamie and their sons, Bud and Pete, in 1929, at their property in Rockerville Gulch. The gulch is a red rock canyon east of Rockerville. They organised tours and the Duhamel Sioux Indian Pageant to promote the caverns with a friend, Black Elk, who chose the name of the caverns in honor of his friend Sitting Bull. Black Elk held the show for over a decade from 1934 to educate people about Lakota culture. In 1992, Bud received the Ben Black Elk Award for "promotion of Native American culture." When he was 93 he retired and passed operations of the cave to his grandson, Peter Heffron.
In 2015, remaining family members decided that they no longer wanted to operate the business, and the cave was closed to the public. At that time, the cave and about 730 acres of land were put up for sale.
References
External links
Sitting Bull Crystal Caverns
Caves of South Dakota
Limestone caves
Landforms of Pennington County, South Dakota
Show caves in the United States
Tourist attractions in Pennington County, South Dakota
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vapor%20barrier
|
A vapor barrier (or vapour barrier) is any material used for damp proofing, typically a plastic or foil sheet, that resists diffusion of moisture through the wall, floor, ceiling, or roof assemblies of buildings and of packaging to prevent interstitial condensation. Technically, many of these materials are only vapor retarders as they have varying degrees of permeability.
Materials have a moisture vapor transmission rate (MVTR) that is established by standard test methods. One common set of units is g/m2·day or g/100in2·day. Permeability can be reported in perms, a measure of the rate of transfer of water vapor through a material (1.0 US perm = 1.0 grain/square-foot·hour·inch of mercury ≈ 57 SI perm = 57 ng/s·m2·Pa). American building codes have classified vapor retarders as having a water vapor permeance of 1 perm or less when tested in accordance with the ASTM E96 desiccant, or dry cup method. Vapor-retarding materials are generally categorized as:
Impermeable (≤1 US perm, or ≤57 SI perm) – such as asphalt-backed kraft paper, elastomeric coating, vapor-retarding paint, oil-based paints, vinyl wall coverings, extruded polystyrene, plywood, OSB;
Semi-permeable (1-10 US perm, or 57-570 SI perm) – such as unfaced expanded polystyrene, fiber-faced isocyanurate, heavy asphalt-impregnated building papers, some latex-based paints);
Permeable (>10 US perm, or >570 SI perm) – such as unpainted gypsum board and plaster, unfaced fiber glass insulation, cellulose insulation, unp
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suction%20cup
|
A suction cup, also known as a sucker, is a device or object that uses the negative fluid pressure of air or water to adhere to nonporous surfaces, creating a partial vacuum.
Suction cups are peripheral traits of some animals such as octopuses and squids, and have been reproduced artificially for numerous purposes.
Theory
The working face of the suction cup is made of elastic, flexible material and has a curved surface. When the center of the suction cup is pressed against a flat, non-porous surface, the volume of the space between the suction cup and the flat surface is reduced, which causes the air or water between the cup and the surface to be expelled past the rim of the circular cup. The cavity which develops between the cup and the flat surface has little to no air or water in it because most of the fluid has already been forced out of the inside of the cup, causing a lack of pressure. The pressure difference between the atmosphere on the outside of the cup and the low-pressure cavity on the inside of the cup keeps the cup adhered to the surface.
When the user ceases to apply physical pressure to the outside of the cup, the elastic substance of which the cup is made tends to resume its original, curved shape. The length of time for which the suction effect can be maintained depends mainly on how long it takes for air or water to leak back into the cavity between the cup and the surface, equalizing the pressure with the surrounding atmosphere. This depends on the po
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lutidine
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Lutidine is the trivial name used to describe the chemical compounds which are dimethyl derivatives of pyridine. Their chemical properties resemble those of pyridine, although the presence of the methyl groups may prohibit some of the more straightforward reactions. Lutidine comes in several isomers:
2,3-Lutidine (2,3-dimethylpyridine)
2,4-Lutidine (2,4-dimethylpyridine)
2,5-Lutidine (2,5-dimethylpyridine)
2,6-Lutidine (2,6-dimethylpyridine)
3,4-Lutidine (3,4-dimethylpyridine)
3,5-Lutidine (3,5-dimethylpyridine)
All isomers share the molecular weight 107,16 g/mol and the chemical formula C7H9N.
Pyridines
Amines
Amine solvents
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q%20cycle
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The Q cycle (named for quinol) describes a series of reactions that describe how the sequential oxidation and reduction of the lipophilic electron carrier Coenzyme Q (CoQ) between the ubiquinol and ubiquinone forms, can result in the net movement of protons across a lipid bilayer (in the case of the mitochondria, the inner mitochondrial membrane).
The Q cycle was first proposed by Peter D. Mitchell, though a modified version of Mitchell's original scheme is now accepted as the mechanism by which Complex III moves protons (i.e. how complex III contributes to the biochemical generation of the proton or pH, gradient, which is used for the biochemical generation of ATP).
The first reaction of Q cycle is the 2-electron oxidation of ubiquinol by two oxidants, c1 (Fe3+) and ubiquinone:
CoQH2 + cytochrome c1 (Fe3+) + CoQ' → CoQ + CoQ'−• + cytochrome c1 (Fe2+) + 2 H+ (intermembrane)
The second reaction of the cycle involves the 2-electron oxidation of a second ubiquinol by two oxidants, a fresh c1 (Fe3+) and the CoQ'−• produced in the first step:
CoQH2 + cytochrome c1 (Fe3+) + CoQ'−• + 2 H+ (matrix)→ CoQ + CoQ'H−2 + cytochrome c1 (Fe2+) + 2 H+ (intermembrane)
These net reactions are mediated by electron-transfer mediators including a Rieske 2Fe-2S cluster (shunt to c1) and cb (shunt to CoQ' and later to CoQ'−•)
In chloroplasts, a similar reaction is done with plastoquinone by cytochrome b6f complex.
Process
Operation of the modified Q cycle in Complex III results in th
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cubic%20lattice
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Cubic lattice may refer to:
Cubic crystal system
Cubic honeycomb vertex arrangement
Integer lattice Z3
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PTEN%20%28gene%29
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Phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) is a phosphatase in humans and is encoded by the PTEN gene. Mutations of this gene are a step in the development of many cancers, specifically glioblastoma, lung cancer, breast cancer, and prostate cancer. Genes corresponding to PTEN (orthologs) have been identified in most mammals for which complete genome data are available.
PTEN acts as a tumor suppressor gene through the action of its phosphatase protein product. This phosphatase is involved in the regulation of the cell cycle, preventing cells from growing and dividing too rapidly. It is a target of many anticancer drugs.
The protein encoded by this gene is a phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate 3-phosphatase. It contains a tensin-like domain as well as a catalytic domain similar to that of the dual specificity protein tyrosine phosphatases. Unlike most of the protein tyrosine phosphatases, this protein preferentially dephosphorylates phosphoinositide substrates. It negatively regulates intracellular levels of phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate in cells and functions as a tumor suppressor by negatively regulating the Akt/PKB signaling pathway.
Function
PTEN protein acts as a phosphatase to dephosphorylate phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5)-trisphosphate (PtdIns (3,4,5)P3 or PIP3). PTEN specifically catalyses the dephosphorylation of the 3` phosphate of the inositol ring in PIP3, resulting in the biphosphate product PIP2 (PtdIns(4,5)P2). This dephosphorylation is important
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noongar%20kin%20systems
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In the tribal law of the Noongar, an indigenous Australian people, a kinship classification system determined descent and inheritance, and enforced restrictions on intermarriage between certain groups.
Types
Western Australia: An atlas of human endeavour divides the Noongar classification systems into four types:
Perth
Matrilineal moieties and matrilineal clans
Includes Amangu, Yued, Wadjuk, Pinjareb, Wilmen, Ganeang, and Wardandi.
These groups were split between the (White Cockatoo) Manitjmat and (Australian Raven) Wardungmat moieties; children were born into the mother's moiety. Both groups are exogamous.
Bibelmen
Patrilineal moieties and patrilineal local descent groups
Includes Bibelmen and Mineng
These groups used the same Manitjmat and Wardunmat moieties, but they determined descent patrilineally.
Nyakinyaki
They had section levels similar to the Western Desert types, which were both patrilineal local descent groups
Includes Balardong and Nyakinyaki
These groups used (Bee-eater) Birranga and (Sacred Kingfisher) Djuak as the "skin" groups.
Wudjari
Similar to the Nyakinyaki, but they had named patrilineal "totemic" descent units.
Includes Goreng and Wudjari
Terminology
Local descent groups are generally patrilineal in type, in which members are linked by both descent and through mythological ties to a named ancestor. Local descent groups are always exogamous. They are associated with specific territories held collectively in trust in perpetuity.
Tote
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown%20noise%20%28disambiguation%29
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Brown noise may refer to:
Brownian noise, signal noise with a 1/f2 power spectrum
Brown note, a tone at a certain frequency said to cause loss of bowel control
"World Wide Recorder Concert", also known as The Brown Noise, an episode of South Park
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Difference%20of%20Gaussians
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In imaging science, difference of Gaussians (DoG) is a feature enhancement algorithm that involves the subtraction of one Gaussian blurred version of an original image from another, less blurred version of the original. In the simple case of grayscale images, the blurred images are obtained by convolving the original grayscale images with Gaussian kernels having differing width (standard deviations). Blurring an image using a Gaussian kernel suppresses only high-frequency spatial information. Subtracting one image from the other preserves spatial information that lies between the range of frequencies that are preserved in the two blurred images. Thus, the DoG is a spatial band-pass filter that attenuates frequencies in the original grayscale image that are far from the band center.
Mathematics of difference of Gaussians
Given an n-dimensional gray-scale image
The difference of Gaussians (DoG) of the image is the function
obtained by subtracting the image convolved with the Gaussian of standard deviation from the image convolved with a Gaussian of narrower standard deviation :
where is a Gaussian with standard deviation :
Equivalently one can write
which represents an image convolved by the difference of two Gaussians, which approximates a Mexican hat function.
The relation between the difference of Gaussians operator and the Laplacian of the Gaussian operator (the Mexican hat wavelet) is explained in appendix A in Lindeberg (2015).
