identifier
stringlengths 6
14.8k
| collection
stringclasses 50
values | open_type
stringclasses 7
values | license
stringlengths 0
1.18k
| date
float64 0
2.02k
⌀ | title
stringlengths 0
1.85k
⌀ | creator
stringlengths 0
7.27k
⌀ | language
stringclasses 471
values | language_type
stringclasses 4
values | word_count
int64 0
1.98M
| token_count
int64 1
3.46M
| text
stringlengths 0
12.9M
| __index_level_0__
int64 0
51.1k
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
https://github.com/AndreiBarsan/Yeti/blob/master/res/null.fsh
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
BSD-2-Clause
| 2,021 |
Yeti
|
AndreiBarsan
|
GLSL
|
Code
| 7 | 15 |
#version 400 core
void main(void) { }
| 10,003 |
https://github.com/perryodical/novo/blob/master/src/elements/form/Form.ts
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Unlicense
| null |
novo
|
perryodical
|
TypeScript
|
Code
| 69 | 260 |
// NG2
import { Component, Input, OnInit } from '@angular/core';
// APP
import { NovoFormGroup } from './DynamicForm';
@Component({
selector: 'novo-form',
template: `
<div class="novo-form-container">
<header>
<ng-content select="form-title"></ng-content>
<ng-content select="form-subtitle"></ng-content>
</header>
<form class="novo-form" [formGroup]="form" autocomplete="off">
<ng-content></ng-content>
</form>
</div>
`
})
export class NovoFormElement implements OnInit {
@Input() form:NovoFormGroup;
@Input() layout:string;
ngOnInit() {
this.form.layout = this.layout;
}
get value() {
return this.form.value;
}
get isValid() {
return this.form.valid;
}
}
| 45,987 |
https://github.com/obipascal/bitmoser/blob/master/public/globalAssets/finUploader/plugin/fine-uploader/all.fine-uploader/all.fine-uploader.core.js
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,020 |
bitmoser
|
obipascal
|
JavaScript
|
Code
| 20,000 | 55,798 |
// Fine Uploader 5.16.2 - MIT licensed. http://fineuploader.com (function(global) { var qq = function(element) { "use strict"; return { hide: function() { element.style.display = "none"; return this; }, attach: function(type, fn) { if (element.addEventListener) { element.addEventListener(type, fn, false); } else if (element.attachEvent) { element.attachEvent("on" + type, fn); } return function() { qq(element).detach(type, fn); }; }, detach: function(type, fn) { if (element.removeEventListener) { element.removeEventListener(type, fn, false); } else if (element.attachEvent) { element.detachEvent("on" + type, fn); } return this; }, contains: function(descendant) { if (!descendant) { return false; } if (element === descendant) { return true; } if (element.contains) { return element.contains(descendant); } else { return !!(descendant.compareDocumentPosition(element) & 8); } }, insertBefore: function(elementB) { elementB.parentNode.insertBefore(element, elementB); return this; }, remove: function() { element.parentNode.removeChild(element); return this; }, css: function(styles) { if (element.style == null) { throw new qq.Error("Can't apply style to node as it is not on the HTMLElement prototype chain!"); } if (styles.opacity != null) { if (typeof element.style.opacity !== "string" && typeof element.filters !== "undefined") { styles.filter = "alpha(opacity=" + Math.round(100 * styles.opacity) + ")"; } } qq.extend(element.style, styles); return this; }, hasClass: function(name, considerParent) { var re = new RegExp("(^| )" + name + "( |$)"); return re.test(element.className) || !!(considerParent && re.test(element.parentNode.className)); }, addClass: function(name) { if (!qq(element).hasClass(name)) { element.className += " " + name; } return this; }, removeClass: function(name) { var re = new RegExp("(^| )" + name + "( |$)"); element.className = element.className.replace(re, " ").replace(/^\s+|\s+$/g, ""); return this; }, getByClass: function(className, first) { var candidates, result = []; if (first && element.querySelector) { return element.querySelector("." + className); } else if (element.querySelectorAll) { return element.querySelectorAll("." + className); } candidates = element.getElementsByTagName("*"); qq.each(candidates, function(idx, val) { if (qq(val).hasClass(className)) { result.push(val); } }); return first ? result[0] : result; }, getFirstByClass: function(className) { return qq(element).getByClass(className, true); }, children: function() { var children = [], child = element.firstChild; while (child) { if (child.nodeType === 1) { children.push(child); } child = child.nextSibling; } return children; }, setText: function(text) { element.innerText = text; element.textContent = text; return this; }, clearText: function() { return qq(element).setText(""); }, hasAttribute: function(attrName) { var attrVal; if (element.hasAttribute) { if (!element.hasAttribute(attrName)) { return false; } return /^false$/i.exec(element.getAttribute(attrName)) == null; } else { attrVal = element[attrName]; if (attrVal === undefined) { return false; } return /^false$/i.exec(attrVal) == null; } } }; }; (function() { "use strict"; qq.canvasToBlob = function(canvas, mime, quality) { return qq.dataUriToBlob(canvas.toDataURL(mime, quality)); }; qq.dataUriToBlob = function(dataUri) { var arrayBuffer, byteString, createBlob = function(data, mime) { var BlobBuilder = window.BlobBuilder || window.WebKitBlobBuilder || window.MozBlobBuilder || window.MSBlobBuilder, blobBuilder = BlobBuilder && new BlobBuilder(); if (blobBuilder) { blobBuilder.append(data); return blobBuilder.getBlob(mime); } else { return new Blob([ data ], { type: mime }); } }, intArray, mimeString; if (dataUri.split(",")[0].indexOf("base64") >= 0) { byteString = atob(dataUri.split(",")[1]); } else { byteString = decodeURI(dataUri.split(",")[1]); } mimeString = dataUri.split(",")[0].split(":")[1].split(";")[0]; arrayBuffer = new ArrayBuffer(byteString.length); intArray = new Uint8Array(arrayBuffer); qq.each(byteString, function(idx, character) { intArray[idx] = character.charCodeAt(0); }); return createBlob(arrayBuffer, mimeString); }; qq.log = function(message, level) { if (window.console) { if (!level || level === "info") { window.console.log(message); } else { if (window.console[level]) { window.console[level](message); } else { window.console.log("<" + level + "> " + message); } } } }; qq.isObject = function(variable) { return variable && !variable.nodeType && Object.prototype.toString.call(variable) === "[object Object]"; }; qq.isFunction = function(variable) { return typeof variable === "function"; }; qq.isArray = function(value) { return Object.prototype.toString.call(value) === "[object Array]" || value && window.ArrayBuffer && value.buffer && value.buffer.constructor === ArrayBuffer; }; qq.isItemList = function(maybeItemList) { return Object.prototype.toString.call(maybeItemList) === "[object DataTransferItemList]"; }; qq.isNodeList = function(maybeNodeList) { return Object.prototype.toString.call(maybeNodeList) === "[object NodeList]" || maybeNodeList.item && maybeNodeList.namedItem; }; qq.isString = function(maybeString) { return Object.prototype.toString.call(maybeString) === "[object String]"; }; qq.trimStr = function(string) { if (String.prototype.trim) { return string.trim(); } return string.replace(/^\s+|\s+$/g, ""); }; qq.format = function(str) { var args = Array.prototype.slice.call(arguments, 1), newStr = str, nextIdxToReplace = newStr.indexOf("{}"); qq.each(args, function(idx, val) { var strBefore = newStr.substring(0, nextIdxToReplace), strAfter = newStr.substring(nextIdxToReplace + 2); newStr = strBefore + val + strAfter; nextIdxToReplace = newStr.indexOf("{}", nextIdxToReplace + val.length); if (nextIdxToReplace < 0) { return false; } }); return newStr; }; qq.isFile = function(maybeFile) { return window.File && Object.prototype.toString.call(maybeFile) === "[object File]"; }; qq.isFileList = function(maybeFileList) { return window.FileList && Object.prototype.toString.call(maybeFileList) === "[object FileList]"; }; qq.isFileOrInput = function(maybeFileOrInput) { return qq.isFile(maybeFileOrInput) || qq.isInput(maybeFileOrInput); }; qq.isInput = function(maybeInput, notFile) { var evaluateType = function(type) { var normalizedType = type.toLowerCase(); if (notFile) { return normalizedType !== "file"; } return normalizedType === "file"; }; if (window.HTMLInputElement) { if (Object.prototype.toString.call(maybeInput) === "[object HTMLInputElement]") { if (maybeInput.type && evaluateType(maybeInput.type)) { return true; } } } if (maybeInput.tagName) { if (maybeInput.tagName.toLowerCase() === "input") { if (maybeInput.type && evaluateType(maybeInput.type)) { return true; } } } return false; }; qq.isBlob = function(maybeBlob) { if (window.Blob && Object.prototype.toString.call(maybeBlob) === "[object Blob]") { return true; } }; qq.isXhrUploadSupported = function() { var input = document.createElement("input"); input.type = "file"; return input.multiple !== undefined && typeof File !== "undefined" && typeof FormData !== "undefined" && typeof qq.createXhrInstance().upload !== "undefined"; }; qq.createXhrInstance = function() { if (window.XMLHttpRequest) { return new XMLHttpRequest(); } try { return new ActiveXObject("MSXML2.XMLHTTP.3.0"); } catch (error) { qq.log("Neither XHR or ActiveX are supported!", "error"); return null; } }; qq.isFolderDropSupported = function(dataTransfer) { return dataTransfer.items && dataTransfer.items.length > 0 && dataTransfer.items[0].webkitGetAsEntry; }; qq.isFileChunkingSupported = function() { return !qq.androidStock() && qq.isXhrUploadSupported() && (File.prototype.slice !== undefined || File.prototype.webkitSlice !== undefined || File.prototype.mozSlice !== undefined); }; qq.sliceBlob = function(fileOrBlob, start, end) { var slicer = fileOrBlob.slice || fileOrBlob.mozSlice || fileOrBlob.webkitSlice; return slicer.call(fileOrBlob, start, end); }; qq.arrayBufferToHex = function(buffer) { var bytesAsHex = "", bytes = new Uint8Array(buffer); qq.each(bytes, function(idx, byt) { var byteAsHexStr = byt.toString(16); if (byteAsHexStr.length < 2) { byteAsHexStr = "0" + byteAsHexStr; } bytesAsHex += byteAsHexStr; }); return bytesAsHex; }; qq.readBlobToHex = function(blob, startOffset, length) { var initialBlob = qq.sliceBlob(blob, startOffset, startOffset + length), fileReader = new FileReader(), promise = new qq.Promise(); fileReader.onload = function() { promise.success(qq.arrayBufferToHex(fileReader.result)); }; fileReader.onerror = promise.failure; fileReader.readAsArrayBuffer(initialBlob); return promise; }; qq.extend = function(first, second, extendNested) { qq.each(second, function(prop, val) { if (extendNested && qq.isObject(val)) { if (first[prop] === undefined) { first[prop] = {}; } qq.extend(first[prop], val, true); } else { first[prop] = val; } }); return first; }; qq.override = function(target, sourceFn) { var super_ = {}, source = sourceFn(super_); qq.each(source, function(srcPropName, srcPropVal) { if (target[srcPropName] !== undefined) { super_[srcPropName] = target[srcPropName]; } target[srcPropName] = srcPropVal; }); return target; }; qq.indexOf = function(arr, elt, from) { if (arr.indexOf) { return arr.indexOf(elt, from); } from = from || 0; var len = arr.length; if (from < 0) { from += len; } for (;from < len; from += 1) { if (arr.hasOwnProperty(from) && arr[from] === elt) { return from; } } return -1; }; qq.getUniqueId = function() { return "xxxxxxxx-xxxx-4xxx-yxxx-xxxxxxxxxxxx".replace(/[xy]/g, function(c) { var r = Math.random() * 16 | 0, v = c == "x" ? r : r & 3 | 8; return v.toString(16); }); }; qq.ie = function() { return navigator.userAgent.indexOf("MSIE") !== -1 || navigator.userAgent.indexOf("Trident") !== -1; }; qq.ie7 = function() { return navigator.userAgent.indexOf("MSIE 7") !== -1; }; qq.ie8 = function() { return navigator.userAgent.indexOf("MSIE 8") !== -1; }; qq.ie10 = function() { return navigator.userAgent.indexOf("MSIE 10") !== -1; }; qq.ie11 = function() { return qq.ie() && navigator.userAgent.indexOf("rv:11") !== -1; }; qq.edge = function() { return navigator.userAgent.indexOf("Edge") >= 0; }; qq.safari = function() { return navigator.vendor !== undefined && navigator.vendor.indexOf("Apple") !== -1; }; qq.chrome = function() { return navigator.vendor !== undefined && navigator.vendor.indexOf("Google") !== -1; }; qq.opera = function() { return navigator.vendor !== undefined && navigator.vendor.indexOf("Opera") !== -1; }; qq.firefox = function() { return !qq.edge() && !qq.ie11() && navigator.userAgent.indexOf("Mozilla") !== -1 && navigator.vendor !== undefined && navigator.vendor === ""; }; qq.windows = function() { return navigator.platform === "Win32"; }; qq.android = function() { return navigator.userAgent.toLowerCase().indexOf("android") !== -1; }; qq.androidStock = function() { return qq.android() && navigator.userAgent.toLowerCase().indexOf("chrome") < 0; }; qq.ios6 = function() { return qq.ios() && navigator.userAgent.indexOf(" OS 6_") !== -1; }; qq.ios7 = function() { return qq.ios() && navigator.userAgent.indexOf(" OS 7_") !== -1; }; qq.ios8 = function() { return qq.ios() && navigator.userAgent.indexOf(" OS 8_") !== -1; }; qq.ios800 = function() { return qq.ios() && navigator.userAgent.indexOf(" OS 8_0 ") !== -1; }; qq.ios = function() { return navigator.userAgent.indexOf("iPad") !== -1 || navigator.userAgent.indexOf("iPod") !== -1 || navigator.userAgent.indexOf("iPhone") !== -1; }; qq.iosChrome = function() { return qq.ios() && navigator.userAgent.indexOf("CriOS") !== -1; }; qq.iosSafari = function() { return qq.ios() && !qq.iosChrome() && navigator.userAgent.indexOf("Safari") !== -1; }; qq.iosSafariWebView = function() { return qq.ios() && !qq.iosChrome() && !qq.iosSafari(); }; qq.preventDefault = function(e) { if (e.preventDefault) { e.preventDefault(); } else { e.returnValue = false; } }; qq.toElement = function() { var div = document.createElement("div"); return function(html) { div.innerHTML = html; var element = div.firstChild; div.removeChild(element); return element; }; }(); qq.each = function(iterableItem, callback) { var keyOrIndex, retVal; if (iterableItem) { if (window.Storage && iterableItem.constructor === window.Storage) { for (keyOrIndex = 0; keyOrIndex < iterableItem.length; keyOrIndex++) { retVal = callback(iterableItem.key(keyOrIndex), iterableItem.getItem(iterableItem.key(keyOrIndex))); if (retVal === false) { break; } } } else if (qq.isArray(iterableItem) || qq.isItemList(iterableItem) || qq.isNodeList(iterableItem)) { for (keyOrIndex = 0; keyOrIndex < iterableItem.length; keyOrIndex++) { retVal = callback(keyOrIndex, iterableItem[keyOrIndex]); if (retVal === false) { break; } } } else if (qq.isString(iterableItem)) { for (keyOrIndex = 0; keyOrIndex < iterableItem.length; keyOrIndex++) { retVal = callback(keyOrIndex, iterableItem.charAt(keyOrIndex)); if (retVal === false) { break; } } } else { for (keyOrIndex in iterableItem) { if (Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(iterableItem, keyOrIndex)) { retVal = callback(keyOrIndex, iterableItem[keyOrIndex]); if (retVal === false) { break; } } } } } }; qq.bind = function(oldFunc, context) { if (qq.isFunction(oldFunc)) { var args = Array.prototype.slice.call(arguments, 2); return function() { var newArgs = qq.extend([], args); if (arguments.length) { newArgs = newArgs.concat(Array.prototype.slice.call(arguments)); } return oldFunc.apply(context, newArgs); }; } throw new Error("first parameter must be a function!"); }; qq.obj2url = function(obj, temp, prefixDone) { var uristrings = [], prefix = "&", add = function(nextObj, i) { var nextTemp = temp ? /\[\]$/.test(temp) ? temp : temp + "[" + i + "]" : i; if (nextTemp !== "undefined" && i !== "undefined") { uristrings.push(typeof nextObj === "object" ? qq.obj2url(nextObj, nextTemp, true) : Object.prototype.toString.call(nextObj) === "[object Function]" ? encodeURIComponent(nextTemp) + "=" + encodeURIComponent(nextObj()) : encodeURIComponent(nextTemp) + "=" + encodeURIComponent(nextObj)); } }; if (!prefixDone && temp) { prefix = /\?/.test(temp) ? /\?$/.test(temp) ? "" : "&" : "?"; uristrings.push(temp); uristrings.push(qq.obj2url(obj)); } else if (Object.prototype.toString.call(obj) === "[object Array]" && typeof obj !== "undefined") { qq.each(obj, function(idx, val) { add(val, idx); }); } else if (typeof obj !== "undefined" && obj !== null && typeof obj === "object") { qq.each(obj, function(prop, val) { add(val, prop); }); } else { uristrings.push(encodeURIComponent(temp) + "=" + encodeURIComponent(obj)); } if (temp) { return uristrings.join(prefix); } else { return uristrings.join(prefix).replace(/^&/, "").replace(/%20/g, "+"); } }; qq.obj2FormData = function(obj, formData, arrayKeyName) { if (!formData) { formData = new FormData(); } qq.each(obj, function(key, val) { key = arrayKeyName ? arrayKeyName + "[" + key + "]" : key; if (qq.isObject(val)) { qq.obj2FormData(val, formData, key); } else if (qq.isFunction(val)) { formData.append(key, val()); } else { formData.append(key, val); } }); return formData; }; qq.obj2Inputs = function(obj, form) { var input; if (!form) { form = document.createElement("form"); } qq.obj2FormData(obj, { append: function(key, val) { input = document.createElement("input"); input.setAttribute("name", key); input.setAttribute("value", val); form.appendChild(input); } }); return form; }; qq.parseJson = function(json) { if (window.JSON && qq.isFunction(JSON.parse)) { return JSON.parse(json); } else { return eval("(" + json + ")"); } }; qq.getExtension = function(filename) { var extIdx = filename.lastIndexOf(".") + 1; if (extIdx > 0) { return filename.substr(extIdx, filename.length - extIdx); } }; qq.getFilename = function(blobOrFileInput) { if (qq.isInput(blobOrFileInput)) { return blobOrFileInput.value.replace(/.*(\/|\\)/, ""); } else if (qq.isFile(blobOrFileInput)) { if (blobOrFileInput.fileName !== null && blobOrFileInput.fileName !== undefined) { return blobOrFileInput.fileName; } } return blobOrFileInput.name; }; qq.DisposeSupport = function() { var disposers = []; return { dispose: function() { var disposer; do { disposer = disposers.shift(); if (disposer) { disposer(); } } while (disposer); }, attach: function() { var args = arguments; this.addDisposer(qq(args[0]).attach.apply(this, Array.prototype.slice.call(arguments, 1))); }, addDisposer: function(disposeFunction) { disposers.push(disposeFunction); } }; }; })(); (function() { "use strict"; if (typeof define === "function" && define.amd) { define(function() { return qq; }); } else if (typeof module !== "undefined" && module.exports) { module.exports = qq; } else { global.qq = qq; } })(); (function() { "use strict"; qq.Error = function(message) { this.message = "[Fine Uploader " + qq.version + "] " + message; }; qq.Error.prototype = new Error(); })(); qq.version = "5.16.2"; qq.supportedFeatures = function() { "use strict"; var supportsUploading, supportsUploadingBlobs, supportsFileDrop, supportsAjaxFileUploading, supportsFolderDrop, supportsChunking, supportsResume, supportsUploadViaPaste, supportsUploadCors, supportsDeleteFileXdr, supportsDeleteFileCorsXhr, supportsDeleteFileCors, supportsFolderSelection, supportsImagePreviews, supportsUploadProgress; function testSupportsFileInputElement() { var supported = true, tempInput; try { tempInput = document.createElement("input"); tempInput.type = "file"; qq(tempInput).hide(); if (tempInput.disabled) { supported = false; } } catch (ex) { supported = false; } return supported; } function isChrome14OrHigher() { return (qq.chrome() || qq.opera()) && navigator.userAgent.match(/Chrome\/[1][4-9]|Chrome\/[2-9][0-9]/) !== undefined; } function isCrossOriginXhrSupported() { if (window.XMLHttpRequest) { var xhr = qq.createXhrInstance(); return xhr.withCredentials !== undefined; } return false; } function isXdrSupported() { return window.XDomainRequest !== undefined; } function isCrossOriginAjaxSupported() { if (isCrossOriginXhrSupported()) { return true; } return isXdrSupported(); } function isFolderSelectionSupported() { return document.createElement("input").webkitdirectory !== undefined; } function isLocalStorageSupported() { try { return !!window.localStorage && qq.isFunction(window.localStorage.setItem); } catch (error) { return false; } } function isDragAndDropSupported() { var span = document.createElement("span"); return ("draggable" in span || "ondragstart" in span && "ondrop" in span) && !qq.android() && !qq.ios(); } supportsUploading = testSupportsFileInputElement(); supportsAjaxFileUploading = supportsUploading && qq.isXhrUploadSupported(); supportsUploadingBlobs = supportsAjaxFileUploading && !qq.androidStock(); supportsFileDrop = supportsAjaxFileUploading && isDragAndDropSupported(); supportsFolderDrop = supportsFileDrop && function() { var input = document.createElement("input"); input.type = "file"; return !!("webkitdirectory" in (input || document.querySelectorAll("input[type=file]")[0])); }(); supportsChunking = supportsAjaxFileUploading && qq.isFileChunkingSupported(); supportsResume = supportsAjaxFileUploading && supportsChunking && isLocalStorageSupported(); supportsUploadViaPaste = supportsAjaxFileUploading && isChrome14OrHigher(); supportsUploadCors = supportsUploading && (window.postMessage !== undefined || supportsAjaxFileUploading); supportsDeleteFileCorsXhr = isCrossOriginXhrSupported(); supportsDeleteFileXdr = isXdrSupported(); supportsDeleteFileCors = isCrossOriginAjaxSupported(); supportsFolderSelection = isFolderSelectionSupported(); supportsImagePreviews = supportsAjaxFileUploading && window.FileReader !== undefined; supportsUploadProgress = function() { if (supportsAjaxFileUploading) { return !qq.androidStock() && !qq.iosChrome(); } return false; }(); return { ajaxUploading: supportsAjaxFileUploading, blobUploading: supportsUploadingBlobs, canDetermineSize: supportsAjaxFileUploading, chunking: supportsChunking, deleteFileCors: supportsDeleteFileCors, deleteFileCorsXdr: supportsDeleteFileXdr, deleteFileCorsXhr: supportsDeleteFileCorsXhr, dialogElement: !!window.HTMLDialogElement, fileDrop: supportsFileDrop, folderDrop: supportsFolderDrop, folderSelection: supportsFolderSelection, imagePreviews: supportsImagePreviews, imageValidation: supportsImagePreviews, itemSizeValidation: supportsAjaxFileUploading, pause: supportsChunking, progressBar: supportsUploadProgress, resume: supportsResume, scaling: supportsImagePreviews && supportsUploadingBlobs, tiffPreviews: qq.safari(), unlimitedScaledImageSize: !qq.ios(), uploading: supportsUploading, uploadCors: supportsUploadCors, uploadCustomHeaders: supportsAjaxFileUploading, uploadNonMultipart: supportsAjaxFileUploading, uploadViaPaste: supportsUploadViaPaste }; }(); qq.isGenericPromise = function(maybePromise) { "use strict"; return !!(maybePromise && maybePromise.then && qq.isFunction(maybePromise.then)); }; qq.Promise = function() { "use strict"; var successArgs, failureArgs, successCallbacks = [], failureCallbacks = [], doneCallbacks = [], state = 0; qq.extend(this, { then: function(onSuccess, onFailure) { if (state === 0) { if (onSuccess) { successCallbacks.push(onSuccess); } if (onFailure) { failureCallbacks.push(onFailure); } } else if (state === -1) { onFailure && onFailure.apply(null, failureArgs); } else if (onSuccess) { onSuccess.apply(null, successArgs); } return this; }, done: function(callback) { if (state === 0) { doneCallbacks.push(callback); } else { callback.apply(null, failureArgs === undefined ? successArgs : failureArgs); } return this; }, success: function() { state = 1; successArgs = arguments; if (successCallbacks.length) { qq.each(successCallbacks, function(idx, callback) { callback.apply(null, successArgs); }); } if (doneCallbacks.length) { qq.each(doneCallbacks, function(idx, callback) { callback.apply(null, successArgs); }); } return this; }, failure: function() { state = -1; failureArgs = arguments; if (failureCallbacks.length) { qq.each(failureCallbacks, function(idx, callback) { callback.apply(null, failureArgs); }); } if (doneCallbacks.length) { qq.each(doneCallbacks, function(idx, callback) { callback.apply(null, failureArgs); }); } return this; } }); }; qq.BlobProxy = function(referenceBlob, onCreate) { "use strict"; qq.extend(this, { referenceBlob: referenceBlob, create: function() { return onCreate(referenceBlob); } }); }; qq.UploadButton = function(o) { "use strict"; var self = this, disposeSupport = new qq.DisposeSupport(), options = { acceptFiles: null, element: null, focusClass: "qq-upload-button-focus", folders: false, hoverClass: "qq-upload-button-hover", ios8BrowserCrashWorkaround: false, multiple: false, name: "qqfile", onChange: function(input) {}, title: null }, input, buttonId; qq.extend(options, o); buttonId = qq.getUniqueId(); function createInput() { var input = document.createElement("input"); input.setAttribute(qq.UploadButton.BUTTON_ID_ATTR_NAME, buttonId); input.setAttribute("title", options.title); self.setMultiple(options.multiple, input); if (options.folders && qq.supportedFeatures.folderSelection) { input.setAttribute("webkitdirectory", ""); } if (options.acceptFiles) { input.setAttribute("accept", options.acceptFiles); } input.setAttribute("type", "file"); input.setAttribute("name", options.name); qq(input).css({ position: "absolute", right: 0, top: 0, fontFamily: "Arial", fontSize: qq.ie() && !qq.ie8() ? "3500px" : "118px", margin: 0, padding: 0, cursor: "pointer", opacity: 0 }); !qq.ie7() && qq(input).css({ height: "100%" }); options.element.appendChild(input); disposeSupport.attach(input, "change", function() { options.onChange(input); }); disposeSupport.attach(input, "mouseover", function() { qq(options.element).addClass(options.hoverClass); }); disposeSupport.attach(input, "mouseout", function() { qq(options.element).removeClass(options.hoverClass); }); disposeSupport.attach(input, "focus", function() { qq(options.element).addClass(options.focusClass); }); disposeSupport.attach(input, "blur", function() { qq(options.element).removeClass(options.focusClass); }); return input; } qq(options.element).css({ position: "relative", overflow: "hidden", direction: "ltr" }); qq.extend(this, { getInput: function() { return input; }, getButtonId: function() { return buttonId; }, setMultiple: function(isMultiple, optInput) { var input = optInput || this.getInput(); if (options.ios8BrowserCrashWorkaround && qq.ios8() && (qq.iosChrome() || qq.iosSafariWebView())) { input.setAttribute("multiple", ""); } else { if (isMultiple) { input.setAttribute("multiple", ""); } else { input.removeAttribute("multiple"); } } }, setAcceptFiles: function(acceptFiles) { if (acceptFiles !