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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Name%20of%20the%20Game%20%28TV%20series%29
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The Name of the Game is an American television series starring Tony Franciosa, Gene Barry, and Robert Stack, which aired from 1968 to 1971 on NBC, totaling 76 episodes of 90 minutes each. The show was a wheel series, setting the stage for The Bold Ones and the NBC Mystery Movie in the 1970s. The program had the largest budget of any television series at that time.
Plot
The series was based on the 1966 television movie Fame Is the Name of the Game, which was directed by Stuart Rosenberg and starred Tony Franciosa. The Name of the Game rotated among three characters working at Howard Publications, a large magazine publishing company—Jeffrey "Jeff" Dillon (Franciosa), a crusading reporter with People magazine (not to be confused with the real-life periodical that debuted in 1974); Glenn Howard (Gene Barry, taking over for George Macready, who had originated the role in the earlier film), the sophisticated, well-connected publisher; and Daniel "Dan" Farrell (Robert Stack), the editor of Crime magazine. Then-newcomer Susan Saint James, as Peggy Maxwell, served as research assistant to each of the lead characters for nearly half the episodes, providing for some continuity.
Cast
Main cast
Tony Franciosa as Jeff Dillon (seasons 1–2, first half of season 3)
Dillon is seen in 15 episodes as the lead, and as a supporting player in two other episodes.
Gene Barry as Glenn Howard
Howard is seen in 27 episodes as the lead, and as a supporting player in 14 other episodes.
Robert Stack
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime%20Evil%20%28Buffy%20novel%29
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Prime Evil is an original novel based on the U.S. television series Buffy the Vampire Slayer. Tagline: 'Infinity awaits an ancient evil'.
Plot summary
Crystal Gregory is a beautiful new teacher at Sunnydale High, who also happens to give Buffy panic fits whenever she's in the same room as her. Buffy can't sense anything unusual about the teacher and begins to wonder if she's losing her mind. But lately, Anya and Michael seem to be getting awfully close to Crystal and would appear to do anything for her. While out for her usual patrol at night, Buffy has two strange encounters; one, a man is completely incinerated by red and lighting and the other being a girl from school who has a burn mark on her neck in the shape of the symbol for infinity. As soon as Giles gets cracking on his books, he finds out that Crystal is in fact Shugra, a powerful primal witch which is trying to activate the source. She needs a coven of 13 willing people to participate in order to draw the proper energy, unfortunately, it seems that Willow is one of those people.
Cordelia is nervous about her father's tax position but does not tell the others. This foreshadows later events. Giles and Joyce are nervous in each other's company
Characters include: Buffy, Joyce, Giles, Xander, Anya, Cordelia, Willow, and Oz
Continuity
Late in Buffy season 3 but before "Earshot". Apart from a mistake over Angel's age, this book closely follows the Buffyverse's established 'canon'.
Canonical issues
Buffy novels su
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/22%20equal%20temperament
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In music, 22 equal temperament, called 22-TET, 22-EDO, or 22-ET, is the tempered scale derived by dividing the octave into 22 equal steps (equal frequency ratios). Each step represents a frequency ratio of , or 54.55 cents ().
When composing with 22-ET, one needs to take into account a variety of considerations. Considering the 5-limit, there is a difference between 3 fifths and the sum of 1 fourth + 1 major third. It means that, starting from C, there are two A's - one 16 steps and one 17 steps away. There is also a difference between a major tone and a minor tone. In C major, the second note (D) will be 4 steps away. However, in A minor, where A is 6 steps below C, the fourth note (D) will be 9 steps above A, so 3 steps above C. So when switching from C major to A minor, one need to slightly change the note D. These discrepancies arise because, unlike 12-ET, 22-ET does not temper out the syntonic comma of 81/80, and in fact exaggerates its size by mapping it to one step.
Extending 22-ET to the 7-limit, we find the septimal minor seventh (7/4) can be distinguished from the sum of a fifth (3/2) and a minor third (6/5). Also the septimal subminor third (7/6) is different from the minor third (6/5). This mapping tempers out the septimal comma of 64/63, which allows 22-ET to function as a "Superpythagorean" system where four stacked fifths are equated with the septimal major third (9/7) rather than the usual pental third of 5/4. This system is a "mirror image" of septimal mea
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup%20J%20%28Y-DNA%29
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Haplogroup J-M304, also known as J, is a human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. It is believed to have evolved in Western Asia. The clade spread from there during the Neolithic, primarily into North Africa, the Horn of Africa, the Socotra Archipelago, the Caucasus, Europe, Western Asia, Central Asia, South Asia, and Southeast Asia.
Haplogroup J-M304 is divided into two main subclades (branches), J-M267 and J-M172.
Origins
Haplogroup J-M304 is believed to have split from the haplogroup I-M170 roughly 43,000 years ago in Western Asia, as both lineages are haplogroup IJ subclades. Haplogroup IJ and haplogroup K derive from haplogroup IJK, and only at this level of classification does haplogroup IJK join with Haplogroup G-M201 and Haplogroup H as immediate descendants of Haplogroup F-M89. J-M304 (Transcaucasian origin) is defined by the M304 genetic marker, or the equivalent 12f2.1 marker. The main current subgroups J-M267 (Armenia highlands origin) and J-M172 (Zagros mountains origin), which now comprise between them almost all of the haplogroup's descendant lineages, are both believed to have arisen very early, at least 10,000 years ago. Nonetheless, Y-chromosomes F-M89* and IJ-M429* were reported to have been observed in the Iranian plateau (Grugni et al. 2012).
On the other hand, it would seem to be that different episodes of populace movement had impacted southeast Europe, as well as the role of the Balkans as a long-standing corridor to Europe from the Near East is shown by
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup%20E-M215
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E-M215, also known as E1b1b-M215, is a human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. E-M215 has two basal branches, E-M35 and E-M281. E-M35 is primarily distributed in North Africa and the Horn of Africa, and occurs at lower frequencies in the Middle East, Europe, and Southern Africa. E-M281 occurs at a low frequency in Ethiopia.
Origins
The origins of E-M215 were dated by Cruciani in 2007 to about 22,400 years ago in East Africa.
Ancient DNA
According to Lazaridis et al. (2016), Natufian skeletal remains from the ancient Levant predominantly carried the Y-DNA haplogroup E1b1b. Of the five Natufian specimens analysed for paternal lineages, three belonged to the E1b1b1b2(xE1b1b1b2a,E1b1b1b2b), E1b1(xE1b1a1,E1b1b1b1) and E1b1b1b2(xE1b1b1b2a,E1b1b1b2b) subclades (60%). Haplogroup E1b1b was also found at moderate frequencies among fossils from the ensuing Pre-Pottery Neolithic B culture, with the E1b1b1 and E1b1b1b2(xE1b1b1b2a,E1b1b1b2b) subclades observed in two of seven PPNB specimens (~29%). The scientists suggest that the Levantine early farmers may have spread southward into East Africa, bringing along Western Eurasian and Basal Eurasian ancestral components separate from that which would arrive later in North Africa.
Additionally, haplogroup E1b1b1 has been found in an ancient Egyptian mummy excavated at the Abusir el-Meleq archaeological site in Middle Egypt, which dates from a period between the late New Kingdom and the Roman era. Fossils at the Iberomaurusian site of Ifri N'Am
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kruskal%27s%20tree%20theorem
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In mathematics, Kruskal's tree theorem states that the set of finite trees over a well-quasi-ordered set of labels is itself well-quasi-ordered under homeomorphic embedding.
History
The theorem was conjectured by Andrew Vázsonyi and proved by ; a short proof was given by . It has since become a prominent example in reverse mathematics as a statement that cannot be proved in ATR0 (a second-order arithmetic theory with a form of arithmetical transfinite recursion).
In 2004, the result was generalized from trees to graphs as the Robertson–Seymour theorem, a result that has also proved important in reverse mathematics and leads to the even-faster-growing SSCG function which dwarfs TREE(3). A finitary application of the theorem gives the existence of the fast-growing TREE function.
Statement
The version given here is that proven by Nash-Williams; Kruskal's formulation is somewhat stronger. All trees we consider are finite.
Given a tree with a root, and given vertices , , call a successor of if the unique path from the root to contains , and call an immediate successor of if additionally the path from to contains no other vertex.
Take to be a partially ordered set. If , are rooted trees with vertices labeled in , we say that is inf-embeddable in and write if there is an injective map from the vertices of to the vertices of such that
For all vertices of , the label of precedes the label of ,
If is any successor of in , then is a successor of , and
If , a
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fano%27s%20inequality
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In information theory, Fano's inequality (also known as the Fano converse and the Fano lemma) relates the average information lost in a noisy channel to the probability of the categorization error. It was derived by Robert Fano in the early 1950s while teaching a Ph.D. seminar in information theory at MIT, and later recorded in his 1961 textbook.
It is used to find a lower bound on the error probability of any decoder as well as the lower bounds for minimax risks in density estimation.
Let the random variables and represent input and output messages with a joint probability . Let represent an occurrence of error; i.e., that , with being an approximate version of . Fano's inequality is
where denotes the support of ,
is the conditional entropy,
is the probability of the communication error, and
is the corresponding binary entropy.
Proof
Define an indicator random variable , that indicates the event that our estimate is in error,
Consider . We can use the chain rule for entropies to expand this in two different ways
Equating the two
Expanding the right most term,
Since means ; being given the value of allows us to know the value of with certainty. This makes the term .
On the other hand, means that , hence given the value of , we can narrow down to one of different values, allowing us to upper bound the conditional entropy . Hence
The other term, , because conditioning reduces entropy. Because of the way is defined, , meaning that . Putting it all tog
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polar%20body
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A polar body is a small haploid cell that is formed at the same time as an egg cell during oogenesis, but generally does not have the ability to be fertilized. It is named from its polar position in the egg.
When certain diploid cells in animals undergo cytokinesis after meiosis to produce egg cells, they sometimes divide unevenly. Most of the cytoplasm is segregated into one daughter cell, which becomes the egg or ovum, while the smaller polar bodies only get a small amount of cytoplasm. They frequently die and disintegrate by apoptosis, but in some cases remain and can be important in the life cycle of the organism.
Twinning
Polar body twinning is a hypothesized form of twinning in meiosis, where one or more polar bodies do not disintegrate and are fertilized by sperm.
Twinning would occur, in principle, if the egg cell and a polar body were both fertilized by separate sperms. However, even if fertilization occurs, further development would usually not occur because the zygote formed by the fusion of the sperm and polar body would not have enough cytoplasm or stored nutrients to feed the developing embryo.
Polar bodies were first reported in 1824 by Carus in gastropods, but their role was not clarified until the work of Butschli in 1875, Giard in 1876, and finally Hertwig in 1877. These structures were often confused with egg fragments or expelled yolk masses, but were eventually referred to as directional bodies (or Richtungskörper), a term implying the place where the
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generalized%20additive%20model
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In statistics, a generalized additive model (GAM) is a generalized linear model in which the linear response variable depends linearly on unknown smooth functions of some predictor variables, and interest focuses on inference about these smooth functions.
GAMs were originally developed by Trevor Hastie and Robert Tibshirani to blend properties of generalized linear models with additive models. They can be interpreted as the discriminative generalization of the naive Bayes generative model.
The model relates a univariate response variable, Y, to some predictor variables, xi. An exponential family distribution is specified for Y (for example normal, binomial or Poisson distributions) along with a link function g (for example the identity or log functions) relating the expected value of Y to the predictor variables via a structure such as
The functions fi may be functions with a specified parametric form (for example a polynomial, or an un-penalized regression spline of a variable) or may be specified non-parametrically, or semi-parametrically, simply as 'smooth functions', to be estimated by non-parametric means. So a typical GAM might use a scatterplot smoothing function, such as a locally weighted mean, for f1(x1), and then use a factor model for f2(x2). This flexibility to allow non-parametric fits with relaxed assumptions on the actual relationship between response and predictor, provides the potential for better fits to data than purely parametric models, but arguabl
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fog%20%28disambiguation%29
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Fog is a visible mass consisting of cloud water droplets or ice crystals suspended in the air at or near the Earth's surface.
Fog or FOG may also refer to:
Poetry and books
"Fog" (poem), by Carl Sandburg
Fog, a 1933 novel by Valentine Williams and Dorothy Rice Sims
The Fog (novel), a 1975 British horror novel by James Herbert
Film and television
The Fog (1923 film), 1923 American silent drama film directed by Paul Powell
Fog (1932 film), a French Spanish-language drama
Fog (1933 film), an American pre-Code film
The Fog (1980 film), a 1980 American horror film
The Fog (soundtrack)
The Fog (2005 film), an American-Canadian remake of the 1980 horror film
"The Fog" (Mad Men), a 2009 episode of the American television series
Music
Fog (band), an American indie rock band
"Fog", a song by Radiohead released on the single "Knives Out"
"Fog (Again)", a song by Radiohead released on the compilation Com Lag
"Fog", a song by Italian death metal band Sadist from Lego
"The Fog", a song by English singer Kate Bush from her 1989 album The Sensual World
Mgła (English: Fog), a Polish black metal band
People
Fog (surname), list of people with the surname
Places
Fog Bay, Antarctica
Fog Bay, Northern Territory, Australia
Fog Bay and Finniss River Floodplains, Australia
Foggia "Gino Lisa" Airport, Italy
Forest Gate railway station, England
Science and engineering
Fats, Oils and Grease (FOG); see Grease trap
FOG1, friend of GATA1, a protein encoded by the ZFPM1 gene
D
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baillie%E2%80%93PSW%20primality%20test
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The Baillie–PSW primality test is a probabilistic or possibly deterministic primality testing algorithm that determines whether a number is composite or is a probable prime. It is named after Robert Baillie, Carl Pomerance, John Selfridge, and Samuel Wagstaff.
The Baillie–PSW test is a combination of a strong Fermat probable prime test to base 2 and a standard or strong Lucas probable prime test. The Fermat and Lucas test each have their own list of pseudoprimes, that is, composite numbers that pass the test. For example, the first ten strong pseudoprimes to base 2 are
2047, 3277, 4033, 4681, 8321, 15841, 29341, 42799, 49141, and 52633 .