Details and applications
As a
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human%20iron%20metabolism
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Human iron metabolism is the set of chemical reactions that maintain human homeostasis of iron at the systemic and cellular level. Iron is both necessary to the body and potentially toxic. Controlling iron levels in the body is a critically important part of many aspects of human health and disease. Hematologists have been especially interested in systemic iron metabolism, because iron is essential for red blood cells, where most of the human body's iron is contained. Understanding iron metabolism is also important for understanding diseases of iron overload, such as hereditary hemochromatosis, and iron deficiency, such as iron-deficiency anemia.
Importance of iron regulation
Iron is an essential bioelement for most forms of life, from bacteria to mammals. Its importance lies in its ability to mediate electron transfer. In the ferrous state (Fe2+), iron acts as an electron donor, while in the ferric state (Fe3+) it acts as an acceptor. Thus, iron plays a vital role in the catalysis of enzymatic reactions that involve electron transfer (reduction and oxidation, redox). Proteins can contain iron as part of different cofactors, such as iron–sulfur clusters (Fe-S) and heme groups, both of which are assembled in mitochondria.
Cellular respiration
Human cells require iron in order to obtain energy as ATP from a multi-step process known as cellular respiration, more specifically from oxidative phosphorylation at the mitochondrial cristae. Iron is present in the iron–sulfur clus
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mallet%20finger
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A mallet finger, also known as hammer finger or PLF finger or Hannan finger, is an extensor tendon injury at the farthest away finger joint. This results in the inability to extend the finger tip without pushing it. There is generally pain and bruising at the back side of the farthest away finger joint.
A mallet finger usually results from overbending of the finger tip. Typically this occurs when a ball hits an outstretched finger and jams it. This results in either a tear of the tendon or the tendon pulling off a bit of bone. The diagnosis is generally based on symptoms and supported by X-rays.
Treatment is generally with a splint that holds the fingertip straight continuously for 8 weeks. The middle joint is allowed to move. This should be begun within a week of the injury. If the finger is bent during these weeks, healing may take longer. If a large piece of bone has been torn off surgery may be recommended. Without proper treatment a permanent deformity of the finger may occur.
Diagnosis
The diagnosis is generally based on symptoms and supported by X-rays. The injury can be accompanied by swelling and ecchymosis.
Treatment
The management goal is to restore extension of the joint. Treatment is generally with a splint that holds the first joint of the finger straight continuously for 8 weeks. This should begin within a week of the injury. The splint may be worn just at night for a few additional weeks after this. The splint acts to immobilize flexing of the joint.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic%20trading
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Electronic trading, sometimes called e-trading, is the buying and selling of stocks, bonds, foreign currencies, financial derivatives, cryptocurrencies, and other financial instruments online. This is typically done using electronic trading platforms where traders can place orders and have them executed at a trading venue such as a stock market either directly or via a broker.
Electronic trading first started in the 1970s but significant development occurred during the 1990s and again in the 2000s with the spread of the Internet. Electronic trading slowly replaced traditional floor trading and telephone trading over the following 20 years.
Electronic trading can include various exchange-based systems that run the matching engine for orders, such as NASDAQ, NYSE Arca and Globex, as well as other types of trading platforms, such as electronic communication networks (ECNs), alternative trading systems, crossing networks and dark pools. Electronic trading has also made it possible to do algorithmic trading where computers are used to place orders into the market often at high speed such as in high-frequency trading
History
Before electronic trading, 1600–1970s
From the start of modern stock exchanges in the 1600s in Amsterdam and London, there were physical locations where buyers and sellers met and negotiated prices to buy and sell securities. By the 1800s exchange trading would typically happen on dedicated floors of an exchange. Often where traders in brightly colored
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Undercurrent%20%28Bill%20Evans%20and%20Jim%20Hall%20album%29
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Undercurrent is a 1962 album by jazz pianist Bill Evans and jazz guitarist Jim Hall. The two men collaborated again in 1966 on the album Intermodulation.
Cover and releases
The front cover image for Undercurrent is Toni Frissell's photograph "Weeki Wachee Spring, Florida". The album was originally released on United Artists, then reissued by Solid State in 1968. Later, the album was reissued on the Blue Note label; both Blue Note and United Artists Records have been part of the same catalog for many decades. The original LP and the first CD reissue featured a cropped, blue-tinted version, overlaid with the title and the Blue Note logo in white; but for the most recent (24-bit remastered) CD reissue, the image has been restored to its original black-and-white coloration and size, without lettering.
Reception
In his November 26, 1962 review for DownBeat magazine jazz critic Pete Welding states: "This collaboration between Evans and Hall has resulted in some of the most beautiful, thoroughly ingratiating music it has been my pleasure to hear."
Track listing
Original LP
"My Funny Valentine" (Richard Rodgers, Lorenz Hart) – 5:21
"I Hear a Rhapsody" (Jack Baker, George Fragos, Dick Gasparre) – 4:36
"Dream Gypsy" (Judith Veevers)– 4:33
"Romain" (Jim Hall) – 5:19
"Skating in Central Park" (John Lewis) – 5:19
"Darn That Dream" (Eddie DeLange, Jimmy Van Heusen) – 5:04
Bonus tracks on 2002 Blue Note CD reissue:
"Stairway to the Stars" (Matty Malneck, Mitchell Parish, Frank S
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rod%20Roddenberry
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Eugene Wesley "Rod" Roddenberry Jr. (born February 5, 1974) is an American television producer and the chief executive officer of Roddenberry Entertainment. He is the son of Star Trek creator Gene Roddenberry and Majel Barrett and is an executive producer on Star Trek: Discovery, Star Trek: Picard, Star Trek: Lower Decks, Star Trek: Prodigy and Star Trek: Strange New Worlds.
Early life
Roddenberry was born in Los Angeles, California, the son of actress Majel Barrett and writer and producer Gene Roddenberry, creator of the American science fiction series Star Trek. Roddenberry went to the John Thomas Dye School in Bel Air and Harvard-Westlake School in North Hollywood. and then attended Hampshire College in the early 1990s.
As a young man, Roddenberry was not closely familiar with Star Trek, having never even watched it. In 1991, when he was 17 years old, his father died, after which he began to examine Star Trek and discover "what made the series special" to its fans. Roddenberry struggled initially with his father's near-legendary stature among Star Trek fans, commenting: "A son cannot identify with a mythical figure; my father was put up on this pedestal throughout my life." However, as Roddenberry heard many moving stories about his father's flaws and follies, he observed, "That allowed me, as a son, not just to connect with him, but actually love him."
Career
In 2001, Roddenberry became chief executive officer of Roddenberry Entertainment, which builds upon his fathe
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Division%20algorithm
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A division algorithm is an algorithm which, given two integers N and D (respectively the numerator and the denominator), computes their quotient and/or remainder, the result of Euclidean division. Some are applied by hand, while others are employed by digital circuit designs and software.
Division algorithms fall into two main categories: slow division and fast division. Slow division algorithms produce one digit of the final quotient per iteration. Examples of slow division include restoring, non-performing restoring, non-restoring, and SRT division. Fast division methods start with a close approximation to the final quotient and produce twice as many digits of the final quotient on each iteration. Newton–Raphson and Goldschmidt algorithms fall into this category.
Variants of these algorithms allow using fast multiplication algorithms. It results that, for large integers, the computer time needed for a division is the same, up to a constant factor, as the time needed for a multiplication, whichever multiplication algorithm is used.
Discussion will refer to the form , where
N = numerator (dividend)
D = denominator (divisor)
is the input, and
Q = quotient
R = remainder
is the output.
Division by repeated subtraction
The simplest division algorithm, historically incorporated into a greatest common divisor algorithm presented in Euclid's Elements, Book VII, Proposition 1, finds the remainder given two positive integers using only subtractions and comparisons:
R := N
Q
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIRST%20Robotics%20Competition
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FIRST Robotics Competition (FRC) is an international high school robotics competition. Each year, teams of high school students, coaches, and mentors work during a six-week period to build robots capable of competing in that year's game that weigh up to . Robots complete tasks such as scoring balls into goals, placing inner tubes onto racks, hanging on bars, and balancing robots on balance beams. The game, along with the required set of tasks, changes annually. While teams are given a kit of a standard set of parts during the annual Kickoff, they are also allowed and encouraged to buy or fabricate specialized parts. FIRST Robotics Competition is one of five robotics competition programs organized by FIRST, the other four being FIRST LEGO League Discover, FIRST LEGO League Explore, FIRST LEGO League Challenge, and FIRST Tech Challenge.
The culture of FIRST Robotics Competition is built around two values. "Gracious Professionalism" embraces the competition inherent in the program but rejects trash talk and chest-thumping, instead embracing empathy and respect for other teams. "Coopertition" emphasizes that teams can cooperate and compete at the same time. The goal of the program is to inspire students to be science and technology leaders.
2022 was the 31st year of the competition. 3,225 teams, including more than 80,000 students and 25,000 mentors from 26 countries, built robots. The 2022 season included 58 Regional Competitions, 90 District Qualifying Competitions, and 11 Di
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate%20of%20Scotland
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The climate of Scotland is mostly temperate and oceanic (Köppen climate classification Cfb), and tends to be very changeable, but rarely extreme. It is warmed by the Gulf Stream from the Atlantic, and given its northerly latitude it is much warmer than areas on similar latitudes, for example Kamchatka in Russia or Labrador in Canada (where the sea freezes over in winter), or Fort McMurray, Canada (where is not uncommon during winter). Scots sometimes describe weather which is grey and gloomy using the Scots language word dreich.
Temperature
Scotland occupies the cooler northern section of Great Britain, so temperatures are generally lower than in the rest of the British Isles, with the coldest ever UK temperature of recorded at Braemar in the Grampian Mountains, on 10 January 1982 and also at Altnaharra, Highland, on 30 December 1995. Winters in Scotland have an average low of around , with summer maximum temperatures averaging . In general, the western coastal areas of Scotland are warmer than the east and inland areas, due to the influence of the Atlantic currents, and the colder surface temperatures of the North Sea. The highest official temperature recorded was in Charterhall, Scottish Borders on 19 July 2022.
For the last 100 years, the coldest winter was in 1963 (average temperature ) and the mildest was in 1989 (average ). The warmest summer was in 2003 (average ) and the coolest was in 1922 (average ).
