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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta-2%20microglobulin
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β2 microglobulin (B2M) is a component of MHC class I molecules. MHC class I molecules have α1, α2, and α3 proteins which are present on all nucleated cells (excluding red blood cells). In humans, the β2 microglobulin protein is encoded by the B2M gene.
Structure and function
β2 microglobulin lies beside the α3 chain on the cell surface. Unlike α3, β2 has no transmembrane region. Directly above β2 (that is, further away from the cell) lies the α1 chain, which itself is next to the α2.
β2 microglobulin associates not only with the alpha chain of MHC class I molecules, but also with class I-like molecules such as CD1 (5 genes in humans), MR1, the neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn), and Qa-1 (a form of alloantigen). Nevertheless, the β2 microglobulin gene is outside of the MHC (HLA) locus, on a different chromosome.
An additional function is association with the HFE protein, together regulating the expression of hepcidin in the liver which targets the iron transporter ferroportin on the basolateral membrane of enterocytes and cell membrane of macrophages for degradation resulting in decreased iron uptake from food and decreased iron release from recycled red blood cells in the MPS (mononuclear phagocyte system) respectively. Loss of this function causes iron excess and hemochromatosis.
In a cytomegalovirus infection, a viral protein binds to β2 microglobulin, preventing assembly of MHC class I molecules and their transport to the plasma membrane.
Mice models deficient for the β2
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weak%20formulation
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Weak formulations are important tools for the analysis of mathematical equations that permit the transfer of concepts of linear algebra to solve problems in other fields such as partial differential equations. In a weak formulation, equations or conditions are no longer required to hold absolutely (and this is not even well defined) and has instead weak solutions only with respect to certain "test vectors" or "test functions". In a strong formulation, the solution space is constructed such that these equations or conditions are already fulfilled.
The Lax–Milgram theorem, named after Peter Lax and Arthur Milgram who proved it in 1954, provides weak formulations for certain systems on Hilbert spaces.
General concept
Let be a Banach space, let be the dual space of , let , and let .
A vector is a solution of the equation
if and only if for all ,
Here, is called a test vector (in general) or a test function (if is a function space).
To bring this into the generic form of a weak formulation, find such that
by defining the bilinear form
Example 1: linear system of equations
Now, let and be a linear mapping. Then, the weak formulation of the equation
involves finding such that for all the following equation holds:
where denotes an inner product.
Since is a linear mapping, it is sufficient to test with basis vectors, and we get
Actually, expanding we obtain the matrix form of the equation
where and
The bilinear form associated to this weak formulation is
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD44
|
The CD44 antigen is a cell-surface glycoprotein involved in cell–cell interactions, cell adhesion and migration. In humans, the CD44 antigen is encoded by the CD44 gene on chromosome 11. CD44 has been referred to as HCAM (homing cell adhesion molecule), Pgp-1 (phagocytic glycoprotein-1), Hermes antigen, lymphocyte homing receptor, ECM-III, and HUTCH-1.
Tissue distribution and isoforms
CD44 is expressed in a large number of mammalian cell types. The standard isoform, designated CD44s, comprising exons 1–5 and 16–20 is expressed in most cell types. CD44 splice variants containing variable exons are designated CD44v. Some epithelial cells also express a larger isoform (CD44E), which includes exons v8–10.
Function
CD44 participates in a wide variety of cellular functions including lymphocyte activation, recirculation and homing, hematopoiesis, and tumor metastasis.
CD44 is a receptor for hyaluronic acid and internalizes metals bound to hyaluronic acid and can also interact with other ligands, such as osteopontin, collagens, and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). CD44 function is controlled by its posttranslational modifications. One critical modification involves discrete sialofucosylations rendering the selectin-binding glycoform of CD44 called HCELL (for Hematopoietic Cell E-selectin/L-selectin Ligand). (see below)
Transcripts for this gene undergo complex alternative splicing that results in many functionally distinct isoforms; however, the full length nature of som
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cystadenoma
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Cystadenoma (or "cystoma") is a type of cystic adenoma. When malignant, it is called cystadenocarcinoma.
Classification
When not otherwise specified, the ICD-O coding is 8440/0. However, the following classifications also exist:
By form
serous cystadenoma (8441-8442)
papillary cystadenoma (8450-8451, 8561)
mucinous cystadenoma (8470-8473)
By location
Bile duct cystadenoma (8161) or biliary cystadenoma is a slow-growing tumour arising from bile ducts of the liver. The presence of endocrine cells in the tumour also indicates its origin from the glands surrounding the bile ducts. The incidence is 1–5 in 100,000 people. Females are affected more than males at 9:1 ratio. Mean age of presentation is at 45 years old. About 30% of biliary cystadenoma can progressively become malignant over time.
Endometrioid cystadenoma (8380)
Appendix: The term mucinous cystadenoma is an obsolete term for appendiceal mucinous neoplasm
The term "cystadenoma" may also refer to a hidrocystoma.
See also
Warthin's tumor
References
External links
Glandular and epithelial neoplasia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferromagnetic%20resonance
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Ferromagnetic resonance, or FMR, is coupling between an electromagnetic wave and the magnetization of a medium through which it passes. This coupling induces a significant loss of power of the wave. The power is absorbed by the precessing magnetization (Larmor precession) of the material and lost as heat. For this coupling to occur, the frequency of the incident wave must be equal to the precession frequency of the magnetization (Larmor frequency) and the polarization of the wave must match the orientation of the magnetization.
This effect can be used for various applications such as spectroscopic techniques or conception of microwave devices.
The FMR spectroscopic technique is used to probe the magnetization of ferromagnetic materials. It is a standard tool for probing spin waves and spin dynamics. FMR is very broadly similar to electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), and also somewhat similar to nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), except that FMR probes the sample magnetization resulting from the magnetic moments of dipolar-coupled but unpaired electrons, while NMR probes the magnetic moment of atomic nuclei that are screened by the atomic or molecular orbitals surrounding such nuclei of non-zero nuclear spin.
The FMR resonance is also the basis of various high-frequency electronic devices, such as resonance isolators or circulators.
History
Ferromagnetic resonance was experimentally discovered by V. K. Arkad'yev when he observed the absorption of UHF radiation by ferr
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flu%20%28disambiguation%29
|
Flu is an infectious disease of birds and mammals caused by RNA viruses of the family Orthomyxoviridae, the influenza viruses.
Flu or FLU may also refer to:
Diseases
Influenza
Influenza virus, the viruses that cause the disease
Avian flu, influenza caused by viruses adapted to birds
Dog flu, influenza occurring in canine animals
Equine flu, influenza caused by viruses endemic in horses
Human flu, influenza caused by viruses endemic in human populations
Swine flu, influenza caused by viruses endemic in pigs
Influenza A virus subtype H5N1, a strain of avian influenza
Other diseases
Flu-like illness, illness similar to flu, mistaken for flu, called flu
Cat flu, the common name for a feline upper respiratory tract disease
Haemophilus influenzae, or H. flu, a bacterial infection which can cause respiratory infections and sepsis
Influenza-like illness, a medical diagnosis of possible influenza or other illness causing a set of common symptoms
Stomach flu, also known as gastroenteritis
People
Fluent Form, Australian rapper also known as Flu
Places
Flushing Airport (IATA airport code: FLU; ICAO airport code: KFLU), Queens, New York City, New York State, USA
Art, entertainment, and media
Flu Press, an imprint of VDM Publishing devoted to the reproduction of Wikipedia content
Flu (film), a 2013 South Korean film
"The Flu" (The Golden Girls), a 1986 television episode
"The Flu" (Parks and Recreation), or "Flu Season", a 2011 television episode
Other uses
FLU
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De%20novo%20mutation
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A de novo mutation (DNM) is any mutation or alteration in the genome of an individual organism (human, animal, plant, microbe, etc.) that was not inherited from its parents. This type of mutation spontaneously occurs during the process of DNA replication during cell division. De novo mutations, by definition, are present in the affected individual but absent from both biological parents' genomes. These mutations can occur in any cell of the offspring, but those in the germ line (eggs or sperm) can be passed on to the next generation.
In most cases, such a mutation has little or no effect on the affected organism due to the redundancy and robustness of the genetic code. However, in rare cases, it can have notable and serious effects on overall health, physical appearance, and other traits. Disorders that most commonly involve de novo mutations include cri-du-chat syndrome, 1p36 deletion syndrome, genetic cancer syndromes, and certain forms of autism, among others.
Rate
The rate at which de novo mutations occur is not static and can vary among different organisms and even among individuals. In humans, the average number of spontaneous mutations (not present in the parents) an infant has in its genome is approximately 43.86 DNMs.
Various factors can influence this rate. For instance, a study in September 2019 by the University of Utah Health revealed that certain families have a higher spontaneous mutation rate than average. This finding indicates that the rate of de novo m
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diamond-square%20algorithm
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The diamond-square algorithm is a method for generating heightmaps for computer graphics. It is a slightly better algorithm than the three-dimensional implementation of the midpoint displacement algorithm, which produces two-dimensional landscapes. It is also known as the random midpoint displacement fractal, the cloud fractal or the plasma fractal, because of the plasma effect produced when applied.
The idea was first introduced by Fournier, Fussell and Carpenter at SIGGRAPH in 1982.
The diamond-square algorithm starts with a two-dimensional grid, then randomly generates terrain height from four seed values arranged in a grid of points so that the entire plane is covered in squares.
Description
The diamond-square algorithm begins with a two-dimensional square array of width and height 2n + 1. The four corner points of the array must first be set to initial values.
The diamond and square steps are then performed alternately until all array values have been set.
The diamond step: For each square in the array, set the midpoint of that square to be the average of the four corner points plus a random value.
The square step: For each diamond in the array, set the midpoint of that diamond to be the average of the four corner points plus a random value.
Each random value is multiplied by a scale constant, which decreases with each iteration by a factor of 2−h, where h is a value between 0.0 and 1.0 (lower values produce rougher terrain).
During the square steps, points loc
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mole%20map
|
Mole map may refer to:
Mole map (chemistry), a graphical representation of an algorithm
Mole map (dermatology), a medical record which records and image and the location of lesions and/or moles
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GLR%20parser
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A GLR parser (generalized left-to-right rightmost derivation parser) is an extension of an LR parser algorithm to handle non-deterministic and ambiguous grammars. The theoretical foundation was provided in a 1974 paper by Bernard Lang (along with other general Context-Free parsers such as GLL). It describes a systematic way to produce such algorithms, and provides uniform results regarding correctness proofs, complexity with respect to grammar classes, and optimization techniques. The first actual implementation of GLR was described in a 1984 paper by Masaru Tomita, it has also been referred to as a "parallel parser". Tomita presented five stages in his original work, though in practice it is the second stage that is recognized as the GLR parser.
Though the algorithm has evolved since its original forms, the principles have remained intact. As shown by an earlier publication, Lang was primarily interested in more easily used and more flexible parsers for extensible programming languages. Tomita's goal was to parse natural language text thoroughly and efficiently. Standard LR parsers cannot accommodate the nondeterministic and ambiguous nature of natural language, and the GLR algorithm can.
Algorithm
Briefly, the GLR algorithm works in a manner similar to the LR parser algorithm, except that, given a particular grammar, a GLR parser will process all possible interpretations of a given input in a breadth-first search. On the front-end, a GLR parser generator converts an inpu
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extended-range%20bass
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An extended-range bass is an electric bass guitar with a wider frequency range than a standard-tuned four-string bass guitar.
Terminology
One way that a bass can be considered 'extended-range' is to use a tuning machine mechanism that allows for instant re-tuning, such as the popular 'Xtenders' made by Hipshot detuners. When the player triggers the detuner, it drops the pitch of the string by a pre-set interval. A common use of detuners is to drop the low E to a low D. Detuners are more rarely used on other strings. Michael Manring uses basses with detuners on every string; this enables him to have access to a greater number of chime-like harmonics.
Another way to get an extended range is to add strings. The most common type of bass guitar with more than four strings is the five-string bass. Five-string basses often have a low-B string, extending the instrument's lower range. Less commonly, five-string instruments add a high C-string, extending the higher range. Less commonly, the six-string bass guitar is used. Most commonly, six-string basses add a low B and a high C, extending the range on the low end and the higher register, although other tunings are used. Basses have been made with seven, eight, nine, or even fifteen strings with extremely wide necks and custom pickups. These too, are considered extended-range basses.
Michael Manring's 'Hyperbass' by Zon guitars and Les Claypool's main Carl Thompson piccolo bass are both four string basses but with necks that exceed
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duality%20%28optimization%29
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In mathematical optimization theory, duality or the duality principle is the principle that optimization problems may be viewed from either of two perspectives, the primal problem or the dual problem. If the primal is a minimization problem then the dual is a maximization problem (and vice versa). Any feasible solution to the primal (minimization) problem is at least as large as any feasible solution to the dual (maximization) problem. Therefore, the solution to the primal is an upper bound to the solution of the dual, and the solution of the dual is a lower bound to the solution of the primal. This fact is called weak duality.