== options.acceptFiles) { input.setAttribute("accept", acceptFiles); } }, reset: function() { if (input.parentNode) { qq(input).remove(); } qq(options.element).removeClass(options.focusClass); input = null; input = createInput(); } }); input = createInput(); }; qq.UploadButton.BUTTON_ID_ATTR_NAME = "qq-button-id"; qq.UploadData = function(uploaderProxy) { "use strict"; var data = [], byUuid = {}, byStatus = {}, byProxyGroupId = {}, byBatchId = {}; function getDataByIds(idOrIds) { if (qq.isArray(idOrIds)) { var entries = []; qq.each(idOrIds, function(idx, id) { entries.push(data[id]); }); return entries; } return data[idOrIds]; } function getDataByUuids(uuids) { if (qq.isArray(uuids)) { var entries = []; qq.each(uuids, function(idx, uuid) { entries.push(data[byUuid[uuid]]); }); return entries; } return data[byUuid[uuids]]; } function getDataByStatus(status) { var statusResults = [], statuses = [].concat(status); qq.each(statuses, function(index, statusEnum) { var statusResultIndexes = byStatus[statusEnum]; if (statusResultIndexes !== undefined) { qq.each(statusResultIndexes, function(i, dataIndex) { statusResults.push(data[dataIndex]); }); } }); return statusResults; } qq.extend(this, { addFile: function(spec) { var status = spec.status || qq.status.SUBMITTING, id = data.push({ name: spec.name, originalName: spec.name, uuid: spec.uuid, size: spec.size == null ? -1 : spec.size, status: status, file: spec.file }) - 1; if (spec.batchId) { data[id].batchId = spec.batchId; if (byBatchId[spec.batchId] === undefined) { byBatchId[spec.batchId] = []; } byBatchId[spec.batchId].push(id); } if (spec.proxyGroupId) { data[id].proxyGroupId = spec.proxyGroupId; if (byProxyGroupId[spec.proxyGroupId] === undefined) { byProxyGroupId[spec.proxyGroupId] = []; } byProxyGroupId[spec.proxyGroupId].push(id); } data[id].id = id; byUuid[spec.uuid] = id; if (byStatus[status] === undefined) { byStatus[status] = []; } byStatus[status].push(id); spec.onBeforeStatusChange && spec.onBeforeStatusChange(id); uploaderProxy.onStatusChange(id, null, status); return id; }, retrieve: function(optionalFilter) { if (qq.isObject(optionalFilter) && data.length) { if (optionalFilter.id !== undefined) { return getDataByIds(optionalFilter.id); } else if (optionalFilter.uuid !== undefined) { return getDataByUuids(optionalFilter.uuid); } else if (optionalFilter.status) { return getDataByStatus(optionalFilter.status); } } else { return qq.extend([], data, true); } }, removeFileRef: function(id) { var record = getDataByIds(id); if (record) { delete record.file; } }, reset: function() { data = []; byUuid = {}; byStatus = {}; byBatchId = {}; }, setStatus: function(id, newStatus) { var oldStatus = data[id].status, byStatusOldStatusIndex = qq.indexOf(byStatus[oldStatus], id); byStatus[oldStatus].splice(byStatusOldStatusIndex, 1); data[id].status = newStatus; if (byStatus[newStatus] === undefined) { byStatus[newStatus] = []; } byStatus[newStatus].push(id); uploaderProxy.onStatusChange(id, oldStatus, newStatus); }, uuidChanged: function(id, newUuid) { var oldUuid = data[id].uuid; data[id].uuid = newUuid; byUuid[newUuid] = id; delete byUuid[oldUuid]; }, updateName: function(id, newName) { data[id].name = newName; }, updateSize: function(id, newSize) { data[id].size = newSize; }, setParentId: function(targetId, parentId) { data[targetId].parentId = parentId; }, getIdsInProxyGroup: function(id) { var proxyGroupId = data[id].proxyGroupId; if (proxyGroupId) { return byProxyGroupId[proxyGroupId]; } return []; }, getIdsInBatch: function(id) { var batchId = data[id].batchId; return byBatchId[batchId]; } }); }; qq.status = { SUBMITTING: "submitting", SUBMITTED: "submitted", REJECTED: "rejected", QUEUED: "queued", CANCELED: "canceled", PAUSED: "paused", UPLOADING: "uploading", UPLOAD_FINALIZING: "upload finalizing", UPLOAD_RETRYING: "retrying upload", UPLOAD_SUCCESSFUL: "upload successful", UPLOAD_FAILED: "upload failed", DELETE_FAILED: "delete failed", DELETING: "deleting", DELETED: "deleted" }; (function() { "use strict"; qq.basePublicApi = { addBlobs: function(blobDataOrArray, params, endpoint) { this.addFiles(blobDataOrArray, params, endpoint); }, addInitialFiles: function(cannedFileList) { var self = this; qq.each(cannedFileList, function(index, cannedFile) { self._addCannedFile(cannedFile); }); }, addFiles: function(data, params, endpoint) { this._maybeHandleIos8SafariWorkaround(); var batchId = this._storedIds.length === 0 ? qq.getUniqueId() : this._currentBatchId, processBlob = qq.bind(function(blob) { this._handleNewFile({ blob: blob, name: this._options.blobs.defaultName }, batchId, verifiedFiles); }, this), processBlobData = qq.bind(function(blobData) { this._handleNewFile(blobData, batchId, verifiedFiles); }, this), processCanvas = qq.bind(function(canvas) { var blob = qq.canvasToBlob(canvas); this._handleNewFile({ blob: blob, name: this._options.blobs.defaultName + ".png" }, batchId, verifiedFiles); }, this), processCanvasData = qq.bind(function(canvasData) { var normalizedQuality = canvasData.quality && canvasData.quality / 100, blob = qq.canvasToBlob(canvasData.canvas, canvasData.type, normalizedQuality); this._handleNewFile({ blob: blob, name: canvasData.name }, batchId, verifiedFiles); }, this), processFileOrInput = qq.bind(function(fileOrInput) { if (qq.isInput(fileOrInput) && qq.supportedFeatures.ajaxUploading) { var files = Array.prototype.slice.call(fileOrInput.files), self = this; qq.each(files, function(idx, file) { self._handleNewFile(file, batchId, verifiedFiles); }); } else { this._handleNewFile(fileOrInput, batchId, verifiedFiles); } }, this), normalizeData = function() { if (qq.isFileList(data)) { data = Array.prototype.slice.call(data); } data = [].concat(data); }, self = this, verifiedFiles = []; this._currentBatchId = batchId; if (data) { normalizeData(); qq.each(data, function(idx, fileContainer) { if (qq.isFileOrInput(fileContainer)) { processFileOrInput(fileContainer); } else if (qq.isBlob(fileContainer)) { processBlob(fileContainer); } else if (qq.isObject(fileContainer)) { if (fileContainer.blob && fileContainer.name) { processBlobData(fileContainer); } else if (fileContainer.canvas && fileContainer.name) { processCanvasData(fileContainer); } } else if (fileContainer.tagName && fileContainer.tagName.toLowerCase() === "canvas") { processCanvas(fileContainer); } else { self.log(fileContainer + " is not a valid file container! Ignoring!", "warn"); } }); this.log("Received " + verifiedFiles.length + " files."); this._prepareItemsForUpload(verifiedFiles, params, endpoint); } }, cancel: function(id) { var uploadData = this._uploadData.retrieve({ id: id }); if (uploadData && uploadData.status === qq.status.UPLOAD_FINALIZING) { this.log(qq.format("Ignoring cancel for file ID {} ({}). Finalizing upload.", id, this.getName(id)), "error"); } else { this._handler.cancel(id); } }, cancelAll: function() { var storedIdsCopy = [], self = this; qq.extend(storedIdsCopy, this._storedIds); qq.each(storedIdsCopy, function(idx, storedFileId) { self.cancel(storedFileId); }); this._handler.cancelAll(); }, clearStoredFiles: function() { this._storedIds = []; }, continueUpload: function(id) { var uploadData = this._uploadData.retrieve({ id: id }); if (!qq.supportedFeatures.pause || !this._options.chunking.enabled) { return false; } if (uploadData.status === qq.status.PAUSED) { this.log(qq.format("Paused file ID {} ({}) will be continued. Not paused.", id, this.getName(id))); this._uploadFile(id); return true; } else { this.log(qq.format("Ignoring continue for file ID {} ({}). Not paused.", id, this.getName(id)), "error"); } return false; }, deleteFile: function(id) { return this._onSubmitDelete(id); }, doesExist: function(fileOrBlobId) { return this._handler.isValid(fileOrBlobId); }, drawThumbnail: function(fileId, imgOrCanvas, maxSize, fromServer, customResizeFunction) { var promiseToReturn = new qq.Promise(), fileOrUrl, options; if (this._imageGenerator) { fileOrUrl = this._thumbnailUrls[fileId]; options = { customResizeFunction: customResizeFunction, maxSize: maxSize > 0 ? maxSize : null, scale: maxSize > 0 }; if (!fromServer && qq.supportedFeatures.imagePreviews) { fileOrUrl = this.getFile(fileId); } if (fileOrUrl == null) { promiseToReturn.failure({ container: imgOrCanvas, error: "File or URL not found." }); } else { this._imageGenerator.generate(fileOrUrl, imgOrCanvas, options).then(function success(modifiedContainer) { promiseToReturn.success(modifiedContainer); }, function failure(container, reason) { promiseToReturn.failure({ container: container, error: reason || "Problem generating thumbnail" }); }); } } else { promiseToReturn.failure({ container: imgOrCanvas, error: "Missing image generator module" }); } return promiseToReturn; }, getButton: function(fileId) { return this._getButton(this._buttonIdsForFileIds[fileId]); }, getEndpoint: function(fileId) { return this._endpointStore.get(fileId); }, getFile: function(fileOrBlobId) { var file = this._handler.getFile(fileOrBlobId); var uploadDataRecord; if (!file) { uploadDataRecord = this._uploadData.retrieve({ id: fileOrBlobId }); if (uploadDataRecord) { file = uploadDataRecord.file; } } return file || null; }, getInProgress: function() { return this._uploadData.retrieve({ status: [ qq.status.UPLOADING, qq.status.UPLOAD_RETRYING, qq.status.QUEUED ] }).length; }, getName: function(id) { return this._uploadData.retrieve({ id: id }).name; }, getParentId: function(id) { var uploadDataEntry = this.getUploads({ id: id }), parentId = null; if (uploadDataEntry) { if (uploadDataEntry.parentId !== undefined) { parentId = uploadDataEntry.parentId; } } return parentId; }, getResumableFilesData: function() { return this._handler.getResumableFilesData(); }, getSize: function(id) { return this._uploadData.retrieve({ id: id }).size; }, getNetUploads: function() { return this._netUploaded; }, getRemainingAllowedItems: function() { var allowedItems = this._currentItemLimit; if (allowedItems > 0) { return allowedItems - this._netUploadedOrQueued; } return null; }, getUploads: function(optionalFilter) { return this._uploadData.retrieve(optionalFilter); }, getUuid: function(id) { return this._uploadData.retrieve({ id: id }).uuid; }, isResumable: function(id) { return this._handler.hasResumeRecord(id); }, log: function(str, level) { if (this._options.debug && (!level || level === "info")) { qq.log("[Fine Uploader " + qq.version + "] " + str); } else if (level && level !== "info") { qq.log("[Fine Uploader " + qq.version + "] " + str, level); } }, pauseUpload: function(id) { var uploadData = this._uploadData.retrieve({ id: id }); if (!qq.supportedFeatures.pause || !this._options.chunking.enabled) { return false; } if (qq.indexOf([ qq.status.UPLOADING, qq.status.UPLOAD_RETRYING ], uploadData.status) >= 0) { if (this._handler.pause(id)) { this._uploadData.setStatus(id, qq.status.PAUSED); return true; } else { this.log(qq.format("Unable to pause file ID {} ({}).", id, this.getName(id)), "error"); } } else { this.log(qq.format("Ignoring pause for file ID {} ({}). Not in progress.", id, this.getName(id)), "error"); } return false; }, removeFileRef: function(id) { this._handler.expunge(id); this._uploadData.removeFileRef(id); }, reset: function() { this.log("Resetting uploader..."); this._handler.reset(); this._storedIds = []; this._autoRetries = []; this._retryTimeouts = []; this._preventRetries = []; this._thumbnailUrls = []; qq.each(this._buttons, function(idx, button) { button.reset(); }); this._paramsStore.reset(); this._endpointStore.reset(); this._netUploadedOrQueued = 0; this._netUploaded = 0; this._uploadData.reset(); this._buttonIdsForFileIds = []; this._pasteHandler && this._pasteHandler.reset(); this._options.session.refreshOnReset && this._refreshSessionData(); this._succeededSinceLastAllComplete = []; this._failedSinceLastAllComplete = []; this._totalProgress && this._totalProgress.reset(); this._customResumeDataStore.reset(); }, retry: function(id) { return this._manualRetry(id); }, scaleImage: function(id, specs) { var self = this; return qq.Scaler.prototype.scaleImage(id, specs, { log: qq.bind(self.log, self), getFile: qq.bind(self.getFile, self), uploadData: self._uploadData }); }, setCustomHeaders: function(headers, id) { this._customHeadersStore.set(headers, id); }, setCustomResumeData: function(id, data) { this._customResumeDataStore.set(data, id); }, setDeleteFileCustomHeaders: function(headers, id) { this._deleteFileCustomHeadersStore.set(headers, id); }, setDeleteFileEndpoint: function(endpoint, id) { this._deleteFileEndpointStore.set(endpoint, id); }, setDeleteFileParams: function(params, id) { this._deleteFileParamsStore.set(params, id); }, setEndpoint: function(endpoint, id) { this._endpointStore.set(endpoint, id); }, setForm: function(elementOrId) { this._updateFormSupportAndParams(elementOrId); }, setItemLimit: function(newItemLimit) { this._currentItemLimit = newItemLimit; }, setName: function(id, newName) { this._uploadData.updateName(id, newName); }, setParams: function(params, id) { this._paramsStore.set(params, id); }, setUuid: function(id, newUuid) { return this._uploadData.uuidChanged(id, newUuid); }, setStatus: function(id, newStatus) { var fileRecord = this.getUploads({ id: id }); if (!fileRecord) { throw new qq.Error(id + " is not a valid file ID."); } switch (newStatus) { case qq.status.DELETED: this._onDeleteComplete(id, null, false); break; case qq.status.DELETE_FAILED: this._onDeleteComplete(id, null, true); break; default: var errorMessage = "Method setStatus called on '" + name + "' not implemented yet for " + newStatus; this.log(errorMessage); throw new qq.Error(errorMessage); } }, uploadStoredFiles: function() { if (this._storedIds.length === 0) { this._itemError("noFilesError"); } else { this._uploadStoredFiles(); } } }; qq.basePrivateApi = { _addCannedFile: function(sessionData) { var self = this; return this._uploadData.addFile({ uuid: sessionData.uuid, name: sessionData.name, size: sessionData.size, status: qq.status.UPLOAD_SUCCESSFUL, onBeforeStatusChange: function(id) { sessionData.deleteFileEndpoint && self.setDeleteFileEndpoint(sessionData.deleteFileEndpoint, id); sessionData.deleteFileParams && self.setDeleteFileParams(sessionData.deleteFileParams, id); if (sessionData.thumbnailUrl) { self._thumbnailUrls[id] = sessionData.thumbnailUrl; } self._netUploaded++; self._netUploadedOrQueued++; } }); }, _annotateWithButtonId: function(file, associatedInput) { if (qq.isFile(file)) { file.qqButtonId = this._getButtonId(associatedInput); } }, _batchError: function(message) { this._options.callbacks.onError(null, null, message, undefined); }, _createDeleteHandler: function() { var self = this; return new qq.DeleteFileAjaxRequester({ method: this._options.deleteFile.method.toUpperCase(), maxConnections: this._options.maxConnections, uuidParamName: this._options.request.uuidName, customHeaders: this._deleteFileCustomHeadersStore, paramsStore: this._deleteFileParamsStore, endpointStore: this._deleteFileEndpointStore, cors: this._options.cors, log: qq.bind(self.log, self), onDelete: function(id) { self._onDelete(id); self._options.callbacks.onDelete(id); }, onDeleteComplete: function(id, xhrOrXdr, isError) { self._onDeleteComplete(id, xhrOrXdr, isError); self._options.callbacks.onDeleteComplete(id, xhrOrXdr, isError); } }); }, _createPasteHandler: function() { var self = this; return new qq.PasteSupport({ targetElement: this._options.paste.targetElement, callbacks: { log: qq.bind(self.log, self), pasteReceived: function(blob) { self._handleCheckedCallback({ name: "onPasteReceived", callback: qq.bind(self._options.callbacks.onPasteReceived, self, blob), onSuccess: qq.bind(self._handlePasteSuccess, self, blob), identifier: "pasted image" }); } } }); }, _createStore: function(initialValue, _readOnlyValues_) { var store = {}, catchall = initialValue, perIdReadOnlyValues = {}, readOnlyValues = _readOnlyValues_, copy = function(orig) { if (qq.isObject(orig)) { return qq.extend({}, orig); } return orig; }, getReadOnlyValues = function() { if (qq.isFunction(readOnlyValues)) { return readOnlyValues(); } return readOnlyValues; }, includeReadOnlyValues = function(id, existing) { if (readOnlyValues && qq.isObject(existing)) { qq.extend(existing, getReadOnlyValues()); } if (perIdReadOnlyValues[id]) { qq.extend(existing, perIdReadOnlyValues[id]); } }; return { set: function(val, id) { if (id == null) { store = {}; catchall = copy(val); } else { store[id] = copy(val); } }, get: function(id) { var values; if (id != null && store[id]) { values = store[id]; } else { values = copy(catchall); } includeReadOnlyValues(id, values); return copy(values); }, addReadOnly: function(id, values) { if (qq.isObject(store)) { if (id === null) { if (qq.isFunction(values)) { readOnlyValues = values; } else { readOnlyValues = readOnlyValues || {}; qq.extend(readOnlyValues, values); } } else { perIdReadOnlyValues[id] = perIdReadOnlyValues[id] || {}; qq.extend(perIdReadOnlyValues[id], values); } } }, remove: function(fileId) { return delete store[fileId]; }, reset: function() { store = {}; perIdReadOnlyValues = {}; catchall = initialValue; } }; }, _createUploadDataTracker: function() { var self = this; return new qq.UploadData({ getName: function(id) { return self.getName(id); }, getUuid: function(id) { return self.getUuid(id); }, getSize: function(id) { return self.getSize(id); }, onStatusChange: function(id, oldStatus, newStatus) { self._onUploadStatusChange(id, oldStatus, newStatus); self._options.callbacks.onStatusChange(id, oldStatus, newStatus); self._maybeAllComplete(id, newStatus); if (self._totalProgress) { setTimeout(function() { self._totalProgress.onStatusChange(id, oldStatus, newStatus); }, 0); } } }); }, _createUploadButton: function(spec) { var self = this, acceptFiles = spec.accept || this._options.validation.acceptFiles, allowedExtensions = spec.allowedExtensions || this._options.validation.allowedExtensions, button; function allowMultiple() { if (qq.supportedFeatures.ajaxUploading) { if (self._options.workarounds.iosEmptyVideos && qq.ios() && !qq.ios6() && self._isAllowedExtension(allowedExtensions, ".mov")) { return false; } if (spec.multiple === undefined) { return self._options.multiple; } return spec.multiple; } return false; } button = new qq.UploadButton({ acceptFiles: acceptFiles, element: spec.element, focusClass: this._options.classes.buttonFocus, folders: spec.folders, hoverClass: this._options.classes.buttonHover, ios8BrowserCrashWorkaround: this._options.workarounds.ios8BrowserCrash, multiple: allowMultiple(), name: this._options.request.inputName, onChange: function(input) { self._onInputChange(input); }, title: spec.title == null ? this._options.text.fileInputTitle : spec.title }); this._disposeSupport.addDisposer(function() { button.dispose(); }); self._buttons.push(button); return button; }, _createUploadHandler: function(additionalOptions, namespace) { var self = this, lastOnProgress = {}, options = { debug: this._options.debug, maxConnections: this._options.maxConnections, cors: this._options.cors, paramsStore: this._paramsStore, endpointStore: this._endpointStore, chunking: this._options.chunking, resume: this._options.resume, blobs: this._options.blobs, log: qq.bind(self.log, self), preventRetryParam: this._options.retry.preventRetryResponseProperty, onProgress: function(id, name, loaded, total) { if (loaded < 0 || total < 0) { return; } if (lastOnProgress[id]) { if (lastOnProgress[id].loaded !== loaded || lastOnProgress[id].total !== total) { self._onProgress(id, name, loaded, total); self._options.callbacks.onProgress(id, name, loaded, total); } } else { self._onProgress(id, name, loaded, total); self._options.callbacks.onProgress(id, name, loaded, total); } lastOnProgress[id] = { loaded: loaded, total: total }; }, onComplete: function(id, name, result, xhr) { delete lastOnProgress[id]; var status = self.getUploads({ id: id }).status, retVal; if (status === qq.status.UPLOAD_SUCCESSFUL || status === qq.status.UPLOAD_FAILED) { return; } retVal = self._onComplete(id, name, result, xhr); if (retVal instanceof qq.Promise) { retVal.done(function() { self._options.callbacks.onComplete(id, name, result, xhr); }); } else { self._options.callbacks.onComplete(id, name, result, xhr); } }, onCancel: function(id, name, cancelFinalizationEffort) { var promise = new qq.Promise(); self._handleCheckedCallback({ name: "onCancel", callback: qq.bind(self._options.callbacks.onCancel, self, id, name), onFailure: promise.failure, onSuccess: function() { cancelFinalizationEffort.then(function() { self._onCancel(id, name); }); promise.success(); }, identifier: id }); return promise; }, onUploadPrep: qq.bind(this._onUploadPrep, this), onUpload: function(id, name) { self._onUpload(id, name); var onUploadResult = self._options.callbacks.onUpload(id, name); if (qq.isGenericPromise(onUploadResult)) { self.log(qq.format("onUpload for {} returned a Promise - waiting for resolution.", id)); return onUploadResult; } return new qq.Promise().success(); }, onUploadChunk: function(id, name, chunkData) { self._onUploadChunk(id, chunkData); var onUploadChunkResult = self._options.callbacks.onUploadChunk(id, name, chunkData); if (qq.isGenericPromise(onUploadChunkResult)) { self.log(qq.format("onUploadChunk for {}.{} returned a Promise - waiting for resolution.", id, chunkData.partIndex)); return onUploadChunkResult; } return new qq.Promise().success(); }, onUploadChunkSuccess: function(id, chunkData, result, xhr) { self._onUploadChunkSuccess(id, chunkData); self._options.callbacks.onUploadChunkSuccess.apply(self, arguments); }, onResume: function(id, name, chunkData, customResumeData) { return self._options.callbacks.onResume(id, name, chunkData, customResumeData); }, onAutoRetry: function(id, name, responseJSON, xhr) { return self._onAutoRetry.apply(self, arguments); }, onUuidChanged: function(id, newUuid) { self.log("Server requested UUID change from '" + self.getUuid(id) + "' to '" + newUuid + "'"); self.setUuid(id, newUuid); }, getName: qq.bind(self.getName, self), getUuid: qq.bind(self.getUuid, self), getSize: qq.bind(self.getSize, self), setSize: qq.bind(self._setSize, self), getDataByUuid: function(uuid) { return self.getUploads({ uuid: uuid }); }, isQueued: function(id) { var status = self.getUploads({ id: id }).status; return status === qq.status.QUEUED || status === qq.status.SUBMITTED || status === qq.status.UPLOAD_RETRYING || status === qq.status.PAUSED; }, getIdsInProxyGroup: self._uploadData.getIdsInProxyGroup, getIdsInBatch: self._uploadData.getIdsInBatch, isInProgress: function(id) { return self.getUploads({ id: id }).status === qq.status.UPLOADING; }, getCustomResumeData: qq.bind(self._getCustomResumeData, self), setStatus: function(id, status) { self._uploadData.setStatus(id, status); } }; qq.each(this._options.request, function(prop, val) { options[prop] = val; }); options.customHeaders = this._customHeadersStore; if (additionalOptions) { qq.each(additionalOptions, function(key, val) { options[key] = val; }); } return new qq.UploadHandlerController(options, namespace); }, _fileOrBlobRejected: function(id) { this._netUploadedOrQueued--; this._uploadData.setStatus(id, qq.status.REJECTED); }, _formatSize: function(bytes) { if (bytes === 0) { return bytes + this._options.text.sizeSymbols[0]; } var i = -1; do { bytes = bytes / 1e3; i++; } while (bytes > 999); return Math.max(bytes, .1).toFixed(1) + this._options.text.sizeSymbols[i]; }, _generateExtraButtonSpecs: function() { var self = this; this._extraButtonSpecs = {}; qq.each(this._options.extraButtons, function(idx, extraButtonOptionEntry) { var multiple = extraButtonOptionEntry.multiple, validation = qq.extend({}, self._options.validation, true), extraButtonSpec = qq.extend({}, extraButtonOptionEntry); if (multiple === undefined) { multiple = self._options.multiple; } if (extraButtonSpec.validation) { qq.extend(validation, extraButtonOptionEntry.validation, true); } qq.extend(extraButtonSpec, { multiple: multiple, validation: validation }, true); self._initExtraButton(extraButtonSpec); }); }, _getButton: function(buttonId) { var extraButtonsSpec = this._extraButtonSpecs[buttonId]; if (extraButtonsSpec) { return extraButtonsSpec.element; } else if (buttonId === this._defaultButtonId) { return this._options.button; } }, _getButtonId: function(buttonOrFileInputOrFile) { var inputs, fileInput, fileBlobOrInput = buttonOrFileInputOrFile; if (fileBlobOrInput instanceof qq.BlobProxy) { fileBlobOrInput = fileBlobOrInput.referenceBlob; } if (fileBlobOrInput && !qq.isBlob(fileBlobOrInput)) { if (qq.isFile(fileBlobOrInput)) { return fileBlobOrInput.qqButtonId; } else if (fileBlobOrInput.tagName.toLowerCase() === "input" && fileBlobOrInput.type.toLowerCase() === "file") { return fileBlobOrInput.getAttribute(qq.UploadButton.BUTTON_ID_ATTR_NAME); } inputs = fileBlobOrInput.getElementsByTagName("input"); qq.each(inputs, function(idx, input) { if (input.getAttribute("type") === "file") { fileInput = input; return false; } }); if (fileInput) { return fileInput.getAttribute(qq.UploadButton.BUTTON_ID_ATTR_NAME); } } }, _getCustomResumeData: function(fileId) { return this._customResumeDataStore.get(fileId); }, _getNotFinished: function() { return this._uploadData.retrieve({ status: [ qq.status.UPLOADING, qq.status.UPLOAD_RETRYING, qq.status.QUEUED, qq.status.SUBMITTING, qq.status.SUBMITTED, qq.status.PAUSED ] }).length; }, _getValidationBase: function(buttonId) { var extraButtonSpec = this._extraButtonSpecs[buttonId]; return extraButtonSpec ? extraButtonSpec.validation : this._options.validation; }, _getValidationDescriptor: function(fileWrapper) { if (fileWrapper.file instanceof qq.BlobProxy) { return { name: qq.getFilename(fileWrapper.file.referenceBlob), size: fileWrapper.file.referenceBlob.size }; } return { name: this.getUploads({ id: fileWrapper.id }).name, size: this.getUploads({ id: fileWrapper.id }).size }; }, _getValidationDescriptors: function(fileWrappers) { var self = this, fileDescriptors = []; qq.each(fileWrappers, function(idx, fileWrapper) { fileDescriptors.push(self._getValidationDescriptor(fileWrapper)); }); return fileDescriptors; }, _handleCameraAccess: function() { if (this._options.camera.ios && qq.ios()) { var acceptIosCamera = "image/*;capture=camera", button = this._options.camera.button, buttonId = button ? this._getButtonId(button) : this._defaultButtonId, optionRoot = this._options; if (buttonId && buttonId !