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Traffic signal preemption (also called traffic signal prioritisation) is a system that allows an operator to override the normal operation of traffic lights. The most common use of these systems manipulates traffic signals in the path of an emergency vehicle, halting conflicting traffic and allowing the emergency vehicle right-of-way, thereby reducing response times and enhancing traffic safety. Signal preemption can also be used on tram, light-rail and bus rapid transit systems, to allow public transportation priority access through intersections, and by railroad systems at crossings to prevent collisions.
Implementation
Traffic preemption is implemented in a variety of ways. Traffic light activation devices can be installed on road vehicles, integrated with transport network management systems, or operated by remote control from a fixed location, such as a fire station, or by an emergency call dispatcher. Traffic lights are equipped to receive an activation signal which interrupts the normal cycle. Traffic signals not equipped to receive a traffic preemption signal will not recognize an activation, and will continue to operate on the normal cycle.
Vehicular devices can be switched on or off as needed, but in the case of emergency vehicles, they are frequently integrated with the vehicle's emergency warning lights. When activated, the traffic preemption device will cause appropriately equipped traffic lights in the path of the vehicle to cycle immediately, granting right-of-way in the desired direction, after allowing programmed time delays for the necessary signal changes and for pedestrian crosswalks to clear.
Traffic signal preemption systems integrated with train transportation networks typically extend their control of traffic from the typical crossarms and warning lights to one or more nearby traffic intersections, to prevent excessive road traffic from approaching the crossing, while also obtaining the right-of-way for road traffic to quickly clear the crossing. That also allows buses and vehicles transporting dangerous goods to proceed through the intersection without stopping on the railroad tracks.
Fixed-location systems can vary widely, but a typical implementation is for a single traffic signal in front of or near a fire station to stop traffic and allow emergency vehicles to exit the station unimpeded. Alternatively, an entire corridor of traffic signals along a street may be operated from a fixed location, such as to allow fire apparatus to quickly respond through a crowded downtown area, or to allow an ambulance faster access when transporting a critical patient to a hospital in an area with dense traffic.
Traffic signal preemption systems sometimes include a method for communicating to the operator of the vehicle that requested the preemption (as well as other drivers) that a traffic signal is under control of a preemption device, by means of a notifier. This device is commonly referred to in the industry as a "confirmation beacon". It is usually an additional light located near the traffic signals. It may be a single LED light bulb visible to all, which flashes or stays on, or there may be a light aimed towards each direction from which traffic approaches the intersection. In the case of multiple notifier lights at a controllable intersection, they will either flash or stay on depending on the local configuration, to communicate to all drivers from which direction a preempting signal is being received. This informs regular drivers which direction may need to be cleared, and informs activating vehicle drivers if they have control of the light (especially important when more than one activating vehicle approaches the same intersection). A typical installation would provide a solid notifier to indicate that an activating vehicle is approaching from behind, while a flashing notifier would indicate the emergency vehicle is approaching laterally or oncoming. There are variations of notification methods in use, which may include one or more colored lights in varying configurations. Some of the newer high tech systems have a display in the cab, which will eliminate the necessity of a confirmation beacon. This can also reduce the cost of a preemption project considerably.
Events leading up to an activation and notification are not experienced by drivers on a daily basis, and driver education and awareness of these systems can play a role in how effective the systems are in speeding response times. Unusual circumstances can also occur which can confuse operators of vehicles with traffic preemption equipment who lack proper training. For example, on January 2, 2005, a fire engine successfully preempted a traffic light at an intersection which included a light rail train (LRT) crossing in Hillsboro, Oregon, yet the fire engine was hit by an LRT at the crossing. A subsequent inquiry determined that the LRT operator was at fault. The accident occurred in the middle of a network of closely spaced signalized intersections where the signs and signals granted right-of-way to the LRT simultaneously, at ALL intersections. The LRT operator was viewing right-of-way indications from downstream signals and failed to realize that preemption had occurred at the nearest intersection. The fire engine, granted the green light before it arrived at the intersection, proceeded through while the LRT operator, failing to notice the unexpected signal to stop, ran into the fire engine and destroyed it.
Vehicular device types
Acoustic
Some systems use an acoustic sensor linked to the preemption system. This can be used alone or in conjunction with other systems. Systems of this type override the traffic signal when a specific pattern of tweets or wails from the siren of an emergency vehicle is detected. Advantages of a system like this are that they are fairly inexpensive to integrate into existing traffic signals and the ability to use siren equipment already installed in emergency vehicles – thus dispensing with the need for special equipment. A major disadvantage is that sound waves can easily be reflected by buildings or other large vehicles present at or near an intersection, causing the "reflected" wave to trigger a preemption event in the wrong direction. Reflected waves can also create unnecessary collateral preemption events alongside streets near the emergency vehicle's route. Yet another disadvantage is that the acoustic sensors can sometimes be sensitive enough to activate the preemption in response to a siren from too far away, or from an unauthorized vehicle with a horn exceeding 120 dB (many truck and bus horns exceed this threshold ‘at close range’).
Line-of-sight
A vehicle that uses a line-of-sight traffic signal preemption system is equipped with an emitter which typically sends a narrowly directed signal forward, towards traffic lights in front of the vehicle, in an attempt to obtain right-of-way through a controllable intersection prior to arrival. These line-of-sight systems will generally use an invisible infrared signal, or a visible strobe light as an emitter. In the case of a strobe light, it may also serve a dual purpose as an additional warning light. To communicate to the traffic light, the emitter transmits visible flashes of light or invisible infrared pulses at a specified frequency. Traffic lights must be equipped with a compatible traffic signal preemption receiver to respond. Once the vehicle with the active emitter has passed the intersection, the receiving device no longer senses the emitter's signal, and normal operation resumes. Some systems can be implemented with varying frequencies assigned to specific types of uses, which would then allow an intersection's preemption equipment to differentiate between a fire engine and a bus sending a signal simultaneously, and then grant priority access first to the fire engine.
Drawbacks of line-of-sight systems include obstructions, lighting and environmental conditions, and undesired activations. Obstructions may be buildings on a curving road that block visual contact with a traffic signal until very close, or perhaps a large freight truck. In the case of a police car, such a blockage would serve to prevent the traffic signal from receiving the police car's emitter signal. Modifying the position of the receiver or even locating it separate from the traffic signal equipment can sometimes correct this problem. Direct sunlight into a receiver may prevent it from detecting an emitter, and severe environmental conditions, such as heavy rain or snow, may reduce the distance at which a line-of-sight system will function. Undesired activations may occur if an emitter's signal is picked up by many traffic lights along a stretch of road, all directed to change to red in that direction, prior to the activating vehicle turning off the road, or being parked without its emitter being deactivated. Bus signal allow buses to turn go green lights to get to destinations faster.
Line of sight emitters can use IR diodes. They are pulsed with a low-priority signal (10 Hz) or a high-priority signal (14 Hz).
Localized radio signal
Radio-based traffic-preemption systems using a local, short-range radio signal in the 900MHz band, can usually avoid the weaknesses of line-of-sight systems (2.4 GHz and optical). A radio-based system still uses a directional signal transmitted from an emitter, but being radio-based, its signal is not blocked by visual obstructions, lighting or weather conditions. Until recently, the major drawback of radio-based traffic signal preemption systems was the possibility of interference from other devices that may be using the same frequency at a given time and location. The advent of FHSS (Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum) broadcasting has allowed radio-based systems to not only overcome this limitation, but also the aforementioned limitations associated with acoustic and line of sight (optical) systems. It was not until recently that cost effective GPS preemption systems were introduced, supplanting FHSS radio-based preemption as the preemption method of choice, particularly for cities that had experienced the myriad of issues associated with other (acoustic and optical) preemption systems.
Radio-based systems also began to offer some additional benefits — adjustable range and collision avoidance. The operating range was adjusted by varying the radio signal strength so that traffic lights could be activated only nearby (if desired), or at greater distances. The downside to these preemption systems (which also performed collision avoidance) was that they would display the direction of impending collisions, but not be able to effectively (or accurately) calculate the distance to collision by any method other than RF signal strength, which was only a rough estimate at best.
Global Positioning System
With the advent of widespread Global Positioning System (GPS) applications came the introduction of a GPS-based traffic preemption system capable of collision avoidance. Recently some GPS preemption systems have found a way to overcome the nagging problem that "blinds" many GPS systems: how to prevent the system from being "blinded" by the loss of a GPS signal. In dense cities with tall buildings, GPS receivers may have difficulty obtaining the four required GPS satellite signals, required for trilateration to determine location. If the vehicle systems are not designed with a backup "IMU" (Inertial Measurement Unit), lack of GPS availability may adversely affect the system's performance. Extremely heavy cloud cover or severe weather can also adversely impact the ability of the GPS receiver from obtaining the four required satellites.
Some systems offer an Optical Compatible GPS system with features that also include an Inertial measurement unit (IMU). The price point of some compare to Optical Systems. Therefore, cities that do not have preemption can get a GPS based system for the price of Optical Systems (typically 1/3 the price of many GPS systems). Additionally, cities that have existing optical systems can start upgrading to a GPS-based system while maintaining compatibility with their existing Optical vehicle emitters. These systems also come with Collision Avoidance.
GPS systems typically convey their information in one of three ways - via 900 MHz FHSS, via 2.4 GHz FHSS, or by way of cellular modem. Each of these methodologies has a different set of advantages/disadvantages. 900 MHz FHSS appears to be the best option, because it is capable of the greatest range (often over for a 1 watt transceiver). 2.4 GHz is able to communicate more data, but is typically considered more "directional" or "line-of-sight". It only has a maximum range of about . This can often preclude the system from preempting soon enough to ensure a clear intersection upon arrival. Cellular overcomes the "distance" issue, but can be quite costly when cellular fees are taken into consideration. During an area-wide emergency, it is also well known to those in the industry that the cellular network often will go down. This can make preemption difficult (unless there are other backup systems in place) during a time (of crisis) when preemption may be needed most. Cellular also brings with it a certain amount of "latency". It has been documented that it can sometimes take cellular based preemption systems 10 seconds or more to release the preemption of a traffic signal, even though the emergency vehicle has already cleared the intersection.
See also
Bus priority
Bus rapid transit creep
Mobile Infrared Transmitter
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Traffic signal preemption
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The posterior commissure (also known as the epithalamic commissure) is a rounded band of white fibers crossing the middle line on the dorsal aspect of the rostral end of the cerebral aqueduct. It is important in the bilateral pupillary light reflex. It constitutes part of the epithalamus.
Its fibers acquire their medullary sheaths early, but their connections have not been definitively determined. Most of them have their origin in a nucleus, the nucleus of the posterior commissure (nucleus of Darkschewitsch), which lies in the periaqueductal grey at rostral end of the cerebral aqueduct, in front of the oculomotor nucleus. Some are thought to be derived from the posterior part of the thalamus and from the superior colliculus, whereas others are believed to be continued downward into the medial longitudinal fasciculus.
For the pupillary light reflex, the olivary pretectal nucleus innervates both Edinger-Westphal nuclei. To reach the contralateral Edinger-Westphal nucleus, the axons cross in the posterior commissure.
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Posterior commissure
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Candice Dontrelle Stewart (born September 19, 1983) is an American television personality and beauty pageant titleholder from Metairie, Louisiana. She competed in the Miss Teen USA and Miss USA pageants. In addition to her pageantry career, she participated as a HouseGuest on the 15th season of the American reality show Big Brother.
While in the Big Brother house, Stewart received national attention after becoming a victim of racism from fellow HouseGuests Aaryn Williams and GinaMarie Zimmerman. She became the first member of the Big Brother jury house that season.
Pageant career
She captured the Miss Louisiana Teen USA 2002 crown in the state pageant held in Lafayette in late 2001. Stewart then represented Louisiana at the 2002 pageant held at South Padre Island, Texas in August 2002. The pageant was won by Vanessa Semrow of Wisconsin.
In 2003, just a year after passing on her Teen crown, Stewart returned to the Louisiana pageant stage, placing first runner-up to Melissa McConnell in the Miss Louisiana USA 2004 pageant. She won the pageant the following year, on her second attempt, and was the first African American woman to win this title. In April 2005, Stewart competed in the Miss USA 2005 pageant televised live from Baltimore, Maryland. The pageant was won by Chelsea Cooley of North Carolina, who had been Miss North Carolina Teen USA 2000. Stewart was a speech pathology major at Xavier University and was once a dancer for the New Orleans Saints. She was due to give up her crown in November 2005, but the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina in her state meant the pageant was postponed until January 2006. Her successor was Christina Cuenca of Arabi, who had placed in both years Stewart had competed.
Appearance on Big Brother
In 2013, Stewart was selected to appear on the American reality television series Big Brother 15 as a contestant (HouseGuest). On Day 5, McCrae nominated Candice and Jessie for eviction, feeling as though they were the least-liked people in the house. However, McCrae used the Power of Veto to remove Candice from the block, and chose to nominate Elissa in her place. Aaryn choose Candice along with Andy, Elissa, and Helen to be the Have-Nots for the second week. She once again became one of the Have-Nots during week four and five. During week five, Stewart was selected to compete for the Power of Veto competition; however, Spencer won the Power of Veto. On Day 39, Spencer used the Power of Veto to remove himself from the block, with Candice being nominated in his place in an attempt to ensure Howard's eviction. Jessie and Candice, believing that Amanda and McCrae were in control of the game, attempted to get the votes to evict Amanda from the house, though this plan failed. As a result, Candice and Jessie became outcasts in the house, and became the targets for several HouseGuests. During week six, Candice won a $5,000 prize. GinaMarie and her allies decided to target Candice and Jessie for eviction, hoping to see Candice be evicted from the house. On Day 43, GinaMarie chose to nominate Candice and Jessie for eviction. Candice lost the Veto competition and had to wear a "Clownitard" for a week. They also learned that this season would feature nine Jury members, rather than seven. Candice then became the sixth HouseGuest to be evicted when she received seven eviction votes (7-0-0). She became the first member of the Jury of Nine.
During her time in the house, Stewart formed a friendship with Howard Overby. Because of their racial background, she and Overby were the targets of racist comments from fellow HouseGuests, particularly Aaryn Gries and GinaMarie Zimmerman. At one point, Gries said, “Be careful what you say in the dark; you might not be able to see that bitch." Later in the season, during a Veto Competition (where nominees compete for the "Power of Veto", and the holder can decide whether to change the nominations), Stewart got into a dispute with HouseGuest Amanda Zuckerman. Stewart whispered to HouseGuest Judd Daugherty, "They [Zuckerman and her alliance members] think you're the MVP." Zuckerman caught this and started taunting Stewart, calling her "Shaniqua". This was followed by, "Oh, am I racist now? I'm racist now!" In a double eviction on Day 49, Stewart was evicted from the house, placing 11th. During her eviction speech, she stated that "this week, the game got personal" and called out fellow HouseGuest GinaMarie for "saying defamatory comments", which sparked an argument. HouseGuest Spencer Clawson then started his eviction speech in an attempt to settle the two women down after Big Brother host Julie Chen failed to assuage the dispute. After her eviction, Stewart became the first member of the Jury, meaning she was able to influence the game through voting for the winner.
Personal life
In 2006, Stewart earned a bachelor's degree in speech-language pathology and audiology from Xavier University of Louisiana. Previously, she was a cheerleader for the New Orleans Saints.
See also
Big Brother (franchise) US and English Canadian version
National Football League Cheerleading
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Candice Stewart
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El Camino Real is a work for concert band by the American composer Alfred Reed.
Program Notes
The following are the program notes that Alfred Reed wrote to accompany his composition:
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El Camino Real (Reed)
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A la Ronde is an 18th-century, 16-sided house near Lympstone, Exmouth, Devon, England in the ownership of the National Trust. The house was built for two spinster cousins, Jane and Mary Parminter. It is a Grade I listed building, as are the adjacent Point-In-View chapel, school and almshouses, together with a manse, which were also built by the cousins. The gardens are Grade II listed in the National Register of Historic Parks and Gardens.
History
The Parminter family, which can be traced back in North Devon as far back as 1600, had acquired considerable wealth as merchants. Jane was the daughter of Barnstaple wine merchant John Parminter who had a business in Lisbon, where she was born in 1750. Jane grew up in London and became guardian to her orphan cousin Mary. On her father's death in 1784, she decided to embark on the Grand Tour accompanied by her invalid sister Elizabeth, her younger orphaned cousin, and a female friend from London.
The two cousins became greatly attached to each other and in 1795 decided to set up home together in Devon. They negotiated the purchase of of land near Exmouth. Once their house had been built they lived secluded and somewhat eccentric lives for many years until 1811 when Miss Jane died.
The house was completed in about 1796, and its design is supposedly based on the Basilica of San Vitale. It consists of 20 rooms, the ground floor ones radiating out from a high hallway, named "The Octagon", and originally connected by sliding doors. The lower ground floor housed a wine cellar, strong room and kitchen and an upper octagonal gallery housed an intricate hand-crafted Shell Gallery. Between the main rooms were triangular-shaped closets with diamond shaped windows. Much of the internal decoration was produced by the two cousins, whose handicraft skills were excellent. The house also contained many objets d'art brought back by the cousins from their European Tour.
The terms of Mary's will specified that the property could be inherited only by "unmarried kinswomen". This condition held firm until in 1886 the house was transferred to the Reverend Oswald Reichel, a brother of one of the former occupants. Reichel, the sole male owner in over two hundred years, was responsible for substantial (but carefully thought out) structural changes. These included the construction of a water tower and laundry room, the installation of a bathroom and central heating, the construction of upstairs bedrooms with dormer windows, the fitting of first-floor windows, a heavy pulley dumb-waiter and speaking tubes, the replacement of the original thatch with roof tiles and the addition of an external catwalk.
The last private owner of the property removed all but one of the very large central heating radiators installed by Reichel, and with the purchase of the property by the National Trust in 1991 came the restoration of the wall coverings to the more authentic colours of the time, as well as creating a virtual tour of the delicate Shell Gallery on the uppermost storey of the house to allow observation without risk of damage. The original kitchen and strong room on the lower ground floor now function as office spaces, with a plan to turn these into interpretation and co-creation spaces in the next few years.
Designer
Family tradition maintains that the house was designed by Miss Jane herself. It is more likely, however, that the plans were drawn up by "a Mr. Lowder" mentioned by a 19th-century writer. Mary's aunt by marriage, also Mary, had a sister Anne Glass, who married a Commander John Lowder, a banker. In 1778 Lowder became a property developer and built Lansdowne Place West in Bath.
Commander Lowder, however, had a son, also named John (1781–1829) who practised as a gentleman architect in Bath. Although only 17 years of age when A la Ronde was built, it is entirely feasible that the younger Lowder designed the house. In 1816 he went on to design the unusual Bath and District National School (demolished 1896), a 32-sided building with wedge-shaped classrooms. A la Ronde may reasonably be interpreted as an early prototype for the much larger later project.
Point-in-View chapel
Although regular attendants at the Glenorchy Chapel in Exmouth, as the two ladies got older they found the journey to worship increasingly difficult, and they evidently also didn't want to make a servant work (by driving them there) on the Sabbath. They therefore decided to commission a chapel on their own estate. Jane Parminter died in 1811, and was buried beneath the chapel, but the work continued and the buildings were completed later that year. Inside the chapel are the words "Some point in view – We all pursue". Surrounding the chapel was a small school for six girls and almshouses for four maiden ladies of at least 50 years of age. There was also accommodation for a minister.
The two ladies took a keen interest in the conversion of Jews to Christianity. The deeds for the almshouses expressly stated that any Jewess who had embraced Christianity would have preference over all others as a candidate for a place. An apocryphal story popular among Christian Zionists in the 1800s was that Jane Parminter attached a codicil to her will that the oak trees at A la Ronde "shall remain standing and the hand of man shall not be lifted up against them till Israel returns and is restored to the land of promise." This codicil then inspired Lewis Way to fund and re-invigorate the London Society for Promoting Christianity amongst the Jews; Franz Delitzsch would write a pamphlet in 1877 on the Parminters called "The Oaks of A la Ronde". However, a Society investigation in 1882 determined that no such codicil existed in Jane's will. Despite the codicil not existing, the Parminters may well have been like Way in believing that the conversion of the Jews to Christianity and their restoration to Israel were Biblically ordained prophecies and duties for Christian mission. The connection to the oaks is less clear: the Parminters liked their trees and may have talked about them with Way, or it may have been a belief that the timber from the trees would be used to build ships for the return to the promised land. When Mary Parminter died in 1849, she too was buried beneath the chapel.
Regular services are still held at the chapel and a Chaplain still lives in the Manse. Baptisms and weddings also remain part of the pattern of life at Point-in-View. There are also weekly classes based on old traditional art and craft techniques. These classes contribute to 'Parminter Art' a living art museum situated in the chapel. The school closed in 1901. The Chapel and the Manse are listed Grade I and the 3-acre meadow in which they stand is listed Grade II in the National Register of Parks and Gardens. The chapel is open most days and welcomes visitors. At one time, the Trustees met annually and received one guinea for their attendance, as laid down by the Parminters.
Gallery
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A la Ronde
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The men's sprint was one of the three cycling events, all track cycling, now regarded as "Olympic" on the Cycling at the 1900 Summer Olympics programme. It was held on 11 September and 13 September. The sprint, a 2000-metre race with 1000-metre heats, was conducted in four rounds. 69 of the 72 cyclists competed in the sprint, including cyclists from all six competing nations. The event was won by Albert Taillandier of France (the nation's second consecutive victory in the men's sprint), with his countryman Fernand Sanz in second place. John Henry Lake of the United States won the nation's first cycling medal with his bronze.
Background
This was the second appearance of the event, which has been held at every Summer Olympics except 1904 and 1912. None of the cyclists from 1896 returned. Two of the three top sprinters in 1900 were French and competed: Ferdinand Vasserot and Albert Taillandier. (The third, Alphonse Didier-Nauts of Belgium, did not compete). An American, John Henry Lake, however, had finished second in the world championships to Didier-Nauts and was the most significant non-French competitor in the field.
Belgium, Bohemia, Italy, and the United States each made their debut in the men's sprint. France and Germany made their second appearance, having previously competed in 1896.
Competition format
Unlike modern sprint events (which use a flying 200 metre time trial to cut down and seed the field, followed by one-on-one matches), the 1900 sprint used very large initial heats of up to eight cyclists each before smaller quarterfinals, semifinals, and final with three cyclists in each race. For the first round, the top three cyclists in each heat advanced; in the quarterfinals and semifinals, only the fastest man moved on. The distance for each race was 1 kilometre.
Records
The records for the sprint are 200 metre flying time trial records, kept for the qualifying round in later Games as well as for the finish of races.
* World records were not tracked by the UCI until 1954.
Lloyd Hildebrand set the initial record of 15.4 seconds in the first heat. Adolphe Cayron improved on that in the second heat, to 14.2 seconds. John Henry Lake dropped the record to 14.0 seconds in heat 6. Antonio Restelli finished the first round with a 13.6 second time in the ninth heat. Lake responded with 13.2 seconds in the first quarterfinal, only to see Restelli go 13.0 seconds in the fourth. Albert Taillandier dropped below that to 12.6 seconds in the next quarterfinal, a time that held through the rest of the 1900 Games.
Schedule
Results
Round 1
The first round was held on 11 September. It began at 9 a.m. The top three cyclists in each of the 9 heats advanced to the quarterfinals.
Heat 1
Stratta was a wheel behind Hildebrand, with Vasserot very close after that.
Heat 2
Coindre was a wheel behind Cayron; Daumain was not close.
Heat 3
Sanz was a half-length behind Gottron.
Heat 4
Heat 5
Davis was a length behind Maisonnave.
Heat 6
Heat 7
Dohis was a wheel behind Taillandier, with Germain a close third.
Heat 8
Heat 9
Wick and Hubault fell and did not finish.
Quarterfinals
The quarterfinals were also held on the first day of competition, 11 September. They began at 2 p.m. Only the winning cyclist of each of the 9 quarterfinals advanced to the semifinals.
Quarterfinal 1
Stratta was three lengths behind Lake.
Quarterfinal 2
Bullier was two lengths behind Sanz.
Quarterfinal 3
Duill was a wheel behind Coindre.
Quarterfinal 4
Hildebrand was a wheel behind Restelli.
Quarterfinal 5
Vincent was two lengths behind Taillandier.
Quarterfinal 6
In a very close race, Brusoni was a quarter-wheel behind Mallet.
Quarterfinal 7
Ponscarme was three lengths behind Maisonnave.
Quarterfinal 8
Dohis was a half length behind Vasserot.
Quarterfinal 9
Semifinals
The semifinals were conducted on 13 September. The top cyclist in each of the three semifinals advanced to the final, guaranteeing himself a medal.
Semifinal 1
Lake had defeated Vasserot previously in 1900, at the world championships where the two had placed second and third to Léon Didier-Nauts. Lake won again in this match, with Vasserot a short length behind.
Semifinal 2
Restelli was a half wheel behind Sanz.
Semifinal 3
Final
The final was held on the same day as the semifinals, 13 September.
Results summary
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Cycling at the 1900 Summer Olympics – Men's sprint
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The Decree of War to the Death, in Spanish Decreto de Guerra a Muerte, was a decree issued by the South American leader Simón Bolívar which permitted murder and any atrocities whatsoever to be committed against civilians born in Spain, other than those actively assisting South American independence, and furthermore exonerated people from the Americas who had already committed such murders and atrocities. The phrase "war to the death" was used as a euphemism for these atrocities.
The decree was an explicit "war of extermination" in Bolívar's attempt to maintain Venezuelan independence in the war with Spain, since he felt that the Spanish Army's use of atrocities against those who supported the First Republic of Venezuela had contributed decisively to its defeat.
Bolívar promulgated the decree on June 15, 1813, in the Venezuelan city of Trujillo.
Background
The decree states that it was created as a response to severe crimes and massacres by Spanish soldiers after the fall of the First Republic, in which Spanish leaders allegedly stole property and executed thousands of Republicans: "we could not indifferently watch the afflictions inflicted to you by the barbaric Spaniards, who have annihilated you with robbery and destroyed you with death, infringed the most solemn treaties and capitulations [a reference to the San Mateo Capitulation, 1812]; in one word, committed every crime, reducing the Republic of Venezuela to the most horrific desolation." It proclaimed that all Peninsular people in Spanish America who didn't actively participate in favor of its independence would be killed, and all South Americans would be spared, even if they had cooperated with the Spanish authorities. (See below for full declaration). The document's ultimate goal was to assure the Venezuelan elites that they would not be unfavorably treated for having collaborated with Domingo de Monteverde and the royalist authorities. The Decree was the first step in transforming the common and legal view of the Venezuelan war of liberation from a mere rebellion (or at best a civil war) taking place in one of Spain's colonies, to a full-fledged international war between two distinct countries, Venezuela and Spain.
Practice of the "Guerra a Muerte"
This so-called Guerra a Muerte was widely practised on both sides, resulting in some extreme brutalities on both sides, such as the execution of Spanish prisoners in Caracas and La Guaira in February 1814, on orders from Bolívar himself, just before the collapse of the Second Republic of Venezuela, and the killing of several renowned citizens in New Granada by the royalist army under Pablo Morillo in 1815, 1816 and 1817.
The declaration remained in effect until November 26, 1820, when General Pablo Morillo met with Bolívar at Santa Ana de Trujillo to declare the war of independence a conventional war.
Text of the Decree
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Decree of War to the Death
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Agudo is a municipality in Rio Grande do Sul, the southernmost state of Brazil.
Location
Agudo is 83 meters above sea level. The total area is 553,1 km2 and the population was estimated at 16,401 in 2020.
The municipality contains part of the Quarta Colônia State Park, created in 2005.
The municipality contains part of the hydroelectric Dona Francisca Dam on the upper Jacuí River.
History
Archeological evidence indicates that this area was settled by humankind as far back as 8,000 years ago. The first Europeans to come into the area were Jesuit priests who in the 16th century began establishing the so-called Reductions or Missions as they also were named in the wider region (i.e. Brazil, Argentina and Paraguay). At a later date with the expulsion of the Jesuit order by both the Spanish and Portuguese crowns from South America left the area inactive as far as European activities were concerned.
The local indigenous population suffered attacks by Paulistas from the north who, amongst other things, made it their business to capture Indians to be put up for sale in the slave markets of São Paulo, etc. In 1857, a new wave of immigration started to affect the region, this time attracting Germanic settlers and subsequently peoples of other European origins. The German language is still spoken by some residents of the Municipality of Agudo and in areas around it. In 2001, a fossil of a dinosaur was found in Agudos and after the analysis of its skeleton, it was reported to be a new species of ornithischian dinosaur, named sacisaur (Sacisaurus agudoensis) after the evidence that the skeleton missed the bones of one of its leg.
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Agudo, Rio Grande do Sul
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Lowest of the Low may refer to:
The Lowest of the Low, a Canadian alternative rock group
Lowest of the Low (book), a book by Günter Wallraff about Turks living in Germany
Lowest of the Low (EP), an EP by American band Terror
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Lowest of the Low
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Archbishop Temple Church of England High School is a voluntary aided Church of England secondary school, situated in the city of Preston in Lancashire, England. The Headteacher is Ivan Catlow. It has 782 pupils and 48 teachers.
History
Archbishop Temple Church of England High School welcomed its first pupils in September 1963, as a secondary modern school serving the needs of inner city Preston. It was originally named "William Temple School", after Archbishop William Temple, Archbishop of Canterbury 1940-1944.
Previous Headteachers
Mr Hattersley,
Mr Dobson,
Dr Shepherd,
Dr Dennison,
Mrs James,
Mr Noble,
Mr Hugill,
Mrs Jackson.
School Motto
The school motto was conceived in 2008, when the Vicar of Preston, simply asked, in an assembly 'what is your motto'? He received an embarrassed silence, The Headteacher responded by consulting the student leadership and the Church of England. The motto Faith, Nurture and Service evolved out of a long debate, reflecting the schools foundation of faith, the devotion of the school to the nuturing and well-being of all its pupils and a reflection of its students service within the community.
School Song
"Here I am, Lord" was the school song sung at Prize evenings at the Minster Church of Preston, and other ceremonial occasions
Specialist Links
During the Grant Maintained years, and up until 2011 the school enjoyed specialist college status, and had especially strong links with BAe systems and the Garfield Weston foundation. Students were incredibly successful in national technology competitions. In 2009 the school successfully bid to become a dual status school, with the added specialism of Humanities. In its Heyday the school was the highest achieving school in the North of England, as well as a school that through its Headteacher National Leader and support status worked with many schools facing difficulties helping them to turn around. In 2009 the school was accepted into the Woodard foundation – a prestigious group of both state and public schools.
Academic performance and inspections
In 2013 97% of pupils left the school with A*-C grades in Maths at GCSE. In 2019 83% of pupils left the school with five or more good GCSE qualifications including English and Maths. Archbishop Temple Church of England High School is the highest performing (non selective) school in Lancashire.
Ofsted rated the school as Outstanding in 2009; however since then the school through its lack of effective leadership and governance has moved from being the most highly rated school in Preston to a school Requiring Improvement. The most recent inspection in September 2022 indicates that the school now Requires Improvement and will need to be re-visited in the next 30 months to ensure the school improves.
Ofsted visited the Maths department in 2010 and rated it as Outstanding.
In 2015 the school became a Teaching School, working within the Preston Teaching School Alliance. In 2009 the school became a National Support School, and again in 2017 the school was redesignated as a National Support School, and the Headteacher became a National Leader of Education.
See also
Listed buildings in Preston, Lancashire
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Archbishop Temple School
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Stepfather II (also known as Stepfather II: Make Room for Daddy) is a 1989 American psychological slasher film directed by Jeff Burr and written by John Auerbach. It is a sequel to The Stepfather (1987) and stars Terry O'Quinn as the title character. The cast includes Meg Foster, Caroline Williams, and Jonathan Brandis.
Stepfather II received a limited theatrical release on November 3, 1989, and grossed $1.5 million at the box office. It received negative reviews from film critics.
A sequel, Stepfather III, was released in 1992.
Plot
After surviving being shot and stabbed at the end of the previous film, Jerry Blake is institutionalized in Puget Sound, Washington. Blake has meetings with his psychiatrist. Having gained his trust he kills the psychiatrist and a guard. He dons the guard's uniform to help him escape. Arriving at a train depot, Blake kills and robs a traveling salesman for his car and money. Blake checks into a hotel, alters his appearance, assumes the identity of deceased publisher Gene F. Clifford, and travels to Palm Meadows, Los Angeles.
In Palm Meadows, Gene poses as a psychiatrist and soon meets Carol Grayland and leases a house across the street from her and her 13-year-old son Todd. During a session with the neighborhood wives, Gene learns that Carol's husband Philip left his family the previous year. Gene begins courting Carol, eventually winning over her and Todd, but Phil returns, wanting to reconcile with his wife. Needing Phil out of the way, Gene persuades Carol to send him over for a meeting, during which Gene smashes a bottle on his head then stabs him to death. He covers up Phil's disappearance afterward by making it look like he simply ran off again. With Phil gone, Gene and Carol arrange to get married.
Matty Crimmins, local mail carrier and Carol's best friend, becomes suspicious of Gene and begins looking through Gene's mail. She finds a letter addressed to the real Gene Clifford (which includes a photograph revealing him to be African American). She confronts Gene, demanding to know who he really is. Gene persuades her to let him tell Carol the truth about his past. Later that night, after making love to Carol, Gene sneaks into Matty's house and strangles her to death, making her death look like a suicide. On his way out, Gene takes Matty's last bottle of wine and crosses through the yard of Matty's blind neighbor Sam Watkins, who hears Gene whistling "Camptown Races," which he mentions to Carol the next day.
Despite Matty's death, the wedding proceeds as planned. While dressing in the church, Carol recognizes bottles of wine sent by Matty's parents as the same brand Gene had the other night, and overhears Todd whistling "Camptown Races", which he says Gene taught him. Thinking Gene may have had something to do with Matty's death, Carol confronts him, prompting Gene to attack Carol and Todd, whom he locks in a storage closet. As Gene prepares to kill Carol with a knife she used to stab him, Todd breaks out of the closet and saves his mother, knocking the knife out of Gene's hand and stabbing him in the chest with a claw hammer, apparently killing him. As Carol and Todd walk into the wedding ceremony, everyone is shocked to see them covered in blood until Carol collapses on the floor. The film ends with Gene getting up, stumbling through the room for the wedding party and collapsing on the floor by the destroyed wedding cake, weakly uttering "Till death...", then seemingly dying from his wounds.
In the extended version, after Carol and Todd are sent to recoveries, the scene shows that they are finally living happier and confident without Gene as they enjoy playing together in the park.
Cast
Terry O'Quinn as Jerry Blake / Gene F. Clifford / The Stepfather
Meg Foster as Carol Grayland
Caroline Williams as Matty Crimmins
Jonathan Brandis as Todd Grayland
Henry Brown as Dr. Joseph Danvers
Mitchell Laurance as Phil Grayland
Miriam Byrd-Nethery as Sally Jenkins
Leon Martell as Ralph "Smitty" Smith
Renata Scott as Betty Willis
John O'Leary as Sam Watkins
Glen Adams as Salesman
Eric Brown as Hotel Attendant
Bob Gray as Choir Singer
Rosemary Welden as Video Date
Production
Development
After a test screening of the film, studio executives Harvey and Bob Weinstein complained about the lack of blood and demanded re-shoots. Jeff Burr refused and director Doug Campbell was hired to do the reshoots. In an interview, Burr commented, "they cut a little bit of [the film] out and they added some badly done blood effects. Badly done, because Terry O’Quinn refused to do it. Really, they were meaningless, so that was irritating."
Release
Home media
After the film's theatrical release, it was released on VHS by HBO Video in the United States, and in Canada around the same time by Cineplex Odeon. In 2003, the film was released on DVD by Miramax Films and the same year in Canada by Alliance Atlantis; it included audio commentary with director Jeff Burr and producer Darin Scott. In 2009, to coincide with the release of the Screen Gems remake of the original Stepfather, Synapse Films re-released Stepfather II on DVD with special features including the ones available on the Miramax and Alliance Atlantis releases, as well as new features such as a making-of documentary.
Reception
Box office
Stepfather II was originally intended to be released direct to video; however, the producers were impressed enough with the sequel that it was released into theaters. The film was given a limited release theatrically in the United States by Millimeter Films on November 3, 1989. It grossed $1,519,796 domestically at the box office.
Critical response
The film received mostly negative reviews, with a 14% approval rating from Rotten Tomatoes and an average rating of 4.40/10 based on 7 reviews. Variety stated "this dull sequel reduces the intriguing premise of the original Stepfather to the level of an inconsequential, tongue-in-cheek slasher film". Richard Harrington of The Washington Post wrote that the film was cliche-ridden and lacked the reality-rooted horror that made the original film effective, finishing his review by stating "Stepfather 2 is just slick marketing trying to capitalize on unsettling art - and failing badly, at that".
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Stepfather II
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The Order of Distinction is a national order in the Jamaican honours system. It is the sixth in order of precedence of the Orders of Societies of Honour, which were instituted by an Act of Parliament (The National Honours and Awards Act) in 1968. The motto of the Order is "Distinction Through Service".
The Order of Distinction is conferred upon citizens of Jamaica who have rendered outstanding and important services to Jamaica, or to distinguished citizens of a country other than Jamaica. The former are made Members of the Order, and the latter are made Honorary Members.
The Order has two ranks: the higher class of Commander, and the lower class of Officer. Commanders take place and precedence immediately after Members and Honorary Members of the Order of Jamaica. A Member or Honorary Member may be promoted from the rank of Officer to that of Commander.
Commanders of the Order of Distinction are entitled to use the post-nominal letters CD in the case of Members, or CD (Hon.) in the case of Honorary Members. Officers of the Order of Distinction are entitled to use the post-nominal letters OD in the case of Members, or OD (Hon.) in the case of Honorary Members.
Officers
Art
Carl Abrahams
Gloria Escoffery
Christopher González
Theatre
Patrick Brown
Education
Heather Little-White
Journalism
Charles Kinkead
Law
Lloyd Stanbury
Music
Ernest Ranglin
Prince Buster
Alton Ellis
Ken Boothe
Jah Jerry Haynes
Carl Brady
Lloyd Brevett
Lennie Hibbert
Olive Lewin
Burning Spear
Roland Alphonso
Lee "Scratch" Perry
Phil Chen
Gregory Isaacs
Derrick Morgan
Rexton Gordon "Shabba Ranks"
Steven Woodham
Sean Paul
Rita Marley
Chris Chin
Yellowman
Wayne Mitchell
Mighty Diamonds
Lord Creator
Politics
St. William Grant
Gladstone Mills
Arthur Henry Winnington Williams
Social work
Hazel Monteith
Noel Earl Alexander
Sport
Jimmy Adams
Gerry Alexander
Simone Edwards
Shelly-Ann Fraser-Pryce
Chris Gayle
George Headley
Merlene Ottey
Stafanie Taylor
Theodore Whitmore
Arthur Wint
Elaine Thompson-Herah
Shericka Jackson
Commanders
Art
Gene Pearson
Trevor Rhone
Journalism
Ian Boyne
Broadcasting
Newton James
Communication, media, education and culture
Fae Ellington
Daphne Elaine Innerarity
Cynthia Reyes
Madge Sinclair
Tourism and the Hotel Industry
Adam Stewart
Economics
George Beckford
Law
Shirley Miller
Paula Llewellyn
Medical
Gwendolyn Spencer
Music
Coxsone Dodd
Millie Small
Bob Andy
Sonny Bradshaw
Dennis Brown
Tommy Cowan
Marcia Griffiths
John Holt
Byron Lee
Duke Reid
Shaggy
Lloyd Hall
Delroy Wilson
Monty Alexander
Barry Moncrieffe
Phyllis Dillon
Politics
Patrick Allen
Neville Eden Gallimore
Douglas Saunders
Ransford Smith
Clifford Everald Warmington
Audley Shaw
Fenton Ferguson
Sport
Alia Atkinson
Usain Bolt
Veronica Campbell-Brown
Shelly-Ann Fraser-Pryce
Deon Hemmings-McCatty
Shericka Jackson
Asafa Powell
Donald Quarrie
Molly Rhone
Khadija Shaw
Elaine Thompson-Herah
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Order of Distinction
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Enemies of Promise is a critical and autobiographical work written by English writer Cyril Connolly first published in 1938.
It comprises three parts, the first dedicated to Connolly's observations about English literature and the English literary world of his time, the second a list of adverse elements that affect the ability to be a good writer and the last an account of Connolly's early life. The overarching theme of the book is the search for understanding why Connolly, though he was widely recognised as a leading man of letters and a highly distinguished critic, failed to produce a major work of literature.
Part 1 "Predicament"
This part consists of an erudite discussion of literary styles, with Connolly posing the question of what the following ten years would bring in the world of literature and what sort of writing would last. He summarises the two main styles as follows:
"We have seen that there are two styles which it is convenient to describe as the realist, or vernacular, the style of rebels, journalists, common-sense addicts, and unromantic observers of human destiny – and the Mandarin, the artificial style of men of letters or of those in authority who make letters their spare time occupation."
His examples of exponents of the Mandarin style include Lytton Strachey, Virginia Woolf, Marcel Proust, Aldous Huxley and James Joyce, the dominant literary character of the 1920s. Examples of vernacular or realist exponents include Ernest Hemingway, Somerset Maugham, Christopher Isherwood and George Orwell, the dominant force in the 1930s.
