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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallium%20phosphide
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Gallium phosphide (GaP), a phosphide of gallium, is a compound semiconductor material with an indirect band gap of 2.24eV at room temperature. Impure polycrystalline material has the appearance of pale orange or grayish pieces. Undoped single crystals are orange, but strongly doped wafers appear darker due to free-carrier absorption. It is odorless and insoluble in water.
GaP has a microhardness of 9450 N/mm2, a Debye temperature of , and a thermal expansion coefficient of 5.3 K−1 at room temperature. Sulfur, silicon or tellurium are used as dopants to produce n-type semiconductors. Zinc is used as a dopant for the p-type semiconductor.
Gallium phosphide has applications in optical systems. Its static dielectric constant is 11.1 at room temperature. Its refractive index varies between ~3.2 and 5.0 across the visible range, which is higher than in most other semiconducting materials. In its transparent range, its index is higher than almost any other transparent material, including gemstones such as diamond, or non-oxide lenses such as zinc sulfide.
Light-emitting diodes
Gallium phosphide has been used in the manufacture of low-cost red, orange, and green light-emitting diodes (LEDs) with low to medium brightness since the 1960s. It is used standalone or together with gallium arsenide phosphide.
Pure GaP LEDs emit green light at a wavelength of 555 nm. Nitrogen-doped GaP emits yellow-green (565 nm) light, zinc oxide doped GaP emits red (700 nm).
Gallium phosphide is tra
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oligosaccharyltransferase
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Oligosaccharyltransferase or OST () is a membrane protein complex that transfers a 14-sugar oligosaccharide from dolichol to nascent protein. It is a type of glycosyltransferase. The sugar Glc3Man9GlcNAc2 (where Glc=Glucose, Man=Mannose, and GlcNAc=N-acetylglucosamine) is attached to an asparagine (Asn) residue in the sequence Asn-X-Ser or Asn-X-Thr where X is any amino acid except proline. This sequence is called a glycosylation sequon. The reaction catalyzed by OST is the central step in the N-linked glycosylation pathway.
Location
OST is a component of the translocon in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane. A lipid-linked core-oligosaccharide is assembled at the membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum and transferred to selected asparagine residues of nascent polypeptide chains by the oligosaccharyl transferase complex. The active site of OST is located about 4 nm from the lumenal face of the ER membrane.
It usually acts during translation as the nascent protein is entering the ER, but this cotranslational glycosylation is nevertheless called a posttranslational modification. A few examples have been found of OST activity after translation is complete. Current opinion is that post-translational activity may occur if the protein is poorly folded or folds slowly.
Structure and function
Yeast OST is composed of eight different membrane-spanning proteins in three subcomplexes (one of them is OST4). These octomers do not form higher order oligomers, and three of the e
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium%20gallium%20indium%20phosphide
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Aluminium gallium indium phosphide (, also AlInGaP, InGaAlP, GaInP, etc.) is a semiconductor material that provides a platform for the development of novel multi-junction photovoltaics and optoelectronic devices, as it spans a direct bandgap from deep ultraviolet to infrared.
AlGaInP is used in manufacture of light-emitting diodes of high-brightness red, orange, green, and yellow color, to form the heterostructure emitting light. It is also used to make diode lasers.
Formation
AlGaInP layer is often grown by heteroepitaxy on gallium arsenide or gallium phosphide in order to form a quantum well structure. Heteroepitaxy is a kind of epitaxy performed with materials that are different from each other. In heteroepitaxy, a crystalline film grows on a crystalline substrate or film of a different material.
This technology is often used to grow crystalline films of materials for which single crystals cannot 1D view.
Another example of heteroepitaxy is gallium nitride (GaN) on sapphire.
Properties
AlGaInP is a semiconductor, which means that its valence band is completely full. The eV of the band gap between the valence band and the conduction band is small enough that it is able to emit visible light (1.7 eV - 3.1 eV). The band gap of AlGaInP is between 1.81 eV and 2 eV. This corresponds to red, orange, or yellow light, and that is why the LEDs made from AlGaInP are those colors.
Zinc blende structure
AlGaInP's structure is categorized within a specific unit cell called the
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium%20gallium%20nitride
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Aluminium gallium nitride (AlGaN) is a semiconductor material. It is any alloy of aluminium nitride and gallium nitride.
The bandgap of AlxGa1−xN can be tailored from 3.4eV (xAl=0) to 6.2eV (xAl=1).
AlGaN is used to manufacture light-emitting diodes operating in blue to ultraviolet region, where wavelengths down to 250 nm (far UV) were achieved, and some reports down to 222 nm. It is also used in blue semiconductor lasers.
It is also used in detectors of ultraviolet radiation, and in AlGaN/GaN High-electron-mobility transistors.
AlGaN is often used together with gallium nitride or aluminium nitride, forming heterojunctions.
AlGaN layers are commonly grown on Gallium nitride, on sapphire or (111) Si, almost always with additional GaN layers.
Safety and toxicity aspects
The toxicology of AlGaN has not been fully investigated. The AlGaN dust is an irritant to skin, eyes and lungs. The environment, health and safety aspects of aluminium gallium nitride sources (such as trimethylgallium and ammonia) and industrial hygiene monitoring studies of standard MOVPE sources have been reported recently in a review.
References
External links
Gallium nitride quantum dots and deep UV light emission. GaN in AlN
III-V semiconductors
Aluminium compounds
Gallium compounds
Nitrides
III-V compounds
Light-emitting diode materials
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium%20gallium%20phosphide
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Aluminium gallium phosphide, , a phosphide of aluminium and gallium, is a semiconductor material. It is an alloy of aluminium phosphide and gallium phosphide. It is used to manufacture light-emitting diodes emitting green light.
See also
Aluminium gallium indium phosphide
External links
Light-Emitting Diode - An Introduction, Structure, and Applications of LEDs
Aluminium compounds
Gallium compounds
Phosphides
III-V semiconductors
III-V compounds
Zincblende crystal structure
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallium%20arsenide%20phosphide
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Gallium arsenide phosphide () is a semiconductor material, an alloy of gallium arsenide and gallium phosphide. It exists in various composition ratios indicated in its formula by the fraction x.
Gallium arsenide phosphide is used for manufacturing red, orange and yellow light-emitting diodes. It is often grown on gallium phosphide substrates to form a GaP/GaAsP heterostructure. In order to tune its electronic properties, it may be doped with nitrogen (GaAsP:N).
See also
Gallium arsenide
Gallium indium arsenide antimonide phosphide
Gallium phosphide
Indium gallium arsenide phosphide
Indium gallium phosphide
References
III-V semiconductors
Gallium compounds
Arsenides
Phosphides
III-V compounds
Light-emitting diode materials
Zincblende crystal structure
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rig%20standpipe
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A rig standpipe is a solid metal pipe attached to the side of a drilling rig's derrick that is a part of its drilling mud system. It is used to conduct drilling fluid from the mud pumps to the kelly hose. Bull plugs, pressure transducers and valves are found on the rig standpipe.
Petroleum production
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Method
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The Method may refer to:
Science
The Method of Mechanical Theorems, a work of Archimedes
Discourse on the Method, a work of Descartes
Arts and entertainment
The Method (TV series), a 2015 Russian television drama series
The Method (album), a 1997 album by Killing Time
The Method (film), a 2005 film by Marcelo Piñeyro
The Method (novel), a 2009 novel by Juli Zeh
Andwella or The Method, a band of UK/Irish origin
"The Method", a song by We Are Scientists from Safety, Fun, and Learning (In That Order)
Method acting
Stanislavski's system
See also
Method (disambiguation)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SAPS%20II
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SAPS II is a severity of disease classification system. Its name stands for "Simplified Acute Physiology Score", and is one of several ICU scoring systems.
Application
SAPS II was designed to measure the severity of disease for patients admitted to Intensive care units aged 18 or more.
24 hours after admission to the ICU, the measurement has been completed and resulted in an integer point score between 0 and 163 and a predicted mortality between 0% and 100%. No new score can be calculated during the stay. If a patient is discharged from the ICU and readmitted, a new SAPS II score can be calculated.
This scoring system is mostly used to:
describe the morbidity of a patient when comparing the outcome with other patients.
describe the morbidity of a group of patients when comparing the outcome with another group of patients
Calculation
The point score is calculated from 12 physiological variables and 3 disease-related variables during the first 24 hours, information about previous health status and some information obtained at admission.
The parameters are:
Age
Heart Rate
Systolic Blood Pressure
Temperature
Glasgow Coma Scale
Mechanical Ventilation or CPAP
PaO2
FiO2
Urine Output
Blood Urea Nitrogen
Sodium
Potassium
Bicarbonate
Bilirubin
White Blood Cell
Chronic diseases
Type of admission
The calculation method is optimized for paper schemas. In contrast to APACHE II, the resulting value is much better at comparing patients with different diseases .
T
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roller%20Coaster%20DataBase
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Roller Coaster DataBase (RCDB) is a roller coaster and amusement park database begun in 1996 by Duane Marden. It has grown to feature statistics and pictures of over 10,000 roller coasters from around the world.
Publications that have mentioned RCDB include The New York Times, Los Angeles Times, Toledo Blade, Orlando Sentinel, Time, Forbes, Mail & Guardian, and Chicago Sun-Times.
History
RCDB was started in 1996 by Duane Marden, a computer programmer from Brookfield, Wisconsin. The website is run off web servers in Marden's basement and a location in St. Louis.
Content
Each roller coaster entry includes any of the following information for the ride: current amusement park location, type, status (existing, standing but not operating (SBNO), defunct), opening date, make/model, cost, capacity, length, height, drop, number of inversions, speed, duration, maximum vertical angle, trains, and special notes. Entries may also feature reader-contributed photos and/or press releases.
The site also categorizes the rides into special orders, including a list of the tallest coasters, a list of the fastest coasters, a list of the most inversions on a coaster, a list of the parks with the most inversions, etc., each sortable by steel, wooden, or both. Each roller coaster entry links back to a page which lists all of that park's roller coasters, past and present, and includes a brief history and any links to fan web pages saluting the park.
Languages
The site is available in ten languag
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markovian%20discrimination
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Within the probability theory Markov model, Markovian discrimination in spam filtering is a method used in CRM114 and other spam filters to model the statistical behaviors of spam and nonspam more accurately than in simple Bayesian methods. A simple Bayesian model of written text contains only the dictionary of legal words and their relative probabilities. A Markovian model adds the relative transition probabilities that given one word, predict what the next word will be. It is based on the theory of Markov chains by Andrey Markov, hence the name. In essence, a Bayesian filter works on single words alone, while a Markovian filter works on phrases or entire sentences.
There are two types of Markov models; the visible Markov model, and the hidden Markov model or HMM.
The difference is that with a visible Markov model, the current word is considered to contain the entire state of the language model, while a hidden Markov model hides the state and presumes only that the current word is probabilistically related to the actual internal state of the language.
For example, in a visible Markov model the word "the" should predict with accuracy the following word, while in
a hidden Markov model, the entire prior text implies the actual state and predicts the following words, but does
not actually guarantee that state or prediction. Since the latter case is what's encountered in spam filtering,
hidden Markov models are almost always used. In particular, because of storage limitati
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gummel%E2%80%93Poon%20model
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The Gummel–Poon model is a model of the bipolar junction transistor. It was first described in an article published by Hermann Gummel and H. C. Poon at Bell Labs in 1970.
The Gummel–Poon model and modern variants of it are widely used in popular circuit simulators such as SPICE. A significant effect that the Gummel–Poon model accounts for is the variation of the transistor and values with the direct current level. When certain parameters are omitted, the Gummel–Poon model reduces to the simpler Ebers–Moll model.
Model parameters
Spice Gummel–Poon model parameters
See also
Gummel plot
References
External links
Bell System Technical Journal, v49: i5 May-June 1970 on archive.org
Designers-Guide.org comparison paper Xiaochong Cao, J. McMacken, K. Stiles, P. Layman, Juin J. Liou, Adelmo Ortiz-Conde, and S. Moinian, "Comparison of the New VBIC and Conventional Gummel–Poon Bipolar Transistor Models," IEEE Trans-ED 47 #2, Feb. 2000.
Transistor modeling
de:Ersatzschaltungen des Bipolartransistors#Gummel-Poon-Modell
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transistor%20model
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Transistors are simple devices with complicated behavior. In order to ensure the reliable operation of circuits employing transistors, it is necessary to scientifically model the physical phenomena observed in their operation using transistor models. There exists a variety of different models that range in complexity and in purpose. Transistor models divide into two major groups: models for device design and models for circuit design.
Models for device design
The modern transistor has an internal structure that exploits complex physical mechanisms. Device design requires a detailed understanding of how device manufacturing processes such as ion implantation, impurity diffusion, oxide growth, annealing, and etching affect device behavior. Process models simulate the manufacturing steps and provide a microscopic description of device "geometry" to the device simulator. "Geometry" does not mean readily identified geometrical features such as a planar or wrap-around gate structure, or raised or recessed forms of source and drain (see Figure 1 for a memory device with some unusual modeling challenges related to charging the floating gate by an avalanche process). It also refers to details inside the structure, such as the doping profiles after completion of device processing.