The first ten strong Lucas pseudoprimes (with Lucas parameters (P, Q) defined by Selfridge's Method A) are
5459, 5777, 10877, 16109, 18971, 22499, 24569, 25199, 40309, and 58519 .
There is no known overlap between these lists, and there is even evidence that the numbers tend to be of different kind, in fact even with standard and not strong Lucas test there is no known overlap. For example, Fermat pseudoprimes to base 2 tend to fall into the residue class 1 (mod m) for many small m, whereas Lucas pseudoprimes tend to fall into the residue class −1 (mod m). As a result, a number that passes both a strong Fermat base 2 and a strong Lucas test is very likely to be prime. If you choose a random base, there might be some composite n that passes both the Fermat and Lucas tests. For example, n=5777 is a strong psp base 76, and is also a strong L
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FCAS
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FCAS may refer to:
Familial cold autoinflammatory syndrome, a genetic disease
Fellow of the Casualty Actuarial Society, a U.S. professional society
Frequency Control Ancillary Services for electric power grids
Future Combat Air System, a sixth-generation fighter jet currently in development by France, Germany, and Spain
Future Combat Air System (UK), a sixth-generation fighter jet, the BAE Systems Tempest, and related technologies currently under development by the United Kingdom, Italy and Sweden.
FCA Serbia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cdc25
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Cdc25 is a dual-specificity phosphatase first isolated from the yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe as a cell cycle defective mutant. As with other cell cycle proteins or genes such as Cdc2 and Cdc4, the "cdc" in its name refers to "cell division control".
Dual-specificity phosphatases are considered a sub-class of protein tyrosine phosphatases. By removing inhibitory phosphate residues from target cyclin-dependent kinases (Cdks), Cdc25 proteins control entry into and progression through various phases of the cell cycle, including mitosis and S ("Synthesis") phase.
Function in activating Cdk1
Cdc25 activates cyclin dependent kinases by removing phosphate from residues in the Cdk active site. In turn, the phosphorylation by M-Cdk (a complex of Cdk1 and cyclin B) activates Cdc25. Together with Wee1, M-Cdk activation is switch-like. The switch-like behavior forces entry into mitosis to be quick and irreversible. Cdk activity can be reactivated after dephosphorylation by Cdc25. The Cdc25 enzymes Cdc25A-C are known to control the transitions from G1 to S phase and G2 to M phase.
Structure
The structure of Cdc25 proteins can be divided into two main regions: the N-terminal region, which is highly divergent and contains sites for its phosphorylation and ubiquitination, which regulate the phosphatase activity; and the C-terminal region, which is highly homologous and contains the catalytic site.
Evolution and species distribution
Cdc25 enzymes are well conserved through evolution, a
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foster%27s%20reactance%20theorem
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Foster's reactance theorem is an important theorem in the fields of electrical network analysis and synthesis. The theorem states that the reactance of a passive, lossless two-terminal (one-port) network always strictly monotonically increases with frequency. It is easily seen that the reactances of inductors and capacitors individually increase with frequency and from that basis a proof for passive lossless networks generally can be constructed. The proof of the theorem was presented by Ronald Martin Foster in 1924, although the principle had been published earlier by Foster's colleagues at American Telephone & Telegraph.
The theorem can be extended to admittances and the encompassing concept of immittances. A consequence of Foster's theorem is that zeros and poles of the reactance must alternate with frequency. Foster used this property to develop two canonical forms for realising these networks. Foster's work was an important starting point for the development of network synthesis.
It is possible to construct non-Foster networks using active components such as amplifiers. These can generate an impedance equivalent to a negative inductance or capacitance. The negative impedance converter is an example of such a circuit.
Explanation
Reactance is the imaginary part of the complex electrical impedance. Both capacitors and inductors possess reactance (but of opposite sign) and are frequency dependent. The specification that the network must be passive and lossless
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VRG
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VRG may refer to:
British Virgin Islands, ITU country code
Varig, a Brazilian airline
Ventral respiratory group, a column of neurons located in the medulla
Viktor Rydberg Gymnasium, a group of Swedish schools
Vintage Racer Group, a vintage racing group in the United States
Virtual Racing Group, more important simracing group in Italy
Virchand Gandhi, an Indian Patriot
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LOF
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LOF may refer to:
In acronyms and codes:
Lack-of-fit test (disambiguation), a concept in statistics
Libbey–Owens–Ford, an automotive and building glass manufacturer
Lloyd's Open Form: a type of salvage agreement offered by Lloyd's of London
Local Outlier Factor, an anomaly detection algorithm
Lok Fu station, Hong Kong (MTR station code)
London & Overseas Freighters, a defunct UK merchant shipping company
London Fields railway station, England (National Rail station code)
Trans States Airlines (ICAO designator)
Leftöver Crack, a NYC crust punk band
In other uses:
Lof, a Chilean ethnic group
Löf, a municipality in Germany
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CLH
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CLH may refer to:
Science
Chlorophyllase, an enzyme
Hydrogen chloride, a chemical compound
Companies
CLH (company), a Spanish petroleum logistics company comprising Compañía Logística de Hidrocarburos and others
CLH Pipeline System (CLH-PS), a UK system run by Compañía Logística de Hidrocarburos
Lufthansa CityLine (ICAO code), a German airline
Coolah Airport, IATA airport code "CLH"
See also
CLHS (disambiguation)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic%20hitchhiking
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Genetic hitchhiking, also called genetic draft or the hitchhiking effect, is when an allele changes frequency not because it itself is under natural selection, but because it is near another gene that is undergoing a selective sweep and that is on the same DNA chain. When one gene goes through a selective sweep, any other nearby polymorphisms that are in linkage disequilibrium will tend to change their allele frequencies too. Selective sweeps happen when newly appeared (and hence still rare) mutations are advantageous and increase in frequency. Neutral or even slightly deleterious alleles that happen to be close by on the chromosome 'hitchhike' along with the sweep. In contrast, effects on a neutral locus due to linkage disequilibrium with newly appeared deleterious mutations are called background selection. Both genetic hitchhiking and background selection are stochastic (random) evolutionary forces, like genetic drift.
History
The term hitchhiking was coined in 1974 by Maynard Smith and John Haigh. Subsequently the phenomenon was studied by John H. Gillespie and others.
Outcomes
Hitchhiking occurs when a polymorphism is in linkage disequilibrium with a second locus that is undergoing a selective sweep. The allele that is linked to the adaptation will increase in frequency, in some cases until it becomes fixed in the population. The other allele, which is linked to the non-advantageous version, will decrease in frequency, in some cases until extinction. Overall, hitchhiki
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invader%20potential
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Ecologically, invader potential is the qualitative and quantitative measures of a given invasive species probability to invade a given ecosystem. This is often seen through climate matching. There are many reasons why a species may invade a new area. The term invader potential may also be interchangeable with invasiveness. Invader potential is a large threat to global biodiversity. It has been shown that there is an ecosystem function loss due to the introduction of species in areas they are not native to.
Invaders are species that, through biomass, abundance, and strong interactions with natives, have significantly altered the structure and composition of the established community. This differs greatly from the term "introduced", which merely refers to species that have been introduced to an environment, disregarding whether or not they have created a successful establishment.1 They are simply organisms that have been accidentally, or deliberately, placed into an unfamiliar area .2 Many times, in fact, species do not have a strong impact on the introduced habitat. This can be for a variety of reasons; either the newcomers are not abundant or because they are small and unobtrusive.1
Understanding the mechanisms of invader potential is important to understanding why species relocate and to predict future invasions. There are three predicted reasons as to why species invade an area. They are as follows: adaptation to physical environment, resource competition and/or utilizati
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central%20canal
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The central canal (also known as spinal foramen or ependymal canal) is the cerebrospinal fluid-filled space that runs through the spinal cord. The central canal lies below and is connected to the ventricular system of the brain, from which it receives cerebrospinal fluid, and shares the same ependymal lining. The central canal helps to transport nutrients to the spinal cord as well as protect it by cushioning the impact of a force when the spine is affected.
The central canal represents the adult remainder of the central cavity of the neural tube. It generally occludes (closes off) with age.
Structure
The central canal below at the ventricular system of the brain, beginning at a region called the obex where the fourth ventricle, a cavity present in the brainstem, narrows.
The central canal is located in the third of the spinal cord in the cervical and thoracic regions. In the lumbar spine it enlarges and is located more centrally. At the conus medullaris, where the spinal cord tapers, it is located more .
Terminal ventricle
The terminal ventricle (ventriculus terminalis, fifth ventricle or ampulla caudalis) is the widest part of the central canal of the spinal cord that is located at or near the conus medullaris. It was described by Stilling in 1859 and Krause in 1875. Krause introduced the term fifth ventricle after observation of normal ependymal cells. The central canal expands as a fusiform terminal ventricle, and approximately 8–10 mm in length in the conus medu
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obex
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The obex (from the Latin for barrier) is the point in the human brain at which the fourth ventricle narrows to become the central canal of the spinal cord. Cerebrospinal fluid can flow from the fourth ventricle into the obex. In anatomical studies, the obex has been found to occur approximately 10-12 mm above the level of the foramen magnum. In patients with low tonsillar position, the obex has been found below the plane of the foramen magnum.
The obex occurs in the caudal medulla.
The decussation of sensory fibers happens at this point.
Clinical significance
Lesions at the location can result in obstructive hydrocephalus. The most common lesion at this location is a subependymoma, a benign tumor. Hemangioblastoma has been observed in this location.
Detection of prions
Immunohistochemistry (IHC) to test brain, lymph, and neuroendocrine tissues for the presence of the abnormal prion protein to diagnose wasting diseases like chronic wasting disease in deer. Positive IHC findings in the obex is considered the gold standard.
Additional images
References
Ventricular system
Medulla oblongata
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World%20for%20Ransom
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World for Ransom is a 1954 American film noir drama directed by Robert Aldrich and starring Dan Duryea, Patric Knowles, Gene Lockhart, Reginald Denny, and Nigel Bruce (in his final film role).
Many of the actors and sets used in the film were from the Dan Duryea television show China Smith. Aldrich and cinematographer Joseph Biroc also worked on the series.
Aldrich later said the film "first embedded what I wanted to say in films. It was mainly about two men with good and bad points. Both men believed in individual liberty but the belief of one man was weaker than the other because he had no respect for humanity."
Plot
Mike Callahan (Duryea) is an Irish émigré and war veteran working in Singapore as a private detective. He takes on a case from a former flame, now a nightclub singer. She thinks her husband Julian March (Knowles) is involved in criminal activities and asks him to help out.
Callahan learns that a man named Alexis Pederas (Lockhart) has involved Julian in a plot to kidnap a prominent nuclear scientist Sean O'Connor and hold him for ransom to the highest bidder. O'Connor is one of the only four men in the world that knows how to detonate the H-Bomb.
Cast
Dan Duryea as Mike Callahan aka Corrigan
Gene Lockhart as Alexis Pederas
Patric Knowles as Julian March
Reginald Denny as Major Ian Bone
Nigel Bruce as Governor Sir Charles Crotts
Marian Carr as Frenessey March
Arthur Shields as O'Connor
Douglass Dumbrille as Inspector McCollum
Carmen D'Antonio as Da
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tube%20lemma
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In mathematics, particularly topology, the tube lemma, also called Wallace's theorem, is a useful tool in order to prove that the finite product of compact spaces is compact.
Statement
The lemma uses the following terminology:
If and are topological spaces and is the product space, endowed with the product topology, a slice in is a set of the form for .
A tube in is a subset of the form where is an open subset of . It contains all the slices for .
Using the concept of closed maps, this can be rephrased concisely as follows: if is any topological space and a compact space, then the projection map is closed.
Examples and properties
1. Consider in the product topology, that is the Euclidean plane, and the open set The open set contains but contains no tube, so in this case the tube lemma fails. Indeed, if is a tube containing and contained in must be a subset of for all which means contradicting the fact that is open in (because is a tube). This shows that the compactness assumption is essential.
2. The tube lemma can be used to prove that if and are compact spaces, then is compact as follows:
Let be an open cover of . For each , cover the slice by finitely many elements of (this is possible since is compact, being homeomorphic to ).
Call the union of these finitely many elements
By the tube lemma, there is an open set of the form containing and contained in
The collection of all for is an open cover of and hence has a f
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labarthe-Rivi%C3%A8re
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Labarthe-Rivière (; ) is a commune in the Haute-Garonne department in southwestern France.
Geography
Climate
Labarthe-Rivière has a oceanic climate (Köppen climate classification Cfb). The average annual temperature in Labarthe-Rivière is . The average annual rainfall is with May as the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in August, at around , and lowest in January, at around . The highest temperature ever recorded in Labarthe-Rivière was on 30 July 1983; the coldest temperature ever recorded was on 9 January 1985.
Population
Gallery
See also
Communes of the Haute-Garonne department
References
Communes of Haute-Garonne
Haute-Garonne communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thioflavin
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Thioflavins are fluorescent dyes that are available as at least two compounds, namely Thioflavin T and Thioflavin S. Both are used for histology staining and biophysical studies of protein aggregation. In particular, these dyes have been used since 1989 to investigate amyloid formation. They are also used in biophysical studies of the electrophysiology of bacteria. Thioflavins are corrosive, irritants, and are acutely toxic, causing serious eye damage. Thioflavin T has been used in research into Alzheimer's disease and other neurodegenerative diseases.
Thioflavin T
Thioflavin T (Basic Yellow 1, Methylene yellow, CI 49005, or ThT) is a benzothiazole salt obtained by the methylation of dehydrothiotoluidine with methanol in the presence of hydrochloric acid. The dye is widely used to visualize and quantify the presence of misfolded protein aggregates called amyloid, both in vitro and in vivo (e.g., plaques composed of amyloid beta found in the brains of Alzheimer's disease patients).