Part 2 "The Charlock's Shade"
Connolly quotes a few lines of The Village by George Crabbe, poet and naturalist, which describe the weeds which choke the rye. He uses this as an analogy for the factors that can stifle a writer's creativity. The blue bugloss represents journalism, particularly when pursued out of economic necessity. Thistles represent politics, particularly relevant in the left-wing literary atmosphere of the 1930s. Poppies are used to cover all forms of escapism, and it is in this chapter that Connolly dwells on the tyranny of "promise" as the burden of expectation. Charlock is a representation of sex, with the most problematic aspects being, on the one hand, homosexuality and, on the other, the tares of domesticity. Finally, the Slimy Mallows represent success, the most insidious enemy of literature.
Connolly then explores what positive advice can be given on how to produce a work of literature that lasts ten years. Working through all the forms, he identifies those for which there is a future.
Part 3 "A Georgian Boyhood"
The last part is an autobiographical outline of his life until he left Eton at 18. Most of the material relates to his life at Eton, with two preceding chapters. He comments
"Somewhere in the facts I have recorded lurk the causes of that sloth by which I have been disabled, somewhere lies the sin whose guilt is at my door, increased by compound interest faster than promise, and through them run those romantic ideas and fallacies, those errors of judgement against which the validity of my criticism must be measured."
In "The Branching Ogham", Connolly describes his early life as a single child living variously with his army father in South Africa, his aunt at Clontarf Castle in Ireland and with his grandmother in England. His grandmother spoilt him and at his early school he notes he was popular "for I had embarked on the career which was to occupy me for the next ten years of trying to be funny". As a child in Ireland he had a sympathy for the romantic vision of Irish nationalism but was unable to live the part.
"White Samite" is his recollection of his schooldays at St Wulfric's, where the ethos of "character" (integrity and a sense of duty) went hand in hand with romanticism in literature. He absorbed the "purple patch" approach to literature but rejected "character" inspired in different ways by Cecil Beaton and George Orwell. He wrote "year by year, the air, the discipline, the teaching, the association with other boys and the driving will of Flip took effect on me": he became a popular wit and achieved a scholarship to Eton.
Connolly's first two years at Eton he recalls as the "Dark Ages", where he was subjected to arbitrary beatings and bullying, which affected his nerves, and he got a bad report. He eventually established a friendship with one of his tormentors Godfrey Meynell, a boy of an identical background but who instead followed a military career and won a posthumous Victoria Cross on the North West Frontier. Another senior with whom he established rapport was Roger Mynors. "I was now fifteen, dirty, inky, miserable, untidy, a bad fag, a coward at games, lazy at work, unpopular with my masters and superiors, anxious to curry favour and yet to bully whom I dared."
"Renaissance" marks a settled period for Connolly at the end of his second year establishing his popularity and friendship with others with a shared interest in literature, Dadie Rylands among others. It includes the start of a semi-romantic brother substitute friendship with "Nigel". The chapter digresses into extensive details of school personalities, politics and intrigues, an insight into the world of Eton. "The art of getting on at school depends on a mixture of enthusiasm with moral cowardice and social sense". The chapter concludes with Connolly's "first trip abroad" to Paris and a mortifying experience when he was lured into a brothel.
The "Background of the Lilies" refers to the pre-Raphaelite culture in vogue at Eton and discusses the contributions to Connolly's development of five key teachers, including Hugh Macnaughten, "an ogre for the purple patch", who personified the romantic pre-Raphaelite tradition and the ruling philosophy of Platonism, and headmaster Cyril Alington, a worldly teacher with the cult of light verse such as Winthrop Mackworth Praed and Eton's own J. K. Stephen. Connolly's criticism is expressed: "For the culture of the lilies, rooted in the past, divorced from reality, and dependent on a dead foreign tongue, was by nature sterile.... The arts at Eton were under a blight". Headlam, the history teacher "whose sober intellectual background... offered a gleam of mental health" impressed him and encouraged his concentration on history. The chapter ends, "By the time I left Eton I knew by heart something of the literature of five civilizations", and Connolly gives review of each.
"Glittering Prizes" describes how Connolly wins the Rosebery History Prize, which enhances his reputation and brings him closer to Oppidans and aristocratic members of the prestigious club Pop, like Alec Dunglass, a future Prime Minister, and Antony Knebworth, a viscount. He spends a Christmas holiday with mother at Mürren. Indulging in intense study, reading late by candlelight, he goes for a history scholarship to Balliol. He wins the scholarship and by careful politics manages to have himself elected to Pop "because he was amusing". The chapter concludes with a holiday in France with a friend, after a brief visit to St Wulfrics. After an embarrassing incident at the Folies Bergère, the couple head to the south of France and the Spanish border, to return so penniless that Connolly spends a night in the kip at St Martin-in-the-Fields.
"Vale" describes Connolly's comfortable last term with the scholarship in the bag and all the privileges of Pop, but demonstrates a feeling of ennui: "all my own attempts to write were doomed to failure. I didn't see how one could write well in English and my Greek and Latin were still not good enough.... College politics were now less exciting, for we were not in opposition but in office.... I hated history by now, it stank of success, and buried myself in the classics". He made a friendship with Brian Howard, but moral cowardice and academic outlook debarred him from making friends with Harold Acton, Oliver Messel, Robert Byron, Henry Green and Anthony Powell. He rounds up with conclusions on his education noting that as he was unable to write in any living language when he left Eton, he was already on the way to becoming a critic. His ambition was to be a poet, but he could not succeed. He complains that he was left with a fear of hubris: the revenge of a Jealous God which would counter the satisfaction of achievement, and a distrust of competition. "Never compete.... only in that way could the sin of Worldliness be combated, the Splendid Failure be prepared which was the ultimate 'gesture.... I could not imagine a moment when I should not be receiving marks for something.... Early laurels weigh like lead and of many of the boys whom I knew at Eton, I can say that their lives are over.... Once again romanticism with its death wish is to blame, for it lays an emphasis on childhood, on a fall from grace which is not compensated for by any doctrine of future redemption".
Quotes
"There is no more sombre enemy of good art than the pram in the hall."
"All charming people have something to conceal, usually their total dependence on the appreciation of others."
"Literature is the art of writing something that will be read twice; journalism what will be read at once."
"Whom the gods wish to destroy they first call promising."
"Were I to deduce any system from my feelings on leaving Eton, it might be called The Theory of Permanent Adolescence. It is the theory that the experiences undergone by boys at the great public schools, their glories and disappointments, are so intense as to dominate their lives and to arrest their development. From these it results that the greater part of the ruling class remains adolescent, school-minded, self-conscious, cowardly, sentimental, and in the last analysis homosexual." (In Inside the Whale, Orwell turned this quotation against contemporary writers, while omitting to mention that the two of them had been schoolmates: Orwell describes Enemies of Promise as "an account ...of life at a preparatory school and Eton in the years 1910-20", and said that Connolly was "merely speaking the truth, in an inverted fashion ... No wonder that the huge tribe known as ‘the right left people’ found it so easy to condone the purge-and-Ogpu side of the Russian régime and the horrors of the first Five-Year Plan. They were so gloriously incapable of understanding what it all meant.")
"I was a stage rebel, Orwell a true one."
"A votary of the esoteric Eton religion, the kind of graceful, tolerant, sleepy boy who is showered with favours and crowned with all the laurels, who is liked by the masters and admired by the boys without any apparent exertion on his part, without experiencing the ill-effects of success himself or arousing the pangs of envy in others. In the 18th century he would have become Prime Minister before he was 30 as it was, he appeared honourably ineligible for the struggle of life." – on Alec Douglas-Home, then Lord Dunglass
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Enemies of Promise
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Bulugh al-Maram min Adillat al-Ahkam, () translation: Attainment of the Objective According to Evidences of the Ordinances by al-Hafidh ibn Hajar al-Asqalani (1372 – 1448) is a collection of hadith pertaining specifically to Shafi'i jurisprudence. This genre is referred to in Arabic as Ahadith al-Ahkam.
About
Bulugh al-Maram contains a total of 1358 hadiths. At the end of each hadith narrated in Bulugh al-Maram, al-Hafidh ibn Hajar mentions who collected that hadith originally. Bulugh al-Maram includes hadith drawn from numerous primary sources of hadith in it including, Sahih al-Bukhari, Sahih Muslim, Sunan Abu Dawud, Jami at-Tirmidhi, Sunan al-Nasa'i, Sunan ibn Majah, and Musnad Ahmad ibn Hanbal and more.
It holds a unique distinction as all the hadith compiled in the book have been the foundation for Shafi'i Islamic Jurisprudence rulings. In addition to mentioning the origins of each of the hadith in Bulugh al-Maram, ibn Hajar also included a comparison between the versions of a hadith that came from different sources. Because of its unique qualities, it still remains a widely used collection of hadith regardless of school of thought.
Contents
The book is divided into 15 chapters:
The Book of Purification
The Book of Prayer
The Book of Funerals
The Book of Zakat
The Book of Siyam
The Book of Business Transactions
The Book of Marriage
The Book of Jinayat
The Book of Hudud
The Book of Jihad
The Book of Foods
The Book of Oaths and Vows
The Book of Judgement
The Book of Emancipation
The Comprehensive Book
Explanations
Al-Badr al-Tamam by al-Husain ibn Muhammad al-Maghribi
Subul al-Salam by Muhammad ibn Ismail al-Amir al-Sana'ni, who abridged al-Badr al-Tamam
Translation
Bulugh Al-Maram: Attainment of the Objective According to Evidence of the Ordinances, Dar-us-Salam; 1st edition (1996), ASIN: B000FJJURU
Kinyarwanda translation: Kugera ku ntego : hashingiwe kuri gihamya z'amategeko y'idini ya Islam : Bulugh al maram : min adilatil ah'kam, Kigali: Maktabat al-qalam; (2019)
Other books of Ahadith al-ahkam
Tahdhib al-Athar by Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari
Sunan al-Wusta by Ahmad Bayhaqi
Sunan al-Kubra by Ahmad Bayhaqi
‘Umdah al-ahkam by Abd al-Ghani al-Maqdisi
Al-Muntaqa by Majd ibn Taymiyah explained by Muhammad ash-Shawkani in Nayl al-Awtar Sharh Muntaqa al-Akhbar
Publications
Bulugh Al-Maram: Attainment of the Objective According to Evidence of the Ordinances
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Bulugh al-Maram
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The Joke's on You is the second album by Excel, released in 1989. The song "The Joke's on You" was already released on the previous album, Split Image. This album saw something of a departure from the hardcore punk influences of its predecessor, boasting a more traditional thrash metal sound, akin to that of Anthrax and Bay Area bands like Exodus, Testament, Forbidden or Vio-lence. The album also features doom metal influences, as well as some of the earliest examples of groove metal.
Although The Joke's on You never reached any major charts, it is often considered Excel's best release, and it features their live staples "Fired (You're)", "Tapping into the Emotional Void", "Seeing Insane" and "My Thoughts". "Tapping into the Emotional Void" gained considerable attention years after its release, due to accusations that Metallica had plagiarized the opening riff to that song on their 1991 song "Enter Sandman", which had also resulted in Excel taking legal action.
The Joke's on You is also the last Excel album recorded with the "classic" line-up members Adam Siegel (guitar) and Greg Saenz (drums). Following their departure, Excel's music would take a different direction on their next album, 1995's Seeking Refuge.
Availability
Two different covers of The Joke's on You exist: the original version featured a white cover and the 2001 re-release featured a black cover. Like many Excel albums, the recording is out of print, but this album, along with the band's others, can readily be found for sale on Chinese, Ukrainian, and Russian mp3 websites.
Album Track listing(s)
All songs by Excel, except "Message in a Bottle", originally by The Police.
Original release
Side one
"Drive" (2:27)
"Shadow Winds" (4:17)
"Fired (You're)" (3:16)
"Tapping into the Emotional Void" (4:20)
"Affection Blends with Resentment" (3:56)
"Seeing Insane" (3:18)
Side two
"My Thoughts" (3:19)
"I Never Denied" (5:19)
"Message in a Bottle" (2:51)
"Given Question" (3:53)
"The Stranger" (2:53)
CD version
"Drive" (2:27)
"Shadow Winds" (4:17)
"Fired (You're)" (3:16)
"Tapping into the Emotional Void" (4:20)
"Affection Blends with Resentment" (3:56)
"Seeing Insane" (3:18)
"My Thoughts" (3:19)
"I Never Denied" (5:19)
"Message in a Bottle" (2:51)
"Given Question" (3:53)
"The Stranger" (2:53)
"Blaze Some Hate" (3:24)
Track notes: The last track, "Blaze Some Hate", appears only on the original CD version as a bonus track.
2001 re-issue
"Drive" (2:27)
"Shadow Winds" (4:17)
"Fired (You're)" (3:16)
"Tapping into the Emotional Void" (4:20)
"Affection Blends with Resentment" (3:56)
"Seeing Insane" (3:18)
"My Thoughts" (3:19)
"I Never Denied" (5:19)
"Message in a Bottle" (2:51)
"Given Question" (3:53)
"The Stranger" (2:53)
"Blaze Some Hate" (3:24)
"Cultured" (4:42)
"More Than You'd Ever Know" (3:49)
"Soul Sick" (3:46)
"Withdrawal" (3:58)
"Priorities Astray" (3:42)
Track notes: The last five unreleased tracks are demo tracks of later material. They were originally recorded in 1991 while Excel was planning their follow-up to this album.
Personnel
Dan Clements – lead vocals
Adam Siegel – guitars, backing vocals
Shaun Ross – bass guitar, backing vocals
Greg Saenz – drums, backing vocals
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The Joke's on You
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The General Federation of Women's Clubs (GFWC), founded in 1890 during the Progressive Movement, is a federation of over 3,000 women's clubs in the United States which promote civic improvements through volunteer service. Many of its activities and service projects are done independently by local clubs through their communities or GFWC's national partnerships. GFWC maintains nearly 70,000 members throughout the United States and internationally. GFWC remains one of the world's largest and oldest nonpartisan, nondenominational, women's volunteer service organizations. The GFWC headquarters is located in Washington, D.C.
History
The GFWC was founded by Jane Cunningham Croly, a leading New York journalist. In 1868 she helped found the Sorosis club for professional women. It was the model for the nationwide GFWC in 1890.
In 1889, Croly organized a conference in New York that brought together delegates from 61 women's clubs. The women formed a permanent organization in 1890 with Charlotte Emerson Brown as its first president. In 1901 it was granted a charter by Congress. Dietz proclaimed, "We look for unity, but unity in diversity" and that became the GFWC motto. Southern white women played a central role in the early years.
Local women's clubs initially joined the General Federation directly but later came into membership through state federations that began forming in 1892. The GFWC also counts international clubs among its members.
In 1900, the GFWC met in Milwaukee, and Josephine Ruffin, a black journalist, tried to attend as a representative of three Boston organizations – the New Era Club, the New England Woman's Club and the New England Woman's Press Club. Southern women led by president Rebecca Douglas Lowe, a Georgia native, told Ruffin that she could be seated as an honorary representative of the two white clubs but would not seat a black club. She refused on principle and was excluded from the proceedings. These events became known as "The Ruffin Incident" and were widely covered in newspapers around the country, most of whom supported Ruffin.
In a time when women's rights were limited, the state federation chapters held grassroots efforts to make sure the woman's voice was heard. Through monthly group meetings to annual charter meetings, women of influential status within their communities could have their feelings heard. They were able to meet with state officials in order to have a say in community events. Until the right to vote was granted, these women's clubs were the best outlet for women to be heard and taken seriously.
Women's clubs spread very rapidly after 1890, taking up some of the slack left by the decline of the WCTU and the temperance movement. Local clubs at first were mostly reading groups focused on literature, but increasingly became civic improvement organizations of middle-class women meeting in each other's homes weekly. The clubs avoided controversial issues that would divide the membership, especially religion and the prohibition issue. In the south and east, suffrage was also highly divisive, while there was little resistance to it among clubwomen in the west. In the midwest, clubwomen first avoided the suffrage issue out of caution, but after 1900 increasingly came to support it.
Representative activities
Historian Paige Meltzer puts the GFWC in the context of the Progressive Movement, arguing that its policies:
Kansas was a representative state, as the women's clubs joined with local chapters of the WCTU and other organizations to deal with social issues. The clubs continued to feature discussions of current literature, culture, and civic events, but they also broadened to include public schools, local parks, sanitation, prostitution, and protection of children.
Paula Watson has shown that across the country the clubs supported the local Carnegie public library, as well as traveling libraries for rural areas. They promoted state legislation to fund and support libraries, especially to form library extension programs. GFWC affiliates worked with the American Library Association, state library associations, and state library commissions and gave critical support to library education programs at the universities.
Many clubs were especially concerned with uplifting the neglected status of American Indians. They brought John Collier into the forefront of the debate when they appointed him the research agent for the Indian Welfare Committee in 1922. The GFWC took a leadership role in opposing assimilation policies, supporting the return of Indian lands, and promoting more religious and economic independence. For example, southwestern clubs help support the Museum of Northern Arizona (MNA) and became advocates and consumers for authentic Native American arts and crafts. Even more important, in western states, GFWC affiliates cooperated with Collier when he served (1933–45) as the New Deal's Commissioner for Indian affairs in his campaign to reverse federal policies designed to assimilate Indians into the national culture.
In May 1925 Edith Brake West conducted a survey of county organizations which was recognized by the National Federation of Women's Clubs. For the first time in the history of federated clubs, the accomplishments and the organization of these bodies were set forth.
The membership peaked at 850,000 in 16,000 clubs in 1955, and has declined to about 70,000 in the 21st century as middle-class women moved into the public mainstream. During the Cold War era, the GFWC promoted the theme that American women had a unique ability to preserve world peace while strengthening the nation internally through local, national, and international community activism. The remaining 70,000 members are older now, and have less influence in national affairs. The affiliated clubs in every state and more than a dozen countries work locally "to support the arts, preserve natural resources, advance education, promote healthy lifestyles, encourage civic involvement, and work toward world peace and understanding".
In 2009, GFWC members raised over $39 million on behalf of more than 110,000 projects, and volunteered more than 4.1 million hours in the communities where they live and work.
Notable clubwomen
Annette Abbott Adams, chairman of Legislation, California Fed. of Women's Clubs
Jane Addams (1860–1935)
Effie Adelaide Payne Austin, State Trustee of the California Federation of Women's Clubs
Edith Vosburgh Alvord (1875–1962)
Helen Bagg, for several years served as chairman of Literature for Illinois Fed. of Women's Clubs
Mrs. L. Dow Balliett (1847-1929), helped select the organization's "little blue pin"
Alice Barnett, Southern District chairman, California Fed. of Women's Clubs, for Motion Pictures; local chairman of Motion Pictures; president of San Bernardino Women's Club
Annie Little Barry, Served for many years as State Parliamentarian of the California Fed. of Women's Clubs
Mary Lathrop Benton, Fed. of Women's Clubs
Mariana Bertola, General Federation Director and President of the California Federation of Women's Clubs
Edythe Mitchell Bissell, President, San Luis Obispo County Fed. of Women's Clubs
Fannie Jean Black, chairman of the Press Department of the California Federation of Women's clubs
C. Louise Boehringer, Arizona Federation
Harriet Bossnot, first vicepresident of the Montana Federation of Women's Clubs
Leah Belle Kepner Boyce, Press Chairman of California Federation of Women's Clubs, Member Western Federation of Women's Clubs
Esto Bates Broughton, State chairman of California Fed. of Women's Clubs
Clementine Cordelia Berry Buchwalter (1843–1912)
Dorothea Dutcher Buck (1887–1986), president of the GFWC 1947-1950
Clara Bradley Burdette, First president of California Federation of Women's Clubs
Nellie T. Bush, member of State Legislative Commission, Federation of Women's Clubs
Mary Ryerson Butin, district chairman of Public Welfare, for California Federation of Women's Clubs
Grace Richardson Butterfield, President, City and County Fed. of Women's Clubs of San Francisco, State and District chairman of Junior membership, California Fed. of Women's Clubs
Vera McKenna Clayton, Santa Cruz Woman's Club
R. Belle Colver, Woman's Club of Spokane
Ione Virginia Hill Cowles (1858-1940), eighth president, GFWC; president, California Fed. Women's Clubs
Inez Mabel Crawford, First president of Ottawa Federation of Women's Clubs
Jane Cunningham Croly (1829–1901)
Katherine Davis Cumberson, member of State Executive Board, California Fed. Women's Clubs, for 6 years chairman of its Committee of International Relations, founder and honorary president Lake County Fed. Women's Clubs
Ellen Curtis Demorest (1824–1898)
Nina F. Diefenbach, Ventura County Fed. of Women's Clubs
Sophia Julia Coleman Douglas, founder and first president of the Federation of Women's Clubs for Oklahoma and Indian Territories (1898)
Saidie Orr Dunbar, Oregon State and National Organization of Women's Clubs, elected President of the (National) General Federation of Women's Clubs (GFWC) in 1938
Mary Elizabeth Downey (1872–1949)
Freda Ehmann, Active in Women's Clubs affairs
Augusta Louise Eraser, president, San Diego County Federation of Women's Clubs
Oda Faulconer, State Chairman of American Citizenship of the California Federation of Women's Clubs
Harrye R. P. Smith Forbes, For twelve years was State or District Chairman of California History and Landmarks Dept. for California Fed. of Women's Clubs
Abigail Keasey Frankel, President of the State Federation of Women's Clubs. She was member of the Board of the Missouri Federation of Women's Clubs and President of the 8th District of the Missouri Federation. She was the President of the Portland Woman's Club and the chairman of the finance of the Woman's Building association
Lizzie Crozier French (1851–1926)
Laura E. Frenger, organized the State (New Mexico) Federation of Women's Clubs
Thora B. Gardiner, President of the Oregon City Women's Club
Anna Boley Garner, served 6 years on State Board of Fed. of Women's Clubs
Mary E. Gartin, President of Stanislaus County Fed. of Women's Clubs; for 3 years president of Modesto Woman's Club
Mabel Barnett Gates, in 1915 Gates represented Ebell Club at the 14th annual California Federation of Women's Club in San Francisco
Dale Pickett Gay, President of Wyoming Federation of Women's Clubs and she was active in all club work
Esther Rainbolt Goodrich, served in many offices in California Fed. of Women's Clubs
Annie Sawyer Green, President, California Fed. of Women's Clubs, Has held several high offices in Federation of Women's Clubs
Harriet A. Haas, On Speakers' Bureau of County Fed. of Women's Clubs and Community Chest
Sharlot Mabridth Hall, Women's Clubs of Arizona
Ceil Doyle Hamilton, president of City and County Fed. of Women's Clubs of San Francisco
Susie Prentice Hartzell, secretary of San Joaquin Valley District Federation of Women's Clubs
Fanny G. Hazlett, in 1932 was presented with a certificate by the General Federation of Women's Club for being the oldest American born mother in the state of Nevada
Maude B. Helmond, For six years was Child Welfare Chairman for Federated Women's Clubs of Alameda District during which time she was instrumental in establishing Well Baby Clinics in the schools
Una B. Herrick, Member
Ada Waite Hildreth, San Diego County and Southern District Chairman, Indian welfare, California Fed. of Women's Clubs, Second Vice-President, San Diego County Fed. of Women's Clubs
Etha Izora Dawley Holden, From 1925–27, auditor of California Federation of Women's Clubs
Dorothy D. Houghton (1890–1972)
Julia Ward Howe (1819–1910)
Grace Youmans Hudson, Chairman of Community Service, Los Angeles District, California Fed. of Women's Clubs, Member Women's Club of South Pasadena
Jane Denio Hutchison, president of Tri County Fed. of Women's Clubs, Auditor, Northern District Fed. of Women's Clubs
Vernettie O. Ivy, president, Central Arizona District Fed. of Women's Clubs
Christine A. Jacobsen, Council of International Relations, California Fed. of Women's Clubs
Lotta Hetler James, chairman Child Welfare, San Joaquin Valley and State Fed. Women's Clubs, chairman, Resolution Committee, State Fed. Women's Clubs
Kate Wetzel Jameson, member
May Mann Jennings (1872–1963)
Hope Pyburn Johnson, for two terms District chairman, Public Health, California Fed. Women's Clubs
Antoinette Kinney, founder and first president of the Utah Federation of Women's Clubs
Edith O. Kitt, Tucson Woman's Club (president), Southern Arizona District Federation Women's Clubs (president), Arizona State Federation Women's Clubs (president)
Nannie S. Brown Kramer, organizer, vice-president and chairman of the Oakland Women's City Club; this club had three thousand members and erected a new building which cost $600,000.00
Bertha Ethel Knight Landes (1868–1943)
Julia Lathrop (1858–1932)
Jeanette Lawrence, State Chairman of Literature of the California Federation of Women's Clubs
Nancy A. Leatherwood, president of Utah Federation of Women's Clubs and Director for Utah of the General Federation of Women's Clubs
Mab Copland Lineman, State Chairman of Law for the Business and Insurance California Federation of Women's Clubs
Georgina G. Marriott, Utah Federation
Edith Bolte MacCracken, president of the District Federation of Women's Clubs
Laura Adrienne MacDonald, president of Tonopah Woman's Club
Olive Dickerson McHugh, President of the Federated Woman's Club of Mullen
Ruth Karr McKee, Washington State Federarion of Women's Clubs and Director of the General Federation
Jane Brunson Marks, served as Philanthropic Chairman of Woman's Club of Burbank and was the President of Woman's Club of Burbank from 1927 to 1928 and reelected from 1928 to 1929
Maybelle Stephens Mitchell (1872–1919), served in the Atlanta Woman's Club
Eva Perry Moore (1852–1931)
Evelyn Williams Moulton, president of the Wilshire Woman's Club and the Dean Club of Southern California
Jacqueline Noel, served as chairperson to the Division of Literature at the Washington State Federation of Women's Clubs
Virginia Keating Orton, vice-president of Washington State Federation of Women's Clubs
Fanny Purdy Palmer (1839–1923), one of the originators of the General Federation of Women's Clubs
Fannie Brown Patrick, president of the State Federation of Women's Clubs of Nevada
Mary Gray Peck, chair, Drama Sub-Committee of the Committee on Literature and Library Extension in the General Federation.
Phebe Nebeker Peterson, vice-president of the State Federation of Women's Clubs
Grace Gimmini Potts, chairman of Literature and Drama for the California Federation of Women's Clubs
Lois Randolph, State Chairman of Americanization under the New Mexico Federation of Women's Clubs
Edith Dolan Riley, chair of the Motion Picture Committee of the Washington State Federation of Women's Clubs
Lallah Rookh White Rockwell, member of the State Federation of Women's Clubs
Eleanor Roosevelt (1884–1962)
Margaret Wheeler Ross, president Arizona Fed. Women's Clubs
Nellie Tayloe Ross (1876–1977)
Fannie Forbis Russel, one of the pioneer women of the state of Montana, was active in organizing and building the local Woman's Club
Julia Green Scott (1839–1923), president of the Daughters of the American Revolution
Mary Belle King Sherman (1862–1935)
Margaret Chase Smith (1897–1995)
Mary Jane Spurlin, president of the Portland Federation of Women's Clubs
Helen Norton Stevens, editor of the official bulletin of the Washington State Federation of Women's Clubs and chairman of Civic Department of the Seattle Woman's Club
Emily Jean Crimson Thatcher, president of the U. A. C. Woman's Club
Frances F. Threadgill, first president of the Oklahoma State Federation of Women's Clubs (1909), Treasurer GFWC (1910–1912)
Catherine E. Van Valkenburg, State Chairman of Music of the Idaho Federation of Women's Clubs
Edith Brake West, From 1911 to 1914, president of the Nevada Federation of Women's Clubs, and from 1918 to 1920 she was director from Nevada of the General Federation of Women's Clubs. She was vice-chairman of the Junior Memberships of the General Federation of Women's Clubs. She was the life secretary of the Presidents of 1912 of the General Federation of Women's Clubs. She compiled a collection of Nevada Poems for the Nevada Federation of Women's Clubs
Laura Lyon White (1839–1916)
Gertrude B. Wilder, president of the San Bernardino County Federation of Women's Clubs
Frances Willard (1839–1898)
Jane Frances Winn, one of the founders of the Century Club in Chillicothe, Ohio
Alice Ames Winter, national president of the GFWC
Belle Wood-Comstock, chairman of Public Health at the Los Angeles District of California Federation of Women's Clubs
Orpha Woods Foster, president of the Ventura County Federation of Women's Clubs
Ellen S. Woodward (1887–1971)
Valeria Brinton Young, member of the Executive Board of the State Federation of Women's Clubs
Zitkála-Šá (1876–1938), also known as Gertrude Simmons Bonnin. A Yankton Dakota writer, editor, translator, musician, educator, and political activist, she joined the GFWC in 1921, was active in its women's rights efforts, and created the Indian Welfare Committee in 1924. She co-founded the National Council of American Indians in 1926.
See also
Anchorage Woman's Club
Casa Grande Woman's Club
Federation of Women's Clubs for Oklahoma and Indian Territories
General Federation of Women's Clubs of South Carolina
Glendale Woman's Club
Mississippi Federation of Women's Clubs
National Association of Colored Women's Clubs
Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution
Ossoli Circle
Women's club movement
Woman's Club of Olympia
Women's Institute
Women-only space
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General Federation of Women's Clubs
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Cave Lake State Park is a public recreation area occupying more than in the Schell Creek Range, adjacent to Humboldt National Forest, in White Pine County, Nevada. The state park is located at an elevation of southeast of Ely and is accessed via U.S. Route 50 and Success Summit Road. It features a reservoir for fishing and flat-wake boating.
History
The Cave Creek Dam which created Cave Lake was constructed in 1932. The facility was purchased by the Nevada Department of Wildlife in 1971 for $10. Two years later it was transferred to Nevada State Parks. The park saw an increase in size of with the completion of a land transfer from the U.S. Forest Service in 2015.
Activities and amenities
The park is popular for brown and rainbow trout fishing, ice fishing, crawdadding, camping, and picnicking. Hiking is offered on four developed trails, three to five miles in length. For overnight stays, the park offers a yurt and two designated campgrounds, Elk Flat and Lake View, with modern facilities. Winter activities include ice fishing, ice skating, cross-country skiing, and snowmobiling.
Ely's annual Fire and Ice Festival is held in January at the park, sufficient ice and snow permitting. The event, which began in 2005, features an ice and snow sculpture contest, and concludes with a fireworks show. Bathtub races have also been held at the lake each year since 2010. Both events have been named by the American Bus Association among the top 100 events in North America.
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Cave Lake State Park
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A marron glacé (plural marrons glacés) is a confection, originating in France consisting of a chestnut candied in sugar syrup and glazed. Marrons glacés are an ingredient in many desserts and are also eaten on their own.
History
Candied chestnuts appeared in chestnut-growing areas in northern Italy and southern France shortly after the crusaders returned to Europe with sugar. Cooking with sugar allowed creation of new confectioneries. But marrons glacés as such (with the last touch of 'glazing'), may have been created only in the 16th century.
In 1667, François Pierre La Varenne, ten years' chef de cuisine to Nicolas Chalon du Blé, Marquis of Uxelles (near Lyon and a chestnut-producing area), and foremost figure of the nouvelle cuisine movement of the time, published his best-selling book Le parfaict confiturier. In it he describes "la façon de faire marron pour tirer au sec" ("the way to make (a) chestnut (so as) to 'pull it dry'"); this may well be the first record of the recipe for marrons glacés. "Tirer au sec" means, in a confectionery context, "to remove (what's being candied) from the syrup". La Varenne's book was edited thirty times over seventy-five years.
Nevertheless, that book was not mentioned (nor indeed any other) when the recipe, applied to cocoa beans, was in 1694 passed on to Jean-Baptiste Labat, a French missionary in Martinique. That year he wrote in a letter of a recipe for candied and iced cocoa beans which he had tasted when dining at a M. Pocquet's. Another early citation, still in French, is from 1690.
Towards the end of the 19th century, Lyon was suffering from the collapse of the textile market, notably silk. In the midst of this crisis, Clément Faugier, a bridge and roadworks engineer, was looking for a way to revitalize the regional economy. In 1882, in Privas, Ardèche, he and a local confectioner set up the first factory with the technology to produce marrons glacés industrially (though many of the nearly twenty steps necessary from harvest to finished product are still performed manually). Three years later, he introduced the crème de marrons de l'Ardèche, a sweetened chestnut purée made from marrons glacés broken during the production process, flavoured with vanilla. (later came Marrons au Cognac in 1924, Purée de Marrons Nature in 1934, Marrons au Naturel in 1951, and Marpom's in 1994.)
The same process was used in 1980 by José Posada in Ourense, Spain. He was the first businessman to build a factory to produce Spanish marrons glacés using Galician raw chestnuts, which previously were exported to France to produce the confectionery. Posada used the French and Italian formula to produce the marrons glacés. Today, there are two factories that produce marrons glacés in Spain.
Châtaigne or marron
The French refer to chestnuts as châtaigne or marron. Both terms refer to the fruit of the sweet chestnut Castanea sativa. However, marron tends to denote a higher quality, larger fruit that is more easily peeled. The fifth edition of the dictionary Dictionnaire de l'Académie française. Revu, corrigé et augmenté published in 1798 states that a marron glacé is a confit marron that is covered in caramel. The 1767 book L'agronome, ou dictionnaire portatif du cultivateur claimed that the best marrons came from the Dauphiné region in southeastern France, and contained instructions for preparing marron glacés.
Chestnuts are covered with a membrane, known as a pellicle or episperm, which closely adheres to the fruit's flesh and must be removed because of its astringency. Marron nuts have a pellicle which is "superficially attached to the nut", making it easily removable from the fruit. Some chestnuts have two cotyledons usually separated with deep grooves penetrating nearly all the way through the fruit; this makes them too fragile for the necessary manipulations during the cooking process. There also are other grooves on the surface, which means more embedded pellicle that must be painstakingly removed. "Marron"-quality nuts do not have the separation into two cotyledons; it appears in one piece and it shows few very shallow grooves.
In Italy, the term marrone denotes a specific high-quality cultivar of Castanea sativa bearing oblong fruits with a shiny, reddish epicarp and often exhibiting a small rectangular hilar scar. As with the French use of the term, there should be no division of the cotyledons.
Marron-quality nuts for marrons glacés may be three or four times more expensive than the châtaigne because they also have a lower yield as the husk usually contains only one or two nuts and the plants have sterile male flowers.
Uses
Marrons glacés may be eaten on their own.
Crème de marrons are a staple ingredient for other desserts, such as the Mont Blanc (puréed with cream), ice creams, cakes, sweet sauce or garnish for other desserts.
Cultural references
In the short story Reginald (1901) by Saki, the narrator leaves Reginald "near a seductive dish of marrons glacés" at a garden-party in the vain hope that these delicacies will distract him from wreaking social havoc.
In the Overture to Swann's Way, Marcel Proust refers to M. Swann bringing to Marcel's great-aunt on New Year's Day a little packet of marrons glacés.
In Patrick Skene Catling's children's book, The Chocolate Touch, marrons glacés are among the candies listed as the sweet-toothed young protagonist's favourite confectionery delights.
In the 1899 novel The Awakening by Kate Chopin, on a comfortable night as Edna Pontellier dines alone, she describes marrons glacé as "just what she wanted".
In the 1936 film Camille, Greta Garbo's character asks for "sweets", and Robert Taylor's character goes to some trouble to find fresh marrons glacés for her.
In the British television drama series Victoria, Queen Victoria played by Jenna Coleman repeatedly calls marrons glacés her "favourite".
In the 2021 Wes Anderson film The French Dispatch, Adrien Brody's character uses marrons glacés to bribe the prison guard for access to Benicio del Toro's character in prison.
In the 1971 novel Nemesis by Agatha Christie, Miss Marple describes marrons glacés as "an expensive taste which [she] cannot often gratify".
Local variants
Turkey
Candied chestnuts are a speciality of Bursa, Turkey, where they are called (chestnut candy).
See also
Lyonnaise cuisine
Notes
French confectionery
Italian desserts
Turkish desserts
Culture in Bursa
Chestnut dishes
Nut confections
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Marron glacé
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Fontana Distribution was a division of San Franciscobased Isolation Network (now owned by the Virgin Music Group unit of the Universal Music Group since 2019). A minority stake of the company was owned by Universal Music until Ingrooves acquired Fontana Distribution from UMG in 2012 to form Ingrooves Fontana.
In 2019, Universal Music Group acquired Fontana's owner, Ingrooves, returning Fontana back to UMG. A year later, Fontana Distribution was folded into Caroline Distribution, acquired in 2013 via Universal’s purchase of EMI, which, another year later, was rebranded as Virgin Music Label & Artist Services.
Profile
Fontana deals in distribution, as well as in a range of sales, marketing, and back office support services, for a diverse roster of independent record labels and their artists. The company takes its name and logo from the Fontana Records label; it was initially launched by Universal Music Group in 2004 and later sold to Isolation Network in 2012. The company includes a UK-based operation, Fontana International, which handles territories outside of North America. The company also has a joint venture in Canada with Cadence Music Group known as Fontana North. The company is the successor of PolyGram's Independent Label Sales (ILS), previously known as Island Trading Co., which folded after the 1999 merger of the MCA and PolyGram families of labels that created Universal Music Group.
Fontana Distribution has been known to successfully round up albums worldwide from national Universal Music Group companies for American release or for distribution into further territories. Fontana Distribution also partners with Executive Music Group, Chicago Independent Distribution, and Twenty Two Music Group Distribution, which in turn distribute other independent labels.
During the acquisition of EMI (including EMI Music Distribution), Universal Music Group decided to retain Caroline Distribution and later sold Fontana Distribution to Isolation Network.
After the acquisition of Ingrooves by Universal, Fontana was folded into Caroline, which was renamed Virgin Music Label & Artist Services in 2021.
Fontana Distribution-affiliated labels
Fontana Distribution is affiliated with more than 30 labels, including the following:
ATP Records
ATO Records
Angeles Records
Bridge 9 Records
Black Diamond Record Companies-IHP Media Groups Music Systems
Cadence Recordings
Cement Shoes Records
Constellation Records
Century Media
Delicious Vinyl
Dangerbird Records
Dischord Records
Downtown Records (select releases)
ECMD Film & Music Distribution
Element 9
Eleven Seven Music
Epitaph Records
Emanon Records
Extreme Music
Ferret Music
Famous Records
Fat Wreck Chords
Fat Possum Records
Fontana Records
Global Underground
Hatchet House
Hoo-Bangin' Records
Hopeless Records
InVogue Records
Ipecac Recordings
Kung Fu Records
Little Idiot
Mad Science
Ministry of Sound
Mpire Music Group
Matador Records
Mancini Entertainment Group
MySpace Records
Metal Blade Records
No Sleep Records
Napalm Records
Nuclear Blast
Nitro Records
Pocket Kid Records
Prosthetic Records
Pure Noise Records
Pipe Dreams Records
Psycho+Logical-Records
Psychopathic Records
Real Talk Entertainment
Relativity Music Group
Rap-A-Lot Records
Rostrum Records
Rise Records
SideOneDummy Records
Solid State Records
Sumerian Records
StandBy Records
Strange Music
SMC Recordings
SoBe Entertainment
SoSouth
Telarc Records
Trustkill Records
Tooth & Nail Records
Trill Entertainment
TortureSquad Inc.
Twenty Two Recordings
VP Records
Vagrant Records
WaterTower Music
Wichita Recordings (select releases)
Warcon Enterprises
Divisions
Fontana Distribution
Fontana Label Services
Fontana International
See also
Fontana North
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Fontana Distribution
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NGC 5102 is a lenticular galaxy in the Centaurus A/M83 Group of galaxies. It was discovered by John Herschel in 1835.
Distance measurements
At least two techniques have been used to measure the distance to NGC 5102. The surface brightness fluctuations distance measurement technique estimates distances to spiral galaxies based on the graininess of the appearance of their bulges. The distance measured to NGC 5102 using this technique is 13.0 ± 0.8 Mly (4.0 ± 0.2 Mpc). However, NGC 5102 is close enough that the tip of the red giant branch (TRGB) method may be used to estimate its distance. The estimated distance to NGC 5102 using this technique is 11.1 ± 1.3 Mly (3.40 ± 0.39 Mpc). Averaged together, these distance measurements give a distance estimate of 12.1 ± 0.7 Mly (3.70 ± 0.23 Mpc).
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NGC 5102
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Strip Search is a drama film made for the HBO network, first aired on April 27, 2004. The film explores the status of individual liberties in the aftermath of the September 11, 2001 attacks and the approval of the USA PATRIOT Act. The film was directed by Sidney Lumet and written by Oz creator Tom Fontana. It stars Glenn Close, Maggie Gyllenhaal, Ken Leung, Bruno Lastra and Dean Winters. The film initially was screened at the Monaco International Film Festival with Lumet presenting it in the presence of Fontana.
Different cuts of the film exist. There is supposedly a two-hour version. German TV showed an 86-minute version. The version released on DVD in the U.S. is 56 minutes.
Plot
The film is built around two main parallel stories, each containing almost identical dialogues. One story line involves Linda Sykes (Gyllenhaal), an American woman detained in the People's Republic of China, being interrogated by a military officer (Leung). In the other storyline, Sharif Bin Said (Lastra), an Arab man detained in New York City, is interrogated by two FBI agents (Winters and Close). Both characters are graduate students detained with no hard evidence and interrogated about unspecified activities which may or may not be related to terrorist plots.
In the course of the increasingly brutal interrogations, both Sykes and Bin Said are strip searched against their will by their interrogators and are subjected to a cavity search. In both cases the protagonists appear to have only tenuous connections with the suspected terrorist plots.
The film ends with the question: "Must security and safety come at the price of freedom?"