== this._defaultButtonId) { optionRoot = this._extraButtonSpecs[buttonId]; } optionRoot.multiple = false; if (optionRoot.validation.acceptFiles === null) { optionRoot.validation.acceptFiles = acceptIosCamera; } else { optionRoot.validation.acceptFiles += "," + acceptIosCamera; } qq.each(this._buttons, function(idx, button) { if (button.getButtonId() === buttonId) { button.setMultiple(optionRoot.multiple); button.setAcceptFiles(optionRoot.acceptFiles); return false; } }); } }, _handleCheckedCallback: function(details) { var self = this, callbackRetVal = details.callback(); if (qq.isGenericPromise(callbackRetVal)) { this.log(details.name + " - waiting for " + details.name + " promise to be fulfilled for " + details.identifier); return callbackRetVal.then(function(successParam) { self.log(details.name + " promise success for " + details.identifier); details.onSuccess(successParam); }, function() { if (details.onFailure) { self.log(details.name + " promise failure for " + details.identifier); details.onFailure(); } else { self.log(details.name + " promise failure for " + details.identifier); } }); } if (callbackRetVal !== false) { details.onSuccess(callbackRetVal); } else { if (details.onFailure) { this.log(details.name + " - return value was 'false' for " + details.identifier + ". Invoking failure callback."); details.onFailure(); } else { this.log(details.name + " - return value was 'false' for " + details.identifier + ". Will not proceed."); } } return callbackRetVal; }, _handleNewFile: function(file, batchId, newFileWrapperList) { var self = this, uuid = qq.getUniqueId(), size = -1, name = qq.getFilename(file), actualFile = file.blob || file, handler = this._customNewFileHandler ? this._customNewFileHandler : qq.bind(self._handleNewFileGeneric, self); if (!qq.isInput(actualFile) && actualFile.size >= 0) { size = actualFile.size; } handler(actualFile, name, uuid, size, newFileWrapperList, batchId, this._options.request.uuidName, { uploadData: self._uploadData, paramsStore: self._paramsStore, addFileToHandler: function(id, file) { self._handler.add(id, file); self._netUploadedOrQueued++; self._trackButton(id); } }); }, _handleNewFileGeneric: function(file, name, uuid, size, fileList, batchId) { var id = this._uploadData.addFile({ uuid: uuid, name: name, size: size, batchId: batchId, file: file }); this._handler.add(id, file); this._trackButton(id); this._netUploadedOrQueued++; fileList.push({ id: id, file: file }); }, _handlePasteSuccess: function(blob, extSuppliedName) { var extension = blob.type.split("/")[1], name = extSuppliedName; if (name == null) { name = this._options.paste.defaultName; } name += "." + extension; this.addFiles({ name: name, blob: blob }); }, _handleDeleteSuccess: function(id) { if (this.getUploads({ id: id }).status !== qq.status.DELETED) { var name = this.getName(id); this._netUploadedOrQueued--; this._netUploaded--; this._handler.expunge(id); this._uploadData.setStatus(id, qq.status.DELETED); this.log("Delete request for '" + name + "' has succeeded."); } }, _handleDeleteFailed: function(id, xhrOrXdr) { var name = this.getName(id); this._uploadData.setStatus(id, qq.status.DELETE_FAILED); this.log("Delete request for '" + name + "' has failed.", "error"); if (!xhrOrXdr || xhrOrXdr.withCredentials === undefined) { this._options.callbacks.onError(id, name, "Delete request failed", xhrOrXdr); } else { this._options.callbacks.onError(id, name, "Delete request failed with response code " + xhrOrXdr.status, xhrOrXdr); } }, _initExtraButton: function(spec) { var button = this._createUploadButton({ accept: spec.validation.acceptFiles, allowedExtensions: spec.validation.allowedExtensions, element: spec.element, folders: spec.folders, multiple: spec.multiple, title: spec.fileInputTitle }); this._extraButtonSpecs[button.getButtonId()] = spec; }, _initFormSupportAndParams: function() { this._formSupport = qq.FormSupport && new qq.FormSupport(this._options.form, qq.bind(this.uploadStoredFiles, this), qq.bind(this.log, this)); if (this._formSupport && this._formSupport.attachedToForm) { this._paramsStore = this._createStore(this._options.request.params, this._formSupport.getFormInputsAsObject); this._options.autoUpload = this._formSupport.newAutoUpload; if (this._formSupport.newEndpoint) { this._options.request.endpoint = this._formSupport.newEndpoint; } } else { this._paramsStore = this._createStore(this._options.request.params); } }, _isDeletePossible: function() { if (!qq.DeleteFileAjaxRequester || !this._options.deleteFile.enabled) { return false; } if (this._options.cors.expected) { if (qq.supportedFeatures.deleteFileCorsXhr) { return true; } if (qq.supportedFeatures.deleteFileCorsXdr && this._options.cors.allowXdr) { return true; } return false; } return true; }, _isAllowedExtension: function(allowed, fileName) { var valid = false; if (!allowed.length) { return true; } qq.each(allowed, function(idx, allowedExt) { if (qq.isString(allowedExt)) { var extRegex = new RegExp("\\." + allowedExt + "$", "i"); if (fileName.match(extRegex) != null) { valid = true; return false; } } }); return valid; }, _itemError: function(code, maybeNameOrNames, item) { var message = this._options.messages[code], allowedExtensions = [], names = [].concat(maybeNameOrNames), name = names[0], buttonId = this._getButtonId(item), validationBase = this._getValidationBase(buttonId), extensionsForMessage, placeholderMatch; function r(name, replacement) { message = message.replace(name, replacement); } qq.each(validationBase.allowedExtensions, function(idx, allowedExtension) { if (qq.isString(allowedExtension)) { allowedExtensions.push(allowedExtension); } }); extensionsForMessage = allowedExtensions.join(", ").toLowerCase(); r("{file}", this._options.formatFileName(name)); r("{extensions}", extensionsForMessage); r("{sizeLimit}", this._formatSize(validationBase.sizeLimit)); r("{minSizeLimit}", this._formatSize(validationBase.minSizeLimit)); placeholderMatch = message.match(/(\{\w+\})/g); if (placeholderMatch !== null) { qq.each(placeholderMatch, function(idx, placeholder) { r(placeholder, names[idx]); }); } this._options.callbacks.onError(null, name, message, undefined); return message; }, _manualRetry: function(id, callback) { if (this._onBeforeManualRetry(id)) { this._netUploadedOrQueued++; this._uploadData.setStatus(id, qq.status.UPLOAD_RETRYING); if (callback) { callback(id); } else { this._handler.retry(id); } return true; } }, _maybeAllComplete: function(id, status) { var self = this, notFinished = this._getNotFinished(); if (status === qq.status.UPLOAD_SUCCESSFUL) { this._succeededSinceLastAllComplete.push(id); } else if (status === qq.status.UPLOAD_FAILED) { this._failedSinceLastAllComplete.push(id); } if (notFinished === 0 && (this._succeededSinceLastAllComplete.length || this._failedSinceLastAllComplete.length)) { setTimeout(function() { self._onAllComplete(self._succeededSinceLastAllComplete, self._failedSinceLastAllComplete); }, 0); } }, _maybeHandleIos8SafariWorkaround: function() { var self = this; if (this._options.workarounds.ios8SafariUploads && qq.ios800() && qq.iosSafari()) { setTimeout(function() { window.alert(self._options.messages.unsupportedBrowserIos8Safari); }, 0); throw new qq.Error(this._options.messages.unsupportedBrowserIos8Safari); } }, _maybeParseAndSendUploadError: function(id, name, response, xhr) { if (!response.success) { if (xhr && xhr.status !== 200 && !response.error) { this._options.callbacks.onError(id, name, "XHR returned response code " + xhr.status, xhr); } else { var errorReason = response.error ? response.error : this._options.text.defaultResponseError; this._options.callbacks.onError(id, name, errorReason, xhr); } } }, _maybeProcessNextItemAfterOnValidateCallback: function(validItem, items, index, params, endpoint) { var self = this; if (items.length > index) { if (validItem || !this._options.validation.stopOnFirstInvalidFile) { setTimeout(function() { var validationDescriptor = self._getValidationDescriptor(items[index]), buttonId = self._getButtonId(items[index].file), button = self._getButton(buttonId); self._handleCheckedCallback({ name: "onValidate", callback: qq.bind(self._options.callbacks.onValidate, self, validationDescriptor, button), onSuccess: qq.bind(self._onValidateCallbackSuccess, self, items, index, params, endpoint), onFailure: qq.bind(self._onValidateCallbackFailure, self, items, index, params, endpoint), identifier: "Item '" + validationDescriptor.name + "', size: " + validationDescriptor.size }); }, 0); } else if (!validItem) { for (;index < items.length; index++) { self._fileOrBlobRejected(items[index].id); } } } }, _onAllComplete: function(successful, failed) { this._totalProgress && this._totalProgress.onAllComplete(successful, failed, this._preventRetries); this._options.callbacks.onAllComplete(qq.extend([], successful), qq.extend([], failed)); this._succeededSinceLastAllComplete = []; this._failedSinceLastAllComplete = []; }, _onAutoRetry: function(id, name, responseJSON, xhr, callback) { var self = this; self._preventRetries[id] = responseJSON[self._options.retry.preventRetryResponseProperty]; if (self._shouldAutoRetry(id)) { var retryWaitPeriod = self._options.retry.autoAttemptDelay * 1e3; self._maybeParseAndSendUploadError.apply(self, arguments); self._options.callbacks.onAutoRetry(id, name, self._autoRetries[id]); self._onBeforeAutoRetry(id, name); self._uploadData.setStatus(id, qq.status.UPLOAD_RETRYING); self._retryTimeouts[id] = setTimeout(function() { self.log("Starting retry for " + name + "..."); if (callback) { callback(id); } else { self._handler.retry(id); } }, retryWaitPeriod); return true; } }, _onBeforeAutoRetry: function(id, name) { this.log("Waiting " + this._options.retry.autoAttemptDelay + " seconds before retrying " + name + "..."); }, _onBeforeManualRetry: function(id) { var itemLimit = this._currentItemLimit, fileName; if (this._preventRetries[id]) { this.log("Retries are forbidden for id " + id, "warn"); return false; } else if (this._handler.isValid(id)) { fileName = this.getName(id); if (this._options.callbacks.onManualRetry(id, fileName) === false) { return false; } if (itemLimit > 0 && this._netUploadedOrQueued + 1 > itemLimit) { this._itemError("retryFailTooManyItems"); return false; } this.log("Retrying upload for '" + fileName + "' (id: " + id + ")..."); return true; } else { this.log("'" + id + "' is not a valid file ID", "error"); return false; } }, _onCancel: function(id, name) { this._netUploadedOrQueued--; clearTimeout(this._retryTimeouts[id]); var storedItemIndex = qq.indexOf(this._storedIds, id); if (!this._options.autoUpload && storedItemIndex >= 0) { this._storedIds.splice(storedItemIndex, 1); } this._uploadData.setStatus(id, qq.status.CANCELED); }, _onComplete: function(id, name, result, xhr) { if (!result.success) { this._netUploadedOrQueued--; this._uploadData.setStatus(id, qq.status.UPLOAD_FAILED); if (result[this._options.retry.preventRetryResponseProperty] === true) { this._preventRetries[id] = true; } } else { if (result.thumbnailUrl) { this._thumbnailUrls[id] = result.thumbnailUrl; } this._netUploaded++; this._uploadData.setStatus(id, qq.status.UPLOAD_SUCCESSFUL); } this._maybeParseAndSendUploadError(id, name, result, xhr); return result.success ? true : false; }, _onDelete: function(id) { this._uploadData.setStatus(id, qq.status.DELETING); }, _onDeleteComplete: function(id, xhrOrXdr, isError) { var name = this.getName(id); if (isError) { this._handleDeleteFailed(id, xhrOrXdr); } else { this._handleDeleteSuccess(id); } }, _onInputChange: function(input) { var fileIndex; if (qq.supportedFeatures.ajaxUploading) { for (fileIndex = 0; fileIndex < input.files.length; fileIndex++) { this._annotateWithButtonId(input.files[fileIndex], input); } this.addFiles(input.files); } else if (input.value.length > 0) { this.addFiles(input); } qq.each(this._buttons, function(idx, button) { button.reset(); }); }, _onProgress: function(id, name, loaded, total) { this._totalProgress && this._totalProgress.onIndividualProgress(id, loaded, total); }, _onSubmit: function(id, name) {}, _onSubmitCallbackSuccess: function(id, name) { this._onSubmit.apply(this, arguments); this._uploadData.setStatus(id, qq.status.SUBMITTED); this._onSubmitted.apply(this, arguments); if (this._options.autoUpload) { this._options.callbacks.onSubmitted.apply(this, arguments); this._uploadFile(id); } else { this._storeForLater(id); this._options.callbacks.onSubmitted.apply(this, arguments); } }, _onSubmitDelete: function(id, onSuccessCallback, additionalMandatedParams) { var uuid = this.getUuid(id), adjustedOnSuccessCallback; if (onSuccessCallback) { adjustedOnSuccessCallback = qq.bind(onSuccessCallback, this, id, uuid, additionalMandatedParams); } if (this._isDeletePossible()) { this._handleCheckedCallback({ name: "onSubmitDelete", callback: qq.bind(this._options.callbacks.onSubmitDelete, this, id), onSuccess: adjustedOnSuccessCallback || qq.bind(this._deleteHandler.sendDelete, this, id, uuid, additionalMandatedParams), identifier: id }); return true; } else { this.log("Delete request ignored for ID " + id + ", delete feature is disabled or request not possible " + "due to CORS on a user agent that does not support pre-flighting.", "warn"); return false; } }, _onSubmitted: function(id) {}, _onTotalProgress: function(loaded, total) { this._options.callbacks.onTotalProgress(loaded, total); }, _onUploadPrep: function(id) {}, _onUpload: function(id, name) { this._uploadData.setStatus(id, qq.status.UPLOADING); }, _onUploadChunk: function(id, chunkData) {}, _onUploadChunkSuccess: function(id, chunkData) { if (!this._preventRetries[id] && this._options.retry.enableAuto) { this._autoRetries[id] = 0; } }, _onUploadStatusChange: function(id, oldStatus, newStatus) { if (newStatus === qq.status.PAUSED) { clearTimeout(this._retryTimeouts[id]); } }, _onValidateBatchCallbackFailure: function(fileWrappers) { var self = this; qq.each(fileWrappers, function(idx, fileWrapper) { self._fileOrBlobRejected(fileWrapper.id); }); }, _onValidateBatchCallbackSuccess: function(validationDescriptors, items, params, endpoint, button) { var errorMessage, itemLimit = this._currentItemLimit, proposedNetFilesUploadedOrQueued = this._netUploadedOrQueued; if (itemLimit === 0 || proposedNetFilesUploadedOrQueued <= itemLimit) { if (items.length > 0) { this._handleCheckedCallback({ name: "onValidate", callback: qq.bind(this._options.callbacks.onValidate, this, validationDescriptors[0], button), onSuccess: qq.bind(this._onValidateCallbackSuccess, this, items, 0, params, endpoint), onFailure: qq.bind(this._onValidateCallbackFailure, this, items, 0, params, endpoint), identifier: "Item '" + items[0].file.name + "', size: " + items[0].file.size }); } else { this._itemError("noFilesError"); } } else { this._onValidateBatchCallbackFailure(items); errorMessage = this._options.messages.tooManyItemsError.replace(/\{netItems\}/g, proposedNetFilesUploadedOrQueued).replace(/\{itemLimit\}/g, itemLimit); this._batchError(errorMessage); } }, _onValidateCallbackFailure: function(items, index, params, endpoint) { var nextIndex = index + 1; this._fileOrBlobRejected(items[index].id, items[index].file.name); this._maybeProcessNextItemAfterOnValidateCallback(false, items, nextIndex, params, endpoint); }, _onValidateCallbackSuccess: function(items, index, params, endpoint) { var self = this, nextIndex = index + 1, validationDescriptor = this._getValidationDescriptor(items[index]); this._validateFileOrBlobData(items[index], validationDescriptor).then(function() { self._upload(items[index].id, params, endpoint); self._maybeProcessNextItemAfterOnValidateCallback(true, items, nextIndex, params, endpoint); }, function() { self._maybeProcessNextItemAfterOnValidateCallback(false, items, nextIndex, params, endpoint); }); }, _prepareItemsForUpload: function(items, params, endpoint) { if (items.length === 0) { this._itemError("noFilesError"); return; } var validationDescriptors = this._getValidationDescriptors(items), buttonId = this._getButtonId(items[0].file), button = this._getButton(buttonId); this._handleCheckedCallback({ name: "onValidateBatch", callback: qq.bind(this._options.callbacks.onValidateBatch, this, validationDescriptors, button), onSuccess: qq.bind(this._onValidateBatchCallbackSuccess, this, validationDescriptors, items, params, endpoint, button), onFailure: qq.bind(this._onValidateBatchCallbackFailure, this, items), identifier: "batch validation" }); }, _preventLeaveInProgress: function() { var self = this; this._disposeSupport.attach(window, "beforeunload", function(e) { if (self.getInProgress()) { e = e || window.event; e.returnValue = self._options.messages.onLeave; return self._options.messages.onLeave; } }); }, _refreshSessionData: function() { var self = this, options = this._options.session; if (qq.Session && this._options.session.endpoint != null) { if (!this._session) { qq.extend(options, { cors: this._options.cors }); options.log = qq.bind(this.log, this); options.addFileRecord = qq.bind(this._addCannedFile, this); this._session = new qq.Session(options); } setTimeout(function() { self._session.refresh().then(function(response, xhrOrXdr) { self._sessionRequestComplete(); self._options.callbacks.onSessionRequestComplete(response, true, xhrOrXdr); }, function(response, xhrOrXdr) { self._options.callbacks.onSessionRequestComplete(response, false, xhrOrXdr); }); }, 0); } }, _sessionRequestComplete: function() {}, _setSize: function(id, newSize) { this._uploadData.updateSize(id, newSize); this._totalProgress && this._totalProgress.onNewSize(id); }, _shouldAutoRetry: function(id) { var uploadData = this._uploadData.retrieve({ id: id }); if (!this._preventRetries[id] && this._options.retry.enableAuto && uploadData.status !== qq.status.PAUSED) { if (this._autoRetries[id] === undefined) { this._autoRetries[id] = 0; } if (this._autoRetries[id] < this._options.retry.maxAutoAttempts) { this._autoRetries[id] += 1; return true; } } return false; }, _storeForLater: function(id) { this._storedIds.push(id); }, _trackButton: function(id) { var buttonId; if (qq.supportedFeatures.ajaxUploading) { buttonId = this._handler.getFile(id).qqButtonId; } else { buttonId = this._getButtonId(this._handler.getInput(id)); } if (buttonId) { this._buttonIdsForFileIds[id] = buttonId; } }, _updateFormSupportAndParams: function(formElementOrId) { this._options.form.element = formElementOrId; this._formSupport = qq.FormSupport && new qq.FormSupport(this._options.form, qq.bind(this.uploadStoredFiles, this), qq.bind(this.log, this)); if (this._formSupport && this._formSupport.attachedToForm) { this._paramsStore.addReadOnly(null, this._formSupport.getFormInputsAsObject); this._options.autoUpload = this._formSupport.newAutoUpload; if (this._formSupport.newEndpoint) { this.setEndpoint(this._formSupport.newEndpoint); } } }, _upload: function(id, params, endpoint) { var name = this.getName(id); if (params) { this.setParams(params, id); } if (endpoint) { this.setEndpoint(endpoint, id); } this._handleCheckedCallback({ name: "onSubmit", callback: qq.bind(this._options.callbacks.onSubmit, this, id, name), onSuccess: qq.bind(this._onSubmitCallbackSuccess, this, id, name), onFailure: qq.bind(this._fileOrBlobRejected, this, id, name), identifier: id }); }, _uploadFile: function(id) { if (!this._handler.upload(id)) { this._uploadData.setStatus(id, qq.status.QUEUED); } }, _uploadStoredFiles: function() { var idToUpload, stillSubmitting, self = this; while (this._storedIds.length) { idToUpload = this._storedIds.shift(); this._uploadFile(idToUpload); } stillSubmitting = this.getUploads({ status: qq.status.SUBMITTING }).length; if (stillSubmitting) { qq.log("Still waiting for " + stillSubmitting + " files to clear submit queue. Will re-parse stored IDs array shortly."); setTimeout(function() { self._uploadStoredFiles(); }, 1e3); } }, _validateFileOrBlobData: function(fileWrapper, validationDescriptor) { var self = this, file = function() { if (fileWrapper.file instanceof qq.BlobProxy) { return fileWrapper.file.referenceBlob; } return fileWrapper.file; }(), name = validationDescriptor.name, size = validationDescriptor.size, buttonId = this._getButtonId(fileWrapper.file), validationBase = this._getValidationBase(buttonId), validityChecker = new qq.Promise(); validityChecker.then(function() {}, function() { self._fileOrBlobRejected(fileWrapper.id, name); }); if (qq.isFileOrInput(file) && !this._isAllowedExtension(validationBase.allowedExtensions, name)) { this._itemError("typeError", name, file); return validityChecker.failure(); } if (!this._options.validation.allowEmpty && size === 0) { this._itemError("emptyError", name, file); return validityChecker.failure(); } if (size > 0 && validationBase.sizeLimit && size > validationBase.sizeLimit) { this._itemError("sizeError", name, file); return validityChecker.failure(); } if (size > 0 && size < validationBase.minSizeLimit) { this._itemError("minSizeError", name, file); return validityChecker.failure(); } if (qq.ImageValidation && qq.supportedFeatures.imagePreviews && qq.isFile(file)) { new qq.ImageValidation(file, qq.bind(self.log, self)).validate(validationBase.image).then(validityChecker.success, function(errorCode) { self._itemError(errorCode + "ImageError", name, file); validityChecker.failure(); }); } else { validityChecker.success(); } return validityChecker; }, _wrapCallbacks: function() { var self, safeCallback, prop; self = this; safeCallback = function(name, callback, args) { var errorMsg; try { return callback.apply(self, args); } catch (exception) { errorMsg = exception.message || exception.toString(); self.log("Caught exception in '" + name + "' callback - " + errorMsg, "error"); } }; for (prop in this._options.callbacks) { (function() { var callbackName, callbackFunc; callbackName = prop; callbackFunc = self._options.callbacks[callbackName]; self._options.callbacks[callbackName] = function() { return safeCallback(callbackName, callbackFunc, arguments); }; })(); } } }; })(); (function() { "use strict"; qq.FineUploaderBasic = function(o) { var self = this; this._options = { debug: false, button: null, multiple: true, maxConnections: 3, disableCancelForFormUploads: false, autoUpload: true, warnBeforeUnload: true, request: { customHeaders: {}, endpoint: "/server/upload", filenameParam: "qqfilename", forceMultipart: true, inputName: "qqfile", method: "POST", omitDefaultParams: false, params: {}, paramsInBody: true, requireSuccessJson: true, totalFileSizeName: "qqtotalfilesize", uuidName: "qquuid" }, validation: { allowedExtensions: [], sizeLimit: 0, minSizeLimit: 0, itemLimit: 0, stopOnFirstInvalidFile: true, acceptFiles: null, image: { maxHeight: 0, maxWidth: 0, minHeight: 0, minWidth: 0 }, allowEmpty: false }, callbacks: { onSubmit: function(id, name) {}, onSubmitted: function(id, name) {}, onComplete: function(id, name, responseJSON, maybeXhr) {}, onAllComplete: function(successful, failed) {}, onCancel: function(id, name) {}, onUpload: function(id, name) {}, onUploadChunk: function(id, name, chunkData) {}, onUploadChunkSuccess: function(id, chunkData, responseJSON, xhr) {}, onResume: function(id, fileName, chunkData, customResumeData) {}, onProgress: function(id, name, loaded, total) {}, onTotalProgress: function(loaded, total) {}, onError: function(id, name, reason, maybeXhrOrXdr) {}, onAutoRetry: function(id, name, attemptNumber) {}, onManualRetry: function(id, name) {}, onValidateBatch: function(fileOrBlobData) {}, onValidate: function(fileOrBlobData) {}, onSubmitDelete: function(id) {}, onDelete: function(id) {}, onDeleteComplete: function(id, xhrOrXdr, isError) {}, onPasteReceived: function(blob) {}, onStatusChange: function(id, oldStatus, newStatus) {}, onSessionRequestComplete: function(response, success, xhrOrXdr) {} }, messages: { typeError: "{file} has an invalid extension. Valid extension(s): {extensions}.", sizeError: "{file} is too large, maximum file size is {sizeLimit}.", minSizeError: "{file} is too small, minimum file size is {minSizeLimit}.", emptyError: "{file} is empty, please select files again without it.", noFilesError: "No files to upload.", tooManyItemsError: "Too many items ({netItems}) would be uploaded. Item limit is {itemLimit}.", maxHeightImageError: "Image is too tall.", maxWidthImageError: "Image is too wide.", minHeightImageError: "Image is not tall enough.", minWidthImageError: "Image is not wide enough.", retryFailTooManyItems: "Retry failed - you have reached your file limit.", onLeave: "The files are being uploaded, if you leave now the upload will be canceled.", unsupportedBrowserIos8Safari: "Unrecoverable error - this browser does not permit file uploading of any kind due to serious bugs in iOS8 Safari. Please use iOS8 Chrome until Apple fixes these issues." }, retry: { enableAuto: false, maxAutoAttempts: 3, autoAttemptDelay: 5, preventRetryResponseProperty: "preventRetry" }, classes: { buttonHover: "qq-upload-button-hover", buttonFocus: "qq-upload-button-focus" }, chunking: { enabled: false, concurrent: { enabled: false }, mandatory: false, paramNames: { partIndex: "qqpartindex", partByteOffset: "qqpartbyteoffset", chunkSize: "qqchunksize", totalFileSize: "qqtotalfilesize", totalParts: "qqtotalparts" }, partSize: function(id) { return 2e6; }, success: { endpoint: null, headers: function(id) { return null; }, jsonPayload: false, method: "POST", params: function(id) { return null; }, resetOnStatus: [] } }, resume: { enabled: false, recordsExpireIn: 7, paramNames: { resuming: "qqresume" }, customKeys: function(fileId) { return []; } }, formatFileName: function(fileOrBlobName) { return fileOrBlobName; }, text: { defaultResponseError: "Upload failure reason unknown", fileInputTitle: "file input", sizeSymbols: [ "kB", "MB", "GB", "TB", "PB", "EB" ] }, deleteFile: { enabled: false, method: "DELETE", endpoint: "/server/upload", customHeaders: {}, params: {} }, cors: { expected: false, sendCredentials: false, allowXdr: false }, blobs: { defaultName: "misc_data" }, paste: { targetElement: null, defaultName: "pasted_image" }, camera: { ios: false, button: null }, extraButtons: [], session: { endpoint: null, params: {}, customHeaders: {}, refreshOnReset: true }, form: { element: "qq-form", autoUpload: false, interceptSubmit: true }, scaling: { customResizer: null, sendOriginal: true, orient: true, defaultType: null, defaultQuality: 80, failureText: "Failed to scale", includeExif: false, sizes: [] }, workarounds: { iosEmptyVideos: true, ios8SafariUploads: true, ios8BrowserCrash: false } }; qq.extend(this._options, o, true); this._buttons = []; this._extraButtonSpecs = {}; this._buttonIdsForFileIds = []; this._wrapCallbacks(); this._disposeSupport = new qq.DisposeSupport(); this._storedIds = []; this._autoRetries = []; this._retryTimeouts = []; this._preventRetries = []; this._thumbnailUrls = []; this._netUploadedOrQueued = 0; this._netUploaded = 0; this._uploadData = this._createUploadDataTracker(); this._initFormSupportAndParams(); this._customHeadersStore = this._createStore(this._options.request.customHeaders); this._deleteFileCustomHeadersStore = this._createStore(this._options.deleteFile.customHeaders); this._deleteFileParamsStore = this._createStore(this._options.deleteFile.params); this._endpointStore = this._createStore(this._options.request.endpoint); this._deleteFileEndpointStore = this._createStore(this._options.deleteFile.endpoint); this._handler = this._createUploadHandler(); this._deleteHandler = qq.DeleteFileAjaxRequester && this._createDeleteHandler(); if (this._options.button) { this._defaultButtonId = this._createUploadButton({ element: this._options.button, title: this._options.text.fileInputTitle }).getButtonId(); } this._generateExtraButtonSpecs(); this._handleCameraAccess(); if (this._options.paste.targetElement) { if (qq.PasteSupport) { this._pasteHandler = this._createPasteHandler(); } else { this.log("Paste support module not found", "error"); } } this._options.warnBeforeUnload && this._preventLeaveInProgress(); this._imageGenerator = qq.ImageGenerator && new qq.ImageGenerator(qq.bind(this.log, this)); this._refreshSessionData(); this._succeededSinceLastAllComplete = []; this._failedSinceLastAllComplete = []; this._scaler = qq.Scaler && new qq.Scaler(this._options.scaling, qq.bind(this.log, this)) || {}; if (this._scaler.enabled) { this._customNewFileHandler = qq.bind(this._scaler.handleNewFile, this._scaler); } if (qq.TotalProgress && qq.supportedFeatures.progressBar) { this._totalProgress = new qq.TotalProgress(qq.bind(this._onTotalProgress, this), function(id) { var entry = self._uploadData.retrieve({ id: id }); return entry && entry.size || 0; }); } this._currentItemLimit = this._options.validation.itemLimit; this._customResumeDataStore = this._createStore(); }; qq.FineUploaderBasic.prototype = qq.basePublicApi; qq.extend(qq.FineUploaderBasic.prototype, qq.basePrivateApi); })(); qq.AjaxRequester = function(o) { "use strict"; var log, shouldParamsBeInQueryString, queue = [], requestData = {}, options = { acceptHeader: null, validMethods: [ "PATCH", "POST", "PUT" ], method: "POST", contentType: "application/x-www-form-urlencoded", maxConnections: 3, customHeaders: {}, endpointStore: {}, paramsStore: {}, mandatedParams: {}, allowXRequestedWithAndCacheControl: true, successfulResponseCodes: { DELETE: [ 200, 202, 204 ], PATCH: [ 200, 201, 202, 203, 204 ], POST: [ 200, 201, 202, 203, 204 ], PUT: [ 200, 201, 202, 203, 204 ], GET: [ 200 ] }, cors: { expected: false, sendCredentials: false }, log: function(str, level) {}, onSend: function(id) {}, onComplete: function(id, xhrOrXdr, isError) {}, onProgress: null }; qq.extend(options, o); log = options.log; if (qq.indexOf(options.validMethods, options.method) < 0) { throw new Error("'" + options.method + "' is not a supported method for this type of request!"); } function isSimpleMethod() { return qq.indexOf([ "GET", "POST", "HEAD" ], options.method) >= 0; } function containsNonSimpleHeaders(headers) { var containsNonSimple = false; qq.each(containsNonSimple, function(idx, header) { if (qq.indexOf([ "Accept", "Accept-Language", "Content-Language", "Content-Type" ], header) < 0) { containsNonSimple = true; return false; } }); return containsNonSimple; } function isXdr(xhr) { return options.cors.expected && xhr.withCredentials === undefined; } function getCorsAjaxTransport() { var xhrOrXdr; if (window.XMLHttpRequest || window.ActiveXObject) { xhrOrXdr = qq.createXhrInstance(); if (xhrOrXdr.withCredentials === undefined) { xhrOrXdr = new XDomainRequest(); xhrOrXdr.onload = function() {}; xhrOrXdr.onerror = function() {}; xhrOrXdr.ontimeout = function() {}; xhrOrXdr.onprogress = function() {}; } } return xhrOrXdr; } function getXhrOrXdr(id, suppliedXhr) { var xhrOrXdr = requestData[id] && requestData[id].xhr; if (!xhrOrXdr) { if (suppliedXhr) { xhrOrXdr = suppliedXhr; } else { if (options.cors.expected) { xhrOrXdr = getCorsAjaxTransport(); } else { xhrOrXdr = qq.createXhrInstance(); } } requestData[id].xhr = xhrOrXdr; } return xhrOrXdr; } function dequeue(id) { var i = qq.indexOf(queue, id), max = options.maxConnections, nextId; delete requestData[id]; queue.splice(i, 1); if (queue.length >= max && i < max) { nextId = queue[max - 1]; sendRequest(nextId); } } function onComplete(id, xdrError) { var xhr = getXhrOrXdr(id), method = options.method, isError = xdrError === true; dequeue(id); if (isError) { log(method + " request for " + id + " has failed", "error"); } else if (!isXdr(xhr) && !isResponseSuccessful(xhr.status)) { isError = true; log(method + " request for " + id + " has failed - response code " + xhr.status, "error"); } options.onComplete(id, xhr, isError); } function getParams(id) { var onDemandParams = requestData[id].additionalParams, mandatedParams = options.mandatedParams, params; if (options.paramsStore.get) { params = options.paramsStore.get(id); } if (onDemandParams) { qq.each(onDemandParams, function(name, val) { params = params || {}; params[name] = val; }); } if (mandatedParams) { qq.each(mandatedParams, function(name, val) { params = params || {}; params[name] = val; }); } return params; } function sendRequest(id, optXhr) { var xhr = getXhrOrXdr(id, optXhr), method = options.method, params = getParams(id), payload = requestData[id].payload, url; options.onSend(id); url = createUrl(id, params, requestData[id].additionalQueryParams); if (isXdr(xhr)) { xhr.onload = getXdrLoadHandler(id); xhr.onerror = getXdrErrorHandler(id); } else { xhr.onreadystatechange = getXhrReadyStateChangeHandler(id); } registerForUploadProgress(id); xhr.open(method, url, true); if (options.cors.expected && options.cors.sendCredentials && !isXdr(xhr)) { xhr.withCredentials = true; } setHeaders(id); log("Sending " + method + " request for " + id); if (payload) { xhr.send(payload); } else if (shouldParamsBeInQueryString || !params) { xhr.send(); } else if (params && options.contentType && options.contentType.toLowerCase().indexOf("application/x-www-form-urlencoded") >= 0) { xhr.send(qq.obj2url(params, "")); } else if (params && options.contentType && options.contentType.toLowerCase().indexOf("application/json") >= 0) { xhr.send(JSON.stringify(params)); } else { xhr.send(params); } return xhr; } function createUrl(id, params, additionalQueryParams) { var endpoint = options.endpointStore.get(id), addToPath = requestData[id].addToPath; if (addToPath != undefined) { endpoint += "/" + addToPath; } if (shouldParamsBeInQueryString && params) { endpoint = qq.obj2url(params, endpoint); } if (additionalQueryParams) { endpoint = qq.obj2url(additionalQueryParams, endpoint); } return endpoint; } function getXhrReadyStateChangeHandler(id) { return function() { if (getXhrOrXdr(id).readyState === 4) { onComplete(id); } }; } function registerForUploadProgress(id) { var onProgress = options.onProgress; if (onProgress) { getXhrOrXdr(id).upload.onprogress = function(e) { if (e.lengthComputable) { onProgress(id, e.loaded, e.total); } }; } } function getXdrLoadHandler(id) { return function() { onComplete(id); }; } function getXdrErrorHandler(id) { return function() { onComplete(id, true); }; } function setHeaders(id) { var xhr = getXhrOrXdr(id), customHeaders = options.customHeaders, onDemandHeaders = requestData[id].additionalHeaders || {}, method = options.method, allHeaders = {}; if (!isXdr(xhr)) { options.acceptHeader && xhr.setRequestHeader("Accept", options.acceptHeader); if (options.allowXRequestedWithAndCacheControl) { if (!options.cors.expected || (!isSimpleMethod() || containsNonSimpleHeaders(customHeaders))) { xhr.setRequestHeader("X-Requested-With", "XMLHttpRequest"); xhr.setRequestHeader("Cache-Control", "no-cache"); } } if (options.contentType && (method === "POST" || method === "PUT")) { xhr.setRequestHeader("Content-Type", options.contentType); } qq.extend(allHeaders, qq.isFunction(customHeaders) ? customHeaders(id) : customHeaders); qq.extend(allHeaders, onDemandHeaders); qq.each(allHeaders, function(name, val) { xhr.setRequestHeader(name, val); }); } } function isResponseSuccessful(responseCode) { return qq.indexOf(options.successfulResponseCodes[options.method], responseCode) >= 0; } function prepareToSend(id, optXhr, addToPath, additionalParams, additionalQueryParams, additionalHeaders, payload) { requestData[id] = { addToPath: addToPath, additionalParams: additionalParams, additionalQueryParams: additionalQueryParams, additionalHeaders: additionalHeaders, payload: payload }; var len = queue.push(id); if (len <= options.maxConnections) { return sendRequest(id, optXhr); } } shouldParamsBeInQueryString = options.method === "GET" || options.method === "DELETE"; qq.extend(this, { initTransport: function(id) { var path, params, headers, payload, cacheBuster, additionalQueryParams; return { withPath: function(appendToPath) { path = appendToPath; return this; }, withParams: function(additionalParams) { params = additionalParams; return this; }, withQueryParams: function(_additionalQueryParams_) { additionalQueryParams = _additionalQueryParams_; return this; }, withHeaders: function(additionalHeaders) { headers = additionalHeaders; return this; }, withPayload: function(thePayload) { payload = thePayload; return this; }, withCacheBuster: function() { cacheBuster = true; return this; }, send: function(optXhr) { if (cacheBuster && qq.indexOf([ "GET", "DELETE" ], options.method) >= 0) { params.qqtimestamp = new Date().getTime(); } return prepareToSend(id, optXhr, path, params, additionalQueryParams, headers, payload); } }; }, canceled: function(id) { dequeue(id); } }); }; qq.UploadHandler = function(spec) { "use strict"; var proxy = spec.proxy, fileState = {}, onCancel = proxy.onCancel, getName = proxy.getName; qq.extend(this, { add: function(id, fileItem) { fileState[id] = fileItem; fileState[id].temp = {}; }, cancel: function(id) { var self = this, cancelFinalizationEffort = new qq.Promise(), onCancelRetVal = onCancel(id, getName(id), cancelFinalizationEffort); onCancelRetVal.then(function() { if (self.isValid(id)) { fileState[id].canceled = true; self.expunge(id); } cancelFinalizationEffort.success(); }); }, expunge: function(id) { delete fileState[id]; }, getThirdPartyFileId: function(id) { return fileState[id].key; }, isValid: function(id) { return fileState[id] !== undefined; }, reset: function() { fileState = {}; }, _getFileState: function(id) { return fileState[id]; }, _setThirdPartyFileId: function(id, thirdPartyFileId) { fileState[id].key = thirdPartyFileId; }, _wasCanceled: function(id) { return !!fileState[id].canceled; } }); }; qq.UploadHandlerController = function(o, namespace) { "use strict"; var controller = this, chunkingPossible = false, concurrentChunkingPossible = false, chunking, preventRetryResponse, log, handler, options = { paramsStore: {}, maxConnections: 3, chunking: { enabled: false, multiple: { enabled: false } }, log: function(str, level) {}, onProgress: function(id, fileName, loaded, total) {}, onComplete: function(id, fileName, response, xhr) {}, onCancel: function(id, fileName) {}, onUploadPrep: function(id) {}, onUpload: function(id, fileName) {}, onUploadChunk: function(id, fileName, chunkData) {}, onUploadChunkSuccess: function(id, chunkData, response, xhr) {}, onAutoRetry: function(id, fileName, response, xhr) {}, onResume: function(id, fileName, chunkData, customResumeData) {}, onUuidChanged: function(id, newUuid) {}, getName: function(id) {}, setSize: function(id, newSize) {}, isQueued: function(id) {}, getIdsInProxyGroup: function(id) {}, getIdsInBatch: function(id) {}, isInProgress: function(id) {} }, chunked = { done: function(id, chunkIdx, response, xhr) { var chunkData = handler._getChunkData(id, chunkIdx); handler._getFileState(id).attemptingResume = false; delete handler._getFileState(id).temp.chunkProgress[chunkIdx]; handler._getFileState(id).loaded += chunkData.size; options.onUploadChunkSuccess(id, handler._getChunkDataForCallback(chunkData), response, xhr); }, finalize: function(id) { var size = options.getSize(id), name = options.getName(id); log("All chunks have been uploaded for " + id + " - finalizing...."); handler.finalizeChunks(id).then(function(response, xhr) { log("Finalize successful for " + id); var normaizedResponse = upload.normalizeResponse(response, true); options.onProgress(id, name, size, size); handler._maybeDeletePersistedChunkData(id); upload.cleanup(id, normaizedResponse, xhr); }, function(response, xhr) { var normalizedResponse = upload.normalizeResponse(response, false); log("Problem finalizing chunks for file ID " + id + " - " + normalizedResponse.error, "error"); if (normalizedResponse.reset || xhr && options.chunking.success.resetOnStatus.indexOf(xhr.status) >= 0) { chunked.reset(id); } if (!options.onAutoRetry(id, name, normalizedResponse, xhr)) { upload.cleanup(id, normalizedResponse, xhr); } }); }, handleFailure: function(chunkIdx, id, response, xhr) { var name = options.getName(id); log("Chunked upload request failed for " + id + ", chunk " + chunkIdx); handler.clearCachedChunk(id, chunkIdx); var responseToReport = upload.normalizeResponse(response, false), inProgressIdx; if (responseToReport.reset) { chunked.reset(id); } else { var inProgressChunksArray = handler._getFileState(id).chunking.inProgress; inProgressIdx = inProgressChunksArray ? qq.indexOf(inProgressChunksArray, chunkIdx) : -1; if (inProgressIdx >= 0) { handler._getFileState(id).chunking.inProgress.splice(inProgressIdx, 1); handler._getFileState(id).chunking.remaining.unshift(chunkIdx); } } if (!handler._getFileState(id).temp.ignoreFailure) { if (concurrentChunkingPossible) { handler._getFileState(id).temp.ignoreFailure = true; log(qq.format("Going to attempt to abort these chunks: {}. These are currently in-progress: {}.", JSON.stringify(Object.keys(handler._getXhrs(id))), JSON.stringify(handler._getFileState(id).chunking.inProgress))); qq.each(handler._getXhrs(id), function(ckid, ckXhr) { log(qq.format("Attempting to abort file {}.{}. XHR readyState {}. ", id, ckid, ckXhr.readyState)); ckXhr.abort(); ckXhr._cancelled = true; }); handler.moveInProgressToRemaining(id); connectionManager.free(id, true); } if (!options.onAutoRetry(id, name, responseToReport, xhr)) { upload.cleanup(id, responseToReport, xhr); } } }, hasMoreParts: function(id) { return !!handler._getFileState(id).chunking.remaining.length; }, nextPart: function(id) { var nextIdx = handler._getFileState(id).chunking.remaining.shift(); if (nextIdx >= handler._getTotalChunks(id)) { nextIdx = null; } return nextIdx; }, reset: function(id) { log("Server or callback has ordered chunking effort to be restarted on next attempt for item ID " + id, "error"); handler._maybeDeletePersistedChunkData(id); handler.reevaluateChunking(id); handler._getFileState(id).loaded = 0; handler._getFileState(id).attemptingResume = false; }, sendNext: function(id) { var size = options.getSize(id), name = options.getName(id), chunkIdx = chunked.nextPart(id), chunkData = handler._getChunkData(id, chunkIdx), fileState = handler._getFileState(id), resuming = fileState.attemptingResume, inProgressChunks = fileState.chunking.inProgress || []; if (fileState.loaded == null) { fileState.loaded = 0; } if (resuming && options.onResume(id, name, chunkData, fileState.customResumeData) === false) { chunked.reset(id); chunkIdx = chunked.nextPart(id); chunkData = handler._getChunkData(id, chunkIdx); resuming = false; } if (chunkIdx == null && inProgressChunks.length === 0) { chunked.finalize(id); } else { inProgressChunks.push(chunkIdx); handler._getFileState(id).chunking.inProgress = inProgressChunks; if (concurrentChunkingPossible) { connectionManager.open(id, chunkIdx); } if (concurrentChunkingPossible && connectionManager.available() && handler._getFileState(id).chunking.remaining.length) { chunked.sendNext(id); } if (chunkData.blob.size === 0) { log(qq.format("Chunk {} for file {} will not be uploaded, zero sized chunk.", chunkIdx, id), "error"); chunked.handleFailure(chunkIdx, id, "File is no longer available", null); } var onUploadChunkPromise = options.onUploadChunk(id, name, handler._getChunkDataForCallback(chunkData)); onUploadChunkPromise.then(function(requestOverrides) { if (!options.isInProgress(id)) { log(qq.format("Not sending chunked upload request for item {}.{} - no longer in progress.", id, chunkIdx)); } else { log(qq.format("Sending chunked upload request for item {}.{}, bytes {}-{} of {}.", id, chunkIdx, chunkData.start + 1, chunkData.end, size)); var uploadChunkData = { chunkIdx: chunkIdx, id: id, overrides: requestOverrides, resuming: resuming }; handler.uploadChunk(uploadChunkData).then(function success(response, xhr) { log("Chunked upload request succeeded for " + id + ", chunk " + chunkIdx); handler.clearCachedChunk(id, chunkIdx); var inProgressChunks = handler._getFileState(id).chunking.inProgress || [], responseToReport = upload.normalizeResponse(response, true), inProgressChunkIdx = qq.indexOf(inProgressChunks, chunkIdx); log(qq.format("Chunk {} for file {} uploaded successfully.", chunkIdx, id)); chunked.done(id, chunkIdx, responseToReport, xhr); if (inProgressChunkIdx >= 0) { inProgressChunks.splice(inProgressChunkIdx, 1); } handler._maybePersistChunkedState(id); if (!chunked.hasMoreParts(id) && inProgressChunks.length === 0) { chunked.finalize(id); } else if (chunked.hasMoreParts(id)) { chunked.sendNext(id); } else { log(qq.format("File ID {} has no more chunks to send and these chunk indexes are still marked as in-progress: {}", id, JSON.stringify(inProgressChunks))); } }, function failure(response, xhr) { chunked.handleFailure(chunkIdx, id, response, xhr); }).done(function() { handler.clearXhr(id, chunkIdx); }); } }, function(error) { chunked.handleFailure(chunkIdx, id, error, null); }); } } }, connectionManager = { _open: [], _openChunks: {}, _waiting: [], available: function() { var max = options.maxConnections, openChunkEntriesCount = 0, openChunksCount = 0; qq.each(connectionManager._openChunks, function(fileId, openChunkIndexes) { openChunkEntriesCount++; openChunksCount += openChunkIndexes.length; }); return max - (connectionManager._open.length - openChunkEntriesCount + openChunksCount); }, free: function(id, dontAllowNext) { var allowNext = !dontAllowNext, waitingIndex = qq.indexOf(connectionManager._waiting, id), connectionsIndex = qq.indexOf(connectionManager._open, id), nextId; delete connectionManager._openChunks[id]; if (upload.getProxyOrBlob(id) instanceof qq.BlobProxy) { log("Generated blob upload has ended for " + id + ", disposing generated blob."); delete handler._getFileState(id).file; } if (waitingIndex >= 0) { connectionManager._waiting.splice(waitingIndex, 1); } else if (allowNext && connectionsIndex >= 0) { connectionManager._open.splice(connectionsIndex, 1); nextId = connectionManager._waiting.shift(); if (nextId >= 0) { connectionManager._open.push(nextId); upload.start(nextId); } } }, getWaitingOrConnected: function() { var waitingOrConnected = []; qq.each(connectionManager._openChunks, function(fileId, chunks) { if (chunks && chunks.length) { waitingOrConnected.push(parseInt(fileId)); } }); qq.each(connectionManager._open, function(idx, fileId) { if (!connectionManager._openChunks[fileId]) { waitingOrConnected.push(parseInt(fileId)); } }); waitingOrConnected = waitingOrConnected.concat(connectionManager._waiting); return waitingOrConnected; }, isUsingConnection: function(id) { return qq.indexOf(connectionManager._open, id) >= 0; }, open: function(id, chunkIdx) { if (chunkIdx == null) { connectionManager._waiting.push(id); } if (connectionManager.available()) { if (chunkIdx == null) { connectionManager._waiting.pop(); connectionManager._open.push(id); } else { (function() { var openChunksEntry = connectionManager._openChunks[id] || []; openChunksEntry.push(chunkIdx); connectionManager._openChunks[id] = openChunksEntry; })(); } return true; } return false; }, reset: function() { connectionManager._waiting = []; connectionManager._open = []; } }, simple = { send: function(id, name) { var fileState = handler._getFileState(id); if (!fileState) { log("Ignoring send request as this upload may have been cancelled, File ID " + id, "warn"); return; } fileState.loaded = 0; log("Sending simple upload request for " + id); handler.uploadFile(id).then(function(response, optXhr) { log("Simple upload request succeeded for " + id); var responseToReport = upload.normalizeResponse(response, true), size = options.getSize(id); options.onProgress(id, name, size, size); upload.maybeNewUuid(id, responseToReport); upload.cleanup(id, responseToReport, optXhr); }, function(response, optXhr) { log("Simple upload request failed for " + id); var responseToReport = upload.normalizeResponse(response, false); if (!options.onAutoRetry(id, name, responseToReport, optXhr)) { upload.cleanup(id, responseToReport, optXhr); } }); } }, upload = { cancel: function(id) { log("Cancelling " + id); options.paramsStore.remove(id); connectionManager.free(id); }, cleanup: function(id, response, optXhr) { var name = options.getName(id); options.onComplete(id, name, response, optXhr); if (handler._getFileState(id)) { handler._clearXhrs && handler._clearXhrs(id); } connectionManager.free(id); }, getProxyOrBlob: function(id) { return handler.getProxy && handler.getProxy(id) || handler.getFile && handler.getFile(id); }, initHandler: function() { var handlerType = namespace ? qq[namespace] : qq.traditional, handlerModuleSubtype = qq.supportedFeatures.ajaxUploading ? "Xhr" : "Form"; handler = new handlerType[handlerModuleSubtype + "UploadHandler"](options, { getCustomResumeData: options.getCustomResumeData, getDataByUuid: options.getDataByUuid, getName: options.getName, getSize: options.getSize, getUuid: options.getUuid, log: log, onCancel: options.onCancel, onProgress: options.onProgress, onUuidChanged: options.onUuidChanged, onFinalizing: function(id) { options.setStatus(id, qq.status.UPLOAD_FINALIZING); } }); if (handler._removeExpiredChunkingRecords) { handler._removeExpiredChunkingRecords(); } }, isDeferredEligibleForUpload: function(id) { return options.isQueued(id); }, maybeDefer: function(id, blob) { if (blob && !handler.getFile(id) && blob instanceof qq.BlobProxy) { options.onUploadPrep(id); log("Attempting to generate a blob on-demand for " + id); blob.create().then(function(generatedBlob) { log("Generated an on-demand blob for " + id); handler.updateBlob(id, generatedBlob); options.setSize(id, generatedBlob.size); handler.reevaluateChunking(id); upload.maybeSendDeferredFiles(id); }, function(errorMessage) { var errorResponse = {}; if (errorMessage) { errorResponse.error = errorMessage; } log(qq.format("Failed to generate blob for ID {}. Error message: {}.", id, errorMessage), "error"); options.onComplete(id, options.getName(id), qq.extend(errorResponse, preventRetryResponse), null); upload.maybeSendDeferredFiles(id); connectionManager.free(id); }); } else { return upload.maybeSendDeferredFiles(id); } return false; }, maybeSendDeferredFiles: function(id) { var idsInGroup = options.getIdsInProxyGroup(id), uploadedThisId = false; if (idsInGroup && idsInGroup.length) { log("Maybe ready to upload proxy group file " + id); qq.each(idsInGroup, function(idx, idInGroup) { if (upload.isDeferredEligibleForUpload(idInGroup) && !!handler.getFile(idInGroup)) { uploadedThisId = idInGroup === id; upload.now(idInGroup); } else if (upload.isDeferredEligibleForUpload(idInGroup)) { return false; } }); } else { uploadedThisId = true; upload.now(id); } return uploadedThisId; }, maybeNewUuid: function(id, response) { if (response.newUuid !== undefined) { options.onUuidChanged(id, response.newUuid); } }, normalizeResponse: function(originalResponse, successful) { var response = originalResponse; if (!qq.isObject(originalResponse)) { response = {}; if (qq.isString(originalResponse) && !successful) { response.error = originalResponse; } } response.success = successful; return response; }, now: function(id) { var name = options.getName(id); if (!controller.isValid(id)) { throw new qq.Error(id + " is not a valid file ID to upload!"); } options.onUpload(id, name).then(function(response) { if (response && response.pause) { options.setStatus(id, qq.status.PAUSED); handler.pause(id); connectionManager.free(id); } else { if (chunkingPossible && handler._shouldChunkThisFile(id)) { chunked.sendNext(id); } else { simple.send(id, name); } } }, function(error) { error = error || {}; log(id + " upload start aborted due to rejected onUpload Promise - details: " + error, "error"); if (!options.onAutoRetry(id, name, error.responseJSON || {})) { var response = upload.normalizeResponse(error.responseJSON, false); upload.cleanup(id, response); } }); }, start: function(id) { var blobToUpload = upload.getProxyOrBlob(id); if (blobToUpload) { return upload.maybeDefer(id, blobToUpload); } else { upload.now(id); return true; } } }; qq.extend(this, { add: function(id, file) { handler.add.apply(this, arguments); }, upload: function(id) { if (connectionManager.open(id)) { return upload.start(id); } return false; }, retry: function(id) { if (concurrentChunkingPossible) { handler._getFileState(id).temp.ignoreFailure = false; } if (connectionManager.isUsingConnection(id)) { return upload.start(id); } else { return controller.upload(id); } }, cancel: function(id) { var cancelRetVal = handler.cancel(id); if (qq.isGenericPromise(cancelRetVal)) { cancelRetVal.then(function() { upload.cancel(id); }); } else if (cancelRetVal !== false) { upload.cancel(id); } }, cancelAll: function() { var waitingOrConnected = connectionManager.getWaitingOrConnected(), i; if (waitingOrConnected.length) { for (i = waitingOrConnected.length - 1; i >= 0; i--) { controller.cancel(waitingOrConnected[i]); } } connectionManager.reset(); }, getFile: function(id) { if (handler.getProxy && handler.getProxy(id)) { return handler.getProxy(id).referenceBlob; } return handler.getFile && handler.getFile(id); }, isProxied: function(id) { return !!