When it binds to beta sheet-rich structures, such as those in amyloid aggregates, the dye displays enhanced fluorescence and a characteristic red shift of its emission spectrum. Additional studies also consider fluorescence changes as result of the interaction with double stranded DNA. This change in fluorescent behavior can be caused by many factors that affect the excited state charge distribution of thioflavin T, including binding to a rigid, highly-ordered nanopocket, and specific chemical i
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal%20City%2C%20Manitoba
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Crystal City is an unincorporated community recognized as a local urban district in the Municipality of Louise within the Canadian province of Manitoba. It held village status prior to January 1, 2015. It is located on Highway 3, 16 kilometres north of the Canada–United States border and 200 kilometres southwest of Winnipeg.
In summer 1878, Thomas Greenway, who would later serve in the Manitoba Legislature and become Premier of Manitoba, traveled to the region. During the following winter, he organized the Rock Lake Colonization Co. In summer 1879, the party of eight men arrived at Crystal Creek. By 1882, Crystal City was a substantial town. The earliest newspaper reference is for the land development that year.
The community was moved near the railway, which is no longer in use, for more attraction. The local school is named after him: Thomas Greenway Middle School (TGMS). TGMS has grades 5–8, and the Crystal City Early Years School (CCEY) has grades K-4.
The community has a rich heritage as a thriving agricultural service centre. Since the 1960s, Crystal City has had to adapt to changes brought about by the trend toward larger farms and an aging population.
Demographics
In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Crystal City had a population of 401 living in 193 of its 225 total private dwellings, a change of from its 2016 population of 389. With a land area of , it had a population density of in 2021.
Attractions
The Crystal City Printing Mus
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algorithmic%20state%20machine
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The algorithmic state machine (ASM) is a method for designing finite state machines (FSMs) originally developed by Thomas E. Osborne at the University of California, Berkeley (UCB) since 1960, introduced to and implemented at Hewlett-Packard in 1968, formalized and expanded since 1967 and written about by Christopher R. Clare since 1970. It is used to represent diagrams of digital integrated circuits. The ASM diagram is like a state diagram but more structured and, thus, easier to understand. An ASM chart is a method of describing the sequential operations of a digital system.
ASM method
The ASM method is composed of the following steps:
1. Create an algorithm, using pseudocode, to describe the desired operation of the device.
2. Convert the pseudocode into an ASM chart.
3. Design the datapath based on the ASM chart.
4. Create a detailed ASM chart based on the datapath.
5. Design the control logic based on the detailed ASM chart.
ASM chart
An ASM chart consists of an interconnection of four types of basic elements: state name, state box, decision box, and conditional outputs box. An ASM state, represented as a rectangle, corresponds to one state of a regular state diagram or finite state machine. The Moore type outputs are listed inside the box.
State Name: The name of the state is indicated inside the circle and the circle is placed in the top left corner or the name is placed without the circle.
State Box: The output of the state is indicated inside the rectangle bo
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Work%20%28thermodynamics%29
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Thermodynamic work is one of the principal processes by which a thermodynamic system can interact with its surroundings and exchange energy. This exchange results in externally measurable macroscopic forces on the system's surroundings, which can cause mechanical work, to lift a weight, for example, or cause changes in electromagnetic, or gravitational variables. The surroundings also can perform work on a thermodynamic system, which is measured by an opposite sign convention.
For thermodynamic work, appropriately chosen externally measured quantities are exactly matched by values of or contributions to changes in macroscopic internal state variables of the system, which always occur in conjugate pairs, for example pressure and volume or magnetic flux density and magnetization.
In the International System of Units (SI), work is measured in joules (symbol J). The rate at which work is performed is power, measured in joules per second, and denoted with the unit watt (W).
History
1824
Work, i.e. "weight lifted through a height", was originally defined in 1824 by Sadi Carnot in his famous paper Reflections on the Motive Power of Fire, where he used the term motive power for work. Specifically, according to Carnot:
We use here motive power to express the useful effect that a motor is capable of producing. This effect can always be likened to the elevation of a weight to a certain height. It has, as we know, as a measure, the product of the weight multiplied by the height to
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20national%20parks%20of%20Italy
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The national parks of Italy are protected natural areas terrestrial, marine, fluvial or lacustrine, which contain one or more intact ecosystems (or only partially altered by anthropic interventions) and/or one or more physical, geological, geomorphological, biological formations of national and international interest, for naturalistic, scientific, cultural, aesthetic, educational or recreational values, such as to justify the intervention of the State for their conservation.
There are 25 Italian national parks registered on the Official List of Protected Natural Areas (EUAP), and together cover an area of over , which correspond to approximately 5.3% of the Italian national territory. The parks are managed by the Ministry of the Environment based in Rome ().
List of Italian national parks
Parks established before the World War II
Parks established from the post-war period up to the 1980s
Parks established in the 1990s
Parks established in the 2000s
Parks established in 2010s
See also
Conservation in Italy
List of regional parks of Italy
List of Marine Protected Areas of Italy
References
Bibliography
External links
Italy
National parks
National parks
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ume%C3%A5%20School%20of%20Business
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The Umeå School of Business, Economics and Statistics, USBE, or Handelshögskolan vid Umeå Universitet, is the business school of Umeå University in the north of Sweden, founded in 1989 "to strengthen education in research and business while contributing to the community". About 2000 students currently study at USBE. The School offers one Bachelor program, four undergraduate programs (Civilekonomprogram), seven Master's degree programs (including the Erasmus Mundus Master Program in Strategic Project Management) and doctoral programs.
The International atmosphere is important to the business school and it offers one undergraduate program (the International Business Program) and all Master's programs and doctoral programs entirely in English. USBE also accept many international students as exchange or degree students.
USBE is located at the very heart of the University campus, a meeting-place for all academic disciplines, improving its opportunities to co-operate across traditional academic boundaries. It also gives USBE-students an opportunity to take an active part of student environment created for the 37 000 students at Umeå University.
Organization
Umeå School of Business, Economics and Statistics has three departments: the Department of Business Administration, the Department of Economics and the Department of Statistics.
USBE Career Center
USBE Career Center concentrates primarily on helping its graduates in the transition between graduation and the business world.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnson%27s%20criteria
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Johnson's criteria, or the Johnson criteria, created by John Johnson, describe both spatial domain and frequency domain approaches to analyze the ability of observers to perform visual tasks using image intensifier technology. It was an important breakthrough in evaluating the performance of visual devices and guided the development of future systems. Using Johnson's criteria, many predictive models for sensor technology have been developed that predict the performance of sensor systems under different environmental and operational conditions.
History
Night vision systems enabled the measurement of visual thresholds following World War II. The 1950s also marked a time of notable development in the performance modeling of night vision imaging systems. From 1957 to 1958, Johnson, a United States Army Night Vision & Electronic Sensors Directorate (NVESD) scientist, was working to develop methods of predicting target detection, orientation, recognition, and identification. Working with volunteer observers, Johnson used image intensifier equipment to measure the volunteer observer's ability to identify scale model targets under various conditions. His experiments produced the first empirical data on perceptual thresholds that was expressed in terms of line pairs. In the first Night Vision Image Intensifier Symposium in October 1958, Johnson presented his findings in a paper entitled "Analysis of Image Forming Systems", which contained the list that would later be known as Johnso
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase-shift%20oscillator
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A phase-shift oscillator is a linear electronic oscillator circuit that produces a sine wave output. It consists of an inverting amplifier element such as a transistor or op amp with its output fed back to its input through a phase-shift network consisting of resistors and capacitors in a ladder network. The feedback network 'shifts' the phase of the amplifier output by 180 degrees at the oscillation frequency to give positive feedback. Phase-shift oscillators are often used at audio frequency as audio oscillators.
The filter produces a phase shift that increases with frequency. It must have a maximum phase shift of more than 180 degrees at high frequencies so the phase shift at the desired oscillation frequency can be 180 degrees. The most common phase-shift network cascades three identical resistor-capacitor stages that produce a phase shift of zero at low frequencies and 270° at high frequencies.
The first integrated circuit was a phase shift oscillator invented by Jack Kilby in 1958.
Implementations
Bipolar implementation
This schematic drawing shows the oscillator using a common-emitter connected bipolar transistor as an amplifier. The two resistors R and three capacitors C form the RC phase-shift network which provides feedback from collector to base of the transistor. Resistor Rb provides base bias current. Resistor Rc is the collector load resistor for the collector current. Resistor Rs isolates the circuit from the external load.
FET implementation
This circuit
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymorphism%20%28materials%20science%29
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In materials science, polymorphism describes the existence of a solid material in more than one form or crystal structure. Polymorphism is a form of isomerism. Any crystalline material can exhibit the phenomenon. Allotropy refers to polymorphism for chemical elements. Polymorphism is of practical relevance to pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, pigments, dyestuffs, foods, and explosives. According to IUPAC, a polymorphic transition is "A reversible transition of a solid crystalline phase at a certain temperature and pressure (the inversion point) to another phase of the same chemical composition with a different crystal structure." According to McCrone, polymorphs are "different in crystal structure but identical in the liquid or vapor states." Materials with two polymorphs are called dimorphic, with three polymorphs, trimorphic, etc.
In some cases, polymorphism was "discovered" on a computer by crystal structure prediction first, before chemists actually synthesize the crystal in the lab.
Examples
Many compounds exhibit polymorphism. It has been claimed that "every compound has different polymorphic forms, and that, in general, the number of forms known for a given compound is proportional to the time and money spent in research on that compound."
Organic compounds
Benzamide
The phenomenon was discovered in 1832 by Friedrich Wöhler and Justus von Liebig. They observed that the silky needles of freshly crystallized benzamide slowly converted to rhombic crystals. Present-da
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order%20%28exchange%29
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An order is an instruction to buy or sell on a trading venue such as a stock market, bond market, commodity market, financial derivative market or cryptocurrency exchange. These instructions can be simple or complicated, and can be sent to either a broker or directly to a trading venue via direct market access. There are some standard instructions for such orders.
Market order
A market order is a buy or sell order to be executed immediately at the current market prices. As long as there are willing sellers and buyers, market orders are filled. Market orders are used when certainty of execution is a priority over the price of execution.
A market order is the simplest of the order types. This order type does not allow any control over the price received. The order is filled at the best price available at the relevant time. In fast-moving markets, the price paid or received may be quite different from the last price quoted before the order was entered.
A market order may be split across multiple participants on the other side of the transaction, resulting in different prices for some of the shares. It is the most basic of all orders and therefore, they incur the lowest of commissions, from both online and traditional brokers.
Limit order
A limit order is an order to buy a security at no more than a specific price, or to sell a security at no less than a specific price (called "or better" for either direction). This gives the trader (customer) control over the price at which
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unit-weighted%20regression
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In statistics, unit-weighted regression is a simplified and robust version (Wainer & Thissen, 1976) of multiple regression analysis where only the intercept term is estimated. That is, it fits a model
where each of the are binary variables, perhaps multiplied with an arbitrary weight.
Contrast this with the more common multiple regression model, where each predictor has its own estimated coefficient:
In the social sciences, unit-weighted regression is sometimes used for binary classification, i.e. to predict a yes-no answer where indicates "no", "yes". It is easier to interpret than multiple linear regression (known as linear discriminant analysis in the classification case).
Unit weights
Unit-weighted regression is a method of robust regression that proceeds in three steps. First, predictors for the outcome of interest are selected; ideally, there should be good empirical or theoretical reasons for the selection. Second, the predictors are converted to a standard form. Finally, the predictors are added together, and this sum is called the variate, which is used as the predictor of the outcome.
Burgess method
The Burgess method was first presented by the sociologist Ernest W. Burgess in a 1928 study to determine success or failure of inmates placed on parole. First, he selected 21 variables believed to be associated with parole success. Next, he converted each predictor to the standard form of zero or one (Burgess, 1928). When predictors had two values, the va
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kempe%20chain
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In mathematics, a Kempe chain is a device used mainly in the study of the four colour theorem. Intuitively, it is a connected chain of points on a graph with alternating colors.
History
Kempe chains were first used by Alfred Kempe in his attempted proof of the four colour theorem. Even though his proof turned out to be incomplete, the method of Kempe chains is crucial to the successful modern proofs (Appel & Haken, Robertson et al., etc.). Furthermore, the method is used in the proof of the five-colour theorem by Percy John Heawood, a weaker form of the four-colour theorem.
Formal definition
The term "Kempe chain" is used in two different but related ways.
Suppose G is a graph with vertex set V, and we are given a colouring function
where S is a finite set of colours, containing at least two distinct colours a and b. If v is a vertex with colour a, then the (a, b)-Kempe chain of G containing v is the maximal connected subset of V which contains v and whose vertices are all coloured either a or b.
The above definition is what Kempe worked with. Typically the set S has four elements (the four colours of the four colour theorem), and c is a proper colouring, that is, each pair of adjacent vertices in V are assigned distinct colours.
A more general definition, which is used in the modern computer-based proofs of the four colour theorem, is the following. Suppose again that G is a graph, with edge set E, and this time we have a colouring function
If e is an edge assigned
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IKBKAP
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IKBKAP (inhibitor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells, kinase complex-associated protein) is a human gene encoding the IKAP protein, which is ubiquitously expressed at varying levels in all tissue types, including brain cells. The IKAP protein is thought to participate as a sub-unit in the assembly of a six-protein putative human holo-Elongator complex, which allows for transcriptional elongation by RNA polymerase II. Further evidence has implicated the IKAP protein as being critical in neuronal development, and directs that decreased expression of IKAP in certain cell types is the molecular basis for the severe, neurodevelopmental disorder familial dysautonomia. Other pathways that have been connected to IKAP protein function in a variety of organisms include tRNA modification, cell motility, and cytosolic stress signalling.
Homologs of the IKBKAP gene have been identified in multiple other Eukaryotic model organisms. Notable homologs include Elp1 in yeast, Ikbkap in mice, and D-elp1 in fruit flies. The fruit fly homolog (D-elp1) has RNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity and is involved in RNA interference.
The IKBKAP gene is located on the long (q) arm of chromosome 9 at position 31, from base pair 108,709,355 to base pair 108,775,950.