Cast
Glenn Close as Karen Moore
Maggie Gyllenhaal as Linda Sykes
Ken Leung as Liu Tsung-Yuan
Bruno Lastra as Sharif Bin Said
Dean Winters as Ned McGrath
Peter Jacobson as John Scanlon
Austin Pendleton as James Perley
Tom Guiry as Gerry Sykes
Fred Kohler as Jimmy Briggs
Christopher McCann as Nicholas Hudson
Nelson Lee as Xiu-Juan Chang
Ramsey Faragallah as Abdul Amin
Daniel May Wong as Arresting Officer
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Strip Search (film)
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Plaza Senayan is a shopping mall located in Central Jakarta, Indonesia. The mall is a few minutes by car from the Semanggi area; offering shops and services such as designer goods and gourmet food. In January 2017, Forbes recognized Plaza Senayan as one of the top five shopping malls in Jakarta.
Shops and facilities
Plaza Senayan is a three-storey shopping mall with two interconnected department stores on its two sides, Metro Department Store at the south end and Sogo Department Store on the north. The department stores are four or five storeys with a basement. Plaza Senayan is also home to the nation's second largest foreign bookstore, Books Kinokuniya (closed in 2021). after Times Bookstore in Lippo Village (Lippo Karawaci) West Jakarta.
This shopping mall is best known for its distinctive giant musical clock installed in the middle lobby. The clock plays its jingle at every hour and accompanied by animated musical figures moving in rhythm with the song. This musical clock is similar to those installed in many public places in Japan, and is built by Seiko.
Index Living Mall announced that it will open at the fifth floor of Sogo Plaza Senayan replacing Books Kinokuniya, and its upcoming size is appx. 1.550 m2.
See also
List of shopping malls in Indonesia
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Plaza Senayan
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Dagda () is a town in Dagda Parish, Krāslava Municipality in the Latgale region of Latvia, near the country's border with Belarus. It is the administrative center of Dagda Parish.
Climate
Dagda has a humid continental climate (Köppen Dfb).
In March 1972, the deepest ground frost in Latvia was registered in Dagda - .
See also
List of cities in Latvia
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Dagda, Latvia
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A Girl Can Mack is the second studio album by American girl group 3LW. A follow-up to their self-titled debut album (2000), it was released by Epic Records on October 22, 2002. With A Girl Can Mack, the group attempted to shed their youthful image and craft a mature look. The album combines both ballads and upbeat songs, with several serving as a declaration of equality in romantic relationships. The album was considered at lot "racier" and sexier than their debut.
Background
3LW spent the first half of 2002 in the studio, recording a follow-up to their eponymous debut album. Their second album, tentatively titled Same Game, Different Rules, was set to be released mid-2002, and its lead single "Uh Oh" was presented to the label, who felt it did not have enough urban radio appeal. The tracks from Same Game, Different Rules were leaked to the Internet in MP3 format, and Epic considered dropping the girls. A fan support campaign for 3LW named 'Never Let Go Of 3LW' (after their song "Never Let Go") gained traction, and the act was retained, although Same Game, Different Rules remained shelved.
Recording a new set of tracks, the group returned in the summer of 2002 with the P. Diddy-produced single "I Do (Wanna Get Close To You)", featuring Loon in June. That same summer, the group performed a concert special on Nickelodeon titled Live on Sunset.
Critical reception
AllMusic found that A Girl Can Mack "proves that these girls can also sing. Production, courtesy of P. Diddy, the Full Force crew, and Mario Winans, among others, is witty and imaginative." The website further remarked that the album was "divided between such club fare and slinky, sexy cuts such as "This Goes Out" and the deep after-hours soul of "Good Good Girl," and the [3LW] prove here they're adept at covering both bases." Natasha Washington, writing for The Oklahoman wrote that A Girl Can Mack "shows a mature 3LW." She noted that the band "adds high-energy dance tracks such as "Leave" and "Meet Me at the Crib," while ballads including "Crazy" and "More Than Friends" showcase sultry vocals and lush melodies."
Naughton's departure and album release
By the summer of 2002, when the group was set to release A Girl Can Mack, member Naturi Naughton had left the group, alleging that she had a number of conflicts and arguments with Bailon, Williams, and their management, which led to a heated argument in August 2002 involving an altercation with KFC food. Not long after, Naughton claimed that she was forced out of the group.
Williams and Bailon continued as a duo while using the "3LW" name, causing the press to jokingly refer to them as "2LW". According to a cover story for the October 2002 issue of Sister 2 Sister magazine, Williams and Bailon said they received death threats and that they had to beef up security. The departure of Naughton greatly affected the group's popularity and album sales. A Girl Can Macks release date was pushed back a month, but sales were still disappointing debuting at No. 15 on the Billboard 200 with a disappointing 53,000 copies sold in the first week. By March 2003 the album had sold 176,000 copies in the US. After the second single released from the album, "Neva Get Enuf", underperformed, auditions were held across the country for a new third member. Jessica Benson made the cut and joined 3LW in early 2003.
Track listingSample credits'
"Neva Get Enuf" contains a sample of "Close the Door" as performed by Teddy Pendergrass.
"Funny" contains a sample of "Funny How Time Flies (When You're Having Fun)" by Janet Jackson.
Unreleased/Leaked Tracks
Charts
Release history
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A Girl Can Mack
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Sufi music refers to the devotional music of the Sufis, inspired by the works of Sufi poets like Rumi, Hafiz, Bulleh Shah, Amir Khusrow, and Khwaja Ghulam Farid.
Qawwali is the best-known form of Sufi music and is most commonly found in the Sufi culture in South Asia. However, music is also central to the Sema ceremony of the whirling dervishes, which is set to a form of music called Ayin, a vocal and instrumental piece featuring Turkish classical instruments such as the ney (a reed flute). The West African gnawa is another form, and Sufis from Indonesia to Afghanistan to Morocco have made music central to their practices. Some of the Sufi orders have taken an approach more akin to puritan forms of Islam, declaring music to be unhelpful to the Sufi way.
Sufi love songs are often performed as ghazals and Kafi, a solo genre accompanied by percussion and harmonium, using a repertoire of songs by Sufi poets.
Musicians
Abida Parveen, a Pakistani Sufi singer is one of the foremost exponents of Sufi music, considered the finest Sufi vocalists of the modern era. Sanam Marvi, another Pakistani singer has recently gained recognition for her Sufi vocal performances. Asrar Shah a Lahore based Sufi singer who gained popularity in Coke Studio Pakistan and now is owner of his music producing company Soul Speaks.
A. R. Rahman, the Oscar-winning Indian musician, has several compositions which draw inspiration from the Sufi genre; examples are the filmi qawwalis Piya Haji Ali in the film Fiza, Khwaja Mere Khwaja in the film Jodhaa Akbar, Arziyan in the film Delhi 6 , Kun Faya Kun in the film Rockstar and Maula Wa Salim in the film O Kadhal Kanmani. He has performed many Sufi concerts in The Sufi Rout at Delhi. He performed Light Upon Light in Dubai with Sami Yusuf.
Bengali singer Lalan Fakir and Bangladesh's national poet Kazi Nazrul Islam scored several Sufi songs.
Junoon, a band from Pakistan, created the genre of Sufi rock/Sufi Folk Rock by combining elements of modern hard rock and traditional folk music with Sufi poetry.
In 2005, Rabbi Shergill released a Sufi rock song called "Bulla Ki Jaana," which became a chart-topper in India and Pakistan.
Madonna, on her 1994 record Bedtime Stories, sings a song called "Bedtime Story" that discusses achieving a high unconsciousness level. The video for the song shows an ecstatic Sufi ritual with many dervishes dancing, Arabic calligraphy and some other Sufi elements. In her 1998 song "Bittersweet", she recites Rumi's poem by the same name. In her 2001 Drowned World Tour, Madonna sang the song "Secret" showing rituals from many religions, including a Sufi dance.
Singer/songwriter Loreena McKennitt's record The Mask and Mirror (1994) has a song called "The Mystic's Dream" that is influenced by Sufi music and poetry. The band mewithoutYou has made references to Sufi parables, including the name of their album It's All Crazy! It's All False! It's All a Dream! It's Alright (2009). Tori Amos makes a reference to Sufis in her song "Cruel".
Mercan Dede is a Turkish composer who incorporates Sufism into his music and performances.
Shohreh Moavenian is an Iranian singer who sings Rumi's poems. She has produced two albums by the title "Molana & Shora 1 and 2" in which she incorporates elements of pop and traditional Persian music.
See also
Arabic music
Durood
Hamd
Islamic music
Islamic poetry
Mawlid
Mehfil
Music of Turkey
Na'at
Nasheed
Sufi poetry
Sufism
History of Sufism
Mamta Joshi
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Sufi music
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Muncho Lake Provincial Park is a provincial park in British Columbia, Canada, located on the Alaska Highway as it transits the northernmost Canadian Rockies west of Fort Nelson. The park is part of the larger Muskwa-Kechika Management Area. It is named after Muncho Lake, which is in the park and is both the name of the lake and of the community located there.
Folded mountains, geological formations, are visible above the road in the southern part of the park.
See also
List of Canadian protected areas
List of National Parks of Canada
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Muncho Lake Provincial Park
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Frederic Remington: The Truth of Other Days is a 1991 documentary film of American Western artist Frederic Remington made for the PBS series American Masters. It was produced and directed by Tom Neff and written by Neff and Louise LeQuire. Actor Gregory Peck narrated the film and Ned Beatty was the voice of Remington when reading his correspondence.
The documentary was produced by the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York; NHK Corporation (Japan); and Polaris Entertainment, Nashville, Tennessee. It was the first documentary to be filmed in High Definition Television (HDTV), but at the time it was years away from high-definition television broadcasting.
Synopsis
This documentary of Frederic Remington reviews how the artist popularized the myths, legends, and images of the "Old West".
The film was filmed on location where Remington spent time, uses archival film and photographs, and has interviews with art scholars that create a framework to understand his artwork.
Interviews
Gregory Peck as narrator
Ned Beatty as voice of Frederic Remington
William Howze
Lewis Sharp
Brian W. Dippie
Peter Hassrick
Reception
Critical response
When the film was shown on PBS, Walter Goodman, television critic for The New York Times, liked the film, and wrote, "In these multi-cultural times, it may not come as unadulterated praise to credit someone with defining America's vision of the Old West, but Frederic Remington: The Truth of Other Days illuminates the artist's achievement without subjecting it to a test for political correctness. Setting Remington's paintings and sculptures against his own words, crisply delivered by Ned Beatty, the hourlong American Masters documentary, tonight at 9 on Channel 13, shows and tells how the Easterner helped create a Western myth that has not yet lost its power...Attention is drawn especially to the way the massed figures move on both canvas and screen, from upper right to lower left. Big men in a landscape of big nature was a steady theme of both the movie maker and the painter."
Awards
Wins
CINE: CINE Golden Eagle, 1990.
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Frederic Remington: The Truth of Other Days
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A trading room gathers traders operating on financial markets. The trading room is also often called the front office. The terms "dealing room" and "trading floor" are also used, the latter being inspired from that of an open outcry stock exchange. As open outcry is gradually replaced by electronic trading, the trading room becomes the only remaining place that is emblematic of the financial market. It is also the likeliest place within the financial institution where the most recent technologies are implemented before being disseminated in its other businesses.
Specialized computer labs that simulate trading rooms are known as "trading labs" or "finance labs" in universities and business schools.
Origin
Before the sixties or seventies, the banks' capital market businesses were mostly split into many departments, sometimes scattered at several sites, as market segments: money market (domestic and currencies), foreign exchange, long-term financing, exchange, bond market. By gathering these teams to a single site, banks want to ease:
a more efficient broadcast of market information, for greater reactivity of traders;
idea confrontation on market trends and opportunities;
desk co-ordination towards customers.
Context
The Trading Rooms first appeared among United States bulge bracket brokers, such as Morgan Stanley, from 1971, with the creation of NASDAQ, which requires an equity trading desk on their premises, and the growth of the secondary market of federal debt products, which requires a bond trading desk.
The spread of trading rooms in Europe, between 1982 and 1987, has been subsequently fostered by two reforms of the financial markets organization, that were carried out roughly simultaneously in the United Kingdom and France.
In the United Kingdom, the Big Bang on the London Stock Exchange, removed the distinction between stockbrokers and stockjobbers, and prompted US investment banks, hitherto deprived of access to the LSE, to set up a trading room in the City of London.
In France, the deregulation of capital markets, carried out by Pierre Bérégovoy, Economics and Finance Minister, between 1984 and 1986, led to the creation of money-market instruments, of an interest-rate futures market, MATIF, of an equity options market, MONEP, the streamlining of sovereign debt management, with multiple-auction bond issues and the creation of a primary dealer status. Every emerging market segment raised the need for new dedicated trader positions inside the trading room.
Businesses
A trading room serves two types of business:
trading, and arbitrage, a business of investment banks and brokers, often referred to as the sell side.
portfolio management, a business of asset management companies and institutional investors, often referred to as the buy side.
Brokers and investment banks set up their trading rooms first and large asset-management firms subsequently followed them.
The business type determines peculiarities in the organization and the software environment inside the trading room.
Organization
Trading rooms are made up of "desks", specialised by product or market segment (equities, short-term, long-term, options...), that share a large open space.
An investment bank's typical room makes a distinction between:
traders, whose role is to offer the best possible prices to sales, by anticipating market trends. After striking a deal with a sales, the trader arranges a reverse trade either with another trader belonging to another entity of the same institution or to an outside counterparty;
market-makers, acting like wholesalers. Trades negotiated by market-makers usually bear standard terms.
Sales make deals tailored to their corporate customers' needs, that is, their terms are often specific. Focusing on their customer relationship, they may deal on the whole range of asset types.
Many large institutions have grouped their cash and derivative desks, while others, such as UBS or Deutsche Bank, for example, giving the priority to customer relationship, structure their trading room as per customer segment, around sales desks.
Some large trading rooms hosts offshore traders, acting on behalf of another entity of the same institution, located in another time-zone. One room in Paris may have traders paid for by the New York City subsidiary, and whose working hours are consequently shifted. On the foreign exchange desk, because this market is live on a 24/24 basis, a rolling book organisation can be implemented, whereby, a London-based trader, for instance, will inherit, at start of day, the open positions handed over by the Singapore, Tokyo, or Bahrain room, and manages them till his own end-of-day, when they are handed over to another colleague based in New York City.
Some institutions, notably those that invested in a rapid development (RAD) team, choose to blend profiles inside the trading room, where traders, financial engineers and front-office dedicated software developers sit side by side. The latter therefore report to a head of trading rather than to a head of IT.
More recently, a profile of compliance officer has also appeared; he or she makes sure the law, notably that relative to market use, and the code of conduct, are complied with.
The middle office and the back office are generally not located in the trading room.
The organisation is somewhat simpler with asset management firms:
asset managers are responsible for portfolios or funds;
"traders" are in contact with "brokers" – that is, with the above-mentioned investment banks' "sales"; however, this profile is absent from asset management firms that chose to outsource their trading desk.
The development of trading businesses, during the eighties and nineties, required ever larger trading rooms, specifically adapted to IT- and telephony cabling. Some institutions therefore moved their trading room from their downtown premises, from the City to Canary Wharf, from inner Paris to La Défense, and from Wall Street towards Times Square or New York City's residential suburbs in Connecticut; UBS Warburg, for example, built a trading room in Stamford, Connecticut in 1997, then enlarged it in 2002, to the world's largest one, with about floor space, allowing the installation of some working positions and monitors.
The "Basalte" building of Société Générale is the first ever building specifically dedicated to trading rooms; it is fit for double power sourcing, to allow trading continuity in case one of the production sources is cut off.
JP Morgan is planning to construct a building, close to the World Trade Center site, where all six floors dedicated to trading rooms will be cantilevered, the available ground surface being only .
Infrastructure
The early years
Telephone and teleprinter have been the broker's first main tools. The teleprinter, or Teletype, got financial quotes and printed them out on a ticker tape. US equities were identified by a ticker symbol made of one to three letters, followed by the last price, the lowest and the highest, as well as the volume of the day. Broadcasting neared real time, quotes being rarely delayed by more than 15 minutes, but the broker looking for a given security's price had to read the tape...
As early as 1923, the Trans-Lux company installed the NYSE with a projection system of a transparent ticker tape onto a large screen. This system has been subsequently adopted by most NYSE-affiliated brokers till the 1960s.
In 1956, a solution called Teleregister, came to the market; this electro-mechanical board existed in two versions, of the top 50 or top 200 securities listed on the NYSE; but one had to be interested in those equities, and not in other ones...
During the 1960s, the trader's workstation was remarkable for the overcrowding of telephones. The trader juggled with handsets to discuss with several brokers simultaneously. The electromechanical, then electronic, calculator enabled him or her to perform basic computations.
In the 1970s, if the emergence of the PABX gave way to some simplification of the telephony equipment, the development of alternative display solutions, however, lead to a multiplication of the number of video monitors on their desks, pieces of hardware that were specific and proprietary to their respective financial data provider.
The main actors of the financial data market were; Telerate, Reuters, Bloomberg with its Bloomberg Terminal, Knight Ridder notably with its Viewtron offering, Quotron and Bridge, more or less specialised on the money market, foreign exchange, securities market segments, respectively, for the first three of them.
The advent of spreadsheets
From the early 1980s, trading rooms multiplied and took advantage of the spread of micro-computing. Spreadsheets emerged, the products on offer being split between the MS-DOS/Windows/PC world and the Unix world. For PC, there was Lotus 1-2-3, it was quickly superseded by Excel, for workstations and terminals. For UNIX, there was Applix and Wingz among others. Along video monitors, left space had to be found on desks to install a computer screen.
Quite rapidly, Excel got very popular among traders, as much as a decision support tool as a means to manage their position, and proved to be a strong factor for the choice of a Windows NT platform at the expense of a Unix or VAX/VMS platform.
Though software alternatives multiplied during this decade, the trading room was suffering from a lack of interoperability and integration. To begin with, there was scant automated transmission of trades from the front-office desktop tools, notably Excel, towards the enterprise application software that gradually got introduced in back-offices; traders recorded their deals by filling in a form printed in a different colour depending on the direction (buy/sell or loan/borrow), and a back-office clerk came and picked piles of tickets at regular intervals, so that these could be re-captured in another system.
The digital revolution
Video display applications were not only wrapped up in cumbersome boxes, their retrieval-based display mode was no longer adapted to markets that had been gaining much liquidity and henceforth required decisions in a couple of seconds. Traders expected market data to reach them in real time, with no intervention required from them with the keyboard or the mouse, and seamlessly feed their decision support and position handling tools.
The digital revolution, which started in the late 1980s, was the catalyst that helped meet these expectations. It found expression, inside the dealing room, in the installation of a digital data display system, a kind of local network. Incoming flows converged from different data providers, and these syndicated data were distributed onto traders' desktops. One calls a feed-handler the server that acquires data from the integrator and transmits them to the local distribution system.
Reuters, with its TRIARCH 2000, Teknekron, with its TIB, Telerate with TTRS, Micrognosis with MIPS, soon shared this growing market. This infrastructure is a prerequisite to the further installation, on each desktop, of the software that acquires, displays and graphically analyses these data.
This type of software usually enables the trader to assemble the relevant information into composite pages, comprising a news panel, in text format, sliding in real time from bottom to top, a quotes panel, for instance spot rates against the US dollar, every quote update or « tick » showing up in reverse video during one or two seconds, a graphical analysis panel, with moving averages, MACD, candlesticks or other technical indicators, another panel that displays competitive quotes from different brokers, etc...
Two software package families were belonging to this new generation of tools, one dedicated to Windows-NT platforms, the other to Unix and VMS platforms.
However, Bloomberg and other, mostly domestic, providers, shunned this movement, preferring to stick to a service bureau model, where every desktop-based monitor just displays data that are stored and processed on the vendor's premises. The approach of these providers was to enrich their database and functionalities enough so that the issue of opening up their datafeed to any spreadsheet or third-party system gets pointless.
This decade also witnessed the irruption of television inside trading rooms. Press conferences held by central bank presidents are henceforth eagerly awaited events, where tone and gestures are decrypted. The trader has one eye on a TV set, the other on a computer screen, to watch how markets react to declarations, while having, very often, one customer over the phone. Reuters, Bloomberg, CNN, CNBC each propose their news channel specially dedicated to financial markets.
Internet and bandwidth
The development of the internet triggered the fall of the cost of information, including financial information. It hit a serious blow to integrators who, like Reuters, had invested a lot the years before to deliver data en masse and in real time to the markets, but henceforth recorded a wave of terminations of their data subscriptions as well as flagging sales of their data distribution and display software licences.
Moreover, the cable operators' investors lead to a huge growth of information capacity transport worldwide. Institutions with several trading rooms in the world took advantage of this bandwidth to link their foreign sites to their headquarters in a hub and spoke model. The emergence of technologies like Citrix supported this evolution, since they enable remote users to connect to a virtual desktop from where they then access headquarters applications with a level of comfort similar to that of a local user. While an investment bank previously had to roll out a software in every trading room, it can now limit such an investment to a single site. The implementation cost of an overseas site gets reduced, mostly, to the telecoms budget.
And since the IT architecture gets simplified and centralised, it can also be outsourced. Indeed, from the last few years, the main technology providers active on the trading rooms market have been developing hosting services.
Software equipment
From the late 1980s, worksheets have been rapidly proliferating on traders' desktops while the head of the trading room still had to rely on consolidated positions that lacked both real time and accuracy. The diversity of valuation algorithms, the fragility of worksheets incurring the risk of loss of critical data, the mediocre response times delivered by PCs when running heavy calculations, the lack of visibility of the traders' goings-on, have all raised the need for shared information technology, or enterprise applications as the industry later called it.
But institutions have other requirements that depend on their business, whether it is trading or investment.
Risk-management
Within the investment bank, the trading division is keen to implement synergies between desks, such as:
hedging the currency risk born from foreign exchange swaps or forward positions;
funding by the money market desk of positions left open at end of day;
hedging bond positions by interest-rate futures or options contracts.
Such processes require mutualisation of data.
Hence a number of package software come to the market, between 1990 and 1993 : Infinity, Summit, Kondor+, Finance Kit, Front Arena, Murex and Sophis Risque, are quickly marketed under the umbrella of risk-management, a term more flattering though somewhat less accurate than that of position-keeping.
Though Infinity died, in 1996, with the dream of the toolkit that was expected to model any innovation a financial engineer could have designed, the other systems are still well and alive in trading rooms. Born during the same period, they share many technical features, such as a three-tier architecture, whose back-end runs on a Unix platform, a relational database on either Sybase or Oracle, and a graphical user interface written in English, since their clients are anywhere in the world. Deal capture of transactions by traders, position-keeping, measure of market risks (interest-rates and foreign exchange), calculation of Profit & Loss (P&L), per desk or trader, control of limits set per counterparty, are the main functionalities delivered by these systems.
These functions will be later entrenched by national regulations, that tend to insist on adequate IT: in France, they are defined in 1997 in an instruction from the “Commission Bancaire” relative to internal control.
Electronic trading
Telephone, used on over-the-counter (OTC) markets, is prone to misunderstandings. Should the two parties fail to clearly understand each other on the trade terms, it may be too late to amend the transaction once the received confirmation reveals an anomaly.
The first markets to discover electronic trading are the foreign-exchange markets. Reuters creates its Reuter Monitor Dealing Service in 1981. Contreparties meet each other by the means of the screen and agree on a transaction in videotex mode, where data are loosely structured.
Several products pop up in the world of electronic trading including Bloomberg Terminal, BrokerTec, TradeWeb and Reuters 3000 Xtra for securities and foreign exchange. While the Italian-born Telematico (MTS) finds its place, in the European trading rooms for trading of sovereign-debt.
More recently other specialised products have come to the market, such as Swapswire, to deal interest-rate swaps, or SecFinex and EquiLend, to place securities loans or borrowings (the borrower pays the subscription fee to the service).
However, these systems also generally lack liquidity. Contrarily to an oft-repeated prediction, electronic trading did not kill traditional inter-dealer brokerage. Besides, traders prefer to mix both modes: screen for price discovery, and voice to arrange large transactions.
Order management and routing
For organised markets products, processes are different: customer orders must be collected and centralised; some part of them can be diverted for internal matching, through so-called alternative trading systems (ATS); orders with a large size, or on equities with poor liquidity or listed on a foreign bourse, and orders from corporate customers, whose sales contact is located in the trading room, are preferably routed either towards brokers, or to multilateral trading facilities (MTF); the rest goes directly to the local stock exchange, where the institution is electronically connected to.
Orders are subsequently executed, partially of fully, then allocated to the respective customer accounts. The increasing number of listed products and trading venues have made it necessary to manage this order book with an adequate software.
Stock exchanges and futures markets propose their own front-end system to capture and transmit orders, or possibly a programming interface, to allow member institutions to connect their order management system they developed in-house. But software publishers soon sell packages that take in charge the different communication protocols to these markets; The UK-based Fidessa has a strong presence among LSE members; Sungard Global Trading and the Swedish Orc Software are its biggest competitors.
Program trading
In program trading, orders are generated by a software program instead of being placed by a trader taking a decision. More recently, it is rather called algorithmic trading. It applies only to organised markets, where transactions do not depend on a negotiation with a given counterparty.
A typical usage of program trading is to generate buy or sell orders on a given stock as soon as its price reaches a given threshold, upwards or downwards. A wave of stop sell orders has been largely incriminated, during the 1987 financial crises, as the main cause of acceleration of the fall in prices. However, program trading has not stopped developing, since then, particularly with the boom of ETFs, mutual funds mimicking a stock-exchange index, and with the growth of structured asset management; an ETF replicating the FTSE 100 index, for instance, sends multiples of 100 buy orders, or of as many sell orders, every day, depending on whether the fund records a net incoming or outgoing subscription flow. Such a combination of orders is also called a basket. Moreover, whenever the weight of any constituent stock in the index changes, for example following an equity capital increase, by the issuer, new basket orders should be generated so that the new portfolio distribution still reflects that of the index. If a program can generate more rapidly than a single trader a huge quantity of orders, it also requires monitoring by a financial engineer, who adapts its program both to the evolution of the market and, now, to requirements of the banking regulator checking that it entails no market manipulation. Some trading rooms may now have as many financial engineers as traders.
The spread of program trading variants, many of which apply similar techniques, leads their designers to seek a competitive advantage by investing in hardware that adds computing capacity or by adapting their software code to multi-threading, so as to ensure their orders reach the central order book before their competitors'. The success of an algorithm therefore measures up to a couple of milliseconds.
This type of program trading, also called high-frequency trading, conflicts however with the fairness principle between investors, and some regulators consider forbidding it
.
Portfolio management
With order executions coming back, the mutual fund's manager as well the investment bank's trader must update their positions. However, the manager does not need to revalue his in real time: as opposed to the trader whose time horizon is the day, the portfolio manager has a medium to long-term perspective. Still, the manager needs to check that whatever he sells is available on his custodial account; he also needs a benchmarking functionality, whereby he may track his portfolio performance with that of his benchmark; should it diverge by too much, he would need a mechanism to rebalance it by generating automatically a number of buys and sells so that the portfolio distribution gets back to the benchmark's.
Relations with the back-office
In most countries, the banking regulation requires a principle of independence between front-office and back-office: a deal made by the trading room must be validated by the back-office to be subsequently confirmed to the counterparty, to be settled, and accounted for. Both services must report to divisions that are independent from each at the highest possible level in the hierarchy.
In Germany, the regulation goes further, a "four eyes' principle" requiring that every negotiation carried by any trader should be seen by another trader before being submitted to the back-office.
In Continental Europe, institutions have been stressing, since the early 1990s, on Straight Through Processing (STP), that is, automation of trade transmission to the back-office. Their aim is to raise productivity of back-office staff, by replacing trade re-capture by a validation process. Publishers of risk-management or asset-management software meet this expectation either by adding back-office functionalities within their system, hitherto dedicated to the front-office, or by developing their connectivity, to ease integration of trades into a proper back-office-oriented package.
Anglo-Saxon institutions, with fewer constraints in hiring additional staff in back-offices, have a less pressing need to automate and develop such interfaces only a few years later.
On securities markets, institutional reforms, aiming at reducing the settlement lag from a typical 3 business days, to one day or even zero day, can be a strong driver to automate data processes.
As long as front-office and back-offices run separately, traders most reluctant to capture their deals by themselves in the front-office system, which they naturally find more cumbersome than a spreadsheet, are tempted to discard themselves towards an assistant or a middle-office clerk. An STP policy is then an indirect means to compel traders to capture on their own. Moreover, IT-based trade-capture, in the shortest time from actual negotiation, is growingly seen, over the years, as a "best practice" or even a rule.
Banking regulation tends to deprive traders from the power to revalue their positions with prices of their choosing. However, the back-office staff is not necessarily best prepared to criticize the prices proposed by traders for complex or hardly liquid instruments and that no independent source, such as Bloomberg, publicize.
Anatomy of the biggest failures
Whether as an actor or as a simple witness, the trading room is the place that experiences any failure serious enough to put the company's existence at stake.
In the case of Northern Rock, Bear Stearns or Lehman Brothers, all three wiped out by the subprime crisis, in 2008, if the trading room finally could not find counterparts on the money market to refinance itself, and therefore had to face a liquidity crisis, each of those defaults is due to the company's business model, not to a dysfunction of its trading room.
On the contrary, in the examples shown below, if the failure has always been precipitated by market adverse conditions, it also has an operational cause :
These operational causes, in the above columns, are due to organisational or IT flaws :
A fictitious trade gets possible whenever the system allows to post a trade to either a fictitious counterparty, or to a real counterparty, but for which the system sends neither a confirmation to that counterparty nor an automated message to the back-office, for settlement and accounting;
Hidden position, which are fraudulent, and excess over authorized positions, which is not, are also made possible by the absence of a mechanism of limits control with transmission of a warning to the Risk Department, or by the absence of reaction by the recipient of such a warning;
Some insider trading cases can be explained by the proximity, inside the trading room, of desks with conflicting interests, such as the one that arranges equity issues with that invests on behalf of customers.
Price manipulation is also possible if no control is made on the share of an instrument that is held in relation to the total outstanding on the market, whether this outstanding is the total number of stocks of a given corporate issuer, or is the open position of a listed derivative instrument;
Risk can be miscalculated, because it depends on parameters whose quality cannot be assessed, or because excessive confidence is put in the mathematical model that is used;
An erroneous valuation may stem from a fraudulent handling of reference prices, or because the lack of fresh quotations on an instrument, and the failure to consider an alternative, model-based, valuation, have led to the use of obsolete prices;
The lack of trader's control can be assessed by the weakness of the reporting required from him, or by the lack of expertise or critique by the recipients of this reporting;
A user entitlement may prove inadequate, either because it is granted by the hierarchy in contradiction with the industry's best practices, or because, though not granted, it is still enforced either because the system cannot manage it or because, by neglect, it has not been properly set up in that system;
Finally, a capture error may arise in a system with weak plausibility controls, such as that on a trade size, or with no « four eyes principle » mechanism, whereby a manifest anomaly would have been detected and stopped by a second person.
Destroyed rooms
On May 5, 1996, during a Saturday to Sunday night, a fire, suspected to be criminal, ravaged the trading room of Crédit Lyonnais; trading businesses have been transferred in a couple of days to a backup, or disaster recovery, site, in outer Paris.
On September 11, 2001, the attack against the World Trade Center destroyed the Cantor Fitzgerald's trading room and killed 658 persons, two-thirds of its workforce. Yet business resumed about one week later.
Gambling
Trading rooms are also used in the sports gambling sector. The term is often used to refer to the liabilities and odds setting departments of bookmakers where liabilities are managed and odds are adjusted. Examples include internet bookmakers based in the Caribbean and also legal bookmaking operations in the United Kingdom such as William Hill, Ladbrokes and Coral which operate trading rooms to manage their risk. The growth of betting exchanges such as Betfair has also led to the emergence of "trading rooms" designed for professional gamblers. (reference: Racing Post newspaper 19/7/07) The first such establishment was opened in Edinburgh in 2003 but later folded. Professional gamblers typically pay a daily "seat" fee of around £30 per day for the use of IT facilities and sports satellite feeds used for betting purposes. Today there are eight such trading rooms across the UK, with two based in London – one in Highgate and one in Canary Wharf.
See also
Regulation NMS
Security (finance)
Notes and references
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Trading room
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Frank Reddaway Ltd. v. George Banham, [1896] A.C. 199 is a famous decision of the House of Lords on the tort of passing off. The Court held that purely descriptive product names such as "camel hair belting" can acquire secondary meaning, and consequently, is protected from passing off.
Frank Reddaway made machine belting which he sold under the name "Camel Hair Belting" for many years. George Banham was a former employee of Reddaway who left to start his own business manufacturing machine belting which he also called "Camel Hair Belting".
Reddaway sued Banham for passing off. He argued that there was a large portion of the public who recognized the name "Camel Hair Belting" as his product. He was also able to demonstrate that there were people who were getting the products confused.
The Court of Appeal held that the name was merely descriptive and so could not be protected.
The House of Lords overturned the decision of the Court of Appeal. Lord Herschell held that the words had acquired a secondary meaning through its broad notoriety, and that the public clearly associated the name "Camel Hair Belting" with the exact product produced by Reddaway.
Lord Herschell stated:
I cannot help saying that, if the defendants are entitled to lead purchasers to believe that they are getting the plaintiffs' manufacture when they are not, and thus to cheat the plaintiffs of some of their legitimate trade, I should regret to find that the law was powerless to enforce the most elementary principles of commercial morality.'
See also
List of trademark case law
List of House of Lords cases
House of Lords cases
Trademark case law
1896 in British law
1896 in case law
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Frank Reddaway Ltd v Banham
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WIXT may refer to:
WIXT (AM), a radio station (1230 AM) licensed to serve Little Falls, New York, United States
WMJQ-CD, a low-power television station (channel 27, virtual 40) licensed to serve Syracuse, New York, which held the call sign WIXT-CA from 2005 to 2013 and WIXT-CD from 2013 to 2021
WIXT-TV, formerly television station WSYR-TV
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WIXT
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The third persona is the implied audience which is not present in, or is excluded from, rhetorical communication. This conception of the Third Persona relates to the First Persona, the "I" in discourse (a speaker and their intent), and the second persona, the "you" in discourse. Third Persona is "the 'it' that is not present, that is objectified in a way that 'you' and 'I' are not." Third Persona, as a theory, seeks to define and critique the rules of rhetoric, to further consider how we talk about what we talk about—the discourse of discourse—and who is affected by that discourse. The concept of the third persona encourages examination of who (what category of implied audience) is implicitly excluded from a discourse, why they are excluded, and what this can tell us about how that discourse participates in larger networks of social or political power.
Third persona is the way in which a text alienates or excludes one portion of its audience ('they') in the process of addressing and engaging with another portion, a "second persona" ('you'). For example, the song "Stand by your man" (by Tammy Wynette and Billy Sherrill) begins: "Sometimes it's hard to be a woman/ Giving all your love to just one man." While the first line seems to address (all) women, the second asserts that a (any) woman will have love for a man, implicitly excluding women who do not have, want, or love a man, including lesbians (for whom it will presumably not be "hard to be a woman"). The categories of implicit exclusion made within the text is called the "third persona." The term thus refers to patterns of address within the text itself, that portion of an imagined audience excluded and silenced by the text. The concept was coined by Philip Wander in his article "The Third Persona: An Ideological Turn in Rhetorical Theory," first published in 1984 after a prolonged debate in the Central States Speech Journal. The debate opens with Wander’s article, “The Ideological Turn in Modern Criticism,” which advocates the practice of ideological critique. The essay was met with a series of critical responses. Allan Megill, for example, criticized Wander’s “cursory reading of several of Heidegger’s essays.” Wander wrote “The Third Persona” as his rejoinder.
Rooted in ideological criticism
Wander, in his 1984 article, explores and critiques many facets of rhetorical method. His goals are writ large, that, for example, "To be progressive, change must progress toward something. That something, oriented around traditional humanist notions of human potential, is grounded in the emancipation of human potential." These altruistic goals are requisite to understanding the notion of Third Persona, which seeks to acknowledge the unacknowledged social voice.
Public space, Wander states, is necessary for the perpetuation of healthy ideological criticism, without which "criticism lapses into eulogy or falls silent." At the heart of Wander's study is his consideration of the meaning of meaning in terms of semiotics: "If a critic denies that an action, event, or text meant something to those who produced it . . . [then it] threatens to become meaningless." At the root of this problem of meaning is the intention of meaning and the intended audience to receive the intended meaning; Wander writes, "The 'meaning' of a speech will vary with the audience." Thus, interpretation varies significantly from the intended meaning of communication. Regarding audiences that are "not present, audiences rejected or negated through the speech and/or the speaking situation. This audience I shall call the Third Persona."
Definitions
The third persona, according to Wander, is the audience negated or rejected by the speaker, speech, or situation. In each situation there is a speaker reaching an intended, "primary" audience, while also reaching an inadvertent, "secondary" audience. Wander's summation of his theory is succinct:
The Third Persona, therefore, refers to being negated. But "being negated" includes not only being alienated through language . . . .
The objectification of certain individuals and groups discloses itself through what is and is not said about them and through actual conditions affecting their ability to speak for themselves . . . negation extends beyond the "text" to include the ability to produce texts, to engage in discourse, to be heard in the public space.
The third persona is "the 'it' that is the summation of all that you and I are told to avoid becoming, but also being negated in history, a being whose presence, though relevant through what is said, is negated through silence" and "measured against an ideal." It is the audience that cannot assemble nor protest.
There is an ethical concern in the concept of third persona since it applies to groups who have been historically denied human rights, those prejudiced against due to their status as "non-subjects" based on age, citizenship, gender, sexual preference, race, or religion, for example. It applies to those individuals who have suffered from objectification by what is said against them, the level to which they are ignored, and those conditions which deny them an ability to speak for themselves within the rhetorical dialogue.
In Wander's example involving Heidegger and art in society, the primary audience are those within a society where questions elicit official answers, the secondary audience are ideologues and censors already accounted for, and the tertiary audience (i.e., third persona) "may or may not have been part of the speaker's awareness, existing in the silences of the text, the reality of oppression, and the unutterable experience of human suffering, an audience for whom what was said was relevant in ways that traditional approaches to interpretation may overlook."
Theories of power
The concept of third persona is considered within the larger discussion of "rhetorical criticism" regarding speech communication, and also within the literature of the "ideological turn." Within rhetorical practice, critical rhetoric, ideological turn, and third persona are related to theories of power within social discourse and politics. In terms of power, the third persona is the audience ignored through discourse, or, as Wander writes, it is an implied rhetorical denouncement of an "unacceptable, undesirable, insignificant" audience.
Using rhetoric the critic wields power in a role as "the interpreter, the teacher, the social actor," the critiques of whom direct moral order within society. The third persona would be those whom these critiques disempower and silence through latent dismissal.
Distinguished from marginalization
Marginalization is the being or being made socially marginal through a denial of power. Third persona can be distinguished from marginalization because the Third Persona is not only denied power and public voice, but is, at a basic level, denied consideration or recognition by those in power. While marginalization is an overt removal of power, the third persona suffers from an innate or unrecognized removal from power. Those persons who make up the body of the third persona may not be even considered to exist. Whereas the marginalized have a suppressed voice—a "marginal" voice—those of the third persona have no voice.
Conversely, others argue that third persona can be placed under the definition of marginalization—marginalized by those "hegemonic social and discursive structures" that accord them the status of "nonsubjects."
Regarding the public sphere
The public sphere, as defined by Jürgen Habermas, consists of a social public that disregards status, holds a domain of common concern, and is publicly inclusive. Recent critiques, primarily by feminists such as Nancy Fraser, argue that Habermas' theory consisted of "significant exclusions," that his bourgeois public sphere excluded women and other unseen classes of persons.
Such criticisms, which seek to acknowledge forgotten populations, are sympathetic with Wander's conception of third persona. Where Fraser, et al., deviate from Wander is their assessment that these marginalized groups then form their own sub-spheres, termed counterpublics. The theory of third persona recognizes that despite the forming of sub-spheres or counterpublics, there are still groups that will fall outside even these marginalized groups, what might be thought of, in Fraserian terms, as nonpublics.
Resolution versus acknowledgment
Some argue that it is not until those of the third persona enter into the sphere of the second persona that they will be heard and their interests attended to. For example, those who are seventeen years old will soon be old enough to vote and their unheard and unconsidered voice as part of the political Third Persona will automatically enter into the Second Persona once they are old enough to vote. Others, however, might argue that simply becoming part of the Second Persona does not solve the problem nor make the perpetual ranks of Third Persona disappear. A Third Persona will always be present in organized society and thus the problem cannot be solved; perhaps it needs to be foremost acknowledged.
Philip Wander suggests an emancipation from third persona through an ideological turn, or via criticism. As a theory the third persona "is a challenge, a rebel yell, of sorts, for critics and audiences to change criticism, to lay new groundwork for a system whose structure only serves to isolate itself from the social realm. Although derived from the social – the world of schoolchildren and politicians, most criticism is removed from its context through language and text and pondered irrespective of the people it affects or is affected by." Wander hopes to incite scholarly examination of the "rules for producing discourse (criticism) about discourse (rhetoric). Ideally, it should go beyond "claims of morality and the bonds of compassion;" "properly understood, it involves the unity of humanity and the wholeness of the human problem." In this light it shares similar interests within some social science fields for "radical change" scholarship.
See also
Jacques Derrida
Sign (semiotics)
Frankfurt School
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Third persona
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George Richards (25 February 1865 – 4 December 1915) was an Australian politician, elected as a member of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly on a platform promising trams down Lyons road in Drummoyne. Elected as a Liberal candidate, he served as the member representing Drummoyne in 1913–1915.
George Richards lived with his family in "East Lynne", a house in the electorate, and died of a heart attack on the bowling green leaving a widow, 3 sons and 5 daughters. One of his grandsons (named after him) became the editor of Column 8.