With this information about what the device looks like, the device simulator models the physical processes taking place in the device to determine its electrical behavior in a variety of circumstances: DC c
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucas%20cell
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A Lucas cell is a type of scintillation counter. It is used to acquire a gas sample, filter out the radioactive particulates through a special filter and then count the radioactive decay. The inside of the gas chamber is coated with ZnS(Ag) - a chemical that emits light when struck by alpha particles. A photomultiplier tube at the top of the chamber counts the photons and sends the count to a data logger.
Radon measurement
A Lucas cell can be used to measure radon gas concentrations.
Radon itself is an inert gas. Its danger lies in the fact that it undergoes radioactive decay. The radon decay products may lodge in the lungs and bombard them with alpha and beta particles, thus increasing the risk of lung cancer.
See also
Geiger counter
Counting efficiency
References
Particle detectors
Ionising radiation detectors
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stress%20migration
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Stress migration is a failure mechanism that often occurs in integrated circuit metallization (aluminum, copper). Voids form as result of vacancy migration driven by the hydrostatic stress gradient. Large voids may lead to open circuit or unacceptable resistance increase that impedes the IC performance. 'Stress migration is often referred as stress voiding, stress induced voiding or SIV.
High temperature processing of copper dual damascene structures leaves the copper with a large tensile stress due to a mismatch in coefficient of thermal expansion of the materials involved. The stress can relax with time through the diffusion of vacancies leading to the formation of voids and ultimately open circuit failures.
References
Semiconductor device fabrication
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clue%20cell
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Clue cells are epithelial cells of the vagina that get their distinctive stippled appearance by being covered with bacteria. The etymology behind the term "clue" cell derives from the original research article from Gardner and Dukes describing the characteristic cells. The name was chosen for its brevity in describing the sine qua non of bacterial vaginosis.
They are a medical sign of bacterial vaginosis, particularly that caused by Gardnerella vaginalis, a group of Gram-variable bacteria. This bacterial infection is characterized by a foul, fishy smelling, thin gray vaginal discharge, and an increase in vaginal pH from around 4.5 to over 5.5.
References
External links
Overview at WebMD
Clue cell in Gram stain at Fun With Microbiology
Clue cell in Papanicolaou stain at the http://eknygos.lsmuni.lt/
Epithelial cells
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene%20Wolfe%27s%20Book%20of%20Days
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Gene Wolfe's Book of Days is a short story collection by American science fiction author Gene Wolfe published in 1981 by Doubleday.
The stories within the collection are each paired with a holiday within the calendar year that is thematically linked to the content of the story. Thus, a story about the resurgence of slavery ("How the Whip Came Back") is dedicated to Lincoln's Birthday.
The material here was combined with The Castle of the Otter to make the volume Castle of Days.
The stories (and their respective holidays)
Date Due (No holiday assigned)
A story hidden in the introduction about a University student who steals books from his University Library.
"How the Whip Came Back" (Lincoln's Birthday)
"Of Relays and Roses" (Valentine's Day)
"Paul's Treehouse" (Arbor Day)
"St. Brandon" (St. Patrick's Day)
"Beautyland" (Earth Day)
"Car Sinister" (Mother's Day)
"The Blue Mouse" (Armed Forces Day)
"How I Lost the Second World War and Helped Turn Back the German Invasion" (Memorial Day)
"The Adopted Father" (Father's Day)
"Forlesen" (Labor Day)
"An Article About Hunting" (the first day of hunting season)
"The Changeling" (Homecoming Day)
"Many Mansions" (Halloween)
"Against the Lafayette Escadrille" (Armistice Day)
"Three Million Square Miles" (Thanksgiving)
"The War Beneath the Tree" (Christmas Eve)
"La Befana" (Christmas Day)
"Melting" (New Year's Eve)
Reception
Dave Langford reviewed Gene Wolfe's Book of Days for White Dwarf #72, and stated that "Uncla
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Innocents%20Aboard
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Innocents Aboard is a short story collection by American science fiction and fantasy author Gene Wolfe published in 2004. The stories are primarily fantasy or horror, not science-fiction. The title is an homage to Mark Twain's first book, The Innocents Abroad. The book was nominated for a Locus Award in 2005.
List of stories
The Tree Is My Hat
The Old Woman Whose Rolling Pin Is the Sun
The Friendship Light
Slow Children At Play
Under Hill
The Monday Man
The Waif
The Legend of Xi Cygnus
The Sailor Who Sailed After the Sun
How the Bishop Sailed to Inniskeen
Houston, 1943
A Fish Story
Wolfer
The Eleventh City
The Night Chough (related to The Book of the Long Sun)
The Wrapper
A Traveler in Desert Lands
The Walking Sticks
Queen
Pocketsful of Diamonds
Copperhead
The Lost Pilgrim
References
2004 short story collections
Fantasy short story collections
Short story collections by Gene Wolfe
Tor Books books
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storeys%20from%20the%20Old%20Hotel
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Storeys from the Old Hotel is a short story collection by American science fiction author Gene Wolfe published in 1988. It won the World Fantasy Award for Best Collection.
In the introduction, Wolfe describes the stories within the collection as "some of my most obscure work."
List of stories
The Green Rabbit from S'Rian
Beech Hill
Sightings at Twin Mounds
Continuing Westward
Slaves of Silver
The Rubber Bend
Westwind
Sonya, Crane Wessleman, and Kittee
The Packerhaus Method
Straw
The Marvelous Brass Chessplaying Automaton
To the Dark Tower Came
Parkroads---A Review
The Flag
Alphabet
A Criminal Proceeding
In Looking-Glass Castle
Cherry Jubilee
Redbeard
A Solar Labyrinth
Love, Among the Corridors
Checking Out
Morning Glory
Trip, Trap
From the Desk of Gilmer C. Merton
Civis Laputus Sum
The Recording
Last Day
Death of the Island Doctor
Redwood Coast Roamer:
On the Train
In the Mountains
At the Volcano's Lip
In the Old Hotel
Choice of the Black Goddess
1988 short story collections
Fantasy short story collections
Short story collections by Gene Wolfe
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperexponential%20distribution
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In probability theory, a hyperexponential distribution is a continuous probability distribution whose probability density function of the random variable X is given by
where each Yi is an exponentially distributed random variable with rate parameter λi, and pi is the probability that X will take on the form of the exponential distribution with rate λi. It is named the hyperexponential distribution since its coefficient of variation is greater than that of the exponential distribution, whose coefficient of variation is 1, and the hypoexponential distribution, which has a coefficient of variation smaller than one. While the exponential distribution is the continuous analogue of the geometric distribution, the hyperexponential distribution is not analogous to the hypergeometric distribution. The hyperexponential distribution is an example of a mixture density.
An example of a hyperexponential random variable can be seen in the context of telephony, where, if someone has a modem and a phone, their phone line usage could be modeled as a hyperexponential distribution where there is probability p of them talking on the phone with rate λ1 and probability q of them using their internet connection with rate λ2.
Properties
Since the expected value of a sum is the sum of the expected values, the expected value of a hyperexponential random variable can be shown as
and
from which we can derive the variance:
The standard deviation exceeds the mean in general (except for the degenerat
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Fifth%20Head%20of%20Cerberus
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The Fifth Head of Cerberus is the title of both a novella and a single-volume collection of three novellas, written by American science fiction and fantasy author Gene Wolfe, both published in 1972. The novella was included in the anthology Nebula Award Stories Eight.
Title
The title of this collection of novellas is a play on words which refers to Cerberus, a three-headed dog from Greek mythology, which guarded the gate to the Greek underworld, Hades. In the first novella the protagonist explains that Cerberus represents his own family, its three heads being his father, aunt and Mr. Million, adding that its "unseen" heads are his brother David as fourth and, by implication, the fifth and final the narrator's own. Following this logic, the title of the novella therefore refers to the narrator himself, whose story we read. Further parallels between the narrator's family and the mythology of Cerberus can be drawn in numerous other ways throughout this novella. For example, a statue of this mythological creature exists at the front, or "gates" of their family home, which is itself located at 666 Saltimbanque, this number having associations with the underworld dating back to the Greek manuscripts of the Book of Revelation. Also, their family home is later referred to at one point as the Maison du Chien, literally "House of the Dog"; in several other places it is called "Cave Canem", or "Beware of the Dog".
Single-volume collection
The collection is an expansion of the first
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oak%20Ridges%20Moraine%20Land%20Trust
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The Oak Ridges Moraine Land Trust (ORMLT) is a Canadian charitable non-profit and Land Trust, and has been protecting Ontario's natural legacy since 2,000. Its mission is to ensure a healthy ecosystem and natural environment that thrives forever, on and near the Oak Ridges Moraine.
With the help of caring donors, the ORMLT strategically protects land from development, and stewards it to ensure its ecological features and Species-at-Risk thrive. They typically protect land through land donations or conservation easements.
Since January 2001, the Land Trust has permanently protected 63 properties, totalling over 4,884 acres (19.76 km²) of land, and plays a critical role in solving the global problem of biodiversity loss and climate change.
References
"Oak Ridges Moraine Land Trust Strategic Plan 2018-21"
External links
Oak Ridges Moraine Land Trust website
Land Trust
Environmental organizations based in Ontario
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holditch%27s%20theorem
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In plane geometry, Holditch's theorem states that if a chord of fixed length is allowed to rotate inside a convex closed curve, then the locus of a point on the chord a distance p from one end and a distance q from the other is a closed curve whose enclosed area is less than that of the original curve by . The theorem was published in 1858 by Rev. Hamnet Holditch. While not mentioned by Holditch, the proof of the theorem requires an assumption that the chord be short enough that the traced locus is a simple closed curve.
Observations
The theorem is included as one of Clifford Pickover's 250 milestones in the history of mathematics. Some peculiarities of the theorem include that the area formula is independent of both the shape and the size of the original curve, and that the area formula is the same as for that of the area of an ellipse with semi-axes p and q. The theorem's author was a president of Caius College, Cambridge.
Extensions
Broman gives a more precise statement of the theorem, along with a generalization. The generalization allows, for example, consideration of the case in which the outer curve is a triangle, so that the conditions of the precise statement of Holditch's theorem do not hold because the paths of the endpoints of the chord have retrograde portions (portions that retrace themselves) whenever an acute angle is traversed. Nevertheless, the generalization shows that if the chord is shorter than any of the triangle's altitudes, and is short enough th
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaesu%20FT-1000MP
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The FT-1000MP is an amateur radio ("ham") transceiver series, built by Yaesu. It is an "all-mode" set, operating in the high frequency (HF) frequency range. The "MP" suffix in the name was an homage to Sako Hasegawa, the late founder of the company whose callsign was JA1MP, and who heavily influenced the design and feature set built into this radio.
Series
The FT-1000MP was Yaesu's flagship radio at the time of its introduction (1995), being both the most feature-rich and the most expensive radio that Yaesu had offered to the amateur radio community. It was manufactured for approximately 10 years in several models, including the original, the Mark-V, and Mark-V Field.
Its features include Digital Signal Processing, dual receivers, up to 200 Watts of output power (in some models) and dual AC and 12VDC power (again, in some models). However, the DSP filtering is only in the audio stages, not the IF, which is the best place to put the filtering. Other advanced features include switchable Class 'A' to improve linearity of the output signal, FM capability and being designed to allow operators to install special filter circuits for improved operation in various modes. At the same time, the radio was designed to be simple enough that newly-licensed operators would be able to rapidly become expert in its use. For instance, switching between the various operating bands is done by pressing a single push button on the front panel. Numerous frequencies can be stored in the radio's
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1733%20in%20art
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Events from the year 1733 in art.
Events
March – William Hogarth sketches Sarah Malcolm, convicted of murder, in her condemned cell in London; from this he immediately publishes an engraving and makes a painting.
Works
William Hoare of Bath – Portrait of Ayuba Suleiman Diallo
Sebastiano Ricci
Baldassarre and Ester before Ahasuerus (Quirinal Palace, Rome)
Pope Gregory the Great intercedes for souls in Purgatory (St-Gervais-et-St-Protais, Paris)
Pope Pius V, Saints Thomas Acquinus and Peter Martyr (Gesuati, Venice)
Saint Francisco resuscitates the child Paola (San Rocco, Venice)
Saint Helen discovers the True Cross (San Rocco, Venice)
Births
January 8 – Anton von Maron, Austrian painter active in Rome (died 1808)
January 18 – Samuel Hieronymus Grimm, Swiss watercolour painter (died 1794)
March 13 – Johann Zoffany, German neoclassical painter (died 1810)
March 23 – Josiah Spode, English potter (died 1797)
May – Franz Edmund Weirotter, Austrian landscape painter (died 1771)
May 21 – Johanna Juliana Friederike Bacciarelli, German painter (died 1809 or later)
May 22 – Hubert Robert, French painter (died 1808)
June 12
Alessandro Longhi, Venetian portrait painter and printmaker in etching (died 1813)
Maruyama Ōkyo, Japanese painter (died 1795)
October 5 – Louis Jean-Jacques Durameau, French painter and winner of the Grand prix de Rome (died 1796)
October 30 – Sawrey Gilpin, English painter of animals (died 1807)
date unknown
Jean-Baptiste Claudot, French pai
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon%20X-tal%20Reflective%20Display
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SXRD (Silicon X-tal Reflective Display) is Sony's proprietary variant of liquid crystal on silicon, a technology used mainly in projection televisions and video projectors. In the front and rear-projection television market, it competes directly with JVC's D-ILA and Texas Instruments' DLP. Sony has discontinued the production of all of its rear-projection televisions, including those that used SXRD display chips, in favor of flat-panel sets utilizing LCD and OLED displays. Sony has now concentrated SXRD on HD home front-projectors and next generation 4K digital theater projection.
