source
stringlengths 32
209
| text
stringlengths 18
1.5k
|
|---|---|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypoproteinemia
|
Hypoproteinemia is a condition where there is an abnormally low level of protein in the blood. There are several causes that all result in edema once serum protein levels fall below a certain threshold.
Symptoms
The severity of symptoms can very, but may include:
fatigue and weakness
recurrent infections
brittle nails and dry skin
thinning and breaking hair
mood changes and irritability
Causes
Nutritional hypoproteinemia is due to severe limitation of protein intake in the diet. An example of nutritional hypoproteinemia is Kwashiorkor, a type of protein energy malnutrition affecting young children.
Malabsorption, often caused by celiac disease or inflammataory bowel disease
Liver disease can also cause hypoproteinemia by decreasing synthesis of plasma proteins like albumin.
Renal disease like nephrotic syndrome can also result in hypoproteinemia because plasma proteins are lost in the urine.
Sepsis (whole body infection) – macrophages activated in the liver and spleen secrete TNF-alpha into the bloodstream resulting in hypoproteinemia.
Pathophysiology
Decreased serum protein reduces the oncotic pressure of the blood, leading to loss of fluid from the intravascular compartment, or the blood vessels, to the interstitial tissues, resulting in edema. This is termed as hypoproteinemia.
Diagnosis
Hypoproteinemia is often confirmed by testing for serum albumin and total protein levels.
References
External links
Abnormal clinical and laboratory findings for bloo
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cranial%20nerve%20nucleus
|
A cranial nerve nucleus is a collection of neurons (gray matter) in the brain stem that is associated with one or more of the cranial nerves. Axons carrying information to and from the cranial nerves form a synapse first at these nuclei. Lesions occurring at these nuclei can lead to effects resembling those seen by the severing of nerve(s) they are associated with. All the nuclei except that of the trochlear nerve (CN IV) supply nerves of the same side of the body.
Structure
Motor and sensory
In general, motor nuclei are closer to the front (ventral), and sensory nuclei and neurons are closer to the back (dorsal). This arrangement mirrors the arrangement of tracts in the spinal cord.
Close to the midline are the motor efferent nuclei, such as the oculomotor nucleus, which control skeletal muscle. Just lateral to this are the autonomic (or visceral) efferent nuclei.
There is a separation, called the sulcus limitans, and lateral to this are the sensory nuclei. Near the sulcus limitans are the visceral afferent nuclei, namely the solitary tract nucleus.
More lateral, but also less posterior, are the general somatic afferent nuclei. This is the trigeminal nucleus. Back at the dorsal surface of the brainstem, and more lateral are the special somatic afferents, this handles sensation such as balance.
Another area, not on the dorsum of the brainstem, is where the special visceral efferents nuclei reside. These formed from the pharyngeal arches, in the embryo. This area is a bi
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypervolemia
|
Hypervolemia, also known as fluid overload, is the medical condition where there is too much fluid in the blood. The opposite condition is hypovolemia, which is too little fluid volume in the blood. Fluid volume excess in the intravascular compartment occurs due to an increase in total body sodium content and a consequent increase in extracellular body water. The mechanism usually stems from compromised regulatory mechanisms for sodium handling as seen in congestive heart failure (CHF), kidney failure, and liver failure. It may also be caused by excessive intake of sodium from foods, intravenous (IV) solutions and blood transfusions, medications, or diagnostic contrast dyes. Treatment typically includes administration of diuretics and limit the intake of water, fluids, sodium, and salt.
Signs and symptoms
The excess fluid, primarily salt and water, builds up in various locations in the body and leads to an increase in weight, swelling in the legs and arms (peripheral edema), and/or fluid in the abdomen (ascites). Eventually, the fluid enters the air spaces in the lungs (pulmonary edema) reduces the amount of oxygen that can enter the blood, leading to anemia and causes shortness of breath (dyspnea) or enters pleural space by transudation (pleural effusion which also causes dyspnea), which is the best indicator of estimating central venous pressure is increased. It can also cause swelling of the face. Fluid can also collect in the lungs when lying down at night, possibly mak
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molien%27s%20formula
|
In mathematics, Molien's formula computes the generating function attached to a linear representation of a group G on a finite-dimensional vector space, that counts the homogeneous polynomials of a given total degree that are invariants for G. It is named for Theodor Molien.
Precisely, it says: given a finite-dimensional complex representation V of G and , the space of homogeneous polynomial functions on V of degree n (degree-one homogeneous polynomials are precisely linear functionals), if G is a finite group, the series (called Molien series) can be computed as:
Here, is the subspace of that consists of all vectors fixed by all elements of G; i.e., invariant forms of degree n. Thus, the dimension of it is the number of invariants of degree n. If G is a compact group, the similar formula holds in terms of Haar measure.
Derivation
Let denote the irreducible characters of a finite group G and V, R as above. Then the character of can be written as:
Here, each is given by the inner product:
where and are the possibly repeated eigenvalues of . Now, we compute the series:
Taking to be the trivial character yields Molien's formula.
Example
Consider the symmetric group acting on R3 by permuting the coordinates. We add up the sum by group elements, as follows.
Starting with the identity, we have
.
There is a three-element conjugacy class of , consisting of swaps of two coordinates. This gives three terms of the form
There is a two-element conjugacy class of
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generalised%20hyperbolic%20distribution
|
The generalised hyperbolic distribution (GH) is a continuous probability distribution defined as the normal variance-mean mixture where the mixing distribution is the generalized inverse Gaussian distribution (GIG). Its probability density function (see the box) is given in terms of modified Bessel function of the second kind, denoted by . It was introduced by Ole Barndorff-Nielsen, who studied it in the context of physics of wind-blown sand.
Properties
Linear transformation
This class is closed under affine transformations.
Summation
Barndorff-Nielsen and Halgreen proved that the GIG distribution is infinitely divisible and since the GH distribution can be obtained as a normal variance-mean mixture where the mixing distribution is the generalized inverse Gaussian distribution, Barndorff-Nielsen and Halgreen showed the GH distribution is infinitely divisible as well.
Fails to be convolution-closed
An important point about infinitely divisible distributions is their connection to Lévy processes, i.e. at any point in time a Lévy process is infinitely divisible distributed. Many families of well-known infinitely divisible distributions are so-called convolution-closed, i.e. if the distribution of a Lévy process at one point in time belongs to one of these families, then the distribution of the Lévy process at all points in time belong to the same family of distributions. For example, a Poisson process will be Poisson distributed at all points in time, or a Brownian motio
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entrainment%20%28hydrodynamics%29
|
Entrainment is the transport of fluid across an interface between two bodies of fluid by a shear-induced turbulent flux. Entrainment is important in turbulent jets, plumes, and gravity currents, and is an ongoing topic of research.
History
The entrainment hypothesis was first used as a model for flow in plumes by G. I. Taylor. He was studying the use of oil drum fires to clear fog from airplane runways during World War II.
It became a common model of turbulence closure used in environmental and geophysical fluid mechanics.
== Applications ==
Eductors or eductor-jet pumps make use of entrainment. They are used on board ships to pump out flooded compartments: seawater is pumped to the eductor and forced through a jet, and any fluid at the inlet of the eductor is carried along to the outlet, and then up and out of the compartment. Eductors can pump out whatever can flow through them, including water, oil, and small pieces of wood. Another example is the pump-jet, which is used for marine propulsion. Jet pumps are also used to circulate reactor coolant in several designs of boiling water nuclear reactor.
In power generation, this phenomenon is used in steam jet air ejectors to maintain condenser vacuum by removing non-condensible gases from the condenser.
References
Fluid dynamics
Turbulence
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip%20Glenister
|
Philip Haywood Glenister (born 10 February 1963) is an English actor. He is known for his role as DCI Gene Hunt in the BBC series Life on Mars (2006–2007) and its sequel Ashes to Ashes (2008–2010). He also played DCI William Bell in State of Play (2003) and Reverend Anderson in Outcast (2016–2018).
Early life
Glenister was born on 10 February 1963 in Harrow, Middlesex, and grew up in Hatch End. He is the son of director John Glenister and Joan Fry Lewis, and the younger brother of fellow actor Robert Glenister. He attended Hatch End High School. In his early career, he worked as a runner for the Robert Stigwood Organisation. Following this, he worked until the age of 23 as a film publicist but developed an interest in acting after watching his brother perform in a student play about the Sex Pistols. With the encouragement of his then-sister-in-law Amanda Redman, he pursued acting and attended the Central School of Speech and Drama.
Career
In the early 1990s, Glenister appeared in various TV series including Minder, The Ruth Rendell Mysteries, Heartbeat, The Chief, Dressing for Breakfast and Silent Witness. In 1997, he appeared in Sharpe's Justice as Richard Sharpe's half-brother Matt Truman. He played William Dobbin in the 1998 mini-series Vanity Fair.
From 1998 to 1999, Glenister co-starred as a mini-cab driver who aspires to be a rock star in the series Roger Roger. He also played factory boss Mack Mackintosh in the first three series of Clocking Off from 2000 to 2002. I
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion%20Barbu
|
Ion Barbu (, pen name of Dan Barbilian; 18 March 1895 –11 August 1961) was a Romanian mathematician and poet. His name is associated with the Mathematics Subject Classification number 51C05, which is a major posthumous recognition reserved only to pioneers of investigations in an area of mathematical inquiry.
Early life
Born in Câmpulung-Muscel, Argeș County, he was the son of Constantin Barbilian and Smaranda, born Șoiculescu. He attended elementary school in Câmpulung, Dămienești, and Stâlpeni, and for secondary studies he went to the Ion Brătianu High School in Pitești, the Dinicu Golescu High School in Câmpulung, and finally the Gheorghe Lazăr High School and the Mihai Viteazul High School in Bucharest. During that time, he discovered that he had a talent for mathematics, and started publishing in Gazeta Matematică; it was also then that he discovered his passion for poetry. Barbu was known as "one of the greatest Romanian poets of the twentieth century and perhaps the greatest of all" according to Romanian literary critic Alexandru Ciorănescu. As a poet, he is known for his volume Joc secund ("Mirrored Play").
He was a student at the University of Bucharest when World War I caused his studies to be interrupted by military service. He completed his degree in 1921. He then went to the University of Göttingen to study number theory with Edmund Landau for two years. Returning to Bucharest, he studied with Gheorghe Țițeica, completing in 1929 his thesis, Canonical represent
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton%20Davidoglu
|
Anton Davidoglu (June 30, 1876–May 27, 1958) was a Romanian mathematician who specialized in differential equations.
He was born in 1876 in Bârlad, Vaslui County, the son of Profira Moțoc and Doctor Cleante Davidoglu. His older brother was General Cleante Davidoglu.
He studied under Jacques Hadamard at the École Normale Supérieure in Paris, defending his Ph.D. dissertation in 1900. His thesis — the first mathematical investigation of deformable solids — applied Émile Picard's method of successive approximations to the study of fourth order differential equations that model traverse vibrations of non-homogeneous elastic bars.
After returning to Romania, Davidoglu became a professor at the University of Bucharest. In 1913, he was founding rector of the
Academy of High Commercial and Industrial Studies in Bucharest. He also continued to teach at the University of Bucharest, until his retirement in 1941.
Davidoglu was a founding member of the Romanian Academy of Sciences, and was featured on a 1976 Romanian postage stamp. He died in 1958 in Bucharest.
Publications
References
1876 births
1958 deaths
People from Bârlad
Romanian expatriates in France
École Normale Supérieure alumni
Academic staff of the University of Bucharest
20th-century Romanian mathematicians
Mathematical analysts
Academic staff of the Bucharest Academy of Economic Studies
Members of the Romanian Academy of Sciences
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reduction%20of%20order
|
Reduction of order (or d’Alembert reduction) is a technique in mathematics for solving second-order linear ordinary differential equations. It is employed when one solution is known and a second linearly independent solution is desired. The method also applies to n-th order equations. In this case the ansatz will yield an (n−1)-th order equation for .
Second-order linear ordinary differential equations
An example
Consider the general, homogeneous, second-order linear constant coefficient ordinary differential equation. (ODE)
where are real non-zero coefficients. Two linearly independent solutions for this ODE can be straightforwardly found using characteristic equations except for the case when the discriminant, , vanishes. In this case,
from which only one solution,
can be found using its characteristic equation.
The method of reduction of order is used to obtain a second linearly independent solution to this differential equation using our one known solution. To find a second solution we take as a guess
where is an unknown function to be determined. Since must satisfy the original ODE, we substitute it back in to get
Rearranging this equation in terms of the derivatives of we get
Since we know that is a solution to the original problem, the coefficient of the last term is equal to zero. Furthermore, substituting into the second term's coefficient yields (for that coefficient)
Therefore, we are left with
Since is assumed non-zero and is an exponential
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traian%20Lalescu
|
Traian Lalescu (; 12 July 1882 – 15 June 1929) was a Romanian mathematician. His main focus was on integral equations and he contributed to work in the areas of functional equations, trigonometric series, mathematical physics, geometry, mechanics, algebra, and the history of mathematics.
Life
He went to the Carol I High School in Craiova, continuing high school in Roman, and graduating from the Boarding High School in Iași. After entering the University of Iași, he completed his undergraduate studies in 1903 at the University of Bucharest.
He earned his Ph.D. in Mathematics from the University of Paris in 1908. His dissertation, Sur les équations de Volterra, was written under the direction of Émile Picard. In 1911, he published Introduction to the Theory of Integral Equations, the first book ever on the subject of integral equations.
After returning to Romania in 1909, he first taught Mathematics at the Ion Maiorescu Gymnasium in Giurgiu. From 1909 to 1910, he was a teaching assistant at the School of Bridges and Highways, in the department of graphic statistics.