Function and mechanism
Originally, it was proposed that the IKBKAP gene in humans was encoding a scaffolding protein (IKAP) for the IκB enzyme kinase (IKK) complex, which is involved in pro-inflammatory cytokine signal tr
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dysacusis
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Dysacusis is a hearing impairment characterized by difficulty in processing details of sound due to distortion in frequency or intensity rather than primarily a loss of the ability to perceive sound. The term is sometimes used to describe pain or discomfort due to sound, a condition also known as auditory dysaesthesia.
References
Communication disorders
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vmstat
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vmstat (virtual memory statistics) is a computer system monitoring tool that collects and displays summary information about operating system memory, processes, interrupts, paging and block I/O. Users of vmstat can specify a sampling interval which permits observing system activity in near-real time.
The vmstat tool is available on most Unix and Unix-like operating systems, such as FreeBSD, Linux or Solaris.
Syntax
The syntax and output of vmstat often differs slightly between different operating systems.
# vmstat 2 6
procs -----------memory---------- ---swap-- -----io---- --system-- ----cpu----
r b swpd free buff cache si so bi bo in cs us sy id wa
0 0 2536 21496 185684 1353000 0 0 0 14 1 2 0 0 100 0
0 0 2536 21496 185684 1353000 0 0 0 28 1030 145 0 0 100 0
0 0 2536 21496 185684 1353000 0 0 0 0 1026 132 0 0 100 0
0 0 2536 21520 185684 1353000 0 0 0 0 1033 186 1 0 99 0
0 0 2536 21520 185684 1353000 0 0 0 0 1024 141 0 0 100 0
0 0 2536 21584 185684 1353000 0 0 0 0 1025 131 0 0 100 0
In the above example the tool reports every two seconds for six iterations.
We can get the customized or required outputs by using various options with the vmstat command.
# vmstat –s This option is used to get memory statistics.
# vmstat –d This option is used to get disk statistics.
See also
nmon — a system moni
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iostat
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iostat (input/output statistics) is a computer system monitor tool used to collect and show operating system storage input and output statistics. It is often used to identify performance issues with storage devices, including local disks, or remote disks accessed over network file systems such as NFS. It can also be used to provide information about terminal (TTY) input and output, and also includes some basic CPU information.
Syntax and availability
iostat -x displays output where each line (row) gives numerical data for one device. The first column lists the device name, and subsequent columns show various statistics for that device. Columns include the average service time (svc_t, which includes not only the time a request is in the service queue, but also the seek time and transfer time), the average busy percentage (%b, essentially the proportion of time that the device is in use), and the percentage of time that the queue is not empty (%w, which means the proportion of time in which requests from the device have not yet been fulfilled).
It is best to run iostat specifying a time interval in seconds (for example iostat -x 30) in order to see the results over time. This is because otherwise, the output will reflect the values over the entire timespan since the system was last rebooted.
The iostat tool is available on most Unix and Unix-like operating systems, such as FreeBSD, macOS (com.apple.pkg.Core package), Linux (sysstat package), and Solaris. The syntax and outp
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CYBA
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CYBA or Cyba may refer to:
CYBA (gene), the human gene that ecodes Cytochrome b-245, alpha polypeptide
Cyba Audi (born 1965), Lebanese communication strategist and entrepreneur
Banff Airport
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germinal%20center
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Germinal centers or germinal centres (GCs) are transiently formed structures within B cell zone (follicles) in secondary lymphoid organs – lymph nodes, ileal Peyer's patches, and the spleen – where mature B cells are activated, proliferate, differentiate, and mutate their antibody genes (through somatic hypermutation aimed at achieving higher affinity) during a normal immune response; most of the germinal center B cells (BGC) are removed by tingible body macrophages. There are several key differences between naive B cells and GC B cells, including level of proliferative activity, size, metabolic activity and energy production. The B cells develop dynamically after the activation of follicular B cells by T-dependent antigen. The initiation of germinal center formation involves the interaction between B and T cells in the interfollicular area of the lymph node, CD40-CD40L ligation, NF-kB signaling and expression of IRF4 and BCL6.
GC B cells cycle through the two distinct zones of the germinal center: the light zone and the dark zone. As they undergo rapid and mutative cellular division, B cells of the germinal center's dark zone are known as centroblasts. Once these B cells have stopped proliferating in the dark zone and moved to the light zone, they are known as centrocytes, and are subjected to selection by follicular helper T (TFH) cells in the presence of follicular dendritic cells (FDCs). There are three possible fates for GC B cells that have been positively selected in
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell%20%28journal%29
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Cell is a peer-reviewed scientific journal publishing research papers across a broad range of disciplines within the life sciences. Areas covered include molecular biology, cell biology, systems biology, stem cells, developmental biology, genetics and genomics, proteomics, cancer research, immunology, neuroscience, structural biology, microbiology, virology, physiology, biophysics, and computational biology. The journal was established in 1974 by Benjamin Lewin and is published twice monthly by Cell Press, an imprint of Elsevier.
History
Benjamin Lewin founded Cell in January 1974, under the aegis of MIT Press. He then bought the title and established an independent Cell Press in 1986. In April 1999, Lewin sold Cell Press to Elsevier.
The "Article of the Future" feature was the recipient of a 2011 PROSE Award for Excellence in Biological & Life Sciences presented by the Professional and Scholarly Publishing Division of the Association of American Publishers.
Impact factor
According to ScienceWatch, the journal was ranked first overall in the category of highest-impact journals (all fields) over 1995–2005 with an average of 161.2 citations per paper. According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2020 impact factor of 41.582, ranking it first out of 298 journals in "Biochemistry & Molecular Biology".
Contents and features
In addition to original research articles, 'another section publishes previews, reviews, analytical articles, commentaries, essays, corres
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Plant%20Cell
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The Plant Cell is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal of plant sciences, especially the areas of cell and molecular biology, genetics, development, and evolution. It is published by the American Society of Plant Biologists. The editor-in-chief is Blake Meyers (Donald Danforth Plant Science Center). The journal was established in 1989, with Robert (Bob) Goldberg (University of California, Los Angeles) as founding editor-in-chief.
According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2021 impact factor of 12.085.
In October 2009, The Plant Cell introduced Teaching Tools in Plant Biology, a new online feature consisting of materials to help instructors teach plant biology courses. Each topic includes a short essay introducing the topic, with suggested further reading, and a PowerPoint lecture with handouts.
Editors
The following people are or have been editors-in-chief:
References
External links
Botany journals
Monthly journals
English-language journals
Academic journals established in 1989
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4-Hydroxybenzoic%20acid
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4-Hydroxybenzoic acid, also known as p-hydroxybenzoic acid (PHBA), is a monohydroxybenzoic acid, a phenolic derivative of benzoic acid. It is a white crystalline solid that is slightly soluble in water and chloroform but more soluble in polar organic solvents such as alcohols and acetone. 4-Hydroxybenzoic acid is primarily known as the basis for the preparation of its esters, known as parabens, which are used as preservatives in cosmetics and some ophthalmic solutions. It is isomeric with 2-hydroxybenzoic acid, known as salicylic acid, a precursor to aspirin, and with 3-hydroxybenzoic acid.
Natural occurrences
It is found in plants of the genus Vitex such as V. agnus-castus or V. negundo, and in Hypericum perforatum (St John's wort). It is also found in Spongiochloris spongiosa, a freshwater green alga.
The compound is also found in Ganoderma lucidum, a medicinal mushroom with the longest record of use.
Cryptanaerobacter phenolicus is a bacterium species that produces benzoate from phenol via 4-hydroxybenzoate.
Occurrences in food
4-Hydroxybenzoic acid can be found naturally in coconut. It is one of the main catechins metabolites found in humans after consumption of green tea infusions. It is also found in wine, in vanilla, in Macrotyloma uniflorum (horse gram), carob and in Phyllanthus acidus (Otaheite gooseberry).
Açaí oil, obtained from the fruit of the açaí palm (Euterpe oleracea), is rich in p-hydroxybenzoic acid (). It is also found in cloudy olive oil and in th
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knuth%27s%20Algorithm%20X
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Algorithm X is an algorithm for solving the exact cover problem. It is a straightforward recursive, nondeterministic, depth-first, backtracking algorithm used by Donald Knuth to demonstrate an efficient implementation called DLX, which uses the dancing links technique.
The exact cover problem is represented in Algorithm X by a matrix A consisting of 0s and 1s. The goal is to select a subset of the rows such that the digit 1 appears in each column exactly once.
Algorithm X works as follows:
The nondeterministic choice of r means that the algorithm recurses over independent subalgorithms; each subalgorithm inherits the current matrix A, but reduces it with respect to a different row r.
If column c is entirely zero, there are no subalgorithms and the process terminates unsuccessfully.
The subalgorithms form a search tree in a natural way, with the original problem at the root and with level k containing each subalgorithm that corresponds to k chosen rows.
Backtracking is the process of traversing the tree in preorder, depth first.
Any systematic rule for choosing column c in this procedure will find all solutions, but some rules work much better than others.
To reduce the number of iterations, Knuth suggests that the column-choosing algorithm select a column with the smallest number of 1s in it.
Example
For example, consider the exact cover problem specified by the universe U = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7} and the collection of sets = {A, B, C, D, E, F}, where:
A = {1, 4, 7};
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary%20effusion%20lymphoma
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Primary effusion lymphoma (PEL) is classified as a diffuse large B cell lymphoma. It is a rare malignancy of plasmablastic cells that occurs in individuals that are infected with the Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (i.e. KSHV/HHV8). Plasmablasts are immature plasma cells, i.e. lymphocytes of the B-cell type that have differentiated into plasmablasts but because of their malignant nature do not differentiate into mature plasma cells but rather proliferate excessively and thereby cause life-threatening disease. In PEL, the proliferating plasmablastoid cells commonly accumulate within body cavities to produce effusions (i.e. accumulations of fluid), primarily in the pleural, pericardial, or peritoneal cavities, without forming a contiguous tumor mass. In rare cases of these cavitary forms of PEL, the effusions develop in joints, the epidural space surrounding the brain and spinal cord, and underneath the capsule (i.e. tightly woven collagen fibers) which forms around breast implants. Less frequently, individuals present with extracavitary primary effusion lymphomas, i.e., solid tumor masses not accompanied by effusions. The extracavitary tumors may develop in lymph nodes, bone, bone marrow, the gastrointestinal tract, skin, spleen, liver, lungs, central nervous system, testes, paranasal sinuses, muscle, and, rarely, inside the vasculature and sinuses of lymph nodes. As their disease progresses, however, individuals with the classical effusion-form of PEL may develop ext
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scalar%E2%80%93tensor%20theory
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In theoretical physics, a scalar–tensor theory is a field theory that includes both a scalar field and a tensor field to represent a certain interaction. For example, the Brans–Dicke theory of gravitation uses both a scalar field and a tensor field to mediate the gravitational interaction.
Tensor fields and field theory
Modern physics tries to derive all physical theories from as few principles as possible. In this way, Newtonian mechanics as well as quantum mechanics are derived from Hamilton's principle of least action. In this approach, the behavior of a system is not described via forces, but by functions which describe the energy of the system. Most important are the energetic quantities known as the Hamiltonian function and the Lagrangian function. Their derivatives in space are known as Hamiltonian density and the Lagrangian density. Going to these quantities leads to the field theories.
Modern physics uses field theories to explain reality. These fields can be scalar, vectorial or tensorial. An example of a scalar field is the temperature field. An example of a vector field is the wind velocity field. An example of a tensor field is the stress tensor field in a stressed body, used in continuum mechanics.
Gravity as field theory
In physics, forces (as vectorial quantities) are given as the derivative (gradient) of scalar quantities named potentials. In classical physics before Einstein, gravitation was given in the same way, as consequence of a gravitational forc
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industry%20Classification%20Benchmark
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The Industry Classification Benchmark (ICB) is an industry classification taxonomy launched by Dow Jones and FTSE in 2005 and now used by FTSE International and STOXX. It is used to segregate markets into sectors within the macroeconomy. The ICB uses a system of 11 industries, partitioned into 20 supersectors, which are further divided into 45 sectors, which then contain 173 subsectors.
The ICB is used globally (though not universally) to divide the market into increasingly specific categories, allowing investors to compare industry trends between well-defined subsectors. The ICB replaced the legacy FTSE and Dow Jones classification systems on 3 January 2006, and is used today by the NASDAQ, NYSE and several other markets around the globe. All ICB sectors are represented on the New York Stock Exchange except Equity Investment Instruments (8980) and Nonequity Investment Instruments (8990).
Dow Jones divested itself of its 50% interest in the ICB in 2011 and announced it was creating its own version of it.
Classification
ICB
Technology
Technology
Software and Computer Services
Computer Services (10101010)
Software (10101015)
Consumer Digital Services (10101020)
Technology Hardware and Equipment
Semiconductors (10102010)
Electronic Components (10102015)
Production Technology Equipment (10102020)
Computer Hardware (10102030)
Electronic Office Equipment (10102035)
Telecommunications
Telecommunications
Telecommunications Equipment
Telecommunications Equipment (
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forsberg
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Forsberg is a Swedish-language surname.
Geographical distribution
As of 2014, 62.5% of all known bearers of the surname Forsberg were residents of Sweden (frequency 1:590), 22.5% of the United States (1:60,128), 3.8% of Norway (1:5,096), 3.7% of Finland (1:5,547), 2.7% of Canada (1:50,339) and 2.1% of Denmark (1:10,062).