Models
The following SXRD-branded products have been released or announced:
Controversy
While capable of producing good high definition picture quality, Sony have had problems mastering the technology of mass-producing the rear projector version of these displays. A high failure rate of the optical block has required repeated replacements of the optical blocks on some televisions. Sony previously settled a class-action lawsuit filed by owners of the first generation of the SXRDs, and apparently failed to fix this defect. Sony ceased production of all SXRD rear projector sets, as owners of most second-generation sets filed new class-action lawsuits. The second generation class-action suits were recently filed and are pending in Federal Court.
References
External links
SonyStyle VPL-VW40 product page
All Engadget SXRD articles
Sony Professional SXRD Site
Sony optical block problems site
Sony h
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piezoresistive%20effect
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The piezoresistive effect is a change in the electrical resistivity of a semiconductor or metal when mechanical strain is applied. In contrast to the piezoelectric effect, the piezoresistive effect causes a change only in electrical resistance, not in electric potential.
History
The change of electrical resistance in metal devices due to an applied mechanical load was first discovered in 1856 by Lord Kelvin. With single crystal silicon becoming the material of choice for the design of analog and digital circuits, the large piezoresistive effect in silicon and germanium was first discovered in 1954 (Smith 1954).
Mechanism
In conducting and semi-conducting materials, changes in inter-atomic spacing resulting from strain affect the bandgaps, making it easier (or harder depending on the material and strain) for electrons to be raised into the conduction band. This results in a change in resistivity of the material. Within a certain range of strain this relationship is linear, so that the piezoresistive coefficient
where
∂ρ = Change in resistivity
ρ = Original resistivity
ε = Strain
is constant.
Piezoresistivity in metals
Usually the resistance change in metals is mostly due to the change of geometry resulting from applied mechanical stress. However, even though the piezoresistive effect is small in those cases it is often not negligible. In cases where it is, it can be calculated using the simple resistance equation derived from Ohm's law;
where
Conductor length [m]
A Cr
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Particle%20statistics
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Particle statistics is a particular description of multiple particles in statistical mechanics. A key prerequisite concept is that of a statistical ensemble (an idealization comprising the state space of possible states of a system, each labeled with a probability) that emphasizes properties of a large system as a whole at the expense of knowledge about parameters of separate particles. When an ensemble describes a system of particles with similar properties, their number is called the particle number and usually denoted by N.
Classical statistics
In classical mechanics, all particles (fundamental and composite particles, atoms, molecules, electrons, etc.) in the system are considered distinguishable. This means that individual particles in a system can be tracked. As a consequence, switching the positions of any pair of particles in the system leads to a different configuration of the system. Furthermore, there is no restriction on placing more than one particle in any given state accessible to the system. These characteristics of classical positions are called Maxwell–Boltzmann statistics.
Quantum statistics
The fundamental feature of quantum mechanics that distinguishes it from classical mechanics is that particles of a particular type are indistinguishable from one another. This means that in an ensemble of similar particles, interchanging any two particles does not lead to a new configuration of the system. In the language of quantum mechanics this means that the wave
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punching%20power
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Punching power is the amount of kinetic energy in a person's punches. Knockout power is a similar concept relating to the probability of any strike to the head to cause unconsciousness or a strike to the body that renders an opponent unable to continue fighting. Knockout power is related to the force delivered, the timing, the technique, precision of the strike, among other factors.
In order to increase the mass behind a punch, it is essential to move the body as a unit throughout the punch. Power is generated from the ground up, such that force from the ankles transfers to the knees; force from the knees transfers to the thighs; force from the thighs transfers to the core; from the core to the chest; from the chest to the shoulders; from the shoulders to the forearms and finally the compounded force transfers through the fist into an opponent. So the most powerful punchers are able to connect their whole body and channel the force from each portion of the body into a punch.
Generally, there are five components to punching power that must be present for a puncher to be considered truly powerful: lack of arm punching, proper weight shifting, stepping during a punch, pivoting with a punch, and using proper footwork.
This body connection requires the development of a strong core. The core is perhaps the most important element in a powerful punch, since it connects the powerhouse of the legs to the delivery system of the arms.
While the core may be important, experienced bo
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classification%20of%20municipalities%20in%20Quebec
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The following is a list of the types of local and supralocal territorial units in Quebec, Canada, including those used solely for statistical purposes, as defined by the Ministry of Municipal Affairs, Regions and Land Occupancy and compiled by the Institut de la statistique du Québec.
Not included are the urban agglomerations in Quebec, which, although they group together multiple municipalities, exercise only what are ordinarily local municipal powers.
A list of local municipal units in Quebec by regional county municipality can be found at List of municipalities in Quebec.
Local municipalities
All municipalities (except cities), whether township, village, parish, or unspecified ones, are functionally and legally identical. The only difference is that the designation might serve to disambiguate between otherwise identically named municipalities, often neighbouring ones. Many such cases have had their names changed, or merged with the identically named nearby municipality since the 1950s, such as the former Township of Granby and City of Granby merging and becoming the Town of Granby in 2007.
Municipalities are governed primarily by the Code municipal du Québec (Municipal Code of Québec, R.S.Q. c. C-27.1), whereas cities and towns are governed by the Loi sur les cités et villes (Cities and Towns Act, R.S.Q. c. C-19) as well as (in the case of the older ones) various individual charters.
The very largest communities in Quebec are colloquially called cities; however ther
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dual%20resonance%20model
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In theoretical physics, a dual resonance model arose during the early investigation (1968–1973) of string theory as an S-matrix theory of the strong interaction.
Overview
The dual resonance model was based upon the observation that the amplitudes for the s-channel scatterings matched exactly with the amplitudes for the t-channel scatterings among mesons and also the Regge trajectory. It began with the Euler beta function model of Gabriele Veneziano in 1968 for a 4-particle amplitude which has the property that it is explicitly s–t crossing symmetric, exhibits duality between the description in terms of Regge poles or of resonances, and provides a closed-form solution to non-linear finite-energy sum rules relating s- and t- channels.
The Veneziano formula was quickly generalized to an equally consistent N-particle amplitude for which Yoichiro Nambu, Holger Bech Nielsen, and Leonard Susskind provided a physical interpretation in terms of an infinite number of simple harmonic oscillators describing the motion of an extended one-dimensional string, hence came the name "string theory."
The study of dual resonance models was a relatively popular subject of study between 1968 and 1973. It was even taught briefly as a graduate level course at MIT, by Sergio Fubini and Veneziano, who co-authored an early article. It fell rapidly out of favor around 1973 when quantum chromodynamics became the main focus of theoretical research (mainly due to the theoretical appeal of its asymptotic
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songs%20from%20the%20Crystal%20Cave
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Songs from the Crystal Cave is the debut album from actor, musician, and martial artist Steven Seagal, released in 2005 on Nonsolo Blues and Warner Strategic Marketing. Seagal is credited with "Lead Vocals, Rhythm and Lead Guitar" and appears on the cover and throughout the liner notes emotively playing and posing with a guitar. The style can be described as "outsider country-meets-world music-meets-Aikido." Many of the songs reflect Seagal's esoteric Buddhist and spiritualist stance while also incorporating standard song tropes about relationships and other themes.
The album features a mix of musical genres, including rock, reggae, and country music. Musicians collaborating on this album include Stevie Wonder and Lady Saw.
Seagal has sometimes provided soundtrack music for some of his movies. The track "Don't You Cry", among others was featured in the film Into the Sun.
Reviews and responses
Allmusic published a mixed review, highlighting the album's mixture of styles and emotional tones from song to song for criticism as being slipshod and haphazard. However, the review also credited the album for being "endearing in its own way" and presenting the listener with a "good-vibes experience".
Track listing
"Girl It's Alright" - 3:52 (Steven Seagal, Greg Barnhill)
"Don't You Cry" - 4:59 (Seagal, Barnhill)
"Music" - 4:15 (Seagal, Patrick George Barrett)
"Better Man" - 4:29 (Seagal, Barnhill)
"Route 23" - 4:32 (Seagal)
"My God" - 3:59 (Seagal)
"Lollipop" - 4:36 (Cove
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LSPR
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LSPR may refer to:
Surface plasmon resonance or also called localized surface plasmon resonance
Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic (in Latvian: Latvijas Sociālistiskā Padomju Republika)
Lake Superior Performance Rally, a rally race held in Michigan
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MODFLOW
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MODFLOW is the U.S. Geological Survey modular finite-difference flow model, which is a computer code that solves the groundwater flow equation. The program is used by hydrogeologists to simulate the flow of groundwater through aquifers. The source code is free public domain software, written primarily in Fortran, and can compile and run on Microsoft Windows or Unix-like operating systems.
Since its original development in the early 1980s, the USGS has made six major releases, and is now considered to be the de facto standard code for aquifer simulation. There are several actively developed commercial and non-commercial graphical user interfaces for MODFLOW.
MODFLOW was constructed in what was in 1980's called a modular design. This means it has many of the attributes of what came to be called object-oriented programming. For example, capabilities (called "packages") that simulate subsidence or lakes or streams, can easily be turned on and off and the execution time and storage requirements of those packages go away entirely. If a programmer wants to change something in MODFLOW, the clean organization makes it easy. Indeed, this kind of innovation is exactly what was anticipated when MODFLOW was designed.
Importantly, the modularity of MODFLOW makes it possible for different Packages to be written that are intended to address the same simulation goal in different ways. This allows differences of opinion about how system processes function to be tested. Such testing is an im
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernstein%27s%20theorem%20on%20monotone%20functions
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In real analysis, a branch of mathematics, Bernstein's theorem states that every real-valued function on the half-line that is totally monotone is a mixture of exponential functions. In one important special case the mixture is a weighted average, or expected value.
Total monotonicity (sometimes also complete monotonicity) of a function means that is continuous on , infinitely differentiable on , and satisfies
for all nonnegative integers and for all . Another convention puts the opposite inequality in the above definition.
The "weighted average" statement can be characterized thus: there is a non-negative finite Borel measure on with cumulative distribution function such that
the integral being a Riemann–Stieltjes integral.
In more abstract language, the theorem characterises Laplace transforms of positive Borel measures on . In this form it is known as the Bernstein–Widder theorem, or Hausdorff–Bernstein–Widder theorem. Felix Hausdorff had earlier characterised completely monotone sequences. These are the sequences occurring in the Hausdorff moment problem.
Bernstein functions
Nonnegative functions whose derivative is completely monotone are called Bernstein functions. Every Bernstein function has the Lévy–Khintchine representation:
where and is a measure on the positive real half-line such that
References
External links
MathWorld page on completely monotonic functions
Theorems in real analysis
Theorems in measure theory
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathomatic
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Mathomatic is a free, portable, general-purpose computer algebra system (CAS) that can symbolically solve, simplify, combine, and compare algebraic equations, and can perform complex number, modular, and polynomial arithmetic, along with standard arithmetic. It does some symbolic calculus (derivative, extrema, Taylor series, and polynomial integration and Laplace transforms), numerical integration, and handles all elementary algebra except logarithms. Trigonometric functions can be entered and manipulated using complex exponentials, with the GNU m4 preprocessor. Not currently implemented are general functions like f(x), arbitrary-precision and interval arithmetic, and matrices.
Features
Mathomatic is capable of solving, differentiating, simplifying, calculating, and visualizing elementary algebra. It also can perform summations, products, and automated display of calculations of any length by plugging sequential or test values into any formula, then approximating and simplifying before display.
Intermediate results (showing the work) may be displayed by previously typing "set debug 1" (see the session example); this works for solving and almost every command in Mathomatic. "set debug 2" shows more details about the work done.
The software does not include a GUI except with the Mathomatic trademark authorized, versions for smartphones and tablets running iOS or Android. The Mathomatic software, available on the official Mathomatic website, is authorized for use in any othe
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quinizarine%20Green%20SS
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Quinizarine Green SS, also called Solvent Green 3 is an anthraquinone derivative. It is a black powder that is soluble in polar organic solvents, but insoluble in water. It is used as a dye for adding greenish coloring to cosmetics and medications. It is used in some colored smoke formulations.
According to X-ray crystallography, the anthroquinone portion of the molecule is planar. Both amine protons form hydrogen bonds to the carbonyls.