He was a professor at the University of Bucharest, the Polytechnic University of Timișoara (where he was the first rector, in 1920), and the Polytechnic University of Bucharest.
The Lalescu sequence
Legacy
There are several institutions bearing his name, including Colegiul Naţional de Informatică Traian Lalescu in Hunedoara and Liceul Teoretic Traian Lalescu in Reşiţa. There is also a Traian Lalescu Street
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ado%27s%20theorem
|
In abstract algebra, Ado's theorem is a theorem characterizing finite-dimensional Lie algebras.
Statement
Ado's theorem states that every finite-dimensional Lie algebra L over a field K of characteristic zero can be viewed as a Lie algebra of square matrices under the commutator bracket. More precisely, the theorem states that L has a linear representation ρ over K, on a finite-dimensional vector space V, that is a faithful representation, making L isomorphic to a subalgebra of the endomorphisms of V.
History
The theorem was proved in 1935 by Igor Dmitrievich Ado of Kazan State University, a student of Nikolai Chebotaryov.
The restriction on the characteristic was later removed by Kenkichi Iwasawa (see also the below Gerhard Hochschild paper for a proof).
Implications
While for the Lie algebras associated to classical groups there is nothing new in this, the general case is a deeper result. Applied to the real Lie algebra of a Lie group G, it does not imply that G has a faithful linear representation (which is not true in general), but rather that G always has a linear representation that is a local isomorphism with a linear group.
References
. (Russian language)
translation in
Nathan Jacobson, Lie Algebras, pp. 202–203
External links
Ado’s theorem, comments and a proof of Ado's theorem in Terence Tao's blog What's new.
Lie algebras
Theorems about algebras
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isopycnic
|
An isopycnic surface is a surface of constant density inside a fluid. Isopycnic surfaces contrast with isobaric or isothermal surfaces, which describe surfaces of constant pressure and constant temperature respectively. Isopycnic surfaces are sometimes referred to as "iso-density" surfaces, although this is strictly incorrect. Isopycnic typically describes surfaces, not processes. Unless there is a flux of mass into or out of a control volume, a process which occurs at a constant density also occurs at a constant volume and is called an isochoric process and not an isopycnic process.
The term "isopycnic" is commonly encountered in the fluid dynamics of compressible fluids, such as in meteorology and geophysical fluid dynamics, astrophysics, or the fluid dynamics of explosions or high Mach number flows. It may also be applied to other situations where a continuous medium has smoothly varying density, such as in the case of an inhomogeneous colloidal suspension. In general isopycnic surfaces will occur in fluids in hydrostatic equilibrium coinciding with equipotential surfaces formed by gravity.
The term "isopycnic" is also encountered in biophysical chemistry, usually in reference to a process of separating particles, subcellular organelles, or other substances on the basis of their density. Isopycnic centrifugation refers to a method wherein a density gradient is either pre-formed or forms during high speed centrifugation. After this gradient is formed particles move with
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topkis%27s%20theorem
|
In mathematical economics, Topkis's theorem is a result that is useful for establishing comparative statics. The theorem allows researchers to understand how the optimal value for a choice variable changes when a feature of the environment changes. The result states that if f is supermodular in (x,θ), and D is a lattice, then is nondecreasing in θ. The result is especially helpful for establishing comparative static results when the objective function is not differentiable. The result is named after Donald M. Topkis.
An example
This example will show how using Topkis's theorem gives the same result as using more standard tools. The advantage of using Topkis's theorem is that it can be applied to a wider class of problems than can be studied with standard economics tools.
A driver is driving down a highway and must choose a speed, s. Going faster is desirable, but is more likely to result in a crash. There is some prevalence of potholes, p. The presence of potholes increases the probability of crashing. Note that s is a choice variable and p is a parameter of the environment that is fixed from the perspective of the driver. The driver seeks to .
We would like to understand how the driver's speed (a choice variable) changes with the amount of potholes:
If one wanted to solve the problem with standard tools such as the implicit function theorem, one would have to assume that the problem is well behaved: U(.) is twice continuously differentiable, concave in s, that t
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odontoblast%20process
|
An odontoblast process (also called Tomes's fibers or Tomes fibers, or by a dated term Tomes's fibrils) is an extension of a cell called an odontoblast, which forms dentin in a tooth. The odontoblast process is located in dentinal tubules. It forms during dentinogenesis and results from a part of the odontoblast staying in its location as the main body of the odontoblast moves toward the center of the tooth's pulp. The odontoblast process causes the secretion of hydroxyapatite crystals and mineralization of the matrix secreted by the odontoblasts.
References
See also
Tomes's process
John Tomes
Tooth development
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kernel%20method
|
In machine learning, kernel machines are a class of algorithms for pattern analysis, whose best known member is the support-vector machine (SVM). These methods involve using linear classifiers to solve nonlinear problems. The general task of pattern analysis is to find and study general types of relations (for example clusters, rankings, principal components, correlations, classifications) in datasets. For many algorithms that solve these tasks, the data in raw representation have to be explicitly transformed into feature vector representations via a user-specified feature map: in contrast, kernel methods require only a user-specified kernel, i.e., a similarity function over all pairs of data points computed using inner products. The feature map in kernel machines is infinite dimensional but only requires a finite dimensional matrix from user-input according to the Representer theorem. Kernel machines are slow to compute for datasets larger than a couple of thousand examples without parallel processing.
Kernel methods owe their name to the use of kernel functions, which enable them to operate in a high-dimensional, implicit feature space without ever computing the coordinates of the data in that space, but rather by simply computing the inner products between the images of all pairs of data in the feature space. This operation is often computationally cheaper than the explicit computation of the coordinates. This approach is called the "kernel trick". Kernel functions ha
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%20Treatise%20on%20the%20Binomial%20Theorem
|
A Treatise on the Binomial Theorem is a fictional work of mathematics by the young Professor James Moriarty, the criminal mastermind and archenemy of the detective Sherlock Holmes in the fiction of Arthur Conan Doyle. The actual title of the treatise is never given in the stories; Holmes simply refers to "a treatise upon the Binomial Theorem". The treatise is mentioned in the 1893 short story "The Final Problem", when Holmes, speaking of Professor Moriarty, states:
Moriarty was a versatile mathematician as well as a criminal mastermind. In addition to the Treatise, he wrote the book The Dynamics of an Asteroid, containing mathematics so esoteric that no one could even review it. This is a very different branch of mathematics from the Binomial Theorem, further reflecting Moriarty's impressive intellectual prowess.
Review and discussion
Doyle, in his works, never describes the contents of the treatise. This has not stopped people from speculating on what it might have contained. Mathematician Harold Davis, in the book The Summation of Series, attributes certain binomial identities to Moriarty. These have been expanded on in further work, tying the Treatise into the standard mathematical literature. Less formal depictions of the content are also available. For example, in 1955 science fiction writer Poul Anderson wrote about the treatise for The Baker Street Journal.
The Treatise is sometimes used when a reference is needed to a non-specific example of a scientific pap
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Process%20function
|
In thermodynamics, a quantity that is well defined so as to describe the path of a process through the equilibrium state space of a thermodynamic system is termed a process function, or, alternatively, a process quantity, or a path function. As an example, mechanical work and heat are process functions because they describe quantitatively the transition between equilibrium states of a thermodynamic system.
Path functions depend on the path taken to reach one state from another. Different routes give different quantities. Examples of path functions include work, heat and arc length. In contrast to path functions, state functions are independent of the path taken. Thermodynamic state variables are point functions, differing from path functions. For a given state, considered as a point, there is a definite value for each state variable and state function.
Infinitesimal changes in a process function are often indicated by to distinguish them from infinitesimal changes in a state function which is written . The quantity is an exact differential, while is not, it is an inexact differential. Infinitesimal changes in a process function may be integrated, but the integral between two states depends on the particular path taken between the two states, whereas the integral of a state function is simply the difference of the state functions at the two points, independent of the path taken.
In general, a process function may be either holonomic or non-holonomic. For a holonomic
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephanotis
|
Stephanotis is a genus of flowering plants first described in 1806. The name derives from the Greek stephanōtís (feminine adj.) fit for a crown, derivative of stéphanos (masculine) crown. It contains evergreen, woody-stemmed lianas with a scattered distribution in several tropical and subtropical regions.
Stephanotis are grown for their strongly perfumed, waxy, tubular, usually white flowers. Leaves are opposite, ovate to elliptic, and leathery. Stephanotis is a beautiful but difficult plant - it hates sudden changes in temperature, needs constant cool conditions in winter and is attractive to scale and mealy bug. The stems of Stephanotis can reach 10 ft or more, but it is usually sold twined around a wire hoop. The heavily scented waxy flowers appear in summer.
The best known species is Stephanotis floribunda (Madagascar jasmine), which is cultivated as a tropical or hothouse ornamental, and whose flowers are a popular element in wedding bouquets.
The Stephanotis has grown in popularity over the past few years along with some of the other spring flowering vines. It is known by a few different names such as "Madagascar jasmine" and "bridal veil".
Species
15 species are accepted.
formerly included
transferred to other genera (Jasminanthes, Marsdenia)
References
Apocynaceae genera
Asclepiadoideae
Taxa named by Louis-Marie Aubert du Petit-Thouars
Paleotropical flora
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineral%20resource%20classification
|
There are several classification systems for the economic evaluation of mineral deposits worldwide. The most commonly used schemes base on the International Reporting Template, developed by the CRIRSCO - Committee for Mineral Reserves International Reporting Standards, like the Australian Joint Ore Reserves Committee - JORC Code 2012, the Pan-European Reserves & Resources Reporting Committee' – PERC Reporting Standard from 2021, the Canadian Institute of Mining, Metallurgy and Petroleum - CIM classification and the South African Code for the Reporting of Mineral Resources and Mineral Reserves (SAMREC). A more detailed description of the historical development concerning reporting about mineral deposits can be found on the PERC web site.
Mineral resources
A 'Mineral Resource' is a concentration or occurrence of material of intrinsic economic interest in or on the Earth's crust in such form, quality and quantity that there are reasonable prospects for eventual economic extraction. Mineral Resources are further sub-divided, in order of increasing geological confidence, into inferred, indicated and measured as categories.
Inferred Mineral Resource is the part of a mineral resource for which quantity, grade (or quality) and mineral content can be estimated with a low level of confidence. It is inferred from geological evidence and assumed but not verified geological or grade continuity. It is based on information gathered through appropriate techniques from locations such as ou
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hill%27s%20spherical%20vortex
|
Hill's spherical vortex is an exact solution of the Euler equations that is commonly used to model a vortex ring. The solution is also used to model the velocity distribution inside a spherical drop of one fluid moving at a constant velocity through another fluid at small Reynolds number. The vortex is named after Micaiah John Muller Hill who discovered the exact solution in 1894. The two-dimensional analogue of this vortex is the Lamb–Chaplygin dipole.
The solution is described in the spherical polar coordinates system with corresponding velocity components . The velocity components are identified from Stokes stream function as follows
The Hill's spherical vortex is described by
where is a constant freestream velocity far away from the origin and is the radius of the sphere within which the vorticity is non-zero. For , the vorticity is zero and the solution described above in that range is nothing but the potential flow past a sphere of radius . The only non-zero vorticity component for is the azimuthal component that is given by
Note that here the parameters and can be scaled out by non-dimensionalization.
Hill's spherical vortex with a swirling motion
The Hill's spherical vortex with a swirling motion is provided by Keith Moffatt in 1969. Earlier discussion of similar problems are provided by William Mitchinson Hicks in 1899. The solution was also discovered by Kelvin H. Pendergast in 1956, in the context of plasma physics, as there exists a direct connectio
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candidatus%20Brocadia%20anammoxidans
|
"Candidatus Brocadia anammoxidans" is a bacterial member of the phylum Planctomycetota and therefore lacks peptidoglycan in its cell wall, and has a compartmentalized cytoplasm.
"Candidatus Brocadia anammoxidans" was the first discovered organism capable of the anaerobic oxidation of ammonium, and it is the only organism known to produce hydrazine. This process (dubbed the anammox-process) was discovered in the 1980s by the Gijs Kuenen lab in a waste water treatment plant in Delft, Netherlands. Ammonium oxidation is coupled to nitrite reduction to form the harmless dinitrogen gas.
The key enzyme involved in this reaction, hydroxylamine oxidoreductase, is located in an organelle-like structure called the anammoxosome. The ability to oxidize ammonium anaerobically makes "Candidatus Brocadia anammoxidans" potentially useful for reducing—or eliminating—ammonium from waste water.
In waste treatment
Because of its ability to eliminate ammonium, a variety of uses have been found for this bacteria, particularly removal of nitrogen from waste streams. The first full scale experiment employing the anammox process in the world was built in 2010 at the waste water treatment plant Dokhaven/Sluisjesdijk in Rotterdam, Netherlands.
Existing treatment plants use bacteria that convert ammonium into nitrate. The bacteria that do this need oxygen, which must be supplied by electric pumps. Denitrifying bacteria convert the nitrate into nitrogen gas. These require adding methanol. This proces
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hillclimbing%20%28disambiguation%29
|
Hillclimbing is a motorsport
Hillclimbing may also refer to:
Hillclimbing (cycling)
Hillclimbing (railway)
Hill climbing, an optimization algorithm in mathematics
See also
Hillwalking
Mountaineering
Hilcrhyme, a Japanese hip-hop duo
Newport Antique Auto Hill Climb, a racing event in Newport, Indiana
Hill Climb Racing (video game), video game
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EP300
|
Histone acetyltransferase p300 also known as p300 HAT or E1A-associated protein p300 (where E1A = adenovirus early region 1A) also known as EP300 or p300 is an enzyme that, in humans, is encoded by the EP300 gene. It functions as histone acetyltransferase that regulates transcription of genes via chromatin remodeling by allowing histone proteins to wrap DNA less tightly. This enzyme plays an essential role in regulating cell growth and division, prompting cells to mature and assume specialized functions (differentiate), and preventing the growth of cancerous tumors. The p300 protein appears to be critical for normal development before and after birth.