In Sweden, the frequency of the surname was higher than national average (1:590) in the following counties:
1. Västernorrland (1:202)
2. Västerbotten (1:226)
3. Norrbotten (1:304)
4. Gävleborg (1:329)
5. Jämtland (1:376)
6. Uppsala (1:392)
7. Dalarna (1:422)
8. Västmanland (1:459)
9. Örebro (1:483)
10. Värmland (1:523)
In Norway, the frequency of the surname was higher than national average (1:5,096) in the following regions:
1. Svalbard and Jan Mayen (1:2,214)
2. Eastern Norway (1:3,658)
3. Northern Norway (1:5,053)
In Finland, the frequency of the surname was higher than national average (1:1:5,547) in the following regions:
1. Ostrobothnia (1:2,317)
2. Åland (1:2,484)
3. Central Ostrobothnia (1:2,572)
4. Uusimaa (1:3,095)
5. Kainuu (1:4,779)
6. Kymenlaakso (1:4,883)
7. Päijänne Tavastia (1:5,415)
People
Amanda Forsberg (1846–?), Swedish ballerina
Anton Forsberg (born 1992), Swedish ice hockey player
Bengt Forsberg (born 1952), Swedish classical pianist
Billy Forsberg (born 1988), British speedway rider
Carl Johan Forsberg (1868–1938), Swedish painter
Chris Forsberg (born 1982), American racecar driver
Chuck Forsberg (1944–2015), Am
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XK
|
XK may refer to:
XK (protein), a protein responsible for Kx antigen which helps determine a person's blood type
XK (2015 album), by Brendan Croskerry
Jaguar XK, a car series made by Jaguar
Jeep Commander XK, a SUV made by Jeep
Republic of Kosovo, ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 user-assigned code element XK (user assigned code)
CCM Airlines (IATA airline designator XK)
X-K aka X Kryptonite
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural%20competence
|
In microbiology, genetics, cell biology, and molecular biology, competence is the ability of a cell to alter its genetics by taking up extracellular ("naked") DNA from its environment in the process called transformation. Competence may be differentiated between natural competence, a genetically specified ability of bacteria which is thought to occur under natural conditions as well as in the laboratory, and induced or artificial competence, which arises when cells in laboratory cultures are treated to make them transiently permeable to DNA. Competence allows for rapid adaptation and DNA repair of the cell. This article primarily deals with natural competence in bacteria, although information about artificial competence is also provided.
History
Natural competence was discovered by Frederick Griffith in 1928, when he showed that a preparation of killed cells of a pathogenic bacterium contained something that could transform related non-pathogenic cells into the pathogenic type. In 1944 Oswald Avery, Colin MacLeod, and Maclyn McCarty demonstrated that this 'transforming factor' was pure DNA
. This was the first compelling evidence that DNA carries the genetic information of the cell.
Since then, natural competence has been studied in a number of different bacteria, particularly Bacillus subtilis, Streptococcus pneumoniae (Griffith's "pneumococcus"), Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Haemophilus influenzae and members of the Acinetobacter genus. Areas of active research include the
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neural%20computation
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Neural computation is the information processing performed by networks of neurons. Neural computation is affiliated with the philosophical tradition known as Computational theory of mind, also referred to as computationalism, which advances the thesis that neural computation explains cognition. The first persons to propose an account of neural activity as being computational was Warren McCullock and Walter Pitts in their seminal 1943 paper, A Logical Calculus of the Ideas Immanent in Nervous Activity. There are three general branches of computationalism, including classicism, connectionism, and computational neuroscience. All three branches agree that cognition is computation, however, they disagree on what sorts of computations constitute cognition. The classicism tradition believes that computation in the brain is digital, analogous to digital computing. Both connectionism and computational neuroscience do not require that the computations that realize cognition are necessarily digital computations. However, the two branches greatly disagree upon which sorts of experimental data should be used to construct explanatory models of cognitive phenomena. Connectionists rely upon behavioral evidence to construct models to explain cognitive phenomena, whereas computational neuroscience leverages neuroanatomical and neurophysiological information to construct mathematical models that explain cognition.
When comparing the three main traditions of the computational theory of mind, as
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inducer
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In molecular biology, an inducer is a molecule that regulates gene expression. An inducer functions in two ways; namely:
By disabling repressors. The gene is expressed because an inducer binds to the repressor. The binding of the inducer to the repressor prevents the repressor from binding to the operator. RNA polymerase can then begin to transcribe operon genes.
By binding to activators. Activators generally bind poorly to activator DNA sequences unless an inducer is present. Activator binds to an inducer and the complex binds to the activation sequence and activates target gene. Removing the inducer stops transcription.
Because a small inducer molecule is required, the increased expression of the target gene is called induction. The lactose operon is one example of an inducible system.
Function
Repressor proteins bind to the DNA strand and prevent RNA polymerase from being able to attach to the DNA and synthesize mRNA. Inducers bind to repressors, causing them to change shape and preventing them from binding to DNA. Therefore, they allow transcription, and thus gene expression, to take place.
For a gene to be expressed, its DNA sequence must be copied (in a process known as transcription) to make a smaller, mobile molecule called messenger RNA (mRNA), which carries the instructions for making a protein to the site where the protein is manufactured (in a process known as translation). Many different types of proteins can affect the level of gene expression by promoting or
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CCL2
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The chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2 (CCL2) is also referred to as monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP1) and small inducible cytokine A2. CCL2 is a small cytokine that belongs to the CC chemokine family. CCL2 tightly regulates cellular mechanics and thereby recruits monocytes, memory T cells, and dendritic cells to the sites of inflammation produced by either tissue injury or infection.
Genomics
In the human genome, CCL2 and many other CC chemokines are located on chromosome 17 (17q11.2-q21.1). The gene span is 1,927 bases and the CCL2 gene resides on the Watson (plus) strand. The CCL2 gene has three exons and two introns. The CCL2 protein precursor contains a signal peptide of 23 amino acids. In turn, the mature CCL2 is 76 amino acids long. The CCL2 predicted weight is 11.025 kiloDaltons (kDa).
Population genetics
In humans, the levels of CCL2 can vary considerably. In the white people of European descent, the multivariable-adjusted heritability of CCL2 concentrations is as much as 0.37 in the blood plasma and 0.44 - in the serum.
Molecular biology
CCL2 is a monomeric polypeptide, with a molecular weight of approximately 13-15 kDa depending on levels of glycosylation. CCL2 is anchored in the plasma membrane of endothelial cells by glycosaminoglycan side chains of proteoglycans. CCL2 is primarily secreted by monocytes, macrophages and dendritic cells. Platelet derived growth factor is a major inducer of CCL2 gene.
CCR2 and CCR4 are two cell surface receptors that bi
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cree%20Lake/Crystal%20Lodge%20%28Midgett%20Field%29%20Aerodrome
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Cree Lake/Crystal Lodge (Midgett Field) Aerodrome is located adjacent to Crystal Lodge, a fly-in fishing lodge on Cree Lake, Saskatchewan, Canada. The airport is located on Ispatinow Island, the largest island in the lake.
The airstrip was created in the late 1990s with naturally derived clay. This runway is a private airstrip for the use of Crystal Lodge guests; CKS8 is primarily serviced by McMurray Aviation based in Fort McMurray, Alberta. Crystal Lodge does welcome private pilots and general aviation guests who are looking for their own bush pilot experience; permission & planning is required.
See also
List of airports in Saskatchewan
Cree Lake (Crystal Lodge) Water Aerodrome
References
External links
Page about this airport on COPA's Places to Fly airport directory
Registered aerodromes in Saskatchewan
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B-Bender
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A B-Bender is a guitar accessory that enables a player to fluidly alter the pitch of a guitar's B-string. This works by mechanically bending the B-string through the use of a series of levers and/or pulleys attached to an external lever that is controlled by the player.
There are several different designs, but all use levers or pulleys inside or outside the guitar body that are activated by a pull or push of the guitar neck, body, or bridge. The resulting tone sounds much like a pedal steel guitar and contributes a "country" feeling. The original device, named the "Pull-String" or "StringBender" in various iterations, was designed, built, and installed by musicians Gene Parsons and Clarence White, and as such the device is sometimes called the "Parsons-White B-Bender". Parsons licensed the device for use by several electric guitar manufacturers, but the bulk of the first decade and a half of production was done by Parsons himself, building and installing an estimated 2000 kits before he outsourced the production and installation to other companies.
Originally designed for the Fender Telecaster, B-Benders are now available to fit many solid body electric guitars, and even acoustic guitars.
History
The B-Bender was invented in 1968 by musicians Gene Parsons and Clarence White of Nashville West and The Byrds. The device was originally called the Parsons/White Pull-String, later renamed the StringBender, and is now best known as the B-Bender. Early prototypes developed by
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregory%20Dudek
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Gregory L. Dudek is a Canadian computer scientist specializing in robotics, computer vision, and intelligent systems. He is a chaired professor at McGill University where he has led the Mobile Robotics Lab since the 1990s (a role now shared with Prof. Dave Meger). He was formerly the director of McGill's school of computer science and before that director of McGill's center for intelligent machines.
He holds a position as the VP, Research and Lab Head at the Samsung AI Center, Montreal, serves as Director of the NSERC Canadian Robotics Network, and is a co-founder of tech startup Independent Robotics.
During his career, Dudek has co-authored >450 scientific publications on subjects including autonomous navigation, robots that learn, mobile robotics, machine learning, telecommunications, 5G/6G network optimization, robot localization and navigation, information summarization, human-robot interaction, sensor-based robotics, multi-robot systems, computer vision, marine robotics, self-driving vehicles, recognition, RF localization, distributed system design, and biological perception. He has published three books, including a textbook co-authored with Prof. Michael Jenkin on “Computational Principles for Mobile Robotics”.
Research and career
Dudek's early career focused on sensing for robots and the theory of the complexity of robot localization, such as path planning and execution and appearance based visualization of so-called "trash can robots". With his colleagues he produ
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Source%20transformation
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Source transformation is the process of simplifying a circuit solution, especially with mixed sources, by transforming voltage sources into current sources, and vice versa, using Thévenin's theorem and Norton's theorem respectively.
Process
Performing a source transformation consists of using Ohm's law to take an existing voltage source in series with a resistance, and replacing it with a current source in parallel with the same resistance, or vice versa. The transformed sources are considered identical and can be substituted for one another in a circuit.
Source transformations are not limited to resistive circuits. They can be performed on a circuit involving capacitors and inductors as well, by expressing circuit elements as impedances and sources in the frequency domain. In general, the concept of source transformation is an application of Thévenin's theorem to a current source, or Norton's theorem to a voltage source. However, this means that source transformation is bound by the same conditions as Thevenin's theorem and Norton's theorem; namely that the load behaves linearly, and does not contain dependent voltage or current sources.
Source transformations are used to exploit the equivalence of a real current source and a real voltage source, such as a battery. Application of Thévenin's theorem and Norton's theorem gives the quantities associated with the equivalence. Specifically, given a real current source, which is an ideal current source in parallel with an
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meiotic%20drive
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Meiotic drive is a type of intragenomic conflict, whereby one or more loci within a genome will affect a manipulation of the meiotic process in such a way as to favor the transmission of one or more alleles over another, regardless of its phenotypic expression. More simply, meiotic drive is when one copy of a gene is passed on to offspring more than the expected 50% of the time. According to Buckler et al., "Meiotic drive is the subversion of meiosis so that particular genes are preferentially transmitted to the progeny. Meiotic drive generally causes the preferential segregation of small regions of the genome".
Meiotic drive in plants
The first report of meiotic drive came from Marcus Rhoades who in 1942 observed a violation of Mendelian segregation ratios for the R locus - a gene controlling the production of the purple pigment anthocyanin in maize kernels - in a maize line carrying abnormal chromosome 10 (Ab10). Ab10 differs from the normal chromosome 10 by the presence of a 150-base pair heterochromatic region called 'knob', which functions as a centromere during division (hence called 'neocentromere') and moves to the spindle poles faster than the centromeres during meiosis I and II. The mechanism for this was later found to involve the activity of a kinesin-14 gene called Kinesin driver (Kindr). Kindr protein is a functional minus-end directed motor, displaying quicker minus-end directed motility than an endogenous kinesin-14, such as Kin11. As a result Kindr outperf
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GPM
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GPM may refer to:
GPM (software), software providing support for mouse devices in Linux virtual consoles
Graphical path method, a mathematically based algorithm used in project management
Gallons per minute, a unit of volumetric flow rate
Gallons per mile, a unit of fuel efficiency
Gaurela-Pendra-Marwahi district, Chhattisgarh, India
General Purpose Macrogenerator, an early macro processor
Global Marshall Plan, specific ideas on how to save the global environment
Global Precipitation Measurement, a NASA and Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency project to measure global rainfall
Graduated payment mortgage, a type of loan
Graham Patrick Martin, an American actor
Grand Prairie Municipal Airport, a public-use airfield in Grand Prairie, Texas, United States (Federal Aviation Administration identification code)
Grand Prix Masters, an auto racing series for retired Formula One drivers
Gross profit margin, a calculation of revenue and cost of products
Protestant Church in the Moluccas, a church denomination in the Indonesian provinces of Maluku and North Maluku, which in Indonesian is referred to as "Gereja Protestan Maluku"
Google Play Music, a cloud media player by Google
King of the Mountains competitions in cycle racing, derived from Gran Premio della Montagna (Italian) or Gran Premio de la montaña (Spanish)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elliptic%20equation
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An elliptic equation can mean:
The equation of an ellipse
An elliptic curve, describing the relationships between invariants of an ellipse
A differential equation with an elliptic operator
An elliptic partial differential equation
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jon%20Bentley%20%28computer%20scientist%29
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Jon Louis Bentley (born February 20, 1953) is an American computer scientist who is credited with the heuristic-based partitioning algorithm k-d tree.
Education and career
Bentley received a B.S. in mathematical sciences from Stanford University in 1974, and M.S. and PhD in 1976 from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; while a student, he also held internships at the Xerox Palo Alto Research Center and Stanford Linear Accelerator Center. After receiving his Ph.D., he joined the faculty at Carnegie Mellon University as an assistant professor of computer science and mathematics. At CMU, his students included Brian Reid, John Ousterhout, Jeff Eppinger, Joshua Bloch, and James Gosling, and he was one of Charles Leiserson's advisors. Later, Bentley moved to Bell Laboratories, where he co-authored an optimized Quicksort algorithm with Doug McIlroy.
He found an optimal solution for the two dimensional case of Klee's measure problem: given a set of n rectangles, find the area of their union. He and Thomas Ottmann invented the Bentley–Ottmann algorithm, an efficient algorithm for finding all intersecting pairs among a collection of line segments. He wrote the Programming Pearls column for the Communications of the ACM magazine, and later collected the articles into two books of the same name.
Bentley received the Dr. Dobb's Excellence in Programming award in 2004.
Bibliography
Programming Pearls (2nd edition), .
More Programming Pearls: Confessions of a Coder, .