This dye is a component in some smoke grenades, and questions have been raised about its toxicity.
References
Solvent dyes
Anthraquinone dyes
Aromatic amines
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluid%20catalytic%20cracking
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Fluid Catalytic Cracking (FCC) is the conversion process used in petroleum refineries to convert the high-boiling point, high-molecular weight hydrocarbon fractions of petroleum (crude oils) into gasoline, alkene gases, and other petroleum products. The cracking of petroleum hydrocarbons was originally done by thermal cracking, now virtually replaced by catalytic cracking, which yields greater volumes of high octane rating gasoline; and produces by-product gases, with more carbon-carbon double bonds (i.e. alkenes), that are of greater economic value than the gases produced by thermal cracking.
The feedstock to the FCC conversion process usually is heavy gas oil (HGO), which is that portion of the petroleum (crude oil) that has an initial boiling-point temperature of or higher, at atmospheric pressure, and that has an average molecular weight that ranges from about 200 to 600 or higher; heavy gas oil also is known as “heavy vacuum gas oil” (HVGO). In the fluid catalytic cracking process, the HGO feedstock is heated to a high temperature and to a moderate pressure, and then is placed in contact with a hot, powdered catalyst, which breaks the long-chain molecules of the high-boiling-point hydrocarbon liquids into short-chain molecules, which then are collected as a vapor.
Economics
Oil refineries use fluid catalytic cracking to correct the imbalance between the market demand for gasoline and the excess of heavy, high boiling range products resulting from the distillation of c
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parametric%20stereo
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Parametric stereo (abbreviated as PS) is an audio compression algorithm used as an audio coding format for digital audio. It is considered an Audio Object Type of MPEG-4 Part 3 (MPEG-4 Audio) that serves to enhance the coding efficiency of low bandwidth stereo audio media. Parametric Stereo digitally codes a stereo audio signal by storing the audio as monaural alongside a small amount of extra information. This extra information (defined as "parametric overhead") describes how the monaural signal will behave across both stereo channels, which allows for the signal to exist in true stereo upon playback.
History
Background
Advanced Audio Coding Low Complexity (AAC LC) combined with Spectral Band Replication (SBR) and Parametric Stereo (PS) was defined as HE-AAC v2. An HE-AAC v1 decoder will only give mono sound when decoding an HE-AAC v2 bitstream. Parametric Stereo performs sparse coding in the spatial domain, somewhat similar to what SBR does in the frequency domain. An AAC HE v2 bitstream is obtained by downmixing the stereo audio to mono at the encoder along with 2–3 kbit/s of side info (the Parametric Stereo information) in order to describe the spatial intensity stereo generation and ambience regeneration at the decoder. By having the Parametric Stereo side info along with the mono audio stream, the decoder (player) can regenerate a faithful spatial approximation of the original stereo panorama at very low bitrates. Because only one audio channel is transmitted, along
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004%20World%20Cup%20of%20Hockey%20statistics
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These are the individual player statistics for the 2004 World Cup of Hockey.
Canada
Note: GP = Games Played, G = Goals, A = Assists, Pts = Points, PIM = Penalty Minutes
Czech Republic
Note: GP = Games Played, G = Goals, A = Assists, Pts = Points, PIM = Penalty Minutes
Germany
Note: GP = Games Played, G = Goals, A = Assists, Pts = Points, PIM = Penalty Minutes
Finland
Note: GP = Games Played, G = Goals, A = Assists, Pts = Points, PIM = Penalty Minutes
Russia
Note: GP = Games Played, G = Goals, A = Assists, Pts = Points, PIM = Penalty Minutes
Slovakia
Note: GP = Games Played, G = Goals, A = Assists, Pts = Points, PIM = Penalty Minutes
Sweden
Note: GP = Games Played, G = Goals, A = Assists, Pts = Points, PIM = Penalty Minutes
United States
Note: GP = Games Played, G = Goals, A = Assists, Pts = Points, PIM = Penalty Minutes
Goalies
Note: W = Wins, L = Losses, T = Ties, GAA = Goals Against Average, SPCT = Save Percentage
References
The Hockey News Volume 58 Issue No. 5.
Statistics
Ice hockey statistics
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CRYSTAL%20%28software%29
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CRYSTAL is a quantum chemistry ab initio program, designed primarily for calculations on crystals (3 dimensions), slabs (2 dimensions) and polymers (1 dimension) using translational symmetry, but it can also be used for single molecules. It is written by V.R. Saunders, R. Dovesi, C. Roetti, R. Orlando, C.M. Zicovich-Wilson, N.M. Harrison, K. Doll, B. Civalleri, I.J. Bush, Ph. D’Arco, and M. Llunell from Theoretical Chemistry Group at the University of Torino and the Computational Materials Science Group at the Daresbury Laboratory near Warrington in Cheshire, England. The current version is CRYSTAL17. Earlier versions were CRYSTAL88, CRYSTAL92, CRYSTAL95, CRYSTAL98, CRYSTAL03, CRYSTAL06, CRYSTAL09 and CRYSTAL14 (latter was released in June 2014).
Program structure
The program is built of two modules: crystal and properties. The crystal program is dedicated to perform the SCF calculations, the geometry optimizations, and the frequency calculations for the structures given in input. At the end of the SCF process, the program crystal writes information on the crystalline system and its wave function as unformatted sequential data in Fortran unit 9, and as formatted data in Fortran unit 98.
One-electron properties and wave function analysis can be computed from the SCF wave function by running the program properties.
The main advantage of the crystal code is due to the deep and optimized exploitation of symmetry, at all levels of calculation (SCF as well gradients and vibratio
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potassium%20aluminium%20borate
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Potassium aluminium borate (K2Al2B2O7) is an ionic compound composed of potassium ions, aluminium ions, and borate ions. Its crystal form exhibits nonlinear optical properties. The ultraviolet beam at 266 nm can be obtained by fourth harmonic generation (FGH) of 1064 nm Nd:YAG laser radiation through a nonlinear crystal K2Al2B2O7 (KABO).
References
Nonlinear optical materials
Borates
Potassium compounds
Aluminium compounds
Crystals
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmed%20Boukhari
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Ahmed Boukhari (; born 1938 in Safi) is a Moroccan former agent of Cab-1, the political cell of the DST (the Moroccan internal secret service). He claims to have taken part in the operation that masterminded the abduction and liquidation of Mehdi Ben Barka, and is as such one of the last surviving possible witnesses in the Benbarka Affair.
Ben Barka Affair
Although he was not present at the crime scene, he had to process all the information on the operation. He claims that CIA agents were involved, a certain Colonel Martin. Boukhari claimed in his confessions that Ben Barka's body was transported secretly to Morocco and his corpse was dissolved in a bath of acid. However, pro-government newspapers in Morocco claimed that Boukhari is a fraud and a liar. The movie "J'ai vu tuer Ben Barka" has been based partly on this book.
Publications
Boukhari authored two books, one about the Ben Barka affair, title Le Secret and the other Raisons d'état (published in 2005), where he recounts the operations of the DST from the 1960s to the 1980s during the repression of various dissident movements, mainly from the socialist left. He remains the only insider who has ever published about the DST.
Arrest, trial and harassment by authorities
Because of his revelations, Boukhari had many problems with the justice in Morocco. Including defamation lawsuits by former employees of the DST and the Moroccan Ministry of the Interior, whom he mentioned by name in his book, as well as other common aff
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MGI
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MGI may refer to:
Meghna Group of Industries (MGI), A conglomerates in Bangladesh
MGI (company), Biotechnology company in China
Martín García Island Airport, in Argentina
Materials Genome Initiative, an federal initiative for materials discovery
McKinsey Global Institute
Miss Grand International, a beauty pageant franchise based in Thailand
Mouse Genome Informatics, an online database
Jili language (ISO 639:mgi), spoken in Nigeria
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Febrile%20neutrophilic%20dermatosis
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Sweet syndrome (SS), or acute febrile neutrophilic dermatosis, is a skin disease characterized by the sudden onset of fever, an elevated white blood cell count, and tender, red, well-demarcated papules and plaques that show dense infiltrates by neutrophil granulocytes on histologic examination.
The syndrome was first described in 1964 by Robert Douglas Sweet. It was also known as Gomm–Button disease in honour of the first two patients Sweet diagnosed with the condition.
Signs and symptoms
Acute, tender, erythematous plaques, nodes, pseudovesicles and, occasionally, blisters with an annular or arciform pattern occur on the head, neck, legs, and arms, particularly the back of the hands and fingers. The trunk is rarely involved. Fever (50%); arthralgia or arthritis (62%); eye involvement, most frequently conjunctivitis or iridocyclitis (38%); and oral aphthae (13%) are associated features.
Cause
SS can be classified based upon the clinical setting in which it occurs: classical or idiopathic SS, malignancy-associated SS, and drug-induced SS.
Systemic diseases
SS is a reactive phenomenon and should be considered a cutaneous marker of systemic disease. Careful systemic evaluation is indicated, especially when cutaneous lesions are severe or hematologic values are abnormal. Approximately 20% of cases are associated with malignancy, predominantly hematological, especially acute myelogenous leukemia (AML). An underlying condition (streptococcal infection, inflammatory bowel di
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phycobiliprotein
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Phycobiliproteins are water-soluble proteins present in cyanobacteria and certain algae (rhodophytes, cryptomonads, glaucocystophytes). They capture light energy, which is then passed on to chlorophylls during photosynthesis. Phycobiliproteins are formed of a complex between proteins and covalently bound phycobilins that act as chromophores (the light-capturing part). They are most important constituents of the phycobilisomes.
Major phycobiliproteins
Characteristics
Phycobiliproteins demonstrate superior fluorescent properties compared to small organic fluorophores, especially when high sensitivity or multicolor detection required :
Broad and high absorption of light suits many light sources
Very intense emission of light: 10-20 times brighter than small organic fluorophores
Relative large Stokes shift gives low background, and allows multicolor detections.
Excitation and emission spectra do not overlap compared to conventional organic dyes.
Can be used in tandem (simultaneous use by FRET) with conventional chromophores (i.e. PE and FITC, or APC and SR101 with the same light source).
Longer fluorescence retention period.
High water solubility
Applications
Phycobiliproteins allow very high detection sensitivity, and can be used in various fluorescence based techniques fluorimetric microplate assays , FISH and multicolor detection.
They are under development for use in artificial photosynthesis, limited by the relatively low conversion efficiency of 4-5%.
Refere
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipal%20council
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A municipal council is the legislative body of a municipality or local government area. Depending on the location and classification of the municipality it may be known as a city council, town council, town board, community council, rural council, village council, or board of aldermen.
Australia
Because of the differences in legislation between the states, the exact definition of a city council varies. However, it is generally only those local government areas which have been specifically granted city status (usually on a basis of population) that are entitled to refer to themselves as cities. The official title is "Corporation of the City of __" or similar.
Some of the urban areas of Australia are governed mostly by a single entity (see Brisbane and other Queensland cities), while others may be controlled by a multitude of much smaller city councils. Also, some significant urban areas can be under the jurisdiction of otherwise rural local governments. Periodic re-alignments of boundaries attempt to rationalize these situations and adjust the deployment of assets and resources.
Belize
There are currently seven town councils in Belize. Each town council consists of a mayor and a number of councillors, who are directly elected in municipal elections every three years. Town councils in Belize are responsible for a range of functions, including street maintenance and lighting, drainage, refuse collection, public cemeteries, infrastructure, parks and playgrounds.
Canada
O
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipoteichoic%20acid
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Lipoteichoic acid (LTA) is a major constituent of the cell wall of gram-positive bacteria. These organisms have an inner (or cytoplasmic) membrane and, external to it, a thick (up to 80 nanometer) peptidoglycan layer. The structure of LTA varies between the different species of Gram-positive bacteria and may contain long chains of ribitol or glycerol phosphate. LTA is anchored to the cell membrane via a diacylglycerol. It acts as regulator of autolytic wall enzymes (muramidases). It has antigenic properties being able to stimulate specific immune response.
LTA may bind to target cells non-specifically through membrane phospholipids, or specifically to CD14 and to Toll-like receptors. Binding to TLR-2 has shown to induce NF-κB expression(a central transcription factor), elevating expression of both pro- and anti-apoptotic genes. Its activation also induces mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) activation along with phosphoinositide 3-kinase activation.
Studies
LTA's molecular structure has been found to have the strongest hydrophobic bonds of an entire bacteria.
Said et al. showed that LTA causes an IL-10-dependent inhibition of CD4 T-cell expansion and function by up-regulating PD-1 levels on monocytes which leads to IL-10 production by monocytes after binding of PD-1 by PD-L.
Lipoteichoic acid (LTA) from Gram-positive bacteria exerts different immune effects depending on the bacterial source from which it is isolated. For example, LTA from Enterococcus faecalis
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy%20Frampton
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Andrew James Kerr Frampton (born 3 September 1979) is an English former professional footballer who played as a central defender.