Rainfall
Rainfall totals vary widely across Scotland— the
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euler%27s%20theorem%20in%20geometry
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In geometry, Euler's theorem states that the distance d between the circumcenter and incenter of a triangle is given by
or equivalently
where and denote the circumradius and inradius respectively (the radii of the circumscribed circle and inscribed circle respectively). The theorem is named for Leonhard Euler, who published it in 1765. However, the same result was published earlier by William Chapple in 1746.
From the theorem follows the Euler inequality:
which holds with equality only in the equilateral case.
Stronger version of the inequality
A stronger version is
where , , and are the side lengths of the triangle.
Euler's theorem for the escribed circle
If and denote respectively the radius of the escribed circle opposite to the vertex and the distance between its center and the center of
the circumscribed circle, then .
Euler's inequality in absolute geometry
Euler's inequality, in the form stating that, for all triangles inscribed in a given circle, the maximum of the radius of the inscribed circle is reached for the equilateral triangle and only for it, is valid in absolute geometry.
See also
Fuss' theorem for the relation among the same three variables in bicentric quadrilaterals
Poncelet's closure theorem, showing that there is an infinity of triangles with the same two circles (and therefore the same R, r, and d)
List of triangle inequalities
References
External links
Articles containing proofs
Triangle inequalities
Theorems about triangles and ci
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio%20noise
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In radio reception, radio noise (commonly referred to as radio static) is unwanted random radio frequency electrical signals, fluctuating voltages, always present in a radio receiver in addition to the desired radio signal. Radio noise near in frequency to the radio signal being received (in the receiver's passband) interferes with it in the receiver's circuits. Radio noise is a combination of natural electromagnetic atmospheric noise ("spherics", static) created by electrical processes in the atmosphere like lightning, manmade radio frequency interference (RFI) from other electrical devices picked up by the receiver's antenna, and thermal noise present in the receiver input circuits, caused by the random thermal motion of molecules.
The level of noise determines the maximum sensitivity and reception range of a radio receiver; if no noise were picked up with radio signals, even weak transmissions could be received at virtually any distance by making a radio receiver that was sensitive enough. With noise present, if a radio source is so weak and far away that the radio signal in the receiver has a lower amplitude than the average noise, the noise will drown out the signal. The level of noise in a communications circuit is measured by the signal-to-noise ratio (S/N), the ratio of the average amplitude of the signal voltage to the average amplitude of the noise voltage. When this ratio is below one (0 dB) the noise is greater than the signal, requiring special processing to re
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proposition%2071
|
Proposition 71 may refer to:
2004 California Proposition 71, a California voter initiative to support stem cell research
2014 Washington, D.C. Initiative 71, a Washington, D.C. voter initiative to legalize recreational marijuana
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trek%20Nation
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Trek Nation is a 2011 documentary film directed by Scott Colthorp examining the positive impact that Star Trek and creator Gene Roddenberry may have had on people's lives as seen through the eyes of his son, Eugene "Rod" Roddenberry, Jr. It includes interviews with castmembers and crew from all five Star Trek incarnations as well as with various fans and celebrities who were markedly influenced by the show while growing up. Rod Roddenberry also visits Skywalker Ranch to learn about the influence Star Trek had on George Lucas. The film premiered on November 30, 2011 on Science.
Production
The documentary was conceived in 2001, although Rod Roddenberry said in interviews that the concept began with the death of his father, Gene Roddenberry, in 1991. He stated that the film was based on discovering his father rather than Star Trek in general. It was shot by Rod Roddenberry between 2001 and 2010, he said that "I'd never done a documentary before. This was 10 years of trying to figure out what to do. We made mistakes all the way." Trek Nation was produced by Roddenberry Entertainment and New Animal Productions, with Roddenberry, Trevor Roth and Nicole Rittenmeyer as executive producers.
It was created as an antithesis to the 1997 documentary Trekkies, and was intended not to concentrate as heavily on costumed fans of Star Trek.
Trek Nation was first broadcast in the United States on the television channel Science on November 30, 2011. It was first broadcast in the United Kingdo
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glucocerebrosidase
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β-Glucocerebrosidase (also called acid β-glucosidase, D-glucosyl-N-acylsphingosine glucohydrolase, or GCase) is an enzyme with glucosylceramidase activity () that cleaves by hydrolysis the β-glycosidic linkage of the chemical glucocerebroside, an intermediate in glycolipid metabolism that is abundant in cell membranes (particularly skin cells). It is localized in the lysosome, where it remains associated with the lysosomal membrane. β-Glucocerebrosidase is 497 amino acids in length and has a molecular mass of 59,700 Da.
Structure
β-Glucocerebrosidase is a member of the glycoside hydrolase family 30 and consists of three distinct domains (I-III). Domain I (residues 1–27 and 383–414) forms a three-stranded anti-parallel β-sheet. This domain contains two disulfide bridges that are necessary for correct folding, as well as a glycosylated residue (Asn19) that is required for catalytic activity in vivo. Domain II (residues 30–75 and 431–497) consists of two β-sheets that resemble an immunoglobulin fold. Domain III (residues 76–381 and 416–430) is homologous to a TIM barrel and is a highly conserved domain among glycoside hydrolases. Domain III harbors the active site, which binds the substrate glucocerebroside in close proximity to the catalytic residues E340 and E235. Domains I and III are tightly associated, while domains II and III are joined by a disordered linker.
Mechanism
Crystal structures indicate that β-glucocerebrosidase binds the glucose moiety and adjacent O-glyco
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Degradative%20enzyme
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A degradative enzyme is an enzyme (in a broader sense a protein) which degrades biological molecules. Some examples of degradative enzymes:
Lipase, which digests lipids,
Carbohydrases, which digest carbohydrates (e.g., sugars),
Proteases, which digest proteins,
Nucleases, which digest nucleic acids.
Cathelicidins, antimicrobial polypeptides found in lysosomes.
References
See also
Hydrolase
Enzymes
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glucocerebroside
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Glucocerebroside (also called glucosylceramide) is any of the cerebrosides in which the monosaccharide head group is glucose.
Clinical significance
In Gaucher's disease, the enzyme glucocerebrosidase is nonfunctional and cannot break down glucocerebroside into glucose and ceramide in the lysosome. Affected macrophages, called Gaucher cells, have a distinct appearance similar to "wrinkled tissue paper" under light microscopy, because the substrates build-up within the lysosome.
See also
Glucosylceramide synthase
Gaucher's disease
Glucocerebrosidase
References
External links
Glycolipids
Carbohydrates
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile%20Warfare
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Mobile warfare () is a military strategy of the People’s Republic of China employing conventional forces on fluid fronts with units maneuvering to exploit opportunities for tactical surprise, or where a local superiority of forces can be realized. One of early CCP leader Mao Zedong's three forms of warfare (), mobile warfare was the primary form of warfare used by Chinese communist forces from the early 1930s to the conclusion of the Chinese Civil War. Mao's other two defined forms of warfare, guerrilla warfare () and positional warfare (), were less frequently employed.
The most notable example of Chinese mobile warfare was the Long March, a massive military retreat in which Mao marched in circles in Guizhou until he had confused the vastly larger armies pursuing him, and was then able to slip through Yunnan and Sichuan, although the retreat was completed by only one-tenth of the force that left for the Long March at Jiangxi. A sensible comparison would be Robert E. Lee's surrender at Appomattox Court House, though he was never outnumbered to the degree Mao regularly was.
The Chinese People's Volunteer Army's first five campaigns in the Korean War were characterized by a strategy of mobile warfare, in which the PVA encircled the enemy through maneuvers and sought to annihilate the enemy. Then it entered a stage of positional warfare, when both the PVA and UN forces fought to a stalemate along the 38th parallel north.
See also
Tunnel war
References
Sources
Seeking Truth
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leukemia%20inhibitory%20factor
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Leukemia inhibitory factor, or LIF, is an interleukin 6 class cytokine that affects cell growth by inhibiting differentiation. When LIF levels drop, the cells differentiate.
Function
LIF derives its name from its ability to induce the terminal differentiation of myeloid leukemic cells, thus preventing their continued growth. Other properties attributed to the cytokine include: the growth promotion and cell differentiation of different types of target cells, influence on bone metabolism, cachexia, neural development, embryogenesis and inflammation. p53 regulated LIF has been shown to facilitate implantation in the mouse model and possibly in humans. It has been suggested that recombinant human LIF might help to improve the implantation rate in women with unexplained infertility.
Binding/activation
LIF binds to the specific LIF receptor (LIFR-α) which forms a heterodimer with a specific subunit common to all members of that family of receptors, the GP130 signal transducing subunit. This leads to activation of the JAK/STAT (Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription) and MAPK (mitogen activated protein kinase) cascades.
Expression
LIF is normally expressed in the trophectoderm of the developing embryo, with its receptor LIFR expressed throughout the inner cell mass. As embryonic stem cells are derived from the inner cell mass at the blastocyst stage, removing them from the inner cell mass also removes their source of LIF. Recombinant LIF has been produced
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM%207070
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IBM 7070 is a decimal-architecture intermediate data-processing system that was introduced by IBM in 1958. It was part of the IBM 700/7000 series, and was based on discrete transistors rather than the vacuum tubes of the 1950s. It was the company's first transistorized stored-program computer.
The 7070 was expected to be a "common successor to at least the 650 and the 705". The 7070 was not designed to be instruction set compatible with the 650, as the latter had a second jump address in every instruction to allow optimal use of the drum, something unnecessary and wasteful in a computer with random-access core memory. As a result, a simulator was needed to run old programs. The 7070 was also marketed as an IBM 705 upgrade, but failed miserably due to its incompatibilities, including an inability to fully represent the 705 character set; forcing IBM to quickly introduce the IBM 7080 as a "transistorized IBM 705" that was fully compatible.
The 7070 series stored data in words containing 10 decimal digits plus a sign. Digits were encoded using a two-out-of-five code. Characters were represented by a two-digit code. The machine shipped with 5,000 or 9,990 words of core memory and the CPU speed was about 27KIPS. A typical system was leased for $17,400 per month or could be purchased for $813,000.
The 7070 weighed .