The EP300 gene is located on the long (q) arm of the human chromosome 22 at position 13.2. This gene encodes the adenovirus E1A-associated cellular p300 transcriptional co-activator protein.
EP300 is closely related to another gene, CREB binding protein, which is found on human chromosome 16.
Function
p300 HAT functions as histone acetyltransferase that regulates transcription via chromatin remodeling, and is important in the processes of cell proliferation and differentiation. It mediates cAMP-gene regulation by binding specifically to phosphorylated CREB protein.
p300 HAT contains a bromodomain which is involved in IL6 signaling.
This gene has also been identified as a co-activator of HIF1A (hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha), and, thus, plays a role in the stimulation of hypoxia-induced genes such as VEGF.
Mechanism
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treacle%20protein
|
Treacle protein is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TCOF1 gene.
This gene encodes a nucleolar protein with an LIS1 homology domain. The protein is involved in ribosomal DNA gene transcription through its interaction with upstream binding factor (UBF). Mutations in this gene have been associated with Treacher Collins syndrome, a disorder which includes abnormal craniofacial development. Alternate transcriptional splice variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene, but only three of them have been characterized to date.
TCOF1 is a gene that provides instructions for making a protein called treacle. This protein is active during early embryonic development in structures that become bones and other tissues in the face. Although the precise function of this protein is unknown, researchers believe that it plays a critical role in the development of facial bones and related structures.
Studies suggest that treacle is involved in the production of a molecule called ribosomal RNA (rRNA) within cells. Treacle is active in the nucleolus, which is a small region inside the nucleus where rRNA is produced. As a major component of cell structures called ribosomes, rRNA is essential for the assembly of proteins.
Aside from its interaction with UBF, treacle has been implicated in the methylation of the precursor to mature ribosomal RNA by interaction with the nucleolar protein pNop56.
The TCOF1 gene is located on the long (q) arm of chromosome 5 between p
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shunting%20%28neurophysiology%29
|
Shunting is an event in the neuron which occurs when an excitatory postsynaptic potential and an inhibitory postsynaptic potential are occurring close to each other on a dendrite, or are both on the soma of the cell.
According to temporal summation one would expect the inhibitory and excitatory currents to be summed linearly to describe the resulting current entering the cell. However, when inhibitory and excitatory currents are on the soma of the cell, the inhibitory current causes the cell resistance to change (making the cell "leakier"), thereby "shunting" instead of completely eliminating the effects of the excitatory input.
See also
Spatial summation
Temporal summation
References
Neurophysiology
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diazodinitrophenol
|
Diazodinitrophenol (DDNP) was the first diazo compound produced; it was subsequently used to make dyes and explosives. It forms yellow crystals in pure form; however, the color of impure forms may vary from dark yellow to green to dark brown. It is soluble in acetic acid, acetone, concentrated hydrochloric acid, most non-polar solvents and is slightly soluble in water.
A solution of cold sodium hydroxide may be used to destroy it. DDNP may be desensitized by immersing it in water, as it does not react in water at normal temperature. It is less sensitive to impact but more powerful than mercury fulminate and almost as powerful as lead azide. The sensitivity of DDNP to friction is much less than that of mercury fulminate and lead azide.
DDNP is used with other materials to form priming mixtures, particularly where a high sensitivity to flame or heat is desired. DDNP is often used as an initiating explosive in propellant primer devices and is a substitute for lead styphnate in what are termed "green" or "non-toxic" (lead free) priming explosive compositions. Lead free primers have been judged as inadequate for service use in firearms due to weak and uneven initiation compared to lead based primers.
History
Diazodinitrophenol was first prepared in 1858 by the German chemist Peter Griess. It was among the first diazo compounds and for a long time thereafter it was
used as a starting material for dyes. Although Griess had mentioned in 1859 that diazodinitrophenol exploded
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AFP-L3
|
In oncology, AFP-L3 is an isoform of alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), a substance typically used in the triple test during pregnancy and for screening chronic liver disease patients for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). AFP can be fractionated by affinity electrophoresis into three glycoforms: L1, L2, and L3 based on the reactivity with the lectin Lens culinaris agglutinin (LCA). AFP-L3 binds strongly to LCA via an additional α 1-6 fucose residue attached at the reducing terminus of N-acetylglucosamine; this is in contrast to the L1 isoform. It is the L1 isoform which is typically associated with non-HCC inflammation of liver disease condition. The L3 isoform is specific to malignant tumors and its detected presence can serve to identify patients whom need increased monitoring for the development of HCC in high risk populations (i.e. chronic hepatitis B and C and/or liver cirrhosis). AFP-L3% is now being considered as a tumor marker for the North American demographic.
AFP-L3% assay
AFP-L3 is isolated via an immunoassay and quantified using chemiluminesence on an automated platform. Results for AFP-L3 are represented as a ratio of LCA-reactive AFP to total AFP (AFP-L3%). The AFP-L3% assay, a liquid-phase binding assay, will help to identify at-risk subjects earlier, allowing for more intense evaluation for evidence of HCC according to existing practice guidelines in oncology. AFP-L3% is the standard for quantifying the L3 isoform of AFP in serum of high risk chronic liver disease
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AMN
|
Amn or AMN may refer to:
Biology
Alpha motor neuron (α-MNs), large lower motor neurons of the brainstem and spinal cord
Amnionless, a gene for a protein necessary for efficient absorption of vitamin B12
Adrenoleukodystrophy, a rare X-linked genetic disease
Media companies
AMN (TV station), in Griffith, New South Wales, Australia
Access Media Network, a communications media company
Al-Masdar News, a multilingual news website
All Media Network, a former music, movie and game database company acquired by RhythmOne
Military and politics
Afghanistan Mission Network, a coalition network for NATO led missions in Afghanistan
Airman, a low-grade enlisted rank in the US armed forces
Directorate of General Security, Arabic name of former Iraqi intelligence agency
Alianţa Moldova Noastră, a former social-liberal political party in Moldova
Other uses
Amn (Forgotten Realms), a fictional country in Dungeons & Dragons
Ahli Mangku Negara, a Malaysian honour
Ainsley Maitland-Niles, a professional footballer
Gratiot Community Airport, Alma, Michigan, US (IATA code AMN)
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SNW
|
SNW may refer to:
Star Trek: Strange New Worlds, TV series
Super Nintendo World, a theme park
Storage Networking World, a conference for data storage professionals
SNW1, a protein
snw, ISO 639-3 code for the Santrokofi language
SNW, ICAO code for Sun West Airlines
SNW, IATA airport code for Thandwe Airport, Myanmar
S. N. W. Hulugalle, Ceylonese colonial-era legislator and headmen
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P-selectin
|
P-selectin is a type-1 transmembrane protein that in humans is encoded by the SELP gene.
P-selectin functions as a cell adhesion molecule (CAM) on the surfaces of activated endothelial cells, which line the inner surface of blood vessels, and activated platelets. In unactivated endothelial cells, it is stored in granules called Weibel-Palade bodies. In unactivated platelets P-selectin is stored in α-granules.
Other names for P-selectin include CD62P, Granule Membrane Protein 140 (GMP-140), and Platelet Activation-Dependent Granule to External Membrane Protein (PADGEM). It was first identified in endothelial cells in 1989.
Gene and regulation
P-selectin is located on chromosome 1q21-q24, spans > 50 kb and contains 17 exons in humans. P-selectin is constitutively expressed in megakaryocytes (the precursor of platelets) and endothelial cells. P-selectin expression is induced by two distinct mechanisms. First, P-selectin is synthesized by megakaryocytes and endothelial cells, where it is sorted into the membranes of secretory granules. When megakaryocytes and endothelial cells are activated by agonists such as thrombin, P-selectin is rapidly translocated to the plasma membrane from granules. Secondly, increased levels of P-selectin mRNA and protein are induced by inflammatory mediators such as tumor necrosis factor-a (TNF-a), LPS, and interleukin-4 (IL-4). Although TNF-a and LPS increase levels of both mRNA and protein in murine models, they do not appear to affect mRNA
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scratch%20reflex
|
The scratch reflex is a response to activation of sensory neurons whose peripheral terminals are located on the surface of the body. Some sensory neurons can be activated by stimulation with an external object such as a parasite on the body surface. Alternatively, some sensory neurons can respond to a chemical stimulus that produces an itch sensation. During a scratch reflex, a nearby limb reaches toward and rubs against the site on the body surface that has been stimulated. The scratch reflex has been extensively studied to understand the functioning of neural networks in vertebrates. Despite decades of research, key aspects of the scratch reflex are still unknown, such as the neural mechanisms by which the reflex is terminated.
Scratch reflex in dogs
Most dogs will exhibit a scratch reflex when they are stimulated in the saddle region, which consists of the belly, sides, flanks, and back. These are the most common sites, but stimulation anywhere may be able to produce the reflex, such as the chest, ears, and even paws. Once stimulation of this area begins, the dog will begin to rhythmically "twitch" or "kick" their hind legs in an attempt to rid itself of the "irritant". Typically, only one of the hind legs will exhibit this reflex at a given time, however, it is possible for both legs to undergo the reflex at the same time. The intensity and rhythm of the reflex will vary depending on the intensity and speed of the stimulation.
The scratch reflex can commonly be tri
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WBXX%20%28FM%29
|
WBXX (104.9 MHz) is a radio station in Battle Creek, Michigan.
WBXX took over the 104.9 frequency formerly occupied by WRCC-FM in September 2007; its former 95.3 spot on the dial was taken over by WBCK-FM, and WRCC's classic rock format was discontinued.
As WBXX "B95", 95.3 FM was a very popular CHR/Top 40 station in the late 1980s and early 1990s. Despite the station's high ratings (especially with younger listeners), B95 was unsuccessful in terms of revenue because it played hip-hop and rap music that was unpopular with local advertisers. This led the station to change format to oldies and later adult contemporary, with which WBXX continued to broadcast initially after moving to 104.9.
104.9 was originally WALM-FM (sister station to the now-defunct WALM 1260 AM in Albion, Michigan) and later WELL-FM with a middle-of-the-road format. The station first used the WRCC call sign in 1996, broadcasting a satellite-fed country format known as "Cereal City Country" which was unable to compete with powerhouses WBCT and WNWN-FM and received low Arbitron ratings. WRCC changed the following year to WWKN, "Keener 104-9" (a tribute to WKFR's original home at 1400 AM in the 1960s as "Keener 14"), playing oldies of the 1960s and 1970s. Eventually WWKN repositioned as "Super Hits 104-9" and then "Super Rock 104-9" (adjusting its format to classic hits) before changing to all-out classic rock as "Rock 104-9" and changing its calls back to WRCC.
Mix 104-9 featured the syndicated Delil
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal%20tooth%20development
|
Tooth development or odontogenesis is the process in which teeth develop and grow into the mouth. Tooth development varies among species.
Tooth development in vertebrates
Fish
In fish, Hox gene expression regulates mechanisms for tooth initiation.
However, sharks continuously produce new teeth throughout their lives via a drastically different mechanism. Shark teeth form from modified scales near the tongue and move outward on the jaw in rows until they are eventually dislodged. Their scales, called dermal denticles, and teeth are homologous organs.
Mammals
Generally, tooth development in non-human mammals is similar to human tooth development. The variations usually lie in the morphology, number, development timeline, and types of teeth. However, some mammals' teeth do develop differently than humans'.
In mice, WNT signals are required for the initiation of tooth development. Rodents' teeth continually grow, forcing them to wear down their teeth by gnawing on various materials. If rodents are prevented from gnawing, their teeth eventually puncture the roofs of their mouths. In addition, rodent incisors consist of two halves, known as the crown and root analogues. The labial half is made of enamel and resembles a crown, while the lingual half is made of dentin and resembles a root. The mineral distribution in rodent enamel is different from that of monkeys, dogs, pigs, and humans.
In horse teeth, enamel and dentin layers are intertwined, which increases the strength and
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic%20packing%20factor
|
In crystallography, atomic packing factor (APF), packing efficiency, or packing fraction is the fraction of volume in a crystal structure that is occupied by constituent particles. It is a dimensionless quantity and always less than unity. In atomic systems, by convention, the APF is determined by assuming that atoms are rigid spheres. The radius of the spheres is taken to be the maximum value such that the atoms do not overlap. For one-component crystals (those that contain only one type of particle), the packing fraction is represented mathematically by
where Nparticle is the number of particles in the unit cell, Vparticle is the volume of each particle, and Vunit cell is the volume occupied by the unit cell. It can be proven mathematically that for one-component structures, the most dense arrangement of atoms has an APF of about 0.74 (see Kepler conjecture), obtained by the close-packed structures. For multiple-component structures (such as with interstitial alloys), the APF can exceed 0.74.
The atomic packing factor of a unit cell is relevant to the study of materials science, where it explains many properties of materials. For example, metals with a high atomic packing factor will have a higher "workability" (malleability or ductility), similar to how a road is smoother when the stones are closer together, allowing metal atoms to slide past one another more easily.
Single component crystal structures
Common sphere packings taken on by atomic systems are listed below w
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austenitic%20stainless%20steel
|
Austenitic stainless steel is one of the five classes of stainless steel by crystalline structure (along with ferritic, martensitic, duplex and precipitation hardened). Its primary crystalline structure is austenite (face-centered cubic) and it prevents steels from being hardenable by heat treatment and makes them essentially non-magnetic. This structure is achieved by adding enough austenite-stabilizing elements such as nickel, manganese and nitrogen. The Incoloy family of alloys belong to the category of super austenitic stainless steels.