Frampton joined the youth academy of Crystal Palace at the age of 11, progressing through the ranks before making his senior league debut for the club on 3 April 1999 at the age of 19 years, 213 days. He spent four seasons with the Football League First Division side before joining Brentford on a free transfer in October 2002. He would go on to make 138 league appearances for "The Bees" in a five-year spell with the club.
Early life
Frampton was born in Wimbledon, London and brought up in nearby Purley before being scouted and signed at the age of 11 by the youth Academy of Football League First Division side Crystal Palace whilst he was playing for the Croydon Schools FA. He was later educated at Lancing College. He proved himself to be a gifted athlete and was chosen to represent the school in the 1996–97 Boodle & Dunthorne Independent Schools Football Association Cup Final, which eventually saw his side triumph 2–1 over Bolton School.
Club career
Crystal Palace
Frampton progressed through the youth system at Crystal Palace before breaking into the first team and making his Football League debut at the age of 19 on 3 April 1999 in a 1–0 win over Norwich City at Carrow Road. He went on to make five more appearances for the club during the 1998–99 season, with the club ultimately finishing 14th in the league. During the 1999–2000 season he made
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricky%20Newman
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Richard Adrian Newman (born 5 August 1970) is an English football coach and former professional footballer who played as a utility player.
He notably played in the Premier League for Crystal Palace for several seasons and in the Football League for Millwall, Reading, Brentford and Aldershot Town. Described as a "tough tackler", he also played non-League football for Maidstone United and Cranleigh.
Following retirement he briefly moved into coaching and managed Aldershot Town's reserve team during the 2008–09 season.
Career
Crystal Palace
Newman began his career in the youth system at Crystal Palace and signed his first professional contract in January 1988. Palace's promotions through the divisions meant that Newman had a slow start to life at Selhurst Park and he time on loan at Fourth Division club Maidstone United late in the 1991–92 season. After winning a First Division championship medal at the end of the 1993–94 season, he went on to become a regular in the Premier League during 1994–95, making 46 appearances and scoring three goals. Newman left Crystal Palace in July 1995, having made 62 appearances and scored three goals during seven-and-a-half years as a professional at Selhurst Park.
Millwall
Newman joined First Division club Millwall for a £500,000 fee on 19 July 1995. He made 41 appearances and scored one goal during a 1995–96 season in which the Lions occupied either of the two automatic promotion places between August and December 1995 and collapsed in t
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jay%20Tabb
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Jay Anthony Tabb (born 21 February 1984) is a retired professional footballer. He began his career at Crystal Palace but was released as a junior and joined Brentford in 2000. He moved to Crawley Town in 2003 on a loan which was ultimately cut short by injury. He played in both of Brentford's unsuccessful play-off campaigns in 2005 and 2006, making over 150 appearances for the club in total.
Tabb moved to Coventry City in June 2006 and spent two-and-a-half years at the club, picking up the Player of the Season Award for his performances during the 2007–08 season. In January 2009 he joined Reading. In 2012, he achieved the first promotion of his career as part of the 2011–12 Championship winning squad. He joined Ipswich Town on loan in March 2013 before making the move permanent three months later. He is primarily a central midfielder but has also played as full back, on both wings and as centre forward. In February 2015 Tabb won the "Dan Bartram Player of the Month" award, which included pre-match a trophy presentation at Portman Road.
Born in England to Irish parents, he is a dual citizen who has represented the Republic of Ireland at international level and won ten caps for the under-21 side between 2004–06. He received his first call up to the senior team in 2006 but has yet to make an appearance.
Club career
Brentford
Tabb was born in Tooting, Greater London and was released from Crystal Palace as a junior at the age of 16, after being deemed, at 5'5", too short to pl
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU%20Common%20Lisp
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GNU Common Lisp (GCL) is the GNU Project's ANSI Common Lisp compiler, an evolutionary development of Kyoto Common Lisp. It produces native object code by first generating C code and then calling a C compiler.
GCL is the implementation of choice for several large projects including the mathematical tools Maxima, AXIOM, HOL88, and ACL2. GCL runs under eleven different architectures on Linux, and under FreeBSD, Solaris, Mac OS X, and Microsoft Windows.
Last stable release of GCL is of 2023-01-13.
See also
CLISP – another GNU Project Common Lisp implementation
References
Common Lisp implementations
Common Lisp (programming language) software
Free compilers and interpreters
Common Lisp
GNU Project Lisp programming language implementations
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starhawk%20%28disambiguation%29
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Starhawk is an American writer and activist.
Starhawk may also refer to:
Starhawk (2012 video game), a video game for the PlayStation 3
Starhawk (1979 video game), a vector arcade game by Cinematronics
Star Hawks, a comic strip
Starhawk (comics), an antihero in the Earth-691 timeline of the Marvel Comics universe
Aleta Ogord or Starhawk, a superheroine in a future of the Marvel Comics universe
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal%20Peaks
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Crystal Peaks is a shopping centre and retail park in Sheffield, South Yorkshire, England. Established in 1988, the centre attracts around 11 million visitors a year.
Facilities
Crystal Peaks Shopping centre has approximately of retail space and food outlets with a range chains and a supermarket. The centre has an indoor market of smaller busnesses (operated by Sheffield City Council), a medical centre, veterinary surgery, bus station as well as other facilities and services.
The nearby retail park has a number of larger stores, restaurants and warehouses as well as a gym, a police station, Beighton Community Hospital and the Sheffield College Peaks Campus.
Community
Bee hives have been placed on the shopping centre's roof and bee-friendly flowers planted to help the local bee population, other environmental projects include: the installation of swift bird boxes on the building, creating a nature reserve and the supporting the village of Beighton in Britain and Yorkshire in Bloom competitions.
Crystal Peaks also has a dedicated 'charity of the year'. In 2010, the centre raised over £8,000 for Bluebell Wood Children's Hospice. The centre's adopted charity for 2011 was Macmillan Cancer Support.
History
Crystal Peaks first opened in 1988, being developed in phases. Opening ceremonies attracted large crowds to see Roland Rat and then Eddie "The Eagle" Edwards do the honours. The Olympic ski jumper Edwards performed a stunt on wires from the top of the atrium above the esca
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windsor%20Report
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In 2003, the Lambeth Commission on Communion was appointed by the Anglican Communion to study problems stemming from the consecration of Gene Robinson, the first noncelibate self-identifying gay priest to be ordained as an Anglican bishop, in the Episcopal Church in the United States and the blessing of same-sex unions in the Anglican Diocese of New Westminster. The Commission, chaired by Archbishop Robin Eames, published its findings as the Windsor Report on 18 October 2004. The report recommended a covenant for the Anglican Communion, an idea that did not come to fruition.
Background
The 1998 Lambeth Conference of Anglican bishops passed a resolution on human sexuality stating that it "in view of the teaching of Scripture, upholds faithfulness in marriage between a man and a woman in lifelong union" and that it could not "advise the legitimising or blessing of same sex unions nor ordaining those involved in same gender unions".
Same-sex unions and Robinson's election
One Canadian diocese, New Westminster, authorised a rite for the blessing of same-sex unions at its 2002 Diocesan Synod. The use of the rite by individual parishes was incumbent upon a specific request of the parish made through its annual vestry meeting or resolution of its parochial church council. In May 2003, six of the diocese's 76 parishes received authorisation to use the rite.
In 2003, the Episcopal Church's General Convention consented to the Diocese of New Hampshire's election of Gene Robinson as
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiny%20C%20Compiler
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The Tiny C Compiler (a.k.a. TCC, tCc, or TinyCC) is an x86, X86-64 and ARM processor C compiler initially written by Fabrice Bellard. It is designed to work for slow computers with little disk space (e.g. on rescue disks). Windows operating system support was added in version 0.9.23 (17 June 2005). TCC is distributed under the GNU Lesser General Public License.
TCC claims to implement all of ANSI C (C89/C90), much of the C99 ISO standard, and many GNU C extensions including inline assembly.
Features
TCC has a number of features that differentiate it from other current C compilers:
Its small file size (about 100 KB for the x86 TCC executable) and memory footprint allow it to be used directly from a single 1.44 M floppy disk, such as a rescue disk.
TCC is intended to produce native x86, x86-64 and ARM code very quickly; according to Bellard, it compiles, assembles and links about nine times faster than GCC does. As of 2023, the "mob" development branch also includes support for RISC-V and TMS320C67xx (a DSP chip).
TCC has a number of compiler-specific language features intended to improve its practicality, such as an optional memory and bound checker, for improved code stability.
TCC allows programs to be run automatically at compile time using a command-line switch. This allows programs to be run as a shell script under Unix-like systems that support the shebang interpreter directive syntax.
Compiled program performance
In general, TCC's implementation emphasizes small
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seral%20community
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A seral community is an intermediate stage found in ecological succession in an ecosystem advancing towards its climax community. In many cases more than one seral stage evolves until climax conditions are attained. A prisere is a collection of seres making up the development of an area from non-vegetated surfaces to a climax community.
A seral community is the name given to each group of plants within the succession. A primary succession describes those plant communities that occupy a site that has not previously been vegetated. These can also be described as the pioneer community. Computer modeling is sometimes used to evaluate likely succession stages in a seral community.
Depending on the substratum and climate, a seral community can be one of the following:
Hydrosere Community in water
Lithosere Community on rock
Psammosere Community on sand
Xerosere Community in dry area
Halosere Community in saline body (e.g. a salt marsh)
Examples
Seral communities in secondary succession can be seen in a recently logged coniferous forest. During the first two years, grasses, heaths and herbaceous plants such as fireweed will be abundant. After a few more years shrubs will start to appear; and about six to eight years after clearing, the area is likely to be crowded with young birches. Each of these stages can be referred to as a seral community.
In the far western part of North America, chaparral plant communities are typically controlled by periodic natural wildfires. In
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AIZ
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AIZ may stand for:
Anti-Imperialist Cell (Antiimperialistische Zelle ), a leftist militant group which carried out bombings in Germany in 1995
Arbeiter-Illustrierte-Zeitung, a German illustrated magazine of the 1920s–30s
Lee C. Fine Memorial Airport, an airport in Missouri (airport code AIZ)
Assurant, a specialized insurance company based in New York, NY
The IATA code for Lee C. Fine Memorial Airport, Missouri, United States
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argininosuccinate%20synthase
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Argininosuccinate synthase or synthetase (ASS; ) is an enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of argininosuccinate from citrulline and aspartate. In humans, argininosuccinate synthase is encoded by the ASS gene located on chromosome 9.
ASS is responsible for the third step of the urea cycle and one of the reactions of the citrulline-NO cycle.
Expression
The expressed ASS gene is at least 65 kb in length, including at least 12 introns. In humans, ASS is expressed mostly in the cells of the liver and kidney.
Mechanism
In the first step of the catalyzed reaction, citrulline attacks the α-phosphate of ATP to form citrulline adenylate, a reactive intermediate. The attachment of AMP to the ureido (urea-like) group on citrulline activates the carbonyl center for subsequent nucleophilic attack. This activation facilitates the second step, in which the α-amino group of aspartate attacks the ureido group. Attack by aspartate is the rate-limiting step of the reaction. This step produces free AMP and L-argininosuccinate.
Thermodynamically, adenylation of the citrulline ureido group is more favorable than the analogous phosphorylation. Additionally, attack by citrulline at the α-phosphate of ATP produces an equivalent of pyrophosphate, which can be hydrolyzed in a thermodynamically favorable reaction to provide additional energy to drive the adenylation.
Structure
Quaternary
Argininosuccinate synthetase is a homotetramer, with each subunit consisting of 412 residues. The interfa
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classified%20information%20in%20the%20United%20States
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The United States government classification system is established under Executive Order 13526, the latest in a long series of executive orders on the topic beginning in 1951. Issued by President Barack Obama in 2009, Executive Order 13526 replaced earlier executive orders on the topic and modified the regulations codified to 32 C.F.R. 2001. It lays out the system of classification, declassification, and handling of national security information generated by the U.S. government and its employees and contractors, as well as information received from other governments.
The desired degree of secrecy about such information is known as its sensitivity. Sensitivity is based upon a calculation of the damage to national security that the release of the information would cause. The United States has three levels of classification: Confidential, Secret, and Top Secret. Each level of classification indicates an increasing degree of sensitivity. Thus, if one holds a Top Secret security clearance, one is allowed to handle information up to the level of Top Secret, including Secret and Confidential information. If one holds a Secret clearance, one may not then handle Top Secret information, but may handle Secret and Confidential classified information.
The United States does not have a British-style Official Secrets Act. Instead, several laws protect classified information, including the Espionage Act of 1917, the Atomic Energy Act of 1954 and the Intelligence Identities Protection Act of
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacqueline%20Diamond
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Jacqueline Diamond may refer to:
Jackie Diamond Hyman (born 1949) pen name Jacqueline Diamond, American writer and former Associated Press reporter and columnist
Coca Crystal (1947 – 2016) née Jacqueline Diamond, American underground personality
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National%20Statistics%20Institute%20%28Spain%29
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The (INE; ) is the official agency in Spain that collects statistics about demography, economy, and Spanish society. It is an autonomous organization responsible for overall coordination of statistical services of the General State Administration in monitoring, control and supervision of technical procedures. Every 10 years, this organization conducts a national census. The last census took place in 2011.