Notes
Members of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly
1865 births
1915 deaths
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George Richards (Australian politician)
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This is a List of Old Brightonians, notable former students – known as "Old Brightonians" – of the co-educational, public school, Brighton College in Brighton, East Sussex, United Kingdom.
Academia, education and literature
Edward Carpenter (1844–1929), socialist writer and campaigner for homosexual rights
Robert H. Crabtree (born 1948), Organometallic Chemist, Professor of Inorganic Chemistry, Yale University, creator of Crabtree's catalyst
Andrew Gamble (born 1947), Professor of Politics, University of Sheffield and then University of Cambridge, Fellow of the British Academy
Francis Llewellyn Griffith (1862–1934), Egyptologist and pioneer of Nubian archaeology, first Professor of Egyptology, University of Oxford
George Bagshawe Harrison (1894–1991), Shakespearean scholar, Professor of English, Queen's University, Ontario and the University of Michigan, editor of the Penguin Shakespeare 1937–59, member of the Roman Catholic International Commission on English in the Liturgy
Sir Richard Jolly (born 1934), development economist, Assistant Secretary-General United Nations, Director Institute of Development Studies at the University of Sussex 1972–81
Ewart Mackintosh (1893–1917), First World War poet, MC
Michael Roberts (1908–1996), historian of Sweden, Professor of History at Queen's University Belfast, Fellow of the British Academy
Sir Sydney Roberts (1887–1966), Dr Johnson scholar, Master of Pembroke College, Cambridge, Secretary of Cambridge University Press and Vice-Chancellor of the University of Cambridge, Chairman British Film Institute
John Alfred Ryle (1889–1950), physician and Regius Professor of Physic, University of Cambridge 1935–45, physician to King George V
Gilbert Ryle (1900–1976), philosopher and Waynflete Professor of Metaphysical Philosophy, University of Oxford, declined a knighthood in 1965
Ian Serraillier (1912–1994), novelist, children's writer and poet
Robert Skidelsky, Baron Skidelsky of Tilton (born 1939), Professor of Political Economy, University of Warwick, created a life peer (changed whip from SDP to Conservative to cross-bencher)
Leonard Strong (1896–1958), writer and poet, Director of Methuen Ltd
Architecture, building and engineering
Sir Francis Fox (1844–1927), civil engineer, responsible for Mersey Railway Tunnel and the Snowdon Mountain Railway, consultant engineer for the Simplon Tunnel, consultant engineer in the restoration of Exeter Cathedral, Lincoln Cathedral, Peterborough Cathedral, St Paul's Cathedral and Winchester Cathedral
Charles Fraser-Smith (1904–1992), missionary, farmer, creator of gadgets for SOE during World War II and as such the model for Q in Ian Fleming's James Bond stories
Sir Thomas Graham Jackson (1835–1924), architect and architectural historian, Master of the Art Workers' Guild 1896, RA
Business
Sir Hugo Cunliffe-Owen (1870–1947), civil engineer, Chairman of British American Tobacco
Cuthbert Heath (1859–1939), insurance pioneer at Lloyd's of London
Sir Arthur Pease, Bt. (1866–1927), coal magnate, Second Civil Lord of the Admiralty
David Quayle (1936–2010), co-founder of B&Q
Sir George Reeves-Smith (1863–1941), managing director of the Savoy Company
Community and philanthropy
Frederick Nicholas Charrington (1850–1936), Temperance worker and social reformer
Mervyn Cowie (1909–1996), conservationist, founding Director of the Kenya National Park Service
Alsager Hay Hill (1839–1906), social reformer on poor law and unemployment issues
Ken Stevens (1922–2005), chief executive The Scout Association
Entertainment, media and the arts
John Castle (born 1940), actor
Dave Clarke (born c.1969), techno producer and disc jockey
Tom Conway (1904–1967), actor
Peter Copley (born 1962), composer and cellist
Roland Curram (born c.1932) actor and novelist
Wilfrid de Glehn (1870–1951), impressionist painter, RA
Simon Dee (1935–2009) (real name Cyril Henty-Dodd), radio disk jockey and television presenter, Sixties celebrity and inspiration for Austin Powers
Rose Elinor Dougall (born 1986), musician, former member of The Pipettes
Tim Hadcock-Mackay, TV shows presenter
Christopher Hassall (1912–1963), writer and librettist
Tony Hawks (born c.1960), comedian and author
Gavin Henderson (born c.1947), Principal of Trinity College of Music and Chairman of Youth Music
McDonald Hobley (1917–1987), actor, TV and radio presenter, TV Personality of the Year 1954
Sir Michael Hordern (1911–1995), actor
Menhaj Huda (born 1967), film producer and director
Selwyn Image (1849–1930), designer, illustrator and poet, joint founder of the Century Guild, Master of the Art Workers' Guild 1900, Slade Professor at Oxford 1910 and 1913
Graham Kerr (born 1934), author, chef and television presenter, known as "The Galloping Gourmet"
Bruce Lester (1912–2008), actor
Miles Malleson (1888–1969), actor, playwright and scriptwriter
Peter Mayle (born 1939), writer. He has written that he loathed the school.
Tamzin Merchant (born 1987), actress
Leonard Merrick (1864–1939), writer
David Nash (born 1945), sculptor, RA
Laurie Penny (1986–present), journalist
Sir Edward Poynter (1836–1919), painter, art educator and President of the Royal Academy
George Sanders (1906–1972), actor. Won Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor 1950. He said in his biography that he hated the school.
Bijan Sheibani (born 1979), award-winning theatre director
Chris Terrill (born 1952) Anthropologist, adventurer and multi award-winning documentary maker including Royal Television Society award for Innovation for Soho Stories (1997), Emmy for Ape Trade (1992)
John Warner (1924–2001), actor
John Worsley (1919–2000), artist and illustrator, World War II official war artist and creator of Albert RN, President Royal Society of Marine Artists
Vera Filatova (born 1982), Actress
Dakota Blue Richards (born 1994), Actress
Chloé Zhao (born 1982), filmmaker, won Academy Award for Best Director 2021
Medicine and science
Leslie Collier (1920–2011), virologist, Director of the Lister Institute laboratories, Professor of Virology at the University of London 1966–88
Sir Ronald Hatton (1886–1965), horticulturist, Fellow of the Royal Society
John Alfred Ryle (1889–1950), physician and Regius Professor of Physic, University of Cambridge 1935–45, physician to King George V
Sir George Savage (1842–1921), psychiatrist
Military
Lieutenant-Colonel Leonard Berney (1920-2016), Bergen-Belsen concentration camp liberator
Alfred Carpenter (1847–1925), naval officer, commander Marine Survey of India, piloted the Burma Field Force up the River Irrawaddy in 1885 (awarded DSO), Albert Medal (Challenger Scientific Expedition)
Air Commodore Lionel Charlton (1879–1958), Royal Flying Corps and Royal Air Force officer, Air Attache Washington 1919–22, as Chief Air Staff Officer Iraq Command in 1924 he resigned in protest at the policy of policing by bombing civilian targets, in retirement a successful author of children's fiction, wrote a series of influential books on air defence 1935–38
Brigadier-General Frank Crozier (1879–1937), commander of the British Mission to Lithuania, 1919–20, commander of the Black and Tans, 1920–21, military author and co-founder of the Peace Pledge Union
Air Marshal Sir Humphrey Edwardes Jones (1905–1987), inaugural Commander-in-Chief, RAF Germany
Colonel Sir George Malcolm Fox (1843–1918), Inspector of Gymnasia and sword designer
Admiral Sir Herbert Heath (1861–1954), Rear-Admiral Commanding 2nd Cruiser Squadron at Jutland in 1916, Second Sea Lord
General Sir William Peyton (1866–1931), commanded Western Frontier Force against the Senussi 1916, Military Secretary to Sir Douglas Haig 1916–18, commanded 40th Infantry Division July 1918 – March 1919 in France and Flanders, Military Secretary to Secretary of State for War 1922–26, Commander-in-Chief Scottish Command 1926–30
General Sir Harry Prendergast (1834–1913), Victoria Cross, Indian Army soldier, commander of the Burma Field Force 1885–86
Major-General Sir Herbert Stewart (1843–1885), army staff officer, commanded the Desert Column to relieve Khartoum, mortally wounded at Abu Klea
General Sir Cecil Sugden (1903–1963), Quartermaster-General to the Forces and Master-General of the Ordnance
Lieutenant-General Sir Francis Tuker (1894–1967), Indian Army officer and military historian, commander 4th Indian Division, 1941–44
Politics, public service and the law
Robert Alexander, Baron Alexander of Weedon (1936–2005), barrister, banker, politician and Chancellor of the University of Exeter
Sir Edmund Barnard (1856–1930), Chairman of the Metropolitan Water Board, Chairman of Hertfordshire County Council, Liberal MP for Kidderminster, Cambridge polo blue
Sir Max Bemrose (1904–1986), Chairman of Bemrose Corporation, Chairman National Union of Conservative and Unionist Associations, High Sheriff of Derbyshire
Keith Best (born 1949), lawyer and politician, Conservative MP for Anglesey and Ynys Mon 1979–87 (resigned and prosecuted for fraud), Director Prisoners Abroad 1989–93, chief executive Immigration Advisory Service, Chairman Conservative Action for Electoral Reform, Chairman of the Executive Committee World Federalist Movement
Andrew Cayley CMG QC FRSA (born 1964), barrister specialising in international criminal law, public international law and international arbitration. Formerly Senior Prosecuting Counsel at the ICTY and ICC and the UN International Chief Co-Prosecutor of the Khmer Rouge Tribunal in Cambodia and currently the United Kingdom's Director of Service Prosecutions.
Sir John Chilcot (1939–2021), Permanent Under-Secretary of State, Northern Ireland Office, 1990–97
Sir Henry John Stedman Cotton (1845–1915), Indian civil servant, Chief Commissioner of Assam, President of the Indian National Congress and Liberal MP for Nottingham East 1906–10
Eric Gandar Dower (1894–1987), air pioneer and Conservative MP for Caithness and Sutherland 1945–50
William Fuller-Maitland (1844–1932), cricketer and politician, Oxford blue, played for the MCC, the Gentlemen, I Zingari and Essex, Liberal MP for Breconshire 1875–95
Alan Green (1911–1991), Conservative MP for Preston South 1955–64 and 1970–74, Financial Secretary to the Treasury 1963–64
Sir Thomas Erskine Holland (1835–1926), Chichele Professor of International Law and Diplomacy, University of Oxford and legal historian
Francis Hughes-Hallett (1838–1903), soldier and politician, Colonel Royal Artillery, Conservative MP for Rochester 1885–89 (resigned in a sex scandal)
Sir Clement Kinloch-Cooke (1854–1944), barrister and politician, MP Devonport (Conservative) 1910–23 and Cardiff East (Unionist) 1924–29, created baronet
Augustus Margary (1846–1875), Chinese Consular Service officer and explorer in China
Sir Hubert Murray (1861–1940), Lieutenant-Governor of Papua New Guinea
Denzil Roberts Onslow (1839–1908), Conservative MP for Guildford 1874–85, played cricket for Cambridge University, Sussex and the MCC
Herbert Pike Pease, 1st Baron Daryngton (1867–1949), Liberal Unionist and then Unionist MP for Darlington, Assistant Postmaster-General, Privy Councillor and Ecclesiastical Commissioner
Charles Campbell Ross (1849–1920), banker and politician, Conservative MP for St Ives 1881–85
Sir Walter Shaw (1863–1937), judge, Chief Justice of the Straits Settlements
Arthur Wellesley Soames (1852–1934), Liberal MP for South Norfolk 1898–1918, son of the Brighton College founder William Aldwin Soames
George Hampden Whalley (1851–1917), Liberal MP for Peterborough 1880–83 resigned and declared bankrupt, imprisoned for theft, emigrated to Australia, and vanished
Religion
Timothy Bavin (born 1935), Anglican priest and Benedictine monk, Bishop of Johannesburg and then Portsmouth
John Neville Figgis (1866–1919), Anglican priest, member of the Community of the Resurrection, church historian, theologian and political theorist
Cecil Horsley (1906–1953), Anglican priest, Bishop of Colombo 1938–47 and then Gibraltar 1947–53
Wilfrid John Hudson (1904–1981), Anglican priest, Bishop of Carpentaria 1950–60 and then coadjutor Bishop of Brisbane 1960–73
Frederick Meyer (1847–1929), Baptist minister and evangelist, social reformer, President of the Baptist Union, dubbed "archbishop of the free churches"
Arthur Stretton Reeve (1907–1981), Cambridge rowing blue (1930) and Anglican priest, Bishop of Lichfield 1953–74
Sport
Gordon Belcher (1885–1915), cricketer (son of Thomas Belcher, headmaster of the College)
Tom Campbell Black (1899–1936), aviator, joint winner London-Melbourne Centenary Air Race 1934, awarded Britannia Trophy 1934
William Churchill (1840–1907), cricketer
Holly Colvin (born 1989), England cricketer
Maurice Conde-Williams (1885–1967), naval officer and cricketer, played for the Royal Navy and Devon
George Huth Cotterill (1868–1950), England footballer, Corinthian 1886–98, Cambridge football blue 1888–91, played cricket for Sussex 1886–90
Clare Connor (born 1976), England cricket captain
John Cressy-Hall (1843–1894), cricketer
Freya Davies (born 1995), England cricketer
Robert Dewing (1863–1934), cricketer
Harry Freeman (1887–1926), cricketer
Joe Gatting (born 1987), former footballer for Brighton and Hove Albion, current cricketer for Sussex
Leslie Gay (1871–1949), England footballer, England cricketer 1894–95, Cambridge blue, Hampshire and Somerset
Leslie Godfree (?–?), tennis player, won Men's Doubles at Wimbledon 1923 and Mixed Doubles 1926 (finalist 1924 and 1927)
Chris Grammer (born 1984), cricketer
Sam Grant (born 1995), cricketer
Duncan Hamilton (1920–1994), racing driver
John Hart (born 1982), Wasps rugby union player
Geoffrey Hett, (1909–88), fencer, Captain Cambridge University Fencing 1930, British Foil Team 1936 Olympics, author of a standard work on Fencing
Carl Hopkinson (born 1981), cricketer
Bazid Khan (born 1981), Pakistan cricketer
Alex King (born 1975), England and Wasps rugby union player
Richard Kirwan (1829–1872), cricketer
'Hopper' Levett (1908–1995), England, Kent and MCC cricketer (wicket-keeper)
Gordon Lyon (1905–1932), cricketer
Matt Machan (born 1991), Sussex cricketer
Laura Marsh (born 1986), England cricketer
Ralph Oliphant-Callum (born 1971), played first-class cricket for Oxford University
Denzil Roberts Onslow (1839–1908), played cricket for Cambridge University, Sussex and MCC, Conservative MP for Guildford 1874–85
Jonathan Palmer (born 1956), racing driver
Ollie Phillips (born 1982), England and Newcastle Falcons rugby union player
Matt Prior (born 1982), England cricketer
Malcolm Waller (born 1984) Zimbabwe Cricket player
George Colin Ratsey (1906–1984), sailmaker and sailor, silver medal 2-man Star class 1932 Olympics, Prince of Wales Cup winner (14 ft dinghies) 1939, Prince Philip Cup winner (Dragon class) 1959, in the crew for two British attempts at the America's Cup 1934 and 1958
Major Ritchie (1870–1955), tennis player, gold medal men's singles 1906 Olympics, silver medal men's doubles 1906 Olympics, bronze medal men's indoor singles 1906 Olympics, Wimbledon doubles champion 1906 and 1910, Irish singles champion 1907, German singles champion 1903–06 and 1910, British Davis Cup team 1910
Henry Soames (1843–1913) Hampshire cricketer, son of the Brighton College founder William Aldwin Soames
Kelvin Tatum (born 1964), British speedway captain
Sarah Taylor (born 1989), England cricketer
Claude Wilson (1858–1881), England footballer
Sammy Woods (1867–1931), Somerset cricketer, played cricket for both Australia and England; and England rugby player and captain
Jordan Turner-Hall (born 1988), England and Harlequins rugby union player
Harry Leonard (born 1992), Scotland and Rosslyn Park professional rugby union player
Ollie Richards (born 1992), England rugby union player
Ross Chisholm (born 1990), Harlequins professional rugby union player
James Chisholm (born 1995), Harlequins professional rugby union player
Todd Gleave (born 1995), Gloucester Rugby professional rugby union player
Charles Ward (1838–1892), cricketer
Calum Waters (born 1996), Harlequins professional rugby union player
Marcus Smith (born 1999), Harlequins professional rugby union player
Leonard Stileman-Gibbard (1856–1939), cricketer
Notable Brighton College staff
Grant Allen (1848–1899), novelist, author of The Woman Who Did (1896)
Thomas Belcher (1847–1919), cricketer and headmaster of Brighton College 1881–92
Rt Rev. Christopher Butler (1902–1986), Benedictine monk, Abbot of Downside Abbey 1946–66, Council Father at the Second Vatican Council, Auxiliary Bishop of Westminster
Bertie Corbett (1875–1967), played association football for Oxford, the Corinthians and England, played hockey for England, played cricket for Buckinghamshire and Derbyshire
Rt Rev. Henry Cotterill, Vice-Principal of Brighton College 1846–51, Principal of Brighton College 1851–56, Bishop of Grahamston, South Africa 1856–71, Coadjutor Bishop of Edinburgh 1871–72, Bishop of Edinburgh 1872–86
Rodney Fox, Headmaster of King Edward's School, Witley, Chairman of the Governors of Ryde School, Isle of Wight
Jack Hindmarsh (1927–2009), Professor at Trinity College of Music
Frank Harris (c. 1856–1931), notorious author, traveller, intriguer and fantasist
Walter Ledermann, Professor of Mathematics at the University of Sussex 1965–78
Professor George Long (1800–1879), classical scholar, inaugural Professor of Ancient Languages at the University of Virginia, inaugural Professor of Greek at University College London, Professor of Latin at University College London, co-founder and Honorary Secretary of the Royal Geographical Society
James Wainwright, Warden of Trinity College, Glenalmond
Frederick Madden (1839–1904), numismatist, Secretary and Bursar of Brighton College 1874–88. Chief Librarian, Brighton Public Library 1888–1902
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List of Old Brightonians
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James Alexander Bonfanti (born December 17, 1948 in Windber, Pennsylvania) is a rock drummer who is best known for having been a member of the band Raspberries.
Career
Bonfanti's music career began in 1965 when he saw The Beatles on The Ed Sullivan Show, which eventually led him to join a band called "The Mods", later renamed The Choir. Their recording of "It’s Cold Outside" reached the national charts in 1967. In 1970, Bonfanti, Wally Bryson, Dave Smalley and Eric Carmen formed Raspberries. Together they produced four albums, eight singles, and a U.S. top ten and gold record for their major hit "Go All the Way".
Following two albums both released in 1972, creative tension came to a head sparked largely by Carmen's creative dominance over the contributions of fellow members. After the release of the Raspberries' third album, Side 3, Smalley and Bonfanti left the Raspberries to form their own band, Dynamite.
, Bonfanti resides in Mentor, Ohio.
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Jim Bonfanti
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Marianne is a female name. It is the French version of the Greek Mariamne, which is a variant of Mary, ultimately from the Hebrew Miriam (מִרְיָם Miryám), Mirjam (Aramaic: Mariam). In late Greek Marianna (Μαριάννα) was used.
In 18th century France Marianne became a popular name as a variant of Marian, Marie. It can also be seen as a combination of Marie and Anne. It gave inspiration to several double names such as Marie-Anne, Anne-Marie as well as other variants such as Anna Maria, Ana-Maria and Marianna and alternate spellings Mary Ann and Mary Anne. The combination of the two names has also been popular with Christians because Saint Anne is traditionally the name of the mother of the Virgin Mary.
People with the given name Marianne
Marianne, Princess zu Sayn-Wittgenstein-Sayn (born 1919), German noble
Marianne Ackerman (born 1952), Canadian novelist, playwright, and journalist
Marianne Berndt, shot putter and discus thrower
Marianne Bigum (born 1983), Danish politician
Marianne Clausen (1947–2014), Danish musicologist and choir conductor
Marianne Cope (1838–1918), German-born American nun
Marianne Davies, musician
Marianne Devaux (born 1962), New Caledonian politician
Marianne Dickerson, long-distance runner
Marianne Dubois (born 1957), French politician
Marianne Ehrmann, novelist
Marianne Ehrenström, artist
Marianne Fay, American economist and writer
Marianne Faithfull, singer
Marianne Fredriksson, author
Marianne Fundahn (born 1967), Swedish politician
Marianne Githens, political scientist, feminist, and author
Marianne Golz, opera singer and World War II resistance member
Marianne Jean-Baptiste, actress
Marianne W. Lewis, Dean of the Cass Business School.
Marianne Limpert, swimmer
Marianne Lindsten-Thomasson (1909–1979), physician and Sweden's first female district medical officer during the 1940s
Marianne Löfgren, actor
Marianne Lundquist (1931–2020), Swedish swimmer
Marianne Moore, American poet
Marianne Muis, swimmer
Marianne Pettersen, Norwegian footballer
Marianne Rendón, American actress
Marianne Rosenberg, singer
Marianne Steinbrecher, volleyball player
Marianne Timmer, speed skater
Marianne Vaatstra (1982-1999), Dutch murder victim
Marianne Vos, road-, track- and cross-cyclist
Marianne von Werefkin (1860–1938), painter
Marianne Williamson (born 1952), activist, humanitarian, entrepreneur and candidate for President of the United States in 2020
People with the given name Mariane
Mariane Pearl, French journalist
Mariane Amaro, French-Portuguese football defender
Mariane Chan, Hong Kong actress
Mariane van Hogendorp, Dutch feminist
A character in Tartuffe, a comedy by Molière
People with the given name Marianna
Marianna Efstratiou, Greek singer
Marianna Hill, American actress
Marianna Kambouroglou, Greek folklorist
Marianna Lubomirska, Polish noble
Marianna Lymperta, Greek swimmer
Marianna Malińska, Polish ballerina
Marianna Martines (1744–1812), Austrian composer, pianist and singer
Marianna Spring, British journalist
Marianna Vardinoyannis, Greek UNESCO ambassador
Marianna Zachariadi, Greek pole vaulter
Marianna Zorba, Greek singer
Fictional characters
Marianne, a character in the light novel series Shakugan no Shana
Marianne, the protagonist of a trilogy of novels by Sheri S. Tepper
Marianne, the protagonist of musical fantasy film Strange Magic
Marianne vi Britannia from the anime and manga series Code Geass
Marianne Bryant, played by Amanda Bynes in the film Easy A
Marianne Dashwood, in Jane Austen's novel Sense and Sensibility
Marianne von Edmund, a character from the video game Fire Emblem: Three Houses
Marianne Lane, played by Tilda Swinton in A Bigger Splash
Marianne Sheridan, the protagonist of the Irish novel Normal People
Marianne Thornberry, from animated television series The Wild Thornberrys
Marianne, a character in the film Portrait of a Lady on Fire
See also
Maryanne, given name
Marianna (disambiguation)
Mariana (disambiguation)
Notes
Dutch feminine given names
Feminine given names
English feminine given names
French feminine given names
German feminine given names
Greek feminine given names
Scandinavian feminine given names
Swedish feminine given names
Norwegian feminine given names
Icelandic feminine given names
Finnish feminine given names
Danish feminine given names
Swiss feminine given names
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Marianne (given name)
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Bernard Wiseman (26 August 1922 – 11 January 1995) was an American author of children's books. He wrote Morris and Boris: Three Stories (1974) and other children's books. He was active from 1958 to 1995.
Early Years
Wiseman was born in the Canarsie section of Brooklyn, New York on August 26, 1922. He joined the U.S Coast Guard during World War II. He rose to the rank of bosun's mate and saw action in the Atlantic Ocean on a destroyer escort.
Career
After being honorably discharged in 1945, Wiseman began working as a cartoonist in New York City. His work was frequently published in The New Yorker and Playboy magazine. Wiseman also created a series for Boys' Life magazine called Sir Nervous Norman, humorous stories of an insecure medieval knight. In the late 1950s and early 1960s, Wiseman began writing and illustrating early reader children's books. His first major title was The Log and Admiral Frog. Wiseman published over 80 books, his most popular being the Morris the Moose series. Morris and his pal Boris the Bear had adventures children could relate to. They had a pun-filled Abbott and Costello relationship.
In 1977, Wiseman and his wife Susan and stepson Peter moved to Melbourne, Florida. There he had two sons of his own, Michael and Andrew.
Wiseman died in 1995. He is interred in Arlington National Cemetery.
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Bernard Wiseman
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Platen is a small town in the commune of Préizerdaul, in western Luxembourg. , the town has a population of 507.
Préizerdaul
Towns in Luxembourg
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Platen, Luxembourg
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Ipsen is a French biopharmaceutical company headquartered in Paris, France, with a focus on transformative medicines in three therapeutic areas: oncology, rare disease and neuroscience. Ipsen is one of the world's top 15 biopharmaceutical companies in terms of oncology sales.
Ipsen, founded by Henri Beaufour in 1929, has approximately 5000 employees worldwide. Ipsen's medicines are registered in more than 100 countries with direct commercial presence in over 30 countries. Ipsen has 4 global R&D hubs and 3 pharmaceutical development centers around the world. Ipsen has been a family-owned business for the past 90 years and is publicly traded on the Euronext Paris as part of the SBF 120 index (2005),. The Beaufour family owns 57% of its shares and 73% of its voting rights, and two of its members, Anne Beaufour and Henri Beaufour, sit on its board of directors.
History
In 1929, Dr. Henri Beaufour founded the Beaufour Laboratories in Dreux. The first product marketed was Romarene, a rosemary-based medicine intended for the treatment of digestive disorders, discontinued from the market in 2011.
In the 1950s and 1960s, Laboratoires Beaufour underwent a phase of expansion. In 1954, the group launched betaine citrate, used in the symptomatic treatment of dyspepsia. Henri Beaufour's two sons, Albert and Gérard Beaufour, joined the company. The group opened a factory in Dreux in 1961, and another in L'Isle- sur-la-Sorgue in 1965. A research center opened in Plessis-Robinson the same year.
In the 1970s and 1980s, Laboratoires Beaufour created a subsidiary, Ipsen (1975), and began to internationalize its activities. In 1976, the company opened a research center in Milford (Massachusetts) in the U.S. In 1977, the group launched Smecta (diosmectite clay, a gastrointestinal bandage and anti-diarrhoeal agent).
In 1983, the group created the Fondation Ipsen under the aegis of the Fondation de France, to encourage exchanges between scientists in the field of life sciences.
In 1986, the group launched Decapeptyl, used to treat certain pathologies influenced by sex hormones, such as prostate cancer, endometriosis, uterine fibroids and early puberty.
In the 1990s, the group diversified its activity and continued its international expansion. In 1990, an industrial center was created in Signes, in the Var department. In 1992, the group opened a subsidiary in China. In 1994, the group launched Dysport (type A botulinum toxin for the treatment of muscle spasms) after acquiring the British company Speywood (then called Porton International). The same year, the group opened a subsidiary in Russia.
In 1995, the group launched Somatuline, used to treat hypersecretion of growth hormones (acromegaly) and in neuro-endocrine tumors, and in 1996, Forlax was launched.
In 2000, after the death of Albert Beaufour, the company was taken over by his children, Anne Beaufour and Henri Beaufour.
In 2003, the company changed its name to Ipsen and in 2005, it was listed on the Paris Stock Exchange on Euronext. In 2004, the company inaugurated a new botulinum toxin production unit in Wrexham (UK). In 2007, the company established a partnership with Galderma for botulinum toxin type A products in aesthetic medicine. In addition, somatuline was granted marketing authorization in the United States for the treatment of acromegaly.
In 2007, Ipsen shares were included in the SBF 120 stock market index.
In 2007, Dysport was granted marketing authorization in the United States for certain indications in therapeutic and aesthetic medicine. Decapeptyl 6-month formulation receives marketing authorization in 9 European countries from the European Medicines Agency.
In 2011, Ipsen announced a new strategy focusing on several areas, including a refocus on specialty medicine, research and development and international development. In 2013, Ipsen acquired the British company Syntaxin, a leader in the engineering of recombinant botulinum toxin11. In 2014, the company participated in the creation of a joint laboratory with the CNRS - Archi-Pex -, the Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives and the University of Rennes1, with the aim of designing and developing hormone peptides.
In 2015, Ipsen inaugurated a research and development center in Cambridge, Massachusetts.
In 2016, Dysport Injection was approved in the United States for the treatment of lower limb spasticity in children aged two years and older.
In 2016, Ipsen licensed cabozantinib from Exelixis, which received marketing authorization the same year for the second-line treatment of advanced renal cell carcinoma. In January 2017, Ipsen announced the acquisition of certain assets of Merrimack Pharmaceuticals, including Onivyde, for the treatment of pancreatic and ovarian cancer.
In 2019, Ipsen acquired Montreal-based Clementia Pharmaceuticals, specializing in rare bone diseases,, ,. Clementia brought a drug candidate, palovarotene, to Ipsen for a rare genetic disease, fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva (FOP).
In February 2022, Ipsen announced the proposed sale of the Consumer HealthCare (CHC) division after entering into exclusive negotiations with the French laboratory Mayoly Spindler. In July 2022, Ipsen completed the divestment of the CHC business to Mayoly Spindler.
In August 2022, Ipsen successfully completed the acquisition of Epizyme and its lead medicine, Tazverik® (tazemetostat), a first-in-class, chemotherapy-free EZH2a inhibitor for adults with relapsed or refractory follicular lymphoma (FL), which was granted Accelerated Approval by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 2020. As part of the transaction, Ipsen also acquired Epizyme's first-in-class, oral SETD2 inhibitor development candidate.
In January 2023, Ipsen announced it would acquire rare disease specialist Albireo for $952m, bringing into its portfolio Bylvay (odevixibat), a non-systemic ileal bile acid transport inhibitor for the treatment of paediatric patients with pruritus in progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis (PFIC).
Financial Data
Shareholding
Ownership of Ipsen's share capital (% of total capital) as of 31 December 2021:
Medicines
In Oncology
Cabometyx (cabozantinib) is a tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) used in the treatment of advanced kidney cancer (renal cell carcinoma), liver cancer (hepatocellular carcinoma) in adults previously treated with the medicine sorafenib, as well as in radioiodine-refractory differentiated thyroid cancer (RAI-R DTC) after prior systemic therapy
Decapeptyl (triptorelin) is an analogue of the natural gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), approved for the treatment of locally advanced metastatic prostate cancer, central precocious puberty (CPP) endometriosis, uterine fibroma, and in-vitro fertilization, and used as adjuvant treatment in combination with tamoxifen or an aromatase inhibitor for women at high-risk of breast cancer recurrence.
Somatuline (lanreotide) is a synthetic (analogue) version of the natural hormone somatostatin, which is found naturally in the human body. Used for the treatment of neuroendocrine tumors (NETs), carcinoid syndrome or acromegaly.
Onivyde (irinotecan liposome injection) is prescribed in combination with fluorouracil (5-FU) and leucovorin (LV), for the treatment of patients with metastatic adenocarcinoma of the pancreas after disease progression following gemcitabine-based therapy.
Tazverik (tazemetostat) is a methyl transferase inhibitor of EZH2 (enhancer of zeste homologue 2) used to treat people living follicular lymphoma, which is a cancer of the lymphatic system, as well as epithelioid sarcoma which is a rare, slow-growing type of soft tissue cancer which often begin in the soft tissue under the skin of a finger, hand, forearm, lower leg or foot, and in the abdomen or pelvic area.
These indications are approved under FDA accelerated approval based on overall response rate and duration of response. Continued approval for these indications may be contingent upon verification and description of clinical benefit in a confirmatory trial(s).
In Rare Disease
Increlex (mecasermin) injection is a prescription medicine used to treat children who are very short for their age because their bodies do not make enough IGF-1. This condition is called primary IGF-1 deficiency.
Sohonos (palovarotene) is an oral investigational, selective retinoic-acid receptor gamma (RARγ) agonist being developed as a potential treatment for people living with the debilitating ultra-rare genetic disorder fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva (FOP).
In Neuroscience
Dysport (Botulinum toxin) is a prescription medicine used for pathologies characterized by involuntary and uncomfortable muscle contractions (dystonias: blepharospasm, spasmodic torticollis, hemifacial spasm; spasticity: spasticity of the upper or lower limb, dynamic deformation of the equine foot). This drug is also used in aesthetic medicine to temporarily reduce certain wrinkles.
Fondation Ipsen
The Fondation Ipsen pour la recherche thérapeutique, created in 1983 under the aegis of the Fondation de France, supports work in the field of therapeutic research32. In particular is focused on helping improve the lives of patients with rare diseases.
It has contributed to numerous major advances in biological and medical research, organized scientific conferences, and produced literature and content to help patients and the wider community understand rare diseases.
Since 2007, Fondation Ipsen has initiated several series of meetings in partnership with the Salk Institute, the Karolinska Institutet, the Massachusetts General Hospital, the DMMGF (Days of Molecular Medicine Global Foundation), as well as with the journals Nature, Cell and Science. The Fondation Ipsen has published more than 100 books and awarded more than 250 prizes and grants.
In 2021, Fondation Ipsen worked directly with 146 organizations to assess the needs of patients with rare diseases. Fondation Ipsen and Science Magazine organized 9 webinars with the world's leading specialists in rare diseases, as well as policymakers from all over the world.The webinars addressed a variety of essential topics for patients living with rare diseases and their families. The webinars received such a strong response that Science Magazine and the Fondation now co-publish an international magazine for the rare disease community: The Rare Disease Gazette.
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Ipsen
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Graw or GRAW may refer to:
Joseph P. Graw, American businessman and politician
Ghost Recon Advanced Warfighter, a 2006 video game
See also
McGraw (disambiguation)
Grau (disambiguation)
Grao (disambiguation)
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Graw
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Orangey, also known as Orangey Minerva (c. 1950–1967), was a male marmalade tabby cat, who was an animal actor owned and trained by the cinematic animal handler Frank Inn.
Career
Orangey (credited under various names) had a prolific career in film and television in the 1950s and early 1960s and was the only cat to win two PATSY Awards (Picture Animal Top Star of the Year, an animal actor's version of an Oscar), the first for the title role in Rhubarb (1951), a story about a cat who inherits a fortune, and the second for his portrayal of "Cat" in Breakfast at Tiffany's (1961). For this film Orangey won the 1962 PATSY Award for his portrayal of "the poor slob without a name." He has also been credited as the cat Mouschi in the film adaptation of The Diary of Anne Frank (1959). In that film, he nearly reveals the Jews' hiding place, and later becomes its only escapee. The cat was credited as the family pet, "Butch," in the film The Incredible Shrinking Man (1957), in which he is mistakenly assumed to have eaten the title character.
According to Sam Wasson, author of 5th Avenue, 5AM: Audrey Hepburn, Breakfast at Tiffany's, and the Dawn of the Modern Woman, Inn said Orangey was "a real New York type cat, just what we want. In no time at all I'm going to make a method, or Lee Strasberg type, cat out of him."
Orangey was called "the world's meanest cat" by one studio executive. He often scratched and bit actors. But he was prized for his ability to stay for several hours. Sometimes, however, he would flee after filming some scenes and production would be shut down until he could be found. Inn would sometimes have to post guard dogs at the studio entrance to keep him from running away.
Other appearances included a regular role as "Minerva" on the television series Our Miss Brooks (1952–1958).
The cat was also credited as "Jimmy," "Jeremy," and "Rhubarb." Orangey's last known appearance came in two consecutive episodes in the TV series Batman in 1967-68 in which he played an uncredited role alongside Eartha Kitt who portrayed Catwoman.
Sofia Bohdanowicz's 2020 short documentary film The Hardest Working Cat in Show Biz, based on Dan Sallitt’s essay of the same name, explores Orangey's history, mythology, and rumors that the name "Orangey" was ascribed to several different cats as opposed to one single cat.
Death
Orangey was buried at Forest Lawn Memorial Park (Hollywood Hills), located in Hollywood Hills, Los Angeles, California, United States.
Filmography
Television
Our Miss Brooks (1952–1958) as Minerva (uncredited)
Alfred Hitchcock Presents (January 22, 1956) (Season 1 Episode 17: "The Older Sister") as Cat (uncredited)
Alfred Hitchcock Presents (December 22, 1957) (Season 3 Episode 12: "Miss Paisley's Cat") as Stanley the cat (uncredited)
Shirley Temple's Storybook (1958) as The Cat
The Dick Van Dyke Show (1962) as Mr. Henderson
The Beverly Hillbillies (1963) as Rusty, Cat
My Favorite Martian (1963–1964) as Herbie, Max the Cat, Cat on Footpath
Mission Impossible ("The Seal", 1967) as IMF agent Rusty the cat(uncredited)
Batman (1967–1968) as Cat
Documentary
Audrey Hepburn Remembered (1993) as Cat
Awards
See also
List of individual cats
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Orangey
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The HRU security model (Harrison, Ruzzo, Ullman model) is an operating system level computer security model which deals with the integrity of access rights in the system. It is an extension of the Graham-Denning model, based around the idea of a finite set of procedures being available to edit the access rights of a subject on an object . It is named after its three authors, Michael A. Harrison, Walter L. Ruzzo and Jeffrey D. Ullman.
Along with presenting the model, Harrison, Ruzzo and Ullman also discussed the possibilities and limitations of proving the safety of systems using an algorithm.
Description of the model
The HRU model defines a protection system consisting of a set of generic rights R and a set of commands C. An instantaneous description of the system is called a configuration and is defined as a tuple of current subjects , current objects and an access matrix . Since the subjects are required to be part of the objects, the access matrix contains one row for each subject and one column for each subject and object. An entry for subject and object is a subset of the generic rights .
The commands are composed of primitive operations and can additionally have a list of pre-conditions that require certain rights to be present for a pair of subjects and objects.
The primitive requests can modify the access matrix by adding or removing access rights for a pair of subjects and objects and by adding or removing subjects or objects. Creation of a subject or object requires the subject or object not to exist in the current configuration, while deletion of a subject or object requires it to have existed prior to deletion. In a complex command, a sequence of operations is executed only as a whole. A failing operation in a sequence makes the whole sequence fail, a form of database transaction.
Discussion of safety
Harrison, Ruzzo and Ullman discussed whether there is an algorithm that takes an arbitrary initial configuration and answers the following question: is there an arbitrary sequence of commands that adds a generic right into a cell of the access matrix where it has not been in the initial configuration?
They showed that there is no such algorithm, thus the problem is undecidable in the general case. They also showed a limitation of the model to commands with only one primitive operation to render the problem decidable.
See also
EROS - Extremely Reliable Operating System
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HRU (security)
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Remineralisation (UK spelling; US remineralization) is the transformation of organic molecules to inorganic forms.
Remineralisation may also refer to:
Bone remodeling (bone metabolism)
Remineralisation of teeth
Rockdust, also known as soil remineralization when applied as a nonsynthetic organic fertilizer
See also John D. Hamaker § Remineralization benefits
See also
Demineralisation
Mineralization (disambiguation)
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Remineralization (disambiguation)
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Tommy Solomon is a fictional character created by Bonnie and Terry Turner from the American sitcom 3rd Rock from the Sun. He was portrayed by Joseph Gordon-Levitt.
Ironic age
When the Solomons originally arrived on Earth, Tommy, despite being the oldest of the aliens, was given the body of a teenage boy. Despite having to act like a kid all the time, Tommy's real age shines through, particularly when he plays the role of mentor to High Commander Dick, ostensibly Tommy's father while on Earth. During one episode, Tommy announces he has retired from the mission, and starts behaving like a stereotypical old man, even hanging out at the old folks' home (where he poses as one of the resident's nephews). As Information Officer, Tommy is the smartest and most Earth-savvy of the Solomons, and he is charged with gathering information about humans, mainly from television shows and films. Joseph Gordon-Levitt left the series during the final season, so the storyline has his character Tommy away at college.
Alternate universe
In the episode "Dick'll Take Manhattan", in which Dick, Harry and Sally enter into an alternate universe, Tommy is the star of Saturday Night Live, but later gets fired by Harry (who in the alternate reality, is employed as the President of NBC) for being too conceited and demanding a large salary.
Running gags
The major running gag of Tommy is that he is the "least" sexy of the alien colleagues, for Dick has charm, Sally has looks and Harry has an exotic sexual behavior. For example, in one episode, at the bar where Harry works later in the series, there was a machine that tests how sexy you are. Whenever Tommy tries it out, he gets the lowest score ("cold fish"), while Harry constantly gets the highest.
During the first three seasons, Tommy is often referenced to resembling a girl in part due to the shoulder-length hair he had during the first half of the series; the phrase "cut your hair, you look like a girl" would sometimes be said to him after he offended a person with a particular remark, mainly by characters specifically appearing in that episode. The first such instance occurs in the episode "Ab-dick-ted", after Tommy sarcastically remarks on a "coin-behind-the-ear" magic trick Mary's brother Roy Albright (Bronson Pinchot) performs on him when Dick introduces the family to Roy.
The episode "Will Work for Dick" plays off this gag as Sally (who spends her time during the episode recapturing the childhood she never had), has Tommy's hair styled (in two different instances) in braided pigtails and a beehive. Dick's dream at the beginning of the season three episode "Fun With Dick and Janet" in which he dreams that a banged-up Tommy, Harry and Sally arrive at his wedding to Mary Albright to confront Dick about his decision to stay on Earth while the rest of the unit left for the home planet, also plays off the gag with Tommy showing Dick that he developed breasts after the three accidentally came too close to a quasar. This gag concluded in season three's "Just Your Average Dick", when Tommy gets a haircut, as part of the Solomon family's attempts to become "normal" after his then-girlfriend August Leffler said that she thought the family acted strange.