AISI 200 and 300 series
There are two subgroups of austenitic stainless steel. 300 series stainless steels achieve their austenitic structure primarily by a nickel addition while 200 series stainless steels substitute manganese and nitrogen for nickel, though there is still a small nickel content, making 200 series a cost-effective nickel-chromium austenitic type stainless steel.
300 series stainless steels are the larger subgroup. The most common austenitic stainless steel and most common of all stainless steel is Type 304, also known as 18/8 or A2. Type 304 is extensively used in such items as cookware, cutlery, and kitchen equipment. Type 316 is the next most common austenitic stainless steel. Some 300 series, such as Type 316, also contain some molybdenum to promote resistance to acids and increase resistance to localized attack (e.g. pitting and crevice corrosion).
The higher nitrogen addition in 200 series gives them higher mechan
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In-phase%20and%20quadrature%20components
|
A sinusoid with modulation can be decomposed into, or synthesized from, two amplitude-modulated sinusoids that are in quadrature phase, i.e., with a phase offset of one-quarter cycle (90 degrees or /2 radians). All three sinusoids have the same center frequency. The two amplitude-modulated sinusoids are known as the in-phase (I) and quadrature (Q) components, which describes their relationships with the amplitude- and phase-modulated carrier.
Or in other words, it is possible to create an arbitrarily phase-shifted sine wave, by mixing together two sine waves that are 90° out of phase in different proportions.
The implication is that the modulations in some signal can be treated separately from the carrier wave of the signal. This has extensive use in many radio and signal processing applications. I/Q data is used to represent the modulations of some carrier, independent of that carrier's frequency.
Orthogonality
In vector analysis, a vector with polar coordinates and Cartesian coordinates can be represented as the sum of orthogonal components: Similarly in trigonometry, the angle sum identity expresses:
And in functional analysis, when is a linear function of some variable, such as time, these components are sinusoids, and they are orthogonal functions. A phase-shift of changes the identity to:
,
in which case is the in-phase component. In both conventions is the in-phase amplitude modulation, which explains why some authors refer to it as the actual in-ph
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mean%20absolute%20percentage%20error
|
The mean absolute percentage error (MAPE), also known as mean absolute percentage deviation (MAPD), is a measure of prediction accuracy of a forecasting method in statistics. It usually expresses the accuracy as a ratio defined by the formula:
where is the actual value and is the forecast value. Their difference is divided by the actual value . The absolute value of this ratio is summed for every forecasted point in time and divided by the number of fitted points .
MAPE in regression problems
Mean absolute percentage error is commonly used as a loss function for regression problems and in model evaluation, because of its very intuitive interpretation in terms of relative error.
Definition
Consider a standard regression setting in which the data are fully described by a random pair with values in , and i.i.d. copies of . Regression models aim at finding a good model for the pair, that is a measurable function from to such that is close to .
In the classical regression setting, the closeness of to is measured via the risk, also called the mean squared error (MSE). In the MAPE regression context, the closeness of to is measured via the MAPE, and the aim of MAPE regressions is to find a model such that:
where is the class of models considered (e.g. linear models).
In practice
In practice can be estimated by the empirical risk minimization strategy, leading to
From a practical point of view, the use of the MAPE as a quality function for regression m
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D-module
|
In mathematics, a D-module is a module over a ring D of differential operators. The major interest of such D-modules is as an approach to the theory of linear partial differential equations. Since around 1970, D-module theory has been built up, mainly as a response to the ideas of Mikio Sato on algebraic analysis, and expanding on the work of Sato and Joseph Bernstein on the Bernstein–Sato polynomial.
Early major results were the Kashiwara constructibility theorem and Kashiwara index theorem of Masaki Kashiwara. The methods of D-module theory have always been drawn from sheaf theory and other techniques with inspiration from the work of Alexander Grothendieck in algebraic geometry. The approach is global in character, and differs from the functional analysis techniques traditionally used to study differential operators. The strongest results are obtained for over-determined systems (holonomic systems), and on the characteristic variety cut out by the symbols, which in the good case is a Lagrangian submanifold of the cotangent bundle of maximal dimension (involutive systems). The techniques were taken up from the side of the Grothendieck school by Zoghman Mebkhout, who obtained a general, derived category version of the Riemann–Hilbert correspondence in all dimensions.
Introduction: modules over the Weyl algebra
The first case of algebraic D-modules are modules over the Weyl algebra An(K) over a field K of characteristic zero. It is the algebra consisting of polynomials in t
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emad%20Moteab
|
Emad Mohamed Abdelnaby Ibrahim Moteab (; born 20 February 1983) is an Egyptian former professional footballer who played as a striker.
Career statistics
International
Source:
International goals
Scores and results list Egypt's goal tally first.
Honours and achievements
Al Ahly
Egyptian Premier League: 2004–05, 2005–06, 2006–07, 2007–08, 2009–10, 2010–11, 2013–14, 2015–16, 2016–17, 2017–18
Egypt Cup: 2006, 2007, 2016–17
Egyptian Super Cup: 2005, 2006, 2007, 2012, 2014, 2015
CAF Champions League: 2005, 2006, 2008, 2012, 2013
CAF Confederation Cup: 2014
CAF Super Cup: 2006, 2007, 2013, 2014
Al-Ittihad
Saudi Professional League: 2008–09
Egypt U20
African Youth Championship: 2003
Egypt
African Cup of Nations: 2006, 2008, 2010
References
External links
1983 births
Living people
Egyptian men's footballers
Egypt men's international footballers
2006 Africa Cup of Nations players
2008 Africa Cup of Nations players
2010 Africa Cup of Nations players
Al Ahly SC players
Men's association football forwards
Al-Ittihad Club (Jeddah) players
People from Sharqia Governorate
Olympic footballers for Egypt
Footballers at the 2012 Summer Olympics
Egyptian Premier League players
Al Taawoun FC players
Saudi Pro League players
Expatriate men's footballers in Saudi Arabia
Egyptian expatriate sportspeople in Saudi Arabia
Egyptian expatriate men's footballers
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spike%20sorting
|
Spike sorting is a class of techniques used in the analysis of electrophysiological data. Spike sorting algorithms use the shape(s) of waveforms collected with one or more electrodes in the brain to distinguish the activity of one or more neurons from background electrical noise.
Neurons produce action potentials that are referred to as 'spikes' in laboratory jargon. Frequently this term is used for electrical signals recorded in the vicinity of individual neurons with a microelectrode (exception: 'spikes' in EEG recordings). In these recordings action potentials appear as sharp spikes (deviations from the baseline). These extracellular electrodes pick up all the components constituting the field at the point of its contact. This includes the component due to the synaptic currents and the action potentials. The synaptic currents have slower time course and the spikes have faster time course. They are thus easily separated by filtering: highpass for spikes and low pass for the synaptic mechanisms. The component of the field due to the synaptic mechanism is referred to as the local field potential (LFP). Spike sorting refers to the process of assigning spikes to different neurons. The background to this is that the exact time course of a spike event as recorded by the electrode depends on the size and shape of the neuron, the position of the recording electrode relative to the neuron, etc. These electrodes, positioned outside of the cells in the tissue, however, often 'see' t
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gradient-related
|
Gradient-related is a term used in multivariable calculus to describe a direction. A direction sequence is gradient-related to if for any subsequence that converges to a nonstationary point, the corresponding subsequence is bounded and satisfies
Gradient-related directions are usually encountered in the gradient-based iterative optimization of a function . At each iteration the current vector is and we move in the direction , thus generating a sequence of directions.
It is easy to guarantee that the directions generated are gradient-related: for example, they can be set equal to the gradient at each point.
Vector calculus
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal%20Singer
|
The Crystal Singer, or Crystal Singer in the U.S., is a young adult, science fiction novel by American writer Anne McCaffrey, first published by Severn House in 1982. It features the transition by Killashandra Ree, a young woman who has failed as an operatic soloist, to the occupation of "crystal singer" on the fictional planet Ballybran. The novel is based on short stories written in 1974 and is the first book McCaffrey set in her "Crystal universe".
Alternatively, Crystal Singer is a trilogy completed in 1992 and named for its first book.
Doubleday and Del Rey published U.S. book club and paperback editions within a few months of the first edition in 1982. WorldCat participating libraries report holding editions in French, Polish, and Hebrew languages, published in the 1990s.
Origins
While a schoolgirl, Anne McCaffrey enjoyed one year of piano lessons purchased by her aunt. Later she studied voice for nine years, performed in the first music circus in 1949, once directed a play, and worked for a record label, Liberty Music Shop. DuPont transferred her husband temporarily to Düsseldorf, Germany, in 1962/63, where Anne resumed vocal training but suffered a crisis when she was informed that a flaw in her voice would limit her in that avocation. Regarding that experience, including some emotional trauma, her fictional character Killashandra Ree is partly autobiographical.
McCaffrey divorced her husband in August 1970 and emigrated to the vicinity of Dublin, Ireland, in Sep
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CTAB
|
CTAB may refer to:
Cetyl trimethylammonium bromide, an antiseptic agent also used in DNA extraction
Chemical table file, a data file type used in chemoinformatics
Canadian Technology Accreditation Board, an accreditation board for post-secondary technology programs in Canada
"Lungs Clear To Auscultation Bilaterally", an abbreviation used in medical records for lung examination
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phytase
|
A phytase (myo-inositol hexakisphosphate phosphohydrolase) is any type of phosphatase enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of phytic acid (myo-inositol hexakisphosphate) – an indigestible, organic form of phosphorus that is found in many plant tissues, especially in grains and oil seeds – and releases a usable form of inorganic phosphorus. While phytases have been found to occur in animals, plants, fungi and bacteria, phytases have been most commonly detected and characterized from fungi.
History
The first plant phytase was found in 1907 from rice bran and in 1908 from an animal (calf's liver and blood). In 1962 began the first attempt at commercializing phytases for animal feed nutrition enhancing purposes when International Minerals & Chemicals (IMC) studied over 2000 microorganisms to find the most suitable ones for phytase production. This project was launched in part due to concerns about mineable sources for inorganic phosphorus eventually running out (see peak phosphorus), which IMC was supplying for the feed industry at the time. Aspergillus (ficuum) niger fungal strain NRRL 3135 (ATCC 66876) was identified as a promising candidate as it was able to produce large amounts of extracellular phytases. However, the organism's efficiency was not enough for commercialization so the project ended in 1968 as a failure.
Still, identifying A. niger led in 1984 to a new attempt with A. niger mutants made with the relatively recently invented recombinant DNA technology. This US
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GDP-fucose%20protein%20O-fucosyltransferase%201
|
GDP-fucose protein O-fucosyltransferase 1 also known as peptide-O-fucosyltransferase 1 (O-FucT-1) is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the POFUT1 gene.
POFUT-1 belongs to the O-Fuc family of proteins all which is involved in the transferring of o-fucose from GDP-β-L-fucose to substrates. POFUT-1 responsible for adding fucose sugars in O linkage to serine or threonine residues between the second and third conserved cysteines in EGF-like repeats on the Notch protein. The protein is an inverting glycosyltransferase, which means that the enzyme uses GDP-β-L-fucose as a donor substrate and transfers the fucose in O linkage to the protein producing fucose-α-O-serine/threonine.
When the gene for POFUT1 is knocked out, or the expression is decreased to very low levels, all Notch signaling is destroyed, which means that fucose on Notch is essential for Notch function. Why this is the case is not yet well understood.
Almost all glycosyltransferases reside in the Golgi apparatus. However, POFUT1 as well as the related enzyme POFUT2 have recently been shown to reside in the endoplasmic reticulum.
Nomenclature
GDP-fucose protein O-fucosyltransferase 1 is also known as
Protein O-fucosyltransferase
O-FucT-1
FUT12
OFUCT1
O-FUT
Post-translational modification
POFUT-1 is involved in the attachment of Fucose sugars to proteins, However a key pathway is the Post-transitional Modification of NOTCH signal proteins.
Pre-NOTCH proteins are translated and deposited in to the end
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Push%E2%80%93relabel%20maximum%20flow%20algorithm
|
In mathematical optimization, the push–relabel algorithm (alternatively, preflow–push algorithm) is an algorithm for computing maximum flows in a flow network. The name "push–relabel" comes from the two basic operations used in the algorithm. Throughout its execution, the algorithm maintains a "preflow" and gradually converts it into a maximum flow by moving flow locally between neighboring nodes using push operations under the guidance of an admissible network maintained by relabel operations. In comparison, the Ford–Fulkerson algorithm performs global augmentations that send flow following paths from the source all the way to the sink.
The push–relabel algorithm is considered one of the most efficient maximum flow algorithms. The generic algorithm has a strongly polynomial time complexity, which is asymptotically more efficient than the Edmonds–Karp algorithm. Specific variants of the algorithms achieve even lower time complexities. The variant based on the highest label node selection rule has time complexity and is generally regarded as the benchmark for maximum flow algorithms. Subcubic time complexity can be achieved using dynamic trees, although in practice it is less efficient.
The push–relabel algorithm has been extended to compute minimum cost flows. The idea of distance labels has led to a more efficient augmenting path algorithm, which in turn can be incorporated back into the push–relabel algorithm to create a variant with even higher empirical performance.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison%20of%20assemblers
|
This is an incomplete list of assemblers: computer programs that translate assembly language source code into binary programs. Some assemblers are components of a compiler system for a high level language and may have limited or no usable functionality outside of the compiler system. Some assemblers are hosted on the target processor and operating system, while other assemblers (cross-assemblers) may run under an unrelated operating system or processor. For example, assemblers for embedded systems are not usually hosted on the target system since it would not have the storage and terminal I/O to permit entry of a program from a keyboard. An assembler may have a single target processor or may have options to support multiple processor types. Very simple assemblers may lack features, such as macros, present in more powerful versions.