Later systems in this series were the faster IBM 7074 introduced in July 1960
and the IBM 7072 (1961), a less expensive system using the slower 7330 instead of 729
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaussian%20surface
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A Gaussian surface is a closed surface in three-dimensional space through which the flux of a vector field is calculated; usually the gravitational field, electric field, or magnetic field. It is an arbitrary closed surface (the boundary of a 3-dimensional region ) used in conjunction with Gauss's law for the corresponding field (Gauss's law, Gauss's law for magnetism, or Gauss's law for gravity) by performing a surface integral, in order to calculate the total amount of the source quantity enclosed; e.g., amount of gravitational mass as the source of the gravitational field or amount of electric charge as the source of the electrostatic field, or vice versa: calculate the fields for the source distribution.
For concreteness, the electric field is considered in this article, as this is the most frequent type of field the surface concept is used for.
Gaussian surfaces are usually carefully chosen to exploit symmetries of a situation to simplify the calculation of the surface integral. If the Gaussian surface is chosen such that for every point on the surface the component of the electric field along the normal vector is constant, then the calculation will not require difficult integration as the constants which arise can be taken out of the integral. It is defined as the closed surface in three dimensional space by which the flux of vector field be calculated.
Common Gaussian surfaces
Most calculations using Gaussian surfaces begin by implementing Gauss's law (for electr
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta-lactoglobulin
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β-Lactoglobulin (BLG) is the major whey protein of cow and sheep's milk (~3 g/L), and is also present in many other mammalian species; a notable exception being humans. Its structure, properties and biological role have been reviewed many times. BLG is considered to be a milk allergen.
Function
The major protein in whey is β-lactoglobulin, followed by α-lactalbumin (β-lactoglobulin ≈ 65%, α-lactalbumin ≈ 25%, serum albumin ≈ 8%, other ≈ 2%). β-lactoglobulin is a lipocalin protein, and can bind many hydrophobic molecules, suggesting a role in their transport. β-lactoglobulin has also been shown to be able to bind iron via siderophores and thus might have a role in combating pathogens. Upon ingestion BLG is able to shuttle complexed iron into human immune cells, thereby providing micronutrition to these cells and participating in immune tolerance. A homologue of β-lactoglobulin is lacking in human breast milk.
Structure
Several variants have been identified, the main ones in the cow being labelled A and B. Because of its abundance and ease of purification, it has been subjected to a wide range of biophysical studies. Its structure has been determined several times by X-ray crystallography and NMR. β-lactoglobulin is of direct interest to the food industry since its properties can variously be advantageous or disadvantageous in dairy products and processing.
Bovine β-lactoglobulin is a relatively small protein of 162 residues, with an 18.4 kDa. In physiologica
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Across
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Across may refer to:
Technology and engineering
Across Language Server, a software platform
ACROSS Project, an R&D project in social robotics
Suzuki Across (motorcycle), a motorcycle manufactured by Suzuki
Suzuki Across (crossover), an automobile based on the Toyota RAV4
Arts and entertainment
Across Entertainment, a Japanese voice-acting agency
Across, a musical project of American rapper Lil Ugly Mane
Across, a 2014 EP by Kilo Kish
ACROSS, a fictional secret organization which is the subject of the manga and anime series Excel Saga
See also
Accross, a short name of Accrington and Rossendale College
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixed
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Mixed is the past tense of mix.
Mixed may refer to:
Mixed (United Kingdom ethnicity category), an ethnicity category that has been used by the United Kingdom's Office for National Statistics since the 2001 Census
Music
Mixed (album), a compilation album of two avant-garde jazz sessions featuring performances by the Cecil Taylor Unit and the Roswell Rudd Sextet
See also
Mix (disambiguation)
Mixed breed, an animal whose family are from different breeds or species
Mixed ethnicity, a person who is of multiracial descent
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolaas%20Kuiper
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Nicolaas Hendrik Kuiper (; 28 June 1920 – 12 December 1994) was a Dutch mathematician, known for Kuiper's test and proving Kuiper's theorem. He also contributed to the Nash embedding theorem.
Kuiper studied at University of Leiden in 1937-41, and worked as a secondary school teacher of mathematics in Dordrecht in 1942-47. He completed his Ph.D. in differential geometry from the University of Leiden in 1946 under the supervision of Willem van der Woude. In 1947 he came to the United States at the invitation of Oscar Veblen, where he stayed at the Institute for Advanced Study for one year as Veblen's assistant, and the second year as member of the IAS, meeting Shiing-Shen Chern, and he also went to the University of Michigan at Ann Arbor. In February to June 1954, he went for a second time to Ann Arbor where he met Raoul Bott and his student Stephen Smale. In 1950 he was appointed professor of mathematics (and statistics) at the Agricultural University of Wageningen.
In 1957, he was notably one of the six participants to the first Arbeitstagung, an informal seminar animated by Friedrich Hirzebruch, which later became very popular among mathematicians; he saw at this occasion Alexander Grothendieck presenting his first revolutionary works in algebraic geometry. In 1960 he visited Northwestern University in Evanston for half a year.
He became professor of pure mathematics at the University of Amsterdam in 1962. In 1969-70 he made a second visit at the Institute for Advanced St
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levenshtein%20automaton
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In computer science, a Levenshtein automaton for a string w and a number n is a finite-state automaton that can recognize the set of all strings whose Levenshtein distance from w is at most n. That is, a string x is in the formal language recognized by the Levenshtein automaton if and only if x can be transformed into w by at most n single-character insertions, deletions, and substitutions.
Applications
Levenshtein automata may be used for spelling correction, by finding words in a given dictionary that are close to a misspelled word. In this application, once a word is identified as being misspelled, its Levenshtein automaton may be constructed, and then applied to all of the words in the dictionary to determine which ones are close to the misspelled word. If the dictionary is stored in compressed form as a trie, the time for this algorithm (after the automaton has been constructed) is proportional to the number of nodes in the trie, significantly faster than using dynamic programming to compute the Levenshtein distance separately for each dictionary word.
It is also possible to find words in a regular language, rather than a finite dictionary, that are close to a given target word, by computing the Levenshtein automaton for the word, and then using a Cartesian product construction to combine it with an automaton for the regular language, giving an automaton for the intersection language. Alternatively, rather than using the product construction, both the Levenshtein autom
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piaggio%20P.XI
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The Piaggio P.XI was an Italian 14-cylinder radial aircraft engine. The P.XI was a licensed derivative of the French Gnome-Rhône Mistral Major 14K produced in Italy.
Further development led to the P.XIX. This featured an increased compression ratio from 6:1 to 7:1 and an rpm increase from 2,400 to 2,600.
Variants
P.XI
P.XIbis
P.XI R.C.15 (geared, rated altitude )
P.XI R.C.30 (geared, rated altitude )
P.XI R.C.40D
P.XI R.C.40S (geared, rated altitude ), opposite rotation to 40D.
P.XI R.C.40bis (geared, rated altitude )
P.XI R.2C.40, (geared, rated altitude ), two-speed supercharger.
P.XI C.40 (direct drive, rated altitude )
P.XI R.C.44 (geared, rated altitude )
P.XI R.C.50 (geared, rated altitude )
P.XI R.C.60 (geared, rated altitude )
P.XI R.C.72 (geared, rated altitude )
P.XI R.C.l00
P.XI R.C.100/2v (geared, rated altitude )
Applications
Breda Ba.65
Breda Ba.88
CANT Z.516
CANT Z.1007
Caproni Ca.135
Caproni Ca.161
Reggiane Re 2000
Saab 17C
Savoia-Marchetti SM.79B
Savoia-Marchetti SM.84
Specifications (P.XI R.C.40)
See also
References
Notes
Bibliography
Gunston, Bill. World Encyclopedia of Aero Engines. Cambridge, England. Patrick Stephens Limited, 1989.
1930s aircraft piston engines
Aircraft air-cooled radial piston engines
P.XI
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kestrel
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The term kestrel (from , derivative from , i.e. ratchet) is the common name given to several species of predatory birds from the falcon genus Falco. Kestrels are most easily distinguished by their typical hunting behaviour which is to hover at a height of around over open country and swoop down on ground prey, usually small mammals, lizards or large insects, while other falcons are more adapted for active hunting during flight.
Description
Most species termed kestrels appear to form a distinct clade among the falcons, as suggested by comparison of mtDNA cytochrome b sequence data and morphology. This seems to have diverged from other Falco around the Miocene–Pliocene boundary (Messinian to Zanclean, or about 7–3.5 mya). The most basal "true" kestrels are three species from Africa and its surroundings which lack a malar stripe, and in one case have—like other falcons but unlike other true kestrels—large areas of grey in their wings.
Approximately during the Gelasian age (Late Pliocene or Early Pleistocene, around 2.5–2 mya), the main lineage of true kestrels emerged; this contains the species characterized by a malar stripe. This too seems to have evolved in Africa and subsequently spread across the Old World until they reached Australia some time during the Middle Pleistocene, less than one million years ago. This group contains several taxa found on Indian Ocean islands. A group of three predominantly grey species from Africa and Madagascar are usually considered kestre
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mr.%20Five%20by%20Five
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"Mr. Five by Five" is a 1942 popular song by Don Raye and Gene DePaul, that describes a heavyset man who is "five feet tall and five feet wide". The person highlighted by the song was Jimmy Rushing, the featured vocalist of Count Basie's Orchestra from 1935 to 1948.
Ella Mae Morse with Freddie Slack and His Orchestra had a hit recording with the song in 1942 (Capitol 115); it was number one on the Harlem Hit Parade for two non-consecutive weeks.
Other versions
"Mr. Five by Five" has also been performed by others:
Later in 1942, Harry James and His Orchestra (vocal by Helen Forrest) with a best-selling platter on the Columbia label; it appeared on Variety's 10 Best Sellers on Coin Machines in December 1942.
Harmony Sisters, Thore Ehrling's Orchestra. Recorded in Stockholm on August 31, 1943. Released on the 78 rpm Telefunken A-5359 in Sweden and Telefunken T-8508 in Norway. The A side was "I'm Coming Home, Virginia".
Harry Parry on Crazy Rhythm, recorded by Harry Parry's Radio Rhythm Club Sextet.