In general, the optimal values of the primal and dual problems need not be equal. Their difference is called the duality gap. For convex optimization problems, the duality gap is zero under a constraint qualification condition. This fact is called strong duality.
Dual problem
Usually the term "dual problem" refers to the Lagrangian dual problem but other dual problems are used – for example, the Wolfe dual problem and the Fenchel dual problem. The Lagrangian dual problem is obtained by forming the Lagrangian of a minimization problem by using nonnegative Lagrange multipliers to add the constraints to the objective function, and then solving for the primal variable values that minimize the original objective function. This solution gives the primal variables as functions of the Lagrange multipliers, which are called dual variables, so that the new pr
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three-point%20cross
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In genetics, a three-point cross is used to determine the loci of three genes in an organism's genome.
An individual heterozygous for three mutations is crossed with a homozygous recessive individual, and the phenotypes of the progeny are scored. The two most common phenotypes that result are the parental gametes; the two least common phenotypes that result come from a double crossover in gamete formation. By comparing the parental and double-crossover phenotypes, the geneticist can determine which gene is located between the others on the chromosome.
The recombinant frequency is the ratio of non-parental phenotypes to total individuals. It is expressed as a percentage, which is equivalent to the number of map units (or centiMorgans) between two genes. For example, if 100 out of 1000 individuals display the phenotype resulting from a crossover between genes a and b, then the recombination frequency is 10 percent and genes a and b are 10 map-units apart on the chromosome.
If the recombination frequency is greater than 50 percent, it means that the genes are unlinked - they are either located on different chromosomes or are sufficiently distant from each other on the same chromosome. Any recombination frequency greater than 50 percent is expressed as exactly 50 percent because, being unlinked, they are equally as likely as not to be separated during gamete formation.
References
Genetics
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinner%20%28cell%20culture%29
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A Spinner is a type of bioreactor which features an impeller, stirrer or similar device to agitate the contents (usually a mixture of cells, medium and products like proteins that can be harvested). The vessels are usually made out of glass or stainless steel with port holes to accommodate sensors, Medium input or gas flow.
Spinner type vessels are used for mammalian or plant cell culture. They are adequate for cell suspensions and attachment dependent cell types.
References
Laboratory equipment
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MLSE
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MLSE may refer to:
Maple Leaf Sports & Entertainment, owner and operator of several Toronto-based sports teams
Maximum likelihood sequence estimation, an algorithm
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackson%20network
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In queueing theory, a discipline within the mathematical theory of probability, a Jackson network (sometimes Jacksonian network) is a class of queueing network where the equilibrium distribution is particularly simple to compute as the network has a product-form solution. It was the first significant development in the theory of networks of queues, and generalising and applying the ideas of the theorem to search for similar product-form solutions in other networks has been the subject of much research, including ideas used in the development of the Internet. The networks were first identified by James R. Jackson and his paper was re-printed in the journal Management Science’s ‘Ten Most Influential Titles of Management Sciences First Fifty Years.’
Jackson was inspired by the work of Burke and Reich, though Jean Walrand notes "product-form results … [are] a much less immediate result of the output theorem than Jackson himself appeared to believe in his fundamental paper".
An earlier product-form solution was found by R. R. P. Jackson for tandem queues (a finite chain of queues where each customer must visit each queue in order) and cyclic networks (a loop of queues where each customer must visit each queue in order).
A Jackson network consists of a number of nodes, where each node represents a queue in which the service rate can be both node-dependent (different nodes have different service rates) and state-dependent (service rates change depending on queue lengths). Jobs tr
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chien%20search
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In abstract algebra, the Chien search, named after Robert Tienwen Chien, is a fast algorithm for determining roots of polynomials defined over a finite field. Chien search is commonly used to find the roots of error-locator polynomials encountered in decoding Reed-Solomon codes and BCH codes.
Algorithm
The problem is to find the roots of the polynomial (over the finite field ):
The roots may be found using brute force: there are a finite number of , so the polynomial can be evaluated for each element . If the polynomial evaluates to zero, then that element is a root.
For the trivial case , only the coefficient need be tested for zero. Below, the only concern will be for non-zero .
A straightforward evaluation of the polynomial involves general multiplications and additions. A more efficient scheme would use Horner's method for general multiplications and additions. Both of these approaches may evaluate the elements of the finite field in any order.
Chien search improves upon the above by selecting a specific order for the non-zero elements. In particular, the finite field has a (constant) generator element . Chien tests the elements in the generator's order . Consequently, Chien search needs only multiplications by constants and additions. The multiplications by constants are less complex than general multiplications.
The Chien search is based on two observations:
Each non-zero may be expressed as for some , where is a primitive element of , is the po
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schizophyte
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Schizophyte was a botanical classification proposed by Ferdinand Cohn to describe the class of primitive "plants" that reproduce solely by fission. It has been considered synonymous with the Protophyta of Sachs and the Monera of Haeckel. In modern taxonomy, it is equivalent with the concept of prokaryotes, single-celled microorganisms with no nucleus or other membrane-bound organelles, now divided into the domains Bacteria and Archaea.
References
Obsolete taxa
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automata-based%20programming
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Automata-based programming is a programming paradigm in which the program or part of it is thought of as a model of a finite-state machine (FSM) or any other (often more complicated) formal automaton (see automata theory). Sometimes a potentially infinite set of possible states is introduced, and such a set can have a complicated structure, not just an enumeration.
Finite-state machine-based programming is generally the same, but, formally speaking, does not cover all possible variants, as FSM stands for finite-state machine, and automata-based programming does not necessarily employ FSMs in the strict sense.
The following properties are key indicators for automata-based programming:
The time period of the program's execution is clearly separated down to the automaton steps. Each step is effectively an execution of a code section (same for all the steps) which has a single entry point. That section might be divided down to subsections to be executed depending on different states, although this is not necessary.
Any communication between the automaton steps is only possible via the explicitly noted set of variables named the automaton state. Between any two steps, the program cannot have implicit components of its state, such as local variables' values, return addresses, the current instruction pointer, etc. That is, the state of the whole program, taken at any two moments of entering an automaton step, can only differ in the values of the variables being considered as the
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion%20in%20Egypt
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Religion in Egypt controls many aspects of social life and is endorsed by law. The state religion of Egypt is Islam, although estimates vary greatly in the absence of official statistics. Since the 2006 census religion has been excluded, and thus available statistics are estimates made by religious and non-governmental agencies. The country is majority Sunni Muslim (estimated to be 85-95% of the population), with the next largest religious group being Coptic Orthodox Christians (with estimates ranging from 5-15%). The exact numbers are subject to controversy, with Christians alleging that they have been systemically under-counted in existing censuses.
Egypt hosts two major religious institutions. Al-Azhar Mosque, founded in 970 CE by the Fatimids as the first Islamic university in Egypt and the Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria established in the middle of the 1st century by Saint Mark.
In Egypt, Muslims and Christians share a common history, national identity, ethnicity, race, culture, and language.
In 2002, under the Mubarak government, Coptic Christmas (January 7) was recognized as an official holiday, though Christians complain of being minimally represented in law enforcement, state security and public office, and of being discriminated against in the workforce on the basis of their religion.
Demographics
In 2010, based on the contested 2006 Census data, estimated that 94.9% of Egyptians are Muslims, 5.1% are Christians, and less than 1% are Jewish, Buddhists, or
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public%20holidays%20in%20Egypt
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Public holidays are celebrated by the entire population of Egypt. Holidays in Egypt have many classifications. Some holidays are religious and others are secular, while some can be fixed holidays on the calendar while others are movable. There are four Islamic holidays and two Christian holidays. The National Day of Egypt is celebrated on July, 23 which coincides with the annual celebration of the Egyptian revolution of 1952 when the modern republic of Egypt was declared, ending the period of the Kingdom of Egypt.
Government offices and ministries in Egypt rest on Friday of each week. In addition, banks and many institutes have non-working days on Saturday too which is an official resting-day or Sunday which is not official but commonly used as a resting-day by non-governmental institutes and shops with Christian religious observance. Some barbershops and hairdressers close their shops on Monday instead of Friday, Saturday and Sunday when they keep their shops open.
National holidays
The following holidays are celebrated across the country, where government offices and ministries are closed. These holidays are either national secular holidays or important religious holidays.
Fixed holidays
The following holidays occur annually on a fixed day of the calendar:
Some government-related offices, including most universities, are also closed on the Coptic Orthodox date of Epiphany, 19 January.
Movable holidays
The following days are public holidays but the date on which each
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stone%27s%20theorem
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Stone's theorem may refer to a number of theorems of Marshall Stone:
Stone's representation theorem for Boolean algebras
Stone–Weierstrass theorem
Stone–von Neumann theorem
Stone's theorem on one-parameter unitary groups
It may also refer to the theorem of A. H. Stone that for Hausdorff spaces the property of being a paracompact space and being a fully normal space are equivalent, or its immediate corollary that metric spaces are paracompact.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonsense-mediated%20decay
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Nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD) is a surveillance pathway that exists in all eukaryotes. Its main function is to reduce errors in gene expression by eliminating mRNA transcripts that contain premature stop codons. Translation of these aberrant mRNAs could, in some cases, lead to deleterious gain-of-function or dominant-negative activity of the resulting proteins.
NMD was first described in human cells and in yeast almost simultaneously in 1979. This suggested broad phylogenetic conservation and an important biological role of this intriguing mechanism. NMD was discovered when it was realized that cells often contain unexpectedly low concentrations of mRNAs that are transcribed from alleles carrying nonsense mutations. Nonsense mutations code for a premature stop codon which causes the protein to be shortened. The truncated protein may or may not be functional, depending on the severity of what is not translated. In human genetics, NMD has the possibility to not only limit the translation of abnormal proteins, but it can occasionally cause detrimental effects in specific genetic mutations.
NMD functions to regulate numerous biological functions in a diverse range of cells, including the synaptic plasticity of neurons which may shape adult behavior.
Pathway
While many of the proteins involved in NMD are not conserved between species, in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (yeast), there are three main factors in NMD: UPF1, UPF2 and UPF3 (UPF3A and UPF3B in humans), that make up th
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Another%20You
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Another You is a 1991 American comedy film directed by Maurice Phillips and produced and written by Ziggy Steinberg. The film stars Richard Pryor, Gene Wilder, Mercedes Ruehl, Vanessa Williams and Kevin Pollak. The film was released in the United States on July 26, 1991.
The film, a critical and box office failure, was the fourth and final film Pryor and Wilder starred in together beginning with Silver Streak in 1976. Another You was the last film in which both actors played a leading role, as well as the final appearance of Wilder in a theatrical film.
Plot
George (Gene Wilder), a former mental patient and pathological liar, is released from the hospital. He is quickly, purposefully mistaken for millionaire brewery heir Abe Fielding by a troupe of actors hired by Rupert Dibbs (Stephen Lang), an unscrupulous business manager. Rupert needs George to believe he is Fielding in order to kill him off and inherit the Fielding Brewery and family fortune.
Eddie Dash (Richard Pryor), a con man, tenuously befriends George due to a community service assignment. He attempts at first to capitalize on George's mistaken identity, but after being pressured by Rupert into killing George for profit, turns the tables on Rupert and helps George fake his death, only to come back to the land of the living and inheriting both the brewery and the Fielding fortune instead.
Along the way, Eddie and George turn two of Rupert's female associates into allies and partners, while getting themselves in
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American%20Football%20League%20win%E2%80%93loss%20records
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See also
American Football League
Sources
American football records and statistics
American Football League
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedolah
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Bedolah (, lit. Crystal) was an Israeli settlement and army base in the Gush Katif settlement bloc, located in the southwest edge of the Gaza Strip. Home to 220 religious Jews, its inhabitants were evicted, its houses demolished, and its land surrendered to the Palestinian National Authority as part of Israel's disengagement of 2005.
History
Bedolah was founded as a paramilitary Nahal settlement in 1979, and handed over to civilians in 1986 as an Orthodox agricultural settlement. It was home to 33 settlement's families and a population of 220. Most residents were from a group of children of the Moshavim from the Western Negev and the Tel Mond area. The settlement has also absorbed a group of immigrant families from France.
Its main industry was hothouse crops such as vegetables and flowers.
The residents of Bedolah were forcibly evicted from their homes on August 17, 2005, by the 'blue' brigade manned mostly by the Israeli Air Force personnel.