As part of a compiler suite
GNU Assembler (GAS): GPL: many target instruction sets, including ARM architecture, Atmel AVR, x86, x86-64, Freescale 68HC11, Freescale v4e, Motorola 680x0, MIPS, PowerPC, IBM System z, TI MSP430, Zilog Z80.
SDAS (fork of ASxxxx Cross Assemblers and part of the Small Device C Compiler project): GPL: several target instruction sets including Intel 8051, Zilog Z80, Freescale 68HC08, PIC microcontroller.
The Amsterdam Compiler Kit (ACK) targets many architectures of the 1980s, including 6502, 6800, 680x0, ARM, x86, Zilog Z80 and Z8000.
LLVM targets many platforms, however its main focus is not machine-dependent code g
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alliin
|
Alliin is a sulfoxide that is a natural constituent of fresh garlic. It is a derivative of the amino acid cysteine. When fresh garlic is chopped or crushed, the enzyme alliinase converts alliin into allicin, which is responsible for the aroma of fresh garlic. Allicin and other thiosulfinates in garlic are unstable and form a number of other compounds, such as diallyl sulfide (DAS), diallyl disulfide (DADS) and diallyl trisulfide (DAT), dithiins and ajoene. Garlic powder is not a source of alliin, nor is fresh garlic upon maceration, since the enzymatic conversion to allicin takes place in the order of seconds.
Alliin was the first natural product found to have both carbon- and sulfur-centered stereochemistry.
Chemical synthesis
The first reported synthesis, by Stoll and Seebeck in 1951, begins the alkylation of -cysteine with allyl bromide to form deoxyalliin. Oxidation of this sulfide with hydrogen peroxide gives both diastereomers of -alliin, differing in the orientation of the oxygen atom on the sulfur stereocenter.
A newer route, reported by Koch and Keusgen in 1998, allows stereospecific oxidation using conditions similar to the Sharpless asymmetric epoxidation. The chiral catalyst is produced from diethyl tartrate and titanium isopropoxide.
Medical exploration
Garlic has been used since antiquity as a therapeutic remedy for conditions now associated with oxidative stress (production and accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS)). In an in vitro test (1991), g
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C3%B8rmer%27s%20theorem
|
In number theory, Størmer's theorem, named after Carl Størmer, gives a finite bound on the number of consecutive pairs of smooth numbers that exist, for a given degree of smoothness, and provides a method for finding all such pairs using Pell equations. It follows from the Thue–Siegel–Roth theorem that there are only a finite number of pairs of this type, but Størmer gave a procedure for finding them all.
Statement
If one chooses a finite set of prime numbers then the -smooth numbers are defined as the set of integers
that can be generated by products of numbers in . Then Størmer's theorem states that, for every choice of , there are only finitely many pairs of consecutive -smooth numbers. Further, it gives a method of finding them all using Pell equations.
The procedure
Størmer's original procedure involves solving a set of roughly 3k Pell equations, in each one finding only the smallest solution. A simplified version of the procedure, due to D. H. Lehmer, is described below; it solves fewer equations but finds more solutions in each equation.
Let P be the given set of primes, and define a number to be P-smooth if all its prime factors belong to P. Assume p1 = 2; otherwise there could be no consecutive P-smooth numbers, because all P-smooth numbers would be odd. Lehmer's method involves solving the Pell equation
for each P-smooth square-free number q other than 2. Each such number q is generated as a product of a subset of P, so there are 2k − 1 Pell equations to solv
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tafazzin
|
Tafazzin is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TAFAZZIN gene. Tafazzin is highly expressed in cardiac and skeletal muscle, and functions as a phospholipid-lysophospholipid transacylase (it belongs to phospholipid:diacylglycerol acyltransferases). It catalyzes remodeling of immature cardiolipin to its mature composition containing a predominance of tetralinoleoyl moieties. Several different isoforms of the tafazzin protein are produced from the TAFAZZIN gene. A long form and a short form of each of these isoforms is produced; the short form lacks a hydrophobic leader sequence and may exist as a cytoplasmic protein rather than being membrane-bound. Other alternatively spliced transcripts have been described but the full-length nature of all these transcripts is not known. Most isoforms are found in all tissues, but some are found only in certain types of cells. Mutations in the TAFAZZIN gene have been associated with mitochondrial deficiency, Barth syndrome, dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM), hypertrophic DCM, endocardial fibroelastosis, left ventricular noncompaction (LVNC), breast cancer, papillary thyroid carcinoma, non-small cell lung cancer, glioma, gastric cancer, thyroid neoplasms, and rectal cancer.
It is important to note that the TAZ gene was frequently confused with a protein called TAZ (transcriptional coactivator with PDZ-binding motif, a 50 kDA protein). which is a part of the Hippo pathway and entirely unrelated to the gene of interest. The Hippo pathway TAZ
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partition%20of%20sums%20of%20squares
|
The partition of sums of squares is a concept that permeates much of inferential statistics and descriptive statistics. More properly, it is the partitioning of sums of squared deviations or errors. Mathematically, the sum of squared deviations is an unscaled, or unadjusted measure of dispersion (also called variability). When scaled for the number of degrees of freedom, it estimates the variance, or spread of the observations about their mean value. Partitioning of the sum of squared deviations into various components allows the overall variability in a dataset to be ascribed to different types or sources of variability, with the relative importance of each being quantified by the size of each component of the overall sum of squares.
Background
The distance from any point in a collection of data, to the mean of the data, is the deviation. This can be written as , where is the ith data point, and is the estimate of the mean. If all such deviations are squared, then summed, as in , this gives the "sum of squares" for these data.
When more data are added to the collection the sum of squares will increase, except in unlikely cases such as the new data being equal to the mean. So usually, the sum of squares will grow with the size of the data collection. That is a manifestation of the fact that it is unscaled.
In many cases, the number of degrees of freedom is simply the number of data points in the collection, minus one. We write this as n − 1, where n is the number of dat
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association%20for%20Automated%20Reasoning
|
The Association for Automated Reasoning (AAR) is a non-profit corporation that serves as an association of researchers working on automated theorem proving, automated reasoning, and related fields. It organizes the CADE and IJCAR conferences and publishes a roughly quarterly newsletter.
The website of the association is maintained by Valentin Montmirail and Geoff Sutcliffe in Jekyll (software).
External links
AAR web page
Computer science organizations
Automated reasoning
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium/potassium/calcium%20exchanger%205
|
Sodium/potassium/calcium exchanger 5 (NCKX5), also known as solute carrier family 24 member 5 (SLC24A5), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SLC24A5 gene that has a major influence on natural skin colour variation. The NCKX5 protein is a member of the potassium-dependent sodium/calcium exchanger family. Sequence variation in the SLC24A5 gene, particularly a non-synonymous SNP changing the amino acid at position 111 in NCKX5 from alanine to threonine, has been associated with differences in skin pigmentation.
The SLC24A5 gene's derived threonine or Ala111Thr allele (rs1426654) has been shown to be a major factor in the light skin tone of Europeans compared to Sub-Saharan Africans, and is believed to represent as much as 25–40% of the average skin tone difference between Europeans and West Africans. Possibly originating as long as 19,000 years ago, it has been the subject of selection in the ancestors of Europeans as recently as within the last 5,000 years, and is fixed in modern European populations. It was introduced into Khoisan people via "back-to-Africa" migration around 2,000 years ago is partly responsible for their differing skin tone to most other African populations.
Gene
The SLC24A5 gene, in humans, is located on the long (q) arm of chromosome 15 on position 21.1, from base pair 46,200,461 to base pair 46,221,881.
Protein
NCKX5 is 43 kDa protein that is partially localized to the trans-Golgi network in melanocytes. Removal of the NCKX5 protein disrup
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pro-Football-Reference.com
|
Pro-Football-Reference.com is a website providing a variety of statistics for American football. It is one of the few sites that provides information on both active and retired players. The site provides statistics for teams dating back to 1920. It has statistics for quarterbacks, running backs, receivers, kickers, returners, and punters, as well as some defensive statistics, and Pro Bowl rosters. It also has each team's game-by-game results. The website is maintained by Sports Reference, and Fantasy Sports Ventures maintains a minority stake in the organization. The company also publishes similar statistics websites for basketball, baseball, and hockey.
References
National Football League websites
Internet properties established in 2003
Sports databases
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GDP-fucose%20protein%20O-fucosyltransferase%202
|
GDP-fucose protein O-fucosyltransferase 2 (POFUT2) is an enzyme responsible for adding fucose sugars in O linkage to serine or threonine residues in Thrombospondin repeats. The protein is an inverting glycosyltransferase, which means that the enzyme uses GDP-β-L-fucose as a donor substrate and transfers the fucose in O linkage to the protein producing fucose-α-O-serine/threonine.
Almost all glycosyltransferases reside in the Golgi apparatus. However, POFUT2 as well as the related enzyme POFUT1 have recently been shown to reside in the endoplasmic reticulum.
The malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum requires POFUT2 for efficient transmission to mosquitoes and infection of human liver cells.
See also
Peptide-O-fucosyltransferase
References
External links
Transferases
EC 2.4.1
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S100%20protein
|
The S100 proteins are a family of low molecular-weight proteins found in vertebrates characterized by two calcium-binding sites that have helix-loop-helix ("EF-hand-type") conformation. At least 21 different S100 proteins are known. They are encoded by a family of genes whose symbols use the S100 prefix, for example, S100A1, S100A2, S100A3.
They are also considered as damage-associated molecular pattern molecules (DAMPs), and knockdown of aryl hydrocarbon receptor downregulates the expression of S100 proteins in THP-1 cells.
Structure
Most S100 proteins consist of two identical polypeptides (homodimeric), which are held together by noncovalent bonds. They are structurally similar to calmodulin. They differ from calmodulin, though, on the other features. For instance, their expression pattern is cell-specific, i.e. they are expressed in particular cell types. Their expression depends on environmental factors. In contrast, calmodulin is a ubiquitous and universal intracellular Ca2+ receptor widely expressed in many cells.
Normal function
S100 proteins are normally present in cells derived from the neural crest (Schwann cells, and melanocytes), chondrocytes, adipocytes, myoepithelial cells, macrophages, Langerhans cells, dendritic cells, and keratinocytes. They may be present in some breast epithelial cells.
S100 proteins have been implicated in a variety of intracellular and extracellular functions, such as regulation of protein phosphorylation, transcription factors, Ca2
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planet%20Earth%20%28film%29
|
Planet Earth is a 1974 American made-for-television science fiction film that was created by Gene Roddenberry, written by Roddenberry and Juanita Bartlett (from a story by Roddenberry). It first aired on April 23, 1974 on the ABC network, and stars John Saxon as Dylan Hunt. It was presented as a pilot for what was hoped to be a new weekly television series. The pilot focused on gender relations from an early 1970s perspective. Dylan Hunt, confronted with a post-apocalyptic matriarchal society, muses, "Women's lib? Or women's lib gone mad..." The film also stars Diana Muldaur, Ted Cassidy, Janet Margolin, Christopher Cary, Corrine Camacho, and Majel Barrett. Marc Daniels directed the film.
Plot
It is the year 2133, and Earth was devastated by a nuclear war decades earlier. A team from PAX is conducting a survey of central California. PAX is a science-based society dedicated to restoring civilization and peace to the world.
Returning to PAX headquarters, the team is attacked by a group of militaristic mutants known as the Kreeg. After a struggle, the PAX team manages to escape in a hyperloop subsurface shuttle, a vehicle that can travel between settlements via tubes, built during the early 1990s before the final conflict of the 20th century. One of the team, Pater Kimbridge (Rai Tasco), is severely wounded. To save his life he requires a bioplastic prosthesis to repair the damaged pulmonary artery sheared away by a Kreeg rifle shot.
PAX Team 21, led by Dylan Hunt (John Saxo
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybrid%20solar%20cell
|
Hybrid solar cells combine advantages of both organic and inorganic semiconductors. Hybrid photovoltaics have organic materials that consist of conjugated polymers that absorb light as the donor and transport holes. Inorganic materials in hybrid cells are used as the acceptor and electron transporter in the structure. The hybrid photovoltaic devices have a potential for not only low-cost by roll-to-roll processing but also for scalable solar power conversion.
Theory
Solar cells are devices that convert sunlight into electricity by the photovoltaic effect. Electrons in a solar cell absorb photon energy in sunlight which excites them to the conduction band from the valence band. This generates a hole-electron pair, which is separated by a potential barrier (such as a p-n junction), and induces a current. Organic solar cells use organic materials in their active layers. Molecular, polymer, and hybrid organic photovoltaics are the main kinds of organic photovoltaic devices currently studied.
Hybrid solar cell
In hybrid solar cells, an organic material is mixed with a high electron transport material to form the photoactive layer. The two materials are assembled together in a heterojunction-type photoactive layer, which can have a greater power conversion efficiency than a single material. One of the materials acts as the photon absorber and exciton donor. The other material facilitates exciton dissociation at the junction. Charge is transferred and then separated after an
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucy%20Weston%20Pickett
|
Lucy Weston Pickett (January 19, 1904 – November 23, 1997) was a Mary Lyon Professor and Camille and Henry Dreyfus Chair in Chemistry at Mount Holyoke College.
Her research on X-ray crystallography and ultraviolet absorption spectroscopy of organic molecules received numerous honors and was supported by grants from the Office of Naval Research, the National Science Foundation and the Petroleum Research Fund of the American Chemical Society.
Early life
Pickett was born on January 19, 1904, in Beverly, Massachusetts, to Lucy Weston, a former school teacher and elementary school principal, and George Ernest Pickett, a former seaman. She had one brother, Thomas Austin Pickett, who also became a chemist. Both Lucy and Thomas led similar academic and professional lives, while still holding a close relationship.