(handler.getProxy && handler.getProxy(id)); }, getInput: function(id) { if (handler.getInput) { return handler.getInput(id); } }, reset: function() { log("Resetting upload handler"); controller.cancelAll(); connectionManager.reset(); handler.reset(); }, expunge: function(id) { if (controller.isValid(id)) { return handler.expunge(id); } }, isValid: function(id) { return handler.isValid(id); }, hasResumeRecord: function(id) { var key = handler.isValid(id) && handler._getLocalStorageId && handler._getLocalStorageId(id); if (key) { return !!localStorage.getItem(key); } return false; }, getResumableFilesData: function() { if (handler.getResumableFilesData) { return handler.getResumableFilesData(); } return []; }, getThirdPartyFileId: function(id) { if (controller.isValid(id)) { return handler.getThirdPartyFileId(id); } }, pause: function(id) { if (controller.isResumable(id) && handler.pause && controller.isValid(id) && handler.pause(id)) { connectionManager.free(id); handler.moveInProgressToRemaining(id); return true; } return false; }, isAttemptingResume: function(id) { return !!handler.isAttemptingResume && handler.isAttemptingResume(id); }, isResumable: function(id) { return !!handler.isResumable && handler.isResumable(id); } }); qq.extend(options, o); log = options.log; chunkingPossible = options.chunking.enabled && qq.supportedFeatures.chunking; concurrentChunkingPossible = chunkingPossible && options.chunking.concurrent.enabled; preventRetryResponse = function() { var response = {}; response[options.preventRetryParam] = true; return response; }(); upload.initHandler(); }; qq.WindowReceiveMessage = function(o) { "use strict"; var options = { log: function(message, level) {} }, callbackWrapperDetachers = {}; qq.extend(options, o); qq.extend(this, { receiveMessage: function(id, callback) { var onMessageCallbackWrapper = function(event) { callback(event.data); }; if (window.postMessage) { callbackWrapperDetachers[id] = qq(window).attach("message", onMessageCallbackWrapper); } else { log("iframe message passing not supported in this browser!", "error"); } }, stopReceivingMessages: function(id) { if (window.postMessage) { var detacher = callbackWrapperDetachers[id]; if (detacher) { detacher(); } } } }); }; qq.FormUploadHandler = function(spec) { "use strict"; var options = spec.options, handler = this, proxy = spec.proxy, formHandlerInstanceId = qq.getUniqueId(), onloadCallbacks = {}, detachLoadEvents = {}, postMessageCallbackTimers = {}, isCors = options.isCors, inputName = options.inputName, getUuid = proxy.getUuid, log = proxy.log, corsMessageReceiver = new qq.WindowReceiveMessage({ log: log }); function expungeFile(id) { delete detachLoadEvents[id]; if (isCors) { clearTimeout(postMessageCallbackTimers[id]); delete postMessageCallbackTimers[id]; corsMessageReceiver.stopReceivingMessages(id); } var iframe = document.getElementById(handler._getIframeName(id)); if (iframe) { iframe.setAttribute("src", "javascript:false;"); qq(iframe).remove(); } } function getFileIdForIframeName(iframeName) { return iframeName.split("_")[0]; } function initIframeForUpload(name) { var iframe = qq.toElement("<iframe src='javascript:false;' name='" + name + "' />"); iframe.setAttribute("id", name); iframe.style.display = "none"; document.body.appendChild(iframe); return iframe; } function registerPostMessageCallback(iframe, callback) { var iframeName = iframe.id, fileId = getFileIdForIframeName(iframeName), uuid = getUuid(fileId); onloadCallbacks[uuid] = callback; detachLoadEvents[fileId] = qq(iframe).attach("load", function() { if (handler.getInput(fileId)) { log("Received iframe load event for CORS upload request (iframe name " + iframeName + ")"); postMessageCallbackTimers[iframeName] = setTimeout(function() { var errorMessage = "No valid message received from loaded iframe for iframe name " + iframeName; log(errorMessage, "error"); callback({ error: errorMessage }); }, 1e3); } }); corsMessageReceiver.receiveMessage(iframeName, function(message) { log("Received the following window message: '" + message + "'"); var fileId = getFileIdForIframeName(iframeName), response = handler._parseJsonResponse(message), uuid = response.uuid, onloadCallback; if (uuid && onloadCallbacks[uuid]) { log("Handling response for iframe name " + iframeName); clearTimeout(postMessageCallbackTimers[iframeName]); delete postMessageCallbackTimers[iframeName]; handler._detachLoadEvent(iframeName); onloadCallback = onloadCallbacks[uuid]; delete onloadCallbacks[uuid]; corsMessageReceiver.stopReceivingMessages(iframeName); onloadCallback(response); } else if (!uuid) { log("'" + message + "' does not contain a UUID - ignoring."); } }); } qq.extend(this, new qq.UploadHandler(spec)); qq.override(this, function(super_) { return { add: function(id, fileInput) { super_.add(id, { input: fileInput }); fileInput.setAttribute("name", inputName); if (fileInput.parentNode) { qq(fileInput).remove(); } }, expunge: function(id) { expungeFile(id); super_.expunge(id); }, isValid: function(id) { return super_.isValid(id) && handler._getFileState(id).input !== undefined; } }; }); qq.extend(this, { getInput: function(id) { return handler._getFileState(id).input; }, _attachLoadEvent: function(iframe, callback) { var responseDescriptor; if (isCors) { registerPostMessageCallback(iframe, callback); } else { detachLoadEvents[iframe.id] = qq(iframe).attach("load", function() { log("Received response for " + iframe.id); if (!iframe.parentNode) { return; } try { if (iframe.contentDocument && iframe.contentDocument.body && iframe.contentDocument.body.innerHTML == "false") { return; } } catch (error) { log("Error when attempting to access iframe during handling of upload response (" + error.message + ")", "error"); responseDescriptor = { success: false }; } callback(responseDescriptor); }); } }, _createIframe: function(id) { var iframeName = handler._getIframeName(id); return initIframeForUpload(iframeName); }, _detachLoadEvent: function(id) { if (detachLoadEvents[id] !== undefined) { detachLoadEvents[id](); delete detachLoadEvents[id]; } }, _getIframeName: function(fileId) { return fileId + "_" + formHandlerInstanceId; }, _initFormForUpload: function(spec) { var method = spec.method, endpoint = spec.endpoint, params = spec.params, paramsInBody = spec.paramsInBody, targetName = spec.targetName, form = qq.toElement("<form method='" + method + "' enctype='multipart/form-data'></form>"), url = endpoint; if (paramsInBody) { qq.obj2Inputs(params, form); } else { url = qq.obj2url(params, endpoint); } form.setAttribute("action", url); form.setAttribute("target", targetName); form.style.display = "none"; document.body.appendChild(form); return form; }, _parseJsonResponse: function(innerHtmlOrMessage) { var response = {}; try { response = qq.parseJson(innerHtmlOrMessage); } catch (error) { log("Error when attempting to parse iframe upload response (" + error.message + ")", "error"); } return response; } }); }; qq.XhrUploadHandler = function(spec) { "use strict"; var handler = this, namespace = spec.options.namespace, proxy = spec.proxy, chunking = spec.options.chunking, getChunkSize = function(id) { var fileState = handler._getFileState(id); if (fileState.chunkSize) { return fileState.chunkSize; } else { var chunkSize = chunking.partSize; if (qq.isFunction(chunkSize)) { chunkSize = chunkSize(id, getSize(id)); } fileState.chunkSize = chunkSize; return chunkSize; } }, resume = spec.options.resume, chunkFiles = chunking && spec.options.chunking.enabled && qq.supportedFeatures.chunking, resumeEnabled = resume && spec.options.resume.enabled && chunkFiles && qq.supportedFeatures.resume, getName = proxy.getName, getSize = proxy.getSize, getUuid = proxy.getUuid, getEndpoint = proxy.getEndpoint, getDataByUuid = proxy.getDataByUuid, onUuidChanged = proxy.onUuidChanged, onProgress = proxy.onProgress, log = proxy.log, getCustomResumeData = proxy.getCustomResumeData; function abort(id) { qq.each(handler._getXhrs(id), function(xhrId, xhr) { var ajaxRequester = handler._getAjaxRequester(id, xhrId); xhr.onreadystatechange = null; xhr.upload.onprogress = null; xhr.abort(); ajaxRequester && ajaxRequester.canceled && ajaxRequester.canceled(id); }); } qq.extend(this, new qq.UploadHandler(spec)); qq.override(this, function(super_) { return { add: function(id, blobOrProxy) { if (qq.isFile(blobOrProxy) || qq.isBlob(blobOrProxy)) { super_.add(id, { file: blobOrProxy }); } else if (blobOrProxy instanceof qq.BlobProxy) { super_.add(id, { proxy: blobOrProxy }); } else { throw new Error("Passed obj is not a File, Blob, or proxy"); } handler._initTempState(id); resumeEnabled && handler._maybePrepareForResume(id); }, expunge: function(id) { abort(id); handler._maybeDeletePersistedChunkData(id); handler._clearXhrs(id); super_.expunge(id); } }; }); qq.extend(this, { clearCachedChunk: function(id, chunkIdx) { var fileState = handler._getFileState(id); if (fileState) { delete fileState.temp.cachedChunks[chunkIdx]; } }, clearXhr: function(id, chunkIdx) { var tempState = handler._getFileState(id).temp; if (tempState.xhrs) { delete tempState.xhrs[chunkIdx]; } if (tempState.ajaxRequesters) { delete tempState.ajaxRequesters[chunkIdx]; } }, finalizeChunks: function(id, responseParser) { var lastChunkIdx = handler._getTotalChunks(id) - 1, xhr = handler._getXhr(id, lastChunkIdx); if (responseParser) { return new qq.Promise().success(responseParser(xhr), xhr); } return new qq.Promise().success({}, xhr); }, getFile: function(id) { return handler.isValid(id) && handler._getFileState(id).file; }, getProxy: function(id) { return handler.isValid(id) && handler._getFileState(id).proxy; }, getResumableFilesData: function() { var resumableFilesData = []; handler._iterateResumeRecords(function(key, uploadData) { handler.moveInProgressToRemaining(null, uploadData.chunking.inProgress, uploadData.chunking.remaining); var data = { name: uploadData.name, remaining: uploadData.chunking.remaining, size: uploadData.size, uuid: uploadData.uuid }; if (uploadData.key) { data.key = uploadData.key; } if (uploadData.customResumeData) { data.customResumeData = uploadData.customResumeData; } resumableFilesData.push(data); }); return resumableFilesData; }, isAttemptingResume: function(id) { return handler._getFileState(id).attemptingResume; }, isResumable: function(id) { return !!chunking && handler.isValid(id) && !handler._getFileState(id).notResumable; }, moveInProgressToRemaining: function(id, optInProgress, optRemaining) { var fileState = handler._getFileState(id) || {}, chunkingState = fileState.chunking || {}, inProgress = optInProgress || chunkingState.inProgress, remaining = optRemaining || chunkingState.remaining; if (inProgress) { log(qq.format("Moving these chunks from in-progress {}, to remaining.", JSON.stringify(inProgress))); inProgress.reverse(); qq.each(inProgress, function(idx, chunkIdx) { remaining.unshift(chunkIdx); }); inProgress.length = 0; } }, pause: function(id) { if (handler.isValid(id)) { log(qq.format("Aborting XHR upload for {} '{}' due to pause instruction.", id, getName(id))); handler._getFileState(id).paused = true; abort(id); return true; } }, reevaluateChunking: function(id) { if (chunking && handler.isValid(id)) { var state = handler._getFileState(id), totalChunks, i; delete state.chunking; state.chunking = {}; totalChunks = handler._getTotalChunks(id); if (totalChunks > 1 || chunking.mandatory) { state.chunking.enabled = true; state.chunking.parts = totalChunks; state.chunking.remaining = []; for (i = 0; i < totalChunks; i++) { state.chunking.remaining.push(i); } handler._initTempState(id); } else { state.chunking.enabled = false; } } }, updateBlob: function(id, newBlob) { if (handler.isValid(id)) { handler._getFileState(id).file = newBlob; } }, _clearXhrs: function(id) { var tempState = handler._getFileState(id).temp; qq.each(tempState.ajaxRequesters, function(chunkId) { delete tempState.ajaxRequesters[chunkId]; }); qq.each(tempState.xhrs, function(chunkId) { delete tempState.xhrs[chunkId]; }); }, _createXhr: function(id, optChunkIdx) { return handler._registerXhr(id, optChunkIdx, qq.createXhrInstance()); }, _getAjaxRequester: function(id, optChunkIdx) { var chunkIdx = optChunkIdx == null ? -1 : optChunkIdx; return handler._getFileState(id).temp.ajaxRequesters[chunkIdx]; }, _getChunkData: function(id, chunkIndex) { var chunkSize = getChunkSize(id), fileSize = getSize(id), fileOrBlob = handler.getFile(id), startBytes = chunkSize * chunkIndex, endBytes = startBytes + chunkSize >= fileSize ? fileSize : startBytes + chunkSize, totalChunks = handler._getTotalChunks(id), cachedChunks = this._getFileState(id).temp.cachedChunks, blob = cachedChunks[chunkIndex] || qq.sliceBlob(fileOrBlob, startBytes, endBytes); cachedChunks[chunkIndex] = blob; return { part: chunkIndex, start: startBytes, end: endBytes, count: totalChunks, blob: blob, size: endBytes - startBytes }; }, _getChunkDataForCallback: function(chunkData) { return { partIndex: chunkData.part, startByte: chunkData.start + 1, endByte: chunkData.end, totalParts: chunkData.count }; }, _getLocalStorageId: function(id) { var formatVersion = "5.0", name = getName(id), size = getSize(id), chunkSize = getChunkSize(id), endpoint = getEndpoint(id), customKeys = resume.customKeys(id), localStorageId = qq.format("qq{}resume{}-{}-{}-{}-{}", namespace, formatVersion, name, size, chunkSize, endpoint); customKeys.forEach(function(key) { localStorageId += "-" + key; }); return localStorageId; }, _getMimeType: function(id) { return handler.getFile(id).type; }, _getPersistableData: function(id) { return handler._getFileState(id).chunking; }, _getTotalChunks: function(id) { if (chunking) { var fileSize = getSize(id), chunkSize = getChunkSize(id); return Math.ceil(fileSize / chunkSize); } }, _getXhr: function(id, optChunkIdx) { var chunkIdx = optChunkIdx == null ? -1 : optChunkIdx; return handler._getFileState(id).temp.xhrs[chunkIdx]; }, _getXhrs: function(id) { return handler._getFileState(id).temp.xhrs; }, _iterateResumeRecords: function(callback) { if (resumeEnabled) { qq.each(localStorage, function(key, item) { if (key.indexOf(qq.format("qq{}resume", namespace)) === 0) { var uploadData = JSON.parse(item); callback(key, uploadData); } }); } }, _initTempState: function(id) { handler._getFileState(id).temp = { ajaxRequesters: {}, chunkProgress: {}, xhrs: {}, cachedChunks: {} }; }, _markNotResumable: function(id) { handler._getFileState(id).notResumable = true; }, _maybeDeletePersistedChunkData: function(id) { var localStorageId; if (resumeEnabled && handler.isResumable(id)) { localStorageId = handler._getLocalStorageId(id); if (localStorageId && localStorage.getItem(localStorageId)) { localStorage.removeItem(localStorageId); return true; } } return false; }, _maybePrepareForResume: function(id) { var state = handler._getFileState(id), localStorageId, persistedData; if (resumeEnabled && state.key === undefined) { localStorageId = handler._getLocalStorageId(id); persistedData = localStorage.getItem(localStorageId); if (persistedData) { persistedData = JSON.parse(persistedData); if (getDataByUuid(persistedData.uuid)) { handler._markNotResumable(id); } else { log(qq.format("Identified file with ID {} and name of {} as resumable.", id, getName(id))); onUuidChanged(id, persistedData.uuid); state.key = persistedData.key; state.chunking = persistedData.chunking; state.loaded = persistedData.loaded; state.customResumeData = persistedData.customResumeData; state.attemptingResume = true; handler.moveInProgressToRemaining(id); } } } }, _maybePersistChunkedState: function(id) { var state = handler._getFileState(id), localStorageId, persistedData; if (resumeEnabled && handler.isResumable(id)) { var customResumeData = getCustomResumeData(id); localStorageId = handler._getLocalStorageId(id); persistedData = { name: getName(id), size: getSize(id), uuid: getUuid(id), key: state.key, chunking: state.chunking, loaded: state.loaded, lastUpdated: Date.now() }; if (customResumeData) { persistedData.customResumeData = customResumeData; } try { localStorage.setItem(localStorageId, JSON.stringify(persistedData)); } catch (error) { log(qq.format("Unable to save resume data for '{}' due to error: '{}'.", id, error.toString()), "warn"); } } }, _registerProgressHandler: function(id, chunkIdx, chunkSize) { var xhr = handler._getXhr(id, chunkIdx), name = getName(id), progressCalculator = { simple: function(loaded, total) { var fileSize = getSize(id); if (loaded === total) { onProgress(id, name, fileSize, fileSize); } else { onProgress(id, name, loaded >= fileSize ? fileSize - 1 : loaded, fileSize); } }, chunked: function(loaded, total) { var chunkProgress = handler._getFileState(id).temp.chunkProgress, totalSuccessfullyLoadedForFile = handler._getFileState(id).loaded, loadedForRequest = loaded, totalForRequest = total, totalFileSize = getSize(id), estActualChunkLoaded = loadedForRequest - (totalForRequest - chunkSize), totalLoadedForFile = totalSuccessfullyLoadedForFile; chunkProgress[chunkIdx] = estActualChunkLoaded; qq.each(chunkProgress, function(chunkIdx, chunkLoaded) { totalLoadedForFile += chunkLoaded; }); onProgress(id, name, totalLoadedForFile, totalFileSize); } }; xhr.upload.onprogress = function(e) { if (e.lengthComputable) { var type = chunkSize == null ? "simple" : "chunked"; progressCalculator[type](e.loaded, e.total); } }; }, _registerXhr: function(id, optChunkIdx, xhr, optAjaxRequester) { var xhrsId = optChunkIdx == null ? -1 : optChunkIdx, tempState = handler._getFileState(id).temp; tempState.xhrs = tempState.xhrs || {}; tempState.ajaxRequesters = tempState.ajaxRequesters || {}; tempState.xhrs[xhrsId] = xhr; if (optAjaxRequester) { tempState.ajaxRequesters[xhrsId] = optAjaxRequester; } return xhr; }, _removeExpiredChunkingRecords: function() { var expirationDays = resume.recordsExpireIn; handler._iterateResumeRecords(function(key, uploadData) { var expirationDate = new Date(uploadData.lastUpdated); expirationDate.setDate(expirationDate.getDate() + expirationDays); if (expirationDate.getTime() <= Date.now()) { log("Removing expired resume record with key " + key); localStorage.removeItem(key); } }); }, _shouldChunkThisFile: function(id) { var state = handler._getFileState(id); if (state) { if (!state.chunking) { handler.reevaluateChunking(id); } return state.chunking.enabled; } } }); }; qq.DeleteFileAjaxRequester = function(o) { "use strict"; var requester, options = { method: "DELETE", uuidParamName: "qquuid", endpointStore: {}, maxConnections: 3, customHeaders: function(id) { return {}; }, paramsStore: {}, cors: { expected: false, sendCredentials: false }, log: function(str, level) {}, onDelete: function(id) {}, onDeleteComplete: function(id, xhrOrXdr, isError) {} }; qq.extend(options, o); function getMandatedParams() { if (options.method.toUpperCase() === "POST") { return { _method: "DELETE" }; } return {}; } requester = qq.extend(this, new qq.AjaxRequester({ acceptHeader: "application/json", validMethods: [ "POST", "DELETE" ], method: options.method, endpointStore: options.endpointStore, paramsStore: options.paramsStore, mandatedParams: getMandatedParams(), maxConnections: options.maxConnections, customHeaders: function(id) { return options.customHeaders.get(id); }, log: options.log, onSend: options.onDelete, onComplete: options.onDeleteComplete, cors: options.cors })); qq.extend(this, { sendDelete: function(id, uuid, additionalMandatedParams) { var additionalOptions = additionalMandatedParams || {}; options.log("Submitting delete file request for " + id); if (options.method === "DELETE") { requester.initTransport(id).withPath(uuid).withParams(additionalOptions).send(); } else { additionalOptions[options.uuidParamName] = uuid; requester.initTransport(id).withParams(additionalOptions).send(); } } }); }; (function() { function detectSubsampling(img) { var iw = img.naturalWidth, ih = img.naturalHeight, canvas = document.createElement("canvas"), ctx; if (iw * ih > 1024 * 1024) { canvas.width = canvas.height = 1; ctx = canvas.getContext("2d"); ctx.drawImage(img, -iw + 1, 0); return ctx.getImageData(0, 0, 1, 1).data[3] === 0; } else { return false; } } function detectVerticalSquash(img, iw, ih) { var canvas = document.createElement("canvas"), sy = 0, ey = ih, py = ih, ctx, data, alpha, ratio; canvas.width = 1; canvas.height = ih; ctx = canvas.getContext("2d"); ctx.drawImage(img, 0, 0); data = ctx.getImageData(0, 0, 1, ih).data; while (py > sy) { alpha = data[(py - 1) * 4 + 3]; if (alpha === 0) { ey = py; } else { sy = py; } py = ey + sy >> 1; } ratio = py / ih; return ratio === 0 ? 1 : ratio; } function renderImageToDataURL(img, blob, options, doSquash) { var canvas = document.createElement("canvas"), mime = options.mime || "image/jpeg", promise = new qq.Promise(); renderImageToCanvas(img, blob, canvas, options, doSquash).then(function() { promise.success(canvas.toDataURL(mime, options.quality || .8)); }); return promise; } function maybeCalculateDownsampledDimensions(spec) { var maxPixels = 5241e3; if (!qq.ios()) { throw new qq.Error("Downsampled dimensions can only be reliably calculated for iOS!"); } if (spec.origHeight * spec.origWidth > maxPixels) { return { newHeight: Math.round(Math.sqrt(maxPixels * (spec.origHeight / spec.origWidth))), newWidth: Math.round(Math.sqrt(maxPixels * (spec.origWidth / spec.origHeight))) }; } } function renderImageToCanvas(img, blob, canvas, options, doSquash) { var iw = img.naturalWidth, ih = img.naturalHeight, width = options.width, height = options.height, ctx = canvas.getContext("2d"), promise = new qq.Promise(), modifiedDimensions; ctx.save(); if (options.resize) { return renderImageToCanvasWithCustomResizer({ blob: blob, canvas: canvas, image: img, imageHeight: ih, imageWidth: iw, orientation: options.orientation, resize: options.resize, targetHeight: height, targetWidth: width }); } if (!qq.supportedFeatures.unlimitedScaledImageSize) { modifiedDimensions = maybeCalculateDownsampledDimensions({ origWidth: width, origHeight: height }); if (modifiedDimensions) { qq.log(qq.format("Had to reduce dimensions due to device limitations from {}w / {}h to {}w / {}h", width, height, modifiedDimensions.newWidth, modifiedDimensions.newHeight), "warn"); width = modifiedDimensions.newWidth; height = modifiedDimensions.newHeight; } } transformCoordinate(canvas, width, height, options.orientation); if (qq.ios()) { (function() { if (detectSubsampling(img)) { iw /= 2; ih /= 2; } var d = 1024, tmpCanvas = document.createElement("canvas"), vertSquashRatio = doSquash ? detectVerticalSquash(img, iw, ih) : 1, dw = Math.ceil(d * width / iw), dh = Math.ceil(d * height / ih / vertSquashRatio), sy = 0, dy = 0, tmpCtx, sx, dx; tmpCanvas.width = tmpCanvas.height = d; tmpCtx = tmpCanvas.getContext("2d"); while (sy < ih) { sx = 0; dx = 0; while (sx < iw) { tmpCtx.clearRect(0, 0, d, d); tmpCtx.drawImage(img, -sx, -sy); ctx.drawImage(tmpCanvas, 0, 0, d, d, dx, dy, dw, dh); sx += d; dx += dw; } sy += d; dy += dh; } ctx.restore(); tmpCanvas = tmpCtx = null; })(); } else { ctx.drawImage(img, 0, 0, width, height); } canvas.qqImageRendered && canvas.qqImageRendered(); promise.success(); return promise; } function renderImageToCanvasWithCustomResizer(resizeInfo) { var blob = resizeInfo.blob, image = resizeInfo.image, imageHeight = resizeInfo.imageHeight, imageWidth = resizeInfo.imageWidth, orientation = resizeInfo.orientation, promise = new qq.Promise(), resize = resizeInfo.resize, sourceCanvas = document.createElement("canvas"), sourceCanvasContext = sourceCanvas.getContext("2d"), targetCanvas = resizeInfo.canvas, targetHeight = resizeInfo.targetHeight, targetWidth = resizeInfo.targetWidth; transformCoordinate(sourceCanvas, imageWidth, imageHeight, orientation); targetCanvas.height = targetHeight; targetCanvas.width = targetWidth; sourceCanvasContext.drawImage(image, 0, 0); resize({ blob: blob, height: targetHeight, image: image, sourceCanvas: sourceCanvas, targetCanvas: targetCanvas, width: targetWidth }).then(function success() { targetCanvas.qqImageRendered && targetCanvas.qqImageRendered(); promise.success(); }, promise.failure); return promise; } function transformCoordinate(canvas, width, height, orientation) { switch (orientation) { case 5: case 6: case 7: case 8: canvas.width = height; canvas.height = width; break; default: canvas.width = width; canvas.height = height; } var ctx = canvas.getContext("2d"); switch (orientation) { case 2: ctx.translate(width, 0); ctx.scale(-1, 1); break; case 3: ctx.translate(width, height); ctx.rotate(Math.PI); break; case 4: ctx.translate(0, height); ctx.scale(1, -1); break; case 5: ctx.rotate(.5 * Math.PI); ctx.scale(1, -1); break; case 6: ctx.rotate(.5 * Math.PI); ctx.translate(0, -height); break; case 7: ctx.rotate(.5 * Math.PI); ctx.translate(width, -height); ctx.scale(-1, 1); break; case 8: ctx.rotate(-.5 * Math.PI); ctx.translate(-width, 0); break; default: break; } } function MegaPixImage(srcImage, errorCallback) { var self = this; if (window.Blob && srcImage instanceof Blob) { (function() { var img = new Image(), URL = window.URL && window.URL.createObjectURL ? window.URL : window.webkitURL && window.webkitURL.createObjectURL ? window.webkitURL : null; if (!URL) { throw Error("No createObjectURL function found to create blob url"); } img.src = URL.createObjectURL(srcImage); self.blob = srcImage; srcImage = img; })(); } if (!srcImage.naturalWidth && !srcImage.naturalHeight) { srcImage.onload = function() { var listeners = self.imageLoadListeners; if (listeners) { self.imageLoadListeners = null; setTimeout(function() { for (var i = 0, len = listeners.length; i < len; i++) { listeners[i](); } }, 0); } }; srcImage.onerror = errorCallback; this.imageLoadListeners = []; } this.srcImage = srcImage; } MegaPixImage.prototype.render = function(target, options) { options = options || {}; var self = this, imgWidth = this.srcImage.naturalWidth, imgHeight = this.srcImage.naturalHeight, width = options.width, height = options.height, maxWidth = options.maxWidth, maxHeight = options.maxHeight, doSquash = !this.blob || this.blob.type === "image/jpeg", tagName = target.tagName.toLowerCase(), opt; if (this.imageLoadListeners) { this.imageLoadListeners.push(function() { self.render(target, options); }); return; } if (width && !height) { height = imgHeight * width / imgWidth << 0; } else if (height && !width) { width = imgWidth * height / imgHeight << 0; } else { width = imgWidth; height = imgHeight; } if (maxWidth && width > maxWidth) { width = maxWidth; height = imgHeight * width / imgWidth << 0; } if (maxHeight && height > maxHeight) { height = maxHeight; width = imgWidth * height / imgHeight << 0; } opt = { width: width, height: height }, qq.each(options, function(optionsKey, optionsValue) { opt[optionsKey] = optionsValue; }); if (tagName === "img") { (function() { var oldTargetSrc = target.src; renderImageToDataURL(self.srcImage, self.blob, opt, doSquash).then(function(dataUri) { target.src = dataUri; oldTargetSrc === target.src && target.onload(); }); })(); } else if (tagName === "canvas") { renderImageToCanvas(this.srcImage, this.blob, target, opt, doSquash); } if (typeof this.onrender === "function") { this.onrender(target); } }; qq.MegaPixImage = MegaPixImage; })(); qq.ImageGenerator = function(log) { "use strict"; function isImg(el) { return el.tagName.toLowerCase() === "img"; } function isCanvas(el) { return el.tagName.toLowerCase() === "canvas"; } function isImgCorsSupported() { return new Image().crossOrigin !