References
External links
Israeli army video of Bedolah evacuation
Former Israeli settlements in the Gaza Strip
Former moshavim
Religious Israeli settlements
Nahal settlements
Populated places established in 1979
1979 establishments in the Israeli Military Governorate
1986 establishments in the Palestinian territories
2005 disestablishments in the Palestinian territories
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normalization%20model
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The normalization model is an influential model of responses of neurons in primary visual cortex. David Heeger developed the model in the early 1990s, and later refined it together with Matteo Carandini and J. Anthony Movshon. The model involves a divisive stage. In the numerator is the output of the classical receptive field. In the denominator, a constant plus a measure of local stimulus contrast. Although the normalization model was initially developed to explain responses in the primary visual cortex, normalization is now thought to operate throughout the visual system, and in many other sensory modalities and brain regions, including the representation of odors in the olfactory bulb, the modulatory effects of visual attention, the encoding of value, and the integration of multisensory information. It has also been observed at subthreshold potentials in the hippocampus. Its presence in such a diversity of neural systems in multiple species, from invertebrates to mammals, suggests that normalization serves as a canonical neural computation. Divisive normalization reduces the redundancy in natural stimulus statistics and is sometimes viewed as an implementation of the efficient coding principle. Formally, divisive normalization is an information-maximizing code for stimuli following a multivariate Pareto distribution.
References
Visual perception
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choke%20%28electronics%29
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In electronics, a choke is an inductor used to block higher-frequency alternating currents (AC) while passing direct current (DC) and lower-frequency ACs in a circuit. A choke usually consists of a coil of insulated wire often wound on a magnetic core, although some consist of a doughnut-shaped ferrite bead strung on a wire. The choke's impedance increases with frequency. Its low electrical resistance passes both AC and DC with little power loss, but its reactance limits the amount of AC passed.
The name comes from blocking—"choking"—high frequencies while passing low frequencies. It is a functional name; the name "choke" is used if an inductor is used for blocking or decoupling higher frequencies, but the component is simply called an "inductor" if used in electronic filters or tuned circuits. Inductors designed for use as chokes are usually distinguished by not having low-loss construction (high Q factor) required in inductors used in tuned circuits and filtering applications.
Types and construction
Chokes are divided into two broad classes:
Audio frequency chokes—designed to block audio and power line frequencies while allowing DC to pass
Radio frequency chokes—designed to block radio frequencies while allowing audio and DC to pass.
Audio frequency choke
Audio frequency chokes usually have ferromagnetic cores to increase their inductance. They are often constructed similarly to transformers, with laminated iron cores and an air gap. The iron core increases the ind
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrier%20function
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In constrained optimization, a field of mathematics, a barrier function is a continuous function whose value on a point increases to infinity as the point approaches the boundary of the feasible region of an optimization problem. Such functions are used to replace inequality constraints by a penalizing term in the objective function that is easier to handle.
The two most common types of barrier functions are inverse barrier functions and logarithmic barrier functions. Resumption of interest in logarithmic barrier functions was motivated by their connection with primal-dual interior point methods.
Motivation
Consider the following constrained optimization problem:
minimize
subject to
where is some constant. If one wishes to remove the inequality constraint, the problem can be re-formulated as
minimize ,
where if , and zero otherwise.
This problem is equivalent to the first. It gets rid of the inequality, but introduces the issue that the penalty function , and therefore the objective function , is discontinuous, preventing the use of calculus to solve it.
A barrier function, now, is a continuous approximation to that tends to infinity as approaches from above. Using such a function, a new optimization problem is formulated, viz.
minimize
where is a free parameter. This problem is not equivalent to the original, but as approaches zero, it becomes an ever-better approximation.
Logarithmic barrier function
For logarithmic barrier functions, is defined as
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman%20Pirie
|
Norman Wingate Pirie FRS (1 July 1907 – 29 March 1997), was a British biochemist and virologist who, along with Frederick Bawden, discovered that a virus can be crystallized by isolating tomato bushy stunt virus in 1936. This was an important milestone in understanding DNA and RNA.
Early and personal life
Pirie was born in Easebourne, near Midhurst in West Sussex, the youngest of three children of Sir George Pirie, a Scottish painter, and his wife while they were on a visit to England. He was raised near Torrance, East Dunbartonshire. He developed a stammer, and was educated by private tutors and then spent periods at Kelvinside Academy in Glasgow, Harriston School near Dumfries, and Hastings Grammar School, and then from 1921 to 1925 at Rydal School in Colwyn Bay. He studied natural sciences (biochemistry) at Emmanuel College, Cambridge from 1925 to 1929, and became a demonstrator after graduating.
He married fellow biochemist Antoinette Patey in 1931. They had a son and a daughter. Like his wife, he was an atheist, and was concerned about nuclear weapons. He served as chairman of the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament (CND) scientific committee for several years. His wife died in 1991. He died in Harpenden in 1997, survived by his two children.
Career
He worked at Cambridge University until 1940, working with Sir Frederick Gowland Hopkins. From 1932, he worked with Ashley Miles on the Brucella bacteria responsible for brucellosis, and with Frederick Bawden on potato vi
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2%20Massa
|
Niccolò Massa (; 1485–1569) was an Italian anatomist who wrote an early anatomy text Anatomiae Libri Introductorius in 1536. In 1536 he described the cerebrospinal fluid.
Massa graduated from the Venetian College of Physicians with a degree in surgery in 1515 and then with a degree in medicine in 1521. He lived and practice medicine in Venice his entire life and was one of the most widely respected physicians of the early sixteenth century. IN 1524 he was appointed physician to the Scuola di S. Giorgio, and the nunnery of the Sepulchre. Massa taught, examined candidates and served as Consigliere for the Venetian College of Surgeons as well.
Massa was the author of several works beginning with a book on the French Disease which is commonly equated to modern day syphilis in 1524, Liber morbo gallico which went through several editions. This was followed by a book on anatomy, Anatomiae Libri Introductorius, a book on fevers, the Liber de febre pestilentiali, a work in Italian, the La loica, divisa in sette libri, and a collection of his letters, Epistolae medicinales Printed collections of letters from physicians was a popular genre in the sixteenth century. The letter tended to be written diagnosis and treatment advice, but they touched on a variety of topics. Massa mentioned important topics and figures of his day, including offering his opinion of Andreas Vesalius's Fabrica. Massa wrote two more books, Raggionamento ... sopra le infermitia che vengono dall'aere pestilential
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discrete-time%20Markov%20chain
|
In probability, a discrete-time Markov chain (DTMC) is a sequence of random variables, known as a stochastic process, in which the value of the next variable depends only on the value of the current variable, and not any variables in the past. For instance, a machine may have two states, A and E. When it is in state A, there is a 40% chance of it moving to state E and a 60% chance of it remaining in state A. When it is in state E, there is a 70% chance of it moving to A and a 30% chance of it staying in E. The sequence of states of the machine is a Markov chain. If we denote the chain by then is the state which the machine starts in and is the random variable describing its state after 10 transitions. The process continues forever, indexed by the natural numbers.
An example of a stochastic process which is not a Markov chain is the model of a machine which has states A and E and moves to A from either state with 50% chance if it has ever visited A before, and 20% chance if it has never visited A before (leaving a 50% or 80% chance that the machine moves to E). This is because the behavior of the machine depends on the whole history—if the machine is in E, it may have a 50% or 20% chance of moving to A, depending on its past values. Hence, it does not have the Markov property.
A Markov chain can be described by a stochastic matrix, which lists the probabilities of moving to each state from any individual state. From this matrix, the probability of being in a particular st
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KMO
|
KMO may refer to:
Knowledge Master Open, a semiannual worldwide academic competition
Korean Mathematical Olympiad, a competition in South Korea
KMO (gene), which encodes the enzyme kynurenine 3-monooxygenase
Manokotak Airport, a state-owned airport in Alaska, IATA code KMO
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiopurine%20methyltransferase
|
Thiopurine methyltransferase or thiopurine S-methyltransferase (TPMT) is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the TPMT gene. A pseudogene for this locus is located on chromosome 18q.
Function
Thiopurine methyltransferase methylates thiopurine compounds. The methyl donor is S-adenosyl-L-methionine, which is converted to S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine. This enzyme metabolizes thiopurine drugs via S-adenosyl-L-methionine as the S-methyl donor and S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine as a byproduct.
Clinical significance
Thiopurine drugs such as 6-mercaptopurine are used as chemotherapeutic agents and immunosuppressive drugs. Genetic polymorphisms that affect this enzyme's activity are correlated with variations in sensitivity and toxicity to such drugs. About 1/300 individual is deficient for the enzyme.
Pharmacology
TPMT is best known for its role in the metabolism of the thiopurine drugs such as azathioprine, 6-mercaptopurine and 6-thioguanine. TPMT catalyzes the S-methylation of thiopurine drugs. Defects in the TPMT gene leads to decreased methylation and decreased inactivation of 6MP leading to enhanced bone marrow toxicity which may cause myelosuppression, anemia, bleeding tendency, leukopenia & infection. Allopurinol inhibits thiopurine S-methyltransferase, which can increase the utility of 6-MP.
Diagnostic use
Measurement of TPMT activity is encouraged prior to commencing the treatment of patients with thiopurine drugs such as azathioprine, 6-mercaptopurine and 6-thioguanin
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mocha%20%28decompiler%29
|
Mocha is a Java decompiler, which allows programmers to translate a program's bytecode into source code.
A beta version of Mocha was released in 1996, by Dutch developer Hanpeter van Vliet, alongside an obfuscator named Crema. A controversy erupted and he temporarily withdrew Mocha from public distribution. As of 2009 the program is still available for distribution, and may be used freely as long as it is not modified. Borland's JBuilder includes a decompiler based on Mocha. Van Vliet's websites went offline as he died of cancer on December 31, 1996 at the age of 34.
See also
JAD (JAva Decompiler)
JD
References
External links
Java decompilers
Software obfuscation
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braid-breaker
|
A braid-breaker is a filter that prevents television interference (TVI). In many cases, TVI is caused by a high field strength of a nearby high frequency (HF) transmitter, the aerial down lead plugged into the back of the TV acts as a longwire antenna or as a simple vertical element. The radio frequency (RF) current flowing through the tuner of the TV tends to generate harmonics which then spoil the viewing.
The braid breaker works by preventing RF signals picked up on the outside flowing into the TV set, while passing RF inside the coax from the antenna.
Designs
Designs for diminishing unwanted signals are based on two types of filters: a “choke” filter which blocks signals in the electrical mode most interference uses, and filters that selectively admit or impede signals depending on the signal frequency.
Further, carefully chosen combinations of filters of either one type or both types multiply each other's effects, so that even if only slightly different, two filters are more effective than a single filter, or either filter alone.
Ferrite choke
Ferrite ring chokes work by presenting a high impedance to signals traveling along the braid only, but passes through differential-mode ("balanced") currents unchanged. The wanted signal is in differential mode with an equal and opposite current flowing in the braid to that in the cable core. The alternating current in the braid is impeded by the magnetic fields created in the ferrite, effectively placing a large inductance
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Box%20Office%20Mojo
|
Box Office Mojo is an American website that tracks box-office revenue in a systematic, algorithmic way. The site was founded in 1998 by Brandon Gray, and was bought in 2008 by IMDb, which itself is owned by Amazon.
History
Brandon Gray began the site on August 7, 1998, making forecasts of the top-10 highest-grossing films in the United States for the following weekend. To compare his forecasts to the actual results, he started posting the weekend grosses and wrote a regular column with box-office analysis. In 1999, he started to post the Friday daily box-office grosses, sourced from Exhibitor Relations, so that they were publicly available online on Saturdays and posted the Sunday weekend estimates on Sundays. Along with the weekend grosses, he was publishing the daily grosses, release schedules, and other charts, such as all-time charts, international box-office charts, genre charts, and actor and director charts. The site gradually expanded to include weekend charts going back to 1982, grosses for older films, an international section expanded to cover the weekly box office of 50 countries, international release schedules, as well as box office results from up to 107 countries.
In 2002, Gray partnered with Sean Saulsbury, and grew the site to nearly two million readers. In 2003, a subscription model was introduced (Premier Pass) to limit certain data and features to subscribers. From 2002 to 2011, Box Office Mojo had forums, which had more than 16,500 registered users.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absorption%20wavemeter
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An absorption wavemeter is a simple electronic instrument used to measure the frequency of radio waves. It is an older method of measuring frequency, widely used from the birth of radio in the early 20th century until the 1970s, when the development of inexpensive frequency counters, which have far greater accuracy, made it largely obsolete. A wavemeter consists of an adjustable resonant circuit calibrated in frequency, with a meter or other means to measure the voltage or current in the circuit. When adjusted to resonance with the unknown frequency, the resonant circuit absorbs energy, which is indicated by a dip on the meter. Then the frequency can be read from the dial.
Wavemeters are used for frequency measurements that do not require high accuracy, such as checking that a radio transmitter is operating within its correct frequency band, or checking for harmonics in the output. Many radio amateurs keep them as a simple way to check their output frequency. Similar devices can be made for detection of mobile phones. As an alternative, a dip meter can be used.
There are two categories of wavemeters: transmission wavemeters, which have an input and an output port and are inserted into the signal path, or absorption wavemeters, which are loosely coupled to the radio frequency source and absorb energy from it.
HF and VHF
The most simple form of the device is a variable capacitor with a coil wired across its terminals. Attached to one the terminals of the LC circuit is
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Ancestor%20Cell
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The Ancestor Cell is a novel by Peter Anghelides and Stephen Cole, based on the science fiction television series Doctor Who. It features the Eighth Doctor, Fitz Kreiner, Compassion, and Romana III, as well as a brief appearance of the Third Doctor in a ghost-like state due to the Faction's manipulation of the Doctor's timeline, and features the last appearance of Faction Paradox in the Eighth Doctor Adventures.