Romantic life
Tommy has had two main girlfriends over the course of the show: August Leffler and Alissa Strudwick. He has a lot of difficulty maintaining a relationship with any girl, as he is often forced to come up with plausible explanations for his family's bizarre behavior. Therefore, much of his relationships seem to involve him begging his girlfriend to not leave him.
Tommy has had other love interests, although typically ones that only last a single episode. Among the most notable were his glee club teacher, a goth student and even, on one occasion, Dr. Mary Albright and her sexually experienced niece.
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Tommy Solomon (3rd Rock from the Sun)
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Vitamin Records is a Los Angeles-based record label founded in 1999 as a subsidiary of CMH Records. The label was formerly home to the Vitamin String Quartet, who are best known for performing string quartet tributes to popular rock and metal acts such as Tool, Nine Inch Nails, and Radiohead. Vitamin Records has also produced tribute albums in several other styles including lounge, electronica, industrial, and dub music.
The label's first release was The String Quartet Tribute to Led Zeppelin in 1999. Since then, Vitamin Records has released over 185 albums in a variety of genres.
Vitamin Records has also released an album honoring songs from the popular video game series Guitar Hero.
Media
The Vitamin String Quartet contributed a recording of "Jack and Sally Montage" to Nightmare Revisited, which was released on September 30, 2008 by Walt Disney Records and also included tracks by Marilyn Manson, Korn and Shiny Toy Guns.
Three songs from Vitamin Records have been featured on the Fox television show So You Think You Can Dance, including "Control", from Vitamin String Quartet's tribute to Janet Jackson in July 2008, "Hallelujah" from Vitamin String Quartet's tribute to Paramore (July 2008), and "Yellow" from Vitamin String Quartet's tribute to Coldplay (December 2009).
Releases
Partial discography
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Vitamin Records
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La Tierra del Olvido (The Forgotten Land) is the seventh album by Colombian singer/composer Carlos Vives. The album was released on July 25, 1995, and contained a split of vallenato covers, as well as Vives' first foray into original compositions in the vallenato style. The album was nominated for a Lo Nuestro Award for Tropical/Salsa Album of the Year. The album consolidated Vives as Colombia's most famous musician at the time of its release.
Track listing
"Pa' Mayté" (Andrés Castro, Carlos Iván Medina, Carlos Vives) – 3:07
"Fidelina" (Alejo Durán) – 4:22
"La Tierra del Olvido" (Vives, Iván Benavides) – 4:25
"Zoila" (Toño Fernández) – 4:23
"Rosa" (Irene Martínez) – 4:12
"Agua" (Benavides, Ernesto Ocampo) – 3:52
"La Cachucha Bacana" (Durán) – 4:21
"Diosa Coronada" (Leandro Díaz) – 4:14
"La Puya Puyá" (Egidio Cuadrado) – 5:00
"Ella" (Benavides) – 3:47
"Jam en Jukümey" (Benavides, Ocampo, Vives, Mayte Montero, Medina) – 1:30
Album credits
Performance credits
Carlos Vives – Primary Artist, Director, Vocals
Egidio Cuadrado – Accordion, Vocals (La Puya Puyá), Backing Vocals
Carlos Ivan Medina – Background Vocals, Choir, Chorus, Keyboards
Mayte Montero – Background Vocals, Choir, Chorus, Gaita, Percussion, Vocals
Luis Angel Pastor – Bass
Gilbert Martínez – Conga, Marimbas, Marimbula, Percussion
Pablo Bernal – Drums
Eder Polo – Guacharaca
Ernesto "Teto" Ocampo – Guitar, Vocals
Alfredo Rosado – Tamboura, Timbales
Technical credits
La Provincia – Arranger
José Luis Diazgranados – Artwork
José Rincón – Contributor
Chris Lawson – Engineer
Carlos Vives – Graphic Design, Producer
Jerry Lofaro – Illustrations
Alfonso Bulla – Logistics
Iván Benavides – Producer
Richard Blair – Producer
Ernesto "Teto" Ocampo – Producer
Luis Angel Pastor – Producer
Michael Fuller – Mastering
Charts and sales
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
Sales
See also
List of number-one Billboard Tropical Albums from the 1990s
Notes
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La Tierra del Olvido
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Marinus van Dam (October 24, 1929 – January 6, 1997) was one of the first employees at The Herman Goelitz Candy Company. He is considered by some sources to have been the inventor of the jelly belly jelly bean.
Marinus van Dam was born in Ooltgensplaat, a township in Oostflakkee, Netherlands. He immigrated to the United States after obtaining a candy manufacturing degree in the Netherlands and soon went to work for the Herman Goelitz candy company after arriving in the United States. He rose to the level of vice president before moving on to other companies and finally starting his own business Marich Confectionery.
When Marinus was asked how he developed the manufacturing of the Jelly Belly, he answered that most jelly beans at the time were cheap candy that had a 56% sugar content and were sold as penny candy. All jelly beans started out with plain, uncolored starch centers that were merely sweetened with sugar. Only the outer candy coating was colored and flavored. He wondered how he could bring this candy to the adult market which David Klein had envisioned, and his solution was to enhance the jelly beans so that they would appeal to everyone. The centers for the new jelly bean were colored and flavored with real fruit juices and natural flavors. This flavor enhancing process was also used on the outer candy shell. The finished Jelly Belly contained about half the sugar of the regular jelly bean, was more flavorful, and consequently healthier than the generic jelly beans sold in stores. Marinus developed the recipes under David Klein's direction of concept. David Klein's the inventor and founder of Jelly Belly® jelly beans .David Klein sold the first Jelly Belly jelly beans in a small ice cream parlor in Alhambra, California in 1976. The first flavors were Very Cherry, Tangerine, Lemon, Green Apple, Grape, Licorice, Root Beer, and Cream Soda. Marinus died on January 6, 1997, but the candy he helped create continues.
Sources
1929 births
1997 deaths
Businesspeople in confectionery
20th-century Dutch businesspeople
Dutch emigrants to the United States
People from Oostflakkee
20th-century American businesspeople
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Marinus van Dam
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15–16th & Locust station is the western terminus of the PATCO Speedline rapid transit route at 15th and Locust Streets in the Rittenhouse Square neighborhood of Center City Philadelphia. The station has a single island platform with a fare mezzanine above. The mezzanine level connects to the Downtown Link concourse, which connects to , , , and stations in the Center City area.
Notable places nearby
The station is within walking distance of the following notable places:
Academy of Music
Avenue of the Arts
Kimmel Center for the Performing Arts
Miller Theatre
Rittenhouse Square
University of the Arts
Wilma Theater
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15–16th & Locust station
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Merchandise Mart is a station on the Chicago Transit Authority's 'L' system, located in the Near North Side neighborhood at 350 North Wells Street in Chicago, Illinois (directional coordinates 320 north, 200 west). The station is elevated above street level, on a steel structure. The turnstiles and customer assistant booth of the station are located on the second level of the Merchandise Mart itself. This is the main entrance to the station.
There are two fare-card only, unattended entrances atop two long stairways accessed directly from Wells Street, just north of Kinzie Avenue. The station is constructed mostly of steel, with wooden platforms covered by a canopy most of their length. There are two side platforms both long enough to support eight-car trains, the longest possible on the CTA system. The southbound platform is just slightly below the level of the station entrance while an enclosed bridge over the tracks connects to the northbound platform on the opposite side.
The station is fully accessible, resulting in a complicated elevator setup. The elevator on the southbound platform can lower from the entrance to the platform, as well as go up to the top of the bridge. Another elevator on the opposite side of the bridge lowers to the northbound platform.
History
Kinzie station
Kinzie was a station on the Northwestern Elevated Railroad's North Side Main Line, which is now part of the Chicago Transit Authority's Brown Line. The station was located at Kinzie Street and Wells Street in the Near North Side neighborhood of Chicago. Kinzie opened on May 31, 1900, and closed in 1921; it was replaced by the Grand station. Today, Kinzie Street is serviced by the Brown Line and Purple Line Express at the Merchandise Mart station.
Merchandise Mart station
The current station opened on December 5, 1930, and was rebuilt from 1987 to 1988. Until 1963 the station also served interurban trains of the North Shore Line. The primary purpose of the station is to serve the Merchandise Mart, one of the world's largest commercial buildings, although there are some galleries and restaurants nearby.
Service
Merchandise Mart serves the Brown Line, but Purple Line Express trains also stop at the station during weekday rush hours. Merchandise Mart was the only Brown Line station not scheduled to receive upgrades or renovation during the Brown Line Capacity Expansion Project. Because of its recent construction from 1987 to 1988, the station is accessible to passengers with disabilities and is already of sufficient length to accommodate eight-car trains, thus no major renovation was needed during the project.
Bus connections
CTA
37 Sedgwick (Weekdays only)
125 Water Tower Express (Weekday rush hours only)
Notes and references
Notes
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Merchandise Mart station
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KBBW (1010 kHz) is a commercial AM radio station in Waco, Texas. It is owned by American Broadcasting of Texas and airs a Christian talk and teaching radio format. KBBW is powered at 10,000 watts by day. But because 1010 AM is a Canadian clear channel frequency, KBBW must reduce power at night to 2,500 watts to avoid interference.
In addition to its AM signal, KBBW is relayed by three FM translators, K290CV 105.9 MHz Waco, K267CA 101.3 MHz Temple/Killeen, and K262DG 100.3 MHz in Georgetown/Round Rock.
Programming
KBBW is a brokered time station. National and local religious leaders buy blocks of time on the station and may use their shows to appeal for donations to their ministries. National hosts include David Jeremiah, Jim Daly, Chuck Swindoll, Joyce Meyer, Charles Stanley, J. Vernon McGee, Greg Laurie, Adrian Rogers, Steve Arterburn, Jim Dobson and Billy Graham. Some programming is supplied by the Salem Radio Network, including a conservative political talk show hosted by attorney Jay Sekulow.
History
In April 1953, the station signed on the air as KMLW in Marlin, Texas. Its call sign indicated that it served both MarLin and Waco, the larger city nearby. It was only powered at 250 watts and was a daytimer, required to sign-off at night to avoid interfering with other, more powerful stations on 1010 AM. It was owned by KMLW, Inc. and had studios on the Marlin-Waco Highway.
By the 1970s, it had gotten Federal Communications Commission permission to move its city of license to Waco. It got a boost in power to 10,000 watts, but was still a daytime-only station. It aired a country music format as KKIK. It carried news from Associated Press Radio.
The station was acquired by American Broadcasting of Texas in 1986. American Broadcasting switched the format to Christian talk and teaching, now broadcasting 24 hours a day.
Translators
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KBBW
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Jealous Ones Still Envy (J.O.S.E.) is the fourth studio album by American rapper Fat Joe. Originally scheduled for a summer 2000 release, the album was released on December 4, 2001, by Atlantic Records, Warner Music Group, and Fat Joe's Terror Squad Productions. The title is a reference to Fat Joe's second album, Jealous One's Envy.
The album peaked at number 21 on the US Billboard 200 chart. The album was later certified Platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) for shipping and selling over a million copies in the US.
Critical reception
The album received generally positive reviews. Jason Birchmeier from AllMusic gave the album a positive review, saying that "Joe's still putting it down for N.Y.C., repping himself as part thug, part player." Birchmeier also talked about how it is the age-old scenario—if Joe's not keepin' it real on the streets the grimy way, he's loungin' like a pimp and livin' large" and that "A few albums into his career, Joe has this approach down to a science." Overall the album was giving a rating of 3.5 stars by the critic.
Commercial performance
Jealous Ones Still Envy (J.O.S.E.) debuted at number 37 on the US Billboard 200 chart, on the week of December 22, 2001. After climbing the chart for weeks, the album reached its peak at number 21 on the week of April 20, 2002. On May 22, 2002, the album was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) for sales of over a million copies in the United States.
Track listing
Credits adapted from the album's liner notes.
Sample credits
"King of N.Y." contains excerpts from the composition "Just Memories", written by Leonard Caston Jr. and Anita Poree, performed by Eddie Kendricks.
"Opposites Attract (What They Like)" contains excerpts from "Fresh Air", written by Jesse Farrow, performed by Quicksilver Messenger Service.
"Fight Club" contains samples from the composition "Stop! In the Name of Love", written by Lamont Dozier, Brian Holland, and Eddie Holland, as performed by Margie Joseph.
"It's O.K." contains excerpts from "How I Could Just Kill a Man", written by Louis Freese, Lowell Fulson, Jimmy McCracklin, Lawrence Muggerud, and Senen Reyes, performed by Cypress Hill.
"The Wild Life" contains interpolations from the composition "Ike's Rap I" written by Isaac Hayes.
"Still Real" contains excerpts from "You're the Joy of My Life", written by Raeford Gerald and Reginald Spruill, performed by Millie Jackson.
Charts
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
Certifications
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Jealous Ones Still Envy (J.O.S.E.)
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East Midlands English is a dialect, including local and social variations spoken in most parts of East Midlands England. It generally includes areas east of Watling Street (which separates it from West Midlands English), north of an isogloss separating it from variants of Southern English (e.g. Oxfordshire) and East Anglian English (e.g. Cambridgeshire), and south of another separating it from Northern English dialects (e.g. Yorkshire). This includes the counties of Derbyshire, Leicestershire, Lincolnshire, Nottinghamshire, Rutland and Northamptonshire. Dialects of northern Derbyshire, Nottinghamshire and Lincolnshire usually share similarities with Northern English dialects. Relative to other English dialects, there have been relatively few studies of East Midlands English.
Origins
The Eastern English Midlands were incorporated in the Norse-controlled Danelaw in the late 9th century by Ivar the Boneless. With their conquest, the county towns of the East Midlands counties were converted into fortified, Viking city-states, known as the Five Boroughs of the Danelaw. The region's dialect owes much of its grammar and vocabulary to the Nordic influences of its conquerors. For example, the East Midlands verb to scraight ('to cry') is thought to be derived from the Norse, skrike in modern Scandinavian, also meaning to cry.
The East Midlands dialect of Middle English which extended over a much larger area, as far south as Middlesex, is the precursor of modern English spoken today, which has descended from the early modern English of the early 16th century.
East Midlands dialects in literature
The novelist and East Midlander D. H. Lawrence was from the Nottinghamshire town of Eastwood and wrote in the Nottinghamshire and Derbyshire Coalfield dialects in several poems as well as in his more famous works such as Lady Chatterley's Lover and Sons and Lovers.
Though spoken less commonly today, the dialect of the East Midlands has been investigated in texts such as the Ey Up Mi Duck series of books (and an LP) by Richard Scollins and John Titford. These books were originally intended as a study of Derbyshire Dialect, particularly the distinctive speech of Ilkeston and the Erewash valley, but later editions acknowledge similarities in vocabulary and grammar which unite the East Midlands dialects and broadened their appeal to the region as a whole.
"Ey up" (often spelt ayup / eyup) is a greeting thought to be of Old Norse origin (se upp) used widely throughout the East Midlands, North Midlands, North Staffordshire and Yorkshire, and "m' duck" is thought to be derived from a respectful Anglo Saxon form of address, "Duka" (literally "duke"), and is unrelated to waterfowl. Non-natives of the East Midlands and North Staffordshire are often surprised to hear men greet each other as "m' duck".
Grammar
Those who speak traditional regional dialects are not trying unsuccessfully to speak Standard English. East Midlands English follows a series of distinct grammatical rules. Some examples follow below.
Formal address
Until the mid-20th century, it was not uncommon to hear the use of informal forms of address, thee and thou, as compared to the more formal you. Use of the informal form of address is now uncommon in modern speech.
Personal and possessive pronouns
Personal pronouns differ from standard English as follows:
Example: It eent theirn; it's ourn! (It isn't theirs; it's ours!)
Reflexive pronouns
Reflexive pronouns are characterised by the replacement of "self" with sen (from Middle English seluen)
Y'usen – Yourself
Mesen – Myself
Thisens – Themselves/Yourselves
Ussens – Ourselves
Example: We sh'll ay to do it ussens. (We shall have to do it ourselves.)
Vocabulary
Humorous texts, such as Nottingham As it is Spoke, have used their phonetically spelled words to deliberately confuse non-natives of the region.
Alrate yooth?Are you alright young man? Here, is a spelling designed to convey the phonological specification in the traditional dialect of , which is , and a slight diphthonging of .
Avya gorra wi'ya?Is the wife with you? (lit. "Have you got her with you?) The pronunciation with weak form is alleged to be more common in Nottingham and the South East Midlands; pronunciations with th-fronting in are alleged to be more common elsewhere. TH-fronting became a potential feature of the accents of the region in around 1960. The humorous spellings are designed to indicate H-dropping, the ’’Northern T-to-R rule’’ and , the non-Standard weakform of , which is common to many dialects in England.
'Int any onya any onya? Here is an example of Belper, Derbyshire dialect when asking a group of people if any of them have any matches with which to light a pipe. Hasn’t any of you, got any [matches] on you?
It's looking’ a bit black ower Bill's movver'sIt looks like rain. (lit. "It's looking a bit black over Bill's Mother's.") – a common, if somewhat old-fashioned, Midlands expression implying impending bad weather. The spelling chosen to indicate the phonological specification in the traditional dialect of : . The identity of Bill or where his mother’s house was located is open to question, although it is possibly derived from German emperor Wilhelm II.
Awont gooin t’worra!I wasn't going to, was I! , and are blend words designed to convey the phonological specification in the traditional dialect of , and .
A farnd im in cutI found him in the Canal, (lit. "I found him in the cut). Using the traditional and local word for Canal. Canals were originally referred to as "Cuts" because during the industrial revolution canals or highways for transportation of goods were literally "cut" into the landscape and allowed to fill with water.
Thez summat up wi’imI think he may be ill. (lit. "There's something up with him."). The spellings here chosen to indicate the ‘‘Northern’’ feature that is a monophthong, the non-Standard English word , which is historically found in many dialects across England (cf. its use by the London boatmen Gaffer and Riderhood in Our Mutual Friend and by the farmhands in Far from the Madding Crowd), the weakform of previously mentioned and H-dropping.
Yer norrayin no tuffees!You’re not having any sweets! (should not be taken to mean ‘toffees’ alone as in East Midlands dialect’ “tuffees” can mean all types of sweets). Humorous spellings here were chosen to indicate the Northern T-to-R rule and the phonological specification in the traditional dialect of , which is .
However, there are many words in use in the traditional East Midlands Dialect which do not appear in standard English. The short list below is by no means exhaustive. More comprehensive glossaries exist within texts such as Ey Up Mi Duck by Richard Scollins and John Titford.
naught nothing (homographic with the digit cypher, 0, and the (now only literary) naught of General English; is a traditional dialect phonological specification and is the regular development in General English).
aught anything (homographic with the now literary General English )
nesha weak person, or one who feels the cold. Found in many parts of England, cf. its use in Hardy.
belt-jobeasy job (used in certain coal-mining communities based on watching a conveyor belt)
causiepavement ("causey" is an older word from which 'causeway' is derived.)
coba bread roll (bap); (as verb) to throw
cob loafbaker's term used across the UK for a hemispherical loaf
cloutstrousers (, usually pronounced ); (as verb:) hits something or someone.
jitty/jettyalleyway.
twitchelalleyway. Typically (but not exclusively) alleyways providing access to the rear of terraced housing. Can also mean a path between gardens (E.g. allotments)
larup/laropto cover with (usually a thick substance)
mardy (or etymological marredy) grumpy, sulky (i.e. "She's a mardy one!")
mashto make a pot of tea (i.e. "I'll go n’mash tea.")
piggleto pick at a scab, spot or a skin irritation (i.e. "Stop piggling that scab!")
puddled/puddle-drunk intoxicated or stupid
putherto pour out uncontrollably usually of smoke, steam or dust
rammelrubbish/waste
scraight/scraitin'to cry/crying
sile rain heavily
snapin or snap lunch/food,tekken ta werk
snidered/snided/sniedcovered/infested, (DH Lawrence used the word 'Snied' in a description of an infestation of mice in Sons and Lovers.),
wazzerk/wassockfool (used across the East & West Midlands)
There are also word forms that occur in Standard English but which have additional meanings in some of the varieties considered here.
bonny In many dialects, this has the sense of ‘looking well’ often referring to a healthy plumpness. In Derby, Leicester and Nottingham, there still also exists a transferred sense of plump, robust, stout or overweight derived from this sense. Cf. Samuel Johnson's comment that ‘‘It seems to be used in general conversation for plump’’ as cited in NED Bonny 2 b as (J.).
(There is a yet older sense now only commonly used in Scots, Northern & some Midland dialects meaning 'beautiful' generally rather than of individuals having a pleasing embonpoint specifically.)
fast stuck, caught (i.e. "Who's got a finger fast?")
tuffeessweets, confectionery
badlyhungover/ill
croakerdoctor
croggiean (illegal) crossbar ride, "two-up" on the crossbar of a bicycle
duck's necksbottle of lemonade
fuddle an ad hoc buffet or Potluck
oakie ice cream (common in Leicestershire) see Hokey cokey
pota plaster cast
suckericed lolly
tabsears, also called lugholes
yack to yank:In Leicester and Leicestershire to throw as in 'yack it away' or 'yack it to me'
cos can you
The greeting 'now then' (as 'Nah theen') is still in use in Lincolnshire and North-East Derbyshire, used where other people might say "Hello". 'Nen mate' can also be heard instead of "now then mate".
People from Leicester are known in the popular holiday resort Skegness as "Chisits", due to their expression for "how much is it" when asking the price of goods in shops.
Phonology
East Midlands accents generally lack the trap–bath split, so that cast is pronounced rather than the pronunciation associated with most southern accents.
Most accents in the East Midlands lack the foot–strut split, with words containing like strut or but being pronounced with , without any distinction between putt and put.
East Midlands accents are generally non-rhotic, instead drawing out their vowels, resulting in the Midlands Drawl, which can to non-natives be mistaken for dry sarcasm.
The PRICE vowel has a very far back starting-point, and can be realised as .
Yod-dropping, as in East Anglia, can be found in some areas, for example new as , sounding like "noo".
H-dropping is common, in which is usually omitted from most words, while NG-coalescence is present in most of the East Midlands except in Derbyshire where is pronounced as .
In Lincolnshire, sounds like the u vowel of words like strut being realised as may be even shorter than in the North.
In Leicester, words with short vowels such as up and last have a northern pronunciation, whereas words with vowels such as down and road sound rather more like a south-eastern accent. The vowel sound at the end of words like border (and the name of the city) is also a distinctive feature.
Lincolnshire also has a marked north–south split in terms of accent. The north shares many features with Yorkshire, such as the open a sound in "car" and "park" or the replacement of take, make, and sake with tek, mek, and sek. The south of Lincolnshire is close to Received Pronunciation, although it still has a short Northern a in words such as bath.
Mixing of the words was and were when the other is used in Standard English.
In Northamptonshire, crossed by the north–south isogloss, residents of the north of the county have an accent similar to that of Leicestershire and those in the south an accent similar to rural Oxfordshire.
The town of Corby in northern Northamptonshire has an accent with some originally Scottish features, apparently due to immigration of Scottish steelworkers. It is common in Corby for the GOAT set of words to be pronounced with . This pronunciation is used across Scotland and most of Northern England, but Corby is alone in the Midlands in using it.
Dialect variations within the political region
Southern Northamptonshire
Northamptonshire is in the East Midlands region defined in the late 20th century, and has historically harboured its own dialect comparable to other forms of East Midlands English, particularly among the older generation. However, more recently its linguistic distinctiveness has significantly eroded due to influences from the western parts of East Anglia, the West Midlands, and the South as well as the 'Watford Gap isogloss', the demarcation line between southern and northern English accents.
The Danelaw split the present county into a Viking north and a Saxon south. This is quite plainly heard, with people in the south speaking more like people from Oxfordshire or Cambridgeshire and people in the north sounding more like people from Leicestershire.
Corbyite
Also of note is the anomalous dialect of Corbyite spoken around Corby in the north of Northamptonshire, which reflects the migration of large numbers of Scottish and Irish steelworkers to the town during the 20th century. The dialect is often compared to Glaswegian.
Derbyshire
The dialect of Coalville in Leicestershire is said to resemble that of Derbyshire because many of the Coalville miners came from there. Coalville's name is still almost exclusive pronounced as "Co-ville" by its inhabitants. Neighbouring pit villages such as Whitwick ("Whittick") share the Coalville inflection as a result of the same huge influx of Derbyshire miners.
The city of Derby, as well as boroughs in the vicinity of the city such as Amber Valley and Erewash share a common Derby dialect, which sounds largely similar to other East Midlands dialects such as Nottingham and Leicester. However, many other dialects in the county are influenced by neighbouring areas and cities. For example, the dialect of Glossop in the High Peak borough is largely similar to the North West's Manchester dialect due to its close geographical position to Greater Manchester (particularly in the Manchester Overspill estate of Gamesley), while that of Chesterfield and Bolsover share commonalities with the South Yorkshire dialect owing to their proximity to Sheffield and Doncaster. In addition, the dialect of the Derbyshire Dales is near identical to that of the bordering North Staffordshire, mimicking dialects in and around Stoke-on-Trent, as well as that of Crewe in Cheshire, North West England.
Lincolnshire and East Lincolnshire
Lincolnshire has long been an economically relatively homogeneous, less industrial more heavily agricultural county and is in part naturally separated by the River Trent divorcing its largest market town, Gainsborough, Torksey & the City of Lincoln from Nottinghamshire. East of the Lincolnshire Wolds, in the southern part of the county, the Lincolnshire dialect is closely linked to The Fens and East Anglia where East Anglian English is spoken, and, in the northern areas of the county, the local speech has characteristics in common with the speech of the East Riding of Yorkshire. This is largely due to the fact that the majority of the land area of Lincolnshire was surrounded by sea, the Humber, marshland, and the Wolds; these geographical circumstances permitted little linguistic interference from the East Midlands dialects until the nineteenth century when canal and rail routes penetrated the eastern heartland of the country.
Nottinghamshire
Minor variations still endure between Nottinghamshire and Derbyshire. Though all native speakers sound similar, there are noticeable differences between the accents of residents of, for example, Nottingham and Derby, or Mansfield and Bolsover which is pronounced locally as .
In North Nottinghamshire and North-East Derbyshire, the dialect is very similar to South Yorkshire, including the occasional use of the pronoun thou amongst older people. See Stephen Whyles's book A Scab is no Son of Mine for examples of speech of the Worksop area.
Counties in which East Midlands English is spoken
Cambridgeshire (Limited usage around Peterborough)
Derbyshire (Limited usage in northern areas such as High Peak, Chesterfield and Bolsover)
Leicestershire
Lincolnshire (except areas within the Yorkshire and the Humber region)
Nottinghamshire (Usage less frequent in Bassetlaw)
Northamptonshire
Rutland
Staffordshire (Limited usage around Burton-upon-Trent and Uttoxeter)
In popular culture
The children's writer Helen Cresswell came from Nottingham, lived in Eakring and some of her characters featured on television during the 1970s and 1980s, such as Lizzie Dripping and Polly Flint, have distinct East Midlands accents, otherwise rarely heard in national broadcast media at the time.
British actor Jack O'Connell has a distinct Derbyshire accent.
The character ‘Sylvie’ in the Disney+ Marvel series ‘Loki', played by Sophia Di Martino, has an East Midlands accent: “Di Martino's desire to represent underserved people led her to use her natural Nottingham accent on ‘Loki’.
Notes
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East Midlands English
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Hate Campaign is the fifth studio album by Dismember.
Track listing
Personnel
Fred Estby - Drums
Matti Kärki - Vocals
David Blomqvist - Guitars
Sharlee D'Angelo - Bass
Magnus Sahlgren - Guitar
Dismember (band) albums
2000 albums
Nuclear Blast albums
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Hate Campaign
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Dr. Farid Kamal Ramzi Stino is an Egyptian scientist, scholar, and entrepreneur who was born in Cairo, Egypt on September 1, 1943. He is the son of Dr. Kamal Ramzi Stino, the late Deputy Prime Minister of Egypt under Nasser's regime, and Lady Farida Shawky Shenouda, the daughter of Shawkey BEK Shenouda of Egypt. He earned his Bachelor of Science degree from Cairo University, Egypt,in 1964. He then travelled to the United States and earned his Master of Science degree in 1968 and his Ph.D. degree in 1971, from The University of Georgia, in Athens, Georgia, USA. It was there that he met and married his wife of 33 years, Dr. Zandra Hargrove Stino. He has five living children: Ramzi, Farida, Karim, Magdi and Farrah. He is the beloved grandfather of Jadon Stino Gibson, Martino Ramzi Stino, Natalia Stino Gibson, Mario Ramzi Stino, and Austen Karim Stino.
Dr. Stino was the President and CEO of Ismailia-Misr Poultry Company, one of the largest poultry companies in the Middle East.
He is also the owner and founder of Stino Farms, based in Cairo.
He founded Stino Agriconsults, an Agricultural Consulting Firm that had more than 25 consultants, including Dr. Nageeb Goher, the former President of Cairo University and Dr. Gamal Kamar the former Professor of Poultry Physiology and Dr. Hamdy Mourad, the late Animal Physiologist. Dr. Stino taught Poultry Breeding and Genetics at Cairo University. He also taught Biostatistics and Computer Methodology, as a visiting professor, at Florida Agriculture and Mechanical University (FAMU) in Tallahassee Florida, USA for twelve years starting 1988. He returned to Cairo University in 2000 to head the Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University. Twelve Ph.D. students and twenty six M.S. students graduated under his supervision. He has more than 65 published articles in peer-review journals.
His passion for genetics and poultry led him to engineer and create the worlds only white meat quail, which is at least double the size of wild quail. Stino quail is coveted all over the region and is sold at five star restaurants, hotels and markets. He spends his retirement years still teaching Biostatistics at Cairo University.
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Farid Stino
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USS Kendrick (DD-612) was a in the United States Navy during World War II.
Namesake
Charles S. Kendrick was born on 23 January 1817 in Kentucky. Early in the American Civil War, as Third Master in Army gunboat St. Louis of the Western Flotilla, he took part in the captures of Fort Henry, Fort Donelson, Island No. 10, Memphis, and Fort St. Charles. On 1 October 1862, when the Western Flotilla was transferred to the Navy, he was commissioned Acting Master in the U.S. Navy. On April 30, 1863, while commanding a landing party which drove Confederate sharpshooters from the river banks at Haines Bluff, he personally captured a Southern officer in hand-to-hand combat. In July he commanded when it and ascended the Tensas River and captured Confederate steamers Louisville and Elmira. The following month Acting Master Kendrick was stricken with fever and died at the Naval Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee on 13 August 1863.
Construction and commissioning
Kendrick was launched 2 April 1942 by Bethlehem Shipbuilding, San Pedro, California; sponsored by Mrs. J. Hanson Delvac, a great-granddaughter of Acting Master Charles S. Kendrick; and commissioned 12 September 1942.
Operation Torch
After shakedown exercises along the West Coast, Kendrick cleared San Diego, California on 11 December 1942 and arrived Casco Bay, Maine on 28 December for ASW exercises. The destroyer then sailed to New York to join Convoy UG-S-4 and sailed 13 January 1943 for Casablanca. She returned to New York 13 February with another convoy, and commenced patrol, escort, and training from Norfolk, Virginia to Newfoundland. Kendrick departed New York 28 April for a round trip escort mission to Oran, Algeria, and returned New York on 8 June.
After 3 days, the destroyer once again steamed toward the Mediterranean Sea, escorting Rear Admiral Alan G. Kirk's Task Force 85, which carried Major General Troy Middleton's 45th Infantry Division. She arrived Oran, staging area for the invasion of Sicily, on 22 June. Kendrick sailed 5 July and arrived off the beaches of Scoglitti 4 days later. She guarded transports and landing craft until 12 July, then steamed as escort for troop ships via Oran to New York, arriving there 4 August.
She returned to Oran 2 September. That night, a German torpedo bomber (Heinkel He 111) made a surprise attack on Kendricks starboard quarter. The plane roared in 50 feet above the water and launched two torpedoes before it was shot down by the destroyer's gunners. One of the torpedoes struck Kendrick's stern, damaging her rudder, steering compartment, and fantail, and killed one crew member. As she turned back to Oran, the destroyer stopped to throw life rings to the crew of the enemy plane and reported their position.
Mediterranean Operations
After temporary repairs at Oran, Kendrick was towed to Norfolk, arriving 26 October. Upon completion of repairs she made a round-trip escort cruise to the United Kingdom before sailing 18 February 1944 as a convoy escort. Arriving Oran 5 March, she prepared for patrol and screening operations, and joined the screen of . For nearly 3 months, the destroyer repeatedly provided effective gunfire in support of ground troops advancing up the Italian boot. After Rome was liberated, she stood by to support the Allied drive in northern Italy.
She cleared Palermo 12 August for the invasion of southern France. As a unit of Rear Admiral Morton Deyo's American-French bombardment group, Kendrick gave direct fire support to the 36th Infantry Division storming the beaches on 15 August. She helped silence German 88 mm guns from 15 to 16 August, and bombarded gun emplacements and ammunition dumps at St. Madrier, France from 25 to 26 August. Upon completion of her mission, the destroyer steamed toward the United States, arriving at Boston, Massachusetts on 19 September.
Kendrick escorted a convoy to the Mediterranean Sea in mid-November, before returning New York 15 December. She joined a convoy and once again departed Norfolk 6 January 1945, reporting for duty with the 8th Fleet 18 January. For the next 4 months she performed air-sea rescue, escort duty, fire support missions, and patrol duty in the Mediterranean as the war in Europe came to an end. Kendrick cleared Oran 15 May with a convoy and put into New York 8 days later. Following repairs at New York and refresher training in Cuba, the destroyer transited the Panama Canal, arriving Pearl Harbor on 28 August via San Diego, California. She engaged in training exercises out of Hawaii before returning Charleston, South Carolina on 16 October.
Fate
Kendrick remained at Charleston until she decommissioned and joined the Atlantic Reserve Fleet at Orange, Texas, 31 March 1947. On 1 May 1966, her name was struck from the Navy List, and Kendrick was used in destruction tests at sea by the David Taylor Model Basin.
The wreck lies at:
Awards
Kendrick received three battle stars for World War II service.
As of 2009, no other ship in the United States Navy has been named Kendrick.
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USS Kendrick
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Ratnasambhava (, lit. "Jewel-Born") is one of the Five Dhyani Buddhas (or "Five Meditation Buddhas") of Mahayana and Vajrayana or Tantric Buddhism. Ratnasambhava's mandalas and mantras focus on developing equanimity and equality and, in Vajrayana Buddhist thought is associated with the attempt to destroy greed and pride. His consort is Mamaki and his mount is a horse or a pair of lions.
Textual History
The first documented mention of Ratnasambhava is found in the Suvarṇaprabhāsa Sūtra and in the Guhyasamāja Tantra (4th Century CE), and he subsequently appears in a number of Vajrayana texts. The most elaborate account of him is to be found in the Pañcakara section of the Advayavajrasaṃgraha.
In the Śūraṅgama mantra (Chinese: 楞嚴咒; pinyin: Léngyán Zhòu) taught in the Śūraṅgama sutra (Chinese: 楞嚴經; pinyin: Léngyán Jīng), an especially influential dharani in the Chinese Chan tradition, Ratnasambhava is mentioned to be the host of the Jewel-creating Division in the South, one of the five major divisions which controls the vast demon armies of the five directions.
Ratnasambhava is also mentioned as one of the Buddhas worthy of praise in the Kṣitigarbha Bodhisattva Pūrvapraṇidhāna Sūtra, chapter 9:
Characteristics
Ratnasaṃbhava is associated with the skandha of feeling or sensation and its relationship with consciousness. His activity in promoting Buddhism is enriching and increasing knowledge of Dharma. Ratnasambhava is associated with the jewel symbol, which corresponds with his family, Ratna or jewel. In artwork he is shown in the mudra of giving.
He is usually coloured yellow or gold. He is associated with the element earth, the heavenly quarter of the south and the season of spring. His cardinal direction is the south. His Buddha field is known as Śrimat.
In the Bardo Thodol, he is depicted in union with Mamaki and attended by the male bodhisattvas Ākāśagarbha and Samantabhadra and the female bodhisattvas Mala and Dhupa.
In Tibet, Vaiśravaṇa, also known as Jambhala and Kubera, is considered a worldly dharmapāla, and is often depicted as a member of the retinue of Ratnasambhava.
His wrathful manifestation is the Wisdom King Gundari.
Notes
Mythology of India: Myths of India, Sri Lanka and Tibet, Rachel Storm, Anness Publishing Limited, Editor Helen Sudell, Page 69, Column 1, Lines 9–18, Caption, Page 69, Column 4, Lines 1–4
Five Dhyani Buddhas Table 1, Row 4, Columns 1–5, Table 2, Row 2, Columns 1–12
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Ratnasambhava
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The Château de Luc is a ruined castle in the town of Luc in the Lozère département, in the Occitanie région of France. It was built in the 12th century on a previous Celtic site.
The castle, as a strategic point between the two provinces of Gévaudan and Vivarais, guarded a link to the south of France of the Auvergne frequently used by pilgrims of Saint Gilles, also known as the Regordane Way, on which it was a toll-gate.
For the first 100 years or so of its existence it was the home of the Luc family. In the 13th century it became the property of other regional seigneurs. During the Hundred Years' War it withstood a number of sieges. During the 16th century Wars of Religion the state of Gévaudan garrisoned the castle. Around 1630 the castle was dismantled under orders of Richelieu. During the period surrounding the French Revolution it continued to fall apart from neglect.
In 1878, local parishioners renovated the keep into a chapel, installing a shrine to the Virgin Mary. In the same year, the English writer Robert Louis Stevenson passed through on his travel-adventure, as he recorded in Travels with a Donkey in the Cévennes:
It remains in ruins today and attracts hikers who re-trace Stevenson's route on the GR 70.
The castle is the property of the commune. It was declared a monument historique by the French Ministry of Culture in 1986.
See also
List of castles in France
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Château de Luc
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Casma is a city in the coastal desert of Peru, located northwest of Lima. It is the capital of Casma Province and the third most populous city in the Ancash Region with an estimated population of 29,343 (2015). It is located in the lower Casma Valley, covering an area of 1,205 km2.
The name of the city may derive from the extinct Quingman language.
Santa Maria Magdalena is the city's patron saint, whose day is celebrated on July 22.
Some of the largest prehistoric monuments around the world are situated around the city, in the Casma and Sechin valleys. These include Sechin, Chanquillo, Mojeque and Las Aldas.
The nearby Pacific coastline boasts beaches such as La Gramita, El Litro, Punta el Huaro and Tortugas.
Archaeology
Sechin Bajo Archaeological Site
In February 2008, German and Peruvian archeologists working at Sechin Bajo uncovered a stone and adobe ceremonial plaza which they dated to 5,500 years ago. This makes it the oldest known monument in Peru and one of the oldest structures ever found in the Americas.
The pyramid, main square, and circular sunken courtyard complexes extend over in length.
Chankillo Archaeological Site
The Thirteen Towers of Chankillo (Chanquillo) run north to south along a low ridge within a fourth-century BCE architectural complex in the Casma Valley, in northern coastal Peru.
From hypothesized observing positions within nearby buildings to the west and east, the towers form an artificial, toothed horizon that roughly spans the annual rising and setting arcs of the Sun. The Chankillo towers are interpreted as marking positions of the apparent annual solar movement along the horizon, and as evidencing Sun cults, preceding the Sun pillars of Cusco by almost two millennia.
Las Aldas Archaeological Site
Las Aldas (or Las Haldas) is located on the Pacific coast, about south of the Casma River and dates from 1800 to 1000 BC.
The lack of fresh water source nearby has led archaeologists to surmise that the people of Las Aldas traded seafood and other maritime resources for agricultural produce with the urban centers located inland, such as those of the Casma Valley and the Norte Chico civilization to the south.
Notes
1.The Thirteen Towers of Chankillo and their connection to the rising and the setting arcs of the Sun has not been proven.
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Casma
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Chris Knights (born 25 September 1986) is a former professional Australian rules footballer who played for the Adelaide Football Club and Richmond Football Club in the Australian Football League (AFL).
AFL career
Chris played his junior football with the Waverley Blues Football Club and also the Vermont Football Club before being selected to play for the Eastern Ranges in the TAC Cup. Knights, a dual Victorian Metropolitan under-18 representative (2003/04), was selected in the 2004 AFL Draft by the Adelaide Football Club with the 56th selection.
Knights was eased into the AFL system, playing just two games in the 2005 season and ten in 2006 before cementing his spot in the side in 2007, missing only one game.
Knights saw more action in 2007, developing into a midfielder and regularly featuring in Adelaide's best players on a regular basis. He racked up a career high 37 disposals in a game against Collingwood in round 15, earning the first Brownlow Medal votes of his career.
In round 7 of the 2009 season, Knights made a surprising move to the forward line. This move paid off, with Knights booting three and two goals respectively in losses against the Western Bulldogs and Brisbane Lions, before managing bags of five, four and five in the Crows' impressive victories over Carlton, Hawthorn and Essendon. During this prolific period, Knights became the most accurate goalkicker in the AFL, having booted 21.3 from 24 scoring shots at that point of the 2009 season with an accuracy percentage of 87.5.
On 25 September 2012, Knights left Adelaide. On 1 October 2012 Knights signed a contract with the Richmond Football Club during the free agency period.
Knights started off his first season at Richmond well kicking 6 goals in his first 5 games. However, in round 7 against Port Adelaide at AAMI Stadium, Knights hurt his knee which cost him his season.
In August 2015, Knights announced he would retire at the end of the season.
Personal life
Knights is the managing director of Zib Media, a media company which operates in both Melbourne and Adelaide, building websites and performing search engine optimisation. Zib Media was a top ten finalist in the 2014 Australian Startup Awards.