== undefined; } function isCanvasSupported() { var canvas = document.createElement("canvas"); return canvas.getContext && canvas.getContext("2d"); } function determineMimeOfFileName(nameWithPath) { var pathSegments = nameWithPath.split("/"), name = pathSegments[pathSegments.length - 1].split("?")[0], extension = qq.getExtension(name); extension = extension && extension.toLowerCase(); switch (extension) { case "jpeg": case "jpg": return "image/jpeg"; case "png": return "image/png"; case "bmp": return "image/bmp"; case "gif": return "image/gif"; case "tiff": case "tif": return "image/tiff"; } } function isCrossOrigin(url) { var targetAnchor = document.createElement("a"), targetProtocol, targetHostname, targetPort; targetAnchor.href = url; targetProtocol = targetAnchor.protocol; targetPort = targetAnchor.port; targetHostname = targetAnchor.hostname; if (targetProtocol.toLowerCase() !== window.location.protocol.toLowerCase()) { return true; } if (targetHostname.toLowerCase() !== window.location.hostname.toLowerCase()) { return true; } if (targetPort !== window.location.port && !qq.ie()) { return true; } return false; } function registerImgLoadListeners(img, promise) { img.onload = function() { img.onload = null; img.onerror = null; promise.success(img); }; img.onerror = function() { img.onload = null; img.onerror = null; log("Problem drawing thumbnail!", "error"); promise.failure(img, "Problem drawing thumbnail!"); }; } function registerCanvasDrawImageListener(canvas, promise) { canvas.qqImageRendered = function() { promise.success(canvas); }; } function registerThumbnailRenderedListener(imgOrCanvas, promise) { var registered = isImg(imgOrCanvas) || isCanvas(imgOrCanvas); if (isImg(imgOrCanvas)) { registerImgLoadListeners(imgOrCanvas, promise); } else if (isCanvas(imgOrCanvas)) { registerCanvasDrawImageListener(imgOrCanvas, promise); } else { promise.failure(imgOrCanvas); log(qq.format("Element container of type {} is not supported!", imgOrCanvas.tagName), "error"); } return registered; } function draw(fileOrBlob, container, options) { var drawPreview = new qq.Promise(), identifier = new qq.Identify(fileOrBlob, log), maxSize = options.maxSize, orient = options.orient == null ? true : options.orient, megapixErrorHandler = function() { container.onerror = null; container.onload = null; log("Could not render preview, file may be too large!", "error"); drawPreview.failure(container, "Browser cannot render image!"); }; identifier.isPreviewable().then(function(mime) { var dummyExif = { parse: function() { return new qq.Promise().success(); } }, exif = orient ? new qq.Exif(fileOrBlob, log) : dummyExif, mpImg = new qq.MegaPixImage(fileOrBlob, megapixErrorHandler); if (registerThumbnailRenderedListener(container, drawPreview)) { exif.parse().then(function(exif) { var orientation = exif && exif.Orientation; mpImg.render(container, { maxWidth: maxSize, maxHeight: maxSize, orientation: orientation, mime: mime, resize: options.customResizeFunction }); }, function(failureMsg) { log(qq.format("EXIF data could not be parsed ({}). Assuming orientation = 1.", failureMsg)); mpImg.render(container, { maxWidth: maxSize, maxHeight: maxSize, mime: mime, resize: options.customResizeFunction }); }); } }, function() { log("Not previewable"); drawPreview.failure(container, "Not previewable"); }); return drawPreview; } function drawOnCanvasOrImgFromUrl(url, canvasOrImg, draw, maxSize, customResizeFunction) { var tempImg = new Image(), tempImgRender = new qq.Promise(); registerThumbnailRenderedListener(tempImg, tempImgRender); if (isCrossOrigin(url)) { tempImg.crossOrigin = "anonymous"; } tempImg.src = url; tempImgRender.then(function rendered() { registerThumbnailRenderedListener(canvasOrImg, draw); var mpImg = new qq.MegaPixImage(tempImg); mpImg.render(canvasOrImg, { maxWidth: maxSize, maxHeight: maxSize, mime: determineMimeOfFileName(url), resize: customResizeFunction }); }, draw.failure); } function drawOnImgFromUrlWithCssScaling(url, img, draw, maxSize) { registerThumbnailRenderedListener(img, draw); qq(img).css({ maxWidth: maxSize + "px", maxHeight: maxSize + "px" }); img.src = url; } function drawFromUrl(url, container, options) { var draw = new qq.Promise(), scale = options.scale, maxSize = scale ? options.maxSize : null; if (scale && isImg(container)) { if (isCanvasSupported()) { if (isCrossOrigin(url) && !isImgCorsSupported()) { drawOnImgFromUrlWithCssScaling(url, container, draw, maxSize); } else { drawOnCanvasOrImgFromUrl(url, container, draw, maxSize); } } else { drawOnImgFromUrlWithCssScaling(url, container, draw, maxSize); } } else if (isCanvas(container)) { drawOnCanvasOrImgFromUrl(url, container, draw, maxSize); } else if (registerThumbnailRenderedListener(container, draw)) { container.src = url; } return draw; } qq.extend(this, { generate: function(fileBlobOrUrl, container, options) { if (qq.isString(fileBlobOrUrl)) { log("Attempting to update thumbnail based on server response."); return drawFromUrl(fileBlobOrUrl, container, options || {}); } else { log("Attempting to draw client-side image preview."); return draw(fileBlobOrUrl, container, options || {}); } } }); this._testing = {}; this._testing.isImg = isImg; this._testing.isCanvas = isCanvas; this._testing.isCrossOrigin = isCrossOrigin; this._testing.determineMimeOfFileName = determineMimeOfFileName; }; qq.Exif = function(fileOrBlob, log) { "use strict"; var TAG_IDS = [ 274 ], TAG_INFO = { 274: { name: "Orientation", bytes: 2 } }; function parseLittleEndian(hex) { var result = 0, pow = 0; while (hex.length > 0) { result += parseInt(hex.substring(0, 2), 16) * Math.pow(2, pow); hex = hex.substring(2, hex.length); pow += 8; } return result; } function seekToApp1(offset, promise) { var theOffset = offset, thePromise = promise; if (theOffset === undefined) { theOffset = 2; thePromise = new qq.Promise(); } qq.readBlobToHex(fileOrBlob, theOffset, 4).then(function(hex) { var match = /^ffe([0-9])/.exec(hex), segmentLength; if (match) { if (match[1] !== "1") { segmentLength = parseInt(hex.slice(4, 8), 16); seekToApp1(theOffset + segmentLength + 2, thePromise); } else { thePromise.success(theOffset); } } else { thePromise.failure("No EXIF header to be found!"); } }); return thePromise; } function getApp1Offset() { var promise = new qq.Promise(); qq.readBlobToHex(fileOrBlob, 0, 6).then(function(hex) { if (hex.indexOf("ffd8") !== 0) { promise.failure("Not a valid JPEG!"); } else { seekToApp1().then(function(offset) { promise.success(offset); }, function(error) { promise.failure(error); }); } }); return promise; } function isLittleEndian(app1Start) { var promise = new qq.Promise(); qq.readBlobToHex(fileOrBlob, app1Start + 10, 2).then(function(hex) { promise.success(hex === "4949"); }); return promise; } function getDirEntryCount(app1Start, littleEndian) { var promise = new qq.Promise(); qq.readBlobToHex(fileOrBlob, app1Start + 18, 2).then(function(hex) { if (littleEndian) { return promise.success(parseLittleEndian(hex)); } else { promise.success(parseInt(hex, 16)); } }); return promise; } function getIfd(app1Start, dirEntries) { var offset = app1Start + 20, bytes = dirEntries * 12; return qq.readBlobToHex(fileOrBlob, offset, bytes); } function getDirEntries(ifdHex) { var entries = [], offset = 0; while (offset + 24 <= ifdHex.length) { entries.push(ifdHex.slice(offset, offset + 24)); offset += 24; } return entries; } function getTagValues(littleEndian, dirEntries) { var TAG_VAL_OFFSET = 16, tagsToFind = qq.extend([], TAG_IDS), vals = {}; qq.each(dirEntries, function(idx, entry) { var idHex = entry.slice(0, 4), id = littleEndian ? parseLittleEndian(idHex) : parseInt(idHex, 16), tagsToFindIdx = tagsToFind.indexOf(id), tagValHex, tagName, tagValLength; if (tagsToFindIdx >= 0) { tagName = TAG_INFO[id].name; tagValLength = TAG_INFO[id].bytes; tagValHex = entry.slice(TAG_VAL_OFFSET, TAG_VAL_OFFSET + tagValLength * 2); vals[tagName] = littleEndian ? parseLittleEndian(tagValHex) : parseInt(tagValHex, 16); tagsToFind.splice(tagsToFindIdx, 1); } if (tagsToFind.length === 0) { return false; } }); return vals; } qq.extend(this, { parse: function() { var parser = new qq.Promise(), onParseFailure = function(message) { log(qq.format("EXIF header parse failed: '{}' ", message)); parser.failure(message); }; getApp1Offset().then(function(app1Offset) { log(qq.format("Moving forward with EXIF header parsing for '{}'", fileOrBlob.name === undefined ? "blob" : fileOrBlob.name)); isLittleEndian(app1Offset).then(function(littleEndian) { log(qq.format("EXIF Byte order is {} endian", littleEndian ? "little" : "big")); getDirEntryCount(app1Offset, littleEndian).then(function(dirEntryCount) { log(qq.format("Found {} APP1 directory entries", dirEntryCount)); getIfd(app1Offset, dirEntryCount).then(function(ifdHex) { var dirEntries = getDirEntries(ifdHex), tagValues = getTagValues(littleEndian, dirEntries); log("Successfully parsed some EXIF tags"); parser.success(tagValues); }, onParseFailure); }, onParseFailure); }, onParseFailure); }, onParseFailure); return parser; } }); this._testing = {}; this._testing.parseLittleEndian = parseLittleEndian; }; qq.Identify = function(fileOrBlob, log) { "use strict"; function isIdentifiable(magicBytes, questionableBytes) { var identifiable = false, magicBytesEntries = [].concat(magicBytes); qq.each(magicBytesEntries, function(idx, magicBytesArrayEntry) { if (questionableBytes.indexOf(magicBytesArrayEntry) === 0) { identifiable = true; return false; } }); return identifiable; } qq.extend(this, { isPreviewable: function() { var self = this, identifier = new qq.Promise(), previewable = false, name = fileOrBlob.name === undefined ? "blob" : fileOrBlob.name; log(qq.format("Attempting to determine if {} can be rendered in this browser", name)); log("First pass: check type attribute of blob object."); if (this.isPreviewableSync()) { log("Second pass: check for magic bytes in file header."); qq.readBlobToHex(fileOrBlob, 0, 4).then(function(hex) { qq.each(self.PREVIEWABLE_MIME_TYPES, function(mime, bytes) { if (isIdentifiable(bytes, hex)) { if (mime !== "image/tiff" || qq.supportedFeatures.tiffPreviews) { previewable = true; identifier.success(mime); } return false; } }); log(qq.format("'{}' is {} able to be rendered in this browser", name, previewable ? "" : "NOT")); if (!previewable) { identifier.failure(); } }, function() { log("Error reading file w/ name '" + name + "'. Not able to be rendered in this browser."); identifier.failure(); }); } else { identifier.failure(); } return identifier; }, isPreviewableSync: function() { var fileMime = fileOrBlob.type, isRecognizedImage = qq.indexOf(Object.keys(this.PREVIEWABLE_MIME_TYPES), fileMime) >= 0, previewable = false, name = fileOrBlob.name === undefined ? "blob" : fileOrBlob.name; if (isRecognizedImage) { if (fileMime === "image/tiff") { previewable = qq.supportedFeatures.tiffPreviews; } else { previewable = true; } } !previewable && log(name + " is not previewable in this browser per the blob's type attr"); return previewable; } }); }; qq.Identify.prototype.PREVIEWABLE_MIME_TYPES = { "image/jpeg": "ffd8ff", "image/gif": "474946", "image/png": "89504e", "image/bmp": "424d", "image/tiff": [ "49492a00", "4d4d002a" ] }; qq.ImageValidation = function(blob, log) { "use strict"; function hasNonZeroLimits(limits) { var atLeastOne = false; qq.each(limits, function(limit, value) { if (value > 0) { atLeastOne = true; return false; } }); return atLeastOne; } function getWidthHeight() { var sizeDetermination = new qq.Promise(); new qq.Identify(blob, log).isPreviewable().then(function() { var image = new Image(), url = window.URL && window.URL.createObjectURL ? window.URL : window.webkitURL && window.webkitURL.createObjectURL ? window.webkitURL : null; if (url) { image.onerror = function() { log("Cannot determine dimensions for image. May be too large.", "error"); sizeDetermination.failure(); }; image.onload = function() { sizeDetermination.success({ width: this.width, height: this.height }); }; image.src = url.createObjectURL(blob); } else { log("No createObjectURL function available to generate image URL!", "error"); sizeDetermination.failure(); } }, sizeDetermination.failure); return sizeDetermination; } function getFailingLimit(limits, dimensions) { var failingLimit; qq.each(limits, function(limitName, limitValue) { if (limitValue > 0) { var limitMatcher = /(max|min)(Width|Height)/.exec(limitName), dimensionPropName = limitMatcher[2].charAt(0).toLowerCase() + limitMatcher[2].slice(1), actualValue = dimensions[dimensionPropName]; switch (limitMatcher[1]) { case "min": if (actualValue < limitValue) { failingLimit = limitName; return false; } break; case "max": if (actualValue > limitValue) { failingLimit = limitName; return false; } break; } } }); return failingLimit; } this.validate = function(limits) { var validationEffort = new qq.Promise(); log("Attempting to validate image."); if (hasNonZeroLimits(limits)) { getWidthHeight().then(function(dimensions) { var failingLimit = getFailingLimit(limits, dimensions); if (failingLimit) { validationEffort.failure(failingLimit); } else { validationEffort.success(); } }, validationEffort.success); } else { validationEffort.success(); } return validationEffort; }; }; qq.Session = function(spec) { "use strict"; var options = { endpoint: null, params: {}, customHeaders: {}, cors: {}, addFileRecord: function(sessionData) {}, log: function(message, level) {} }; qq.extend(options, spec, true); function isJsonResponseValid(response) { if (qq.isArray(response)) { return true; } options.log("Session response is not an array.", "error"); } function handleFileItems(fileItems, success, xhrOrXdr, promise) { var someItemsIgnored = false; success = success && isJsonResponseValid(fileItems); if (success) { qq.each(fileItems, function(idx, fileItem) { if (fileItem.uuid == null) { someItemsIgnored = true; options.log(qq.format("Session response item {} did not include a valid UUID - ignoring.", idx), "error"); } else if (fileItem.name == null) { someItemsIgnored = true; options.log(qq.format("Session response item {} did not include a valid name - ignoring.", idx), "error"); } else { try { options.addFileRecord(fileItem); return true; } catch (err) { someItemsIgnored = true; options.log(err.message, "error"); } } return false; }); } promise[success && !someItemsIgnored ? "success" : "failure"](fileItems, xhrOrXdr); } this.refresh = function() { var refreshEffort = new qq.Promise(), refreshCompleteCallback = function(response, success, xhrOrXdr) { handleFileItems(response, success, xhrOrXdr, refreshEffort); }, requesterOptions = qq.extend({}, options), requester = new qq.SessionAjaxRequester(qq.extend(requesterOptions, { onComplete: refreshCompleteCallback })); requester.queryServer(); return refreshEffort; }; }; qq.SessionAjaxRequester = function(spec) { "use strict"; var requester, options = { endpoint: null, customHeaders: {}, params: {}, cors: { expected: false, sendCredentials: false }, onComplete: function(response, success, xhrOrXdr) {}, log: function(str, level) {} }; qq.extend(options, spec); function onComplete(id, xhrOrXdr, isError) { var response = null; if (xhrOrXdr.responseText != null) { try { response = qq.parseJson(xhrOrXdr.responseText); } catch (err) { options.log("Problem parsing session response: " + err.message, "error"); isError = true; } } options.onComplete(response, !isError, xhrOrXdr); } requester = qq.extend(this, new qq.AjaxRequester({ acceptHeader: "application/json", validMethods: [ "GET" ], method: "GET", endpointStore: { get: function() { return options.endpoint; } }, customHeaders: options.customHeaders, log: options.log, onComplete: onComplete, cors: options.cors })); qq.extend(this, { queryServer: function() { var params = qq.extend({}, options.params); options.log("Session query request."); requester.initTransport("sessionRefresh").withParams(params).withCacheBuster().send(); } }); }; qq.Scaler = function(spec, log) { "use strict"; var self = this, customResizeFunction = spec.customResizer, includeOriginal = spec.sendOriginal, orient = spec.orient, defaultType = spec.defaultType, defaultQuality = spec.defaultQuality / 100, failedToScaleText = spec.failureText, includeExif = spec.includeExif, sizes = this._getSortedSizes(spec.sizes); qq.extend(this, { enabled: qq.supportedFeatures.scaling && sizes.length > 0, getFileRecords: function(originalFileUuid, originalFileName, originalBlobOrBlobData) { var self = this, records = [], originalBlob = originalBlobOrBlobData.blob ? originalBlobOrBlobData.blob : originalBlobOrBlobData, identifier = new qq.Identify(originalBlob, log); if (identifier.isPreviewableSync()) { qq.each(sizes, function(idx, sizeRecord) { var outputType = self._determineOutputType({ defaultType: defaultType, requestedType: sizeRecord.type, refType: originalBlob.type }); records.push({ uuid: qq.getUniqueId(), name: self._getName(originalFileName, { name: sizeRecord.name, type: outputType, refType: originalBlob.type }), blob: new qq.BlobProxy(originalBlob, qq.bind(self._generateScaledImage, self, { customResizeFunction: customResizeFunction, maxSize: sizeRecord.maxSize, orient: orient, type: outputType, quality: defaultQuality, failedText: failedToScaleText, includeExif: includeExif, log: log })) }); }); records.push({ uuid: originalFileUuid, name: originalFileName, size: originalBlob.size, blob: includeOriginal ? originalBlob : null }); } else { records.push({ uuid: originalFileUuid, name: originalFileName, size: originalBlob.size, blob: originalBlob }); } return records; }, handleNewFile: function(file, name, uuid, size, fileList, batchId, uuidParamName, api) { var self = this, buttonId = file.qqButtonId || file.blob && file.blob.qqButtonId, scaledIds = [], originalId = null, addFileToHandler = api.addFileToHandler, uploadData = api.uploadData, paramsStore = api.paramsStore, proxyGroupId = qq.getUniqueId(); qq.each(self.getFileRecords(uuid, name, file), function(idx, record) { var blobSize = record.size, id; if (record.blob instanceof qq.BlobProxy) { blobSize = -1; } id = uploadData.addFile({ uuid: record.uuid, name: record.name, size: blobSize, batchId: batchId, proxyGroupId: proxyGroupId }); if (record.blob instanceof qq.BlobProxy) { scaledIds.push(id); } else { originalId = id; } if (record.blob) { addFileToHandler(id, record.blob); fileList.push({ id: id, file: record.blob }); } else { uploadData.setStatus(id, qq.status.REJECTED); } }); if (originalId !== null) { qq.each(scaledIds, function(idx, scaledId) { var params = { qqparentuuid: uploadData.retrieve({ id: originalId }).uuid, qqparentsize: uploadData.retrieve({ id: originalId }).size }; params[uuidParamName] = uploadData.retrieve({ id: scaledId }).uuid; uploadData.setParentId(scaledId, originalId); paramsStore.addReadOnly(scaledId, params); }); if (scaledIds.length) { (function() { var param = {}; param[uuidParamName] = uploadData.retrieve({ id: originalId }).uuid; paramsStore.addReadOnly(originalId, param); })(); } } } }); }; qq.extend(qq.Scaler.prototype, { scaleImage: function(id, specs, api) { "use strict"; if (!qq.supportedFeatures.scaling) { throw new qq.Error("Scaling is not supported in this browser!"); } var scalingEffort = new qq.Promise(), log = api.log, file = api.getFile(id), uploadData = api.uploadData.retrieve({ id: id }), name = uploadData && uploadData.name, uuid = uploadData && uploadData.uuid, scalingOptions = { customResizer: specs.customResizer, sendOriginal: false, orient: specs.orient, defaultType: specs.type || null, defaultQuality: specs.quality, failedToScaleText: "Unable to scale", sizes: [ { name: "", maxSize: specs.maxSize } ] }, scaler = new qq.Scaler(scalingOptions, log); if (!qq.Scaler || !qq.supportedFeatures.imagePreviews || !file) { scalingEffort.failure(); log("Could not generate requested scaled image for " + id + ". " + "Scaling is either not possible in this browser, or the file could not be located.", "error"); } else { qq.bind(function() { var record = scaler.getFileRecords(uuid, name, file)[0]; if (record && record.blob instanceof qq.BlobProxy) { record.blob.create().then(scalingEffort.success, scalingEffort.failure); } else { log(id + " is not a scalable image!", "error"); scalingEffort.failure(); } }, this)(); } return scalingEffort; }, _determineOutputType: function(spec) { "use strict"; var requestedType = spec.requestedType, defaultType = spec.defaultType, referenceType = spec.refType; if (!defaultType && !requestedType) { if (referenceType !== "image/jpeg") { return "image/png"; } return referenceType; } if (!requestedType) { return defaultType; } if (qq.indexOf(Object.keys(qq.Identify.prototype.PREVIEWABLE_MIME_TYPES), requestedType) >= 0) { if (requestedType === "image/tiff") { return qq.supportedFeatures.tiffPreviews ? requestedType : defaultType; } return requestedType; } return defaultType; }, _getName: function(originalName, scaledVersionProperties) { "use strict"; var startOfExt = originalName.lastIndexOf("."), versionType = scaledVersionProperties.type || "image/png", referenceType = scaledVersionProperties.refType, scaledName = "", scaledExt = qq.getExtension(originalName), nameAppendage = ""; if (scaledVersionProperties.name && scaledVersionProperties.name.trim().length) { nameAppendage = " (" + scaledVersionProperties.name + ")"; } if (startOfExt >= 0) { scaledName = originalName.substr(0, startOfExt); if (referenceType !== versionType) { scaledExt = versionType.split("/")[1]; } scaledName += nameAppendage + "." + scaledExt; } else { scaledName = originalName + nameAppendage; } return scaledName; }, _getSortedSizes: function(sizes) { "use strict"; sizes = qq.extend([], sizes); return sizes.sort(function(a, b) { if (a.maxSize > b.maxSize) { return 1; } if (a.maxSize < b.maxSize) { return -1; } return 0; }); }, _generateScaledImage: function(spec, sourceFile) { "use strict"; var self = this, customResizeFunction = spec.customResizeFunction, log = spec.log, maxSize = spec.maxSize, orient = spec.orient, type = spec.type, quality = spec.quality, failedText = spec.failedText, includeExif = spec.includeExif && sourceFile.type === "image/jpeg" && type === "image/jpeg", scalingEffort = new qq.Promise(), imageGenerator = new qq.ImageGenerator(log), canvas = document.createElement("canvas"); log("Attempting to generate scaled version for " + sourceFile.name); imageGenerator.generate(sourceFile, canvas, { maxSize: maxSize, orient: orient, customResizeFunction: customResizeFunction }).then(function() { var scaledImageDataUri = canvas.toDataURL(type, quality), signalSuccess = function() { log("Success generating scaled version for " + sourceFile.name); var blob = qq.dataUriToBlob(scaledImageDataUri); scalingEffort.success(blob); }; if (includeExif) { self._insertExifHeader(sourceFile, scaledImageDataUri, log).then(function(scaledImageDataUriWithExif) { scaledImageDataUri = scaledImageDataUriWithExif; signalSuccess(); }, function() { log("Problem inserting EXIF header into scaled image. Using scaled image w/out EXIF data.", "error"); signalSuccess(); }); } else { signalSuccess(); } }, function() { log("Failed attempt to generate scaled version for " + sourceFile.name, "error"); scalingEffort.failure(failedText); }); return scalingEffort; }, _insertExifHeader: function(originalImage, scaledImageDataUri, log) { "use strict"; var reader = new FileReader(), insertionEffort = new qq.Promise(), originalImageDataUri = ""; reader.onload = function() { originalImageDataUri = reader.result; insertionEffort.success(qq.ExifRestorer.restore(originalImageDataUri, scaledImageDataUri)); }; reader.onerror = function() { log("Problem reading " + originalImage.name + " during attempt to transfer EXIF data to scaled version.", "error"); insertionEffort.failure(); }; reader.readAsDataURL(originalImage); return insertionEffort; }, _dataUriToBlob: function(dataUri) { "use strict"; var byteString, mimeString, arrayBuffer, intArray; if (dataUri.split(",")[0].indexOf("base64") >= 0) { byteString = atob(dataUri.split(",")[1]); } else { byteString = decodeURI(dataUri.split(",")[1]); } mimeString = dataUri.split(",")[0].split(":")[1].split(";")[0]; arrayBuffer = new ArrayBuffer(byteString.length); intArray = new Uint8Array(arrayBuffer); qq.each(byteString, function(idx, character) { intArray[idx] = character.charCodeAt(0); }); return this._createBlob(arrayBuffer, mimeString); }, _createBlob: function(data, mime) { "use strict"; var BlobBuilder = window.BlobBuilder || window.WebKitBlobBuilder || window.MozBlobBuilder || window.MSBlobBuilder, blobBuilder = BlobBuilder && new BlobBuilder(); if (blobBuilder) { blobBuilder.append(data); return blobBuilder.getBlob(mime); } else { return new Blob([ data ], { type: mime }); } } }); qq.ExifRestorer = function() { var ExifRestorer = {}; ExifRestorer.KEY_STR = "ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOP" + "QRSTUVWXYZabcdef" + "ghijklmnopqrstuv" + "wxyz0123456789+/" + "="; ExifRestorer.encode64 = function(input) { var output = "", chr1, chr2, chr3 = "", enc1, enc2, enc3, enc4 = "", i = 0; do { chr1 = input[i++]; chr2 = input[i++]; chr3 = input[i++]; enc1 = chr1 >> 2; enc2 = (chr1 & 3) << 4 | chr2 >> 4; enc3 = (chr2 & 15) << 2 | chr3 >> 6; enc4 = chr3 & 63; if (isNaN(chr2)) { enc3 = enc4 = 64; } else if (isNaN(chr3)) { enc4 = 64; } output = output + this.KEY_STR.charAt(enc1) + this.KEY_STR.charAt(enc2) + this.KEY_STR.charAt(enc3) + this.KEY_STR.charAt(enc4); chr1 = chr2 = chr3 = ""; enc1 = enc2 = enc3 = enc4 = ""; } while (i < input.length); return output; }; ExifRestorer.restore = function(origFileBase64, resizedFileBase64) { var expectedBase64Header = "data:image/jpeg;base64,"; if (!origFileBase64.match(expectedBase64Header)) { return resizedFileBase64; } var rawImage = this.decode64(origFileBase64.replace(expectedBase64Header, "")); var segments = this.slice2Segments(rawImage); var image = this.exifManipulation(resizedFileBase64, segments); return expectedBase64Header + this.encode64(image); }; ExifRestorer.exifManipulation = function(resizedFileBase64, segments) { var exifArray = this.getExifArray(segments), newImageArray = this.insertExif(resizedFileBase64, exifArray), aBuffer = new Uint8Array(newImageArray); return aBuffer; }; ExifRestorer.getExifArray = function(segments) { var seg; for (var x = 0; x < segments.length; x++) { seg = segments[x]; if (seg[0] == 255 & seg[1] == 225) { return seg; } } return []; }; ExifRestorer.insertExif = function(resizedFileBase64, exifArray) { var imageData = resizedFileBase64.replace("data:image/jpeg;base64,", ""), buf = this.decode64(imageData), separatePoint = buf.indexOf(255, 3), mae = buf.slice(0, separatePoint), ato = buf.slice(separatePoint), array = mae; array = array.concat(exifArray); array = array.concat(ato); return array; }; ExifRestorer.slice2Segments = function(rawImageArray) { var head = 0, segments = []; while (1) { if (rawImageArray[head] == 255 & rawImageArray[head + 1] == 218) { break; } if (rawImageArray[head] == 255 & rawImageArray[head + 1] == 216) { head += 2; } else { var length = rawImageArray[head + 2] * 256 + rawImageArray[head + 3], endPoint = head + length + 2, seg = rawImageArray.slice(head, endPoint); segments.push(seg); head = endPoint; } if (head > rawImageArray.length) { break; } } return segments; }; ExifRestorer.decode64 = function(input) { var output = "", chr1, chr2, chr3 = "", enc1, enc2, enc3, enc4 = "", i = 0, buf = []; var base64test = /[^A-Za-z0-9\+\/\=]/g; if (base64test.exec(input)) { throw new Error("There were invalid base64 characters in the input text. " + "Valid base64 characters are A-Z, a-z, 0-9, '+', '/',and '='"); } input = input.replace(/[^A-Za-z0-9\+\/\=]/g, ""); do { enc1 = this.KEY_STR.indexOf(input.charAt(i++)); enc2 = this.KEY_STR.indexOf(input.charAt(i++)); enc3 = this.KEY_STR.indexOf(input.charAt(i++)); enc4 = this.KEY_STR.indexOf(input.charAt(i++)); chr1 = enc1 << 2 | enc2 >> 4; chr2 = (enc2 & 15) << 4 | enc3 >> 2; chr3 = (enc3 & 3) << 6 | enc4; buf.push(chr1); if (enc3 != 64) { buf.push(chr2); } if (enc4 != 64) { buf.push(chr3); } chr1 = chr2 = chr3 = ""; enc1 = enc2 = enc3 = enc4 = ""; } while (i < input.length); return buf; }; return ExifRestorer; }(); qq.TotalProgress = function(callback, getSize) { "use strict"; var perFileProgress = {}, totalLoaded = 0, totalSize = 0, lastLoadedSent = -1, lastTotalSent = -1, callbackProxy = function(loaded, total) { if (loaded !