In 2000, The Ancestor Cell was placed ninth in the Top 10 of SFXs "Best SF/Fantasy novelisation or TV tie-in novel" category for that year.
Plot
Following on from the events of The Banquo Legacy, the Time Lords have cracked the base code the Eighth Doctor programmed into Compassion's randomiser, and intercept her at her next destination. Threatened with enslavement, Compassion activates her built in weapons system and destroys the approaching WarTARDISes, while the Doctor fights for control of her navigation systems. The resulting "hiccup" expels Fitz and the Doctor into the vortex. The Doctor is captured while escaping from the Edifice, a massive bone structure that has appeared in the skies above Gallifrey, and taken to Gallifrey, where he is accused of being an agent of Faction Paradox. The Doctor is forced to aid the Time Lords in the capture of Compassion to aid in the forthcoming War.
Meanwhile, Fitz appears before a group of disenchanted, young Time Lords who are holding rituals based on the occult texts of Faction Paradox and finds himself unable to escape
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brinkler%20classification
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Brinkler classification is the library classification system of Bartol Brinkler described in his article "The Geographical Approach to Materials in the Library of Congress Subject Headings". The geographical aspect of a subject may be conveyed through three types of headings labeled A, B, and C. Heading A uses a primary topical description with geographical subdivisions (e.g. Art—Paris). Type B uses a place-name for the main heading with a topical subdivision (e.g. Paris—Description). C headings use a geographical description of a phrase (e.g. Paris Literature).
Brinkler explores what type of heading is more useful to a patron, and he finds that it depends on the level of familiarity a patron has with a topic and what approach they take when searching for resources on their topic. Ideally readers will either be looking for everything on a particular topic, or everything regarding a particular place. Bartol Brinkler investigates a system of classification that will best serve these two ideal types of patrons. He finds working with Type A headings will best assist a patron who is more topic oriented, while using Type B headings is preferable for those who are primarily interested in one place.
However this is problematic in practice. One possibility is to assign Type A and Type B headings to every resource, but the cataloguing cost would be high. A system that aids readers regardless of their approach to a topic involves using cross-references (e.g. Canada—Botany, See
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum%20speed%20limit%20theorems
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Quantum speed limit theorems are quantum mechanics theorems concerning the orthogonalization interval, the minimum time for a quantum system to evolve between two orthogonal states.
Consider an initial pure quantum state expressed as a superposition of its energy eigenstates
.
If the state is let to evolve for an interval by the Schrödinger equation it becomes
,
where is the reduced Planck constant.
If the initial state is orthogonal to the evolved state then and the minimum interval required to achieve this condition is called the orthogonalization interval or time.
Mandelstam-Tamm theorem
The Mandelstam-Tamm theorem states that
,
where
is the variance of the system's energy and is the Hamiltonian operator.
The theorem is named after Leonid Mandelstam and Igor Tamm.
In this case, quantum evolution is independent of the particular Hamiltonian used to transport the quantum system along a given curve in the projective Hilbert space; it is the distance along this curve measured by the Fubini-Study metric.
Proof
We want to find the smallest interval such that
.
We note that
using Euler's formula and noting that the sine function is odd. Then
,
since , .
We note that
.
Thus
.
Since then if . So the second term vanishes for and
.
For this bound to become an equality we demand , that is or . Thus
,
which holds for only two energy eigenstates and . Thus, the only state that attains this bound is a two-level pure quantum state (qubit) in an equal superposition
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic%20News
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Electronic News was a publication that covered the electronics industry, from semiconductor equipment and materials to military/aerospace electronics to supercomputers. It was originally a weekly trade newspaper, which covered all aspects of the electronics industry, including semiconductors, computers, software, communications, space and television electronics.
Fairchild Publications started the newspaper in 1957, as a complement to its other trade newspapers, including Women's Wear Daily, Home Furnishing Daily, Supermarket News, among others. At its peak in 1984, Electronic News took in $25 million in revenue with margins above 50%. The following year, the newspaper began losing advertising and influence to rival Electronic Engineering Times, beginning a decline that eventually led to the newspaper's demise.
In 1971, journalist Don Hoefler published a series of articles entitled "Silicon Valley, USA" in Electronic News. This is thought to be the first published use of the phrase Silicon Valley to describe the area of the southern part of the San Francisco Bay Area in northern California, United States, an area known for its concentration of companies making semiconductors, among them Intel, LSI Logic, and National Semiconductor.
Also in 1971, Electronic News was where Intel first advertised the Intel 4004 microprocessor, considered to be the first single-chip microprocessor.
A decade later, in 1981, when IBM's top-secret Project Acorn emerged as the IBM Personal Compute
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/96.3%20FM
|
The following radio stations broadcast on FM frequency 96.3 MHz:
Argentina
Aire Libre in Rio Grande, Tierra del Fuego
Cristal in San Andrés de Giles, Buenos Aires
del interior in Concepción, Tucuman
del Sol in Merlo, San Luis
El Cóndor in Ushuaia, Tierra del Fuego
Glam in Salta, Salta
Jai in Buenos Aires
Jardín in Funes, Santa Fe
Libres in Paso de los Libres, Corrientes
Nitro in Tandil, Buenos Aires
Omega in Zárate, Buenos Aires
Radio Fe in Rosario, Santa Fe
Radio María in Bragado, Buenos Aires
Radio María in Frías, Santiago del Estero
Restauración in Las Toscas, Santa Fe
Sudeste in Justiniano Posse, Córdoba
SUPeH in Ensenada, Buenos Aires
Vida in Venado Tuerto, Santa Fe
Viñas in General Alvear, Mendoza
Australia
ABC Riverina in Young, New South Wales
Coast FM 963 in Gosford, New South Wales
Triple J in Port Macquarie, New South Wales
96three in Geelong, Victoria
Phoenix 96.3 FM in Bundaberg, Queensland
Canada (Channel 242)
CBDQ-FM in Labrador City, Newfoundland and Labrador
CBDT-FM in Deer Lake, Newfoundland and Labrador
CBRB-FM in Banff, Alberta
CFMK-FM in Kingston, Ontario
CFMV-FM in Chandler, Quebec
CFMZ-FM in Toronto, Ontario
CFWD-FM in Saskatoon, Saskatchewan
CIHO-FM in St. Hilarion, Quebec
CINC-FM in Thompson, Manitoba
CIOZ-FM in Marystown, Newfoundland and Labrador
CJGY-FM in Grande Prairie, Alberta
CJLS-FM-2 in Barrington, Nova Scotia
CKKO-FM in Kelowna, British Columbia
CKRA-FM in Edmonton, Alberta
CKYK-FM-1 in Alma, Quebec
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TGK
|
TGK may refer to:
Keratinocyte transglutaminase, an enzyme
Chemical oxygen generator
Tongkang LRT station (LRT station abbreviation), Sengkang, Singapore
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/These%20Days
|
These Days may refer to:
Music
Albums
These Days (Bon Jovi album), and the title song (see below)
These Days Tour, a 1995–1996 tour by Bon Jovi in support of the above album
These Days (Crystal Gayle album), 1980
These Days (Family Brown album)
These Days (Goodness album)
These Days (The Grapes of Wrath album), 1991
These Days (Vince Gill album), 2006, and the title song
These Days (Paul Carrack album)
These Days (The Virginia Sessions), 2007 album by Pat McGee Band
These Days: Live in Concert, 2004 live album by Powderfinger, and the title song (see below)
These Days... (album), 2014 album by Ab-Soul
These Days, by Sandi Patty
These Days, EP by Spencer P. Jones
These Days, album by Mike Stud
Songs
"These Days" (Bardot song)
"These Days" (Bon Jovi song)
"These Days" (Brian Kennedy song)
"These Days" (Gyroscope song)
"These Days" (Jackson Browne song)
"These Days" (MacKenzie Porter song)
"These Days" (Powderfinger song)
"These Days" (Rascal Flatts song)
"These Days" (Rudimental song)
"These Days" (Take That song)
"These Days" (Alien Ant Farm song)
"These Days" (Foo Fighters song)
"These Days (I Barely Get By)", 1974 song by George Jones
"These Days", by 3 Doors Down from 3 Doors Down
"These Days", by ATB featuring Jeppe Riddervold from Trilogy
"These Days", by Alison Krauss from Paper Airplane
"These Days", by Andrew Cash from Boomtown
"These Days", by Ane Brun from It All Starts with One
"These Days", by Ayọ from Joyful
"These Days", by Bad Astronaut from Hous
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/105.9%20FM
|
The following radio stations broadcast on FM frequency 105.9 MHz:
Argentina
Activa in Córdoba
Atlantic in Selva, Santiago del Estero
Ibiza in Santa Fe
LRS354 Cadena Regional in Alcorta, Santa Fe
Parque Vida in Buenos Aires
Radio María in Sarmiento, Chubut
Santafesina in Villa Gobernador Gálvez, Santa Fe
Zonica in Buenos Aires
Australia
ABC Classic FM in Wagga Wagga, New South Wales
ABC Classic FM in Melbourne, Victoria
Radio National in Strahan, Tasmania
Radio National in Mildura, Victoria
2GZF in Orange, New South Wales
Canada (Channel 290)
CBAF-FM-17 in St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador
CBKA-FM in La Ronge, Saskatchewan
CBKW-FM in Pelican Narrows, Saskatchewan
CFEP-FM in Eastern Passage, Nova Scotia
CFMA-FM in Cache Creek, British Columbia
CFMS-FM in Markham, Ontario
CHPD-FM in Aylmer, Ontario
CICX-FM in Orillia, Ontario
CIFM-FM-5 in Barriere, British Columbia
CIHO-FM-1 in La Malbaie, Quebec
CITA-FM in Moncton, New Brunswick
CJRY-FM in Edmonton, Alberta
VF2379 in Missinipe, Saskatchewan
VF2470 in New Hazelton, British Columbia
VF2477 in Trois-Rivieres, Quebec
VF2501 in Regina, Saskatchewan
VF2505 in Fort St. James, British Columbia
VF2540 in Castlegar, British Columbia
China
CNR Business Radio in Changsha and Hengyang
Gaoyao Radio in Gaoyao, Zhaoqing
Indonesia
Ardan FM in Bandung
EBS FM in Surabaya
Prambors in Banjarmasin
Malaysia
Lite in Kuala Terengganu, Terengganu
Kool 101 in Kota Kinabalu, Sabah (coming soon)
Mexico
XHBX
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion%20graphs%20and%20derivatives
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In mechanics, the derivative of the position vs. time graph of an object is equal to the velocity of the object. In the International System of Units, the position of the moving object is measured in meters relative to the origin, while the time is measured in seconds. Placing position on the y-axis and time on the x-axis, the slope of the curve is given by:
Here is the position of the object, and is the time. Therefore, the slope of the curve gives the change in position divided by the change in time, which is the definition of the average velocity for that interval of time on the graph. If this interval is made to be infinitesimally small, such that becomes and becomes , the result is the instantaneous velocity at time , or the derivative of the position with respect to time.
A similar fact also holds true for the velocity vs. time graph. The slope of a velocity vs. time graph is acceleration, this time, placing velocity on the y-axis and time on the x-axis. Again the slope of a line is change in over change in :
where is the velocity, and is the time. This slope therefore defines the average acceleration over the interval, and reducing the interval infinitesimally gives , the instantaneous acceleration at time , or the derivative of the velocity with respect to time (or the second derivative of the position with respect to time). In SI, this slope or derivative is expressed in the units of meters per second per second (, usually termed "meters per second-squared
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiobarbital
|
Thiobarbital is a drug which is a barbiturate derivative. It is the thiobarbiturate analogue of barbital.
Synthesis
It is of note that although the drug can be prepared by the above route (cf e.g. thialbarbital), reaction of barbital with phosphorus pentasulfide constitutes an alternative route to thiobarbital.
References
Thiobarbiturates
GABAA receptor positive allosteric modulators
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital%20ICE
|
Digital ICE or Digital Image Correction and Enhancement is a set of technologies related to producing an altered image in a variety of frequency spectra. The objective of these technologies is to render an image more usable by Fourier or other filtering techniques. These technologies were most actively advanced in the 1960s and early 1970s in the fields of strategic reconnaissance and medical electronics.
The term Digital ICE initially applied specifically to a proprietary technology developed by Kodak's Austin Development Center, formerly Applied Science Fiction (ASF), that automatically removes surface defects, such as dust and scratches, from scanned images.
Technology
The ICE technology works from within the scanner, so unlike the software-only solutions it does not alter any underlying details of the image. Subsequent to the original Digital ICE technology (circa 1989), which used infrared cleaning, additional image enhancement technologies were marketed by Applied Science Fiction and Kodak under similar and related names, often as part of a suite of compatible technologies. The ICE technology uses a scanner with a pair of light sources, a normal RGB lamp and an infrared (IR) lamp, and scans twice, once with each lamp. The IR lamp detects the dust locations with its unique detection method, and then inpainting is applied based on this data afterwards. The general concept is locate scratches and dust on the RGB image and mask them.