Education
Lucy W. Pickett attended high school in Beverly and later entered Mount Holyoke College in South Hadley, Massachusetts, in 1921 and graduated in 1925. Lucy planned on majoring in Latin but changed her mind to work in the sciences, having an attraction to chemistry. She double majored in chemistry and mathematics.
In, 1925, Pickett graduated with summa cum laude, both in chemistry, and in mathematics at Mount Holyoke. She continued to a master's degree in two years before moving to the University of Illinois, where she studied for her doctoral degree. Lucy earned a Ph.D. from the University of Illinois majoring in analytical chemistry with minors in both physic
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tape%20hiss
|
Tape hiss is the high frequency noise present on analogue magnetic tape recordings caused by the size of the magnetic particles used to make the tape. Effectively it is the noise floor of the recording medium. It can be reduced by the use of finer magnetic particles or by increasing the tape speed or the track width used by the recorder. A 3 dB improvement of the signal to noise ratio occurs for every doubling of the track width.
A number of noise reduction techniques can be used to reduce the impact of tape hiss, including Dolby NR and DBX, or, in the case of videotape recording, frequency modulation of either the composite video signal, or the luma component.
See also
Audio quality measurement
Sound recording
References
Sound recording
Noise
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiderivative
|
Semiderivative or Semi-derivative may refer to:
One-sided derivative of semi-differentiable functions
Half-derivative, an operator that when acting twice on a function gives the derivative of .
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell%20212A
|
The Bell 212A modulation scheme defined a standard method of transmitting full-duplex asynchronous serial data at 1200 bits per second (bit/s) over analogue transmission lines. The equivalent, but incompatible ITU-T standard is V.22.
Device
The Bell 212 Dataset is a 1979-vintage modem used for communicating over telephone lines at 300 or 1200 bit/s. The 212A standard provides for the ability of a modem to auto-answer a ringing phone.
Usage
The Bell 212A scheme was the most common standard used for 1200 bit/s transmission on US data networks such as CompuServe during the period that dial-up Internet access was the norm (1980s and 1990s).
See also
List of device bandwidths
References
Data transmission
Telecommunications-related introductions in 1979
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Separase
|
Separase, also known as separin, is a cysteine protease responsible for triggering anaphase by hydrolysing cohesin, which is the protein responsible for binding sister chromatids during the early stage of anaphase. In humans, separin is encoded by the ESPL1 gene.
History
In S. cerevisiae, separase is encoded by the esp1 gene. Esp1 was discovered by Kim Nasmyth and coworkers in 1998. In 2021, structures of human separase were determined in complex with either securin or CDK1-cyclin B1-CKS1 using cryo-EM by scientists of the University of Geneva.
Function
Stable cohesion between sister chromatids before anaphase and their timely separation during anaphase are critical for cell division and chromosome inheritance. In vertebrates, sister chromatid cohesion is released in 2 steps via distinct mechanisms. The first step involves phosphorylation of STAG1 or STAG2 in the cohesin complex. The second step involves cleavage of the cohesin subunit SCC1 (RAD21) by separase, which initiates the final separation of sister chromatids.
In S. cerevisiae, Esp1 is coded by ESP1 and is regulated by the securin Pds1. The two sister chromatids are initially bound together by the cohesin complex until the beginning of anaphase, at which point the mitotic spindle pulls the two sister chromatids apart, leaving each of the two daughter cells with an equivalent number of sister chromatids. The proteins that bind the two sister chromatids, disallowing any premature sister chromatid separation, are
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Securin
|
Securin is a protein involved in control of the metaphase-anaphase transition and anaphase onset. Following bi-orientation of chromosome pairs and inactivation of the spindle checkpoint system, the underlying regulatory system, which includes securin, produces an abrupt stimulus that induces highly synchronous chromosome separation in anaphase.
Securin and Separase
Securin is initially present in the cytoplasm and binds to separase, a protease that degrades the cohesin rings that link the two sister chromatids. Separase is vital for onset of anaphase. This securin-separase complex is maintained when securin is phosphorylated by Cdk1, inhibiting ubiquitination. When bound to securin, separase is not functional.
In addition, both securin and separase are well-conserved proteins (Figure 1). Note that separase cannot function without initially forming the securin-separase complex. This is because securin helps properly fold separase into the functional conformation. However, yeast does not appear to require securin to form functional separase as anaphase occurs in yeast with a securin deletion mutation.
Role of Securin in the onset of Anaphase
Basic mechanism
Securin has 5 known phosphorylation sites that are targets of Cdk1; 2 sites at the N-terminal in the Ken-Box and D-box region are known to affect APC recognition and ubiquitination (Figure 2). To initiate the onset of anaphase, securin is dephosphorylated by Cdc14 and other phosphatases. Dephosphorylated securin
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major%20prion%20protein
|
Major prion protein (PrP) is encoded in the human body by the PRNP gene also known as CD230 (cluster of differentiation 230). Expression of the protein is most predominant in the nervous system but occurs in many other tissues throughout the body.
The protein can exist in multiple isoforms: the normal PrPC form, and the protease-resistant form designated PrPRes such as the disease-causing PrPSc(scrapie) and an isoform located in mitochondria. The misfolded version PrPSc is associated with a variety of cognitive disorders and neurodegenerative diseases such as in animals: ovine scrapie, bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE, mad cow disease), feline spongiform encephalopathy, transmissible mink encephalopathy (TME), exotic ungulate encephalopathy, chronic wasting disease (CWD) which affects deer; and in humans: Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease (CJD), fatal familial insomnia (FFI), Gerstmann–Sträussler–Scheinker syndrome (GSS), kuru, and variant Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease (vCJD). Similarities exist between kuru, thought to be due to human ingestion of diseased individuals, and vCJD, thought to be due to human ingestion of BSE-tainted cattle products.
Gene
The human PRNP gene is located on the short (p) arm of chromosome 20 between the end (terminus) of the arm and position 13, from base pair 4,615,068 to base pair 4,630,233.
Structure
PrP is highly conserved through mammals, lending credence to application of conclusions from test animals such as mice. Comparison between primat
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdominal%20distension
|
Abdominal distension occurs when substances, such as air (gas) or fluid, accumulate in the abdomen causing its expansion. It is typically a symptom of an underlying disease or dysfunction in the body, rather than an illness in its own right. People with this condition often describe it as "feeling bloated". Affected people often experience a sensation of fullness, abdominal pressure, and sometimes nausea, pain, or cramping. In the most extreme cases, upward pressure on the diaphragm and lungs can also cause shortness of breath. Through a variety of causes (see below), bloating is most commonly due to buildup of gas in the stomach, small intestine, or colon. The pressure sensation is often relieved, or at least lessened, by belching or flatulence. Medications that settle gas in the stomach and intestines are also commonly used to treat the discomfort and lessen the abdominal distension.
Causes
One of the causes of abnormal bloating is excessive eating and air swallowing, known as aerophagia. Other causes of bloating and distension include inflammatory bowel diseases such as Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, irritable bowel syndrome, diabetes, functional dyspepsia, or transient constipation. In rare cases, bloating may occur in individuals who have milk intolerance (lactose intolerance), parasite infections such as giardia, food poisoning (bacteria), celiac disease, severe peptic ulcer disease, bowel obstruction, or after certain types of abdominal surgery.
Heart failur
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusty%20bolt%20effect
|
The rusty bolt effect is a form of radio interference due to interactions of the radio waves with dirty connections or corroded parts. It is more properly known as passive intermodulation, and can result from a variety of different causes such as ferromagnetic conduction metals, or nonlinear microwave absorbers and loads. Corroded materials on antennas, waveguides, or even structural elements, can act as one or more diodes. (Crystal sets, early radio receivers, used the semiconductor properties of natural galena to demodulate the radio signal, and copper oxide was used in power rectifiers.) Galvanised fasteners and sheet roofing develop a coating of zinc oxide, a semiconductor commonly used for transient voltage suppression. This gives rise to undesired interference, including the generation of harmonics or intermodulation. Rusty objects that should not be in the signal-path, including antenna structures, can also reradiate radio signals with harmonics and other unwanted signals. As with all out-of-band noise, these spurious emissions can interfere with receivers.
This effect can cause radiated signals out of the desired band, even if the signal into a passive antenna is carefully band-limited.
Mathematics associated with the rusty bolt
The transfer characteristic of an object can be represented as a power series:
Or, taking only the first few terms (which are most relevant),
For an ideal perfect linear object K2, K3, K4, K5, etc. are all zero. A good connection approxima
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Implicit%20parallelism
|
In computer science, implicit parallelism is a characteristic of a programming language that allows a compiler or interpreter to automatically exploit the parallelism inherent to the computations expressed by some of the language's constructs. A pure implicitly parallel language does not need special directives, operators or functions to enable parallel execution, as opposed to explicit parallelism.
Programming languages with implicit parallelism include Axum, BMDFM, HPF, Id, LabVIEW, MATLAB M-code, NESL, SaC, SISAL, ZPL, and pH.
Example
If a particular problem involves performing the same operation on a group of numbers (such as taking the sine or logarithm of each in turn), a language that provides implicit parallelism might allow the programmer to write the instruction thus:
numbers = [0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7];
result = sin(numbers);
The compiler or interpreter can calculate the sine of each element independently, spreading the effort across multiple processors if available.
Advantages
A programmer that writes implicitly parallel code does not need to worry about task division or process communication, focusing instead on the problem that his or her program is intended to solve. Implicit parallelism generally facilitates the design of parallel programs and therefore results in a substantial improvement of programmer productivity.
Many of the constructs necessary to support this also add simplicity or clarity even in the absence of actual parallelism. The example above, of
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structural%20gene
|
A structural gene is a gene that codes for any RNA or protein product other than a regulatory factor (i.e. regulatory protein). A term derived from the lac operon, structural genes are typically viewed as those containing sequences of DNA corresponding to the amino acids of a protein that will be produced, as long as said protein does not function to regulate gene expression. Structural gene products include enzymes and structural proteins. Also encoded by structural genes are non-coding RNAs, such as rRNAs and tRNAs (but excluding any regulatory miRNAs and siRNAs).
Placement in the genome
In prokaryotes, structural genes of related function are typically adjacent to one another on a single strand of DNA, forming an operon. This permits simpler regulation of gene expression, as a single regulatory factor can affect transcription of all associated genes. This is best illustrated by the well-studied lac operon, in which three structural genes (lacZ, lacY, and lacA) are all regulated by a single promoter and a single operator. Prokaryotic structural genes are transcribed into a polycistronic mRNA and subsequently translated.
In eukaryotes, structural genes are not sequentially placed. Each gene is instead composed of coding exons and interspersed non-coding introns. Regulatory sequences are typically found in non-coding regions upstream and downstream from the gene. Structural gene mRNAs must be spliced prior to translation to remove intronic sequences. This in turn lends its
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary%20polydipsia
|
Primary polydipsia and psychogenic polydipsia are forms of polydipsia characterised by excessive fluid intake in the absence of physiological stimuli to drink. Psychogenic polydipsia which is caused by psychiatric disorders, often schizophrenia, is often accompanied by the sensation of dry mouth. Some forms of polydipsia are explicitly non-psychogenic. Primary polydipsia is a diagnosis of exclusion.
Signs and symptoms
Signs and symptoms of psychogenic polydipsia include:
Excessive thirst and xerostomia, leading to overconsumption of water
Hyponatraemia, causing headache, muscular weakness, twitching, confusion, vomiting, irritability etc., although this is only seen in 20–30% of cases.
Hypervolemia, leading to oedema, hypertension and weight gain (due to the kidneys being unable to filter the excess blood) in extreme episodes
Tonic-clonic seizure
Behavioural changes, including fluid-seeking behaviour; patients have been known to seek fluids from any available source, such as toilets and shower rooms.
The most common presenting symptom is tonic-clonic seizure, found in 80% of patients. Psychogenic polydipsia should be considered a life-threatening condition, since it has been known to cause severe hyponatraemia, leading to cardiac arrest, coma and cerebral oedema.
Brain differences
Psychogenic polydipsia in individuals with schizophrenia is associated with differences seen in neuroimaging. MRI scans may be used to help with differentiating between PPD and diabetes in
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudorandom%20function%20family
|
In cryptography, a pseudorandom function family, abbreviated PRF, is a collection of efficiently-computable functions which emulate a random oracle in the following way: no efficient algorithm can distinguish (with significant advantage) between a function chosen randomly from the PRF family and a random oracle (a function whose outputs are fixed completely at random). Pseudorandom functions are vital tools in the construction of cryptographic primitives, especially secure encryption schemes.
Pseudorandom functions are not to be confused with pseudorandom generators (PRGs). The guarantee of a PRG is that a single output appears random if the input was chosen at random. On the other hand, the guarantee of a PRF is that all its outputs appear random, regardless of how the corresponding inputs were chosen, as long as the function was drawn at random from the PRF family.
A pseudorandom function family can be constructed from any pseudorandom generator, using, for example, the "GGM" construction given by Goldreich, Goldwasser, and Micali. While in practice, block ciphers are used in most instances where a pseudorandom function is needed, they do not, in general, constitute a pseudorandom function family, as block ciphers such as AES are defined for only limited numbers of input and key sizes.
Motivations from random functions
A PRF is an efficient (i.e. computable in polynomial time), deterministic function that maps two distinct sets (domain and range) and looks like a truly
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regulator%20gene
|
A regulator gene, regulator, or regulatory gene is a gene involved in controlling the expression of one or more other genes. Regulatory sequences, which encode regulatory genes, are often at the five prime end (5') to the start site of transcription of the gene they regulate. In addition, these sequences can also be found at the three prime end (3') to the transcription start site. In both cases, whether the regulatory sequence occurs before (5') or after (3') the gene it regulates, the sequence is often many kilobases away from the transcription start site. A regulator gene may encode a protein, or it may work at the level of RNA, as in the case of genes encoding microRNAs. An example of a regulator gene is a gene that codes for a repressor protein that inhibits the activity of an operator (a gene which binds repressor proteins thus inhibiting the translation of RNA to protein via RNA polymerase).