Playing statistics
|- style="background-color: #EAEAEA"
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2005
|
| 21 || 2 || 0 || 0 || 6 || 4 || 10 || 3 || 1 || 0.0 || 0.0 || 3.0 || 2.0 || 5.0 || 1.5 || 0.5
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2006
|
| 21 || 10 || 1 || 3 || 67 || 65 || 132 || 31 || 20 || 0.1 || 0.3 || 6.7 || 6.5 || 13.2 || 3.1 || 2.0
|- style="background-color: #EAEAEA"
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2007
|
| 21 || 22 || 5 || 12 || 276 || 239 || 515 || 123 || 60 || 0.2 || 0.5 || 12.5 || 10.9 || 23.4 || 5.6 || 2.7
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2008
|
| 21 || 16 || 4 || 3 || 201 || 132 || 333 || 79 || 51 || 0.3 || 0.2 || 12.6 || 8.3 || 20.8 || 4.9 || 3.2
|- style="background-color: #EAEAEA"
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2009
|
| 21 || 20 || 43 || 25 || 187 || 165 || 352 || 95 || 63 || 2.2 || 1.3 || 9.4 || 8.3 || 17.6 || 4.8 || 3.2
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2010
|
| 21 || 5 || 2 || 2 || 37 || 38 || 75 || 21 || 17 || 0.4 || 0.4 || 7.4 || 7.6 || 15.0 || 4.2 || 3.4
|- style="background-color: #EAEAEA"
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2011
|
| 21 || 16 || 10 || 16 || 158 || 134 || 292 || 83 || 43 || 0.6 || 1.0 || 9.9 || 8.4 || 18.3 || 5.2 || 2.7
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2012
|
| 21 || 5 || 3 || 3 || 37 || 23 || 60 || 15 || 8 || 0.6 || 0.6 || 7.4 || 4.6 || 12.0 || 3.0 || 1.6
|- style="background-color: #EAEAEA"
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2013
|
| 15 || 5 || 6 || 5 || 54 || 32 || 86 || 25 || 8 || 1.2 || 1.0 || 10.8 || 6.4 || 17.2 || 5.0 || 1.6
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2014
|
| 15 || 0 || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || —
|- style="background-color: #EAEAEA"
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2015
|
| 15 || 1 || 1 || 0 || 3 || 1 || 4 || 1 || 3 || 1.0 || 0.0 || 3.0 || 1.0 || 4.0 || 1.0 || 3.0
|- class="sortbottom"
! colspan=3| Career
! 102
! 75
! 69
! 1026
! 833
! 1859
! 476
! 274
! 0.7
! 0.7
! 10.1
! 8.2
! 18.2
! 4.7
! 2.7
|}
|
Chris Knights
|
The Battle of Acosta Ñu or Campo Grande () was a battle during the Paraguayan War, fought on 16 August 1869, between the Triple Alliance and Paraguay. The 3,500 poorly armed Paraguayans, mostly boys between nine and 15 years old, old men and wounded combatants, confronted 20,000 Brazilian and Argentine veteran soldiers.
Background
In the middle of 1869, the Paraguayan Army was on full retreat and Asunción was under allied occupation. Francisco Solano López, the Paraguayan president, refused to surrender and retreated to the hills, vowing to keep fighting to the end. The commander of the allied forces, Luís Alves de Lima e Silva, the Duke of Caxias, suggested that the war was militarily over. Pedro II, the Brazilian emperor, refused to stop the campaign until López surrendered. Caxias then resigned and was replaced by the Emperor's son-in-law, prince Gaston of Orleans, the Count of Eu.
The Count of Eu and the main Allied troops advanced and took Caacupé on August 15, though López had already moved to Caraguatay. In an attempt to block the Paraguayan Army from retreating to Caraguatay, the Count of Eu sent the 2nd Corps via Barrero Grande, while the 1st Corps pursued López.
Battle
The Allied troops met the rearguard of the Paraguayan forces at Acosta Ñu on August 16. The battle started at 0800. Acosta Ñu (which means "Acosta's Field", "Acosta" being a popular last name) is a vast plain of roughly , ideal for the Brazilian cavalry. The initial charge was led by the Allied 1st Corps infantry, supported by artillery. As the Paraguayans retreated across the Yagari River, the 4th Cavalry Brigade made a right flanking movement. Meanwhile, the 2nd Corps reached the Paraguayan rear, which left them no means to retreat. Children were said to cling to the legs of Brazilian soldiers amidst the raging battle, pleading for mercy, only to be decapitated without hesitation. Once all flanks collapsed, the wounded children tried to flee the battlefield alongside their relatives. Yet the Brazilian commander ordered his cavalry to cut the retreat and set the battlefield ablaze, including the field hospital. Large numbers of children died because of these actions.
Legacy
The battle of Acosta Ñu is depicted in the famous painting Batalha de Campo Grande by Pedro Américo, and in the book Recordações de Guerra e de Viagem by famous Brazilian writer Alfredo d'Escragnolle Taunay, who took part in the battle.
In Paraguay, Children's Day is celebrated on August 16. It is a national holiday to commemorate the memory of the children who lost their lives in the battle.
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Battle of Acosta Ñu
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In biology and sexology, the proceptive phase is the initial period in a relationship when organisms are "courting" each other, prior to the acceptive phase when copulation occurs. Behaviors that occur during the proceptive phase depend very much on the species, but may include visual displays, movements, sounds and odors.
The term proceptivity was introduced into general sexological use by Frank A. Beach in 1976 and refers to behavior enacted by a female to initiate, maintain, or escalate a sexual interaction. There are large species differences in proceptive behavior. The term has also been used to describe women's roles in human courtship, with a meaning very close to Beach's. A near synonym is proception.
The term proceptive phase refers to pre-consummatory, that is, pre-ejaculatory, behavior and focuses attention on the active role played by the female organism in creating, maintaining, and escalating the sexual interaction.
See also
Mating
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Proceptive phase
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New Holland railway station is a single-platform station which serves the village of New Holland in North Lincolnshire, England. The station is situated on the Barton line west of , and all trains serving it are operated by East Midlands Railway.
History
The original station, named , was built by the Manchester, Sheffield and Lincolnshire Railway (MS&LR) and was situated a few yards towards the Humber Estuary at the landward end of New Holland Pier, a jetty, some in length which served a ferry service to Hull. At the pier head was situated New Holland Pier railway station. As one of the early aims of the MS&LR was to reach Hull the pierhead at New Holland became its "Up" terminus. This was later changed to Grimsby on completion of the "London Extension" to Marylebone.
Because of these early aims the railway company bought out the rights of the New Holland Ferry. These rights transferred to the Great Central Railway, the London & North Eastern Railway and, on nationalisation, British Railways. The ferry service was closed on the opening of the Humber Bridge in June 1981 and the New Holland Pier railway station closed. The present day railway station at New Holland opened to serve the community, replacing the original which closed on the same day.
New Holland was a railway community, the majority of the housing being built by the company to house its workers. It played an important part in railway life for it was here that the railway company laundry was situated and special laundry vans brought the soiled washing from the company's stations, restaurant cars and hotels. Also centred here were the company's wagon sheet repair shops, skills used in the repair of sails could be put to a railway use.
Yarborough Hotel was rebuilt (replacing a hotel bought in 1845) in 1851 for MS&LR. It was included in adverts for LNER hotels in 1936, but was sold before nationalisation, being advertised for sale in 1947.
Facilities
The station is unstaffed and has limited amenities (just a waiting shelter, bench seat and timetable poster board on the single wood platform). Tickets have to be purchased in advance or on the train. Level access is available between the station entrance and platform.
Services
All services at New Holland are operated by East Midlands Railway using Class 170 DMUs.
The typical Monday-Saturday service is one train every two hours between and .
There is a Sunday service of four trains per day in each direction during the summer months only. There are no winter Sunday services at the station.
Services were previously operated by Northern Trains but transferred to East Midlands Railway as part of the May 2021 timetable changes.
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New Holland railway station
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Joel Meyers is an American sportscaster who is the play-by-play announcer of the New Orleans Pelicans of the National Basketball Association (NBA). He also is the lead host of "Above the Rim", which airs weekdays from 10am-1pm ET on SiriusXM NBA Radio. He is also the preseason play-by-play announcer for the New Orleans Saints.
Career
His professional resumé includes NFL telecasts on NBC, Los Angeles Dodgers telecasts from 1990 to 1991, California Angels telecasts from 1987 to 1989, St. Louis Cardinals radio broadcasts in 2002, Los Angeles/Oakland Raiders radio broadcasts from 1993 to 1996, San Antonio Spurs telecasts, various assignments for ESPN and FSN, and even the Los Angeles Lazers of the Major Indoor Soccer League. Meyers called the 2007 FIBA Americas gold and bronze medal games with Steve "Snapper" Jones. From 2012 to 2013 he called preseason games for the Houston Texans with Spencer Tillman. He also called games for the Los Angeles Clippers.
Meyers currently calls Big 12 Conference college football games for FSN and NBA games for ESPN Radio. He previously worked National Football League games for Westwood One (usually teamed with Bob Trumpy), but left that network after the 2006 season. He currently works for Bally Sports New Orleans as the play-by-play announcer for the New Orleans Pelicans (formerly New Orleans Hornets). Meyers also called the 2014 preseason lineup on local Cox Sports Television for the New Orleans Saints.
Meyers called 1st Round games for the 2014 NBA Playoffs on TNT partnered with Chris Webber. He also called 1st Round games for TNT and NBATV during the 2020 NBA Playoffs. He worked with Greg Anthony for the 1st-round games in the 2020 NBA Playoffs. Meyers also worked 1st round games for the 2021 NBA Playoffs for NBATV and TNT.
Los Angeles Lakers
Meyers most notably started work for the Los Angeles Lakers of the National Basketball Association in 2003 as their radio voice, the year after Chick Hearn died. Two years later, he was moved from radio to television where he was paired with Stu Lantz. Meyers replaced Paul Sunderland, who had succeeded Chick Hearn. Meyers left the Lakers at the end of the 2010–2011 season when the team did not renew his contract. He was supposed to be replaced by Spero Dedes, but Dedes ended up choosing a contract with the New York Knicks instead. Eventually, Meyers would be replaced by Bill Macdonald.
Key and Peele skits
Meyers portrayed the play-by-play announcer Dave Stassen in two Key & Peele football skits, beginning in Season 2, airing in 2012.
Accolades
In 2010, he was inducted into the Southern California Jewish Sports Hall of Fame.
Personal
A St. Louis native, Meyers graduated from Ladue Horton Watkins High School in 1972. He attended the University of Missouri, and served as the public address announcer at Busch Stadium II for the St. Louis Cardinals from 1980 until 1982, with the Cardinals winning the World Series in his final season.
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Joel Meyers
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Vanadium bromoperoxidases are a kind of enzymes called haloperoxidases. Its primary function is to remove hydrogen peroxide which is produced during photosynthesis from in or around the cell. By producing hypobromous acid (HOBr) a secondary reaction with dissolved organic matter, what results is the bromination of organic compounds that are associated with the defense of the organism. These enzymes produce the bulk of natural organobromine compounds in the world.
Vanadium bromoperoxidases are one of the few classes of enzymes that requires vanadium. The active site features a vanadium oxide center attached to the protein via one histidine side chain and a collection of hydrogen bonds to the oxide ligands.
Occurrence and function
Vanadium bromoperoxidases have been found in bacteria, fungi, marine macro algae (seaweeds), and marine microalgae (diatoms) which produce brominated organic compounds. It has not been definitively identified as the bromoperoxidase of higher eukaryotes, such as murex snails, which have a very stable and specific bromoperoxidase, but perhaps not a vanadium dependent one. While the purpose of the bromoperoxidase is still unknown, the leading theories include that it’s a way of regulating hydrogen peroxide produced by photosynthesis and/or as a self-defense mechanism by producing hypobromic acid which prevents the growth of bacteria.
The enzymes catalyse the oxidation of bromide (0.0067% of sea water) by hydrogen peroxide. The resulting electrophilic bromonium cation (Br+) attacks hydrocarbons (symbolized as R-H in the following equation):
R-H + Br− + H2O2 → R-Br + H2O + OH−
The bromination acts on a variety of dissolved organic matter and increasingly bromination leads to the formation of bromoform. The vanadium bromoperoxidases produce an estimated 1–2 million tons of bromoform and 56,000 tons of bromomethane annually. Partially in the polar regions, which has high blooms of microalgae in the spring, these compounds have the potential to enter the troposphere and lower stratosphere. Through photolysis, brominated methanes produce a bromine radical (Br.) that can lead to ozone depletion. Most of the earth's natural organobromine compounds arise by the action of this enzyme.
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Vanadium bromoperoxidase
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The Nissan RD engine series is basically a Nissan RB engine design, except that it is only a single overhead cam six-cylinder diesel engine. It was the successor to the Nissan LD and SD six-cylinder engines and was joined by the six-cylinder Nissan TD engine.
From 1997 onwards the turbocharged versions were fitted with electronic fuel injection. The turbodiesel version known as the RD28T (or RD28ET with electronic fuel injection) and were also fitted to the Nissan Safari (also known as the Nissan Patrol) off-road vehicle.
Since the Nissan RD engine is based on the Nissan RB engine, they have many similarities and many parts are interchangeable. The engine block was similar to the RB30 engine except it had more material, was heavier and had 85mm bore vs the 86mm bore of the RB30 and a 83mm stroke vs 85mm stroke. One issue is that the stronger vibrations from the diesel engine can loosen the crank/harmonic balancer bolt (originally from the RB engines) and in turn become loose or fall off causing major engine damage. It is recommended to use thread locking fluid when installing.
The cylinder head was of a non-crossflow design, meaning that the exhaust and intake ports were on one side of the cylinder head.
RD28
SOHC, bore
RD28 Series 1
12 valves (two per cylinder). When originally introduced, JIS gross were used rather than JIS net, meaning that early information claims and at the same engine speeds.
at 4,800 rpm at 2,400 rpm
Nissan Skyline R31 series 1985–1987
Nissan Laurel C32 ~ C34 series 1986–1993
Nissan Cedric / Nissan Gloria Y30 ~ Y32 series 1985–1993
Commercial (taxi) Nissan Cedric / Nissan Gloria Y31 series sedan 1987–1999
Nissan Crew K30 series 1993–1999
Nissan Cefiro A31 series 1988–1993
No PCV on the tappet cover.
RD28 Series 2
at 4,800 rpm at 2,400 rpm
Nissan Cedric / Nissan Gloria Y32 & Y33 series 1993–1999
Nissan Laurel C34 - C35 series 1994–1999
RD28E
at 4,800 rpm at 2,400 rpm
Commercial (taxi) Nissan Cedric Y31 series sedan 1999.08-2002
Nissan Laurel C35 series 1999–2001
Nissan Crew K30 series 1999-2009
Vacuum pump located on tappet cover.
RD28T
SOHC turbodiesel
at 4,400 rpm at 2,400 rpm
Nissan Safari Spirit series Y60 2-door soft-top 1996–1997
Nissan Civilian Bus
RD28ETi1
electronically controlled turbodiesel with an intercooler
at 4,000 rpm at 2,000 rpm
Nissan Safari Spirit series Y61 2-door soft-top 1997–1999 (automatic transmission)
RD28ETi2
electronically controlled turbodiesel with an intercooler
at 4,000 rpm at 2,000 rpm
See also
List of Nissan engines
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Nissan RD engine
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Evelyn Lett, (October 17, 1896 – March 26, 1999) was a Canadian women's rights pioneer. Born Evelyn Story in Wawanesa, Manitoba, she moved with her family to Vancouver, British Columbia in 1910.
Personal life
In 1928, Evelyn Story married Sherwood Lett a Canadian soldier, lawyer, diplomat, and jurist. Sherwood and Evelyn Lett had two daughters, Mary and Frances.
Education
Evelyn attended King Edward High School and excelled academically, winning the Governor-General's Gold Medal and a scholarship to the Vancouver branch of McGill University, the precursor to the University of British Columbia. She received a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1917 from the University of British Columbia (UBC), one of the first female graduates. She was also a founding member of the Alma Mater Society and helped give the UBC women the right to vote in 1914 before women could vote in Canada. She received her Master of Arts degree in 1926 from the University of British Columbia, Department of History. Her thesis, India and Nationhood, is one of UBC's First 100 Theses.
Advocacy and Community Work
Evelyn helped establish the Women's Auxiliary of the Salvation Army and chaired the women's section of the United Way. She served on the board of the Vancouver General Hospital and the YWCA, and was a founding member of the Vancouver Art Gallery.
Following the Second World War, Evelyn Lett served on government commissions regarding the state of women's employment in Canada, including the Advisory Committee on Reconstruction as one of the members of the Subcommittee on the Post-War Problems of Women. Two women from British Columbia, Evelyn Lett and Grace MacInnis, were members of the subcommittee and they reported that women and their employers in Vancouver-area war plants saw “women as an integral part of the future economic structure.” The 1944 report, entitled Post-war Problems of Women: Final Report of the Subcommittee, held that women should be allowed to make a choice to return to the domestic sphere or to continue in paid employment.
Honours
The University of British Columbia (UBC) awarded Evelyn Lett with an honorary Doctor of Law LL.D degree in 1958. Norman MacKenzie, the president of UBC at the time, said that "her wide range of public services reflects the humanity, compassion and respect for learning which have made Evelyn Story Lett a woman, a graduate and a citizen whom we are proud and happy to honour.”
In October 1958, she was presented with the Great Trekker Award from UBC. The Great Trekker Award was initiated in 1950 and is presented by the Alma Mater Society to a graduate of UBC who has achieved eminence in his or her chosen field of activity and made a worthy and special contribution to the community.
In 1996 the Alma Mater Society created an endowment to provide financial aid for students needing child care. The fund, the largest endowment of its kind at a Canadian university, was named in honour of Lett. She was also given a Lifetime Achievement Award by the Alumni Association, which she helped found.
In 1997, she was made an Officer of the Order of Canada for her "immense impact on the Vancouver community by raising hundreds of thousands of dollars for a seniors facility and a much-needed daycare centre for the University".
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Evelyn Lett
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Maryland Route 302 (MD 302) is a state highway in the U.S. state of Maryland. Known for most of its length as Barclay Road, the state highway runs from U.S. Route 301 (US 301) near Barclay east to the Delaware state line near Templeville, where the highway continues northeast as Delaware Route 11 (DE 11). MD 302 follows the Queen Anne's–Caroline county line for part of its length near Templeville. The county line road is considered to be in Caroline County for maintenance purposes. MD 302 was first paved in Barclay in the early 1920s and from Templeville to the state line in the late 1920s. The gap between Barclay and Templeville was filled in the late 1930s. MD 302 was extended west toward Church Hill in the late 1940s and to US 301 in the mid-1960s.
Route description
MD 302 begins at an intersection with US 301 (Blue Star Memorial Highway) about midway between Church Hill and Barclay in Queen Anne's County. County-maintained Hall Road heads west from the intersection toward Church Hill, and a park and ride lot is located in the northeast quadrant of the intersection. MD 302 heads east as two-lane undivided Barclay Road, which crosses Red Lion Branch near its source west of Stevens Corners. The highway passes through the town of Barclay as Church Street. In the center of town, the highway has a grade crossing with the Centreville Branch of the Northern Line of the Maryland and Delaware Railroad just west of the route's junction with MD 313 (Goldsboro Road). Upon leaving Barclay, the route becomes Barclay Road again. MD 302 crosses Unicorn Branch at its source, and the highway begins to follow the Queen Anne's–Caroline county line at its intersection with Woodyard Road. MD 302 passes through the town of Templeville, where the highway intersects the northern terminus of MD 454 (Crown Stone Road). East of the town, shortly after crossing Beaver Dam Ditch, MD 302 reaches its eastern terminus at the Delaware state line. The highway continues northeast as DE 11 (Arthursville Road) toward the town of Hartly.
History
The first section of MD 302 was about east from MD 313 in Barclay paved in 1923. A second, unconnected section was completed between Templeville and the Delaware state line in 1930. The gap between Barclay and Templeville was filled in 1939. MD 302 was extended west about toward Church Hill in 1949. The state highway reached its present length when it was extended to US 301 in 1966.
Junction list
MD 302 follows the Queen Anne's–Caroline county line from just west of Woodyard Road near Templeville to the Delaware state line. The county line portion is considered to be in Caroline County for maintenance purposes.
See also
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Maryland Route 302
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Tenebre is the soundtrack to Dario Argento's film of the same title, first released as an album in 1982, and reissued most recently in 2006 with multiple bonus tracks. The score was composed and performed by Claudio Simonetti, Fabio Pignatelli, and Massimo Morante, three former members of the defunct rock group Goblin who briefly reunited at the request of Argento. Although the movie itself credits the score to "Simonetti-Pignatelli-Morante", the soundtrack album is credited to "Simonetti-Morante-Pignatelli".
In 2007, "Tenebre", the first track, was sampled by French electronic music duo Justice on their album Cross, in the songs "Phantom" and "Phantom Pt. II".
In April 2018, a double vinyl edition of the soundtrack was released by Waxwork Records in a limited edition.
Track listing
"Tenebre" – 4:34
"Gemini" – 3:11
"Slow Circus" – 2:30
"Lesbo" – 5:17
"Flashing" – 6:23
"Tenebre" (Reprise) – 4:13
"Waiting Death" – 4:19
"Jane Mirror Theme" – 1:59
"Flashing" [film version] – 2:43
"Gemini" [film version suite] – 2:06
"Flashing" [intro film version] – 0:51
"Gemini" [alternate film version suite] – 2:57
"Jane Mirror Theme" [film version] – 0:39
"Tenebre" [alternate film version] – 0:57
"Slow Circus" [film version suite] – 4:55
"Lesbo" [film version] – 3:52
"Tenebre Maniac" [special effects bonus track] – 0:45
"Tenebre" [remix] – 5:08
"Flashing" [remix] – 5:32
Personnel
Claudio Simonetti – Roland Jupiter-8, organ, Roland VP-330 vocoder, Minimoog, piano, electric piano, Oberheim DMX, Roland TR-808, Roland MC4 Computer, percussion
Fabio Pignatelli – Fretted and fretless bass guitars, percussion
Massimo Morante – Electric and acoustic guitars, percussion
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Tenebrae (soundtrack)
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The Sawayaka Welfare Foundation (, Sawayaka Fukushi Zaidan) is a Japanese foundation. Founded in 1991 by Tsutomu Hotta, former inspector and lawyer, under the name Sawayaka Welfare Promotion Center, it has been promoting its Fureai kippu system as a means to make a new “Fureai society”.
See also
Local currency
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Sawayaka Welfare Foundation
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See Communist party (disambiguation) for other similarly named groups.
Guatemalan Party of Labour – Communist Party (in Spanish: Partido Guatemalteco del Trabajo – Partido Comunista) was an underground communist party in Guatemala. PGT-PC was formed in 1978 as a split from the Guatemalan Party of Labour (PGT).
The founders of PGT-PC belonged to two groupings within PGT. One section which participated in forming PGT-PC had only a brief period of membership in PGT. They had belonged to the Rebel Armed Forces (FAR), but had left FAR to join PGT. The other section was made up by members of the Military Commission of PGT (i.e. the armed branch of the party) in the Central Regional Committee and the Alamos Zonal Committee.
In the early 1980s PGT-PC expelled Carlos Quinteros (nom de guerre: Miguel). Quinteros had joined PGT-PC after having participated in the formation of the National Directing Nucleus of PGT (PGT-NDN). Quinteros was captured by state forces on October 9, 1983. Quinteros become a collaborator of the government armed forces. He provided information to the military about the whereabouts and identities of leaders and key cadres of PGT, PGT-NDN and PGT-PC. The arrests and killings that followed wiped out PGT-PC. Only a small section of the party remained active, regrouping itself as the Guatemalan Party of Labour – Alamos.
[ ]
Political parties established in 1978
Defunct political parties in Guatemala
Communist parties in Guatemala
1978 establishments in Guatemala
Guatemalan Civil War
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Guatemalan Party of Labour – Communist Party
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Edmund Glaise-Horstenau (also known as Edmund Glaise von Horstenau; 27 February 1882 – 20 July 1946) was an Austrian Nazi politician who became the last Vice-Chancellor of Austria, appointed by Chancellor Kurt Schuschnigg under pressure from Adolf Hitler, shortly before the 1938 Anschluss.
During the Second World War Glaise-Horstenau became a general in the German Wehrmacht and served as Plenipotentiary General to the Independent State of Croatia. Dismayed by the atrocities committed by the Ustaše, he was involved in the Lorković-Vokić plot, with the purpose of overthrowing Ante Pavelić's regime and replacing it with a pro-Allied government.
Early life and career
Born in Braunau am Inn, the son of an officer, Glaise-Horstenau attended the Theresian Military Academy and served in World War I on the Austro-Hungarian General Staff of the Austro-Hungarian Army. From 1915, he headed the press department of the Supreme Command of the Armed Forces.
After the war, he studied history at the University of Vienna, together with his employment at the Austrian War Archives (as director from 1925 to 1938). He also achieved the rank of a colonel at the Austrian Heeresnachrichtenamt in 1934.
Originally a monarchist, Glaise-Horstenau became the second man in the hierarchy of the banned Austrian Nazi Party in the mid-to-late 1930s behind its leader Josef Leopold. To improve relations with Nazi Germany, he was appointed a member of the Staatsrat of the Federal State of Austria from 1934 in the rank of a Minister Without Portfolio, and from 1936 to 1938, he served as Federal Minister of the Interior in the cabinet of Chancellor Kurt Schuschnigg, after being appointed under pressure from Adolf Hitler following the Juliabkommen. At the meeting at the Berghof in Berchtesgaden on 12 February 1938 between Hitler and Schuschnigg, Germany demanded that Glaise-Horstenau be made Minister of War in a new pro-Nazi government and that he would establish close operational relations between the German and Austrian Armies, which would ultimately lead to the assimilation of the Austrian to the German system.
After Schuschnigg had to resign on 11 March, Glaise-Horstenau served as Vice-Chancellor of Austria under Arthur Seyß-Inquart for two days.
In Croatia
After the Anschluss, he entered the Wehrmacht and was appointed as Plenipotentiary General in the Independent State of Croatia on 14 April 1941. There, he was shocked by the atrocities of the Ustaše (Croatian fascist paramilitaries), which he repeatedly denounced and opposed. As early as 28 June 1941, he reported the following to the German High Command, the Oberkommando der Wehrmacht (OKW):
On 10 July, he added:
The lack of response from the OKW at Glaise-Horstenau's criticism of the Ustaše's methods increasingly frustrated him and caused deep tension with Ante Pavelić, the poglavnik, or head, of the Independent State of Croatia. By 1944, he had grown so dismayed at the atrocities that he had witnessed that he became deeply implicated in the Lorković-Vokić plot to overthrow Pavelić's regime and to replace it with a pro-Allied government.
The subsequent failure of that attempt turned Glaise-Horstenau into persona non grata for both the Croatians and the Nazis. In the first week of September, Pavelić and German ambassador Siegfried Kasche conspired together and effected his removal on 25 September. Glaise-Horstenau's withdrawal from the scene opened the door for the total politicalization of the Croatian armed forces, which occurred over the next several months.
Suicide
Glaise-Horstenau was then passed into Führer-Reserve and entrusted with the obscure task of Military Historian of the South East until his capture by the US Army on 5 May 1945. Fearing extradition to Yugoslavia or Austria, he committed suicide at Langwasser military camp near Nuremberg, Germany, on 20 July 1946.
Publications
The collapse of the Austro-Hungarian empire, translated by Ian F.D. Morrow, London, Toronto: J.M. Dent, 1930 (Die Katastrophe, Die Zertrümmerung Österreich-Ungarns und das Werden der Nachfolgestaaten, Amalthea Verlag, Zürich-Leipzig-Wien, 1929)
Edmund Glaise von Horstenau: Ein General im Zwielicht: die Erinnerungen Edmund Glaises von Horstenau, Volume 76, Böhlau, 1988,
Footnotes
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Edmund Glaise-Horstenau
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The NWA International Heavyweight Championship was a singles title recognized by the National Wrestling Alliance through its partnership with the Japan Pro Wrestling Alliance, and later by All Japan Pro Wrestling. It is one of the three titles that were unified into the Triple Crown Heavyweight Championship in 1989. In 1983, Giant Baba would elevate the title further in the eyes of many when he, as the reigning PWF Heavyweight Champion, declared Jumbo Tsuruta to be the new "Ace" of All Japan after Jumbo won the NWA International Heavyweight Championship from Bruiser Brody. Following the withdrawal of All Japan from the NWA, the International title was briefly sanctioned by the Pacific Wrestling Federation until the unification of the Triple Crown could be completed.
Under Rikidōzan the belt had a design similar to Lou Thesz's original NWA World Heavyweight Championship belt during the 1950s, but after Rikidōzan's death, the belt given to Giant Baba had the design seen on the belt part of the Triple Crown until 2013. The original design was later used on the PWF Heavyweight Championship, the UWFI belt (which was the original Lou Thesz belt), and a belt later given to Kazushi Sakuraba for show.
Title history
Combined reigns
See also
List of National Wrestling Alliance championships
Triple Crown Heavyweight Championship
WWF International Heavyweight Championship
WCW International World Heavyweight Championship
AWA International Heavyweight Championship
AEW International Championship
NWA United National Championship
PWF World Heavyweight Championship
Footnotes
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NWA International Heavyweight Championship
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Vavoua Department is a department of Haut-Sassandra Region in Sassandra-Marahoué District, Ivory Coast. In 2021, its population was 477,154 and its seat is the settlement of Vavoua. The sub-prefectures of the department are Bazra-Nattis, Dananon, Dania, Kétro-Bassam, Séitifla, and Vavoua.
Economy
Local industries include cocoa, cotton growing, and logging.
History
Vavoua Department was created in 1988 as a first-level subdivision via a split-off from Daloa Department.
In 1997, regions were introduced as new first-level subdivisions of Ivory Coast; as a result, all departments were converted into second-level subdivisions. Vavoua Department was included in Haut-Sassandra Region.
In 2011, districts were introduced as new first-level subdivisions of Ivory Coast. At the same time, regions were reorganised and became second-level subdivisions and all departments were converted into third-level subdivisions. At this time, Vavoua Department remained part of the retained Haut-Sassandra Region in the new Sassandra-Marahoué District.
Vavoua International School, a Christian missionary boarding school run by WEC International, was situated in the department, adjacent to the small village of Bouitafla, until the Second Ivorian Civil War forced its closing.
Notes
Departments of Haut-Sassandra
1988 establishments in Ivory Coast
States and territories established in 1988
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Vavoua Department
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The Fifie is a design of sailing boat developed on the east coast of Scotland. It was a traditional fishing boat used by Scottish fishermen from the 1850s until well into the 20th century. These boats were mainly used to fish for herring using drift nets, and along with other designs of boat were known as herring drifters.
Design
While the boats varied in design, they can be categorised by their vertical stem and stern, their long straight keel and wide beam. These attributes made the Fifies very stable in the water and allowed them to carry a very large set of sails. The long keel, however, made them difficult to manoeuvre in small harbours.
Sailing Fifies had two masts with the standard rig consisting of a main dipping lug sail and a mizzen standing lug sail. The masts were positioned far forward and aft on the boat to give the maximum clear working space amidships. A large fifie could reach just over in length. Because of their large sail area they were very fast sailing boats.
Fifies built after 1860 were all decked and from the 1870s onwards the bigger boats were built with carvel planking, i.e. the planks were laid edge to edge instead of the overlapping clinker style of previous boats. The introduction of steam powered capstans in the 1890s, to help raising the lugs sails, allowed the size of these vessels to increase from to over in length. From about 1905 onwards sailing Fifies were gradually fitted with engines and converted to motorised vessels.
There are few surviving examples of this type of fishing boat still in existence. The Scottish Fisheries Museum based in Anstruther, Fife has restored and still sails a classic example of this type of vessel named the Reaper. The Swan Trust in Lerwick, Shetland have restored and maintain another Fifie, The Swan, as a sail training vessel. She now takes over 1000 trainees each year, and has taken trainees to participate in the Cutty Sark Tall Ships Races to ports in France, Denmark, the Netherlands, Ireland as well as around the UK. The Isabella Fortuna is owned by the Wick Society.
Gallery
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Fifie
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The Edit menu is a menu-type graphical control element found in most computer programs that handle files, text or images. It is often the second menu in the menu bar, next to the file menu.
Whereas the file menu commonly contains commands about handling of files, such as open, save, and print, the edit menu commonly contains commands relating to the handling of information within a file, e.g. cut and paste and selection commands. In addition, it may also be home to the undo and redo commands, especially in word processors. It may also contain commands for locating information, e.g. find commands. In graphics-oriented programs, it often contains commands relating to the manipulation of images, for example the crop command.
Graphical control elements
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Edit menu
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Lotus Pond () is an artificial lake and popular tourist destination on the east side of Zuoying District in Kaohsiung, Taiwan. Opened in 1951, it is famous for the lotus plants on the lake and the numerous temples around the lake, including the Spring and Autumn Pavilions (春秋閣), the Dragon and Tiger Pagodas (龍虎塔), and the Confucian Temple (孔廟).
Lotus Pond was the site for several water sporting events for World Games 2009, including canoe polo, water ski, and dragon boat.
Temples
Kaohsiung Confucius Temple
The old Confucius Temple was originally built in 1684. The temple has a circumference of to 122 meters. However, during the Japanese colonial period due to lack of maintenance, the only part of the original structure was the Chong Sheng Shrine, which is presently which located in the west side of Old City Elementary School nearby Lotus Pond. The new Confucius Temple was located in northwest corner of Lotus Pond; then, it was relocated and rebuilt in 1977, located in North Shore of Lotus Pond. Its pattern had followed Song Dynasty Confucian temple and Shandong Qufu Confucius Temple layouts as model; its Dacheng hall had followed the layouts of the Supreme Harmony Hall of the Imperial Palace. It had Xia and Shang and Zhou's color and culture with yellow tiles covering the roof, black foundations stand on the floor, red pillars, windows and doors, and white stone railings. And it is the largest measure in Taiwan. Its Confucius Ceremony still follows the traditional of Ba Yi Dance (eight dancers in eight rows).
Spring and Autumn Pavilions
This temple complex was established in 1953. It is named after the two Chinese palace-style pavilions built there, the Spring and Autumn Pavilions. Each of these is four-storey and octagonal, with green tiles and yellow walls, and like an antique pagoda reflected in the water. They communicate with each other by 9 bend bridge and are also called "Spring and autumn Royal Pavilion", set up by commemorated "The Martial Saint, Lord Kua". There is a Guanyin statue which is riding a dragon in the front end of the Spring and Autumn Pavilions. According to local legend, the Goddess of Mercy riding a dragon appeared in the clouds and instruct followers to build an effigy in the form of its coming out between the two pavilions so this statue was built.
Dragon and Tiger Pagodas
The Dragon and Tiger Pagodas towers have a height of seven stories, and are constructed to stand on the lake. The fronts of the buildings have dragon and tiger statues, respectively. Visitors enter the towers through the statues' bodies. Entering the dragon's mouth and exiting via the tiger's mouth is believed to be auspicious. The towers are connected to the shore with a 9-angle bridge (九曲橋). Inside the tiger and dragon figures are work art telling stories of the good and bad and some historical expressions of Chinese tradition. In the Dragon tower, illustrations of filial piety are painted; while the Tiger tower has illustrations of the twelve Magi and the Jade Emperor's thirty palaces.
Pei Chi Pavilion
Pei Chi Pavilion () honors the Daoist deity Xuan Wu under the honorific "God-Emperor of the North Pole"; it belongs to Zuoying Yuan Di Temple and Feng Gu Palace. It claims to have the highest water statues in Southeast Asia. According to legend, Xuan Wu spoke through mediums to order the building of this pavilion.
The pavilion itself is 72 meters tall and made from grout and the Seven-Star sword in the god's hand is length of 38.5 meters. Its peaks has gullies and fountains to serve as background, and it used arch bridge connected statues. The place of worshiping and office of temple is under the statue.
Chi Ming Palace
Also called Southeast of Dili Que hall, Chi Ming Palace () is the most spectacular temple by Lotus Pond. Located in the west and facing the east, the temple was rebuilt in 1973 as a three-story, palace-style grand architecture. It is mainly for the worship of the two sages, Confucius and Lord Guan. While Taiwanese people were worried about being influenced by the Japanese customs, such as its culture, folklore, and religion, Those who founded Chi Ming Hall, including Xie Zhi Weng and Chen Wang Weng, constructed Ming De Hall under God's will by tossing divination blocks. Those great founders have dedicated themselves to Chi Ming palace ever since in the hope of maintaining the traditional virtues and saving the society from corruption.
Tianfu Palace
Located at No.158, Liantan Rd., Zuoying Dist., Kaohsiung City 813, Taiwan, Tianfu Palace () was established at 1660. The Central Camp Marshal was worshiped in Fujian Province, Quanzhou prefecture which crowed into followers everywhere and endless stream of pilgrims. It can solve all problems by followers. Tianfu Palace is not only a head of temple of worshipping The Central Camp Marshal, but also a champion of all temples in Zuoying which the number of pilgrims came to pilgrimage. The palace provides services of comfortable accommodation and receives deeply praise from pilgrims.
God Temple (Saint-doors Inside the celestial palace) ()
Located at No.1, Ln. 549, Zuoying Avenue, Zuoying Dist., Kaohsiung City 813, Taiwan. It worships Father of God, Mother NuWa of Goddess and Jade God of the folk beliefs, called God. 1957, it built the front and rear temples and called Inside the celestial palace. It designed a huge painting of masterpiece of “Neigh Dragon heavenward”, and it's also a spiritual that symbolize by known as "the first word of Tain". And its gradation has the ancient traditional technology art of “Elegant handwriting” which is a foundation work for commemorating ancestors.
Sianshu Three Mountain Palace
Located at No.240, Zuoying Sia Rd., Zuoying Dist., Kaohsiung City 813, Taiwan, Sianshu Three Mountain Palace () was situated in opposite with new Confucian Temple of Lotus Pond and situated in Hello Market of Zuoying. It worships three Mountain Spirits for Jin Mountain, Ming Mountain and Du Mountain of Chaozhou prefecture and they are a natural mountain godhead and portrait. Xian Shu Father God is a mountain Portrait statue. There are a wearing-scholarly guardian father who managed documents and a wearing-helmets and armor house father whose feats is excellent. Xian Ju Father God had originated from the belief of Chaozhou prefecture, later; it had extended to Hakka village, and possesses features of Hakka hometown.
Jhenfu Temple
Located at 3F., No.81, Ln. 6, Zuoying Avenue, Zuoying Dist., Kaohsiung City 813, Taiwan, Jhenfu Temple () was established at 1661, called Zhen Fu union originally, and followers called it “Pei Chai To Land God Temple”. It worships Earth God and patron saint of Pei Chai To and the North Gate. Zhen Fu Temple is the Monument Class I abreast with Gongchen well of North Gate and The Old City. The Earth God blesses every household for peace and Good harvest. Local ancestors extended to celebrate birth of the Earth God on 15 August in lunar calendar.
Cheng Huang Temple ()
The Old City Cheng Huang Temple was built in 1704. It worships Cheng Huang. When the Fengshan country ruled in this time, Residents constructed straw hut out of North Gate to worship the Cheng Huang which was the first model of the Old City Cheng Huang Temple. The Cheng Huang Temple was originally a gateway of The Old City area and the trade. At that time, Pi Chai Tau Street was crowded and bustling. Believers shuttled in front of the temple. It became an important gateway of trade. It experienced Lin Shuangwen rebellion, the county was moved to Fengshan, destroyed by Japanese, the government retreated to Taiwan, damages by refugees, and many time of rehabilitations and rebuilds. The history of Cheng Huang Temple is the miniature of southern Taiwan experienced ups and downs for 200 years. In temple, every board and joss seems to talk quietly about the footsteps of ancestors. The Old City Cheng Huang Temple will tour Zuoying inside and outside for thirteen spots about every birthday of Lunar Calendar on 20 May. It still is one of the important activities in the Zuoying Temple fair.
Qing Shui Temple
The Qing Shui Temple () worships the Master Qing Shui who was a national hero in Sung Dynasty who fought against the Yuan army. His jobs included the holding of management of awards for good deeds and punishment for evil deeds. He saved the souls of thousands of people. The temple is located at East to West, the front side is Lotus Pond, right is Ban-Ping hill, and left side leaning Guishan. Set of Eastern and Western architectural features of the merger; its construction is majestic and manner is solemn.
Cide Palace
Cide Palace () worships Mazu and Commonly be known as Matsu Temple. During the Japanese Occupation Period, Japanese had even set up agriculture office for the temple; afterwards, was changed to The Regiment branch. Cide Palace was rebuilt at 1973, and finished at 1976. The Japanese government ordered to abolish the position of Cide Palace; however, it was rebuilt after Taiwan Restoration. While every birthday of gods, the temple will invite Taiwanese opera group to perform. And it is very special about building a stage in front of temple.
Cih Ji Palace
The Cih Ji Palace () worships Baosheng Dadi. Every Chungyuan Festival, every household hangs radish on door for memorial service. Putting sacrifice on table before the god such as radish, animal sacrifice, Glutinous rice lump and fruits to offer sacrifices to gods or ancestors. This ceremony of sacrificing radish still was rumored in civil. Cih Ji Palace was originally built in 1719 at Feng Shan, moved to Zuoying and renovated in 1960,worshiping Baosheng Dadi, Black Tiger Marshal and other gods; they became patron saint of local residents and endless stream of pilgrims. In 1974, Baosheng Dadi ordered to build Dragon and Tiger Pagodas. Zuoying Dragon and Tiger Pagodas has become the one of famous landmarks after it finished construction.