W
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Introgression
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Introgression, also known as introgressive hybridization, in genetics is the transfer of genetic material from one species into the gene pool of another by the repeated backcrossing of an interspecific hybrid with one of its parent species. Introgression is a long-term process, even when artificial; it may take many hybrid generations before significant backcrossing occurs. This process is distinct from most forms of gene flow in that it occurs between two populations of different species, rather than two populations of the same species.
Introgression also differs from simple hybridization. Simple hybridization results in a relatively even mixture; gene and allele frequencies in the first generation will be a uniform mix of two parental species, such as that observed in mules. Introgression, on the other hand, results in a complex, highly variable mixture of genes, and may only involve a minimal percentage of the donor genome.
Definition
Introgression or introgressive hybridization is the incorporation (usually via hybridization and backcrossing) of novel genes and/or alleles from one taxon into the gene pool of a second, distinct taxon. This introgression is considered 'adaptive' if the genetic transfer results in an overall increase in the recipient taxon's fitness.
Ancient introgression events can leave traces of extinct species in present-day genomes, a phenomenon known as ghost introgression.
Source of variation
Introgression is an important source of genetic variati
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atiyah%E2%80%93Bott%20fixed-point%20theorem
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In mathematics, the Atiyah–Bott fixed-point theorem, proven by Michael Atiyah and Raoul Bott in the 1960s, is a general form of the Lefschetz fixed-point theorem for smooth manifolds M, which uses an elliptic complex on M. This is a system of elliptic differential operators on vector bundles, generalizing the de Rham complex constructed from smooth differential forms which appears in the original Lefschetz fixed-point theorem.
Formulation
The idea is to find the correct replacement for the Lefschetz number, which in the classical result is an integer counting the correct contribution of a fixed point of a smooth mapping
Intuitively, the fixed points are the points of intersection of the graph of f with the diagonal (graph of the identity mapping) in , and the Lefschetz number thereby becomes an intersection number. The Atiyah–Bott theorem is an equation in which the LHS must be the outcome of a global topological (homological) calculation, and the RHS a sum of the local contributions at fixed points of f.
Counting codimensions in , a transversality assumption for the graph of f and the diagonal should ensure that the fixed point set is zero-dimensional. Assuming M a closed manifold should ensure then that the set of intersections is finite, yielding a finite summation as the RHS of the expected formula. Further data needed relates to the elliptic complex of vector bundles , namely a bundle map
for each j, such that the resulting maps on sections give rise to an endomorph
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-box%20transcription%20factor%20T
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T-box transcription factor T, also known as Brachyury protein, is encoded for in humans by the TBXT gene. Brachyury functions as a transcription factor within the T-box family of genes. Brachyury homologs have been found in all bilaterian animals that have been screened, as well as the freshwater cnidarian Hydra.
History
The brachyury mutation was first described in mice by Nadezhda Alexandrovna Dobrovolskaya-Zavadskaya in 1927 as a mutation that affected tail length and sacral vertebrae in heterozygous animals. In homozygous animals the brachyury mutation is lethal at around embryonic day 10 due to defects in mesoderm formation, notochord differentiation and the absence of structures posterior to the forelimb bud (Dobrovolskaïa-Zavadskaïa, 1927). The name brachyury comes from the Greek brakhus meaning short and oura meaning tail.
In 2018 HGNC updated the human gene name from T to TBXT, presumably to overcome difficulties associated with searching for a single letter gene symbol. The mouse gene has been changed to Tbxt.
Tbxt was cloned by Bernhard Herrmann and colleagues and proved to encode a 436 amino acid embryonic nuclear transcription factor. Tbxt binds to a specific DNA element, a near palindromic sequence TCACACCT through a region in its N-terminus, called the T-box. Tbxt is the founding member of the T-box family which in mammals currently consists of 18 T-box genes.
The crystal structure of the human brachyury protein was solved in 2017 by Opher Gileadi and co
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heybridge%2C%20Maldon
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Heybridge is a large village and civil parish in the Maldon district of Essex, England. It is adjacent to the town of Maldon, near the River Blackwater.<ref>[http://www.neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/viewFullDataset.do?instanceSelection=03070&productId=779&$ph=60_61&datasetInstanceId=3070&startColumn=1&numberOfColumns=8&containerAreaId=790393 Office for National Statistics : Census 2001 : Parish headcounts : Maldon] Retrieved 19 August 2010</ref> The parish had a population of 8,163 in 2021.
Heybridge has a number of residential areas, most recognisable is the newer Bovis housing estates to the west of the town, which were built in 1995. Before building commenced, a full archaeological dig was undertaken and the excavations showed the existence of an important Iron Age settlement and ritual complex, a large Roman settlement and a succeeding Saxon settlement, as well as scattered pre-historic remains. Along the Goldhanger road to the east are situated a number of traditional British holiday campsites, catering for both permanent residents and visitors.
History
Heybridge was originally called Tidwalditun. The name Heybridge came from the high bridge that was built over the River Blackwater in the Middle Ages, at Heybridge Square (the junction of Heybridge Street, Holloway Road, and the Causeway). This was a 5-arched stone bridge and it was replaced in 1870 by a 2-arched brick one. Much of the water flow down this part of the river had, by then, been diverted i
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida%20State%20Road%2044
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State Road 44 (SR 44) is an east–west state highway in the U.S. state of Florida. It runs from Crystal River on the Gulf of Mexico east to New Smyrna Beach on the Atlantic Ocean, passing through Inverness, Wildwood, Leesburg and DeLand.
A section in Lake County, between eastern Leesburg and a point north of Mount Dora, is concurrent with U.S. Highway 441 (SR 500). This concurrency is not signed; signs on US 441 mark it as TO SR 44. The former alignment of SR 44 in that area is now mostly County Road 44, which runs north of Lake Eustis, on the other side as US 441 and current SR 44.
A former western extension of SR 44 from Crystal River to the Gulf of Mexico is now County Road 44. In some locations, it is signed as County Road 44W.
Route description
Crystal River to Inverness
State Road 44 begins as NE 5TH ST (then Gulf to Lake Highway) at the intersection of US 19/98 in Crystal River, a four-lane divided highway. The divider only exists at the intersection, however, the rest of the road is undivided throughout much of Western Citrus County. SR 44 runs directly east, until it leaves the city limits, then makes a sharper southeastern turn prior to the intersection of North Dunkenfield Avenue and West Norvell Bryant Highway (County Road 486). It briefly turns east again as it reaches the intersection of Rock Crusher Road, but curves back to the southeast roughly a mile later. The new interchange with the Suncoast Parkway Extension is built just northwest of where the divide
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark%20current
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Dark current may refer to:
Dark current (biochemistry), the depolarizing current, carried by Na+ ions that flows into a photoreceptor cell when unstimulated
Dark current (physics):, the electric current that flows through a photosensitive device when no photons are entering the device
Dark current (chemistry), the constant response produced by a spectrochemical receptor in the absence of radiation
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biochemical%20Journal
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The Biochemical Journal is a peer-reviewed scientific journal which covers all aspects of biochemistry, as well as cell and molecular biology. It is published by Portland Press and was established in 1906.
History
The journal was established in 1906 by Benjamin Moore, holder of the first UK chair of biochemistry at the University of Liverpool, with financial support from Edward Whitley, an heir of the Greenall Whitley brewers. The two served as the first editors and the journal was initially published by the Liverpool University Press. It was acquired by the Biochemical Club (later renamed the Biochemical Society) in October 1912, shortly after the society's foundation; at that time the journal had 170 subscribers. From 1913, it was published in conjunction with Cambridge University Press, with William Bayliss and Arthur Harden chairing the editorial board; the original title of The Bio-Chemical Journal became The Biochemical Journal at that date.
The journal at first appeared at irregular intervals, with between three and twelve issues appearing annually in a single volume. From 1948, two volumes were published annually, with four or five parts per volume, and the frequency increased rapidly over the years, reaching the current frequency of eight volumes in three parts in 1974.
Current journal
Eight volumes are published each year with each volume consisting of three parts (24 issues per year).
To mark the centenary of the journal in 2006, a free online archive back to t
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/THF%20%28disambiguation%29
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THF may refer to:
Tetrahydrofuran
Tetrahydrofolate
Tremendously high frequency
Trust House Forte, a UK-based hotel and catering group
THF, the former IATA airport code for Tempelhof International Airport
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doubly%20periodic%20function
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In mathematics, a doubly periodic function is a function defined on the complex plane and having two "periods", which are complex numbers u and v that are linearly independent as vectors over the field of real numbers. That u and v are periods of a function ƒ means that
for all values of the complex number z.
The doubly periodic function is thus a two-dimensional extension of the simpler singly periodic function, which repeats itself in a single dimension. Familiar examples of functions with a single period on the real number line include the trigonometric functions like cosine and sine, In the complex plane the exponential function ez is a singly periodic function, with period 2πi.
Examples
As an arbitrary mapping from pairs of reals (or complex numbers) to reals, a doubly periodic function can be constructed with little effort. For example, assume that the periods are 1 and i, so that the repeating lattice is the set of unit squares with vertices at the Gaussian integers. Values in the prototype square (i.e. x + iy where 0 ≤ x < 1 and 0 ≤ y < 1) can be assigned rather arbitrarily and then 'copied' to adjacent squares. This function will then be necessarily doubly periodic.
If the vectors 1 and i in this example are replaced by linearly independent vectors u and v, the prototype square becomes a prototype parallelogram that still tiles the plane. The "origin" of the lattice of parallelograms does not have to be the point 0: the lattice can start from any point. In other
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical%20field-effect%20transistor
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A ChemFET is a chemically-sensitive field-effect transistor, that is a field-effect transistor used as a sensor for measuring chemical concentrations in solution. When the target analyte concentration changes, the current through the transistor will change accordingly. Here, the analyte solution separates the source and gate electrodes. A concentration gradient between the solution and the gate electrode arises due to a semi-permeable membrane on the FET surface containing receptor moieties that preferentially bind the target analyte. This concentration gradient of charged analyte ions creates a chemical potential between the source and gate, which is in turn measured by the FET.
Construction
A ChemFET's source and drain are constructed as for an ISFET, with the gate electrode separated from the source electrode by a solution. The gate electrode's interface with the solution is a semi-permeable membrane containing the receptors, and a gap to allow the substance under test to come in contact with the sensitive receptor moieties. A ChemFET's threshold voltage depends on the concentration gradient between the analyte in solution and the analyte in contact with its receptor-embedded semi-permeable barrier.
Often, ionophores are used to facilitate analyte ion mobility through the substrate to the receptor. For example, when targeting anions, quaternary ammonium salts (such as tetraoctylammonium bromide) are used to provide cationic nature to the membrane, facilitating anion mo
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honeymoon%20Island%20State%20Park
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Honeymoon Island State Park is a Florida State Park located on Honeymoon Island, a barrier island across St. Joseph's Sound from Palm Harbor, Ozona, and Crystal Beach. The park is in land area with submerged and of beach. It lies at the western end of Causeway Boulevard, which becomes Curlew Road east of Alternate US 19. Its address is 1 Causeway Blvd. Consistently receiving more than one million visitors each year, it is the most-visited state park in Florida.
History
Honeymoon and neighboring Caladesi Island were originally part of a large barrier island that split in half during a major hurricane in 1921. The waterway between the islands is known as Hurricane Pass.
According to the Florida Park Service, Honeymoon Island was introduced to the American public in the early 1940s through newsreels and magazines. The advertisements promised undiscovered pleasures for newlyweds. According to the Dunedin Museum (located in Dunedin, Florida on the mainland which lays claim to both Honeymoon Island and Caladesi Island), Honeymoon Island was formerly known as Hog Island. In the early 1940s, honeymoon-type huts were built on the island for vacationing, and the name was changed. After the US entered World War II, the thatched huts fell into disuse. The structures were soon worn down by the elements. The 1960s brought a developer with a plan to build a large residential area on the island by expanding the island to 3,000 acres. A causeway leading to the island was constructed in 1
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naked%20Alibi
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Naked Alibi is a 1954 American film noir crime film directed by Jerry Hopper and starring Sterling Hayden, Gloria Grahame and Gene Barry. It was released on October 1, 1954 by Universal-International. Portions of the film were shot in Tijuana.
Plot
In a California city, Lt. Fred Parks (Max Showalter) interrogates drunken local baker Albert Willis (Gene Barry) about his possible connection to recent eastside robberies. After repeatedly stating that he is innocent, Willis erupts in anger and punches Parks, who retaliates. Chief Joseph E. Conroy (Sterling Hayden) enters just in time to hear Willis threaten revenge but is compelled to release him because he has read that councilman Edgar Goodwin (Frank Wilcox) is calling for an investigation of police brutality. Willis returns to his wife Helen (Marcia Henderson) but slips out again that night and hours later, Parks is shot.
Joe takes on the case and immediately suspects Willis; however, he has only the fatal bullets as evidence. When the police try to arrest Willis again, he runs away, falling on his head during the chase. He once again swears he is innocent, and after his lawyer, wife, and Goodwin hear about Willis's injuries, pressure is put on Joe to let Willis go. That evening two more officers are killed and Joe goes to arrest Willis himself. When Willis provokes another fight, the altercation is witnessed by a reporter, and Joe is soon fired for brutality. Undaunted, he asks his friend, private detective Matt Matthews (
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probabilistic%20number%20theory
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In mathematics, Probabilistic number theory is a subfield of number theory, which explicitly uses probability to answer questions about the integers and integer-valued functions. One basic idea underlying it is that different prime numbers are, in some serious sense, like independent random variables. This however is not an idea that has a unique useful formal expression.
The founders of the theory were Paul Erdős, Aurel Wintner and Mark Kac during the 1930s, one of the periods of investigation in analytic number theory. Foundational results include the Erdős–Wintner theorem and the Erdős–Kac theorem on additive functions.