In prokaryotes, regulator genes often code for repressor proteins. Repressor proteins bind to operators or promoters, preventing RNA polymerase from transcribing RNA. They are usually constantly expressed so the cell always has a supply of repressor molecules on hand. Inducers cause repressor proteins to change shape or otherwise become unable to bind DNA, allowing RNA polymerase to continue transcription.
Regulator genes can be located within an operon, adjacent to it, or far away from it.
Other regulatory genes code for activator proteins. An activator binds to a site o
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic%20discrimination
|
Genetic discrimination occurs when people treat others (or are treated) differently because they have or are perceived to have a gene mutation(s) that causes or increases the risk of an inherited disorder. It may also refer to any and all discrimination based on the genotype of a person rather than their individual merits, including that related to race, although the latter would be more appropriately included under racial discrimination. Some legal scholars have argued for a more precise and broader definition of genetic discrimination: "Genetic discrimination should be defined as when an individual is subjected to negative treatment, not as a result of the individual's physical manifestation of disease or disability, but solely because of the individual's genetic composition." Genetic Discrimination is considered to have its foundations in genetic determinism and genetic essentialism, and is based on the concept of genism, i.e. distinctive human characteristics and capacities are determined by genes.
Genetic discrimination takes different forms depending on the country and the protections that have been taken to limit genetic discrimination, such as GINA in the United States that protects people from being barred from working or from receiving healthcare as a result of their genetic makeup. The umbrella of genetic discrimination includes the notion of informed consent, which refers to an individual's right to make a decision about their participation in research with compl
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B01
|
B01 may refer to:
ATC code B01 Antithrombotic agents, a subgroup of the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System
Center Counter Defense, an Encyclopaedia of Chess Openings designation
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B50
|
B50 or B-50 may refer to:
B-50 Superfortress, an airplane
BSA B50, 500cc motorcycle
International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD-10), code for Plasmodium falciparum malaria
Leyland Royal Tiger, a UK bus
Sicilian Defence, an Encyclopaedia of Chess Openings code
A Vietnamese RPG-2 rocket-propelled grenade launcher
B-50, alias of Gap-43 protein
HLA-B50, a HLA-B serotype
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromomere
|
A chromomere, also known as an idiomere, is one of the serially aligned beads or granules of a eukaryotic chromosome, resulting from local coiling of a continuous DNA thread. Chromomeres are regions of chromatin that have been compacted through localized contraction. In areas of chromatin with the absence of transcription, condensing of DNA and protein complexes will result in the formation of chromomeres. It is visible on a chromosome during the prophase of meiosis and mitosis. Giant banded (Polytene) chromosomes resulting from the replication of the chromosomes and the synapsis of homologs without cell division is a process called endomitosis. These chromosomes consist of more than 1000 copies of the same chromatid that are aligned and produce alternating dark and light bands when stained. The dark bands are the chromomere.
It is unknown when chromomeres first appear on the chromosome. Chromomeres can be observed best when chromosomes are highly condensed. The chromomeres are present during leptotene phase of prophase I during meiosis. During zygotene phase of prophase I, the chromomeres of homologs align with each other to form homologous rough pairing (homology searching). These chromomeres helps provide a unique identity for each homologous pairs. They appear as dense granules during leptotene stage
There are more than 2000 chromomeres on 20 chromosomes of maize.
Physical properties
Chromomeres are organized in a discontinuous linear pattern along the condensed ch
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinoite
|
Kinoite ( or ) is a light blue copper silicate mineral. It is somewhat scarce. It has a monoclinic crystal system, vitreous luster, and is transparent to translucent. It can be found in the Santa Rita Mountains, the Christmas Mine at Christmas, Arizona and a few other copper mines. Kinoite is popular with mineral collectors. Kinoite was named upon its discovery in 1970 after the pioneer Jesuit missionary Padre Eusebio Kino who worked in Arizona, Sonora and Baja California.
References
Calcium minerals
Copper(II) minerals
Sorosilicates
Monoclinic minerals
Minerals in space group 11
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcott
|
Alcott is a surname of English origin. At the time of the British Census of 1881, its relative frequency was highest in Herefordshire (18.2 times the British average), followed by Warwickshire, Glamorgan, Sussex, Worcestershire, Hampshire, London and Kent. In all other British counties, its relative frequency was below national average. Alcott is traditionally mainly a West Midlands name.
The name Alcott may refer to:
Amos Bronson Alcott (1799–1888), American educator and writer
Abigail May Alcott Nieriker (1840–1879), American artist and sister of Louisa May
Amy Alcott (born 1956) – American Hall of Fame golfer
Chemmy Alcott, British alpine skier
Dylan Alcott, Australian wheelchair tennis & basketball player
Louisa May Alcott (1832–1888), daughter of Amos Bronson Alcott, author of Little Women
William A. Alcott (1798–1859), author of advice books for newlyweds and cousin to Amos and Louisa
See also
"The Alcott", 2023 single by The National featuring Taylor Swift
Olcott (surname)
References
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triploidite
|
Triploidite is an uncommon manganese iron phosphate mineral with formula: . It crystallizes in the monoclinic crystal system and typically occurs as elongated and striated slender prisms which may be columnar to fibrous. Its crystals may be pinkish to yellowish brown or red-orange.
It was first described in 1878 for an occurrence in the Branchville Quarry, Branchville, Fairfield County, Connecticut. The name is derived from its resemblance to triplite.
It typically occurs as a hydrothermal alteration product of primary phosphate minerals in granite pegmatites. It occurs with triplite, lithiophilite, triphylite, eosphorite, dickinsonite and rhodochrosite.
It forms a solid solution series with the iron rich wolfeite.
See also
Classification of minerals
List of minerals
References
Manganese(II) minerals
Iron(II) minerals
Phosphate minerals
Monoclinic minerals
Minerals in space group 14
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta-2%20transferrin
|
Beta-2 transferrin is a carbohydrate-free (desialated) isoform of transferrin, which is almost exclusively found in the cerebrospinal fluid. It is not found in blood, mucus or tears, thus making it a specific marker of cerebrospinal fluid, applied as an assay in cases where cerebrospinal fluid leakage is suspected.
Beta-2 transferrin would also be positive in patients with perilymph fluid leaks, as it is also present in inner ear perilymph. Thus, beta-2 transferrin in otorrhea would be suggestive of either a CSF leak or a perilymph leak.
References
Chemical pathology
Neurology
Transferrins
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lefschetz%20hyperplane%20theorem
|
In mathematics, specifically in algebraic geometry and algebraic topology, the Lefschetz hyperplane theorem is a precise statement of certain relations between the shape of an algebraic variety and the shape of its subvarieties. More precisely, the theorem says that for a variety X embedded in projective space and a hyperplane section Y, the homology, cohomology, and homotopy groups of X determine those of Y. A result of this kind was first stated by Solomon Lefschetz for homology groups of complex algebraic varieties. Similar results have since been found for homotopy groups, in positive characteristic, and in other homology and cohomology theories.
A far-reaching generalization of the hard Lefschetz theorem is given by the decomposition theorem.
The Lefschetz hyperplane theorem for complex projective varieties
Let X be an n-dimensional complex projective algebraic variety in CPN, and let Y be a hyperplane section of X such that U = X ∖ Y is smooth. The Lefschetz theorem refers to any of the following statements:
The natural map Hk(Y, Z) → Hk(X, Z) in singular homology is an isomorphism for k < n − 1 and is surjective for k = n − 1.
The natural map Hk(X, Z) → Hk(Y, Z) in singular cohomology is an isomorphism for k < n − 1 and is injective for k = n − 1.
The natural map πk(Y, Z) → πk(X, Z) is an isomorphism for k < n − 1 and is surjective for k = n − 1.
Using a long exact sequence, one can show that each of these statements is equivalent to a vanishing theorem for certa
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hobley
|
The surname Hobley, or derivatives of it, can be found on early census rolls in Cornwall which were taken by the early Kings of Britain to determine the rate of taxation of their subjects.
Meaning
A suggestion as to the meaning of the name "Hobley" includes the meaning "The little people from the meadow", derived from a combination of the words "hob" and "ley". From middle English, the word "hob" means a hobgoblin, sprite, or elf. The word "ley" means a grassy meadow.
Some people believe that Hob is a derivative of Robert and that the name Hobley suggests Robert's path or field. From old English, the name "Robert" means bright and famous.
Pronunciation
Despite the spelling, the name is pronounced with an "obb" not an "obe". This is probably because it is a combination of two words, and the pronunciation has not changed as the words have combined.
Ancestry
All families with the surname Hobley from around the world today appear to have ancestry which links back to Warwickshire.
Notable Hobleys
C.W. Hobley, pioneering Kenyan colonial administrator
Hannah Hobley, actress.
John William Dixon Hobley, former Attorney General of Hong Kong
McDonald Hobley, early BBC announcer.
Tina Hobley, actress
Surnames
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schauder%20basis
|
In mathematics, a Schauder basis or countable basis is similar to the usual (Hamel) basis of a vector space; the difference is that Hamel bases use linear combinations that are finite sums, while for Schauder bases they may be infinite sums. This makes Schauder bases more suitable for the analysis of infinite-dimensional topological vector spaces including Banach spaces.
Schauder bases were described by Juliusz Schauder in 1927, although such bases were discussed earlier. For example, the Haar basis was given in 1909, and Georg Faber discussed in 1910 a basis for continuous functions on an interval, sometimes called a Faber–Schauder system.
Definitions
Let V denote a topological vector space over the field F. A Schauder basis is a sequence {bn} of elements of V such that for every element there exists a unique sequence {αn} of scalars in F so that The convergence of the infinite sum is implicitly that of the ambient topology, i.e., but can be reduced to only weak convergence in a normed vector space (such as a Banach space). Unlike a Hamel basis, the elements of the basis must be ordered since the series may not converge unconditionally.
Note that some authors define Schauder bases to be countable (as above), while others use the term to include uncountable bases. In either case, the sums themselves always are countable. An uncountable Schauder basis is a linearly ordered set rather than a sequence, and each sum inherits the order of its terms from this linear ord
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thromboxane-A%20synthase
|
Thromboxane A synthase 1 (, platelet, cytochrome P450, family 5, subfamily A), also known as TBXAS1, is a cytochrome P450 enzyme that, in humans, is encoded by the TBXAS1 gene.
Function
This gene encodes a member of the cytochrome P450 superfamily of enzymes. The cytochrome P450 proteins are monooxygenases that catalyze many reactions involved in drug metabolism and synthesis of cholesterol, steroids, and other lipids. However, this protein is considered a member of the cytochrome P450 superfamily on the basis of sequence similarity rather than functional similarity. This endoplasmic reticulum membrane protein catalyzes the conversion of prostaglandin H2 to thromboxane A2, a potent vasoconstrictor and inducer of platelet aggregation, and also to 12-Hydroxyheptadecatrienoic acid (i.e. 12-(S)-hydroxy-5Z,8E,10E-heptadecatrienoic acid or 12-HHT) an agonist of Leukotriene B4 receptors (i.e. BLT2 receptors) and mediator of certain BLT2 receptor actions. The enzyme plays a role in several pathophysiological processes including hemostasis, cardiovascular disease, and stroke. The gene expresses two transcript variants.
Thromboxane synthase inhibitors
are used as antiplatelet drugs. Picotamide acts both as a thromboxane synthase inhibitor and as a thromboxane receptor antagonist.
Structure
The human thromboxane A (TXA) synthase is a 60 kDa cytochrome P450 protein with 533 amino acids and a heme prosthetic group. This enzyme, anchored to the endoplasmic reticulum, is found in pl
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instability%20index
|
The Instability index is a measure of proteins, used to determine whether it will be stable in a test tube.
If the index is less than 40, then it is probably stable in the test tube. If it is greater (for example, enaptin) then it is probably not stable.
References
The instability index is also used to calculate risk in agriculture.
External links
ProtParam on ExPASy, computes the instability index of a protein sequence
ProtParam documentation
Proteomics
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Array-access%20analysis
|
In computer science, array-access analysis is a compiler analysis approach used to decide the read and write access patterns to elements or portions of arrays.
The major data type manipulated in scientific programs is the array. The define/use analysis on a whole array is insufficient for aggressive compiler optimizations such as auto parallelization and array privatization. Array access analysis aims to obtain the knowledge of which portions or even which elements of the array are accessed by a given code segment (basic block, loop, or even at the procedure level).
Array-access analysis can be largely categorized into exact (or reference-list-based) and summary methods for different tradeoffs of accuracy and complexity. Exact methods are precise but very costly in terms of computation and space storage, while summary methods are approximate but can be computed quickly and economically.
Typical exact array-access analysis include linearization and atom images. Summary methods can be further divided into array sections, bounded regular sections using triplet notation, linear-constraint methods such as data-access descriptors and array-region analysis.
References
Compiler construction
Static program analysis
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quakesat
|
Quakesat is an Earth observation nanosatellite based on three CubeSats. It was designed to be a proof of concept for space-based detection of extremely low frequency signals, thought by some to be earthquake precursor signals. The science behind the concept is disputed.
Mission
The students working on the project hope that the detection of magnetic signals may have value in showing the onset of an earthquake. QuakeFinder, the company that put the satellites together, is from Palo Alto, California. They are gathering data on the extremely low magnetic field fluctuations that are associated with earthquakes to help better understand this area of study. The primary instrument is a magnetometer housed in a telescoping boom.