Kaohsiung Produce Pavilion
Located on Cuihua Road, the Pavilion markets high-quality agricultural products from Kaohsiung. The Pavilion sells agricultural products and also has a deli area offering meals that feature local ingredients. There are also DIY classroom teaching handcrafts and cooking classroom using local ingredients.
Gallery
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Lotus Pond, Kaohsiung
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Nedurumalli Janardhana Reddy (20 February 1935 – 9 May 2014) was an Indian politician from Andhra Pradesh. A member of the Indian National Congress, he represented the Visakhapatnam constituency in the Lok Sabha, the lower house of the Indian legislature. From 1990 to 1992, he served as chief minister of Andhra Pradesh. His wife, Nedurumalli Rajyalakshmi, was a minister in the Government of Andhra Pradesh between 2004 and 2014.
In September 2007, members of the militant Naxal group attempted to assassinate Reddy and his wife; both escaped unharmed.
Life and career
Reddy was born in Vakadu on 20 February 1935. After completing his education, he briefly worked as a teacher in a Vakadu school. He entered politics in 1972 and was elected to the Rajya Sabha. In 1978, he became the general secretary of the state congress, he was later elected to the Legislative Council. In his five-decade political career, he also served as a state minister and a legislator, Reddy worked until 1983 in Andhra Pradesh state government, serving as a minister in cabinets headed by Chief Ministers T. Anjaiah, Bhavanam Venkatram, and Kotla Vijayabhaskara Reddy. He was elected to Lok Sabha thrice, one each from the Bapatla (1998), Narsaraopet (1999) and Visakhapatnam (2004) constituencies.
He represented Visakhapatnam as a congress member, and he served as President of the Andhra Pradesh Congress Committee in 1988. He joined Channa Reddy's cabinet in 1989, serving as Revenue Minister.
After Reddy quit the position of Chief Minister, Janardhan Reddy succeeded him, ascending to the Chief Ministership in 1990. Communal riots in Hyderabad presented a challenge; Reddy was credited with bringing law and order to the region in a short time. He was the first Chief Minister to ban the militant Naxalite People's War Group. One important decision during his career was the privatization of professional education. Many medical and engineering colleges in the private sector were permitted to operate during his tenure. Kotla Vijayabhaskara Reddy succeeded him as Chief Minister in October 1992. Members of the Naxalite extremist group, which Reddy had earlier outlawed, attempted to assassinate him on September 7, 2007. The attempt occurred while he was travelling with his family to his home village of Vakadu. Although three of his followers died in the incident, Reddy and his wife escaped unharmed. Reddy was elected to the Rajya Sabha again in 2010, where he served until his death. In his final years, Reddy suffered from a liver ailment and Parkinson's disease. He died in 2014 after prolonged illness, survived by his wife Rajyalaxmi and his four sons.
Political history
1972–1978 : Member of Rajya sabha.
1978–1984 : MLC.
1978–1983 : Cabinet Minister for Revenue, Industries, Power and Agriculture Departments in the Government of Andhra Pradesh.
1988–1989 : P.C.C. President.
1989–1994 : MLA of Venkatagiri (Assembly constituency).
1989–1990 : Cabinet Minister for Agriculture, Forests and Higher Education Departments in the Government of Andhra Pradesh.
1990–1992 : Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh.
1998–1999 : MP (Bapatla – 12th Lok Sabha).
1999–2004 : MP (Narasaraopet – 13th Lok Sabha – 2nd term).
2004–2009 : MP (Visakhapatnam – 14th Lok Sabha – 3rd term).
2009 : Elected to Rajya Sabha.
2010 : Re-elected to Rajya Sabha.
See also
List of chief ministers of Andhra Pradesh
Government of Andhra Pradesh
Politics of Andhra Pradesh
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N. Janardhana Reddy
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The Mahale Mountains are a mountain range in Uvinza District of Kigoma Region in Tanzania. The mountains are on the eastern shore of Lake Tanganyika. They rise to to Mount Nkungwe, Uvinza's highest point.
The range was once the ancestral home of the Holoholo people. Currently the area is a protected wildlife sanctuary, the Mahale Mountains National Park, which harbors chimpanzees and lions.
Holoholo
They were the traditional homeland of the Holoholo people, before being relocated in the 1970s for the creation of Mahale Mountains National Park.
See also
Mountain ranges of Tanzania
Lake Tanganyika
Holoholo
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Mahale Mountains
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The Government of Karnataka, abbreviated as GoK, or simply Karnataka Government, formerly Government of Mysore, is a democratically elected state body with the governor as the ceremonial head to govern the Southwest Indian state of Karnataka. The governor who is appointed for five years appoints the chief minister and on the advice of the chief minister appoints his council of ministers. Even though the governor remains the ceremonial head of the state, the day-to-day running of the government is taken care of by the chief minister and his council of ministers in whom a great amount of legislative powers are vested.
Head Leaders
Council of Ministers
District In-charge Ministers
By Departments
Administrative divisions
Karnataka State has been divided into 4 revenue divisions, 49 sub-divisions, 31 districts, 237 taluks, 747 hoblies/ revenue circles and 6,022 gram panchayats for administrative purposes.
The state has 281 towns and 7 municipal corporations. Bangalore is the largest urban agglomeration. It is among the fastest growing cities in the world.
Political and administrative reorganization
Karnataka took its present shape in 1956, when the states of Mysore and Coorg (Kodagu) were merged with the Kannada-speaking districts of the former states of Bombay and Hyderabad, and Madras. Mysore state was made up of 10 districts: Bangalore, Kolar, Tumkur, Mandya, Mysore, Hassan, Chikmagalur (Kadur), Shimoga and Chitradurga; Bellary was transferred from Madras state to Mysore in 1953, when the new Andhra State was created out of Madras' northern districts. Kodagu became a district, and Dakshina Kannada (South Kanara) district was transferred from Madras state, Uttara Kannada (North Kanara), Dharwad, Belgaum District, and Bijapur District from Bombay state, and Bidar District, Kalaburgi District, and Raichur District from Hyderabad state.
In 1989, Bangalore Rural district was carved out of Bangalore district. In 1997, Bagalkot district was carved out of Vijayapura district, Chamrajnagar out of Mysore, Gadag out of Dharwad, Haveri out of Dharwad, Koppal out of Raichur, Udupi out of Dakshina Kannada and Yadgir out of Kalaburagi. Davanagere district was created from parts of Bellary, Chitradurga, Dharwad and Shimoga.
In 2020, Vijayanagara district was carved out of Ballari district, to become the 31st district in the state. As a result, the world heritage site of Hampi, the erstwhile capital of Vijayanagara empire, is now part of a new district - Vijayanagara.
Legislature
The state legislature is bicameral and consists of the Legislative Assembly and the Legislative Council. The Legislative Assembly consists of 224 members with one member nominated by the governor to represent the Anglo-Indian community. The term of office of the members is five years and the term of a member elected to the council is six years. The Legislative Council is a permanent body with one-third of its members retiring every two years.
Ministry
The government is headed by the governor who appoints the chief minister and his council of ministers. The governor is appointed for five years and acts as the constitutional head of the state. Even though the governor remains the ceremonial head of the state, the day-to-day running of the government is taken care of by the chief minister and his council of ministers in whom a great deal of legislative powers is vested..
The secretariat headed by the secretary to the governor assists the council of ministers. The council of ministers consists of cabinet ministers, ministers of state and deputy ministers. The chief minister is assisted by the chief secretary, who is the head of the administrative services.
As of August 2021, the Government of Karnataka consists of 30 ministers including Chief Minister.
Chief Minister
The Chief Minister of Karnataka is the chief executive of the Indian state of Karnataka. As per the Constitution of India, the governor is a state's de jure head, but de facto executive authority rests with the chief minister. Following elections to the Karnataka Legislative Assembly, the state's governor usually invites the party (or coalition) with a majority of seats to form the government. The governor appoints the chief minister, whose council of ministers are collectively responsible to the assembly. Given that he has the confidence of the assembly, the chief minister's term is for five years and is subject to no term limits.
Karnataka Panchayat Raj
This is a 3-tier system in the state with elected bodies at the village (grama), taluka and district (zilla) levels. It ensures greater participation of people and effective implementation of rural development programs. There is a Grama Panchayat for a village (grama) or a group of villages (gramas), a Taluka Panchayat at the taluka level and a Zilla Panchayat at the district (zilla) level.
All the 3 institutions are made up of elected representatives and there is no provision for nomination by the governor to any of these councils. Karnataka was the first state in the country to enact the Panchayat Raj Act, incorporating all provisions of the 73rd Amendment to the Constitution.
In 2014, Karnataka State Grama Panchayats Delimitation Committee was constituted by the government of Karnataka, with Chairman S G Nanjaiahna Mutt and 6 members. The joint secretary of the committee was Dr. Revaiah Odeyar. The report was submitted on October 30, 2014. This resulted in the implementation of Gram Panchayath Elections in 2015.
Karnataka Panchayat Administrative Service (KPAS), is the civil service of Karnataka state. The Rural Development and Panchayat Raj Department conducts exams to recruit candidates for the service. The KPAS officers are usually appointed as Panchayat Development Officers (PDOs). They are trained under the Abdul Nazeer Sab State Institute of Rural Development and Panchayat Raj (ANSSIRDPR), Mysuru.
The Karnataka Gram Swaraj and Panchayat Raj Act, 1993 (5) was substituted by Act 44 of 2015 with effect from 25.02.2016, as follows:
CHAPTER XVI 1 [Administration, Inspection, Supervision and Creation of Commissionerate of Gram Swaraj and Panchayat Raj]
Section 232B of the Constitution of the Karnataka Panchayat Administrative Service: The Government shall constitute a Karnataka Panchayat Administrative Service consisting of such category of posts from the rural development and panchayat raj department, the number of posts, scale of pay, method of recruitment and minimum qualifications shall be such as may be prescribed]. Inserted by Act 44 of 2015 with effect from 25.02.2016.
Urban Local Governance
Urban areas in Karnataka are governed by different municipal bodies; 10 Municipal Corporations, 59 City Municipal Councils, 116 Town Municipal Councils, 97 Town Panchayats and 4 Notified Area Committees. The Municipal Corporations are administered under the State under Karnataka Municipal Corporations Act, 1976, while the rest are under the Karnataka Municipalities Act, 1964. The administration at Bruhat Bangalore Mahanagara Palike is overseen by the state government directly, while the Directorate of Municipal Administration does it for the rest of the urban local governments in Karnataka. The categorisation of urban areas is done on the following basis:
The Karnataka Municipal Corporations Act, 1976 mandates constituting both Ward Committees and Area Sabha in each corporation. The rules for setting these up are given in Karnataka Municipal Corporations (Wards Committees) Rules, 2016. Ward Committees in the state have been defunct in cities where they have been formed, with the meetings being erratic or not publicised to the ward members. Since the provision for setting up Ward Committees was only given in the municipal act meant for municipal corporations, only cities with population of 3 lakh or more were mandated to form them. In January 2020, the Urban Development Department of the Karnataka Government announced that Ward Committees would be formed in all urban local bodies in the state, irrespective of their population.
Executive
A district of an Indian state is an administrative unit headed by a deputy commissioner or district magistrate, an officer belonging to the Indian Administrative Service. The district magistrate or the deputy commissioner is assisted by a number of officers belonging to Karnataka Civil Service and other Karnataka state services.
A Superintendent of Police, an officer belonging to the Indian Police Service is entrusted with the responsibility of maintaining law and order and related issues of the district. The District SP is assisted by the officers of the Karnataka Police Service and other Karnataka Police officials. A Deputy Conservator of Forests, an officer belonging to the Indian Forest Service, is responsible for managing the forests, environment and wildlife related issues of the district. He is assisted by the officers of the Karnataka Forest Service and other Karnataka forest and wildlife officials. Sectoral development is looked after by the district head of each development department such as PWD, Health, Education, Agriculture, Animal husbandry, etc. These officers belong to the State Services.
Police Administration
The state is divided into 30 police districts, 77 sub-divisions, 178 circles, State Police consists of 20 police districts, 6 Police Commissioners at Bangalore, Mysore, Mangalore, Belagavi, Hubli-Dharwad and Kalaburgi cities, 77 sub-divisions, 178 circles, 927 police stations, and 317 police outposts. There are seven ranges: Central Range at Bangalore, Eastern Range at Davanagere, Northern Range at Belagavi, Southern Range at Mysore and Western Range at Mangalore, North Eastern Range Kalaburgi and Ballari range. The government Railway Police is headed by a ADGP of Police.
Units that assist the state in law and order include Criminal Investigation Department (Forest Cell, Anti-Dowry Cell, etc.), Dog Squad, Civil Rights Enforcement Wing, Police Wireless and Police Motor Transport Organization and special units. Village Defence Parties protect persons and property in the village and assist the police when necessary. The police force is at times supplemented by Home Guards.
Politics
Karnataka politics is dominated by the Indian National Congress (INC) Bharatiya Janata party (BJP), and Janata Dal (Secular).
In recent election conducted in May 2023, the Indian National Congress won in a landslide by getting 135 seats. The Bharatiya Janata Party and the Janata Dal (Secular) conceded defeat, finishing second and third, respectively.
Previously, in the 2018 Assembly Election, BJP emerged as single largest party with 104 seats leaving behind INC with 79, JDS with 38, BSP with 1 and other 2 independent seats. While B. S. Yeddyurappa went ahead with the intention of making the government and requested the governor to allow him to form a government without the numbers though. Governor allowed him to take oath as Chief Minister on 17 May 2018 although his happiness was short-lived, as SC struck down 2 weeks of time provided by the governor for the floor test to just 2 days. He was forced to resign unable to prove the majority. After his resignation H. D. Kumaraswamy was sworn in as the Chief Minister on 23 May 2018 with absolute majority support from Congress total of 117.
In later bypolls JDS+Congress combine won 4 out of 5 seats 3MP & 2 MLA seats making the numbers up by 119.
On 23 July 2019 the government headed by H. D. Kumaraswamy fell short of majority in the trust vote due to the resignation of 17 MLAs from the Congress and the JDS.
B. S. Yeddiyurappa once again took oath as the chief minister for the 4th time on 26 July 2019.
Elections
Last assembly elections: 2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election
See also
Karnataka
List of chief ministers of Karnataka
2019 Karnataka political crisis
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Government of Karnataka
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The 89th Taman Red Banner Orders of Kutuzov and the Red Star Rifle Division (; ), or the Tamanyan Division, was a distinguished division in the Soviet Red Army during the Second World War. The division was primarily remembered for its second formation, composed primarily of ethnic Armenians and fought in numerous battles during the war.
First Formation
The division was established at Kursk prior to June 1941. On 22 June 1941 it was part of 30th Rifle Corps in the interior Orel Military District. Fighting as part of the 19th Army, it was wiped out at Vyazma in October 1941.
Second Formation
The division was re-formed in December 1941 in the capital of the Armenian SSR, Yerevan, following the German invasion of the Soviet Union. It was a redesignation of the 474th Rifle Division, which was formed on 14 December 1941 and renumbered the 89th Rifle Division on 26 December 1941. Over the course of the war period, the division had a number of commanders, including Colonel Simeon G. Zakian (who was killed in action in April 1942 during military operations in the Kerch peninsula), Lieutenant-Colonel Andranik Sargsian, Colonel Artashes Vasilian, and finally Colonel G. Safarian, who took over command in February 1943 and would eventually attain the rank of major general. It published its own weekly Armenian-language newspaper called the Karmir Zinvor (Red Soldier).
The Caucasus and the Crimea
In August 1942, the 89th Division was dispatched toward the North Caucasus Front, where it took up defensive positions to block the German drive toward Grozny. From November to December 1942, the unit took part in several fierce battles in the area around the cities of Elekhotvo, Malgobek, and Voznesenskaya and helped bring the German penetration into the Caucasus to a halt. As the Soviet armies shifted to the offensive during the winter of 1942-43, the 89th Division began its gradual advance toward the Crimea. On January 21, 1943, along with other Soviet forces from the Transcaucasian Front, it participated in the capture of Malgobek, Khamedan and a number of other settlements previously held by the Germans. The unit's advance picked up pace in the following month, averaging about 30-40 kilometers a day as it approached the Sea of Azov.
The Germans put up a stiff resistance in the Crimea, and in the fighting around the settlement of Novo Jerilka division commander Colonel Vasilian was killed. The 89th itself suffered heavy casualties but in the following months fresh recruits from Armenia brought it back to full strength, and Vasilian's successor and the division commander was the able Colonel Safarian. In September 1943, the division was redeployed and ordered to attack the Axis defensive fortifications on the Taman Peninsula. On September 6, it moved in a northeasterly direction from Novorossiysk and engaged in heavy fighting for several days until the Axis defenses were overwhelmed and the villages of Verkhnebakansk and Taman were liberated on September 18 and October 3, respectively. The 89th distinguished itself in these two battles and was given the honorary title of "Tamanskaia" (Таманская; Tamanyan, Թամանյան)." Two soldiers from the division in particular, Senior Sergeants Hunan M. Avetisian and Suren S. Arakelian, were noted for the courage they displayed during the fighting and were both posthumously awarded with the medal of the Hero of the Soviet Union.
On November 21, the 89th Division participated in the Kerch–Eltigen Operation, an ambitious Soviet military operation involving the landing of amphibious troops onto the Kerch Peninsula. The unit landed near the settlements of Baksi and Adzhimushkay, not far from the Strait of Kerch, and held its position for five months despite withering Axis fire. Beginning in January 1944, it slowly made headway toward Kerch and dislodged the defending Axis troops from one portion of the city. Members of the division distinguished themselves once more, the most prominent of them being field-engineer Jahan S. Karakhanian, who was killed in December 1943 while trying to establish a new observation post and was posthumously awarded with the medal of the Hero of the Soviet Union. In recognition of its efforts, on 24 April 1944 the division was awarded with the Order of the Red Star.
In May 1944, the Soviet army began its offensive to retake Sevastopol. The 89th Division was given the objective of capturing the Gornaia Height, which would then open the way to Sevastopol. This was accomplished and the unit subsequently took part in Sevastopol's and the promontory of Kherson's recapture. For the liberation of the Sevastopol the division was bestowed with the Order of the Red Banner. Senior lieutenants Simeon K. Baghdasarian and Khoren A. Khachaturian, and senior sergeants Aydin Gh. Harutyunian, Harutyun R. Mkrtchian and Vardges A. Rostomian were awarded with the Order of the Hero of Soviet Union.
Poland and Germany
In October–September 1944, the division was transferred first to Brest and then deployed along the defensive line near Lublin. With the commencement of the Vistula–Oder Offensive on January 12, 1945, the 89th Division took part in the general advance into Poland and aided in the liberation of dozens of Polish settlements and towns. By February, it had crossed the Oder River and had taken control of the approach leading to Frankfurt an der Oder and prevented the Germans from breaking through to endanger the Soviet forces now converging onto Berlin. By now, the unit was formally referred, in a mixed Russo-Armenian phrase, to as the "Little Armenian Land" (Haykakan Malaia Zemlia). With these routes secure, the Soviets now prepared for the capture of Berlin. The 89th Division entered Frankfurt an der Oder on April 16 and was then integrated into the command of the 3rd Shock Army, part of Marshal Zhukov's 1st Belorussian Front. Unit veteran Arshavir Hakobian writes that many of the Armenians of the division expressed a particular eagerness to take part in Berlin's capture on account of Imperial Germany's role as an ally of the Ottoman Empire during the 1915 Armenian genocide.
The 89th arrived in the German capital on the night of April 29, along with other elements of the 3rd Shock Army, and deployed the 390th, 400th, and 526th regiments to take part in heavy street-to-street battles in the Wedding and Reinickendorf districts. The division's artillery was put to good effect to level buildings where lurking panzerfaust teams were holding up the unit's advance into the central part of the city. On April 30 the division had encountered the twin four-storey structures at Flakturm III at Humboldthain Park. Safarian ordered that they be encircled, and brought his artillery to bear against the flak towers and had his sappers lay a thousand kilograms of explosives at the foundations. Though they caused a great number of casualties, including inflicting concussions against the defenders within, they were unable to penetrate the four meters of iron and concrete walls. But under withering artillery and anti-tank gun fire, on May 2 the commander of the flak towers agreed to surrender.
In several days of fighting the division had overrun seven districts. For its role in the capture of Berlin, the 89th was awarded with the Order of Kutuzov 2nd Class and Major General Hmayak G. Babaian was bestowed with the Hero of the Soviet Union. The 89th Rifle Division is recorded to have liberated a total of 900 cities, towns, and villages. It had advanced a distance of 3,700 kilometers in its combat history, and 7,333 of its members were given commendations and awards, nine of whom were decorated with the award of the Hero of the Soviet Union. A "friendship monument" and memorial was erected in the division's honor in Sevastopol.
On the morning of May 3, the 89th was dispatched westward and four days later arrived on the east bank of the Elbe River, near Wittenberg.
Postwar
The division was slated for disbandment by the order that formed the Group of Soviet Occupation Forces in Germany on 29 May 1945, but this was countermanded. Instead, the 89th Rifle Division was withdrawn to Yerevan in 1946, becoming part of the 7th Guards Army of the Transcaucasian Military District. The division continued to be an Armenian national division until its disbandment on 7 July 1956 when the Soviet Army eliminated the national divisions.
Division legacy
Honorifics included Tamanskaya Krasnozamennaya, of Order of Kutuzov and Order of the Red Star. In 1944, an obelisk was erected at the foot of the mountain at the mass grave of 250 soldiers of the division in the city of Balaklava. On the war's 75th anniversary in 2020, a memorial in the Bryukhovetsky District of the Krasnodar Territory was created. One of the streets of the district, Krasnodar Territory is named after the division.
The division also has a large legacy within the Republic of Armenia. The 4th Independent Motor Rifle Regiment of the Armenian 5th Army Corps retains the battle flag and the traditions of the 89th Tamanyan Division of the Red Army. The battle flag of the regiment holds the Order of the Battle Cross of the 1st degree. The banner of the division was carried by the Armenian contingent at the 2015 and 2020 Moscow Victory Day Parade. On 18 July 2002, the Armenian Embassy in Tbilisi ceremonially awarded 8 Georgian veterans of the division with the Medal of Marshal Baghramyan.
See also
Sassuntsi-Davit Tank Regiment
Soviet 76th "K. Y. Voroshilov" Division
Notes
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89th Rifle Division
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Michael Bolotin is the debut studio album by American recording artist Michael Bolton, who recorded the album under his birth name. It was released by RCA Records in 1975.
Track listing
"Your Love" (Bolotin)
"Give Me a Reason"
"Dream While You Can"
"Tell Me How You Feel"
"It's All Comin' Back to You"
"It's Just a Feelin'"
"Everybody Needs a Reason"
"You're No Good"
"Time Is on My Side" ("Norman Meade", aka Jerry Ragovoy)
"Take Me as I Am"
"Lost in the City"
Personnel
Andy Newmark, Bernard Purdie - drums
Wilbur Bascomb - bass guitar
Walt Richmond - keyboards
Patrick Henderson - piano
Fred Bova, Wayne Perkins - guitar
Jim Horn, Dennis Morouse, David Sanborn - saxophone
George Sturtevant - flute
Lani Groves, Marcy Levy, Barbara Massey, Mary Russell (née McCreary) - backing vocals
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Michael Bolotin (album)
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Streetcars were part of the public transit service in Kenosha, Wisconsin in the first third of the 20th century, and returned to this role in 2000.
Kenosha Electric Railway
The first Kenosha Electric Railway (KERy) was a street railway serving the city of Kenosha, Wisconsin, United States, from February 3, 1903, through February 14, 1932. Throughout these 29 years of service, the system operated Birney Safety Cars. Although it had several owners, the original name was used throughout its history and is still attached to the current streetcar line in Kenosha. In 1932 the Kenosha system was converted to electric trolley buses, making Kenosha an early user of these vehicles for all transit operations (both Ipswich and Darlington in the UK converted entirely to trolley buses in 1926). Kenosha also utilized color-coding for transit routes, a more common practice in horsecar days but used by Glasgow on its electric cars from the beginning.
Modern streetcar line
At the turn of the 21st century, Kenosha constructed a modern electric streetcar system utilizing historic PCC streetcars in coordination with the HarborPark development on the shores of Lake Michigan. The line has become a model project studied by urban planners worldwide, and is used by thirty percent of visitors to Kenosha.
Installation of the tram track sub-base was completed in the autumn of 1998 and utilized crushed concrete from the foundations of the 1870-era Simmons Bedding Company/American Motors Corporation office and plant buildings east of Fifth Avenue. As the new streets in HarborPark were completed in the fall of 1999, crews installed new 115-pound-per-yard (57 kg/m) continuously welded rail streetcar track over modern concrete ties (except for standard wooden ties under grade crossings). Electric overhead line construction for 600-volt direct current was completed in April 2000 and energized by a modern solid state substation.
Kenosha's six historic 'Red Rocket' PCC A15-class streetcars were built in Fort William, Ontario (now part of Thunder Bay, Ontario) for the Toronto Transportation Commission (predecessor of the current Toronto Transit Commission) in 1951 by the Canadian Car and Foundry Company under license from the Transit Research Corporation, holder of the PCC car patents, and using car bodies manufactured by the St. Louis Car Company that were shipped to Canada and remanufactured and rebodied from the windows down in 1991. Each Kenosha car is painted in a unique livery (paint scheme) representing an historic North American transit system that also operated PCC streetcars. The first of Kenosha's streetcars was 4610 'Toronto' (originally 4541), delivered on Thursday, May 4, 2000. The six other cities and systems thereby represented include 4606 (Chicago Surface Lines), 4609 (Pittsburgh Railways Company), 4615 (Johnstown Traction Company), 4616 (Cincinnati Street Railways), 4617 San Francisco Municipal Railway, and 2185 Southeastern Pennsylvania Transportation Authority.
The ceremonial dedication of the streetcar line and the new Transit Center was held on June 17, 2000, and the memorial ribbon was broken at 11 a.m. by 4610 'Toronto', piloted by Richard Lindgren who had been a motorman for the original Kenosha Electric Railway (KERy) in 1932.
Public rides began immediately after the opening ceremony. Regularly scheduled service started two days later, on Monday morning, June 19, 2000.
In addition to its utilitarian purpose, the streetcar system (along with Metra service) has played a major role in the downtown's transit-oriented development (TOD) and immediately became one of Kenosha's top tourist attractions. In December 2005, the City Council voted to study expansion of the current two-mile downtown route (which currently carries over 63,000 passengers yearly) to the city's southwest and through the Uptown business district.
Kenosha's HarborPark Plan, which is served by the streetcar line, comprises over 400 upscale urban housing units and retail, commercial, restaurant and recreational facilities. The streetcar circulator project demonstrates the feasibility of reintroducing zero-emission electric transit into mid-west cities and the application of special short-haul transit applications.
In October 2011, the city of Kenosha received a gift of two more PCC streetcars purchased and donated by John DeLamater. Car 4617 arrived on Oct. 10, and Car 2185 arrived on Oct. 12. These two cars were previously at the East Troy Electric Railroad which had found them unsuitable to its needs. 4617 was built for Toronto in 1951, and finished at the Canadian Car and Foundry with a shell provided by the St. Louis Car Company, one of 19 cars rebuilt for Toronto in 1986. Car 2185 was built in 1948 for the Philadelphia Transport Company by the St. Louis Car Company. Rebuilt in the mid-1980s, it saw service for SEPTA until 1992, when it was acquired by the East Troy line in 1994.
In 2014, the Kenosha city council voted to approve an additional north–south crosstown line, but the expansion was cancelled in 2015 due to unanticipated cost overruns.
Map
See also
Kenosha Transit, operator of the streetcar circulator as well as Kenosha's bus system.
Heritage streetcar
Streetcars in North America
Light rail in the United States
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Streetcars in Kenosha, Wisconsin
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The Divertimento in E major, K. 563, is a string trio, written by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart in 1788, the year in which he completed his last three symphonies (nos. 39–41) and his "Coronation" Piano Concerto. It is his last divertimento and different from his other divertimenti not only in its instrumentation but also in its compositorial ambition and scope.
The work was completed in Vienna on September 27, 1788, and is dedicated to Michael von Puchberg, a friend and fellow Freemason, who lent money to Mozart. The premiere was in Dresden on April 13, 1789, with Anton Teyber taking the violin part, Mozart playing viola and Antonín Kraft playing cello. At the time Mozart was conducting a tour of German cities, on his way to Berlin (see Mozart's Berlin journey).
Movements
The work is in six movements:
Recorded performances of the Divertimento range from 41 to 50 minutes.
Critical reception
As Alfred Einstein writes in Mozart: His Character, His Work (and as excerpted in the notes to a Kennedy Center performance), Mozart's only completed string trio shares with most divertimenti this six-movement format, but from that no lightness of tone should be understood – rather, "it is a true chamber-music work, and grew to such large proportions only because it was intended to offer ... something special in the way of art, invention, and good spirits. ... Each instrument is primus inter pares, every note is significant, every note is a contribution to spiritual and sensuous fulfilment in sound." Einstein called it "one of his noblest works".
Mozart's Divertimento in E major is "one of a kind," according to the notes to an Emerson Quartet performance. "It is not only Mozart's only finished composition for string trio – it also appears to be the first such work by any composer." Though probably the first substantial work for the combination, it is not the first work written for string trio; there were works for violin, viola and cello written at least five years earlier, by Wenzel Pichl, and works for two violins and bass, probably based on the trio sonata, written much before that.
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Divertimento for String Trio (Mozart)
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Mecheda is a town in Shahid Matangini Block in West Bengal, India. The town is the entrance point of Purba Medinipur Dist. which lies upon the South Eastern Railway Zone and in proximity to Haldia, Tamluk, Digha and Contai, Egra.
Education
Mecheda has a long history of education. Besides having a number of schools it has a semi-government engineering college, the College Of Engineering & Management, Kolaghat. The college was conceived and planned by Professor Shankar Sen, an educationist and a former vice chancellor of Jadavpur University, in 1998. It has a campus area of 26.925 acres (108,960 m2) and is located 57 km from Kolkata within the Kolaghat Thermal Power Plant Township, Purba Midnapur, West Bengal. The college offers full-time engineering programmes leading to a 4-year B.Tech degree from West Bengal University of Technology. All the courses are approved by All India Council of Technical Education in New Delhi. However, the college started off in 1998 with affiliation by Vidyasagar University, Midnapore, West Bengal. The first three batches of engineering graduates (1998–2002, 1999–2003 and 2000–2004) received Bachelor of Engineering (B.E.) degree from Vidyasagar University. In 2001 when West Bengal University of Technology was formed, all non-government engineering colleges in West Bengal including the College Of Engineering & Management, Kolaghat came under its roof.
People from all over India are employed here due to the Kolaghat Thermal Power Plant.
Weather
Summers are hot, but the winters are mild with the mercury hardly going below 11 °C. During the winter, weather is relatively warmer than other places in Purba Medinipur.
Cuisine
Mecheda is famous for its own popular Mechedar vegetable Chop and potatoes chop. Apart from this, there are few restaurants like Park Point, Sher-e-Bengal, etc.Famous restaurant Sher-e-Punjab is just 3 km away. 2 resorts are there named Regal Guest House and Star Village and a Children Park also.
Communication
Mecheda is the gateway of Purba Medinipur district. NH41, State highway and South Eastern Railways, Kalaikunda is an air force base about 100 km from Mecheda connected by SE railway. NH-6 is just 2 km away. Mecheda acts as a junction point for travellers who are going to Haldia Port. Digha is 110 km from Mecheda. By bus, Haldia is just one hour away from Mecheda Railway station. The Mecheda Railway station is well-connected by buses which come from a long distance. These routes cross through Mecheda station. From Mecheda one can also get buses to Kolkata/Howrah.
Also, trains like the Howrah-Digha Tamralipta Express, Kandari Express, Shalimar-Mumbai LTTR Express, Ahmedabad Express, Jagannath Express, Howrah-Hyderabad East Coast Express stops here for goods exchange, boarding, and alighting.
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Mecheda
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Kinga Czigány (born 17 February 1972) is a Hungarian sprint canoer who competed in the 1990s. Competing in two Summer Olympics, she won a gold medal in the K-4 500 m event at Barcelona in 1992.
Czigány also won five medals at the ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships with three silvers (K-2 500 m: 1993, 1994; K-4 500 m: 1994) and two bronzes (K-4 500 m: 1993, 1995).
Awards
Order of Merit of the Republic of Hungary – Small Cross (1992)
Hungarian kayaker of the Year (2): 1992, 1993
Member of the Hungarian team of year (with Rita Kőbán, Erika Mészáros, Éva Dónusz): 1992
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Kinga Czigány
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Bjørnør is a former municipality in the old Sør-Trøndelag county in Norway. The municipality existed from 1838 until 1892 in what was at that time the United Kingdoms of Sweden and Norway. It encompassed the area of what is now the municipality of Osen along with the Roan and Stoksund areas in the present day municipality of Åfjord, all in the western part of the Fosen peninsula in Trøndelag county. Bjørnør bordered the municipality of Aafjord to the south and Nordre Trondhjem county to the north and west. The administrative centre of the municipality was the village of Roan where the Roan Church is located.
History
The municipality of Bjørnør was established on 1 January 1838 (see formannskapsdistrikt). On 15 January 1892, the King approved a royal resolution to split up the municipality of Bjørør. It went into effect on 1 June 1892 when Bjørnør ceased to exist, and it was split into three new municipalities: Osen (population: 1,575), Roan (population: 2,069), and Stoksund (population: 1,122).
Name
The municipality (originally the parish) is named Bjørnør after the historic name for the area (). The first element plural genitive case of the word which means "bear". The last element is which means "gravel" or "coarse sand".
Government
During its existence, this municipality was governed by a municipal council of elected representatives, which in turn elected a mayor.
Mayors
The mayors of Bjørnør:
1838–1839: Tarald Eide
1840–1841: Mathias Eide
1842–1845: Christian Severin Houge
1846–1851: Mathias Eide
1852–1864: Peder Pedersen
1864–1865: Ole Wilmann
1866–1883: Fredrik Berg (H)
1883-1883: Jakob Kristian Sørmelan (V)
1884–1885: Johan Moses Møller (H)
1886–1888: Harald Kjeldsberg
1888–1889: Jens Larsen Hopstad
1890–1891: Johan Moses Møller (H)
1892-1892: John Hopstad (MV)
See also
List of former municipalities of Norway
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Bjørnør
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Aidan Hartley (born 1965) is a Kenyan/British writer and entrepreneur.
Born in Nairobi, Kenya in 1965, he was educated at Sherborne and studied English Literature at Balliol College, Oxford, going on to the School of Oriental and African Studies, (SOAS) to study African politics and history.
As a foreign correspondent for the Reuters news agency, Hartley covered Africa in the 1990s - wars in Somalia, famine in Ethiopia and genocide in Rwanda. He is the author of The Zanzibar Chest: A Memoir of Love and War, which was short-listed for the Samuel Johnson Prize. He made dozens of television documentaries, most of them for the Channel 4 Television award-winning current affairs series Unreported World and "Dispatches".
In 2013 he retired from mainstream journalism to focus on private business affairs and book writing. Hartley owns a ranch in Laikipia County, Kenya called Palagalan Farm. The conservation property is home to African wildlife species such as lion and elephant and these co-exist peacefully alongside the farm's herd of Boran beef cattle. Hartley is on the executive of the Boran Cattle Breeders' Society of Kenya.
In 2020, while stranded by lockdown in London, he co-founded a successful Covid-testing company, Crown Laboratories Ltd. In 2021 he co-founded Lantern Comitas, a strategic communications advisory with corporate clients across Africa, Europe and the Americas. In April 2022, the company agreed a joint venture with Mexico-based Miranda Partners.
He writes the "Wild Life" column of The Spectator.
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Aidan Hartley
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Nepenthes eymae is a tropical pitcher plant endemic to Sulawesi in Indonesia, where it grows at elevations of above sea level. It is very closely related to N. maxima, from which it differs in its wine glass-shaped upper pitchers.
The specific epithet eymae honours Pierre Joseph Eyma, a Dutch botanist who worked extensively in the Dutch East Indies and who originally discovered the species.
Botanical history
Nepenthes eymae was discovered in central Sulawesi by Dutch botanist Pierre Joseph Eyma in 1938. Eyma's original material of this species includes the herbarium specimen Eyma 3968, which bears a male inflorescence.
Nepenthes eymae was formally described by Shigeo Kurata in a 1984 issue of The Journal of Insectivorous Plant Society. The holotype, designated as Kurata, Atsumi & Komatsu 102a, was collected on the northern spur of Mount Lumut in Central Sulawesi, at an altitude of 1850 m, on November 5, 1983. A series of isotypes (Kurata, Atsumi & Komatsu 103, 104, and 105) was also listed by Kurata. The repository of these four specimens is not indicated in the type description and they have not been located, but if they were deposited in a public institution this is likely to have been the herbarium of the Nippon Dental College (NDC). Despite this, the species name is valid per Article 37 of the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature, and Kurata's description includes an illustration of the holotype on page 44. Kurata published the species with the specific epithet eymai, honouring Pierre Joseph Eyma. Other authors later noted that although Eyma was male, the name is feminine, and so the epithet was emended to eymae.
Almost concurrently with Kurata's publication, John Turnbull and Anne Middleton described the same species under the name N. infundibuliformis in the journal Reinwardtia. Kurata's description was published on February 6, whereas Turnbull and Middleton's was printed four days later, on February 10. As such, the name N. eymae holds nomenclatural priority and N. infundibuliformis is considered a heterotypic synonym. A similar situation involved the descriptions of N. glabrata and N. hamata by the same authors. Turnbull and Middleton's description is based on the specimen J.R.Turnbull & A.T.Middleton 83148a, which was collected by the authors on September 20, 1983, from Mount Lumut Kecil in Sulawesi at the coordinates , at an altitude of 1500 m. In their description of the species, Turnbull and Middleton stated that the type material was deposited at Herbarium Bogoriense (BO), the herbarium of the Bogor Botanical Gardens, but Matthew Jebb and Martin Cheek were unable to locate it and wrote that it "appear[s] not to have been deposited at Bogor as stated". In addition to the herbarium specimens of N. eymae mentioned here, a number of others have appeared in the literature.
Most authors regard N. eymae as a distinct species and it has been treated as such in all major monographs on the genus, including Matthew Jebb and Martin Cheek's "A skeletal revision of Nepenthes (Nepenthaceae)" (1997) and "Nepenthaceae" (2001), as well as Stewart McPherson's Pitcher Plants of the Old World (2009). Nonetheless, some authors have expressed doubt that it merits distinction from N. maxima at the species level. In Pitcher Plants of the Old World, McPherson wrote that "the specific status of N. eymae seems warranted since the two taxa [N. eymae and N. maxima] appear to occur both together and in isolated, self-sustaining communities". Whatever the status of this taxon, the vast majority of plants cultivated under the name N. eymae do not exhibit the abruptly contracted upper pitchers commonly associated with it.
Description
Nepenthes eymae is a climbing plant growing to a height of up to 8 m. The stem, which may be branched, is two-ridged and up to 8 mm in diameter. Internodes are up to 6 cm long. Axillary buds, which are found 3–10 mm above the leaf axils in climbing stems, are spike-like and measure up to 10 mm (rarely 20 mm) in length by 1.5 mm in width.
Leaves are coriaceous and petiolate. The lamina (leaf blade) is oblong or oblong-elliptic and reaches up to 35 cm in length by 12 cm in width. The laminar apex is rounded or acute to obtuse and is not peltate. The base is obtuse and attenuate, narrowing to form a petiole. The petiole is canaliculate and occasionally winged, the wings being around 4 mm wide. The petiole may be up to 18 cm long in etiolated plants, but is more typically up to 10 cm long. It clasps the stem for around half of its circumference and is abruptly decurrent, sending off a pair of low ridges to the node below. Longitudinal and pinnate veins are inconspicuous.
Rosette and lower pitchers are generally ovate throughout, but may also be cylindrical. They are often slightly constricted below the pitcher orifice. Mature lower pitchers are the largest traps produced by the plant, growing to 24 cm in height by 16 cm in width. A pair of wings (≤2 cm wide) is present on the ventral surface of the pitcher cup; the fringe elements are up to 8 mm long. The rear of the pitcher is elongated into a pronounced neck. The waxy zone of the inner surface is reduced. The pitcher mouth is ovate and concave, and has an oblique insertion. The peristome is glossy and more-or-less cylindrical in cross section. It is up to 2 cm wide at the front, becoming expanded at the sides and rear, where it reaches a maximum width of over 5 cm. The outer margin of the peristome may be sinuate, whereas the inner margin is deeply incurved, especially towards the back of the pitcher. The inner portion of the peristome accounts for around 34% of its total cross-sectional surface length. The two lobes of the peristome are typically separated by a gap of several millimetres under the lid. The peristome ribs are well developed, being up to 2 mm high. The pitcher lid or operculum is ovate to triangular, growing to 5 cm in length by 3 cm in width. It has an acuminate apex and a truncate to auriculate base. The lid is noted for commonly exhibiting irregular, highly crenellated margins. Two prominent appendages are often found on the lid's lower surface. The first, a triangular basal crest, is up to 12 mm long. The second, a filiform or triangular apical appendage, is up to 18 mm long. Both the appendages and the lid's midline bear elliptic, bordered glands measuring up to 2 mm by 1 mm. The remainder of the lid's lower surface bears many smaller glands. An unbranched spur up to 10 mm long is inserted near the base of the lid.