See also
Number theory
Analytic number theory
Areas of mathematics
List of number theory topics
List of probability topics
Probabilistic method
Probable prime
References
Further reading
Number theory
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Locket%20%281946%20film%29
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The Locket is a 1946 American psychological thriller with noirish undertones directed by John Brahm, starring Laraine Day, Brian Aherne, Robert Mitchum, and Gene Raymond, and released by RKO Pictures. The film is based on a screenplay by Sheridan Gibney, adapted from "What Nancy Wanted" by Norma Barzman, wife of later-blacklisted writer Ben Barzman. It is noted for its complex and confusing use of layered flashbacks within flashbacks to give psychological depth to the narrative.
Plot
A respectable looking man appears unannounced and uninvited at an upper crusty wedding at a Park Avenue residence in Manhattan. He asks for the groom, John Willis (Raymond), to be summoned. The sobriety of his appearance, speech, and manner yield acquiescence. After a cordial greeting, Harry Blair, a psychiatrist, recounts in a series of nested flashbacks a tale of Willis’ fiancé and his ex-wife Nancy (Day) being not only a kleptomaniac, inveterate liar, and murderess but unpunished for any of her crimes.
Apparently all her misdeeds trace to being falsely accused of stealing as a child. Blair recounts that Nancy first dates then splits up with an artist, Norman Clyde (Mitchum), who contacts Blair on the eve of the execution of the man convicted for a murder she committed and he helped conceal. Unaware of any of this until told by Clyde shortly into his hasty marriage to Nancy, Blair is skeptical and recommends Clyde seek counseling for his delusions. Instead Clyde jumps out a window of Blair’s
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid%20ordered%20phase
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Regarding biological membranes, the liquid ordered phase is a liquid crystalline phase of a lipid bilayer, and is of significant biological importance. It occurs in many lipid mixtures combining cholesterol with a phospholipid and/or sphingolipids e.g. sphingomyelin. This phase has been related to lipid rafts that may exist in plasma membranes.
Definition
The liquid ordered phase can be defined as:
fluid and lamellar phase, including the Wide angle X-ray scattering pattern centered by broad diffraction peak at 4.2Å
acyl hydrocarbon chains are in the all-trans state
rapid lateral diffusion
2H-NMR quadrupolar splitting is ca. 50 kHz
History
This was first called the liquid ordered phase by Ipsen et al. (1987). However, it has also been called the LGI subgel phase by Huang et al. (1993) and the β phase by Vist and Davis (1990).
References
Ipsen, J. H., G. Karlstrom, O. G. Mouritsen, H. Wennerstrom, and M. J. Zuckermann. 1987. Phase equilibria in the phosphatidylcholine-cholesterol system. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 905:162–172.
Huang TH, Lee CWB, Dasgupta SK, Blume A, Griffin RG. 1993. "A C-13 and H-2 Nuclear-Magnetic-Resonance Study of Phosphatidylcholine Cholesterol Interactions - Characterization of Liquid-Gel Phases." Biochemistry 32(48):13277-13287
Vist MR, Davis JH. 1990. "Phase-Equilibria of Cholesterol Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine Mixtures - H-2 Nuclear Magnetic-Resonance and Differential Scanning Calorimetry." Biochemistry 29(2):451-464.
Membrane biology
Liqui
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justina
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Justina and Justine are anglicised versions of the Latin name Iustina, feminine of Iustinus, a derivative of Iustus, meaning fair or just. For the masculine version of the name, see Justin (name).
Translations
Russian: Устинья, Юстина, Иустина
Belarusian: Юстына, Юсціна
Czech: Justina or Justýna
Croatian: Justina, Justa, Juste
Slovakian: Justína
Romanian: Iustina
Hungarian: Jusztina
Finnish: Justiina
Greek: Ιουστίνη (Ioustine)
Lithuanian: Justina, Justė
Polish: Justyna
Ukrainian: Юстина
Italian: Giustina
French: Justine
Portuguese: Justina
Spanish: Justina
Swedish: Justina
Arabic:يوستينا (Youstina)
Albanian:Gjystina
People named Justina
Ancient and medieval eras
Saint Justina of Cagliari (died 130), Christian martyr - see Justa, Justina and Henedina
Saint Justina of Padua (died c. 304), Christian martyr
Saint Justina of Antioch (died 304), Christian martyr - see Cyprian and Justina
Justina (empress) (c. 340–c. 388), second wife of Roman Emperor Valentinian I and mother of Emperor Valentinian II
Justina Szilágyi (1455–1497), Hungarian noblewoman, second wife of Vlad the Impaler, Voivode of Wallachia and inspiration for Dracula
Modern era
Justina Agatahi (born 1989), Nigerian judoka
Justina Akpulo (born 1972), Nigerian handball player
Justina Anyiam (born 1972), Nigerian handball player
Justina Baltrūnaitė (born 1999), Lithuanian footballer
Justina Banda (born 1992), Zambian footballer
Justina Blakeney (born 1979), American designer and author
Justina Bricka
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Class%205MT
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Class 5MT is a steam locomotive power classification used by the London, Midland and Scottish Railway and British Railways. It applied to number of different locomotive classes including:
LMS Stanier Class 5 4-6-0
BR Standard Class 5
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chignon%20%28medical%20term%29
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A chignon (an artificially induced caput succedaneum) is a temporary swelling caused by a build-up of bloody fluid (also referred to as "bloody show" in which blood and mucus are released from the cervix during labor) left on an infant's head after they have been delivered by vacuum extraction. A vacuum extraction is a type of assistance used during vaginal delivery by an obstetrician or midwife when the second stage of labor, where the cervix is fully dilated allowing for fetus delivery, is stalled. It anatomically resembles regular caput succedaneum, one of two most frequently occurring birth injuries to the head, the other being cephalohematoma, a usually harmless condition where blood accumulates under the newborn's scalp after vaginal delivery.
During vacuum extraction, the cup is attached to the infant's head, exposing the infant to trauma due to the vacuum pressure and pulling force involved in the procedure. This form of assisted delivery is typically required when the labor is stalled due to difficulties in the stages of labor arising, such as when the infant's head found too high in the birth canal. Due to prolonged pressure and tension, this induces an accumulation of interstitial fluid (the fluid that surrounds cells) as well as possible minor hemorrhages, ultimately resulting in scalp swelling.
A chignon should not be mistaken for bruises or other similar fetal head traumas relating to vacuum extraction. It chignon should begin to resolve within an hour, but i
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gimbaled%20thrust
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Gimbaled thrust is the system of thrust vectoring used in most rockets, including the Space Shuttle, the Saturn V lunar rockets, and the Falcon 9.
Operation
In a gimbaled thrust system, the engine or just the exhaust nozzle of the rocket can be swiveled on two axes (pitch and yaw) from side to side. As the nozzle is moved, the direction of the thrust is changed relative to the center of gravity of the rocket.
The diagram illustrates three cases. The middle rocket shows the straight-line flight configuration in which the direction of thrust is along the center line of the rocket and through the center of gravity of the rocket. On the rocket at the left, the nozzle has been deflected to the left and the thrust line is now inclined to the rocket center line at an angle called the gimbal angle. Since the thrust no longer passes through the center of gravity, a torque is generated about the center of gravity and the nose of the rocket turns to the left. If the nozzle is gimbaled back along the center line, the rocket will move to the left. On the rocket at the right, the nozzle has been deflected to the right and the nose is moved to the right.
Details and examples
Thrust vectoring for many liquid rockets is achieved by gimbaling the whole engine. This involves moving the entire combustion chamber and outer engine bell as on the Titan II's twin first-stage motors, or even the entire engine assembly including the related fuel and oxidizer pumps. The Saturn V and the Space Shut
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20World%20of%20the%20Dark%20Crystal
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The World of the Dark Crystal is a companion book written in conjunction with the film The Dark Crystal. The book was designed and edited by Rupert Brown, with illustrations by Brian Froud—who was the conceptual designer for the film—and text by J. J. Llewellyn. It was originally published in 1982 by Alfred A. Knopf, Inc. In 2003 the book was re-released by Harry N. Abrams, Inc.
The book gives background information for the film and contains many sketches and art concepts drawn by Brian Froud. It is in this book that the names of the Skeksis, the urRu, the urSkeks, and many of the creatures created in The Dark Crystal are introduced.
Contents
The book purports to be Aughra's account of the film's backstory, interspersed with in-universe descriptions of various props and their roles in the fictional universe itself. Among the concepts explored are numerology and symbology, and periodic references to Aughra's origin.
Awards and honors
The book was a finalist for the 1983 Hugo Award for Best Non-Fiction Book.
Rerelease
In the 2003 edition of the book, a small pamphlet titled "The Crystal" is included. This was the original concept design and story pitched to financial backers before the film went into full production. Four years after "The Crystal" was created, the film was released in theatres.
References
1982 books
The Dark Crystal
Fantasy books
Alfred A. Knopf books
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EZO
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EZO is the American debut album of the Japanese metal band Ezo. It was released in 1987 on Geffen Records and co-produced by Gene Simmons of KISS. Songwriters from the KISS entourage, such as Adam Mitchell and Jaime St. James, contributed heavily to the album's songs. Jody Gray, co-writer of the song "Destroyer", co-wrote and co-produced the band's second album, Fire Fire.
Track listing
Side one
"House of 1,000 Pleasures" (EZO, Jaime St. James) – 5:07
"Flashback Heart Attack" (James Christian, Susan Deicicchi) – 4:07
"Mr. Midnight" (Shoyo Iida, St. James) – 4:22
"Here It Comes" (Taro Takahashi, Adam Mitchell) – 3:14
"I Walk Alone" (Takahashi, Mitchell) – 3:36
Side two
"Destroyer" (Takahashi, Jody Gray, Mark Brotter, Mitchell) – 4:27
"Big Changes" (Brock Walsh) – 3:52
"Kiss of Fire" (EZO, Mitchell) – 3:25
"Desiree" (Iida, Mitchell) – 3:27
Personnel
Band members
Masaki Yamada – vocals
Shoyo Iida – guitar
Taro Takahashi – bass
Hirotsugu Homma – drums
Additional musicians
Kip Winger - background vocals
Production
Gene Simmons - producer
Val Garay - producer, engineer, mixing
Richard Bosworth, Bob Levy, Cliff Jones - assistant engineers
Stephen Marcussen - mastering
Charts
References
1987 debut albums
Albums produced by Val Garay
Albums produced by Gene Simmons
Geffen Records albums
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twisted%20Transistor
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"Twisted Transistor" is a song written and recorded by American nu metal band Korn for their seventh studio album, See You on the Other Side. It was released as the album's first single in September 2005.
Music and structure
This is the first Korn single as a quartet without former guitarist Brian Welch who departed the group in 2005. The song introduces a clear change in direction for the band, embracing a more pop-tinged, bouncy sound, free of most of lead singer Jonathan Davis's throaty rage that characterized the group's previous albums, while guitarist Brian Welch's pummeling, seven-string guitar riffs are replaced entirely with James "Munky" Shaffer's simplistic power chords and a more hook-heavy, catchy chorus.
A sample previously implemented on Coil and Danny Hyde's remix of Nine Inch Nails' "Closer", can be heard at the end of the bridge section of "Twisted Transistor".
Concept
Chart performance
The song has become Korn's second most successful single to date on the Billboard Hot 100, reaching number sixty-four, and became their highest charting single on Billboard's Mainstream Rock Songs chart, peaking at number three, until it was surpassed by "Never Never," which reached number one in 2013. Its success was continued overseas, where it charted in many countries, including number twenty-seven in the UK, number twenty-four in Australia, and number six in Finland.
Charts
Music video
The video for the song was directed by Ryan Ratajski and features a Spinal Tap-e
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single-machine%20scheduling
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Single-machine scheduling or single-resource scheduling is an optimization problem in computer science and operations research. We are given n jobs J1, J2, ..., Jn of varying processing times, which need to be scheduled on a single machine, in a way that optimizes a certain objective, such as the throughput.
Single-machine scheduling is a special case of identical-machines scheduling, which is itself a special case of optimal job scheduling. Many problems, which are NP-hard in general, can be solved in polynomial time in the single-machine case.
In the standard three-field notation for optimal job scheduling problems, the single-machine variant is denoted by 1 in the first field. For example, " 1||" is an single-machine scheduling problem with no constraints, where the goal is to minimize the sum of completion times.
The makespan-minimization problem 1||, which is a common objective with multiple machines, is trivial with a single machine, since the makespan is always identical. Therefore, other objectives have been studied.
Minimizing the sum of completion times
The problem 1|| aims to minimize the sum of completion times. It can be solved optimally by the Shortest Processing Time First rule (SPT): the jobs are scheduled by ascending order of their processing time .
The problem 1|| aims to minimize the weighted sum of completion times. It can be solved optimally by the Weighted Shortest Processing Time First rule (WSPT): the jobs are scheduled by ascending order of th
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van%20Hove%20singularity
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A Van Hove singularity is a singularity (non-smooth point) in the density of states (DOS) of a crystalline solid. The wavevectors at which Van Hove singularities occur are often referred to as critical points of the Brillouin zone. For three-dimensional crystals, they take the form of kinks (where the density of states is not differentiable). The most common application of the Van Hove singularity concept comes in the analysis of optical absorption spectra. The occurrence of such singularities was first analyzed by the Belgian physicist Léon Van Hove in 1953 for the case of phonon densities of states.
Theory
Consider a one-dimensional lattice of N particle sites, with each particle site separated by distance a, for a total length of L = Na. Instead of assuming that the waves in this one-dimensional box are standing waves, it is more convenient to adopt periodic boundary conditions:
where is wavelength, and n is an integer. (Positive integers will denote forward waves, negative integers will denote reverse waves.) The shortest wavelength needed to describe a wavemotion in the lattice is equal to 2a which then corresponds to the largest needed wave number and which also corresponds to the maximum possible : . We may define the density of states g(k)dk as the number of standing waves with wave vector k to k+dk:
Extending the analysis to wavevectors in three dimensions the density of states in a box of side length will be
where is a volume element in k-space, and which,
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%20phase%20index
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S-phase index (SPI), is a measure of cell growth and viability, especially the capacity of tumor cells to proliferate. It is defined as the number of BrdU-incorporating cells relative to the volume of DNA staining determined from whole mount confocal analyses.
Only cells in the S phase will incorporate BrdU into their DNA structure, which assists in determining length of the cell cycle.