The Humphrey Lyttelton Big Band with Jimmy Rushing, Upbeat (URCD174)
The Andrews Sisters recorded the song on July 22, 1942 for Decca Records (catalog No. DECCA-18470B). This reached No. 14 in the Billboard chart.
Imelda May on the soundtrack to the 2013 film, Gangster Squad.
Song in popular culture
The song was introduced in the motion pictures Behind the Eight Ball (when it was performed by Grace McDonald) and Who Done It?, both of which were 1942 Universal Pictures releases.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon%20filtering
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Carbon filtering is a method of filtering that uses a bed of activated carbon to remove impurities from a fluid using adsorption.
Mechanism
Carbon filtering works by adsorption, in which pollutants in the fluid to be treated are trapped inside the pore structure of a carbon substrate. The substrate is made of many carbon granules, each of which is itself highly porous. As a result, the substrate has a large surface area within which contaminants can be trapped. Activated carbon is typically used in filters, as it has been treated to have a much higher surface area than non treated carbon. One gram of activated carbon has a surface area in excess of 3,000 m2 (32,000 sq ft).
Common uses
Carbon filtering is commonly used for water purification, air filtering and industrial gas processing, for example the removal of siloxanes and hydrogen sulfide from biogas. It is also used in a number of other applications, including respirator masks, the purification of sugarcane, some methods of coffee decaffeination, and in the recovery of precious metals, especially gold. It is also used in cigarette filters and in the EVAP used in cars.
When filtering water, charcoal carbon filters are most effective at removing chlorine, particles such as sediment, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), taste and odor. They are not effective at removing minerals, salts, and dissolved inorganic substances.
Specifications
Each carbon filter is typically given a micron rating that specifies the size of par
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steel%20Bank%20Common%20Lisp
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Steel Bank Common Lisp (SBCL) is a free Common Lisp implementation that features a high-performance native compiler, Unicode support and threading.
The name "Steel Bank Common Lisp" is a reference to Carnegie Mellon University Common Lisp from which SBCL forked: Andrew Carnegie made his fortune in the steel industry and Andrew Mellon was a successful banker.
History
SBCL descends from CMUCL (created at Carnegie Mellon University), which is itself descended from Spice Lisp, including early implementations for the Mach operating system on the IBM RT PC, and the Three Rivers Computing Corporation PERQ computer, in the 1980s.
William Newman originally announced SBCL as a variant of CMUCL in December 1999. The main point of divergence at the time was a clean bootstrapping procedure: CMUCL requires an already compiled executable binary of itself to compile the CMUCL source code, whereas SBCL supported bootstrapping from theoretically any ANSI-compliant Common Lisp implementation.
SBCL became a SourceForge project in September 2000. The original rationale for the fork was to continue the initial work done by Newman without destabilizing CMUCL which was at the time already a mature and much-used implementation. The forking was amicable, and there have since then been significant flows of code and other cross-pollination between the two projects.
Since then SBCL has attracted several developers, been ported to multiple hardware architectures and operating systems, and undergone
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racket%20%28programming%20language%29
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Racket is a general-purpose, multi-paradigm programming language and a multi-platform distribution that includes the Racket language, compiler, large standard library, IDE, development tools, and a set of additional languages including Typed Racket (a sister language of Racket with a static type-checker), Swindle, FrTime, Lazy Racket, R5RS & R6RS Scheme, Scribble, Datalog, Racklog, Algol 60 and several teaching languages.
The Racket language is a modern dialect of Lisp and a descendant of Scheme. It is designed as a platform for programming language design and implementation. In addition to the core Racket language, Racket is also used to refer to the family of programming languages and set of tools supporting development on and with Racket. Racket is also used for scripting, computer science education, and research.
The Racket platform provides an implementation of the Racket language (including a runtime system, libraries, and compiler supporting several compilation modes: machine code, machine-independent, interpreted, and JIT) along with the DrRacket integrated development environment (IDE) written in Racket. Racket is used by the ProgramByDesign outreach program, which aims to turn computer science into "an indispensable part of the liberal arts curriculum".
The core Racket language is known for its extensive macro system which enables creating embedded and domain-specific languages, language constructs such as classes or modules, and separate dialects of Racket with
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiener%E2%80%93Khinchin%20theorem
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In applied mathematics, the Wiener–Khinchin theorem or Wiener–Khintchine theorem, also known as the Wiener–Khinchin–Einstein theorem or the Khinchin–Kolmogorov theorem, states that the autocorrelation function of a wide-sense-stationary random process has a spectral decomposition given by the power spectral density of that process.
History
Norbert Wiener proved this theorem for the case of a deterministic function in 1930; Aleksandr Khinchin later formulated an analogous result for stationary stochastic processes and published that probabilistic analogue in 1934. Albert Einstein explained, without proofs, the idea in a brief two-page memo in 1914.
The case of a continuous-time process
For continuous time, the Wiener–Khinchin theorem says that if is a wide-sense-stationary random process whose autocorrelation function (sometimes called autocovariance) defined in terms of statistical expected value, exists and is finite at every lag , then there exists a monotone function in the frequency domain , or equivalently a non negative Radon measure on the frequency domain, such that
where the integral is a Riemann–Stieltjes integral. The asterisk denotes complex conjugate, and can be omitted if the random process is real-valued. This is a kind of spectral decomposition of the auto-correlation function. F is called the power spectral distribution function and is a statistical distribution function. It is sometimes called the integrated spectrum.
The Fourier transform of d
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American%20Bureau%20of%20Shipping
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The American Bureau of Shipping (ABS) is an American maritime classification society established in 1862. Its stated mission to promote the security of life, property, and the natural environment, primarily through the development and verification of standards for the design, construction and operational maintenance of marine and offshore assets.
ABS's core business is providing global classification services to the marine, offshore, and gas industries. As of 2020, ABS was the second largest class society with a classed fleet of over 12,000 commercial vessels and offshore facilities. ABS develops its standards and technical specifications, known collectively as the ABS Rules & Guides. These Rules form the basis for assessing the design and construction of new vessels and the integrity of existing vessels and marine structures.
History
ABS was first chartered in the state of New York in 1862 as the American Shipmasters’ Association (ASA) to certify qualified ship captains, or shipmasters, for safe ship operations during the Civil War. While ASA's certificates were not an official requirement for shipmasters, the certificate served as a recommendation for shipowners. Vessels that sailed with a certified ASA shipmaster were more likely to find favorable insurance coverage.
The ASA published its first technical standards, Rules for Survey and Classing Wooden Vessels, in 1870. In the late 19th century, wooden ships became obsolete and gave way to iron as a shipbuilding materi
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supersingular%20variety
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In mathematics, a supersingular variety is (usually) a smooth projective variety in nonzero characteristic such that for all n the slopes of the Newton polygon of the nth crystalline cohomology are all n/2 . For special classes of varieties such as elliptic curves it is common to use various ad hoc definitions of "supersingular", which are (usually) equivalent to the one given above.
The term "singular elliptic curve" (or "singular j-invariant") was at one times used to refer to complex elliptic curves whose ring of endomorphisms has rank 2, the maximum possible. Helmut Hasse discovered that, in finite characteristic, elliptic curves can have larger rings of endomorphisms of rank 4, and these were called "supersingular elliptic curves". Supersingular elliptic curves can also be characterized by the slopes of their crystalline cohomology, and the term "supersingular" was later extended to other varieties whose cohomology has similar properties. The terms "supersingular" or "singular" do not mean that the variety has singularities.
Examples include:
Supersingular elliptic curve. Elliptic curves in non-zero characteristic with an unusually large ring of endomorphisms of rank 4.
Supersingular Abelian variety Sometimes defined to be an abelian variety isogenous to a product of supersingular elliptic curves, and sometimes defined to be an abelian variety of some rank g whose endomorphism ring has rank (2g)2.
Supersingular K3 surface. Certain K3 surfaces in non-zero characteri
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collidine
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Collidine is the trivial name used to describe the chemical compounds which are trimethyl derivatives of pyridine. Their chemical properties resemble those of pyridine, although the presence of the methyl groups may prohibit some of the more straightforward reactions. Collidine comes in several isomers:
2,3,4-Collidine (2,3,4-trimethylpyridine)
2,3,5-Collidine (2,3,5-trimethylpyridine)
2,3,6-Collidine (2,3,6-trimethylpyridine)
2,4,5-Collidine (2,4,5-trimethylpyridine)
2,4,6-Collidine (2,4,6-trimethylpyridine)
3,4,5-Collidine (3,4,5-trimethylpyridine)
All isomers share the molecular weight 121.18 g/mol and the chemical formula C8H11N.
Pyridines
Amines
Amine solvents
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepcidin
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Hepcidin is a protein that in humans is encoded by the HAMP gene. Hepcidin is a key regulator of the entry of iron into the circulation in mammals.
During conditions in which the hepcidin level is abnormally high, such as inflammation, serum iron falls due to iron trapping within macrophages and liver cells and decreased gut iron absorption. This typically leads to anemia due to an inadequate amount of serum iron being available for developing red blood cells. When the hepcidin level is abnormally low such as in hemochromatosis, iron overload occurs due to increased ferroportin mediated iron efflux from storage and increased gut iron absorption.
Structure
Hepcidin exists as a preprohormone (84 amino acids), prohormone (60 amino acids), and hormone (25 amino acids). Twenty- and 22-amino acid metabolites of hepcidin also exist in the urine. Deletion of 5 N-terminal amino acids results in loss of function. The conversion of prohepcidin to hepcidin is mediated by the prohormone convertase furin. This conversion may be regulated by alpha-1 antitrypsin.
Hepcidin is a tightly folded polypeptide with 32% beta sheet character and a hairpin structure stabilized by 4 disulfide bonds. The structure of hepcidin has been determined through solution NMR. NMR studies showed a new model for hepcidin: at ambient temperatures, the protein interconverts between two conformations, which could be individually resolved by temperature variation. The solution structure of hepcidin was determine
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K562%20cells
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K562 cells were the first human immortalised myelogenous leukemia cell line to be established. K562 cells are of the erythroleukemia type, and the cell line is derived from a 53-year-old female chronic myelogenous leukemia patient in blast crisis. The cells are non-adherent and rounded, are positive for the bcr:abl fusion gene, and bear some proteomic resemblance to both undifferentiated granulocytes and erythrocytes.