Limitations of Digital ICE
Digital
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matrix-core
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The matrix-core theory of thalamus, first proposed by Ted Jones, states that neurons in the thalamus belong to either a calbindin-immunopositive matrix of diffusely and widely projecting neurons, or to a parvalbumin-immunopositive core of precisely projecting neurons. Unfortunately only one nucleus is simply immunoreactive to just one of three calcium binding proteins, and that is the centromedial nuclei which stains for parvalbumin. A given region usually stains for two of the three proteins—parvalbumin, calbindin, and calretinin The neurons comprising the core are believed to be involved in propagation of 'driving' information, whereas neurons comprising the matrix are believed to play a more modulatory role.
Overall, the calcium-binding proteins show a complementary staining pattern in the human thalamus. In general terms, the highest density of parvalbumin stain is in the nuclei of the ventral nuclear group (i.e. in the ventral anterior, ventral lateral and ventral posterior nuclei) and in the medial and lateral geniculate nuclear groups. Moderate amounts of parvalbumin staining are also present in regions of the medio-dorsal nucleus (MD). By contrast, calbindin and calretinin immunoreactivity show a similar distribution of dense staining in the rostral intralaminar nuclear group and in the patchy regions of the MD thalamus which appears to complement the pattern of parvalbumin staining. However, calbindin and calretinin also show low levels of staining in the ventral n
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzylmercapturic%20acid
|
Benzylmercapturic acid is a minor metabolite of toluene in humans and is used in the diagnosis of toluene exposure. As its name indicates, is a benzyl derivative of mercapturic acid (acetylcysteine).
References
Thioethers
Alpha-Amino acids
Amino acid derivatives
Benzyl compounds
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/101.1%20FM
|
The following radio stations broadcast on FM frequency 101.1 MHz:
Argentina
LRM944 in Esperanza, Santa Fe (it has assigned 101.3 MHz.)
LRS774 in San Genaro, Santa Fe
Calchaquí in Tafí del Valle, Tucumán
del Sur in San Juan
Oxigeno in Suardi, Santa Fe
Planet Music in Mar del Plata, Buenos Aires
Trentina in San Salvador de Jujuy, Jujuy
Winner in Rosario, Santa Fe
Australia
4QAA in Mackay, Queensland
3TTT in Melbourne, Victoria
Triple J in Armidale, New South Wales
Triple J in Wagga Wagga, New South Wales
Triple J in Roxby Downs, South Australia
Triple J in Mildura, Victoria
Simple Of Dan¡ in Mildura, Victoria
Belize
KREM FM at Caye Caulker; Camalote Village; Dangriga, Stann Creek District
Canada (Channel 266)
CBCT-FM-1 in St. Edward, Prince Edward Island
CBF-FM-10 in Sherbrooke, Quebec
CBGA-FM-7 in Ste-Anne-des-Monts, Quebec
CBQV-FM in Sandy Lake, Ontario
CBUK-FM in Kitimat, British Columbia
CFAI-FM in Edmundston, New Brunswick
CFIF-FM in Iroquois Falls, Ontario
CFLZ-FM in Fort Erie, Ontario
CFMI-FM in New Westminster, British Columbia
CFPE-FM in Banff, Alberta
CFTI-FM in Big Cove, New Brunswick
CHFA-10-FM in Edmonton, Alberta
CHFG-FM in Chisasibi, Quebec
CHLI-FM in Rossland, British Columbia
CHOX-FM-2 in Ste-Perpetue, Quebec
CIFF-FM in Flin Flon, Manitoba
CIQB-FM in Barrie, Ontario
CICW-FM in Centre Wellington, Ontario
CIXF-FM in Brooks, Alberta
CJFY-FM-1 in Miramichi City, New Brunswick
CJRI-FM-1 in Woodstock, New Brunswick
CKBY-FM in
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stokes%20number
|
The Stokes number (Stk), named after George Gabriel Stokes, is a dimensionless number characterising the behavior of particles suspended in a fluid flow. The Stokes number is defined as the ratio of the characteristic time of a particle (or droplet) to a characteristic time of the flow or of an obstacle, or
where is the relaxation time of the particle (the time constant in the exponential decay of the particle velocity due to drag), is the fluid velocity of the flow well away from the obstacle, and is the characteristic dimension of the obstacle (typically its diameter) or a characteristic length scale in the flow (like boundary layer thickness). A particle with a low Stokes number follows fluid streamlines (perfect advection), while a particle with a large Stokes number is dominated by its inertia and continues along its initial trajectory.
In the case of Stokes flow, which is when the particle (or droplet) Reynolds number is less than unity, the particle drag coefficient is inversely proportional to the Reynolds number itself. In that case, the characteristic time of the particle can be written as
where is the particle density, is the particle diameter and is the fluid dynamic viscosity.
In experimental fluid dynamics, the Stokes number is a measure of flow tracer fidelity in particle image velocimetry (PIV) experiments where very small particles are entrained in turbulent flows and optically observed to determine the speed and direction of fluid movement (al
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toluene%20toxicity
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Toluene toxicity refers to the harmful effects caused by toluene on the body.
Metabolism in humans
While a significant amount of toluene, 25%–40%, is exhaled unchanged via the lungs, a greater proportion is metabolised and excreted via other pathways. The primary route of toluene metabolism is by hydroxylation to benzyl alcohol by members of the cytochrome P450 (CYP) superfamily. There are five CYPs which are important in toluene metabolism, CYP1A2, CYP2B6, CYP2E1, CYP2C8, and CYP1A1. The first four seem to be involved in the hydroxylation of toluene to benzyl alcohol. CYP2E1 seems to be the primary enzyme in the hydroxylation of toluene, accounting for roughly 44% of toluene metabolism; however, there is a great deal of ethnic variability, in the Finnish population for example the primary enzyme is CYP2B6. CYP2E1 catalyses the formation of benzyl alcohol and p-cresol, while CYP2B6 produces comparatively little p-cresol.
It is believed that in humans, benzyl alcohol is metabolised to benzaldehyde by CYP rather than alcohol dehydrogenase; however, this belief does not appear to be universal. Benzaldehyde is in turn metabolised to benzoic acid, primarily by mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase-2 (ALDH-2), while only a small percentage is metabolised by cytosolic ALDH-1.
Benzoic acid is metabolised to either benzoyl glucuronide or hippuric acid. Benzoyl glucuronide is produced by the reaction of benzoic acid with glucuronic acid, which accounts for 10–20% of benzoic acid elim
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mucosa-associated%20lymphoid%20tissue
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The mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT), also called mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue, is a diffuse system of small concentrations of lymphoid tissue found in various submucosal membrane sites of the body, such as the gastrointestinal tract, nasopharynx, thyroid, breast, lung, salivary glands, eye, and skin. MALT is populated by lymphocytes such as T cells and B cells, as well as plasma cells, dendritic cells and macrophages, each of which is well situated to encounter antigens passing through the mucosal epithelium. In the case of intestinal MALT, M cells are also present, which sample antigen from the lumen and deliver it to the lymphoid tissue. MALT constitute about 50% of the lymphoid tissue in human body. Immune responses that occur at mucous membranes are studied by mucosal immunology.
Categorization
The components of MALT are sometimes subdivided into the following:
GALT (gut-associated lymphoid tissue. Peyer's patches are a component of GALT found in the lining of the small intestines.)
BALT (bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue)
NALT (nasal-associated lymphoid tissue)
CALT (conjunctival-associated lymphoid tissue)
LALT (larynx-associated lymphoid tissue)
SALT (skin-associated lymphoid tissue)
VALT (vulvo-vaginal-associated lymphoid tissue)
TALT (testis-associated lymphoid tissue)
It can be also distinguished by level of organization of the tissue:
O-MALT (organized mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue); specifically, the tonsils of Waldeyer's tonsilla
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Envelope%20theorem
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In mathematics and economics, the envelope theorem is a major result about the differentiability properties of the value function of a parameterized optimization problem. As we change parameters of the objective, the envelope theorem shows that, in a certain sense, changes in the optimizer of the objective do not contribute to the change in the objective function. The envelope theorem is an important tool for comparative statics of optimization models.
The term envelope derives from describing the graph of the value function as the "upper envelope" of the graphs of the parameterized family of functions that are optimized.
Statement
Let and be real-valued continuously differentiable functions on , where are choice variables and are parameters, and consider the problem of choosing , for a given , so as to:
subject to and .
The Lagrangian expression of this problem is given by
where are the Lagrange multipliers. Now let and together be the solution that maximizes the objective function f subject to the constraints (and hence are saddle points of the Lagrangian),
and define the value function
Then we have the following theorem.
Theorem: Assume that and are continuously differentiable. Then
where .
For arbitrary choice sets
Let denote the choice set and let the relevant parameter be . Letting denote the parameterized objective function, the value function and the optimal choice correspondence (set-valued function) are given by:
"Envelope theorems" describ
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackmail%20%281939%20film%29
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Blackmail is a 1939 American crime drama film directed by H. C. Potter and starring Edward G. Robinson, Ruth Hussey and Gene Lockhart.
Plot
John Ingram is a highly successful oil-field firefighter and a family man. It is a contented life, he has even bought his own oil well in hope of striking it rich. His greatest fears are realized, however, when a man, William Ramey, from his secret past sees Ingram in a newsreel and shows up looking for a job.
Ramey attempts to blackmail Ingram, who had run from a chain gang years ago, and began a new life under an assumed name. After a shady deal is made, Ingram is tricked and Ramey turns him into authorities, who return him to a chain gang. Ramey subsequently becomes a very rich man.
When Ingram finds out about the success of the man who betrayed him, he plans a daring escape in an attempt to return home and get revenge.
Ramey has successfully run Ingram's business in his absence;but only because no emergencies have arisen that would require
Ingram's special knowledge.
As fate would have it, the escaped Ingram arrives at the plant just as a major oil fire breaks out.
Overpowering Ramey, Ingram slowly drags him towards the heart of the blaze; hinting that unless Ramey makes a full confession;
he will do nothing to save them.
A frightened Ramey agrees. Ingram douses the oil fire, and is eventually restored to his former position of respectability.
Cast
Edward G. Robinson as John R. Ingram, an alias of John Harrington
Ruth Hussey
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asthenozoospermia
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Asthenozoospermia (or asthenospermia) is the medical term for reduced sperm motility. Complete asthenozoospermia, that is, 100% immotile spermatozoa in the ejaculate, is reported at a frequency of 1 of 5000 men. Causes of complete asthenozoospermia include metabolic deficiencies, ultrastructural abnormalities of the sperm flagellum (see Primary ciliary dyskinesia) and necrozoospermia.
It decreases the sperm quality and is therefore one of the major causes of infertility or reduced fertility in men. A method to increase the chance of pregnancy is ICSI. The percentage of viable spermatozoa in complete asthenozoospermia varies between 0 and 100%.
DNA fragmentation
Sperm DNA fragmentation level is higher in men with sperm motility defects (asthenozoospermia) than in men with oligozoospermia or teratozoospermia. Among men with asthenozoospermia, 31% were found to have high levels of DNA fragmentation. As reviewed by Wright et al., high levels of DNA fragmentation have been shown to be a robust indicator of male infertility.
DHA
In 2015, Eslamian et al. found a correlation between the composition of the sperm lipid membrane and the odds of having asthenozoospermia. The sperm that have more polyunsaturated fatty acids, such as docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) shown better fertility results.
DHA (docosahexaenoic acid) is an acid formed by six double bonds which allows the fluidity of the membrane, necessary for the fusion with the ovule.
Studies in mice have shown that DHA is esse
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scale%20analysis%20%28mathematics%29
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Scale analysis (or order-of-magnitude analysis) is a powerful tool used in the mathematical sciences for the simplification of equations with many terms. First the approximate magnitude of individual terms in the equations is determined. Then some negligibly small terms may be ignored.
Example: vertical momentum in synoptic-scale meteorology
Consider for example the momentum equation of the Navier–Stokes equations in the vertical coordinate direction of the atmosphere
where R is Earth radius, Ω is frequency of rotation of the Earth, g is gravitational acceleration, φ is latitude, ρ is density of air and ν is kinematic viscosity of air (we can neglect turbulence in free atmosphere).
In synoptic scale we can expect horizontal velocities about U = 101 m.s−1 and vertical about W = 10−2 m.s−1. Horizontal scale is L = 106 m and vertical scale is H = 104 m. Typical time scale is T = L/U = 105 s. Pressure differences in troposphere are ΔP = 104 Pa and density of air ρ = 100 kg⋅m−3. Other physical properties are approximately:
R = 6.378 × 106 m;
Ω = 7.292 × 10−5 rad⋅s−1;
ν = 1.46 × 10−5 m2⋅s−1;
g = 9.81 m⋅s−2.