== lastLoadedSent || total !== lastTotalSent) { callback(loaded, total); } lastLoadedSent = loaded; lastTotalSent = total; }, noRetryableFiles = function(failed, retryable) { var none = true; qq.each(failed, function(idx, failedId) { if (qq.indexOf(retryable, failedId) >= 0) { none = false; return false; } }); return none; }, onCancel = function(id) { updateTotalProgress(id, -1, -1); delete perFileProgress[id]; }, onAllComplete = function(successful, failed, retryable) { if (failed.length === 0 || noRetryableFiles(failed, retryable)) { callbackProxy(totalSize, totalSize); this.reset(); } }, onNew = function(id) { var size = getSize(id); if (size > 0) { updateTotalProgress(id, 0, size); perFileProgress[id] = { loaded: 0, total: size }; } }, updateTotalProgress = function(id, newLoaded, newTotal) { var oldLoaded = perFileProgress[id] ? perFileProgress[id].loaded : 0, oldTotal = perFileProgress[id] ? perFileProgress[id].total : 0; if (newLoaded === -1 && newTotal === -1) { totalLoaded -= oldLoaded; totalSize -= oldTotal; } else { if (newLoaded) { totalLoaded += newLoaded - oldLoaded; } if (newTotal) { totalSize += newTotal - oldTotal; } } callbackProxy(totalLoaded, totalSize); }; qq.extend(this, { onAllComplete: onAllComplete, onStatusChange: function(id, oldStatus, newStatus) { if (newStatus === qq.status.CANCELED || newStatus === qq.status.REJECTED) { onCancel(id); } else if (newStatus === qq.status.SUBMITTING) { onNew(id); } }, onIndividualProgress: function(id, loaded, total) { updateTotalProgress(id, loaded, total); perFileProgress[id] = { loaded: loaded, total: total }; }, onNewSize: function(id) { onNew(id); }, reset: function() { perFileProgress = {}; totalLoaded = 0; totalSize = 0; } }); }; qq.PasteSupport = function(o) { "use strict"; var options, detachPasteHandler; options = { targetElement: null, callbacks: { log: function(message, level) {}, pasteReceived: function(blob) {} } }; function isImage(item) { return item.type && item.type.indexOf("image/") === 0; } function registerPasteHandler() { detachPasteHandler = qq(options.targetElement).attach("paste", function(event) { var clipboardData = event.clipboardData; if (clipboardData) { qq.each(clipboardData.items, function(idx, item) { if (isImage(item)) { var blob = item.getAsFile(); options.callbacks.pasteReceived(blob); } }); } }); } function unregisterPasteHandler() { if (detachPasteHandler) { detachPasteHandler(); } } qq.extend(options, o); registerPasteHandler(); qq.extend(this, { reset: function() { unregisterPasteHandler(); } }); }; qq.FormSupport = function(options, startUpload, log) { "use strict"; var self = this, interceptSubmit = options.interceptSubmit, formEl = options.element, autoUpload = options.autoUpload; qq.extend(this, { newEndpoint: null, newAutoUpload: autoUpload, attachedToForm: false, getFormInputsAsObject: function() { if (formEl == null) { return null; } return self._form2Obj(formEl); } }); function determineNewEndpoint(formEl) { if (formEl.getAttribute("action")) { self.newEndpoint = formEl.getAttribute("action"); } } function validateForm(formEl, nativeSubmit) { if (formEl.checkValidity && !formEl.checkValidity()) { log("Form did not pass validation checks - will not upload.", "error"); nativeSubmit(); } else { return true; } } function maybeUploadOnSubmit(formEl) { var nativeSubmit = formEl.submit; qq(formEl).attach("submit", function(event) { event = event || window.event; if (event.preventDefault) { event.preventDefault(); } else { event.returnValue = false; } validateForm(formEl, nativeSubmit) && startUpload(); }); formEl.submit = function() { validateForm(formEl, nativeSubmit) && startUpload(); }; } function determineFormEl(formEl) { if (formEl) { if (qq.isString(formEl)) { formEl = document.getElementById(formEl); } if (formEl) { log("Attaching to form element."); determineNewEndpoint(formEl); interceptSubmit && maybeUploadOnSubmit(formEl); } } return formEl; } formEl = determineFormEl(formEl); this.attachedToForm = !!formEl; }; qq.extend(qq.FormSupport.prototype, { _form2Obj: function(form) { "use strict"; var obj = {}, notIrrelevantType = function(type) { var irrelevantTypes = [ "button", "image", "reset", "submit" ]; return qq.indexOf(irrelevantTypes, type.toLowerCase()) < 0; }, radioOrCheckbox = function(type) { return qq.indexOf([ "checkbox", "radio" ], type.toLowerCase()) >= 0; }, ignoreValue = function(el) { if (radioOrCheckbox(el.type) && !el.checked) { return true; } return el.disabled && el.type.toLowerCase() !== "hidden"; }, selectValue = function(select) { var value = null; qq.each(qq(select).children(), function(idx, child) { if (child.tagName.toLowerCase() === "option" && child.selected) { value = child.value; return false; } }); return value; }; qq.each(form.elements, function(idx, el) { if ((qq.isInput(el, true) || el.tagName.toLowerCase() === "textarea") && notIrrelevantType(el.type) && !ignoreValue(el)) { obj[el.name] = el.value; } else if (el.tagName.toLowerCase() === "select" && !ignoreValue(el)) { var value = selectValue(el); if (value !== null) { obj[el.name] = value; } } }); return obj; } }); qq.traditional = qq.traditional || {}; qq.traditional.FormUploadHandler = function(options, proxy) { "use strict"; var handler = this, getName = proxy.getName, getUuid = proxy.getUuid, log = proxy.log; function getIframeContentJson(id, iframe) { var response, doc, innerHtml; try { doc = iframe.contentDocument || iframe.contentWindow.document; innerHtml = doc.body.innerHTML; log("converting iframe's innerHTML to JSON"); log("innerHTML = " + innerHtml); if (innerHtml && innerHtml.match(/^<pre/i)) { innerHtml = doc.body.firstChild.firstChild.nodeValue; } response = handler._parseJsonResponse(innerHtml); } catch (error) { log("Error when attempting to parse form upload response (" + error.message + ")", "error"); response = { success: false }; } return response; } function createForm(id, iframe) { var params = options.paramsStore.get(id), method = options.method.toLowerCase() === "get" ? "GET" : "POST", endpoint = options.endpointStore.get(id), name = getName(id); params[options.uuidName] = getUuid(id); params[options.filenameParam] = name; return handler._initFormForUpload({ method: method, endpoint: endpoint, params: params, paramsInBody: options.paramsInBody, targetName: iframe.name }); } this.uploadFile = function(id) { var input = handler.getInput(id), iframe = handler._createIframe(id), promise = new qq.Promise(), form; form = createForm(id, iframe); form.appendChild(input); handler._attachLoadEvent(iframe, function(responseFromMessage) { log("iframe loaded"); var response = responseFromMessage ? responseFromMessage : getIframeContentJson(id, iframe); handler._detachLoadEvent(id); if (!options.cors.expected) { qq(iframe).remove(); } if (response.success) { promise.success(response); } else { promise.failure(response); } }); log("Sending upload request for " + id); form.submit(); qq(form).remove(); return promise; }; qq.extend(this, new qq.FormUploadHandler({ options: { isCors: options.cors.expected, inputName: options.inputName }, proxy: { onCancel: options.onCancel, getName: getName, getUuid: getUuid, log: log } })); }; qq.traditional = qq.traditional || {}; qq.traditional.XhrUploadHandler = function(spec, proxy) { "use strict"; var handler = this, getName = proxy.getName, getSize = proxy.getSize, getUuid = proxy.getUuid, log = proxy.log, multipart = spec.forceMultipart || spec.paramsInBody, addChunkingSpecificParams = function(id, params, chunkData) { var size = getSize(id), name = getName(id); if (!spec.omitDefaultParams) { params[spec.chunking.paramNames.partIndex] = chunkData.part; params[spec.chunking.paramNames.partByteOffset] = chunkData.start; params[spec.chunking.paramNames.chunkSize] = chunkData.size; params[spec.chunking.paramNames.totalParts] = chunkData.count; params[spec.totalFileSizeName] = size; } if (multipart && !spec.omitDefaultParams) { params[spec.filenameParam] = name; } }, allChunksDoneRequester = new qq.traditional.AllChunksDoneAjaxRequester({ cors: spec.cors, endpoint: spec.chunking.success.endpoint, headers: spec.chunking.success.headers, jsonPayload: spec.chunking.success.jsonPayload, log: log, method: spec.chunking.success.method, params: spec.chunking.success.params }), createReadyStateChangedHandler = function(id, xhr) { var promise = new qq.Promise(); xhr.onreadystatechange = function() { if (xhr.readyState === 4) { var result = onUploadOrChunkComplete(id, xhr); if (result.success) { promise.success(result.response, xhr); } else { promise.failure(result.response, xhr); } } }; return promise; }, getChunksCompleteParams = function(id) { var params = spec.paramsStore.get(id), name = getName(id), size = getSize(id); params[spec.uuidName] = getUuid(id); params[spec.filenameParam] = name; params[spec.totalFileSizeName] = size; params[spec.chunking.paramNames.totalParts] = handler._getTotalChunks(id); return params; }, isErrorUploadResponse = function(xhr, response) { return qq.indexOf([ 200, 201, 202, 203, 204 ], xhr.status) < 0 || spec.requireSuccessJson && !response.success || response.reset; }, onUploadOrChunkComplete = function(id, xhr) { var response; log("xhr - server response received for " + id); log("responseText = " + xhr.responseText); response = parseResponse(true, xhr); return { success: !isErrorUploadResponse(xhr, response), response: response }; }, parseResponse = function(upload, xhr) { var response = {}; try { log(qq.format("Received response status {} with body: {}", xhr.status, xhr.responseText)); response = qq.parseJson(xhr.responseText); } catch (error) { upload && spec.requireSuccessJson && log("Error when attempting to parse xhr response text (" + error.message + ")", "error"); } return response; }, sendChunksCompleteRequest = function(id) { var promise = new qq.Promise(); allChunksDoneRequester.complete(id, handler._createXhr(id), getChunksCompleteParams(id), spec.customHeaders.get(id)).then(function(xhr) { promise.success(parseResponse(false, xhr), xhr); }, function(xhr) { promise.failure(parseResponse(false, xhr), xhr); }); return promise; }, setParamsAndGetEntityToSend = function(entityToSendParams) { var fileOrBlob = entityToSendParams.fileOrBlob; var id = entityToSendParams.id; var xhr = entityToSendParams.xhr; var xhrOverrides = entityToSendParams.xhrOverrides || {}; var customParams = entityToSendParams.customParams || {}; var defaultParams = entityToSendParams.params || {}; var xhrOverrideParams = xhrOverrides.params || {}; var params; var formData = multipart ? new FormData() : null, method = xhrOverrides.method || spec.method, endpoint = xhrOverrides.endpoint || spec.endpointStore.get(id), name = getName(id), size = getSize(id); if (spec.omitDefaultParams) { params = qq.extend({}, customParams); qq.extend(params, xhrOverrideParams); } else { params = qq.extend({}, customParams); qq.extend(params, xhrOverrideParams); qq.extend(params, defaultParams); params[spec.uuidName] = getUuid(id); params[spec.filenameParam] = name; if (multipart) { params[spec.totalFileSizeName] = size; } else if (!spec.paramsInBody) { params[spec.inputName] = name; } } if (!spec.paramsInBody) { endpoint = qq.obj2url(params, endpoint); } xhr.open(method, endpoint, true); if (spec.cors.expected && spec.cors.sendCredentials) { xhr.withCredentials = true; } if (multipart) { if (spec.paramsInBody) { qq.obj2FormData(params, formData); } formData.append(spec.inputName, fileOrBlob); return formData; } return fileOrBlob; }, setUploadHeaders = function(headersOptions) { var headerOverrides = headersOptions.headerOverrides; var id = headersOptions.id; var xhr = headersOptions.xhr; if (headerOverrides) { qq.each(headerOverrides, function(headerName, headerValue) { xhr.setRequestHeader(headerName, headerValue); }); } else { var extraHeaders = spec.customHeaders.get(id), fileOrBlob = handler.getFile(id); xhr.setRequestHeader("Accept", "application/json"); xhr.setRequestHeader("X-Requested-With", "XMLHttpRequest"); xhr.setRequestHeader("Cache-Control", "no-cache"); if (!multipart) { xhr.setRequestHeader("Content-Type", "application/octet-stream"); xhr.setRequestHeader("X-Mime-Type", fileOrBlob.type); } qq.each(extraHeaders, function(name, val) { xhr.setRequestHeader(name, val); }); } }; qq.extend(this, { uploadChunk: function(uploadChunkParams) { var id = uploadChunkParams.id; var chunkIdx = uploadChunkParams.chunkIdx; var overrides = uploadChunkParams.overrides || {}; var resuming = uploadChunkParams.resuming; var chunkData = handler._getChunkData(id, chunkIdx), xhr = handler._createXhr(id, chunkIdx), promise, toSend, customParams, params = {}; promise = createReadyStateChangedHandler(id, xhr); handler._registerProgressHandler(id, chunkIdx, chunkData.size); customParams = spec.paramsStore.get(id); addChunkingSpecificParams(id, params, chunkData); if (resuming) { params[spec.resume.paramNames.resuming] = true; } toSend = setParamsAndGetEntityToSend({ fileOrBlob: chunkData.blob, id: id, customParams: customParams, params: params, xhr: xhr, xhrOverrides: overrides }); setUploadHeaders({ headerOverrides: overrides.headers, id: id, xhr: xhr }); xhr.send(toSend); return promise; }, uploadFile: function(id) { var fileOrBlob = handler.getFile(id), promise, xhr, customParams, toSend; xhr = handler._createXhr(id); handler._registerProgressHandler(id); promise = createReadyStateChangedHandler(id, xhr); customParams = spec.paramsStore.get(id); toSend = setParamsAndGetEntityToSend({ fileOrBlob: fileOrBlob, id: id, customParams: customParams, xhr: xhr }); setUploadHeaders({ id: id, xhr: xhr }); xhr.send(toSend); return promise; } }); qq.extend(this, new qq.XhrUploadHandler({ options: qq.extend({ namespace: "traditional" }, spec), proxy: qq.extend({ getEndpoint: spec.endpointStore.get }, proxy) })); qq.override(this, function(super_) { return { finalizeChunks: function(id) { proxy.onFinalizing(id); if (spec.chunking.success.endpoint) { return sendChunksCompleteRequest(id); } else { return super_.finalizeChunks(id, qq.bind(parseResponse, this, true)); } } }; }); }; qq.traditional.AllChunksDoneAjaxRequester = function(o) { "use strict"; var requester, options = { cors: { allowXdr: false, expected: false, sendCredentials: false }, endpoint: null, log: function(str, level) {}, method: "POST" }, promises = {}, endpointHandler = { get: function(id) { if (qq.isFunction(options.endpoint)) { return options.endpoint(id); } return options.endpoint; } }; qq.extend(options, o); requester = qq.extend(this, new qq.AjaxRequester({ acceptHeader: "application/json", contentType: options.jsonPayload ? "application/json" : "application/x-www-form-urlencoded", validMethods: [ options.method ], method: options.method, endpointStore: endpointHandler, allowXRequestedWithAndCacheControl: false, cors: options.cors, log: options.log, onComplete: function(id, xhr, isError) { var promise = promises[id]; delete promises[id]; if (isError) { promise.failure(xhr); } else { promise.success(xhr); } } })); qq.extend(this, { complete: function(id, xhr, params, headers) { var promise = new qq.Promise(); options.log("Submitting All Chunks Done request for " + id); promises[id] = promise; requester.initTransport(id).withParams(options.params(id) || params).withHeaders(options.headers(id) || headers).send(xhr); return promise; } }); }; qq.CryptoJS = function(Math, undefined) { var C = {}; var C_lib = C.lib = {}; var Base = C_lib.Base = function() { function F() {} return { extend: function(overrides) { F.prototype = this; var subtype = new F(); if (overrides) { subtype.mixIn(overrides); } if (!subtype.hasOwnProperty("init")) { subtype.init = function() { subtype.$super.init.apply(this, arguments); }; } subtype.init.prototype = subtype; subtype.$super = this; return subtype; }, create: function() { var instance = this.extend(); instance.init.apply(instance, arguments); return instance; }, init: function() {}, mixIn: function(properties) { for (var propertyName in properties) { if (properties.hasOwnProperty(propertyName)) { this[propertyName] = properties[propertyName]; } } if (properties.hasOwnProperty("toString")) { this.toString = properties.toString; } }, clone: function() { return this.init.prototype.extend(this); } }; }(); var WordArray = C_lib.WordArray = Base.extend({ init: function(words, sigBytes) { words = this.words = words || []; if (sigBytes != undefined) { this.sigBytes = sigBytes; } else { this.sigBytes = words.length * 4; } }, toString: function(encoder) { return (encoder || Hex).stringify(this); }, concat: function(wordArray) { var thisWords = this.words; var thatWords = wordArray.words; var thisSigBytes = this.sigBytes; var thatSigBytes = wordArray.sigBytes; this.clamp(); if (thisSigBytes % 4) { for (var i = 0; i < thatSigBytes; i++) { var thatByte = thatWords[i >>> 2] >>> 24 - i % 4 * 8 & 255; thisWords[thisSigBytes + i >>> 2] |= thatByte << 24 - (thisSigBytes + i) % 4 * 8; } } else if (thatWords.length > 65535) { for (var i = 0; i < thatSigBytes; i += 4) { thisWords[thisSigBytes + i >>> 2] = thatWords[i >>> 2]; } } else { thisWords.push.apply(thisWords, thatWords); } this.sigBytes += thatSigBytes; return this; }, clamp: function() { var words = this.words; var sigBytes = this.sigBytes; words[sigBytes >>> 2] &= 4294967295 << 32 - sigBytes % 4 * 8; words.length = Math.ceil(sigBytes / 4); }, clone: function() { var clone = Base.clone.call(this); clone.words = this.words.slice(0); return clone; }, random: function(nBytes) { var words = []; for (var i = 0; i < nBytes; i += 4) { words.push(Math.random() * 4294967296 | 0); } return new WordArray.init(words, nBytes); } }); var C_enc = C.enc = {}; var Hex = C_enc.Hex = { stringify: function(wordArray) { var words = wordArray.words; var sigBytes = wordArray.sigBytes; var hexChars = []; for (var i = 0; i < sigBytes; i++) { var bite = words[i >>> 2] >>> 24 - i % 4 * 8 & 255; hexChars.push((bite >>> 4).toString(16)); hexChars.push((bite & 15).toString(16)); } return hexChars.join(""); }, parse: function(hexStr) { var hexStrLength = hexStr.length; var words = []; for (var i = 0; i < hexStrLength; i += 2) { words[i >>> 3] |= parseInt(hexStr.substr(i, 2), 16) << 24 - i % 8 * 4; } return new WordArray.init(words, hexStrLength / 2); } }; var Latin1 = C_enc.Latin1 = { stringify: function(wordArray) { var words = wordArray.words; var sigBytes = wordArray.sigBytes; var latin1Chars = []; for (var i = 0; i < sigBytes; i++) { var bite = words[i >>> 2] >>> 24 - i % 4 * 8 & 255; latin1Chars.push(String.fromCharCode(bite)); } return latin1Chars.join(""); }, parse: function(latin1Str) { var latin1StrLength = latin1Str.length; var words = []; for (var i = 0; i < latin1StrLength; i++) { words[i >>> 2] |= (latin1Str.charCodeAt(i) & 255) << 24 - i % 4 * 8; } return new WordArray.init(words, latin1StrLength); } }; var Utf8 = C_enc.Utf8 = { stringify: function(wordArray) { try { return decodeURIComponent(escape(Latin1.stringify(wordArray))); } catch (e) { throw new Error("Malformed UTF-8 data"); } }, parse: function(utf8Str) { return Latin1.parse(unescape(encodeURIComponent(utf8Str))); } }; var BufferedBlockAlgorithm = C_lib.BufferedBlockAlgorithm = Base.extend({ reset: function() { this._data = new WordArray.init(); this._nDataBytes = 0; }, _append: function(data) { if (typeof data == "string") { data = Utf8.parse(data); } this._data.concat(data); this._nDataBytes += data.sigBytes; }, _process: function(doFlush) { var data = this._data; var dataWords = data.words; var dataSigBytes = data.sigBytes; var blockSize = this.blockSize; var blockSizeBytes = blockSize * 4; var nBlocksReady = dataSigBytes / blockSizeBytes; if (doFlush) { nBlocksReady = Math.ceil(nBlocksReady); } else { nBlocksReady = Math.max((nBlocksReady | 0) - this._minBufferSize, 0); } var nWordsReady = nBlocksReady * blockSize; var nBytesReady = Math.min(nWordsReady * 4, dataSigBytes); if (nWordsReady) { for (var offset = 0; offset < nWordsReady; offset += blockSize) { this._doProcessBlock(dataWords, offset); } var processedWords = dataWords.splice(0, nWordsReady); data.sigBytes -= nBytesReady; } return new WordArray.init(processedWords, nBytesReady); }, clone: function() { var clone = Base.clone.call(this); clone._data = this._data.clone(); return clone; }, _minBufferSize: 0 }); var Hasher = C_lib.Hasher = BufferedBlockAlgorithm.extend({ cfg: Base.extend(), init: function(cfg) { this.cfg = this.cfg.extend(cfg); this.reset(); }, reset: function() { BufferedBlockAlgorithm.reset.call(this); this._doReset(); }, update: function(messageUpdate) { this._append(messageUpdate); this._process(); return this; }, finalize: function(messageUpdate) { if (messageUpdate) { this._append(messageUpdate); } var hash = this._doFinalize(); return hash; }, blockSize: 512 / 32, _createHelper: function(hasher) { return function(message, cfg) { return new hasher.init(cfg).finalize(message); }; }, _createHmacHelper: function(hasher) { return function(message, key) { return new C_algo.HMAC.init(hasher, key).finalize(message); }; } }); var C_algo = C.algo = {}; return C; }(Math); (function() { var C = qq.CryptoJS; var C_lib = C.lib; var WordArray = C_lib.WordArray; var C_enc = C.enc; var Base64 = C_enc.Base64 = { stringify: function(wordArray) { var words = wordArray.words; var sigBytes = wordArray.sigBytes; var map = this._map; wordArray.clamp(); var base64Chars = []; for (var i = 0; i < sigBytes; i += 3) { var byte1 = words[i >>> 2] >>> 24 - i % 4 * 8 & 255; var byte2 = words[i + 1 >>> 2] >>> 24 - (i + 1) % 4 * 8 & 255; var byte3 = words[i + 2 >>> 2] >>> 24 - (i + 2) % 4 * 8 & 255; var triplet = byte1 << 16 | byte2 << 8 | byte3; for (var j = 0; j < 4 && i + j * .75 < sigBytes; j++) { base64Chars.push(map.charAt(triplet >>> 6 * (3 - j) & 63)); } } var paddingChar = map.charAt(64); if (paddingChar) { while (base64Chars.length % 4) { base64Chars.push(paddingChar); } } return base64Chars.join(""); }, parse: function(base64Str) { var base64StrLength = base64Str.length; var map = this._map; var paddingChar = map.charAt(64); if (paddingChar) { var paddingIndex = base64Str.indexOf(paddingChar); if (paddingIndex != -1) { base64StrLength = paddingIndex; } } var words = []; var nBytes = 0; for (var i = 0; i < base64StrLength; i++) { if (i % 4) { var bits1 = map.indexOf(base64Str.charAt(i - 1)) << i % 4 * 2; var bits2 = map.indexOf(base64Str.charAt(i)) >>> 6 - i % 4 * 2; words[nBytes >>> 2] |= (bits1 | bits2) << 24 - nBytes % 4 * 8; nBytes++; } } return WordArray.create(words, nBytes); }, _map: "ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz0123456789+/=" }; })(); (function() { var C = qq.CryptoJS; var C_lib = C.lib; var Base = C_lib.Base; var C_enc = C.enc; var Utf8 = C_enc.Utf8; var C_algo = C.algo; var HMAC = C_algo.HMAC = Base.extend({ init: function(hasher, key) { hasher = this._hasher = new hasher.init(); if (typeof key == "string") { key = Utf8.parse(key); } var hasherBlockSize = hasher.blockSize; var hasherBlockSizeBytes = hasherBlockSize * 4; if (key.sigBytes > hasherBlockSizeBytes) { key = hasher.finalize(key); } key.clamp(); var oKey = this._oKey = key.clone(); var iKey = this._iKey = key.clone(); var oKeyWords = oKey.words; var iKeyWords = iKey.words; for (var i = 0; i < hasherBlockSize; i++) { oKeyWords[i] ^= 1549556828; iKeyWords[i] ^= 909522486; } oKey.sigBytes = iKey.sigBytes = hasherBlockSizeBytes; this.reset(); }, reset: function() { var hasher = this._hasher; hasher.reset(); hasher.update(this._iKey); }, update: function(messageUpdate) { this._hasher.update(messageUpdate); return this; }, finalize: function(messageUpdate) { var hasher = this._hasher; var innerHash = hasher.finalize(messageUpdate); hasher.reset(); var hmac = hasher.finalize(this._oKey.clone().concat(innerHash)); return hmac; } }); })(); (function() { var C = qq.CryptoJS; var C_lib = C.lib; var WordArray = C_lib.WordArray; var Hasher = C_lib.Hasher; var C_algo = C.algo; var W = []; var SHA1 = C_algo.SHA1 = Hasher.extend({ _doReset: function() { this._hash = new WordArray.init([ 1732584193, 4023233417, 2562383102, 271733878, 3285377520 ]); }, _doProcessBlock: function(M, offset) { var H = this._hash.words; var a = H[0]; var b = H[1]; var c = H[2]; var d = H[3]; var e = H[4]; for (var i = 0; i < 80; i++) { if (i < 16) { W[i] = M[offset + i] | 0; } else { var n = W[i - 3] ^ W[i - 8] ^ W[i - 14] ^ W[i - 16]; W[i] = n << 1 | n >>> 31; } var t = (a << 5 | a >>> 27) + e + W[i]; if (i < 20) { t += (b & c | ~b & d) + 1518500249; } else if (i < 40) { t += (b ^ c ^ d) + 1859775393; } else if (i < 60) { t += (b & c | b & d | c & d) - 1894007588; } else { t += (b ^ c ^ d) - 899497514; } e = d; d = c; c = b << 30 | b >>> 2; b = a; a = t; } H[0] = H[0] + a | 0; H[1] = H[1] + b | 0; H[2] = H[2] + c | 0; H[3] = H[3] + d | 0;
| 20,103 |
https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distretto%20di%20Patan
|
Wikipedia
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
Distretto di Patan
|
https://it.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distretto di Patan&action=history
|
Italian
|
Spoken
| 26 | 56 |
Il distretto di Patan è un distretto del Gujarat, in India, di 1.181.941 abitanti. Il suo capoluogo è Patan.