Upper pitchers are narrowly infundibular in the basal half to three-quarters, rapidly expanding to become broadly infundibular in the upper portion. They may be shortly contracted directly below the orifice. Upper pitchers are significantly smaller than their terrestrial counterparts, reaching only 15 cm in height by 8 cm in width. Characteristically, the hollow pitcher tube continues past the curved basal portion of the trap and for a few centimetres up the tendril. This is also commonly seen in N. flava, N. fusca, N. jamban, N. ovata, and N. vogelii. The wings are often reduced to ridges, although no vestige of the wings may be apparent in some specimens. These ridges typically run parallel in the lower part of the pitcher, becoming divergent above. The pitcher mouth is horizontal and straight. The peristome is flattened, glossy and up to 1.5 cm wide, being of approximately equal width across its span or broader towards the rear. The peristome ribs are highly reduced but conspicuous, being only up to 0.5 mm high and spaced up to 0.5 mm apart. The rear of the pitcher is elongated into an acuminate neck (≤3 cm long) that may be vertical or inclined forwards at a considerable angle relative to the pitcher orifice. The peristome's inner margin lacks teeth, while the outer margin is often sinuate at the base of the neck. The lid is typically hastate and very narrow, measuring up to 8 cm in length, with basal and middle widths of up to 2.5 and 1 cm, respectively. It bears rounded basal lobes and an obtuse to abruptly rounded apex. It is often curled upwards and may be crenellated at the margins. The presence of appendages is variable in upper pitchers: the lid may possess a pair of appendages as in terrestrial pitchers or may lack them completely. Where these appendages are present, the basal one is hook-shaped and up to 8 mm long and the apical one filiform and up to 12 mm long. The glands of the lower lid surface are similar to those found in lower pitchers. The spur is inserted 10 mm below the lid. It may be simple or bifid at its apex, and measures up to 10 mm in length. Developing pitchers have laterally appressed walls and a pronounced bulge at the rear, which holds the spur upright. The spur has a closed bifurcation at this point.
Nepenthes eymae has a racemose inflorescence. The male inflorescence measures up to 30 cm in length by 2.5 cm in width (flowers included), of which the peduncle (≤3 mm wide at its base) constitutes up to 11 cm and the rachis up to 20 cm. Flowers are borne singly or in pairs, the two-flowered partial peduncles being located towards the base of the inflorescence. The partial peduncles are ebracteate and number 30–40. They are approximately 4 mm long, being formed from a pair of basally-united pedicels around 10 mm long. Tepals are elliptic and around 4 mm long by 2 mm wide. The androphore is around 4 mm long and bears an anther head measuring 1 mm by 1.5 mm.
An indumentum of soft, orange to reddish-brown hairs is often present on all mature vegetative parts, including the stem, lower lid surface, and laminar surfaces. This covering consists of tufted hairs up to 0.05 mm long and simple hairs typically up to 0.8 mm long (those of the tendril, midrib, lid and spur are denser and longer, reaching 2 mm). However, the indumentum is variable and may be reduced to the point of being completely inconspicuous in some populations.
The stem and midribs are yellowish green, and the laminae dark green. The tendrils may be yellow to green or tinged red. In terrestrial traps, the pitcher cups may be white, green, yellow, brown, or red, and are often red speckled. Traps bearing a conspicuous indumentum may have a maroon sheen under certain light conditions. The inner surface ranges from yellow or olive green to almost brown, and commonly has darker blotches of red, brown, or purple. The peristome is usually dark, from reddish brown to black throughout in older specimens. It frequently bears stripes ranging from yellow to black. The operculum is green to brown and often mottled with red to black markings on its lower surface. Upper pitcher are predominantly yellow, sometimes bearing red to purple flecks on the inner surface and lid underside. The appearance of the peristome is variable: it may be a solid orange to red (in which case it is often darker towards the inner edge), or it may be narrowly streaked with red, brown, purple, or black. Tepals are red.
No infraspecific taxa of N. eymae have been described.
Ecology
Nepenthes eymae is endemic to the Indonesian island of Sulawesi. It has been recorded from the provinces of Central Sulawesi (including the East Peninsula) and West Sulawesi. Many of the peaks in these regions are poorly known and may support as-yet undiscovered populations of N. eymae. The species has a wide altitudinal distribution of 1000 to at least 2000 m above sea level, typically being found above 1400 m.
The species generally grows terrestrially, but may also be epiphytic at higher elevations. It has been recorded from a wide variety of habitats, including heath forest, river banks, exposed sites such as cliff faces and landslides, and disturbed or recovering secondary vegetation (such as previously logged dipterocarp forest). Towards the upper end of its altitudinal range, N. eymae is found among the ridge and summit vegetation of upper montane forest. The species occurs in both shaded and exposed sites, but grows best in the latter. Nepenthes eymae has no confirmed natural hybrids, although introgression may take place where this species is sympatric with N. maxima.
The conservation status of N. eymae is listed as Least concern on the IUCN Red List, based on an assessment carried out in 2018. In 2009, Stewart McPherson wrote that the species is "widespread and locally abundant" across its range and that most populations are "remote and not seriously threatened at present". Nepenthes eymae is known to occur in one protected area (Morowali Nature Reserve), although the full extent of its range is unknown.
Carnivory
Nepenthes eymae produces an extremely thick, mucilaginous pitcher fluid that coats the entire inner surface of the traps in a thin film. This is seen in cultivated plants as well and is most prominent in upper pitchers, which must contend with the action of the wind. These pitchers appear to function at least in part as flypaper traps, with the sticky inner walls trapping small flying insects above the surface of the fluid. The prey then gradually slide down into the base of the pitcher where they are digested. This trapping method was noted by Peter D'Amato in 1993, who observed that, in cultivated plants, lower pitchers were more successful at catching ants than were upper pitchers.
A 2011 study that used cultivated material of N. eymae recorded a mean digestive fluid relaxation time of 0.096 seconds (± 0.000) for this species. As for the majority of studied highland Nepenthes (but not lowlanders), this value differed significantly (P < 0.001) from that of distilled water, leading the authors to categorise N. eymae as a viscoelastic species.
Similarly viscous pitcher fluid is found in the group of closely allied Sumatran species that includes N. aristolochioides, N. dubia, N. flava, N. inermis, N. jacquelineae, N. jamban, N. talangensis, and N. tenuis. These species all share infundibular pitchers.
Related species
Nepenthes eymae belongs to the loosely defined "N. maxima complex", which also includes, among other species, N. boschiana, N. chaniana, N. epiphytica, N. faizaliana, N. fusca, N. klossii, N. maxima, N. platychila, N. stenophylla, and N. vogelii.
Nepenthes eymae is very closely allied to the extremely polymorphic N. maxima, which is widespread across Sulawesi, New Guinea, and the Maluku Islands. It differs from this species in its wingless, infundibular and relatively small upper pitchers, ovate lower pitchers, and hastate lid. While some forms of N. maxima also produce entirely infundibular aerial traps, these are not usually as abruptly contracted (and therefore wine glass-shaped) as in N. eymae, and may or may not have fringed wings. Where the two species grow side-by-side, introgression may blur these morphological boundaries and make circumscription difficult. Like N. eymae, N. maxima and N. klossii (another closely related species) also commonly have two lid appendages.
Nepenthes fusca of Borneo may produce aerial pitchers resembling those of N. eymae, although its lower pitchers are considerably narrower and cylindrical in shape. The lower pitchers of N. eymae could potentially be confused with those of another Bornean endemic, N. veitchii, although otherwise these species have little in common, particularly with respect to the upper pitchers.
Notes
a.Jan Schlauer's Carnivorous Plant Database lists the specimen number as 83140a and the collection date as September 29, 1983.
b.Other published specimens of N. eymae include Lack & Grimes 1786 (includes a climbing stem with an upper pitcher) and Cheek s.n. (includes a lower pitcher). Both of these specimens, along with Eyma 3968, are illustrated in a line drawing by Camilla Speight in Martin Cheek and Matthew Jebb's 2001 monograph, "Nepenthaceae".
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Nepenthes eymae
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Troy Leon Gregg (April 29, 1948 – July 29, 1980) was the first condemned individual whose death sentence was upheld by the United States Supreme Court after the Court's decision in Furman v. Georgia invalidated all previously enacted death penalty laws in the United States. He later participated in the first successful escape from a Georgia death row, but was killed later that night, aged 32. His own murder remains officially unsolved.
Biography
Gregg was convicted of murdering Fred Edward Simmons and Bob Durwood Moore in order to rob them. The victims had given him and another man, Dennis Weaver, a ride when they were hitchhiking; Gregg admitted to shooting them, robbing them and stealing their car. The crime occurred on November 21, 1973. In Gregg v. Georgia, the Supreme Court held by a 7–2 majority that the State of Georgia could constitutionally put Gregg to death; Georgia, in common with Texas and Florida, had instituted a death penalty statute requiring a separate bifurcated trial proceeding to determine punishment in a capital case after the establishment of guilt, establishing a list of aggravating circumstances that must be present to consider a death penalty, and providing for review by the State Supreme Court. It also allowed for consideration of mitigating circumstances; on the same day, the Court, whose primary concern was racial bias in sentencing, rejected the North Carolina and Louisiana death penalty statutes for failure to allow for mitigating circumstances to be considered in sentencing.
Prison escape and death
On July 28, 1980, Gregg escaped together with three other condemned murderers, Timothy McCorquodale, Johnny L. Johnson, and David Jarrell, from Georgia State Prison in Reidsville in the first death row breakout in Georgia history. The four had altered their prison clothing to resemble the uniforms worn by correctional officers, then sawed through the bars of their cells and a window and walked along a ledge to a fire escape. They subsequently drove off in a car which had been left in the visitors' parking lot by one of the escapees' aunts. Their escape was not discovered until Gregg telephoned a newspaper to explain their reasons for doing so.
It has been alleged that Gregg was beaten to death later that night in a biker bar in North Carolina, and that his body was found in a lake. Gregg had supposedly been drinking heavily and attempted to assault a waitress. She rebuked his advances and he became violent towards her. One of the local bikers present took offense to Gregg's actions and assaulted and killed him; he and several other locals then dumped the body in a lake located behind the bar. However, news reports from the time of the escape suggest that Gregg may actually have been murdered after getting into a fight with one of his fellow escapees, Timothy McCorquodale, and another man, James Cecil Horne, a member of the Outlaws Motorcycle Club. According to these reports, Gregg's body was discovered in the Catawba River. According to Gregg's autopsy, he died due to homicide by suffocation caused by swelling.
Horne was initially charged with Gregg's murder. Another man, William Flamont, was charged with being an accessory to Gregg's murder after-the-fact. Both men's charges were later dropped by a judge due to lack of evidence.
The other escapees were captured three days later hiding in a rundown house owned by William Flamont, another member of the Outlaws who was apparently friends with David Jarrell.
See also
List of unsolved murders
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Troy Leon Gregg
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The World Can't Wait (WCW) is a coalition group in the United States dedicated to mobilizing mass resistance to what it describes as crimes committed by the US government. Initially formed as an ad-hoc coalition to organize mass protests to force the George W. Bush Administration from office, WCW has also protested against the Iraq and Afghanistan wars, the continued operation of the Guantanamo Bay prison, the use of torture by the U.S. government under both the Bush and Obama administrations, and against anti-abortion groups and legislation.
History
Formation and Call
World Can't Wait was officially formed in September 2005, at a meeting of hundreds in New York City chaired by Sunsara Taylor and Debra Sweet, two activists and supporters of the Revolutionary Communist Party, USA. WCW attempted during the Bush years to create a mass popular movement strong enough to force George W. Bush and Richard Cheney from office in disgrace. According to its original (2005) mission statement, by organizing people living in the United States, WCW seeks "to create a political situation where the Bush administration's program is repudiated, where Bush himself is driven from office, and where the whole direction he has been taking U.S. society is reversed." This statement, known as the "Call" was signed by prominent people in both activist circles and in the arts, such as Mark Ruffalo, Cindy Sheehan, Jane Fonda, Gore Vidal, Harold Pinter, Daniel Ellsberg, Eve Ensler, and Tom Morello, among thousands of others.
WCW levied many accusations against the Bush administration, including: the Iraq War, prisoner abuse, torture of military detainees, the abrogation of their rights to habeas corpus, ubiquitous domestic wire-tapping and surveillance activities ordered personally by the President, the administration's response to Hurricane Katrina, and the administration's support for anti-abortion legislation which they state has a basis in the goals of the Christian Right.
WCW has been described as a Revolutionary Communist Party (RCP) "affiliate". WCW was initiated by the RCP. Its website said it had "Greens, Christians, Republicans, anarchists, Muslims, Jews, feminists, Democrats, pacifists, and people who claim no affiliation" as members. Organizing in high schools, college campuses and on the Internet, by October 2006, the group gathered 24,000 supporters, including actor Sean Penn, writers Studs Terkel and Eve Ensler, Democratic state assemblyman Mark Leno and anti-war protester Cindy Sheehan, and was able to organize protests in 150 cities across the United States, Canada and Switzerland. According to WCW director Debra Sweet, "In the beginning, we were what you might call the voice-of-conscience usual suspects. Since then, we've been opening our umbrella wider."
World Can't Wait stated during the 2008 presidential race that Barack Obama would not be a redemptive figure.
Activities Post-Bush Administration
In 2009 the WCW adopted a new mission statement that incorporated the major elements of its original statement and ended with: “This direction cannot and will not be reversed by leaders who tell us to seek common ground with fascists, religious fanatics, and empire. It can only be possible by the people building a community of resistance - an independent mass movement of people - acting in the interests of humanity to stop, and demand prosecution, of these crimes.”
In the fall of 2010 WCW took out an ad entitled "Crimes Are Crimes No Matter Who Does Them," stating that the Obama administration "either continued Bush policies or went even further than Bush". The ad appeared in the New York Review of Books, The Nation and the New York Times.
WCW shares a mailing address on West Broadway with Refuse Fascism.
Events organized
November 2, 2005: Demonstrations attended in protest of the anniversary of the 2004 presidential elections; some 2,000 participate in each of the New York City and San Francisco events, with 1,200 in Los Angeles.
January 31, 2006: Demonstrations attended in protest of President George W. Bush's State of the Union address.
February 4, 2006: Demonstration in Washington, D.C. outside the White House.
May 12, 2006: Demonstration at Wachovia Stadium to protest Battle Cry.
January 4, 2007: Rally in Upper Senate Park in Washington, D.C. at noon on the opening day of the 110th United States Congress.
January 23, 2007: Demonstrations attended in protest of Bush's State of the Union address.
February 17, 2007: "Emergency Summit to Impeach Bush for War Crimes" was held in New York City.
January 18, 2009: Disruption of Rick Warren's King Memorial Speech, Atlanta.
March 19, 2009: First national day of protest against the wars under President Barack Obama. New York City event including a rally at Union Square and a march to the US Armed Forces Recruiting Center in Times Square.
December 1 and 2, 2009: World Can’t Wait participated, with other groups, in the demonstrations outside Obama’s West Point announcement of the increase in troops to Afghanistan, and the protests in New York City the day after.
See also
List of anti-war organizations
Refuse Fascism
Sunsara Taylor
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The World Can't Wait
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Ewart Milne (25 May 1903 – 14 January 1987) was an Irish poet who described himself on various book jackets as "a sailor before the mast, ambulance driver and courier during the Spanish Civil War, a land worker and estate manager in England during and after World War 2" and also "an enthusiast for lost causes – national, political, social and merely human".
Life
He was born in Dublin, of English and Welsh-Irish parents, and was educated at Christchurch Cathedral Grammar School. In 1920 he signed on as a seaman and worked on boats, off and on, until 1935. During the 30s too he began writing and had his first poems published in 1935. That year, Milne was one of the three founders of a duplicated publication called Irish Front, together with two other poets, Charlie Donnelly and Leslie Daiken.
The background to the Spanish Civil War contributed to his political awakening and he came to England to work as a voluntary administrator for the Spanish Medical Aid Committee in London, for whom he often acted as a medical courier. Milne has also described how he was once unwillingly involved in some arms deal while visiting Spain on their behalf.
Arthur Peacock, a British volunteer in the International Brigades wrote:
After SMA was wound up, Milne returned to Ireland but remained politically active in support of the campaign for the release of Frank Ryan, the leader of the Connolly Column of Irish volunteers on the Republican side, who had been captured and imprisoned in Spain. At one point Milne took part in a delegation to Westminster seeking Labour Party support for this. In August 1938 he was reported in The Worker's Republic as being one of the 12 member committee of the James Connolly Irish club in London.
During his time in England and Spain, Milne got to know the left-leaning poets who supported the Republican cause, including W. H. Auden, Stephen Spender and Cecil Day-Lewis. In 1938 his first collection of poems, Forty North Fifty West, was published in Dublin, followed by two others in 1940 and 1941. Having taken a pro-British line in neutral Ireland, he was informed by Karl Petersen, the German press attache in Dublin, that he was on the Nazi death list. This decided him to help in the British war effort and he returned to England with the help of John Betjeman (then working at the British embassy in Ireland).
Between 1942–62 he was resident in England and an active presence on the English literary scene. In particular he became associated with the poets grouped around the magazine Nine, edited by Peter Russell and Ian Fletcher. He and his wife Thelma also backed the young Irish poet Patrick Galvin when he launched his own magazine, Chanticleer. This generous encouragement of younger writers was later extended to several others, including John F. Deane, Gerald Dawe and Maurice Scully.
Milne regarded his return to Dublin in 1962 as a disaster, overshadowed as his four-year stay was by quarrels with the establishment, the discovery of betrayal by a friend and the death of his wife from lung cancer. The misery of those events is recorded in Time Stopped (1967); the artistic frustration of the time also resulted in the poems included in Cantata Under Orion (1976). Returning to England in 1966, he settled in Bedford, where he died of a heart attack early in 1987. Politically he remained involved and spoke alongside Auberon Waugh at the rally on behalf of Biafra in 1968, but his views moved further to the right in later years. He wrote to The Irish Times on 13 April 1976, saying that he'd been "taken in by Stalin and that Leninism is Satanism"; he also sided with the Loyalist position in the Ulster conflict.
Milne was twice married, first to Kathleen Ida Bradner in 1927, by whom he had two sons; then in 1948 to Thelma Dobson, by whom he had two more sons.
Poetry
Milne "set himself against the Celtic Twilight school which had dominated his youth", as The Times obituary put it, much as Yeats's later poetry sought to undo the twilit fashion set by his own earlier verse. In addition, Milne frequently entered into a poetic dialogue with his contemporaries, but besides Yeats these included Ezra Pound, Dylan Thomas and Sylvia Plath, among many others. In reality, the Irish sources that inspired Milne were quite other than Yeats.
Both in his conversation and in his poetry, Milne used to complain of being passed over because of his dual heritage: "The English see I am not English...To the Irish I am Anglo." He resisted categorisation, and his changes of residence back and forth across the Irish Sea only added to the problem. From the 1970s onwards, the part he had played during the Spanish Civil War brought his name back into notice and continues to do so. The poems he wrote on the subject were largely confined to a section in his second book, Letter from Ireland (1940). These were supplemented by the autobiographically-based stories he wrote at the time, only three of which were published in the 1930s; they and the remaining four, plus a later account of his involvement in a gun-running deal, appeared only in 1985 (Drums Without End, Isle of Skye).
Milne's poetry was very varied and included the slight, the serious and the sexy. At its best it employed a fluent long-lined narrative, a rhythmically driven rhetoric. There are good examples of this, and of several jeux d'esprit, in his two volumes of selected poems: Diamond Cut Diamond (London 1950) and A Garland for the Green (London 1962). Selection for the latter was left to Patrick Galvin and Thelma Milne prior to the move back to Dublin and over-emphasises the Irish side of his writing. In later years his poetry became increasingly more autobiographical.
Milne's 80th birthday was celebrated by the publication of a book of poems largely centred on his youth, The Folded Leaf (Aquila, Isle of Skye, 1983), as well as a special issue of the literary magazine Prospice (#14) and an hour-long poetry reading that he gave in Dublin. He was working to complete another collection, The Broken Arcs, just before his death, but it was never published.
Books
Poetry:
Forty North Fifty West (Dublin: Gayfield 1938 with six woodcuts by Cecil Salkeld)
Letter from Ireland: Verses (Dublin: Gayfield Press 1940), ix, 79pp
Listen Mangan: Poems (Dublin: Sign of Three Candles 1941), 102pp
Jubilo: Poems (London: F. Muller Ltd. 1944), vi, 47, [1]pp
Boding Day (London: F. Muller Ltd. 1947), 22p
Diamond Cut Diamond: Selected Poems (London: Bodley Head 1950), 64pp
Elegy for a Lost Submarine (Burnham-on-Crouch: Plow Poems 1951), [8]pp
Galion: a mock epic with prologue and epilogue (Dublin: Dolmen 1953, title page illustrated by Mia Cranwill)
Life Arboreal: Poems (Tunbridge Wells: Pound Press 1953), 94, [2]pp
Once More to Tourney: A Book of Ballads and Light Verse, Serious, Gay and Grisly, intro. by J. M. Cohen (London: Linden Press [1958]), 96pp
A Garland for the Green: Poems (London: Hutchinson 1962), 95pp
Time Stopped: A Poem Sequence with Prose Intermissions (London: Plow Poems 1967), 165pp
Cantata Under Orion (Isle of Skye: Aquila Poetry 1976), 54pp
Drift of Pinions (Isle of Skye: Aquila & Wayzgoose Press 1976), [16]pp
The Black Lady, Poetry Ireland poems No. 14, December 1979, [1]p
Deus Est Qui Regit Omnia [St. Beuno's Hand Printed Ltd. Edns. No. 9] (Mornington: J. F. & B. Deane 1980), [16]pp
Spring Offering (Isle of Skye: Aquila 1981)
The Folded Leaf: Poems 1970–1980 (Isle of Skye: Aquila Poetry 1983), 69pp
Prose:
Drums Without End (Portree [Isle of Skye]: Aquila 1985), 101pp.
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Ewart Milne
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Thump may refer to:
Thump (Vice), a music and culture channel of the magazine Vice
Icky Thump, 2007 album by US alternative rock band The White Stripes
"Icky Thump" (song), by American alternative rock band The White Stripes
Thump Records, US record label
Places
Thumptown, Pennsylvania, United States (also known as 'Trumptown')
See also
Thumper (disambiguation)
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Thump
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What's Left of Me may refer to:
What's Left of Me (album), a 2006 album by Nick Lachey
"What's Left of Me" (song), a 2006 single from the album
What's Left of Me (novel), a 2012 novel by author Kat Zhang
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What's Left of Me
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This is a list of newspapers in the U.S. state of Oregon. The list is divided between papers currently being produced and those produced in the past and subsequently terminated.
Daily newspapers
Albany Democrat-Herald – Albany
The Daily Astorian – Astoria
The Bulletin – Bend
Corvallis Gazette-Times – Corvallis
The Register-Guard – Eugene
Grants Pass Daily Courier – Grants Pass
Herald and News – Klamath Falls
The News Guard – Lincoln City
Argus Observer – Ontario
East Oregonian – Pendleton
The Oregonian – Portland
The News-Review – Roseburg
Statesman Journal – Salem
Weekly, semi-weekly and monthly newspapers
Baker City Herald – Baker City
Beaverton Valley Times – Beaverton
Cascade Business News – Bend
Curry Coastal Pilot – Brookings
The Times – Brownsville
Burns Times-Herald – Burns
Canby Herald – Canby
Cannon Beach Gazette – Cannon Beach
Illinois Valley News – Cave Junction
The Clatskanie Chief – Clatskanie
The Times-Journal – Condon
The World – Coos Bay
The Coquille Valley Sentinel – Coquille
Cottage Grove Sentinel – Cottage Grove
Creswell Chronicle – Creswell
Polk County Itemizer-Observer – Dallas
The Drain Enterprise – Drain
Wallowa County Chieftain – Enterprise
Estacada News – Estacada
Siuslaw News – Florence
News-Times – Forest Grove
Curry County Reporter – Gold Beach
Smoke Signals – Grand Ronde
The Outlook – Gresham
Hells Canyon Journal – Halfway
Heppner Gazette-Times – Heppner
Hillsboro Tribune – Hillsboro
Blue Mountain Eagle – John Day
The Tribune News – Junction City
Keizertimes – Keizer
King City Regal Courier – King City
The Observer – La Grande
Lake Oswego Review – Lake Oswego
Lake County Examiner – Lakeview
The Madras Pioneer – Madras
The North Coast Citizen – Manzanita
McKenzie River Reflections – McKenzie Bridge
The News-Register – McMinnville
Rogue Valley Times – Medford
Valley Herald – Milton-Freewater
Clackamas Review – Milwaukie
Molalla Pioneer – Molalla
The Douglas County Mail – Myrtle Creek
Myrtle Point Herald – Myrtle Point
The Newberg Graphic – Newberg
News-Times – Newport
Oregon City News – Oregon City
Portland Tribune – Portland
Port Orford News – Port Orford
The Asian Reporter – Portland
The Bee – Portland
Daily Journal of Commerce – Portland
The Hollywood Star News – Portland
Northwest Examiner – Portland
Northwest Labor Press – Portland
Portland Business Journal – Portland
Portland Observer – Portland
Southwest Community Connection – Portland
Street Roots – Portland
Central Oregonian – Prineville
The Redmond Spokesman – Redmond
Rogue River Press – Rogue River
The Chronicle – St. Helens
Capital Press – Salem
The Sandy Post – Sandy
The South County Spotlight – Scappoose
Scio Tribune – Scio
Seaside Signal – Seaside
Sherwood Gazette – Sherwood
Siletz News – Siletz
Nugget Newspaper – Sisters
Columbia Gorge News – The Dalles
The New Era – Sweet Home
The Times – Tigard
Headlight-Herald – Tillamook
Confederated Umatilla Journal – Umatilla
Malheur Enterprise – Vale
Spilyay Tymoo – Warm Springs
The Columbia Press – Warrenton
West Linn Tidings – West Linn
Wilsonville Spokesman – Wilsonville
Woodburn Independent – Woodburn
Alternative newspapers
The Source Weekly – Bend
Eugene Weekly – Eugene
The Portland Mercury – Portland
Willamette Week – Portland
Digital only newspapers
Ashland.news – Ashland
Highway 58 Herald – Oakridge
Jewish Review – Portland
Klamath Falls News – Klamath Falls
Portland Alliance – Portland
Salem Reporter – Salem
The Skanner – Portland
College newspapers
The Clackamas Print – Clackamas Community College
Concordia Chronicles – Concordia University
Hilltop News – Corban University
Eastern Voice – Eastern Oregon University
The Crescent – George Fox University
The Torch – Lane Community College
The Pioneer Log – Lewis & Clark College
The Linfield Review – Linfield University
The Commuter – Linn-Benton Community College
The Advocate – Mt. Hood Community College
The Edge – Oregon Institute of Technology
The Daily Barometer – Oregon State University
The Pacific Index – Pacific University
Daily Vanguard – Portland State University
The Quest – Reed College
The Siskiyou – Southern Oregon University
Daily Emerald – University of Oregon
The Beacon – University of PortlandThe Western Oregon Journal – Western Oregon UniversityThe Collegian – Willamette University
Newspapers no longer in print
The earliest newspaper in Oregon was the Oregon Spectator, published in Oregon City from 1846, by a press association headed by George Abernethy. This was joined in November 1850 by the Milwaukie Western Star and two partisan papers – the Whig Oregonian, published in Portland beginning on December 4, 1850, and the Democratic Statesman, launched in Oregon City in March 1851. The latter paper would subsequently move to Salem, and it continues today as the Statesman-Journal''.
See also
Lists of Oregon-related topics
Oregon Newspaper Publishers Association
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List of newspapers in Oregon
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The 2009 Rugby sevens World Cup was the fifth edition of the Rugby World Cup Sevens. The International Rugby Board (IRB) selected Dubai in the United Arab Emirates as the host venue for the tournament ahead of bids from four other countries. The format included nine direct qualifiers and a further fifteen qualifiers from all six regions defined by the IRB. A women's version of the world cup was also held alongside the men's tournament for the first time and featured sixteen teams. The men's cup was won by Wales, with the women's cup going to Australia.
The men's teams of Fiji, New Zealand and Australia, who entered the semi-finals in the two previous editions, failed to do so in 2009: the former were defeated by quarter-finals Kenya and Wales respectively, whereas Australia lost two of the three matches in the pool stage and did not advance to quarter-finals.
Wales, which had never reached quarter-finals in the previous editions of the World Cup, beat Samoa in semi-finals and Argentina in the final to win the tournament. Kenya had never reached the Cup or Plate stages before, but shared 3rd place in 2009.
Bids
A record seven countries originally expressed interest in hosting the tournament however, only five officially submitted bids for hosting rights after Kenya and South Africa withdrew from the bidding process. The United Arab Emirates, Australia, the Netherlands, Russia and the United States were the five candidates. The voting process consisted of two rounds. No clear majority was reached in the first round and therefore the top two, the United Arab Emirates (UAE) and Australia, progressed to a second round, with the IRB subsequently selecting the UAE as the host union. The IRB cited the provision of a new purpose built stadium, the recent success of the Dubai Sevens tournament and the Under 19 Rugby World Championship as strong factors in their decision to select the Arabian Gulf RFU as the host union. The event was the first major rugby tournament to be held in the Middle East.
Qualification
Men
24 Teams took part in this tournament
Women
16 Teams took part in this tournament
Men's tournament
Women's tournament
Trophy Overview
See also
Women's Rugby World Cup
IRB Sevens World Series
Rugby World Cup Sevens
Rugby World Cup
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2009 Rugby World Cup Sevens
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In Gothic architecture, a lierne is a tertiary rib connecting one rib to another, as opposed to connecting to a springer, or to the central boss. The resulting construction is called a lierne vault or stellar vault (named after the star shape generated by connecting liernes). The term lierne comes from the French lier (to bind).
In England, the lierne came into use during the 14th-century Decorated period of architecture. Gloucester Cathedral offers a good example of lierne vaulting. In France, examples occur in Flamboyant architecture, such as in the Church of Saint-Pierre in Caen.
The vault-plan diagram of Ely Choir shows the ribs as double lines. The main longitudinal ridge rib (middle vertical lines) and transverse ridge ribs (alternate horizontal lines) intersect each other at the central bosses (large circles). The longitudinal ridge rib runs down the centre of the choir, and the transverse ridge ribs span from the apex of each window at the sides of the choir. Arched diagonal ribs span from piers between the windows, from springers to the central bosses, and arched transverse ribs (alternate horizontal lines) span from the springers to the main longitudinal ridge rib. Secondary arched diagonal ribs, called tiercerons, span from the springers to the transverse ridge ribs. Liernes (shaded black) span between the other ribs, forming intricate patterning.
Note: in French terminology relating to architecture, a lierne is a ridge rib, and hence has a different meaning.
See also
Vault
List of architectural vaults
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Lierne (vault)
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"Lost in France" is a song recorded by Welsh singer Bonnie Tyler. It was released as a single in September 1976 by RCA Records, written by her producers and songwriters Ronnie Scott and Steve Wolfe. "Lost in France" was Tyler's second single and first chart hit in her career, which featured on her debut album The World Starts Tonight (1977). The lyrics depict Tyler in a daze due to love.
The song was praised by critics, though some preferred her follow-up single "More Than a Lover" for its controversial nature. "Lost in France" was a commercial success. It peaked highest at number two in South Africa, and was also a Top 20 hit in a further six countries.
Background
Bonnie Tyler was spotted by talent scout Roger Bell in The Townsman Club, Swansea, singing the Ike & Tina Turner song "Nutbush City Limits" with her band Imagination in 1975. She was invited to London to record some demo tracks. After months had passed, Tyler received a phone call from RCA Records, offering her a recording contract. "My! My! Honeycomb" was to become her first single, released in April 1976. The song failed to chart, only receiving local airplay in Wales. In response to this, RCA increased their promotional efforts for the release of "Lost in France", arranging for Tyler to fly to a château in France to meet with a large number of journalists.
Soon after the song's release, Tyler underwent an operation to remove nodules from her vocal cords. She failed to follow the six-week rest period instructed by her doctor and was left with a permanent, distinct raspy quality.
Recording
Tyler recorded four demos in London in 1975. "My! My! Honeycomb" was released as her first single with "Got So Used to Loving You" as its B-side, and "Lost in France" was released with "Baby I Remember You" as its B-side. David Mackay, Ronnie Scott and Steve Wolfe produced the songs. "Got So Used to Loving You" and "Lost in France" were later chosen to appear on her debut album The World Starts Tonight, which was released in February 1977.
Composition
"Lost in France" is a country pop song with a length of three minutes and 54 seconds. It is set in common time and has a moderate tempo of 118 beats per minute. It is written in the key of B-flat major and Tyler's vocals span one octave and a semitone, from A3 to B-flat4.
Music Video
Tyler is seen singing as she walks through the gardens of a château, inside a cafe, and later singing from an upstairs window.
Chart performance
On the week ending 30 October 1976, "Lost in France" entered the UK Singles Chart weeks after its initial release. Two weeks later, the song reached the Top 40, reaching number twenty-two. "Lost in France" continued to rise until it reached number nine on 27 November, maintaining the position for two weeks. The single gradually dropped following its peak, spending a total of ten weeks on the UK Singles Chart.
Critical reception
The Sydney Morning Herald described the song as the "stand-out track" from The World Starts Tonight, naming it the "most commercial." Record Mirror favoured the follow-up single "More Than a Lover", though agreed "Lost in France" was the more commercial of the two.
Live performances
Tyler's first television promotion for "Lost in France" took place on Top of the Pops on 4 November 1976.
Tyler performed "Lost in France" live in Zaragosa, Spain, in 2005. The performance was recorded and released on Tyler's album Bonnie Tyler Live (2006) and the accompanying DVD Bonnie on Tour (2006).
Track listing
7" single
"Lost in France" — 4:03
"Baby I Remember You" — 3:19
Charts
Weekly charts
Year–end charts
Cover versions
Swedish dansband Wizex covered the song in 1977, featuring Kikki Danielsson on lead vocals. The song was later rereleased on Danielsson's 2001 compilation album Fri.
Chris Conti recorded a dance version of "Lost in France" as a single, released in 1995.
Personnel
Credits are adapted from liner notes of The World Starts Tonight.
Technical and production
Dave Harris – assistant engineering
Ashley Howe – engineering
Andrew Hoy – production co-ordination
David Mackay – arranging, engineering, producer
George Nicholson – engineering
Ronnie Scott – producer
Simon Wakefield – assistant engineering
Steve Wolfe – producer
Sounding
Bonnie Tyler – vocal
On instruments
Terry Britten – guitar
Dave Christopher – guitar
Mo Foster – bass guitar
Barry Guard – percussion
Simon Phillips – drums
Alan Tarney – bass guitar, guitar
Steve Wolfe – guitar
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Lost in France
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Erchempert () was a Benedictine monk of the Abbey of Monte Cassino in Italy in the final quarter of the ninth century. He chronicled a history of the Lombard Principality of Benevento, in the Langobardia Minor, giving an especially vivid account of the violence in southern Langobardia. Beginning with Duke Arechis II (758-787) and the Carolingian conquest of Benevento, his history, titled the Historia Langobardorum Beneventanorum degentium (The History of the Lombards living in Benevento), stops abruptly in the winter of 888-889. Just one medieval manuscript of this text survives, from the early fourteenth century.
Editions
Erchempertus. Georg Waitz, ed. (1878). Historia Langobardorum Beneventanorum (in Latin). In Monumenta Germaniae Historica: Scriptores rerum Langobardicarum et Italicarum saec. VI–IX. Hannoverae: impensis bibliopolii Hahniani. pp. 231–264.
Erchempert's "History of the Lombards of Benevento": A translation and study of its place in the chronicle tradition - Joan Ferry's PhD thesis from Rice University, which includes an English translation of Erchempert's work
Erchemperto, Piccola Storia dei Longobardi di Benevento / Ystoriola Longobardorum Beneventum degentium, edition and translation into Italian by L. A. Berto (Naples: Liguori, 2013).
Luigi Andrea Berto, ed. The Little History of the Lombards of Benevento by Erchempert: A Critical Edition and Translation of ‘Ystoriola Longobardorum Beneventum degentium’. Routledge, 2021.
Sources
L. A. Berto, “‘Copiare’ e ‘ricomporre’. Alcune ipotesi su come si scriveva nell’Italia meridionale altomedievale e sulla biblioteca di Montecassino nel nono secolo. Il caso della cronaca di Erchemperto” Medieval Sophia, 17, (2015), pp. 83-111. L. A. Berto, “Erchempert, a Reluctant Fustigator of His People: History and Ethnic Pride in Southern Italy at the End of the Ninth Century”, Mediterranean Studies, 20, 2 (2012), pp. 147-175.
L. A. Berto, “Linguaggio, contenuto, autori e destinatari nella Langobardia meridionale. Il caso della cosiddetta dedica della “Historia Langobardorum Beneventanorum” di Erchemperto“, Viator. Medieval and Renaissance Studies, Multilingual, 43 (2012), pp. 1-14.
L. A. Berto, “L’immagine delle élites longobarde nella “Historia Langobardorum Beneventanorum” di Erchemperto”, Archivio Storico Italiano, CLXX, 2 (2012), pp. 195-233.
L. A. Berto, Making History in Ninth-Century Northern and Southern Italy (Pisa: Pisa University Press, 2018), pp. 69-111.
Italian chroniclers
9th-century Lombard people
Italian Benedictines
9th-century Italian historians
9th-century writers in Latin
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Erchempert
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Ray Binger (November 16, 1888 – September 29, 1970) was an American cinematographer. He started working in Hollywood in 1924, mastering the art of process photography. By 1934 he had gravitated towards special effects work. He was one of the many technicians involved in bringing authenticity to The Hurricane in 1937, and was instrumental in the plane crash sequence in Alfred Hitchcock’s Foreign Correspondent in 1940. Not all his assignments were quite that showy, however. He received an Oscar nomination in the category Best Special Effects for generating fake crowds to fill up the baseball stands in 1942's The Pride of the Yankees. He was nominated twice more in the same category for The Long Voyage Home (1940) and The North Star (1943).
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Ray Binger
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"You Can't Put Your Arms Around a Memory" is a song released in 1978 by Johnny Thunders, appearing on his debut solo album So Alone and as a single taken from the album. Both the song and album include the guitar work of Peter Perrett of the Only Ones. The title was taken from a line in the "Better Living Through TV" episode of the sitcom The Honeymooners. It is considered by many to be his signature song.
The ballad has been interpreted to be about Thunders' heroin addiction, or about his romance with Sable Starr. However, according to Nina Antonia's biography Johnny Thunders...In Cold Blood, the song was written years before he was a member of the New York Dolls and before he ever tried heroin.
Covers
Guns N' Roses covered the song on their album, "The Spaghetti Incident?". All the instruments on this version were performed by Duff McKagan.
Billie Joe Armstrong of Green Day covered the song on the album No Fun Mondays.
Ronnie Spector (featuring Joey Ramone) covered the song on her album The Last of the Rock Stars.
The song appears in the documentary about Thunders's New York Dolls bandmate Arthur Kane, New York Doll.
Nick Oliveri covered the song on the Mondo Generator release, Australian Tour EP 2008, and also performed it live with Queens Of The Stone Age occasionally.
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You Can't Put Your Arms Around a Memory
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The 2003 Summer Universiade, also known as the XXII Summer Universiade, took place in Daegu, South Korea.
Emblem
The alphabet letter "U" and five stars, which is FISU's emblem, make up the basis of the emblem for the Daegu Universiade.
It symbolizes the theme of "Dream for Unity" and the five goals (Dream, Advance, Equalize, Green and Unite) of the Games.
The wide green stripe emphasizing Daegu's image as an environmentally friendly city.
The Five-colored stripes symbolize Daegu as a city of textile and fashion.
The soaring figure of the Universiade's five stars and five stripes in harmony symbolize the challenging spirit of youth across the globe, Daegu's upright spirit and vision for the bright future.
Mascot
The mascot embodies the Image of Daegu Summer Universiade, a festival of the University Students on the global village.
The rainbow colors symbolize the textile & fashion industry, environmentally friendly city and the dreams toward unity transcending all the barriers or differences.
Cyber-typed Mascot represents the creativity and challenging spirit toward the future of the youth.
Venues
Daegu
Suseong
Daegu Stadium — ceremonies, athletics, football
Daegu Athletics Park Swimming Pool — water polo
Daegu Athletics Arena — gymnastics
Kyeongbuk High School Gymnasium — taekwondo
Junghwa Girls' High School Gymnasium — basketball
Suseong District Stadium — football
Buk
Daegu Municipal Stadium — football
Daegu Baseball Stadium — archery
Daegu Citizens' Gymnasium — basketball
Daegu Gymnasium — volleyball
Daegu Il Middle School Gymnasium — volleyball
Riverside Football Ground — football
Daegu Expo Hall 1 — fencing
Dalseo
Daegu Universiade Tennis Center — tennis
Duryu Swimming Pool — swimming, diving
Duryu Arena — judo
Yeungnam High School Gymnasium — basketball
Nam
Yeungnam College of Science & Technology Gymnasium — volleyball
Gumi
Gumi Citizens' Stadium — football
Park Chung Hee Gymnasium — basketball
Andong
Andong Gymnasium — basketball
Gyeongju
Sorabol College Gymnasium — basketball
Yeongcheon
Yeongcheon Gymnasium — volleyball
Gyeongsan
Kyungil University Gymnasium — volleyball
Catholic University of Daegu Gymnasium — volleyball
Gimcheon
Gimcheon Main Stadium — football
Sports
Events in a total of twelve sports were contested at this Universiade.
Note: Numbers in brackets denote the number of different events held in each sport.
Obligatory sports
Aquatics
Artistic gymnastics (14)
Rhythmic gymnastics (8)
Optional
Participants
(host)
Medal table
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2003 Summer Universiade
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Subsets and Splits
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