Through the official website one can follow all the updates of different fields of study.
History
First agency and evolution
The oldest statistics agency of Spain and the predecessor of the current agency was the General Statistics Commission of the Kingdom, created on November 3, 1856 during the reign of Isabella II. The so-then Prime Minister Narváez approved a decree creating this body and ordering that people with recognized ability in this matter were part of it.
On May 1, 1861, the Commission changed its name to General Statistics Board and their first work was to do a population census.
By a decree of September 12, 1870, Prime Minister Serrano created the Geographic Institute and in 1873 this Institute changed its name to Geographic and Statistic Institute assuming the competences of the General Statistics Board. In 1890, the titularity of the agency was transferred from the Prime Minister's Office to the Ministry of Development.
Between 1921 and 1939, change its name many times. In the same way, the agency was transferred from one ministry to another, passing
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocular%20hypertension
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Ocular hypertension is the presence of elevated fluid pressure inside the eye (intraocular pressure), usually with no optic nerve damage or visual field loss.
For most individuals, the normal range of intraocular pressure is between 10 mmHg and 21 mmHg. Elevated intraocular pressure is an important risk factor and symptom of glaucoma. One study found that topical ocular hypotensive medication delays or prevents the onset of primary open-angle glaucoma. Accordingly, most individuals with consistently elevated intraocular pressures of greater than 21mmHg, particularly if they have other risk factors, are treated in an effort to prevent vision loss from glaucoma.
Treatment, by lowering the intraocular pressure, may help decrease the risk of vision loss and damage to the eye from glaucoma. Treatment options include pressure-lowering 'antiglaucomatous' eye drops, surgery, and/or laser eye surgery.
It is estimated that approximately 2-3% of people aged 52-89 years old have ocular hypertension of 25 mmHg and higher, and 3.5% of people 49 years and older have ocular hypertension of 21 mmHg and higher.
Pathophysiology
The pressure within the eye is maintained by the balance between the fluid that enters the eye through the ciliary body and the fluid that exits the eye through the trabecular meshwork.
Diagnosis
The condition is diagnosed using ocular tonometry and glaucoma evaluation. Increased IOP without glaucomatous changes (in optic disc or visual field) is considered as ocula
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infradian%20rhythm
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In chronobiology, an infradian rhythm is a rhythm with a period longer than the period of a circadian rhythm, i.e., with a frequency of less than one cycle in 24 hours. Some examples of infradian rhythms in mammals include menstruation, breeding, migration, hibernation, molting and fur or hair growth, and tidal or seasonal rhythms. In contrast, ultradian rhythms have periods shorter than the period of a circadian rhythm. Several infradian rhythms are known to be caused by hormone stimulation or exogenous factors. For example, seasonal depression, an example of an infradian rhythm occurring once a year, can be caused by the systematic lowering of light levels during the winter.
See also
Photoperiodicity
References
Chronobiology
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transurethral%20needle%20ablation%20of%20the%20prostate
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Transurethral needle ablation (also called TUNA or transurethral radiofrequency ablation) is a technique that uses low energy radio frequency delivered through two needles to ablate excess prostate tissue. A cystoscope/catheter deploys the needles toward the obstructing prostate tissue and is inserted into the urethra directly through the penis under local anesthetic before the procedure begins. The energy from the probe heats the abnormal prostate tissue without damaging the urethra. The resulting scar tissue later atrophies, reducing the size of the prostate which in turn reduces the constriction of the urethra. It can be done with a local anesthetic on an outpatient basis. It takes about an hour to perform the procedure. It takes about 30 days for the ablated prostate tissue to resorb.
Transurethral needle ablation can be used to treat benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH).
Some clinical studies have reported that TUNA is safe and effective, improving the urine flow with minimal side effects when compared with other procedures, such as transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) and open prostatectomy. However, other studies have reported that the procedure has a high failure rate, with the majority of patients requiring retreatment. Some patients have reported long-term inflammation of their prostate after undergoing the TUNA process. This is known as chronic prostatitis.
Judgements in guidelines
The American Urological Association (AUA) guidelines for the treatme
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serous%20fluid
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In physiology, serous fluid or serosal fluid (originating from the Medieval Latin word serosus, from Latin serum) is any of various body fluids resembling serum, that are typically pale yellow or transparent and of a benign nature. The fluid fills the inside of body cavities. Serous fluid originates from serous glands, with secretions enriched with proteins and water. Serous fluid may also originate from mixed glands, which contain both mucous and serous cells. A common trait of serous fluids is their role in assisting digestion, excretion, and respiration.
In medical fields, especially cytopathology, serous fluid is a synonym for effusion fluids from various body cavities. Examples of effusion fluid are pleural effusion and pericardial effusion. There are many causes of effusions which include involvement of the cavity by cancer. Cancer in a serous cavity is called a serous carcinoma. Cytopathology evaluation is recommended to evaluate the causes of effusions in these cavities.
Examples
Saliva consists of mucus and serous fluid; the serous fluid contains the enzyme amylase, which is important for the digestion of carbohydrates. Minor salivary glands of von Ebner present on the tongue secrete the lipase. The parotid gland produces purely serous saliva. The other major salivary glands produce mixed (serous and mucus) saliva.
Another type of serous fluid is secreted by the serous membranes (serosa), two-layered membranes which line the body cavities. Serous membrane fluid co
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/9%2C10-Dithioanthracene
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9,10-Dithioanthracene (DTA) is an organic molecule and a derivative of anthracene with two thiol groups. In 2004 DTA molecules were demonstrated to be able to "walk" in a straight line (reportedly a first ) on a metal surface by, in effect, mimicking the bipedal motion of a human being. The sulfur-bearing functional groups on either side (referred to as "linkers") serve as the molecule's "feet". When the compound is heated on a flat copper surface, the linkers raise up, alternating from side to side, and propel the molecule forward.
During testing at UC Riverside's Center for Nanoscale Science and Engineering, the molecule took about 10,000 unassisted nano-scale steps, moving in a straight line without requiring the assistance of nano-rails or nano-grooves for guidance. As described by one of the researchers, "Similar to a human walking, where one foot is kept on the ground while the other moves forward and propels the body, our molecule always has one linker on a flat surface, which prevents the molecule from stumbling to the side or veering off course." Researchers believe the project could lead to the development of molecular computers in which DTA or other similar molecules would function as nano-abacuses.
References
Thiols
Nanomaterials
Anthracenes
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael%20S.%20Engel
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Michael S. Engel, FLS, FRES (born September 24, 1971) is an American paleontologist and entomologist, notable for contributions to insect evolutionary biology and classification. In connection with his studies he has undertaken field expeditions in Central Asia, Asia Minor, the Levant, Arabia, eastern Africa, the high Arctic, and South and North America, and has published more than 925 papers in scientific journals and over 1000 new living and fossil species. Some of Engel's research images were included in exhibitions on the aesthetic value of scientific imagery.
Career
Engel received a B.Sc. in physiology and cell biology and a B.A. in chemistry from the University of Kansas in 1993, and a Ph.D. in entomology from Cornell University in 1998. He was employed as a research scientist at the American Museum of Natural History from 1998–2000, and then returned to the University of Kansas as assistant professor in the Department of Entomology, assistant professor in the Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, and assistant curator in the Natural History Museum’s Division of Entomology. He was promoted to full professor and senior curator in 2008, and University Distinguished Professor in 2018. In 2006–2007 Engel resumed regular activity in the American Museum of Natural History while a Guggenheim Fellow, completing work on the geological history of termites and their influence on carbon recycling in paleoenvironments. This period also permitted significant work on
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XEG
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XEG may refer to:
Xyloglucan-specific endo-beta-1,4-glucanase, an enzyme
XEG-AM, a Guadalupe, Mexico, radio station
XEG, IATA Code of Kingston, Ontario Railway Station
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probability%20current
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In quantum mechanics, the probability current (sometimes called probability flux) is a mathematical quantity describing the flow of probability. Specifically, if one thinks of probability as a heterogeneous fluid, then the probability current is the rate of flow of this fluid. It is a real vector that changes with space and time. Probability currents are analogous to mass currents in hydrodynamics and electric currents in electromagnetism. As in those fields, the probability current (i.e. the probability current density) is related to the probability density function via a continuity equation. The probability current is invariant under gauge transformation.
The concept of probability current is also used outside of quantum mechanics, when dealing with probability density functions that change over time, for instance in Brownian motion and the Fokker–Planck equation.
Definition (non-relativistic 3-current)
Free spin-0 particle
In non-relativistic quantum mechanics, the probability current of the wave function of a particle of mass in one dimension is defined as
where
is the reduced Planck constant;
denotes the complex conjugate of the wave function;
denotes the real part;
denotes the imaginary part.
Note that the probability current is proportional to a Wronskian
In three dimensions, this generalizes to
where denotes the del or gradient operator. This can be simplified in terms of the kinetic momentum operator,
to obtain
These definitions use the position
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DSH
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DSH, Dsh or dsh may refer to:
Biology
Dishevelled (Dsh), a family of proteins
Domestic shorthaired cat, the house cat
Deutscher Schäferhund, German for German Shepherd Dog
Health
Deliberate self-harm, a psychological condition involving self-inflicted injuries
Disproportionate share hospital, a U.S. hospital serving an above-average number of low-income patients
Transport
Deep Space Habitat, a proposed NASA design for crew living quarters in exploration of the solar system
Dunmore railway station, New South Wales, Australia, having station code DSH
Dash Air Charter, a U.S. airline having ICAO code DSH, see Airline codes-D
Languages
ISO 639:dsh or Daasanach language, an African language
Dsh (trigraph), a Latin-script representation of an Irish sound
Education
Deutsche Schule Helsinki, a German- and Finnish-speaking school in Helsinki, Finland
Deutsche Schule Hurghada (German School Hurghada)
Deutsche Sprachprüfung für den Hochschulzugang, a German language proficiency test required to study at German higher education institutions
Other
Deep Space Habitat, 2012 NASA concepts for crewed missions
Dick Smith (retailer), ASX code
Dom Sylvester Houédard, an English poet and theologian known as dsh
A track on Spunge (album)
Subsistence Homesteads Division, a 1930s US agency
See also
DSHS (disambiguation)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Bainbridge%20Island%20communities
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This is a list of communities in Bainbridge Island, Washington.
Agate Point
Allen Cove
Arrow Point
Azalea
Bainbridge Grange
Battle Point
Bill Point
Blakely
Blue Heron
Creosote
Crystal Springs
Eagledale
Ferncliff
Finch
Fletcher Bay
Fort Ward
Hawley
Hidden Cove
Island Center
Liberty
Lovgren
Lynwood Center
Madrona Heights
Manitou Beach
Manzanita
New Brooklyn
Point Monroe
Point White
Port Blakely
Port Madison
Restoration Point
Rolling Bay
Seabold
South Beach
Tolo
Torvanger
Venice
West Blakely
West Port Madison
Westwood
Wing Point
Winslow
Yeomalt
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robin%20Rimbaud
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Robin Rimbaud is an electronic musician who works under the name Scanner due to his use of cell phone and police scanners in live performance. He is also a member of the band Githead with Wire's Colin Newman and Malka Spigel and Max Franken from Minimal Compact.
Rimbaud is also a writer and media critic, multi-media artist and record producer. He borrowed his stage name from the device he used in his early recordings, picking up indeterminate radio and mobile phone signals in the airwaves and using them as an instrument in his compositions.
Early life
Born in Southfields, London, Rimbaud was interested in avant garde literature, cinema and music while growing up. He was trained in piano from a young age and was exposed to the works of John Cage by his piano teacher at the age of 11. In his late teens Rimbaud recounted having listened to a copy of Brian Eno's On Land while his stereo equipment inadvertently picked up signal interference of a conversation over CB radio.
When he was a teenager his family was bereaved when his father was killed in a motorcycle accident. Later he attended Kingston University in Surrey, earning a degree in English (BA).
Career
While attending university, he formed a musical project The Rimbaud Brothers with fellow student Tony Rimbaud, releasing cassette editions in the early 1980s, later becoming Dau Al Set with the addition of Chris Staley.
Rimbaud released the Peyrere compilation cassette album in 1986, featuring the work of Nurse with Woun
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P-type
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P-type may refer to:
P-type asteroid, type of asteroid
P-type semiconductor
MG P-type, a type of automobile
P-type ATPase, evolutionarily related ion and lipid pumps
P-Type (rapper), a South Korean rapper
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horseshoe%20Curve%20%28disambiguation%29
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A horseshoe curve is a track layout used to reduce the gradient a train must travel uphill.
Horseshoe Curve may also refer to:
Horseshoe Curve (Pennsylvania), a railroad curve on the Norfolk Southern Railway's Pittsburgh Line
Horse Shoe Curve, Virginia
The Horseshoe Curve, an album by Trey Anastasio
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumulate%20rock
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Cumulate rocks are igneous rocks formed by the accumulation of crystals from a magma either by settling or floating. Cumulate rocks are named according to their texture; cumulate texture is diagnostic of the conditions of formation of this group of igneous rocks. Cumulates can be deposited on top of other older cumulates of different composition and colour, typically giving the cumulate rock a layered or banded appearance.