Estimates of the different terms in equation () can be made using their scales:
Now we can introduce these scales and their values into equation ():
We can see that all terms — except the first and second on the right-hand side — are negligibly small. Thus we can simplify the vertical momentum equation to the hydrostatic equilibrium equation:
Rules of scale analysi
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Material%20properties%20%28thermodynamics%29
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The thermodynamic properties of materials are intensive thermodynamic parameters which are specific to a given material. Each is directly related to a second order differential of a thermodynamic potential. Examples for a simple 1-component system are:
Compressibility (or its inverse, the bulk modulus)
Isothermal compressibility
Adiabatic compressibility
Specific heat (Note - the extensive analog is the heat capacity)
Specific heat at constant pressure
Specific heat at constant volume
Coefficient of thermal expansion
where P is pressure, V is volume, T is temperature, S is entropy, and N is the number of particles.
For a single component system, only three second derivatives are needed in order to derive all others, and so only three material properties are needed to derive all others. For a single component system, the "standard" three parameters are the isothermal compressibility , the specific heat at constant pressure , and the coefficient of thermal expansion .
For example, the following equations are true:
The three "standard" properties are in fact the three possible second derivatives of the Gibbs free energy with respect to temperature and pressure. Moreover, considering derivatives such as and the related Schwartz relations, shows that the properties triplet is not independent. In fact, one property function can be given as an expression of the two others, up to a reference state value.
The second principle of thermodynamics has implications
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WRED
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WRED may refer to:
Weighted random early detection, a queue management algorithm used in computer networking
WRED (AM), a radio station (1440 AM) licensed to Westbrook, Maine, United States
WPEI, a radio station (95.9 FM) licensed to Saco, Maine, United States, which used the call signs WRED from July 1995 to September 2008 and WRED-FM during September 2008
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EMD%20GP40-based%20passenger%20locomotives
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The passenger locomotives derivatives of the General Motors EMD GP40 diesel-electric locomotive have been, and continue to be, used by multiple passenger railroads in North America. For passenger service, the locomotives required extra components for providing steam or head-end power (HEP) for heating, lighting and electricity in passenger cars. Most of these passenger locomotives were rebuilt from older freight locomotives, while some were built as brand new models.
GP40TC
The GMD GP40TC was built by General Motors Diesel (GMD), for GO Transit in Toronto. Eight units were manufactured between 1966 and 1968. They were built on an enlarged frame to accommodate a head-end power generator. GO Transit sold the fleet to Amtrak in 1988, where they were based in Chicago and used on short-haul trains.
In 2005, the Norfolk Southern Railway rebuilt all eight GP40TC locomotives at its Juniata Shops in Altoona, Pennsylvania. These are now classed as GP38H-3, and work as maintenance-of-way trains or standby power for Downeaster trains.
GP40P
Thirteen GP40Ps were built in October 1968 for the Central Railroad of New Jersey (CNJ) and paid for by the New Jersey Department of Transportation (NJDOT). The CNJ put the units in service on the Raritan Valley Line and the North Jersey Coast Line.
The CNJ's passenger operations were transferred to NJDOT in 1976 (with Conrail operating them under contract), and in 1983 New Jersey Transit assumed operating passenger rail service in the state.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bil%27in
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Bil'in () is a Palestinian village located in the Ramallah and al-Bireh Governorate, west of the city of Ramallah in the central West Bank. According to the Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics, Bil'in had a population of 2,137 in 2017. In the 2000s, it was known for its regular protests against Israeli occupation.
History
Potsherds from the Hellenistic, Byzantine, Crusader/Ayyubid, and Mamluk periods have been found here. It has been suggested that Bil'in could be Ba'alah, a place mentioned in the Talmud.
Ottoman era
Potsherds from the early Ottoman period have been found.
In 1863, the French explorer Victor Guérin saw it from a distance, and described it a small hamlet, while an official Ottoman village list of about 1870 showed 32 houses and a population of 147, though the population count included men, only. In 1882 the PEF's Survey of Western Palestine described Bil'in (then called Belain) as "a little village on a hill-side".
British Mandate era
In the 1922 census of Palestine conducted by the British Mandate authorities, Bil'in had a population of 133, all Muslim, increasing in the 1931 census to 166, still all Muslims, in a total of 39 houses.
In the 1945 statistics, the village had 210 Muslim inhabitants, while the total land area was 3,992 dunams, according to an official land and population survey. Of this, 1,450 dunums of village land was plantations and irrigable land, 800 were used for cereals, while 6 dunams were classified as built-
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome%2022
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Chromosome 22 is one of the 23 pairs of chromosomes in human cells. Humans normally have two copies of chromosome 22 in each cell. Chromosome 22 is the second smallest human chromosome, spanning about 51 million DNA base pairs and representing between 1.5 and 2% of the total DNA in cells.
In 1999, researchers working on the Human Genome Project announced they had determined the sequence of base pairs that make up this chromosome. Chromosome 22 was the first human chromosome to be fully sequenced.
Human chromosomes are numbered by their apparent size in the karyotype, with Chromosome 1 being the largest and Chromosome 22 having originally been identified as the smallest. However, genome sequencing has revealed that Chromosome 21 is actually smaller than Chromosome 22.
Genes
Number of genes
The following are some of the gene count estimates of human chromosome 22. Because researchers use different approaches to genome annotation, their predictions of the number of genes on each chromosome varies (for technical details, see gene prediction). Among various projects, the collaborative consensus coding sequence project (CCDS) takes an extremely conservative strategy. So CCDS's gene number prediction represents a lower bound on the total number of human protein-coding genes.
Gene list
The following is a partial list of genes on human chromosome 22. For complete list, see the link in the infobox on the right.
Diseases and disorders
The following diseases are some of those re
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tympanic%20duct
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The tympanic duct or scala tympani is one of the perilymph-filled cavities in the inner ear of humans. It is separated from the cochlear duct by the basilar membrane, and it extends from the round window to the helicotrema, where it continues as vestibular duct.
The purpose of the perilymph-filled tympanic duct and vestibular duct is to transduce the movement of air that causes the tympanic membrane and the ossicles to vibrate, to movement of liquid and the basilar membrane. This movement is conveyed to the organ of Corti inside the cochlear duct, composed of hair cells attached to the basilar membrane and their stereocilia embedded in the tectorial membrane. The movement of the basilar membrane compared to the tectorial membrane causes the stereocilia to bend. They then depolarise and send impulses to the brain via the cochlear nerve. This produces the sensation of sound.
Additional images
See also
Scala vestibuli
Hearing
External links
Slide from University of Kansas
Diagram at IUPUI
Image at University of New England, Maine
Auditory system
Ear
Otology
Audiology
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cochlear%20duct
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The cochlear duct (a.k.a. the scala media) is an endolymph filled cavity inside the cochlea, located between the tympanic duct and the vestibular duct, separated by the basilar membrane and the vestibular membrane (Reissner's membrane) respectively. The cochlear duct houses the organ of Corti.
Structure
The cochlear duct is part of the cochlea. It is separated from the tympanic duct (scala tympani) by the basilar membrane. It is separated from the vestibular duct (scala vestibuli) by the vestibular membrane (Reissner's membrane). The stria vascularis is located in the wall of the cochlear duct.
Development
The cochlear duct develops from the ventral otic vesicle (otocyst). It grows slightly flattened between the middle and outside of the body. This development may be regulated by the genes EYA1, SIX1, GATA3, and TBX1. The organ of Corti develops inside the cochlear duct.
Function
The cochlear duct contains the organ of Corti. This is attached to the basilar membrane. It also contains endolymph, which contains high concentrations of K+ for the function of inner hair cells and outer hair cells in the organ of Corti.
Clinical significance
Drugs delivered directly to the tympanic duct will spread to all of the cochlea except for the cochlear duct. Rarely, the cochlear duct may develop to have the wrong shape.
Additional images
References
External links
Cross section at avatar.com.au
Ear
Auditory system
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vestibular%20membrane
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The vestibular membrane, vestibular wall or Reissner's membrane, is a membrane inside the cochlea of the inner ear. It separates the cochlear duct from the vestibular duct. It helps to transmit vibrations from fluid in the vestibular duct to the cochlear duct. Together with the basilar membrane, it creates a compartment in the cochlea filled with endolymph, which is important for the function of the spiral organ of Corti. It allows nutrients to travel from the perilymph to the endolymph of the membranous labyrinth. It may be damaged in Ménière's disease. It is named after the German anatomist Ernst Reissner.
Structure
The vestibular membrane separates the cochlear duct (scala media) from the vestibular duct (scala vestibuli).
Microanatomy
Histologically, the membrane is composed of two layers of flattened epithelium. These are separated by a basal lamina. Its structure suggests that its function is transport of fluid and electrolytes.
Function
The vestibular membrane helps to transmit vibrations from fluid in the vestibular duct to the cochlear duct.
Together with the basilar membrane, the vestibular membrane creates a compartment in the cochlea filled with endolymph. This is important for the function of the spiral organ of Corti. It primarily functions as a diffusion barrier, allowing nutrients to travel from the perilymph to the endolymph of the membranous labyrinth.
Clinical significance
The vestibular membrane may be ruptured by an increase in the pressure of e
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xylenol
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Xylenols are organic compounds with the formula (CH3)2C6H3OH. They are volatile colorless solids or oily liquids. They are derivatives of phenol with two methyl groups at various positions relative to the hydroxyl group. Six isomers exist, of which 2,6-xylenol with both methyl groups in an ortho position with respect to the hydroxyl group is the most important. The name xylenol is a portmanteau of the words xylene and phenol.
2,4-Dimethylphenol together with other xylenols and many other compounds are traditionally extracted from coal tar, the volatile materials obtained in the production of coke from coal. These residue contains a few percent by weight of xylenols as well as cresols and phenol. The main xylenols in such tar are the 3,5-, 2,4, and 2,3- isomers. 2,6-Xylenol is produced by methylation of phenol using methanol in the presence of metal oxide catalysts:
C6H5OH + 2 CH3OH → (CH3)2C6H3OH + 2 H2O
Typically, xylenols also ethylphenols, which have very similar physical properties.
Properties
The physical properties of the six isomeric xylenols are similar.
Uses
Together with cresols and cresylic acid, xylenols are an important class of phenolics with great industrial importance. They are used in the manufacture of antioxidants. Xylenol orange is a redox indicator built on a xylenol skeleton. 2,6-Xylenol is a monomer for poly(p-phenylene oxide) (PEO) engineering resins through carbon-oxygen oxidative coupling.
See also
Dettol
References
External links
D
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zingerone
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Zingerone, also called vanillylacetone, is a major flavor component of ginger, providing the sweet flavor of cooked ginger. Zingerone is a crystalline solid that is sparingly soluble in water and soluble in ether.
Zingerone is similar in chemical structure to other flavor chemicals such as vanillin and eugenol. It is used as a flavor additive in spice oils and in perfumery to introduce spicy aromas.
Fresh ginger does not contain zingerone, but it is produced by cooking or drying of the ginger root, which causes a reverse aldol reaction on gingerol.
Production
History
Zingerone was first isolated from the ginger root in 1917 by Hiroshi Nomura, a chemistry professor at Tokyo Imperial University. Nomura named the compound and identified the empirical formula of zingerone in his studies at the laboratory of the Agricultural College. He initially identified it as the chemical component contributing pungency to ginger, something further work has disproven.
Current methods
Nomura identified and later patented a method for the synthesis of zingerone, in which vanillin and acetone are reacted under basic conditions to form dehydrozingerone. This compound is obtained in about 95% quantity. This reaction is followed by catalytic hydrogenation of the intermediate compound in order to form zingerone, obtained in approximately 100% quantity.
Biological effects
Ginger compounds have been shown to be active against enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin-induced di
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SBJ
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SBJ may refer to:
Statistics Bureau of Japan
Stourbridge Junction railway station
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parametric%20surface
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A parametric surface is a surface in the Euclidean space which is defined by a parametric equation with two parameters Parametric representation is a very general way to specify a surface, as well as implicit representation. Surfaces that occur in two of the main theorems of vector calculus, Stokes' theorem and the divergence theorem, are frequently given in a parametric form. The curvature and arc length of curves on the surface, surface area, differential geometric invariants such as the first and second fundamental forms, Gaussian, mean, and principal curvatures can all be computed from a given parametrization.
Examples
The simplest type of parametric surfaces is given by the graphs of functions of two variables:
A rational surface is a surface that admits parameterizations by a rational function. A rational surface is an algebraic surface. Given an algebraic surface, it is commonly easier to decide if it is rational than to compute its rational parameterization, if it exists.
Surfaces of revolution give another important class of surfaces that can be easily parametrized. If the graph , is rotated about the z-axis then the resulting surface has a parametrization It may also be parameterized showing that, if the function is rational, then the surface is rational.
The straight circular cylinder of radius R about x-axis has the following parametric representation:
Using the spherical coordinates, the unit sphere can be parameterized by This parametrization br
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National%20Football%20League%20records
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National Football League records are the superlative statistics of the National Football League.