In culture they exhibit much less clumping than many other suspension lines, presumably due to the downregulation of surface adhesion molecules by bcr:abl. However, another study suggests that bcr:abl over-expression may actually increase cell adherence to cell culture plastic. K562 cells can spontaneously develop characteristics similar to early-stage erythrocytes, granulocytes and monocytes and are easily killed by natural killer cells as they lack the MHC complex required to inhibit NK activity. They also lack any trace of Epstein-Barr virus and other herpesviruses. In addition to the Philadelphia chromosome they also exhibit a second reciprocal translocation between the long arm of chromosome 15 with chromosome 17.
Two sub-lines are available which express MHC class-I A2 and A3.
K562 cells are part of the NCI-60 cancer cell line panel used by the National Cancer Institute.
K562 cell cycle and regulation
Many factors and components play a role in the cell cycle of K562 cells in terms of growth, cell differentiation, and apoptosis. The growth of these le
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced%20statistics%20in%20basketball
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Advanced statistics (also known as analytics or APBRmetrics) in basketball refers to the analysis of basketball statistics using objective evidence. APBRmetrics takes its name from the acronym APBR, which stands for the Association for Professional Basketball Research.
According to The Sporting News, the APBRmetrics message board was "the birthplace of basketball analytics".
Advanced basketball statistics include effective field goal percentage (eFG%), true shooting percentage (TS%), (on-court/off-court) plus–minus, real plus/minus (RPM), and player efficiency rating (PER).
A more complete explanation of basketball analytics is available in "A Starting Point for Analyzing Basketball Statistics" in the Journal of Quantitative Analysis in Sports.
Notable basketball analytics practitioners
The field of basketball analytics practitioners includes, but is not limited to, the following individuals:
John Hollinger authored four books in the Pro Basketball Forecast/Prospectus series and was a regular columnist for ESPN Insider. He is a former vice president of basketball operations for the Memphis Grizzlies.
Justin Kubatko created and maintained the website Basketball-Reference.com, the pro basketball arm of Sports Reference LLC, until 2013. During Kubatko's tenure, Sports Reference was named one of the 50 best websites of 2010 by Time magazine.
Dean Oliver, "one of the godfathers of NBA analytics", is a former Division Three player and assistant coach at Cal Tech. He is a
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferroportin
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Ferroportin-1, also known as solute carrier family 40 member 1 (SLC40A1) or iron-regulated transporter 1 (IREG1), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SLC40A1 gene, and is part of the Ferroportin (Fpn) Family (TC# 2.A.100). Ferroportin is a transmembrane protein that transports iron from the inside of a cell to the outside of the cell. Ferroportin is the only known iron exporter.
After dietary iron is absorbed into the cells of the small intestine, ferroportin allows that iron to be transported out of those cells and into the bloodstream. Fpn also mediates the efflux of iron recycled from macrophages resident in the spleen and liver.
Ferroportin is regulated by hepcidin, a hormone produced by the liver; hepcidin binds to Fpn and limits its iron-efflux activity, thereby reducing iron delivery to the blood plasma. Therefore, the interaction between Fpn and hepcidin controls systemic iron homeostasis.
Structure and function
Members of the ferroportin family consist of 400-800 amino acid residues, with a highly conserved histidine at residue position 32 (H32), and exhibit 8-12 putative transmembrane domains. Human Fpn consists of 571 amino acid residues. When H32 is mutated in mice, iron transport activity is impaired.
Recent crystal structures generated from a bacterial homologue of ferroportin (from Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus) revealed that the Fpn structure resembles that of major facilitator superfamily (MFS) transporters. The prospective substrate binding site
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C.%20V.%20Boys
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Sir Charles Vernon Boys, FRS (15 March 1855 – 30 March 1944) was a British physicist, known for his careful and innovative experimental work in the fields of thermodynamics and high-speed photography, and as a popular science communicator through his books, inventions, and his public lectures for children.
Early life
Boys was the eighth child of the Reverend Charles Boys, the Anglican vicar of Wing, Rutland. He was educated at Marlborough College and the Royal School of Mines, where he learned physics from Frederick Guthrie and taught himself higher mathematics while completing a degree in mining and metallurgy. As a student at the School of Mines he invented a mechanical device (which he called the "integraph") for plotting the integral of a function. He worked briefly in the coal industry before accepting Guthrie's offer of a position as "demonstrator."
Experimental physics
Boys achieved recognition as a scientist for his invention of the fused quartz fibre torsion balance, which allowed him to measure extremely small forces. He made the fused quartz fibres for his instrument by attaching a quartz rod to a crossbow quarrel, heating the rod to the point of melting, and shooting the crossbow. By this means he produced fibre so thin that it could not be resolved with an optical microscope.
Boys used the quartz fibre torsion balance to produce a radiomicrometer capable of responding to the light of a single candle more than one mile away, and used that device for astrono
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban%20unit
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In France, an urban unit (fr: "unité urbaine") is a statistical area defined by INSEE, the French national statistics office, for the measurement of contiguously built-up areas. According to the INSEE definition , an "unité urbaine" is a commune alone or a grouping of communes which: a) form a single unbroken spread of urban development, with no distance between habitations greater than 200 m and b) have all together a population greater than 2,000 inhabitants. Communes not belonging to an unité urbaine are considered rural.
The French unité urbaine is a statistical area in accordance with United Nations recommendations for the measurement of contiguously built-up areas. Other comparable units in other countries are the United States "Urbanized Area" and the "urban area" definition shared by Canada and the United Kingdom. The French aire d'attraction d'une ville is equivalent to the functional urban area as defined by Eurostat, and represents a population and employment centre (urban cluster) and its commuting zone. The zoning into unités urbaines and aires d'attraction des villes was last revised in 2020.
French urban units with over 200,000 inhabitants
This list shows the unités urbaines as of the 2020 revision.
See also
Functional area (France)
List of communes in France with over 20,000 inhabitants
Urban area (France)
References
Urban planning in France
Human habitats
Urban areas
INSEE concepts
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protocol%20III
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Protocol III is a 2005 amendment protocol to the Geneva Conventions relating to the Adoption of an Additional Distinctive Emblem. Under the protocol, the protective sign of the Red Crystal may be displayed by medical and religious personnel at times of war, instead of the traditional Red Cross or Red Crescent symbols. People displaying any of these protective emblems are performing a humanitarian service and must be protected by all parties to the conflict.
History
By the middle of the 19th century, modern warfare had become increasingly indiscriminate. It was not uncommon for a combat medic on the field of battle to be fired upon and to die while collecting and caring for the wounded. There was a growing recognition of the need to distinguish medical personnel from combatants, to make it easier for military commanders to avoid and protect them. Allowing each country to develop its own emblem would have led to confusion. What was needed to save lives was a single neutral emblem that all countries recognized and used equally.
The 1864 Geneva Convention establishes that a distinctive emblem should be worn by medical personnel on the field of battle as an indication of their humanitarian mission and their non-combatant status. At that time, the chosen symbol was a red cross on a white background. Muslim nations have objected to this symbol due to its resemblance to the Christian cross. As early as 1876, the Ottoman Empire introduced the Red Crescent as an alternative, less C
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ares%20Vallis
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Ares Vallis is an outflow channel on Mars, named after the Greek name for Mars: Ares, the god of war; it appears to have been carved by fluids, perhaps water. The valley 'flows' northwest out of the hilly Margaritifer Terra, where the Iani Chaos depression long and wide) is connected to the beginning of Ares Vallis by a wide transition zone centered on 342.5° East (17.5 West) and 3° North. It then continues through the ancient Xanthe Terra highlands, and ends in a delta-like region of Chryse Planitia. Ares Vallis was the landing site of NASA's Mars Pathfinder spacecraft, which studied a region of the valley near the border with Chryse in 1997.
Ares Vallis is in the Oxia Palus quadrangle of Mars.
It has been argued that Uzboi, Ladon, Margaritifer and Ares valles, although now separated by large craters, once comprised a single outflow channel, flowing north into Chryse Planitia. The source of this outflow has been suggested as overflow from the Argyre Crater, formerly filled to the brim as a lake by channels (Surius, Dzigai, and Palacopus Valles) draining down from the south pole. If real, the full length of this drainage system would be over , the longest known drainage path in the Solar System. Under this suggestion, the extant form of the outflow channel Ares Vallis would thus be a remolding of a pre-existing structure. This long path for water flow has been named the * Uzboi-Landon-Morava (ULM) system. Water from this system may have helped to form Ares Vallis.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incubator%20%28culture%29
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An incubator is a device used to grow and maintain microbiological cultures or cell cultures. The incubator maintains optimal temperature, humidity and other conditions such as the CO2 and oxygen content of the atmosphere inside. Incubators are essential for much experimental work in cell biology, microbiology and molecular biology and are used to culture both bacterial and eukaryotic cells.
An incubator is made up of a chamber with a regulated temperature. Some incubators also regulate humidity, gas composition, or ventilation within that chamber.
The simplest incubators are insulated boxes with an adjustable heater, typically going up to 60 to 65 °C (140 to 150 °F), though some can go slightly higher (generally to no more than 100 °C). The most commonly used temperature both for bacteria such as the frequently used E. coli as well as for mammalian cells is approximately 37 °C (99 °F), as these organisms grow well under such conditions. For other organisms used in biological experiments, such as the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, a growth temperature of 30 °C (86 °F) is optimal.
More elaborate incubators can also include the ability to lower the temperature (via refrigeration), or the ability to control humidity or CO2 levels. This is important in the cultivation of mammalian cells, where the relative humidity is typically >80% to prevent evaporation and a slightly acidic pH is achieved by maintaining a CO2 level of 5%.
History of the laboratory incubator
From
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lotus%20Europa%20S
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The Lotus Europa S (Type 121) is a two-seat mid-engine sports car, designed to be a more toned down and comfortable variant of the driver focused Lotus Elise and its derivative, the Exige. The Europa S is a modern version of the Europa line of the 1960s and 1970s.
The Europa S features a larger boot (trunk), greater sound-proofing and easier cabin access due to the lower chassis sides and higher roof line. The Europa S includes creature comforts such as air conditioning, a sound system, leather interior and interior carpeting as standard equipment reflecting its grand touring nature.