Formation
Cumulate rocks are the typical product of precipitation of solid crystals from a fractionating magma chamber. These accumulations typically occur on the floor of the magma chamber, although they are possible on the roofs if anorthite plagioclase is able to float free of a denser mafic melt.
Cumulates are typically found in ultramafic intrusions, in the base of large ultramafic lava tubes in komatiite and magnesium rich basalt flows and also in some granitic intrusions.
Terminology
Cumulates are named according to their dominant mineralogy and the percentage of crystals to their groundmass (Hall, 1996).
Adcumulates are rocks containing ~100–93% accumulated magmatic crystals in a fine-grained groundmass.
Mesocumulates are rocks with between 93 and 85% accumulated minerals in a groundmass.
Orthocumulates are rocks containing between 85 and 75% accumulated minerals in groundmass.
Cumulate rocks are typically named according to the cumulate minerals in order of abundance, and then cumulate type (adcumulate, mesocumulate, orthocumulate), and the
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argininosuccinate%20lyase
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The enzyme argininosuccinate lyase (EC 4.3.2.1, ASL, argininosuccinase; systematic name 2-(N ω-L-arginino)succinate arginine-lyase (fumarate-forming)) catalyzes the reversible breakdown of argininosuccinate:
2-(N ω-L-arginino)succinate = fumarate + L-arginine
Located in liver cytosol, it is the fourth enzyme of the urea cycle and involved in the biosynthesis of arginine in all species and the production of urea in ureotelic species. Mutations resulting in low activity of the enzyme increase levels of urea in the body and result in various side effects.
The ASL gene is located on chromosome 7 between the centromere (junction of the long and short arm) and the long (q) arm at position 11.2, from base pair 64,984,963 to base pair 65,002,090.
ASL is related to intragenic complementation.
Structure
ASL is composed of four identical monomers; each monomer consisting of a single polypeptide chain between 49 and 52 kDa, between 196 and 208 kDa for the entire tetrameric enzyme. Each monomer has three highly conserved regions remote from one another, but these regions cluster together in the tetramer to form four active sites. Therefore, each ASL homotetramer has four active sites to catalyze the breakdown of argininosuccinate.
Each monomer in the ASL homotetramer is composed of three structural domains; all three are primarily alpha helical. Domains 1 and 3 are similar in structure as they both consist of helix-turn-helix motifs. Domain 1 of the monomer contains the amino termin
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Village-level%20operation%20and%20maintenance%20%28pumps%29
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Village Level Operation and Maintenance (VLOM) is an unofficial classification given to handpumps used in developing countries that require minimal maintenance or that can be done "at the village level." Not all maintenance and repair needs to be done by the villagers for a pump to be classed as a VLOM pump. VLOMM, or Village Level Operation and Management of Maintenance is often used synonymously. This addition emphasizes the role of users as the managers of maintenance able choose to use someone from outside the village to assist with more complicated repairs.
History
During the first UN decade on water boreholes, hand-dug wells and tubewells were constructed and water pumps were provided to developing countries by various NGOs. Unfortunately this top down approach led to the installation of pumps, notable the India Mark II, that were difficult to maintain. VLOM pumps were designed to allow remote villages to maintain pumps themselves as part of a larger strategy to reduce the dependency of villages on government and donor agencies and provide more sustainable access to drinking water.
Common VLOM Pumps
Implementation
The concept of Village Level Operation and Maintenance Management in relation to communal handpumps has gained wide acceptance in the rural water sector. Project and pump designs based on VLOM principles are now commonplace. However, implementation of handpump programs in accordance with VLOM criteria have been only partially successful and the VLOM ap
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A16
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A16, A 16, A.16 or A-16 may refer to:
A16 road, in several countries
ATC code A16, Other alimentary tract and metabolism products, a subgroup of the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System
British NVC community A16 (Callitriche stagnalis community), a British Isles plant community
It may also refer to:
A16, a restaurant in the San Francisco Bay Area
Subfamily A16, a rhodopsin-like receptors subfamily
One of the Encyclopaedia of Chess Openings codes for the English Opening in chess
Washington A16, 2000 Protests in Washington, D.C. against the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank on April 16 of 2000 and 2005, both known as "A16"
Technology
Apple A16 Bionic, a system on a chip mobile processor designed by Apple
Transportation
Aviadesign A-16 Sport Falcon, an American light-sport aircraft
Focke-Wulf A.16, a 1926 German three-four passenger light transport monoplane
A16 station, an upcoming MTR station on the West Rail line Tuen Mun South extension
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QAM%20%28television%29
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QAM is a digital television standard using quadrature amplitude modulation. It is the format by which digital cable channels are encoded and transmitted via cable television providers. QAM is used in a variety of communications systems such as Dial-up modems and WiFi. In cable systems, a QAM tuner is linked to the cable in a manner that is equivalent to an ATSC tuner which is required to receive over-the-air (OTA) digital channels broadcast by local television stations when attached to an antenna. Most new HDTV digital televisions support both of these standards. QAM uses the same 6 MHz bandwidth as ATSC, using a standard known as ITU-T Recommendation J.83 Annex B ("J.83b").
Technical details
QAM is a modulation format and does not specify the format of the digital data being carried. However, when used in the context of US digital cable television, the format of the data transmitted using this modulation is based on ITU-T J.83 Annex B ("J.83b"). This is in contrast to DVB-C which is also based on QAM modulation, but uses a DVB-based data format which is incompatible with North American receivers.
QAM is a parallel form of modulation that transmits two independent signals at a symbol rate that is near, but less than, the bandwidth of 6 MHz. VSB modulation, on the other hand, is a serial form of modulation that transmits one independent signal at a symbol rate that is near, but less than, twice the bandwidth of 6 MHz. The two can be related by the fact that a VSB signa
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Ladybug%20Transistor
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The Ladybug Transistor is a Brooklyn-based indie pop group associated with The Elephant Six Collective.
History
Started in 1995 by Gary Olson, Edward Powers and Javier Villegas, The Ladybug Transistor released Marlborough Farms the same year on Park N' Ride Records, adding and subtracting a couple of members and going on an international tour. With Jeff Baron (Guppyboy, The Essex Green) and Jennifer Baron (Saturnine) added to the line-up, they released Beverley Atonale in 1997, this time on Merge Records. Powers left the band and the remaining members, with San Fadyl and Sasha Bell of The Essex Green and the solo act Finishing School, embarked on a United States tour.
With a more stable line-up, the band released The Albemarle Sound in 1999, and added the violinist and bass guitarist Julia Rydholm (The Four Corners, The Essex Green, Jens Lekman) to the line-up. In 2001, Argyle Heir was released. In 2003, the band recorded a self-titled album at WaveLab Studio with engineer Craig Schumacher in Tucson, Arizona. In 2006, the band contributed heavily to the recording of Kevin Ayers' album The Unfairground, which Gary Olson produced. In April 2006, Fadyl began fighting serious asthma attacks. On April 26, 2007, he died from one such attack.
The band released its sixth album, Can't Wait Another Day, on June 5, 2007. This line-up included Kyle Forester (Crystal Stilts) and Ben Crum of Great Lakes.
For their seventh album, Clutching Stems, Olson, Forester and Rydholm gathered ne
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine%20Mammal%20Protection%20Act
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The Marine Mammal Protection Act (MMPA) was the first act of the United States Congress to call specifically for an ecosystem approach to wildlife management.
Authority
MMPA was signed into law on October 21, 1972, by President Richard Nixon and took effect 60 days later on December 21, 1972. It prohibits the "taking" of marine mammals, and enacts a moratorium on the import, export, and sale of any marine mammal, along with any marine mammal part or product within the United States. The Act defines "take" as "the act of hunting, killing, capture, and/or harassment of any marine mammal; or, the attempt at such." The MMPA defines harassment as "any act of pursuit, torment or annoyance which has the potential to either: a. injure a marine mammal in the wild, or b. disturb a marine mammal by causing disruption of behavioral patterns, which includes, but is not limited to, migration, breathing, nursing, breeding, feeding, or sheltering." The MMPA provides for enforcement of its prohibitions, and for the issuance of regulations to implement its legislative goals.
Authority to manage the MMPA was divided between the Secretary of the Interior through the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (Service), and the Secretary of Commerce, which is delegated to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). Subsequently, a third federal agency, the Marine Mammal Commission (MMC), was established to review existing policies and make recommendations to the Service and the NOAA better
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface%20layering
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Surface layering is a quasi-crystalline structure at the surfaces of otherwise disordered liquids, where atoms or molecules of even the simplest liquid are stratified into well-defined layers parallel to the surface. While in crystalline solids such atomic layers can extend periodically throughout the entire dimension of a crystal, surface layering decays rapidly away from the surface and is limited to just a few near-surface region layers. Another difference between surface layering and crystalline structure is that atoms or molecules of surface-layered liquids are not ordered in-plane, while in crystalline solids they are.
Surface layering was predicted theoretically by Stuart Rice at the University of Chicago in 1983 and has been experimentally discovered by Peter Pershan (Harvard) and his group, working in collaboration with Ben Ocko (Brookhaven) and Moshe Deutsch (Bar-Ilan) in 1995 in elemental liquid mercury and liquid gallium using x-ray reflectivity techniques.
More recently layering has been shown to arise from electronic properties of metallic liquids, rather than thermodynamic variables such as surface tension, since surfaces of low-surface tension metallic liquids such as liquid potassium are layered, while those of dielectric liquids such as water, are not.
References
Crystals
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environment%20of%20Sri%20Lanka
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The environment of Sri Lanka exhibits a remarkable biodiversity.
Sri Lanka is considered to be the richest country in Asia in terms of species concentration and is one of the world's biodiversity hotspots.
Physical geography
Sri Lanka was once part of the southern supercontinent Gondwana, which also included South America, Africa, India and Antarctica. Gondwana began to break up 140 million years ago. The tectonic plate on which Sri Lanka was located, the Indian plate, collided with the Eurasian plate creating the Himalayas.
Sri Lanka was originally part of the Deccan land mass, contiguous with Madagascar. The Loris, found only in Sri Lanka and South India, is related to the Lemurs of Madagascar. The connection to India led to a commonality of species, e.g. freshwater fish, the now extinct Sri Lankan Gaur (Bibos sinhaleyus) and the Sri Lankan Lion (Panthera leo sinhaleyus).
The island was connected, off and on at least 17 times in the past 700,000 years, to India.
Fauna
Sri Lanka's biological richness has exceptional levels of endemism. 43% of indigenous vertebrates animals of Sri Lanka are endemic (excluding marine forms).
Flora
Today, 25% of the 3,000 angiosperms of Sri Lanka are endemic (angiosperms are approximately 80% of all living green plants ).
Forests
According to the U.N. FAO, 28.8% of Sri Lanka was forested in 2010 (about 1,86 million hectares). In 1995, it was 1.94 million hectares or 32.2% of the land area that was classified as dense forests while t
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface%20freezing
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Surface freezing is the appearance of long-range crystalline order in a near-surface layer of a liquid. The surface freezing effect is opposite to a far more common surface melting, or premelting. Surface Freezing was experimentally discovered in melts of alkanes and related chain molecules in the early 1990s independently by two groups. John Earnshaw and his group (Queen's University of Belfast) used light scattering, which did not allow a determination of the frozen layer's thickness, and whether or not it is laterally ordered. A group led by Ben Ocko (Brookhaven National Laboratory), Eric Sirota (Exxon) and Moshe Deutsch (Bar-Ilan University, Israel) discovered independently the same effect, using x-ray surface diffraction which allowed them to show that the frozen layer is a crystalline monolayer, with molecules oriented roughly along the surface normal, and ordered in an hexagonal lattice. A related effect, the existence of a smectic phase at the surface of a nematic liquid bulk was observed in liquid crystals by Jens Als-Nielsen (Risø National Laboratory, Denmark) and Peter Pershan (Harvard University) in the early 1980s. However, the surface layer there was neither ordered, nor confined to a single layer. Surface freezing has since been found in a wide range of chain molecules and at various interfaces: liquid-air, liquid-solid and liquid-liquid.
Phases of matter
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evidence%20under%20Bayes%27%20theorem
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The use of evidence under Bayes' theorem relates to the probability of finding evidence in relation to the accused, where Bayes' theorem concerns the probability of an event and its inverse. Specifically, it compares the probability of finding particular evidence if the accused were guilty, versus if they were not guilty. An example would be the probability of finding a person's hair at the scene, if guilty, versus if just passing through the scene. Another issue would be finding a person's DNA where they lived, regardless of committing a crime there.
Explanation
Among evidence scholars, the study of evidence in recent decades has become broadly interdisciplinary, incorporating insights from psychology, economics, and probability theory. One area of particular interest and controversy has been Bayes' theorem.