References
Murphy, Terence D. "Drosophila skpA, a component of SCF ubiquitin ligases, regulates centrosome duplication independently of cyclin E accumulation", Journal of Cell Science 116, 2321-2332 (2003).
Cellular processes
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ship%20classification%20society
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A ship classification society or ship classification organisation is a non-governmental organization that establishes and maintains technical standards for the construction and operation of ships and offshore structures. Classification societies certify that the construction of a vessel comply with relevant standards and carry out regular surveys in service to ensure continuing compliance with the standards. Currently, more than 50 organizations describe their activities as including marine classification, twelve of which are members of the International Association of Classification Societies.
A classification certificate issued by a classification society recognised by the proposed ship register is required for a ship's owner to be able to register the ship and to obtain marine insurance on the ship, and may be required to be produced before a ship's entry into some ports or waterways, and may be of interest to charterers and potential buyers. To avoid liability, classification societies explicitly disclaim responsibility for the safety, fitness for purpose, or seaworthiness of the ship, but is a verification only that the vessel is in compliance with the classification standards of the society issuing the classification certificate.
Classification societies also issue International Load Line Certificates in accordance with the legislation of participating states giving effect to the International Convention on Load Lines (CLL 66/88).
Responsibilities
Classification soci
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doob%E2%80%93Meyer%20decomposition%20theorem
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The Doob–Meyer decomposition theorem is a theorem in stochastic calculus stating the conditions under which a submartingale may be decomposed in a unique way as the sum of a martingale and an increasing predictable process. It is named for Joseph L. Doob and Paul-André Meyer.
History
In 1953, Doob published the Doob decomposition theorem which gives a unique decomposition for certain discrete time martingales. He conjectured a continuous time version of the theorem and in two publications in 1962 and 1963 Paul-André Meyer proved such a theorem, which became known as the Doob-Meyer decomposition. In honor of Doob, Meyer used the term "class D" to refer to the class of supermartingales for which his unique decomposition theorem applied.
Class D supermartingales
A càdlàg supermartingale is of Class D if and the collection
is uniformly integrable.
The theorem
Let be a cadlag supermartingale of class D. Then there exists a unique, increasing, predictable process with such that is a uniformly integrable martingale.
See also
Doob decomposition theorem
Notes
References
Martingale theory
Theorems in statistics
Probability theorems
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear%20stability
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In mathematics, in the theory of differential equations and dynamical systems, a particular stationary or quasistationary solution to a nonlinear system is called linearly unstable if the linearization of the equation at this solution has the form , where r is the perturbation to the steady state, A is a linear operator whose spectrum contains eigenvalues with positive real part. If all the eigenvalues have negative real part, then the solution is called linearly stable. Other names for linear stability include exponential stability or stability in terms of first approximation. If there exist an eigenvalue with zero real part then the question about stability cannot be solved on the basis of the first approximation and we approach the so-called "centre and focus problem".
Examples
Ordinary differential equation
The differential equation
has two stationary (time-independent) solutions: x = 0 and x = 1.
The linearization at x = 0 has the form
. The linearized operator is A0 = 1. The only eigenvalue is . The solutions to this equation grow exponentially;
the stationary point x = 0 is linearly unstable.
To derive the linearization at , one writes
, where . The linearized equation is then ; the linearized operator is , the only eigenvalue is , hence this stationary point is linearly stable.
Nonlinear Schrödinger Equation
The nonlinear Schrödinger equation
where and , has solitary wave solutions of the form .
To derive the linearization at a solitary wave, one considers t
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Explicit%20and%20implicit%20methods
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Explicit and implicit methods are approaches used in numerical analysis for obtaining numerical approximations to the solutions of time-dependent ordinary and partial differential equations, as is required in computer simulations of physical processes. Explicit methods calculate the state of a system at a later time from the state of the system at the current time, while implicit methods find a solution by solving an equation involving both the current state of the system and the later one. Mathematically, if is the current system state and is the state at the later time ( is a small time step), then, for an explicit method
while for an implicit method one solves an equation
to find
Computation
Implicit methods require an extra computation (solving the above equation), and they can be much harder to implement. Implicit methods are used because many problems arising in practice are stiff, for which the use of an explicit method requires impractically small time steps to keep the error in the result bounded (see numerical stability). For such problems, to achieve given accuracy, it takes much less computational time to use an implicit method with larger time steps, even taking into account that one needs to solve an equation of the form (1) at each time step. That said, whether one should use an explicit or implicit method depends upon the problem to be solved.
Since the implicit method cannot be carried out for each kind of differential operator, it is sometimes ad
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foucault%20pendulum%20vector%20diagrams
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Several vector diagrams are often used to demonstrate the physics underlying the Foucault pendulum.
Diagrams are provided to illustrate a pendulum located at the North Pole, equator, and 45 degrees N to show how the rotation of Earth in relation to the pendulum is observed, or not, at these locations. This is not a rigorous evaluation but is intended to convey information regarding the interaction of the two moving objects, the swinging pendulum and the rotating Earth. One of the great insights by Léon Foucault is that the time to observe a full rotation of the Earth increased by the inverse of the sine of the latitude.
In the examples, the pendulums are of great size to aid in the visualization of the pendulum swing in relation to the Earth (shown as blue circles). The pendulum is drawn so that 90 degrees of pendulum arc sweeps out 90 degrees of arc on the surface of the Earth. Views from the side, the front, and above (right, center, left) are provided to aid in the interpretation of the diagrams and arrows are provided to show the direction of the Earth's rotation. The schematic at the bottom of the each figure represents the range of swing of the pendulum as viewed from above and normalized to a standard orientation. The smaller arrows depict the magnitude of the relative velocity vector for the point on the Earth's surface in-line with the pendulum bob projected to the center of the Earth (the magnitude is shown since the schematic is two-dimensional, not three-dimensi
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal%20deactivator
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Metal deactivators, or metal deactivating agents (MDA) are fuel additives and oil additives used to stabilize fluids by deactivating (usually by sequestering) metal ions, mostly introduced by the action of naturally occurring acids in the fuel and acids generated in lubricants by oxidative processes with the metallic parts of the systems. Fuels desulfurized by copper sweetening also contain a significant trace amounts of copper.
Metal deactivators inhibit the catalytic effects of such ions, especially copper, retarding the formation of gummy residues (e.g. gels containing copper mercaptide). Even concentrations of copper as low as 0.1 ppm can have detrimental effects.
An example of a metal deactivator used for gasoline and jet fuels is salpn. It is used in turbine and jet fuels, diesel, heating oil, and greases. It is approved for military and commercial aviation fuels. Benzotriazole and its various derivatives are also common in lubricant formulas.
References
See also
Oil additive
Sequestrant
Corrosion inhibitor
Fuel additives
Lubricants
Material protection
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SEER-SEM
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SEER for Software (SEER-SEM) is a project management application used to estimate resources required for software development.
History
1966 System Development Corporation Model based on regressions.
1980 Don Reifer and Dan Galorath paper which prompted the building of the JPL Softcost model. This model, an early example of software estimation, allows for automated and performed risk analysis. Softcost was later made a commercial product by Reifer Consultants.
1984 Computer Economics JS-2 and Galorath Designed System-3 based on the Jensen model.
The Jensen-inspired System-3, and other modeling systems like Barry Boehm's COCOMO and early works by the Doty Associates can be seen as direct and indirect contributors to the software suite that would be developed by Galorath in the late 1980s.
In 1988, Galorath Incorporated began work on the initial version of SEER-SEM.
Group of Models
SEER for Software (SEER-SEM) is composed of a group of models working together to provide estimates of effort, duration, staffing, and defects. These models can be briefly described by the questions they answer:
Sizing. How large is the software project being estimated (Lines of Code, Function Points, Use Cases, etc.)
Technology. What is the possible productivity of the developers (capabilities, tools, practices, etc.)
Effort and Schedule Calculation. What amount of effort and time are required to complete the project?
Constrained Effort/Schedule Calculation. How does the expected project
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vortex-induced%20vibration
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In fluid dynamics, vortex-induced vibrations (VIV) are motions induced on bodies interacting with an external fluid flow, produced by, or the motion producing, periodic irregularities on this flow.
A classic example is the VIV of an underwater cylinder. How this happens can be seen by putting a cylinder into the water (a swimming-pool or even a bucket) and moving it through the water in a direction perpendicular to its axis. Since real fluids always present some viscosity, the flow around the cylinder will be slowed while in contact with its surface, forming a so-called boundary layer. At some point, however, that layer can separate from the body because of its excessive curvature. A vortex is then formed, changing the pressure distribution along the surface. When the vortex does not form symmetrically around the body (with respect to its midplane), different lift forces develop on each side of the body, thus leading to motion transverse to the flow. This motion changes the nature of the vortex formation in such a way as to lead to a limited motion amplitude (differently, than, from what would be expected in a typical case of resonance). This process then repeats until the flow rate changes substantially.
VIV manifests itself on many different branches of engineering, from cables to heat exchanger tube arrays. It is also a major consideration in the design of ocean structures. Thus, study of VIV is a part of many disciplines, incorporating fluid mechanics, structural mechan
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hazen%E2%80%93Williams%20equation
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The Hazen–Williams equation is an empirical relationship which relates the flow of water in a pipe with the physical properties of the pipe and the pressure drop caused by friction. It is used in the design of water pipe systems such as fire sprinkler systems, water supply networks, and irrigation systems. It is named after Allen Hazen and Gardner Stewart Williams.
The Hazen–Williams equation has the advantage that the coefficient C is not a function of the Reynolds number, but it has the disadvantage that it is only valid for water. Also, it does not account for the temperature or viscosity of the water, and therefore is only valid at room temperature and conventional velocities.
General form
Henri Pitot discovered that the velocity of a fluid was proportional to the square root of its head in the early 18th century. It takes energy to push a fluid through a pipe, and Antoine de Chézy discovered that the hydraulic head loss was proportional to the velocity squared. Consequently, the Chézy formula relates hydraulic slope S (head loss per unit length) to the fluid velocity V and hydraulic radius R:
The variable C expresses the proportionality, but the value of C is not a constant. In 1838 and 1839, Gotthilf Hagen and Jean Léonard Marie Poiseuille independently determined a head loss equation for laminar flow, the Hagen–Poiseuille equation. Around 1845, Julius Weisbach and Henry Darcy developed the Darcy–Weisbach equation.
The Darcy-Weisbach equation was difficult to use
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear%20magnetic%20resonance%20spectroscopy%20of%20proteins
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Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy of proteins (usually abbreviated protein NMR) is a field of structural biology in which NMR spectroscopy is used to obtain information about the structure and dynamics of proteins, and also nucleic acids, and their complexes. The field was pioneered by Richard R. Ernst and Kurt Wüthrich at the ETH, and by Ad Bax, Marius Clore, Angela Gronenborn at the NIH, and Gerhard Wagner at Harvard University, among others. Structure determination by NMR spectroscopy usually consists of several phases, each using a separate set of highly specialized techniques. The sample is prepared, measurements are made, interpretive approaches are applied, and a structure is calculated and validated.
NMR involves the quantum-mechanical properties of the central core ("nucleus") of the atom. These properties depend on the local molecular environment, and their measurement provides a map of how the atoms are linked chemically, how close they are in space, and how rapidly they move with respect to each other. These properties are fundamentally the same as those used in the more familiar magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), but the molecular applications use a somewhat different approach, appropriate to the change of scale from millimeters (of interest to radiologists) to nanometers (bonded atoms are typically a fraction of a nanometer apart), a factor of a million. This change of scale requires much higher sensitivity of detection and stability for long term measurem
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cysteamine
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Cysteamine is a chemical compound that can be biosynthesized in mammals, including humans, by the degradation of coenzyme A. The intermediate pantetheine is broken down into cysteamine and pantothenic acid. It is the biosynthetic precursor to the neurotransmitter hypotaurine.
It is a stable aminothiol, i.e., an organic compound containing both an amine and a thiol functional groups. Cysteamine is a white, water-soluble solid. It is often used as salts of the ammonium derivative [HSCH2CH2NH3]+ including the hydrochloride, phosphocysteamine, and the bitartrate.
Medical uses
As a medication, cysteamine, sold under the brand name Cystagon among others, is indicated to treat cystinosis, a lysosomal storage disease characterized by the abnormal accumulation of cystine, the oxidized dimer of the amino acid cysteine.
It removes the excessive cystine that builds up in cells of people with the disease. It is available by mouth (capsule and extended release capsule) and in eye drops.
When applied topically it can scavenge free radicals and lighten skin that's been darkened as a result of post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation, sun exposure and Melasma. Tentative evidence suggests that it may be a more effective depigmentation agent than hydroquinone, retinoids and topical corticosteroids in individuals with chronic skin discoloration. Topical application of cysteamine cream has also demonstrated similar efficacy to intradermal tranexamic acid injections for the treatment of Melasma
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vsevolod%20Frederiks
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Vsevolod Konstantinovich Frederiks (or Fréedericksz; ; April 29, 1885, Warsaw – January 6, 1944, Gorkiy) was a Russian/Soviet physicist. His primary contribution was in the field of liquid crystals. The Frederiks transition is named after him.
After high school, Frederiks attended Geneva University and attended the lectures of Paul Langevin in Paris for one semester. After defending his thesis and obtaining his PhD, Frederiks decided to continue his studies at Göttingen University. He was there for more than eight years, and with the outbreak of World War I he became a civil prisoner. During that period, he became personal assistant to David Hilbert.
In the summer of 1918, Frederiks returned to Russia, and worked at the Institute of Physics and Biophysics in Moscow. In 1919, he became a lecturer at the University of Petrograd. He was arrested by the NKVD in 1937. Although released before World War II, he died before reaching home.
Works
References
Bibliography
David Dunmur & Tim Sluckin (2011) Soap, Science, and Flat-screen TVs: a history of liquid crystals, pp 103–7, Oxford University Press .
A.S. Sonin & V.Ya. Frenkel (1995) Vsevolod Konstantinovich Freédericksz, Moscow: Nauka Publishing House.
1885 births
1944 deaths
Russian physicists
Russian scientists
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