The 30 June 2003, deployment of Quakesat was alongside other university CubeSats and one commercial CubeSat. The launch occurred on a Rokot rocket from Russia's Plesetsk Cosmodrome.
See also
List of CubeSats
References
QuakeFinder LLC
Single axis search coil, small E-field dipole
Earth observation satellites of the United States
Spacecraft launched in 2003
CubeSats
Spacecraft launched by Rokot rockets
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negimaki
|
is a Japanese American food consisting of broiled strips of meat marinated in teriyaki sauce and rolled with scallions (negi). Originally, beef was used as the protein, but other types of protein, such as chicken, are now commonly used in negimaki.
History
The dish originated in Manhattan in the 1960s at Restaurant Nippon after the New York Times food critic Craig Claiborne suggested that something with beef was needed to appeal to the American diner. According to the dish's inventor, Nobuyoshi Kuraoka, it was a variation of a dish traditionally made with bluefin tuna.
References
Japanese cuisine
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subderivative
|
In mathematics, the subderivative, subgradient, and subdifferential generalize the derivative to convex functions which are not necessarily differentiable. Subderivatives arise in convex analysis, the study of convex functions, often in connection to convex optimization.
Let be a real-valued convex function defined on an open interval of the real line. Such a function need not be differentiable at all points: For example, the absolute value function is non-differentiable when . However, as seen in the graph on the right (where in blue has non-differentiable kinks similar to the absolute value function), for any in the domain of the function one can draw a line which goes through the point and which is everywhere either touching or below the graph of f. The slope of such a line is called a subderivative.
Definition
Rigorously, a subderivative of a convex function at a point in the open interval is a real number such that
for all . By the converse of the mean value theorem, the set of subderivatives at for a convex function is a nonempty closed interval , where and are the one-sided limits
The set of all subderivatives is called the subdifferential of the function at , denoted by . If is convex, then its subdifferential at any point is non-empty. Moreover, if its subdifferential at contains exactly one subderivative, then and is differentiable at .
Example
Consider the function which is convex. Then, the subdifferential at the origin is the interval
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sleeper%20cell%20%28disambiguation%29
|
A sleeper cell is a dormant unit in a clandestine cell system.
Sleeper Cell(s) also may refer to:
Sleeper Cell (TV series), a 2005 Showtime series
"Sleeper Cells", a 2009 episode of the TV series Monsters Inside Me
"Sleeper Cell", a song on the 2008 collaborative hip hop album Pain Language
"Sleeper Cell", a song by the American industrial band Caustic
See also
Sleeper agent, a spy who is placed in a target country or organization to act as a potential asset if activated
Detroit Sleeper Cell, a group of men who the United States Department of Justice believed were plotting an attack on Disneyland
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polarite
|
Polarite, is an opaque, yellow-white mineral with the chemical formula . Its crystals are orthorhombic pyramidal, but can only be seen through a microscope. It has a metallic luster and leaves a white streak. Polarite is rated 3.5 to 4 on the Mohs Scale.
It was first described in 1969 for an occurrence in Talnakh, Norilsk in the Polar Ural Mountains in Russia. It has also been recorded from the Bushveld igneous complex of South Africa and from Fox Gulch, Goodnews Bay, Alaska.
References
Palladium minerals
Bismuth minerals
Lead minerals
Orthorhombic minerals
Minerals in space group 36
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hereditary%20stomatocytosis
|
Hereditary stomatocytosis describes a number of inherited, mostly autosomal dominant human conditions which affect the red blood cell and create the appearance of a slit-like area of central pallor (stomatocyte) among erythrocytes on peripheral blood smear. The erythrocytes' cell membranes may abnormally 'leak' sodium and/or potassium ions, causing abnormalities in cell volume. Hereditary stomatocytosis should be distinguished from acquired causes of stomatocytosis, including dilantin toxicity and alcoholism, as well as artifact from the process of preparing peripheral blood smears.
Signs and symptoms
Stomatocytosis may present with signs and symptoms consistent with hemolytic anemia as a result of extravascular hemolysis and often intravascular hemolysis. These include fatigue and pallor, as well as signs of jaundice, splenomegaly and gallstone formation from prolonged hemolysis. Certain cases of hereditary stomatocytosis associated with genetic syndromes have additional symptoms that are unrelated to the hemolytic anemia.
Pathophysiology
The two varieties of stomatocytosis classified with respect to cellular hydration status are overhydrated (hydrocytosis) and dehydrated (xerocytosis). Hereditary xerocytosis is characterized by autosomal dominant mutations in PIEZO1, which encodes a cation channel whose mechanosensitive properties enable erythrocytes to deform as they pass through narrow capillaries by decreasing their intracellular volume. More rarely, hereditary xe
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imiquimod
|
Imiquimod, sold under the brand name Aldara among others, is a medication that acts as an immune response modifier that is used to treat genital warts, superficial basal cell carcinoma, and actinic keratosis. Scientists at 3M's pharmaceuticals division discovered the drug and 3M obtained the first FDA approval in 1997. As of 2015, imiquimod is generic and is available worldwide under many brands.
Medical uses
Imiquimod is a patient-applied cream prescribed to treat genital warts, Bowens disease (squamous cell carcinoma in situ), and, secondary to surgery, for basal cell carcinoma, as well as actinic keratosis.
Imiquimod 5% cream is indicated for the topical treatment of:
external genital and perianal warts (condylomata acuminata) in adults;
small superficial basal-cell carcinomas (sBCCs) in adults;
clinically typical, non-hyperkeratotic, non-hypertrophic actinic keratoses (AKs) on the face or scalp in immunocompetent adults when size or number of lesions limit the efficacy and / or acceptability of cryotherapy and other topical treatment options are contraindicated or less appropriate.
Imiquimod 3.75% cream is indicated for the topical treatment of clinically typical, non-hyperkeratotic, non-hypertrophic, visible or palpable actinic keratosis of the full face or balding scalp in immunocompetent adults when other topical treatment options are contraindicated or less appropriate.
Side effects
Side effects include local inflammatory reactions, such as blisters, a burning
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vein%20%28geology%29
|
In geology, a vein is a distinct sheetlike body of crystallized minerals within a rock. Veins form when mineral constituents carried by an aqueous solution within the rock mass are deposited through precipitation. The hydraulic flow involved is usually due to hydrothermal circulation.
Veins are classically thought of as being planar fractures in rocks, with the crystal growth occurring normal to the walls of the cavity, and the crystal protruding into open space. This certainly is the method for the formation of some veins. However, it is rare in geology for significant open space to remain open in large volumes of rock, especially several kilometers below the surface. Thus, there are two main mechanisms considered likely for the formation of veins: open-space filling and crack-seal growth.
Open space filling
Open space filling is the hallmark of epithermal vein systems, such as a stockwork, in greisens or in certain skarn environments. For open space filling to take effect, the confining pressure is generally considered to be below 0.5 GPa, or less than . Veins formed in this way may exhibit a colloform, agate-like habit, of sequential selvages of minerals which radiate out from nucleation points on the vein walls and appear to fill up the available open space. Often evidence of fluid boiling is present. Vugs, cavities and geodes are all examples of open-space filling phenomena in hydrothermal systems.
Alternatively, hydraulic fracturing may create a breccia which is f
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul%20Hugh%20Emmett
|
Paul Hugh Emmett (September 22, 1900 – April 22, 1985) was an American chemist best known for his pioneering work in the field of catalysis and for his work on the Manhattan Project during World War II. He spearheaded the research to separate isotopes of uranium and to develop a corrosive uranium gas. Emmett also made significant contributions to BET Theory which explains the relationship between surface area and gas adsorption. He served on the faculty of Johns Hopkins University for 23 years throughout his scientific career.
Early life
Paul Hugh Emmett was born on September 22, 1900, in Portland, Oregon to John Hugh Emmett (1864-1943) and Lavina Hutchins (1870-1941). Emmett's father was a railroad engineer. For a year in his early childhood, Emmett's family lived in a rail car while his mother worked as a cook for the rail company. Emmett attended Washington High School where he excelled in language and mathematics classes. Among his acquaintances in high school was Linus Pauling, future two-time Nobel Prize winner. Emmett had a fear of public speaking, so he enrolled in the debate team in both high school and college to gain proficiency. His first high school science classes, physics and chemistry, were taken during his senior year of high school. Emmett's senior year chemistry teacher, William Green, is said to have inspired him to pursue a career in chemistry. Later in life, Emmett expressed that perhaps high schools are "simply not flexible enough for the people in th
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vector%20Pipeline
|
Vector Pipeline L.P. is a 348-mile-long natural gas pipeline which transports approximately per day of natural gas from Joliet, Illinois, in the Chicago area, to parts of Indiana and Michigan and into Ontario, Canada. The pipeline is important in the supply and transportation of natural gas from the United States and Western Canada to the Midwest, eastern Canada and the northeastern United States, supplying power generation plants, natural gas distribution companies, and natural gas storage facilities. The pipeline also has interconnections with several other natural gas pipelines along its route.
Vector Pipeline L.P. is a joint venture between Calgary-based Enbridge Inc. ( ) and Detroit-based DTE Energy Company(). Vector Pipeline filed applications with the U.S. Federal Energy Regulatory Commission and the Canadian National Energy Board in late 1997. Construction of the pipeline took place during 2000 and Vector began operations Dec. 1, 2000. Its FERC code is 175. Duke Energy acquired a 30% stake in the pipeline in 2002 when it bought Westcoast Energy Inc.; it sold its interest in September 2003 to DTE and Enbridge, who already owned the other 70%, for $145 million. Enbridge provides operating services to Vector and owns a 60% stake.
References
External links
Pipeline Electronic Bulletin Board
Natural gas pipelines in the United States
Natural gas pipelines in Canada
Enbridge pipelines
DTE Energy
2000 establishments in the United States
2000 establishments in Canada
Can
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranium%20dioxide
|
Uranium dioxide or uranium(IV) oxide (), also known as urania or uranous oxide, is an oxide of uranium, and is a black, radioactive, crystalline powder that naturally occurs in the mineral uraninite. It is used in nuclear fuel rods in nuclear reactors. A mixture of uranium and plutonium dioxides is used as MOX fuel. Prior to 1960, it was used as yellow and black color in ceramic glazes and glass.
Production
Uranium dioxide is produced by reducing uranium trioxide with hydrogen.
UO3 + H2 → UO2 + H2O at 700 °C (973 K)
This reaction plays an important part in the creation of nuclear fuel through nuclear reprocessing and uranium enrichment.
Chemistry
Structure
The solid is isostructural with (has the same structure as) fluorite (calcium fluoride), where each U is surrounded by eight O nearest neighbors in a cubic arrangement. In addition, the dioxides of cerium, thorium, and the transuranic elements from neptunium through californium have the same structures. No other elemental dioxides have the fluorite structure. Upon melting, the measured average U-O coordination reduces from 8 in the crystalline solid (UO8 cubes), down to 6.7±0.5 (at 3270 K) in the melt. Models consistent with these measurements show the melt to consist mainly of UO6 and UO7 polyhedral units, where roughly of the connections between polyhedra are corner sharing and are edge sharing.
Oxidation
Uranium dioxide is oxidized in contact with oxygen to the triuranium octaoxide.
3 UO2 + O2 → U3O8 at 700 °C
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banach%20bundle
|
In mathematics, a Banach bundle is a vector bundle each of whose fibres is a Banach space, i.e. a complete normed vector space, possibly of infinite dimension.
Definition of a Banach bundle
Let M be a Banach manifold of class Cp with p ≥ 0, called the base space; let E be a topological space, called the total space; let π : E → M be a surjective continuous map. Suppose that for each point x ∈ M, the fibre Ex = π−1(x) has been given the structure of a Banach space. Let
be an open cover of M. Suppose also that for each i ∈ I, there is a Banach space Xi and a map τi
such that
the map τi is a homeomorphism commuting with the projection onto Ui, i.e. the following diagram commutes:
and for each x ∈ Ui the induced map τix on the fibre Ex
is an invertible continuous linear map, i.e. an isomorphism in the category of topological vector spaces;
if Ui and Uj are two members of the open cover, then the map
is a morphism (a differentiable map of class Cp), where Lin(X; Y) denotes the space of all continuous linear maps from a topological vector space X to another topological vector space Y.
The collection {(Ui, τi)|i∈I} is called a trivialising covering for π : E → M, and the maps τi are called trivialising maps. Two trivialising coverings are said to be equivalent if their union again satisfies the two conditions above. An equivalence class of such trivialising coverings is said to determine the structure of a Banach bundle on π : E → M.
If all the spaces Xi are isomorph
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private%20rented%20sector
|
The private rented sector (PRS) is a classification of United Kingdom housing tenure as described by the Ministry of Housing, Communities and Local Government, a UK government department that monitors the national housing supply.
Other classifications are:
Owner-occupied
Rented from registered social landlords (housing association)
Rented from local authorities
In 2014 the private rented sector consisted of 2.7 million dwellings in the United Kingdom, or some 10 percent of the total housing stock. Of this total, 2.4 m were in England, representing 12 percent of the English housing stock. The sector had grown by over 10 percent in the previous ten years and, according to the Centre for Economics and Business Research, was forecast to grow by a further 40 percent over the coming ten years . However, government measures introduced by George Osborne as Chancellor of the Exchequer were aimed at reducing its size, and the sector began to shrink in 2017.
History
For the greater part of the 20th century the private rented sector was in long-term decline. The combination of growth in owner-occupation and the role of city councils, borough councils, and district councils as social landlords, through public housing and latterly the housing association movement, contributed to a decline in the private rented sector.
Rising prosperity and pro home-ownership HM Government policies brought owner-occupation to its peak between 1985 and 1987, whilst reducing the private rented secto
|
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.