Bayes' theorem is an elementary proposition of probability theory. It provides a way of updating, in light of new information, one’s probability that a proposition is true. Evidence scholars have been interested in its application to their field, either to study the value of rules of evidence, or to help determine facts at trial.
Suppose, that the proposition to be proven is that defendant was the source of a hair found at the crime scene. Before learning that the hair was a genetic match for the defendant’s hair, the factfinder believes that the odds are 2 to 1 that the defendant was the source of the hair. If they used Bayes’ theorem, they could multiply thos
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IOM%20soybeans
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IOM soybeans is an industrial designation for soybeans from the U.S. states of Indiana, Ohio, and Michigan. Beans grown in those states have a high protein content that is valued by processors, in particular in Japan. IOM soybeans are traded on the following Japanese commodity exchanges:
Kansai Commodities Exchange (KEX)
Tokyo Grain Exchange (TGE) (including other US state origins);
and in the past were traded on:
Central Japan Commodity Exchange (C-COM)
Fukuoka Futures Exchange (FFE)
The Japanese contracts called "IOM soybeans" are unsegregated, meaning any mixture of genetically modified and not. Non-GM IOM soybeans in Japan are usually just called "Non-GM soybeans".
References
Soybean utilization FAQ, Karl E. Weingartner at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Foreign trade of the United States
Soy products
Japan–United States relations
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrosurgery
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Electrosurgery is the application of a high-frequency (radio frequency) alternating polarity, electrical current to biological tissue as a means to cut, coagulate, desiccate, or fulgurate tissue. (These terms are used in specific ways for this methodology—see below.) Its benefits include the ability to make precise cuts with limited blood loss. Electrosurgical devices are frequently used during surgical operations helping to prevent blood loss in hospital operating rooms or in outpatient procedures.
In electrosurgical procedures, the tissue is heated by an electric current. Although electrical devices that create a heated probe may be used for the cauterization of tissue in some applications, electrosurgery refers to a different method than electrocautery. Electrocautery uses heat conduction from a probe heated to a high temperature by a direct electrical current (much in the manner of a soldering iron). This may be accomplished by direct current from dry-cells in a penlight-type device.
Electrosurgery, by contrast, uses radio frequency (RF) alternating current to heat the tissue by RF induced intracellular oscillation of ionized molecules that result in an elevation of intracellular temperature. When the intracellular temperature reaches 60 degrees C, instantaneous cell death occurs. If tissue is heated to 60–99 degrees C, the simultaneous processes of tissue desiccation (dehydration) and protein coagulation occur. If the intracellular temperature rapidly reaches 100 degre
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Identity%20theorem
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In real analysis and complex analysis, branches of mathematics, the identity theorem for analytic functions states: given functions f and g analytic on a domain D (open and connected subset of or ), if f = g on some , where has an accumulation point in D, then f = g on D.
Thus an analytic function is completely determined by its values on a single open neighborhood in D, or even a countable subset of D (provided this contains a converging sequence together with its limit). This is not true in general for real-differentiable functions, even infinitely real-differentiable functions. In comparison, analytic functions are a much more rigid notion. Informally, one sometimes summarizes the theorem by saying analytic functions are "hard" (as opposed to, say, continuous functions which are "soft").
The underpinning fact from which the theorem is established is the expandability of a holomorphic function into its Taylor series.
The connectedness assumption on the domain D is necessary. For example, if D consists of two disjoint open sets, can be on one open set, and on another, while is on one, and on another.
Lemma
If two holomorphic functions and on a domain D agree on a set S which has an accumulation point in , then on a disk in centered at .
To prove this, it is enough to show that for all .
If this is not the case, let be the smallest nonnegative integer with . By holomorphy, we have the following Taylor series representation in some open neighborhood U
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exchange-traded%20derivative%20contract
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Exchange-traded derivative contracts are standardized derivative contracts such as futures and options contracts that are transacted on an organized futures exchange. They are standardized and require payment of an initial deposit or margin settled through a clearing house. Since the contracts are standardized, accurate pricing models are often available. To understand which derivative is being traded, a standardised naming convention has been developed by the exchanges, that shows the expiry month and strike price using special letter codes.
References
Derivatives (finance)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosenbrock%20function
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In mathematical optimization, the Rosenbrock function is a non-convex function, introduced by Howard H. Rosenbrock in 1960, which is used as a performance test problem for optimization algorithms. It is also known as Rosenbrock's valley or Rosenbrock's banana function.
The global minimum is inside a long, narrow, parabolic shaped flat valley. To find the valley is trivial. To converge to the global minimum, however, is difficult.
The function is defined by
It has a global minimum at , where . Usually, these parameters are set such that and . Only in the trivial case where the function is symmetric and the minimum is at the origin.
Multidimensional generalizations
Two variants are commonly encountered.
One is the sum of uncoupled 2D Rosenbrock problems, and is defined only for even s:
This variant has predictably simple solutions.
A second, more involved variant is
has exactly one minimum for (at ) and exactly two minima for —the global minimum at and a local minimum near . This result is obtained by setting the gradient of the function equal to zero, noticing that the resulting equation is a rational function of . For small the polynomials can be determined exactly and Sturm's theorem can be used to determine the number of real roots, while the roots can be bounded in the region of . For larger this method breaks down due to the size of the coefficients involved.
Stationary points
Many of the stationary points of the function exhibit a regular patte
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weak%20solution
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In mathematics, a weak solution (also called a generalized solution) to an ordinary or partial differential equation is a function for which the derivatives may not all exist but which is nonetheless deemed to satisfy the equation in some precisely defined sense. There are many different definitions of weak solution, appropriate for different classes of equations. One of the most important is based on the notion of distributions.
Avoiding the language of distributions, one starts with a differential equation and rewrites it in such a way that no derivatives of the solution of the equation show up (the new form is called the weak formulation, and the solutions to it are called weak solutions). Somewhat surprisingly, a differential equation may have solutions which are not differentiable; and the weak formulation allows one to find such solutions.
Weak solutions are important because many differential equations encountered in modelling real-world phenomena do not admit of sufficiently smooth solutions, and the only way of solving such equations is using the weak formulation. Even in situations where an equation does have differentiable solutions, it is often convenient to first prove the existence of weak solutions and only later show that those solutions are in fact smooth enough.
A concrete example
As an illustration of the concept, consider the first-order wave equation:
where u = u(t, x) is a function of two real variables. To indirectly probe the properties of a poss
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGCA
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LGCA may refer to:
Lesbian and Gay Community Appeal Foundation
Lattice gas cellular automaton
U.S.-Israel Loan Guarantee Commitment Agreement
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Debut%20%282000%20film%29
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The Debut is a 2000 American independent drama film directed and co-written by first-time Filipino American filmmaker Gene Cajayon. It is the first Filipino American film to be released theatrically nationwide, starting in March 2001 in the San Francisco Bay Area and ending in November 2002 in New York City.
It is also one of the first feature films to take place within the Filipino American community, one of the largest Asian ethnic minorities in America. The title of the film refers to the traditional coming-of-age ceremony accompanying a young woman’s 18th birthday in Filipino culture.
The film grossed a very respectful $1.745 million in limited theatrical release in the United States.
Synopsis
Ben Mercado is a talented high school senior who enrolls in a prestigious arts institute in order to realize his dreams of becoming an artist. However, his plans come into conflict with those of his strict immigrant father Roland, a postal worker intent on seeing Ben become a doctor. Their long-simmering feud—for Ben, a struggle to be accepted by America and therefore reject his Filipino heritage; and for Roland, a quest to give his children a better life than he had—threatens to boil over and ruin the elaborate eighteenth birthday party of Ben’s sister Rose.
For Ben, Rose’s celebration emerges as a cultural stew of old world traditions and contemporary urban lifestyles, challenging his sense of misplaced identity, his choice of friends, and even the way he regards his father. H
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntingtin
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Huntingtin (Htt) is the protein coded for in humans by the HTT gene, also known as the IT15 ("interesting transcript 15") gene. Mutated HTT is the cause of Huntington's disease (HD), and has been investigated for this role and also for its involvement in long-term memory storage.
It is variable in its structure, as the many polymorphisms of the gene can lead to variable numbers of glutamine residues present in the protein. In its wild-type (normal) form, the polymorphic locus contains 6-35 glutamine residues. However, in individuals affected by Huntington's disease (an autosomal dominant genetic disorder), the polymorphic locus contains more than 36 glutamine residues (highest reported repeat length is about 250). Its commonly used name is derived from this disease; previously, the IT15 label was commonly used.
The mass of huntingtin protein is dependent largely on the number of glutamine residues it has; the predicted mass is around 350 kDa. Normal huntingtin is generally accepted to be 3144 amino acids in size. The exact function of this protein is not known, but it plays an important role in nerve cells. Within cells, huntingtin may or may not be involved in signaling, transporting materials, binding proteins and other structures, and protecting against apoptosis, a form of programmed cell death. The huntingtin protein is required for normal development before birth. It is expressed in many tissues in the body, with the highest levels of expression seen in the brain.
G
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FFCC
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FFCC may refer to:
Final Fantasy Crystal Chronicles, a video game series
Florida Film Critics Circle, an organization of film reviewers
Flowery Field Cricket Club, an English cricket club
Full Faith and Credit Clause, part of the United States Constitution
Florida Federation of Colorguards Circuit, a circuit of Florida indoor winds, indoor drumline, and colorguard
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convex%20cone
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In linear algebra, a cone—sometimes called a linear cone for distinguishing it from other sorts of cones—is a subset of a vector space that is closed under positive scalar multiplication; that is, is a cone if implies for every .
When the scalars are real numbers, or belong to an ordered field, one generally calls a cone a subset of a vector space that is closed under multiplication by a positive scalar. In this context, a convex cone is a cone that is closed under addition, or, equivalently, a subset of a vector space that is closed under linear combinations with positive coefficients. It follows that convex cones are convex sets.
In this article, only the case of scalars in an ordered field is considered.
Definition
A subset C of a vector space V over an ordered field F is a cone (or sometimes called a linear cone) if for each x in C and positive scalar α in F, the product αx is in C. Note that some authors define cone with the scalar α ranging over all non-negative scalars (rather than all positive scalars, which does not include 0).
A cone C is a convex cone if belongs to C, for any positive scalars α, β, and any x, y in C.
A cone C is convex if and only if C + C ⊆ C.
This concept is meaningful for any vector space that allows the concept of "positive" scalar, such as spaces over the rational, algebraic, or (more commonly) the real numbers. Also note that the scalars in the definition are positive meaning that the origin does not have to belong to C. Some auth
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMOX1
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HMOX1 (heme oxygenase 1 gene) is a human gene that encodes for the enzyme heme oxygenase 1 (). Heme oxygenase (abbreviated HMOX or HO) mediates the first step of heme catabolism, it cleaves heme to form biliverdin.
The HMOX gene is located on the long (q) arm of chromosome 22 at position 12.3, from base pair 34,101,636 to base pair 34,114,748.
Related conditions
Heme oxygenase-1 deficiency
Heme oxygenase
Heme oxygenase, an essential enzyme in heme catabolism, cleaves heme to form biliverdin, carbon monoxide, and ferrous iron. The biliverdin is subsequently converted to bilirubin by biliverdin reductase. Heme oxygenase activity is induced by its substrate heme and by various nonheme substances. Heme oxygenase occurs as 2 isozymes, an inducible heme oxygenase-1 and a constitutive heme oxygenase-2. HMOX1 and HMOX2 belong to the heme oxygenase family.
See also
HMOX2
Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis
References
Further reading
External links
EC 1.14.99
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isovector
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In particle physics, isovector refers to the vector transformation of a particle under the SU(2) group of isospin. An isovector state is a triplet state with total isospin 1, with the third component of isospin either 1, 0, or -1, much like a triplet state in the two-particle addition of Spin.
See also
Isoscalar
References
Bosons
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistics%20Poland
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Statistics Poland (formerly known in English as the Central Statistical Office (, popularly called GUS)) is Poland's chief government executive agency charged with collecting and publishing statistics related to the country's economy, population, and society, at the national and local levels. The president of Statistics Poland (currently Dominik Rozkrut) reports directly to the Prime Minister of Poland and is considered the equivalent of a Polish government minister.
The agency was established on 13 July 1918 by Ludwik Krzywicki, one of the most notable sociologists of his time.
Inactive during World War II, GUS was reorganized in March 1945 and as of 31 July 1947 was under control of the Ordinance of the Council of Ministers (along with the Organization of Official Statistics).
The office is divided into several separate branches, each responsible for a different set of data. The branches include the Divisions of Coordination of Statistical Surveys, Analyses and Regional Statistics, Dissemination, National Accounts and Finance, Business Statistics and Registers, Social Statistics, Services Statistics, Agriculture and Environment Statistics, International Cooperation, Budgetary, and Personnel.
Notable GUS publications include Rocznik Statystyczny (Statistical Yearbook), Mały Rocznik Statystyczny (Concise Statistical Yearbook), Demographic Yearbook of Poland, and Wiadomości Statystyczne (Statistical News).
In November 2018 GUS estimated that the average monthly wage in Po
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