Specifications
The Europa S has a dry weight of just achieved by an extruded and bonded aluminium chassis with composite body panels and front crash structure.
The Europa S is a derivative of the Lotus Elise and Exige to the extent that the cars have variations of the same bonded aluminium chassis but the Europa bears a separate Lotus model designation (Type 121) due, in part, to its longer chassis and completely new design.
The mid-engine two-seat coupé has a 2.0 L turbocharged GM Z20LER Ecotec straight-4 engine, rated at at 5,400 rpm and of torque. coupled to the Getrag M32 6-speed manual transmission. This allows the car to accelerate from in around 5.5 seconds, and in around 13.8 seconds. The Europa S can reach a top speed of .
Europa SE
The Europa S was not a sales success. Because of this, Lotus engineering director Roger Becker took charge of the car's development programme and
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gospels%20for%20the%20Sick
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Gospels for the Sick is the first album by Scum.
The album was recorded at Crystal Canyon Studios in Oslo in one session in 2004 and released in Norway in fall 2005, in August in Europe and October in North America.
The album is noted for being a very unusual style of black metal fused with hardcore punk influences.
The album was nominated for the Alarm Awards (Norwegian music awards) in the metal category, but lost to Stonegard.
The artwork on the CD was done by Stephen O'Malley and the band photos by Sebastian Ludvigsen. The music was created by Samoth, Cosmocrator and Casey Chaos, while the lyrics were all written by Casey Chaos.
Track listing
"Protest Life" (5:16)
"Gospels for the Sick" (5:05)
"Throw Up on You" (3:15)
"Night of 1000 Deaths" (3:45)
"Truth Won't Be Sold" (3:37)
"Hate the Sane" (4:26)
"Deathpunkscumfuck" (2:07)
"Road to " (4:33)
"Backstabbers Go to Heaven" (4:12)
"The Perfect Mistake" (5:22)
The track "Bleeders", an album B-side, can be found on MySpace.
References
External links
Scum Band
2005 debut albums
Scum (band) albums
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cretaceous%20Mongolia
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Cretaceous Mongolia is one of the strangest and best preserved of all Mesozoic ecosystems. The shifting sand of what was, even then, the Gobi Desert have ensured that fossils of the animals that lived there can be found in exactly the position in which they were buried, with most of the bones together. The most notable fossil is the very well preserved remains of a Velociraptor, locked in combat with a Protoceratops, a small ceratopsian.
Dinosaurs in Mt. Altai
Mt. Altai is unusual because the comparative lack of food means that most of the dinosaurs there remained quite small, most not much bigger than a present-day person.
There were a few large dinosaurs, though. Tarbosaurus was the Mongolian equivalent of Tyrannosaurus rex and was almost as large. The large herbivores grew into many strange shapes. Therizinosaurus was a bipedal herbivore about as tall as Tarbosaurus with a long neck, small head and characteristic long claws on the hands which it used for defence and to help it browse far away trees. Small ankylosaurs were the armour-plated residents and hadrosaurs provided large prey for the carnivores.
Unusual prehistoric animals, such as the Oviraptor, fed on many of the same things that Velociraptor did. The two species often competed for food.
The Gobi Desert was often interspersed with scrubland and occasionally a dense rainforest supporting many types of plant life, insects, and small dinosaurs like Shuvuuia and Mononykus. Mononykus, Shuvuuia and the Velociraptor
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostrowski%27s%20theorem
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In number theory, Ostrowski's theorem, due to Alexander Ostrowski (1916), states that every non-trivial absolute value on the rational numbers is equivalent to either the usual real absolute value or a -adic absolute value.
Definitions
Two absolute values and on the rationals are defined to be equivalent if they induce the same topology; this can be shown to be equivalent to the existence of a positive real number such that
(Note: In general, if is an absolute value, is not necessarily an absolute value anymore; however if two absolute values are equivalent, then each is a positive power of the other.) The trivial absolute value on any field K is defined to be
The real absolute value on the rationals is the standard absolute value on the reals, defined to be
This is sometimes written with a subscript 1 instead of infinity.
For a prime number , the -adic absolute value on is defined as follows: any non-zero rational can be written uniquely as , where and are coprime integers not divisible by , and is an integer; so we define
Proof
The following proof follows the one of Theorem 10.1 in Schikhof (2007).
Let be an absolute value on the rationals. We start the proof by showing that it is entirely determined by the values it takes on prime numbers.
From the fact that and the multiplicativity property of the absolute value, we infer that . In particular, has to be 0 or 1 and since , one must have . A similar argument shows that .
For all positive
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Branched-chain%20alpha-keto%20acid%20dehydrogenase%20complex
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The branched-chain α-ketoacid dehydrogenase complex (BCKDC or BCKDH complex) is a multi-subunit complex of enzymes that is found on the mitochondrial inner membrane. This enzyme complex catalyzes the oxidative decarboxylation of branched, short-chain alpha-ketoacids. BCKDC is a member of the mitochondrial α-ketoacid dehydrogenase complex family comprising pyruvate dehydrogenase and alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase, key enzymes that function in the Krebs cycle.
Coenzymes
This complex requires the following 5 coenzymes:
Thiamine pyrophosphate
Lipoate (lipoic acid)
Coenzyme A
Flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+)
Biological function
In animal tissue, BCKDC catalyzes an irreversible step in the catabolism of the branched-chain amino acids L-isoleucine, L-valine, and L-leucine, acting on their deaminated derivatives (L-alpha-keto-beta-methylvalerate, alpha-ketoisovalerate, and alpha-ketoisocaproate, respectively) and converting them to α-Methylbutyryl-CoA, Isobutyryl-CoA and Isovaleryl-CoA respectively. In bacteria, this enzyme participates in the synthesis of branched, long-chain fatty acids. In plants, this enzyme is involved in the synthesis of branched, long-chain hydrocarbons.
The overall catabolic reaction catalyzed by the BCKDC is shown in Figure 1.
Structure
The mechanism of enzymatic catalysis by the BCKDC draws largely upon the elaborate structure of this large enzyme complex. This enzyme complex is composed of three catalytic co
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex%20Stieda
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Alexander Nicholas Ernst Stieda (born April 13, 1961) is a former professional road bicycle racer from Canada. Stieda led five classifications of the Tour de France on the second day of the 1986 Tour de France: the general classification, the mountains classification, the combination classification, the intermediate sprints classification and the young rider classification, becoming the first North American to lead the Tour de France. He finished in 120th place, in his only Tour de France, riding on the 7-Eleven - Hoonved Cycling Team. He also placed bronze in the 1982 Australian Commonwealth Games, and competed at the 1984 Summer Olympics for his native country. At the 1983 Summer Universiade he won the bronze medal in the men's individual pursuit. He also competed in the individual pursuit and points race events at the 1984 Summer Olympics. Alex is the co-founder of the Tour of Alberta professional cycling race.
Major results
1980
1st Overall Tour de l'Abitibi
1st Gastown Grand Prix
1982
3rd Individual pursuit, Commonwealth Games
1983
1st Athens Twilight Criterium
3rd Individual pursuit, Summer Universiade
1984
1st Gastown Grand Prix
1st Stage 3 Tour of Texas
1985
1st Stage 1 Coors Classic
1986
Tour de France
Held after Stage 1
1987
1st Stage 5 Tour of Texas
1988
1st Overall Tour of Texas
1st Stage 1
3rd Overall Coors Classic
1989
1st Overall Tour of Texas
1st Stage 3
1st Canadian Tire Series
7th Overall Tour de Trump
1990
1st Stage 17 International
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistics%20Denmark
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Statistics Denmark () is a Danish governmental organization under the Ministry of the Interior and Housing, reporting to the Minister of Economic and Internal Affairs. The organization is responsible for creating statistics on the Danish society, including employment statistics, trade balance, and demographics.
Statistics Denmark relies heavily on public registers for statistical production, with a particular emphasis on the Central Person Register for population statistics.
Statistics Denmark's electronic data bank (Statbank.dk) is available freely in Danish or English to any user. It contains nearly all in-house produced statistics, which can be presented as cross-tables, diagrams, or maps, and can be exported to other programs for further analysis. When new general statistics are published in News from Statistics Denmark, the same data is simultaneously released in a more detailed format through the data bank.
History
The first population census in Denmark was conducted in 1769. Statistics Denmark was founded in January 1850, following the introduction of democracy to Denmark, under the name "Statistical Bureau."
In 1966, the Danish Parliament adopted the Act on Statistics Denmark. This act changed the name of the Statistical Bureau to Statistics Denmark and granted an independent Board of Directors the responsibility to determine the institution's work program. This allowed Statistics Denmark to operate independently from government control.
The Act also provides g
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aceruloplasminemia
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Aceruloplasminemia is a rare autosomal recessive disorder in which the liver can not synthesize the protein ceruloplasmin properly, which is needed to transport copper around the blood. Copper deficiency in the brain results in neurological problems that generally appear in adulthood and worsen over time.
.
Aceruloplasminemia has been seen worldwide, but its overall prevalence is unknown. Studies in Japan have estimated that approximately 1 in 2 million adults in this population are affected.
Aceruloplasminemia belongs to the group of genetic disorders called neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation (NBIA).
Signs and symptoms
Patients with aceruloplasminemia develop a variety of movement problems. They may experience dystonia of the head and neck, resulting in repetitive movements and contortions. Other involuntary movements may also occur, such as tremors, chorea, blepharospasms, and grimacing. Affected individuals may also experience ataxia, the lack of coordination of muscle movements. Some develop psychiatric problems and midlife dementia. The type of neurological disruption corresponds to associated regions of iron deposition in the brain and liver.
In addition to neurological problems, affected individuals may have diabetes mellitus caused by iron damage to cells in the pancreas that make insulin. This impairs blood sugar regulation and leads to the signs and symptoms of diabetes.
Iron accumulation in the tissues and organs results in a corresponding iron de
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup%20I-M170
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Haplogroup I (M170) is a Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. It is a subgroup of haplogroup IJ, which itself is a derivative of the haplogroup IJK. Subclades I1 and I2 can be found in most present-day European populations, with peaks in some Northern European and Southeastern European countries.