NFL records include:
List of National Football League records (individual), a list of all-time records for individual NFL players
List of National Football League records (team), a list of all-time records for teams and franchises
NFL playoff records (team), a list of records in the NFL playoffs
List of Super Bowl records, a list of records set by teams and players in Super Bowl games
NFL Pro Bowl records, a list of records set in the Pro Bowl
Records may also refer to longest NFL streaks:
Most consecutive games with a touchdown pass (NFL)
Most consecutive starts (NFL)
List of most consecutive starts by a National Football League quarterback
List of NFL franchise post-season droughts
List of NFL franchise post-season streaks
Records may also refer to lists of career-high high statistics by individual players:
List of NFL players by games played
Most wins by a starting quarterback (NFL)
List of National Football League career passing yards leaders
List of National Football League career passing completions leaders
List of National Football League career passing touchdowns leaders
List of National Football League career rushing yards leaders
List of National Football League career rushing touchdowns leaders
List of National Football League career receiving yards leaders
List of National Football League career receptions leaders
List of National Football League career receiving
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superprism
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A superprism is a photonic crystal in which an entering beam of light will lead to an extremely large angular dispersion. The ability of the photonic crystal to send optical beams with different wavelengths to considerably different angles in space in superprisms has been used to demonstrate wavelength demultiplexing in these structures. The first superprism also modified group velocity rather than phase velocity in order to achieve the "superprism phenomena". This effect was interpreted as anisotropic dispersion in contrast to an isotropic dispersion. Furthermore, the two beams of light appear to show negative bending within the crystal.
See also
Mirror Pack
Superlens
Prism (optics)
Metamaterial
Perfect mirror
References
Further reading
Photonics
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mannosidosis
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Mannosidosis is a deficiency in mannosidase, an enzyme. There are two types: Alpha-mannosidosis and Beta-mannosidosis.
See also
Swainsonine
References
Glycoprotein metabolism disorders
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycoproteinosis
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Glycoproteinosis are lysosomal storage diseases affecting glycoproteins, resulting from defects in lysosomal function. The term is sometimes reserved for conditions involving degradation of glycoproteins.
Types
(E77.0) Defects in post-translational modification of lysosomal enzymes
Mucolipidosis II (I-cell disease)
Mucolipidosis III (pseudo-Hurler polydystrophy)
(E77.1) Defects in glycoprotein degradation
Aspartylglucosaminuria
Fucosidosis
Mannosidosis
Sialidosis (mucolipidosis I)
Another type, recently characterized, is galactosialidosis.
References
External links
NIH
Glycoprotein metabolism disorders
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plume%20%28fluid%20dynamics%29
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In hydrodynamics, a plume or a column is a vertical body of one fluid moving through another. Several effects control the motion of the fluid, including momentum (inertia), diffusion and buoyancy (density differences). Pure jets and pure plumes define flows that are driven entirely by momentum and buoyancy effects, respectively. Flows between these two limits are usually described as forced plumes or buoyant jets. "Buoyancy is defined as being positive" when, in the absence of other forces or initial motion, the entering fluid would tend to rise. Situations where the density of the plume fluid is greater than its surroundings (i.e. in still conditions, its natural tendency would be to sink), but the flow has sufficient initial momentum to carry it some distance vertically, are described as being negatively buoyant.
Movement
Usually, as a plume moves away from its source, it widens because of entrainment of the surrounding fluid at its edges. Plume shapes can be influenced by flow in the ambient fluid (for example, if local wind blowing in the same direction as the plume results in a co-flowing jet). This usually causes a plume which has initially been 'buoyancy-dominated' to become 'momentum-dominated' (this transition is usually predicted by a dimensionless number called the Richardson number).
Flow and detection
A further phenomenon of importance is whether a plume has laminar flow or turbulent flow. Usually, there is a transition from laminar to turbulent as the pl
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woolmer%20Green
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Woolmer Green is a small village and civil parish in Hertfordshire, England. The 2011 census figure for the population (from the Office for National Statistics) is 661 people.
History
Situated between the villages of Welwyn and Knebworth, Woolmer Green was first settled in the Iron Age. The Belgae colonised the area in the 1st century BC, and later it was settled by the Romans. Many Roman artefacts have been found in the surrounding area with a bath house existing at nearby Welwyn. The village was at the junction of two thoroughfares, the Great North Road and another road called Stane Street (or Stone Street) from St Albans. The route of this road runs across the parish along the path of Robbery Bottom Lane, continuing on as a public bridleway to Datchworth and then Braughing, on its eventual way to another major Roman town, Camulodonum, Colchester.
Thomas de Wolvesmere is recorded as having lived in a dwelling here in 1297, and his name is considered to have led to the current name of the village. In the Middle Ages part of the village was in Mardleybury Manor, part in Rectory Manor, with the northern part owing allegiance to Broadwater Manor or Knebworth. The village remains at the point where the Districts of North Hertfordshire, East Hertfordshire and Welwyn Hatfield meet.
Apart from the trade generated by travellers, life in Woolmer Green was agricultural and feudal until the middle of the nineteenth century. Things started to change, however, when the railway arrived
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nd%3AYCOB
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Nd-doped YCOB (Nd:YCa4O(BO3)3) is a nonlinear optical crystal, which is commonly used as an active laser medium. It can be grown from a melt by the Czochralski technique. It belongs to the monoclinic system with space group Cs2-Cm. Each neodymium ion replaces a yttrium ion in the YCOB crystal structure.
Parameters in the Sellmeier equation
Further reading
Nonlinear optical materials
Electro-optical materials
Anisotropic optical materials
Self-frequency-doubling materials
Crystals
Laser gain media
Neodymium compounds
Yttrium compounds
Calcium compounds
Boron compounds
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome%2019
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Chromosome 19 is one of the 23 pairs of chromosomes in humans. People normally have two copies of this chromosome. Chromosome 19 spans more than 61.7 million base pairs, the building material of DNA. It is considered the most gene-rich chromosome containing roughly 1,500 genes, despite accounting for only 2 percent of the human genome.
Genes
Number of genes
The following are some of the gene count estimates of human chromosome 19. Because researchers use different approaches to genome annotation, their predictions of the number of genes on each chromosome varies (for technical details, see gene prediction). Among various projects, the collaborative consensus coding sequence project (CCDS) takes an extremely conservative strategy. So CCDS's gene number prediction represents a lower bound on the total number of human protein-coding genes.
Gene list
The following is a partial list of genes on human chromosome 19. For complete list, see the link in the infobox on the right.
Short arm
Long arm
Diseases and disorders
The following diseases are some of those related to genes on chromosome 19:
Alternating hemiplegia of childhood
Alzheimer's disease
CADASIL
Centronuclear myopathy autosomal dominant form
Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease
Congenital hearing loss
Congenital hypothyroidism
Donohue syndrome
Familial hemiplegic migraine
Glutaric acidemia type 1
Hemochromatosis
HUPRA syndrome
Leber congenital amaurosis
Maple syrup urine disease
Marfan syndrome
Multiple ep
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Credible%20interval
|
In Bayesian statistics, a credible interval is an interval within which an unobserved parameter value falls with a particular probability. It is an interval in the domain of a posterior probability distribution or a predictive distribution. The generalisation to multivariate problems is the credible region.
Credible intervals are analogous to confidence intervals and confidence regions in frequentist statistics, although they differ on a philosophical basis: Bayesian intervals treat their bounds as fixed and the estimated parameter as a random variable, whereas frequentist confidence intervals treat their bounds as random variables and the parameter as a fixed value. Also, Bayesian credible intervals use (and indeed, require) knowledge of the situation-specific prior distribution, while the frequentist confidence intervals do not.
For example, in an experiment that determines the distribution of possible values of the parameter , if the subjective probability that lies between 35 and 45 is 0.95, then is a 95% credible interval.
Choosing a credible interval
Credible intervals are not unique on a posterior distribution. Methods for defining a suitable credible interval include:
Choosing the narrowest interval, which for a unimodal distribution will involve choosing those values of highest probability density including the mode (the maximum a posteriori). This is sometimes called the highest posterior density interval (HPDI).
Choosing the interval where the probability of
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P-Anisic%20acid
|
p-Anisic acid, also known as 4-methoxybenzoic acid or draconic acid, is one of the isomers of anisic acid. The term "anisic acid" often refers to this form specifically. It is a white crystalline solid which is insoluble in water, highly soluble in alcohols and soluble in ether, and ethyl acetate.
Synthesis and occurrence
p-Anisic acid is found naturally in anise. It is generally obtained by the oxidation of anethole or p-methoxyacetophenone.
Uses
p-Anisic acid has antiseptic properties. It is also used as an intermediate in the preparation of more complex organic compounds.
References
Benzoic acids
O-methylated natural phenols
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NRS%20social%20grade
|
The NRS social grades are a system of demographic classification used in the United Kingdom. They were originally developed by the National Readership Survey (NRS) to classify readers, but are now used by many other organisations for wider applications and have become a standard for market research. They were developed in the late 1950s and refined in following years and achieved widespread usage in 20th century Britain. Their definition is now maintained by the Market Research Society.
The distinguishing feature of the NRS social grade is that it is based on occupation, rather than wealth or property ownership.
Grades
The classifications are based on the occupation of the head of the household.
The grades are often grouped into ABC1 and C2DE; these are taken to equate to middle class and working class, respectively. Only around 2% of the UK population is identified as upper class, and this group is not separated by the classification scheme.
See also
Acorn (demographics)
National Statistics Socio-economic Classification
Social class
Socioeconomic status
References
External links
National Readership Survey information on social grade and its discriminatory power
MORI information on the grades
Demographic classifications
Demographics of the United Kingdom
Social class in the United Kingdom
Socio-economic mobility
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National%20Statistician
|
The National Statistician is the Chief Executive of the UK Statistics Authority, and the Head of the UK Government Statistical Service. The office was created by the Statistics and Registration Service Act 2007. The UK Statistics Authority announced that Sir Ian Diamond would take over as National Statistician in October 2019, following the retirement of John Pullinger in June 2019.
Status
They are de facto permanent secretaries but do not use that title. As the ONS incorporated the OPCS, the Director also became the Registrar General for England and Wales. Following the implementation of the Statistics and Registration Service Act 2007, the General Register Office continues to be part of a ministerially accountable department, becoming a part of the Identity & Passport Service in the Home Office and the post of Registrar-General is now held by its head.
National Statisticians
The first Director of ONS was Tim Holt. Subsequent Directors have had this additional title, the National Statistician.
The second Director was Len Cook, who had previously held a similar post in New Zealand.
He was succeeded by Dame Karen Dunnell on 1 September 2005.
Jil Matheson succeeded Karen Dunnell on 1 September 2009.
John Pullinger succeeded Jil Matheson on 1 July 2014 and retired in June 2019.
Ian Diamond succeeded John Pullinger on 22 October 2019.
References
External links
UK Statistics Authority's National Statistician homepage
Civil servants in the Office for National Statist
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ho%E2%80%93Lee%20model
|
In financial mathematics, the Ho-Lee model is a short-rate model widely used in the pricing of bond options, swaptions and other interest rate derivatives, and in modeling future interest rates. It was developed in 1986 by Thomas Ho and Sang Bin Lee.
Under this model, the short rate follows a normal process:
The model can be calibrated to market data by implying the form of from market prices, meaning that it can exactly return the price of bonds comprising the yield curve. This calibration, and subsequent valuation of bond options, swaptions and other interest rate derivatives, is typically performed via a binomial lattice based model. Closed form valuations of bonds, and "Black-like" bond option formulae are also available.
As the model generates a symmetric ("bell shaped") distribution of rates in the future, negative rates are possible. Further, it does not incorporate mean reversion. For both of these reasons, models such as Black–Derman–Toy (lognormal and mean reverting) and Hull–White (mean reverting with lognormal variant available) are often preferred. The Kalotay–Williams–Fabozzi model is a lognormal analogue to the Ho–Lee model, although is less widely used than the latter two.
References
Notes
Primary references
T.S.Y. Ho, S.B. Lee, Term structure movements and pricing interest rate contingent claims, Journal of Finance 41, 1986.
John C. Hull, Options, futures, and other derivatives, 5th edition, Prentice Hall,
External links
Valuation and Hedging of Int
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loop%20fission%20and%20fusion
|
In computer science, loop fission (or loop distribution) is a compiler optimization in which a loop is broken into multiple loops over the same index range with each taking only a part of the original loop's body. The goal is to break down a large loop body into smaller ones to achieve better utilization of locality of reference. This optimization is most efficient in multi-core processors that can split a task into multiple tasks for each processor.
Conversely, loop fusion (or loop jamming) is a compiler optimization and loop transformation which replaces multiple loops with a single one. Loop fusion does not always improve run-time speed. On some architectures, two loops may actually perform better than one loop because, for example, there is increased data locality within each loop. One of the main benefits of loop fusion is that it allows temporary allocations to be avoided, which can lead to huge performance gains in numerical computing languages such as Julia when doing elementwise operations on arrays (however, Julia's loop fusion is not technically a compiler optimization, but a syntactic guarantee of the language).