Haplogroup I appears to have arisen in Europe, so far being found in Palaeolithic sites throughout Europe (Fu 2016), but not outside it. It diverged from common ancestor IJ* about 43,000 years B.P. (Karafet 2008). Early evidence for haplogroup J has been found in the Caucasus and Iran (Jones 2015, Fu 2016). In addition, living examples of the precursor Haplogroup IJ* have been found only in Iran, among the Mazandarani and ethnic Persians from Fars. This may indicate that IJ originated in South West Asia.
Haplogroup I has been found in multiple individuals belonging to the Gravettian culture. The Gravettians expanded westwards from the far corner of Eastern Europe, likely Russia, to Central Europe. They are associated with a genetic cluster that is normally called the Věstonice cluster.
Origins
Available evidence suggests that I-M170 was preceded into areas in which it would later become dominant by haplogroups K2a (K-M2308) and C1 (Haplogroup C-F3393). K2a and C1 have been found in the oldest sequenced male remains from Western Eurasia (dating from circa 45,000 to 35,000 years BP), such as: Ust'-Ishim man (modern west Siberia) K2a*, Oase 1 (Romania) K2a*, Kostenki 14 (south west Russia)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education%20Review
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Education Review is an open-access academic journal publishing reviews of books in the field of education. It was established in 1998 by Gene V. Glass, Nicholas Burbules (University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign), and Kate Corby (Michigan State University). The journal publishes peer-reviewed essay reviews and reviews of scholarly books. Reviews of books published in Spanish and Portuguese are also published. Reviews in English were edited by Glass (from 1998 to 2012) and co-editor Melissa Cast-Brede (University of Nebraska at Omaha). They were succeeded in 2012 by David J. Blacker (University of Delaware). Reviews in Spanish or Portuguese are edited by Gustavo Fischman (Arizona State University). Education Review publishes approximately 250 reviews each year. Education Review is currently published by the Mary Lou Fulton Teachers College at Arizona State University.
External links
Education journals
Open access journals
Academic journals established in 1998
Multilingual journals
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green-beard%20effect
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The green-beard effect is a thought experiment used in evolutionary biology to explain selective altruism among individuals of a species.
The idea of a green-beard gene was proposed by William D. Hamilton in his articles of 1964, and got the name from the example used by Richard Dawkins ("I have a green beard and I will be altruistic to anyone else with green beard") in The Selfish Gene (1976).
A green-beard effect occurs when an allele, or a set of linked alleles, produce three expressed (or phenotypic) effects:
a perceptible trait—the hypothetical "green beard"
recognition of this trait by others; and
preferential treatment of individuals with the trait by others with the trait
The carrier of the gene (or a specific allele) is essentially recognizing copies of the same gene (or a specific allele) in other individuals. Whereas kin selection involves altruism to related individuals who share genes in a non-specific way, green-beard alleles promote altruism toward individuals who share a gene that is expressed by a specific phenotypic trait. Some authors also note that the green-beard effects can include "spite" for individuals lacking the "green-beard" gene. This can have the effect of delineating a subset of organisms within a population that is characterized by members who show greater cooperation toward each other, this forming a "clique" that can be advantageous to its members who are not necessarily kin.
Green-beard effect could increase altruism on green-bear
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sentinel%20value
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In computer programming, a sentinel value (also referred to as a flag value, trip value, rogue value, signal value, or dummy data) is a special value in the context of an algorithm which uses its presence as a condition of termination, typically in a loop or recursive algorithm.
The sentinel value is a form of in-band data that makes it possible to detect the end of the data when no out-of-band data (such as an explicit size indication) is provided. The value should be selected in such a way that it is guaranteed to be distinct from all legal data values since otherwise, the presence of such values would prematurely signal the end of the data (the semipredicate problem). A sentinel value is sometimes known as an "Elephant in Cairo," due to a joke where this is used as a physical sentinel. In safe languages, most sentinel values could be replaced with option types, which enforce explicit handling of the exceptional case.
Examples
Some examples of common sentinel values and their uses:
Null character for indicating the end of a null-terminated string.
Null pointer for indicating the end of a linked list or a tree.
A set most significant bit in a stream of equally spaced data values, for example, a set 8th bit in a stream of 7-bit ASCII characters stored in 8-bit bytes indicating a special property (like inverse video, boldface or italics) or the end of the stream.
A negative integer for indicating the end of a sequence of non-negative integers.
Variants
A related practic
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Full-range%20speaker
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A full-range loudspeaker drive unit is defined as a driver which reproduces as much of the audible frequency range as possible, within the limitations imposed by the physical constraints of a specific design. The frequency range of these drivers is maximized through the use of a whizzer cone and other means. Most single driver systems, such as those in radios, or small computer speaker designs, cannot reproduce all of the audible frequencies or the entire audible audio range (i.e., sound within the range of human hearing).
Typical designs
Typically, a full-range drive unit consists of a single driver element, or voice coil, used to move and control a diaphragm. Often the cone structure includes optimizations to enhance high-frequency performance. For example, a small low-mass horn or whizzer cone can be mounted where the voice coil and diaphragm meet, thereby increasing the output at high frequencies. The shape and materials used in the cone and whizzer are highly optimized. Manufacturers strive to optimize the materials, design, and construction of each component to achieve optimal performance and audio fidelity. Advanced technologies such as neodymium magnets, voice coil cooling systems, and wave guides further enhance the speakers’ capabilities, ensuring accurate sound reproduction and minimizing distortion.
Another arrangement uses a radiating dome in place of the usual dust-cap; it is acoustically active. In most speaker drivers such dust-caps are constructed so as to
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distributed%20algorithm
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A distributed algorithm is an algorithm designed to run on computer hardware constructed from interconnected processors. Distributed algorithms are used in different application areas of distributed computing, such as telecommunications, scientific computing, distributed information processing, and real-time process control. Standard problems solved by distributed algorithms include leader election, consensus, distributed search, spanning tree generation, mutual exclusion, and resource allocation.
Distributed algorithms are a sub-type of parallel algorithm, typically executed concurrently, with separate parts of the algorithm being run simultaneously on independent processors, and having limited information about what the other parts of the algorithm are doing. One of the major challenges in developing and implementing distributed algorithms is successfully coordinating the behavior of the independent parts of the algorithm in the face of processor failures and unreliable communications links. The choice of an appropriate distributed algorithm to solve a given problem depends on both the characteristics of the problem, and characteristics of the system the algorithm will run on such as the type and probability of processor or link failures, the kind of inter-process communication that can be performed, and the level of timing synchronization between separate processes.
Standard problems
Atomic commit
An atomic commit is an operation where a set of distinct changes is appl
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstitial%20cell%20of%20Cajal
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Interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC) are interstitial cells found in the gastrointestinal tract. Before considering these cells further, it is of utmost physiological importance to consider that these cells arise, during embryonic development, from local gut mesenchyme -- NOT neural crest cells. There are different types of ICC with different functions. ICC and another type of interstitial cell, known as platelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha (PDGFRα) cells, are electrically coupled to smooth muscle cells via gap junctions, that work together as an SIP functional syncytium. Myenteric interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC-MY) serve as pacemaker cells that generate the bioelectrical events known as slow waves. Slow waves conduct to smooth muscle cells and cause phasic contractions.
The picture to the right shows an isolated Interstitial cell of Cajal from the Myenteric plexus of the mouse small intestine grown in a primary cell culture. This cell type can be characterized morphologically as having a small cell body often triangular or stellate-shaped with several long processes branching out into secondary and tertiary extensions - these processes often contact smooth muscle cells. They have contractile behaviour in both the cell body and the extended processes.
Intramuscular Interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC-IM) are involved in mediating responses to neurotransmission. All ICC in the gastrointestinal tract express calcium-activated chloride channels encoded by the gene ANO1.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD31
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Platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule (PECAM-1) also known as cluster of differentiation 31 (CD31) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PECAM1 gene found on chromosome17q23.3. PECAM-1 plays a key role in removing aged neutrophils from the body.
Structure
PECAM-1 is a highly glycosylated protein with a mass of approximately 130 kDa. The structure of this protein was determined by molecular cloning in 1990, when it was found out that PECAM-1 has N-terminal domain with 574 amino acids, transmembrane domain with 19 amino acids and C-terminal cytoplasmic domain with 118 amino acids. The N-terminal domain consists of six extracellular Ig-like domains.
Interactions
PECAM-1 is a cell-cell adhesion protein which interacts with other PECAM-1 molecules through homophilic interactions or with non-PECAM-1 molecules through heterophilic interactions. Homophilic interactions between PECAM-1 molecules are mediated by antiparallel interactions between extracellular Ig-like domain 1 and Ig-like domain 2. These interactions are regulated by the level of PECAM-1 expression. Homophilic interactions occur, only when the surface expression of PECAM-1 is high. Otherwise, when expression is low, heterophilic interactions occur.
Tissue distribution
CD31 is normally found on endothelial cells, platelets, macrophages and Kupffer cells, granulocytes, lymphocytes (T cells, B cells, and NK cells), megakaryocytes, and osteoclasts.
Immunohistochemistry
In immunohistochemistry, CD31 i
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic%20energy%20budget%20theory
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The dynamic energy budget (DEB) theory is a formal metabolic theory which provides a single quantitative framework to dynamically describe the aspects of metabolism (energy and mass budgets) of all living organisms at the individual level, based on assumptions about energy uptake, storage, and utilization of various substances. The DEB theory adheres to stringent thermodynamic principles, is motivated by universally observed patterns, is non-species specific, and links different levels of biological organization (cells, organisms, and populations) as prescribed by the implications of energetics. Models based on the DEB theory have been successfully applied to over a 1000 species with real-life applications ranging from conservation, aquaculture, general ecology, and ecotoxicology (see also the Add-my-pet collection). The theory is contributing to the theoretical underpinning of the emerging field of metabolic ecology.
The explicitness of the assumptions and the resulting predictions enable testing against a wide variety of experimental results at the various levels of biological organization. The theory explains many general observations, such as the body size scaling relationships of certain physiological traits, and provides a theoretical underpinning to the widely used method of indirect calorimetry. Several popular empirical models are special cases of the DEB model, or very close numerical approximations.
Theoretical background
The theory presents simple mechanistic r
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