Other benefits of loop fusion are that it avoids the overhead of the loop control structures, and also that it allows the loop body to be parallelized by the processor by taking advantage of instruction-level parallelism. This is possible when there are no data dependencies between the bodies of the two loops (this is in stark contrast to the other main
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classification%20scheme%20%28information%20science%29
|
In information science and ontology, a classification scheme is the product of arranging things into kinds of things (classes) or into groups of classes; this bears similarity to categorization, but with perhaps a more theoretical bent, as classification can be applied over a wide semantic spectrum.
In the abstract, the resulting structures are a crucial aspect of metadata, often represented as a hierarchical structure and accompanied by descriptive information of the classes or groups. Such a classification scheme is intended to be used for an arrangement or division of individual objects into the classes or groups, and the classes or groups are based on characteristics which the objects (members) have in common.
The ISO/IEC 11179 metadata registry standard uses classification schemes as a way to classify administered items, such as data elements, in a metadata registry.
Some quality criteria for classification schemes are:
Whether different kinds are grouped together. In other words, whether it is a grouping system or a pure classification system. In case of grouping, a subset (subgroup) does not have (inherit) all the characteristics of the superset, which makes that the knowledge and requirements about the superset are not applicable for the members of the subset.
Whether the classes have overlaps.
Whether subordinates (may) have multiple superordinates. Some classification schemes allow that a kind of thing has more than one superordinate others do not. Multiple
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Similarity%20Matrix%20of%20Proteins
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Similarity Matrix of Proteins (SIMAP) is a database of protein similarities created using volunteer computing. It is freely accessible for scientific purposes. SIMAP uses the FASTA algorithm to precalculate protein similarity, while another application uses hidden Markov models to search for protein domains. SIMAP is a joint project of the Technical University of Munich, the Helmholtz Zentrum München, and the University of Vienna.
Project
The project usually got new work units at the beginning of each month. More recently, (2010), inclusion of environmental sequences into the database has required longer periods of activity, several months of continuous work for example. Typically, these updates occurred twice each year.
In the fourth quarter of 2010, the project relocated to the University of Vienna due to the failing electrical infrastructure at the Technical University of Munich. Part of this exercise involved the creation of a project specific URL requiring existing volunteers and users to detach/reattach to the project.
On May 30, 2014, it was announced by project administrators that after a 10-year history, SIMAP would be leaving BOINC by the end of 2014. SIMAP research, however, will go forward with the use of local hardware consisting of "ordinary multi-core CPUs (some hundreds), crunching a SSE-optimized version of the Smith-Waterman algorithm."
Computing platform
SIMAP used the Berkeley Open Infrastructure for Network Computing (BOINC) distributed computing pl
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ten-year%20occupational%20employment%20projections
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The ten-year occupational employment projection is a projection produced by the US Bureau of Labor Statistics' Office of Occupational Statistics and Employment Projections. The occupational employment projections, along with other information about occupations, are published in the Occupational Outlook Handbook and the National Employment Matrix.
The 10-year projections cover economic growth, employment by industry and occupation, and labor force. They are widely used in career guidance, in planning education and training programs, and in studying long-range employment trends. These projections, which are updated every two years, are part of a nearly 60-year tradition of providing information on occupations to those who are entering the job market, changing careers, or making further education and training choices.
Employment projections
Overall employment is projected to increase about 14 percent during the 2010–2020 decade with more than half a million new jobs expected for each of four occupations—registered nurses, retail salespersons, home health aides, and personal care aides. Occupations that typically need postsecondary education for entry are projected to grow faster than average, but occupations that typically need a high school diploma or less will continue to represent more than half of all jobs.
References
External links
Office of Employment Projections – Bureau of Labor Statistics
Occupational Outlook Handbook – Bureau of Labor Statistics
National Em
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strontium%20aluminate
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Strontium aluminate is an aluminate compound with the chemical formula (sometimes written as ). It is a pale yellow, monoclinic crystalline powder that is odourless and non-flammable. When activated with a suitable dopant (e.g. europium, written as ), it acts as a photoluminescent phosphor with long persistence of phosphorescence.
Strontium aluminates exist in a variety of other compositions including (monoclinic), (cubic), (hexagonal), and (orthorhombic). The different compositions cause different colours of light to be emitted.
History
Phosphorescent materials were discovered in the 1700s, and people have been studying them and making improvements over the centuries. The development of strontium aluminate pigments in 1993 was spurred on by the need to find a substitute for glow-in-the-dark materials with high luminance and long phosphorescence, especially those that used promethium. This led to the discovery by Yasumitsu Aoki (Nemoto & Co.) of materials with luminance approximately 10 times greater than zinc sulfide and phosphorescence approximately 10 times longer, and 10 times more expensive. Strontium Aluminates are now the longest lasting and brightest phosphorescent material commercially available.
For many phosphorescence-based purposes, strontium aluminate is a superior phosphor to its predecessor, copper-activated zinc sulfide, being about 10 times brighter and 10 times longer glowing. It is frequently used in glow in the dark objects, where it replaces the
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cofe
|
Cofe may refer to:
Church of England
Council of Europe
Conference on the Future of Europe
Coenzyme F420-0:L-glutamate ligase, an enzyme
Coenzyme F420-1:gamma-L-glutamate ligase, an enzyme
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parkin
|
Parkin may refer to:
Parkin (cake), a type of cake
Parkin (protein), a ligase
Parkin (surname), people with the surname Parkin
Parkin, a brand name of the drug trihexyphenidyl
Parkin, a brand name of the drug profenamine
Places
Parkin, Arkansas, a city in the United States
Parkin Archeological State Park in Parkin, Arkansas, also known as Parkin Site
See also
Parkan, a brand name of the drug budipine
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sample-rate%20conversion
|
Sample-rate conversion, sampling-frequency conversion or resampling is the process of changing the sampling rate or sampling frequency of a discrete signal to obtain a new discrete representation of the underlying continuous signal. Application areas include image scaling and audio/visual systems, where different sampling rates may be used for engineering, economic, or historical reasons.
For example, Compact Disc Digital Audio and Digital Audio Tape systems use different sampling rates, and American television, European television, and movies all use different frame rates. Sample-rate conversion prevents changes in speed and pitch that would otherwise occur when transferring recorded material between such systems.
More specific types of resampling include: upsampling or upscaling; downsampling, downscaling, or decimation; and interpolation.
The term multi-rate digital signal processing is sometimes used to refer to systems that incorporate sample-rate conversion.
Techniques
Conceptual approaches to sample-rate conversion include: converting to an analog continuous signal, then re-sampling at the new rate, or calculating the values of the new samples directly from the old samples. The latter approach is more satisfactory since it introduces less noise and distortion. Two possible implementation methods are as follows:
If the ratio of the two sample rates is (or can be approximated by) a fixed rational number L/M: generate an intermediate signal by inserting L − 1 zeros
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Callan%E2%80%93Symanzik%20equation
|
In physics, the Callan–Symanzik equation is a differential equation describing the evolution of the n-point correlation functions under variation of the energy scale at which the theory is defined and involves the beta function of the theory and the anomalous dimensions.
As an example, for a quantum field theory with one massless scalar field and one self-coupling term, denote the bare field strength by and the bare coupling constant by . In the process of renormalisation, a mass scale M must be chosen. Depending on M, the field strength is rescaled by a constant: , and as a result the bare coupling constant is correspondingly shifted to the renormalised coupling constant g.
Of physical importance are the renormalised n-point functions, computed from connected Feynman diagrams, schematically of the form
For a given choice of renormalisation scheme, the computation of this quantity depends on the choice of M, which affects the shift in g and the rescaling of . If the choice of is slightly altered by , then the following shifts will occur:
The Callan–Symanzik equation relates these shifts:
After the following definitions
the Callan–Symanzik equation can be put in the conventional form:
being the beta function.
In quantum electrodynamics this equation takes the form
where n and m are the numbers of electron and photon fields, respectively, for which the correlation function is defined. The renormalised coupling constant is now the renormalised elementary charge e.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renormalization%20group%20equation
|
Renormalization group equation may refer to:
Beta function
Callan–Symanzik equation
Exact renormalization group equation
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHMT
|
CHMT may refer to:
CHMT-FM, a radio station
Isoliquiritigenin 2'-O-methyltransferase, an enzyme
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isoborneol
|
Isoborneol is a bicyclic organic compound and a terpene derivative. The hydroxyl group in this compound is placed in an exo position. The endo diastereomer is called borneol. Being chiral, isoborneol exists as enantiomers.
Preparation
Isoborneol is synthesized commercially by hydrolysis of isobornyl acetate. The latter is obtained from treatment of camphene with acetic acid in the presence of a strong acid catalyst.
It can also be produced by reduction of camphor:
Isoborneol derivatives as chiral ligands
Derivatives of isoborneol are used as ligands in asymmetric synthesis.
(2S)-(−)-3-exo-(morpholino)isoborneol or MIB with a morpholine substituent in the α-hydroxyl position.
(2S)-(−)-3-exo-(dimethylamino)isoborneol or DAIB with a dimethylamino substituent in the α-hydroxyl position
References
Secondary alcohols
Monoterpenes
Bicyclic compounds
Cyclopentanes
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fringe%20gene
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Fringe genes are important in the workings of the notch signaling pathway.
In Drosophila melanogaster (the fruit fly) the fringe gene (fng) was identified as part of the notch mechanism by Dr. Kenneth Irvine at the Waksman Institute at Rutgers. Later based on similarity, the manic fringe (MFNG), the radical fringe (RFNG) and lunatic fringe (LFNG) genes were identified in mammals.
Fringe genes encode O-fucose specific β-1,3-N-Acetylglucosaminyltransferases (GlcNAcT) glycosyltransferases.
The gene products of radical fringe stimulate the Apical Ectodermal Ridge in limb-bud formation.
The mouse and human Fringe family members map to three different chromosomes:
Mfng maps to mouse Chr 15 and to human Chr 22.
Lfng maps to mouse Chr 5 and human Chr 7.
Rfng maps to mouse Chr 11 and human Chr 17.
References
Animal genes
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumulative%20density%20function
|
Cumulative density function is a self-contradictory phrase resulting from confusion between:
probability density function, and
cumulative distribution function.
The two words cumulative and density contradict each other. The value of a density function in an interval about a point depends only on probabities of sets in arbitrarily small neighborhoods of that point, so it is not cumulative.
That is to say, if values are taken from a population of values described by the density function, and plotted as points on a linear axis, the density function reflects the density with which the plotted points will accumulate. The probability of finding a point between and is the integral of the probability density function over this range.
This is related to the probability mass function, which is the equivalent for variables that assign positive probability to individual points. The probability mass function is therefore sometimes referred to as the discrete density function.
In both cases, the cumulative distribution function is the integral (or, in the discrete case, the sum) for all values less than or equal to the current value of , and so shows the accumulated probability so far. This is the sense in which it is cumulative. Thus the probability density function of the normal distribution is a bell-curve, while the corresponding cumulative distribution function is a strictly increasing function that visually looks similar to a sigmoid function, which approaches 0 at −∞ and a
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cor%20triatriatum
|
Cor triatriatum (or triatrial heart) is a congenital heart defect where the left atrium (cor triatriatum sinistrum) or right atrium (cor triatriatum dextrum) is subdivided by a thin membrane, resulting in three atrial chambers (hence the name).
Cor triatriatum represents 0.1% of all congenital cardiac malformations and may be associated with other cardiac defects in as many as 50% of cases. The membrane may be complete or may contain one or more fenestrations of varying size.
Cor triatriatum sinistrum is more common. In this defect there is typically a proximal chamber that receives the pulmonic veins and a distal (true) chamber located more anteriorly where it empties into the mitral valve. The membrane that separates the atrium into two parts varies significantly in size and shape. It may appear similar to a diaphragm or be funnel-shaped, bandlike, entirely intact (imperforate) or contain one or more openings (fenestrations) ranging from small, restrictive-type to large and widely open.
In the pediatric population, this anomaly may be associated with major congenital cardiac lesions such as tetralogy of Fallot, double outlet right ventricle, coarctation of the aorta, partial anomalous pulmonary venous connection, persistent left superior vena cava with unroofed coronary sinus, ventricular septal defect, atrioventricular septal (endocardial cushion) defect, and common atrioventricular canal. Rarely, asplenia or polysplenia has been reported in these patients. In the adu
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dilution
|
Dilution may refer to:
Reducing the concentration of a chemical
Serial dilution, stepwise
Homeopathic dilution
Dilution (equation), an equation to calculate the rate a gas dilutes
Trademark dilution, weakening of a trademark by unauthorised use
Stock dilution, issuing of new company shares
Dilution gene, lightening animal coat color
Expectational Dilution, album by Overcast
Dilution ratio
Hemodynamics#Hemodilution, of blood
See also
Dilation (disambiguation)
zh:稀释
nl:Verdunning
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