Altri progetti
Collegamenti esterni
Distretti del Gujarat
| 13,722 |
https://github.com/MarQuisKnox/Framework/blob/master/src/Webiny/Component/ServiceManager/Tests/Classes/MainService.php
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT, LicenseRef-scancode-warranty-disclaimer
| 2,015 |
Framework
|
MarQuisKnox
|
PHP
|
Code
| 90 | 312 |
<?php
/**
* Webiny Framework (http://www.webiny.com/framework)
*
* @copyright Copyright Webiny LTD
*/
namespace Webiny\Component\ServiceManager\Tests\Classes;
class MainService
{
private $_value;
private $_firstArgument;
private $_injectedService;
/**
* @var ConstructorArgumentClass
*/
private $_someInstance;
public function __construct($simpleArgument, $secondService, ConstructorArgumentClass $someInstance)
{
$this->_firstArgument = $simpleArgument;
$this->_injectedService = $secondService;
$this->_someInstance = $someInstance;
}
public function setCallValue($value)
{
$this->_value = $value;
}
public function getCallValue()
{
return $this->_value;
}
public function getFirstArgumentValue()
{
return $this->_firstArgument;
}
public function getInjectedServiceValue()
{
return $this->_injectedService;
}
/**
* @return ConstructorArgumentClass
*/
public function getSomeInstance()
{
return $this->_someInstance;
}
}
| 17,336 |
https://github.com/winksaville/sel4-min-sel4/blob/master/kernel/libsel4/include/sel4/bootinfo.h
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
BSD-2-Clause
| 2,016 |
sel4-min-sel4
|
winksaville
|
C
|
Code
| 438 | 1,137 |
/*
* Copyright 2014, NICTA
*
* This software may be distributed and modified according to the terms of
* the BSD 2-Clause license. Note that NO WARRANTY is provided.
* See "LICENSE_BSD2.txt" for details.
*
* @TAG(NICTA_BSD)
*/
#ifndef __LIBSEL4_BOOTINFO_H
#define __LIBSEL4_BOOTINFO_H
#include <autoconf.h>
#include <sel4/types.h>
#include <stdint.h>
/* caps with fixed slot potitions in the root CNode */
enum {
seL4_CapNull = 0, /* null cap */
seL4_CapInitThreadTCB = 1, /* initial thread's TCB cap */
seL4_CapInitThreadCNode = 2, /* initial thread's root CNode cap */
seL4_CapInitThreadVSpace = 3, /* initial thread's VSpace cap */
seL4_CapIRQControl = 4, /* global IRQ controller cap */
seL4_CapASIDControl = 5, /* global ASID controller cap */
seL4_CapInitThreadASIDPool = 6, /* initial thread's ASID pool cap */
seL4_CapIOPort = 7, /* global IO port cap (null cap if not supported) */
seL4_CapIOSpace = 8, /* global IO space cap (null cap if no IOMMU support) */
seL4_CapBootInfoFrame = 9, /* bootinfo frame cap */
seL4_CapInitThreadIPCBuffer = 10, /* initial thread's IPC buffer frame cap */
seL4_CapDomain = 11 /* global domain controller cap */
};
/* Legacy code will have assumptions on the vspace root being a Page Directory
* type, so for now we define one to the other */
#define seL4_CapInitThreadPD seL4_CapInitThreadVSpace
/* types */
typedef struct {
seL4_Word start; /* first CNode slot position OF region */
seL4_Word end; /* first CNode slot position AFTER region */
} seL4_SlotRegion;
typedef struct {
seL4_Word basePaddr; /* base physical address of device region */
seL4_Word frameSizeBits; /* size (2^n bytes) of a device-region frame */
seL4_SlotRegion frames; /* device-region frame caps */
} seL4_DeviceRegion;
typedef struct {
seL4_Word nodeID; /* ID [0..numNodes-1] of the seL4 node (0 if uniprocessor) */
seL4_Word numNodes; /* number of seL4 nodes (1 if uniprocessor) */
seL4_Word numIOPTLevels; /* number of IOMMU PT levels (0 if no IOMMU support) */
seL4_IPCBuffer* ipcBuffer; /* pointer to initial thread's IPC buffer */
seL4_SlotRegion empty; /* empty slots (null caps) */
seL4_SlotRegion sharedFrames; /* shared-frame caps (shared between seL4 nodes) */
seL4_SlotRegion userImageFrames; /* userland-image frame caps */
seL4_SlotRegion userImagePDs; /* userland-image PD caps */
seL4_SlotRegion userImagePTs; /* userland-image PT caps */
seL4_SlotRegion untyped; /* untyped-object caps (untyped caps) */
seL4_Word untypedPaddrList [CONFIG_MAX_NUM_BOOTINFO_UNTYPED_CAPS]; /* physical address of each untyped cap */
uint8_t untypedSizeBitsList[CONFIG_MAX_NUM_BOOTINFO_UNTYPED_CAPS]; /* size (2^n) bytes of each untyped cap */
uint8_t initThreadCNodeSizeBits; /* initial thread's root CNode size (2^n slots) */
seL4_Word numDeviceRegions; /* number of device regions */
seL4_DeviceRegion deviceRegions[CONFIG_MAX_NUM_BOOTINFO_DEVICE_REGIONS]; /* device regions */
uint32_t initThreadDomain; /* Initial thread's domain ID */
} seL4_BootInfo;
/* function declarations */
void seL4_InitBootInfo(seL4_BootInfo* bi);
seL4_BootInfo* seL4_GetBootInfo(void);
#endif
| 30,084 |
US-202117353717-A_2
|
USPTO
|
Open Government
|
Public Domain
| 2,021 |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 7,750 | 14,280 |
The phrase “pharmaceutically acceptable” is employed herein to refer to those compounds, materials, compositions, and/or dosage forms which are, within the scope of sound medical judgment, suitable for use in contact with the tissues of human beings and animals without excessive toxicity, irritation, allergic response, or other problem or complication, commensurate with a reasonable benefit/risk ratio.
The phrase “pharmaceutically acceptable carrier” as used herein means a pharmaceutically acceptable material, composition or vehicle, such as a liquid or solid filler, diluent, excipient, solvent or encapsulating material, involved in carrying or transporting the subject agents from one organ, or portion of the body, to another organ, or portion of the body. Each carrier must be “acceptable” in the sense of being compatible with the other ingredients of the formulation, for example the carrier does not decrease the impact of the agent on the treatment. In other words, a carrier is pharmaceutically inert. The terms “physiologically tolerable carriers” and “biocompatible delivery vehicles” are used interchangeably.
The terms “administered” and “subjected” are used interchangeably in the context of treatment of a disease or disorder. Both terms refer to a subject being treated with an effective dose of pharmaceutical composition comprising a calmodulin inhibitor of the invention by methods of administration such as parenteral or systemic administration.
The phrases “parenteral administration” and “administered parenterally” as used herein means modes of administration other than enteral and topical administration, usually by injection, and includes, without limitation, intravenous, intramuscular, intraarterial, intrathecal, intraventricular, intracapsular, intraorbital, intracardiac, intradermal, intraperitoneal, transtracheal, subcutaneous, subcuticular, intraarticular, sub capsular, subarachnoid, intraspinal, intracerebro spinal, and intrasternal injection, infusion and other injection or infusion techniques, without limitation. The phrases “systemic administration,” “administered systemically”, “peripheral administration” and “administered peripherally” as used herein mean the administration of a pharmaceutical composition comprising at least a calmodulin inhibitor as disclosed herein such that it enters the animal's system and, thus, is subject to metabolism and other like processes, for example, subcutaneous administration.
The term “statistically significant” or “significantly” refers to statistical significance and generally means a two standard deviation (2SD) below normal, or lower, concentration of the marker. The term refers to statistical evidence that there is a difference. It is defined as the probability of making a decision to reject the null hypothesis when the null hypothesis is actually true. The decision is often made using the p-value.
The term “optional” or “optionally” means that the subsequent described event, circumstance or substituent may or may not occur, and that the description includes instances where the event or circumstance occurs and instances where it does not.
The articles “a” and “an” are used herein to refer to one or to more than one (i.e., at least one) of the grammatical object of the article. By way of example, “an element” means one element or more than one element. Thus, in this specification and the appended claims, the singular forms “a,” “an,” and “the” include plural references unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. Thus, for example, reference to a pharmaceutical composition comprising “an agent” includes reference to two or more agents.
As used herein, the term “comprising” means that other elements can also be present in addition to the defined elements presented. The use of “comprising” indicates inclusion rather than limitation. The term “consisting of” refers to compositions, methods, and respective components thereof as described herein, which are exclusive of any element not recited in that description of the embodiment. As used herein the term “consisting essentially of” refers to those elements required for a given embodiment. The term permits the presence of elements that do not materially affect the basic and novel or functional characteristic(s) of that embodiment of the invention.
As used in this specification and the appended claims, the singular forms “a,” “an,” and “the” include plural references unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. Thus for example, references to “the method” includes one or more methods, and/or steps of the type described herein and/or which will become apparent to those persons skilled in the art upon reading this disclosure and so forth.
Other than in the operating examples, or where otherwise indicated, all numbers expressing quantities of ingredients or reaction conditions used herein should be understood as modified in all instances by the term “about.” The term “about” when used in connection with percentages can mean±1%. The present invention is further explained in detail by the following, including the Examples, but the scope of the invention should not be limited thereto.
This invention is further illustrated by the examples which should not be construed as limiting. The contents of all references cited throughout this application, as well as the figures and tables are incorporated herein by reference. All patents and other publications identified are expressly incorporated herein by reference for the purpose of describing and disclosing, for example, the methodologies described in such publications that might be used in connection with the present invention. These publications are provided solely for their disclosure prior to the filing date of the present application. Nothing in this regard should be construed as an admission that the inventors are not entitled to antedate such disclosure by virtue of prior invention or for any other reason. All statements as to the date or representation as to the contents of these documents is based on the information available to the applicants and does not constitute any admission as to the correctness of the dates or contents of these documents.
Calmodulin Inhibitors
The present invention relates in part to methods and compositions to inhibit calmodulin. In some embodiments, calmodulin inhibitors as disclosed herein can be used to inhibit the cellular calmodulin activity. In some embodiments, calmodulin inhibitors as disclosed herein can decrease expression (level) of calmodulin. In some embodiments, the calmodulin inhibitors inhibit an enzyme which is dependent on calmodulin for its activity. For example, the term calmodulin inhibitor encompasses an inhibitor of calmodulin-dependent phosphodiesterase 1 (PDE1), or an inhibitor of the calmodulin-dependent kinase chk2. In some embodiments, the term calmodulin inhibitor encompasses an inhibitor of a calmodulin dependent calcium channel.
The ability of a compound to inhibit calmodulin can be assessed by measuring a decrease in activity of calmodulin as compared to the activity of calmodulin in the absence of a calmodulin inhibitor. In some embodiments, the ability of a compound to inhibit calmodulin can be assessed by measuring a decrease in the biological activity, e.g., calmodulin-dependent enzyme activity as compared to the level of calmodulin-dependent enzyme activity in the absence of calmodulin inhibitors.
Calcium is one of the “second messengers” which relays chemical and electrical signals within a cell. This signal transduction and, hence the regulation of biological processes, involves interaction of calcium ion with high-affinity calcium-binding proteins. One such protein is the ubiquitous intracellular receptor protein calmodulin.
Upon calcium binding, calmodulin interacts with a number of protein targets in a calcium dependent manner, thereby altering a number of complex biochemical pathways that can affect the overall behavior of cells. The calcium-calmodulin complex controls the biological activity of more than thirty different proteins including several enzymes, ion transporters, receptors, motor proteins, transcription factors, and cytoskeletal components in eukaryotic cells.
Known calmodulin binding drugs are also encompassed as calmodulin inhibitors as disclosed herein, and include the following two classes of compounds. The first class includes, and is exemplified by the following compounds: (a) 8-anilino-1-naphthalenesulfonate, (b) 9-anthroylcholine, (c) N-phenyl-1-naphthylamine
The second class of compounds includes, and is exemplified by the following compounds: (a) N-(6 aminohexyl)-5-chloro-1-naphthalenesulfonamide, (b) N-(6 aminohexyl)-5-chloro-2-naphthalenesulfonamide, (c) N-(6 aminohexyl)-5-bromo-2-naphthalenesulfonamide
Phenothiazine Compounds
In some embodiments of all aspects of the present invention, a calmodulin inhibitor is a phenothiazine compound, for example, trifluoperazine (TFP), or flurphenazine, or perphenazine or a derivative or analogue thereof.
In some embodiments, a phenothiazine compound is trifluoperazine (TFP) or a derivative or analogue of a compound with the following structure:
Trifluoperazine has the chemical name of 10-[3-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)propyl]-2-(trifluoromethyl)-10H-phenothiazine (also known as brand names ESKAZINYL™, ESKAZINE™ FLUROPERAZINE™, JATRONEURAL™, MODALINA™, NOVO-TRIFLUZINE™, STELAZINE™ SYNKLOR™, TERFLUZINE™, TRIFLUOPERAZ™, TRIFTAZIN™) is a typical antipsychotic of the phenothiazine chemical class. Trifluoperazine is also known as synonyms Trifluoperazin, Trifluoperazina, Trifluoperazine Dihydrochloride, Trifluoperazine HCl, Trifluoperazine Hydrochloride, Trifluoromethylperazine, Trifluoroperazine, Trifluoroperazine Dihydrochloride, Trifluoroperazine Hydrochloride, Trifluperazine, Trifluroperizine, Triphthazine Dihydrochloride, Tryptazine Dihydrochloride, Trifluoperazine has central antiadrenergic, antidopaminergic, and minimal anticholinergic effects. It is believed to work by blockading dopamine D1 and D2 receptors in the mesocortical and mesolimbic pathways, relieving or minimizing such symptoms of schizophrenia as hallucinations, delusions, and disorganized thought and speech. In some embodiments, TPE is typically administered in 1 mg-20 mg unit doses, for example, administration of at least about 1 mg, or at least about 2 mg, or at least about 5 mg, or at least about 10 mg, or at least about 15 mg, or at least about 20 mg, or more than 20 mg. In some embodiments, TFP is administered orally, e.g., by way of a tablet.
In some embodiments, a derivative of analogue of TFP is a derivative or analogue of TFP which cannot cross the blood brain barrier.
Production of TFP is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 2,921,069, which is incorporated herein in its entirety by reference.
In some embodiments, a phenothiazine compound is flurphenazine or a derivative or analogue of a compound with the following structure:
Fluphenazine (4-[3-[2-(trifluoromethyl)phenothiazin-10-yl]propyl]-1-piperazineethanol), is synthesized by any of the methods described already for the preparation of trifluoperazine and related antipsychotics, and is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,058,979 (1962), 3,394,131 (1963), 2,766,235 (1956) and 3,194,733 (1965) and GB Patents 833474 and 829246 (1960), which are incorporated herein in their entirety by reference.
Fluphenazine is typically used as an antipsychotic drug used for the treatment of psychoses such as schizophrenia, manic phases of bipolar disorder, agitation, and dementia. It belongs to the piperazine class of phenothiazines. In some embodiments, fluphenazine can be administered as an oral liquid or tablets (e.g., unit does of about 1 mg, 2.5 mg, 5 mg, 10 mg), or as an injectable form (including a short-acting and long-acting form).
Derivatives and salts of fluphenazine include, but are not limited to: Fluphenazine decanoate (Brand names: Modecate, Prolixin Decanoate, Dapotum D, Anatensol, Fludecate, Sinqualone Deconoate); Fluphenazine enanthate (Brand Names: Dapotum Injektion, Flunanthate, Moditen Enanthate Injection, Sinqualone Enanthate), Fluphenazine hydrochloride (Brand names: Prolixin, Permitil, Dapotum, Lyogen, Moditen, Omca, Sediten, Selecten, Sevinol, Sinqualone, Trancin), and flucate.
Fluphenazine has an incomplete oral bioavailability of 40% to 50% (due to extensive first pass metabolization in the liver). Its half life is 15 to 30 hours. In children over age 16 and in adults, fluphenazine is usually given in oral dosages ranging from about 0.5-10 mg daily. The total dosage is usually divided and taken two to four times throughout the day. The dosage is typically reduced at a gradual pace overtime to a range between 1 mg and 5 mg. Older adults usually receive lower doses that begin in the range of 1 mg-2.5 mg per day. In children under age 16, the usual range is 0.25-3.5 mg per day divided into several doses. Maximum dosage is normally 10 mg per day for this age group.
Fluphenazine drug is also available by injection. In adults, slow-acting injections into the muscle range from 1.25-10 mg per day divided into several doses. A long-acting injectable form can also be administered to patients who have been stabilized on the drug every month. The dose for the long-acting preparation ranges from 12.5-25 mg given every one to four weeks in adults. The dosage for children is typically lower in all cases.
In some embodiments, a phenothiazine compound is perphenazine or a derivative or analogue of a compound with the following structure:
Preparation of perphenazine (4-[3-(2-Chloro-10H-phenothiazin-10-yl)propyl]-1-piperazineethanol) is also described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 2,766,235 and 2,860,138, which are incorporated herein in their entity by reference. Perphenazine is sold under the brand names TRILAFON™ (single drug) and ETRAFON™/TRIAVAIL™ (contains fixed dosages of amitriptyline). A brand name in Europe is DECENTAN™ pointing to the fact that perphenazine is approximately 5-times more potent than chlorpromazine. Perphenazine has an oral bioavailability of approximately 40% and a half-life of 8 to 12 hours (up to 20 hours), and is usually given in 2 or 3 divided doses each day. It is possible to give two-thirds of the daily dose at bedtime and one-third during breakfast to maximize hypnotic activity during the night and to minimize daytime sedation and hypotension without loss of therapeutic activity.
In some embodiments, perphenazine can be administered orally, e.g., via are tablets (e.g., with 2, 4, 8, 16 mg unit doses) and liquid concentrate (e.g., 4 mg/ml unit dose).
A Perphenazine injectable USP solution can be administered by intramuscular (i.m.) injection, for patients who are not willing to take oral medication or if the patient is unable to swallow. Due to a better bioavailability of the injection, two-thirds of the original oral dose is sufficient. The incidence of hypotension, sedation and extrapyramidal side-effects may be higher compared to oral treatment. The i.m.-injections are appropriate for a few days, but oral treatment should start as soon as possible.
In many countries, depot forms of perphenazine exist (as perphenazine enanthate). One injection works for 1 to 4 weeks depending on the dose of the depot-injection.
Naphthalenesulfonamide Compounds
In some embodiments of all aspects of the present invention, a calmodulin inhibitor is a naphthalenesulfonamide compound, for example but not limited to, A-3, W-7 (N-(6-Aminohexyl)-5-chloro-1-naphthalenesulfonamide hydrochloride), A-7, W-5, or a derivative or an thereof.
In some embodiments, a naphthalenesulfonamide compound is A-3, or a derivative or an analogue of a compound with the following structure:
In some embodiments, a naphthalenesulfonamide compound is W-7 (N-(6-Aminohexyl)-5-chloro-1-naphthalenesulfonamide hydrochloride), or a derivative or an analogue of a compound with the following structure:
In some embodiments, a derivative of W-7 is N-(6-aminohexyl)-1-naphthalenesulfonamide hydrochloride or N-(6-aminohexyl)-5-chloro-2-naphthalenesulfonamide.
W-7 inhibits Ca2+-calmodulin-dependent phosphodiesterase (IC50=28 μM) and myosin light chain kinase (IC50=51 μM) and is commercially available from Tocris Bioscience.
In some embodiments, a naphthalenesulfonamide compound is A-7, or a derivative or an analogue of a compound with the following structure:
In some embodiments, a naphthalenesulfonamide compound is W-5, or a derivative or an analogue of a compound with the following structure:
In some embodiments of all aspects of the present invention, a calmodulin inhibitor is CGS-9343 (zaldaride maleate), or a derivative or an analogue thereof. In some embodiments, the calmodulin inhibitor is CGS-9343 (zaldaride maleate), or a derivative or an analogue of a compound with the following structure:
In some embodiments, the method encompasses treating a subject with a ribosomal disorder or ribosomopathy, comprising administering an effective amount of a calcium channel blocker or a calmodulin inhibitor to the subject to decrease p53 or p21 in at least one of CD34+ cells, erythroid cells or erythroid differentiated cells in the subject, where the calmodulin inhibitor or calcium channel blocker or selected from the group consisting of: nimodipine, YS-035, bepridil, bepridil-hydrochloride, phenoxybenzamine, cetiedil, chlorpromazine, promazine, desipramine, flunarizine, or promethazine.
In some embodiments, a calmodulin inhibitor is an inhibitor of the checkpoint kinase 2 enzyme (Chk2), for example, but not limited to BML-227. Accordingly, in some embodiments, the calmodulin inhibitor is BML-227, or a derivative or an analogue of a compound with the following structure:
BML-277 is a highly selective inhibitor of Chk2 (IC50=15 nM) displaying <25% inhibition of 35 other kinases at 10 μM). It displays potent radioprotective activity and prevents apoptosis of human T cells subjected to ionizing radiation (EC50=3-7.6 μM). Useful tool for dissecting the role of Chk2 in cellular signaling. BML-277 is commercially available from Enzo Life Sciences.
In some embodiments of all aspects of the present invention, a calmodulin inhibitor is a calmodulin dependent phosphodiesterase 1 (pde1) inhibitor, for example, but not limited to vinpocetine. Vinpocetine (also known as: CAVINTON™, INTELECTOL™; chemical name: ethyl apovincaminate) is a semisynthetic derivative alkaloid of vincamine (sometimes described as “a synthetic ethyl ester of apovincamine”). Vinpocetine is reported to have cerebral blood-flow enhancing and neuroprotective effects, and is used as a drug in Eastern Europe for the treatment of cerebrovascular disorders and age-related memory impairment. A citrate salt of vinpocetine is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,749,707 which is incorporated herein in its entirety by reference.
Additional Calmodulin Inhibitors
A number of calmodulin targeted compounds are known and used for a variety of therapeutic applications. Among suitable inhibitors of calmodulin are anthralin and cyclosporin A. Typically, anthralin is administered topically at concentrations of about 0.10% to about 2%. Another inhibitor of calmodulin activity is zinc (M. K. Heng et al., “Reciprocity Between Tissue Calmodulin and cAMP Levels: Modulation by Excess Zinc,” Br. J. Dermatol. 129:280-285 (1993)). zinc can be administered orally or as a topical preparation, i.e., as an ointment.
Chlorpromazine (THORAZINE™) and related phenothiazine derivatives, disclosed, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 2,645,640 which is incorporated herein by reference, are calmodulin antagonists useful as tranquilizers and sedatives. Naphthalene-sulfonamides, also calmodulin antagonists, are known to inhibit cell proliferation, as disclosed, for example, in Hidaka et al., PNAS, 78:4354-4357 (1981) and are useful as antitumor agents. In addition, the cyclic peptide cyclosporin A (SANDIMMUNE™) disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,117,118, which is incorporated herein in its entirety by reference is as an immunosuppressive agent which is thought to work by inhibiting calmodulin mediated responses in lymphoid cells. U.S. Pat. No. 5,340,565, which is incorporated herein by reference, additionally describes the use of calmodulin antagonists or inhibitors.
Peptide inhibitors of calmodulin are also encompassed for use in the methods, kits and compositions as disclosed herein, for example, peptide calmodulin inhibitors disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,840,697, which is incorporated herein in its entirety by reference.
In particular, the use of the calmodulin inhibitors bepridil (also known as bepridil-hydrochloride, VASCOR®, UNICORDIUM®, CORDIUM®, BEPRICOR® and CERM-1978 (mainly used in publications from the late 1970s)), phenoxybenzamine (i.a. marketed as BENZPYRAN®) cetiedil (also known as STRATENE® and VASOCET®) and/or W7 (also known as N-(6-Aminohexyl)-5-chloro-1-naphthalenesulfonamide hydrochloride (Hidaka et al, J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1978 207(1):8-15 and Hidaka (1981) PNAS, 78, 4354-4357 is envisaged. Moreover, the use of the calmodulin inhibitors zaldaride maleate (also known in the art as CGS 9343B) and chlorpromazine (also known as PROPAPHENIN®, LARGACTIL®, EPOKUHL® and THORAZINE®) are envisaged in context of the present invention. These calmodulin inhibitors are, for example, described in Norman, 1987 and Khan, 2000, respectively.
Further compounds to be used as calmodulin inhibitors in context of the present invention may be compounds like promazine, desipramine, flunarizine, or promethazine. For example, these compounds are described in US 2006/0009506 and have structural similarity to compounds known to act as calmodulin inhibitors.
Also derivatives of said compounds are useful in context of the present invention, for example W7-derivatives, like N-(6-aminohexyl)-1-naphthalenesulfonamide hydrochloride or N-(6-aminohexyl)-5-chloro-2-naphthalenesulfonamide.
In in vitro experiments and in animals bepridil has been shown to influence a large number of processes, including many ion channel currents (calcium, potassium and sodium channels) such as delayed rectifier K+current (Yumoto et al., 2004), HERG (Chouabe et al., 1998), Na+/Ca 2+ exchanger (Calabresi et al., 1999). Bepridil can even bind actin (Cramb and Dow, 1983). The IC50 for these processes is typically in the low micromolar range and thus, similar to what was observed in context of this invention for β-cleavage inhibition. The molecular mechanism (direct or indirect inhibition) is mostly unknown. Bepridil is currently used for the treatment of angina and other forms of heart disease. Chlorpromazine or trifluoperazine are old drugs against psychotic disorders. Bepridil has anti-anginal properties and (less well characterized) anti-arrhythmic and anti-hypertensive properties. Bepridil has also been reported to ameliorate experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in mice (Brand-Schieber and Werner, 2004). Chemically, it is not related to other calcium channel blockers, such as nifedipine, verapamil or diltiazem. Furthermore, bepridil is known as a calcium antagonist (Hollingshead et al., 1992), but the molecular mechanism of bepridil's cellular actions is not well understood.
In terms of the present inventions, the use of the calmodulin inhibitors bepridil, phenoxybenzamine, cetiedil and/or W7 can be used in the compositions and methods provided herein.
The calmodulin inhibitors to be used in terms of the present invention may have an overall high degree of hydrophobicity and/or may comprise an amino group linked through a spacer to an aromatic system. Thereby, the amino group may be a heterocyclic amine. The spacer may be an aliphatic hydrocarbon chain, but may also include ester linkages or side chains. The aromatic system maximally comprise 1, 2 or 3 aromatic rings, even heterocycles may also be employed. The aromatic rings may be directly fused to each other or may also or be separate (e. g. such as in bepridil). The aromatic rings may also carry substituents, such as chlorine.
RNAi Inhibitors of Chk2 and PDE1
As discussed herein, the inventors have discovered that inhibition of Chk2 and PDE1 can be used as calmodulin inhibitors in the methods and compositions as disclosed for the treatment of ribosome protein disorders and ribosomopathy as disclosed herein. In some embodiments, an inhibitor of Chk2 or PDE1 is a protein inhibitor, and in some embodiments, the inhibitor is any agent which inhibits the function of Chk2 or PDE1 or the expression of Chk2 or PDE1 from its gene. In some embodiments, an inhibitor of Chk2 or PDE1 is a gene silencing agent.
Without wishing to be bound by theory, Chk2 is also known by aliases; CHEK2, bA444G7, CDS1, CHK2, HuCds1, PP1425, CHK2 (checkpoint, S. pombe) homolog, and RAD53, and is encoded by nucleic acid sequence NM_001005735.1 (SEQ ID NO: 1), and has an amino acid of NP_001005735.1 (SEQ ID NO: 2). Inhibition of the Chk2 gene can be by gene silencing RNAi molecules according to methods commonly known by a skilled artisan. For example, a gene silencing siRNA oligonucleotide duplexes targeted specifically to human Chk2 (GenBank No: NM_001005735.1) can readily be used to knockdown Chk2 expression. Chk2 mRNA can be successfully targeted using siRNAs; and other siRNA molecules may be readily prepared by those of skill in the art based on the known sequence of the target mRNA. To avoid doubt, the sequence of a human Chk2 is provided at, for example, GenBank Accession Nos. NM_001005735.1 (SEQ ID NO: 1). Accordingly, in avoidance of any doubt, one of ordinary skill in the art can design nucleic acid inhibitors, such as RNAi (RNA silencing) agents to the nucleic acid sequence of NM_001005735.1 which is as follows:
(SEQ ID NO: 1) 1 gcaggtttag cgccactctg ctggctgagg ctgcggagag tgtgcggctc caggtgggct 61 cacgcggtcg tgatgtctcg ggagtcggat gttgaggctc agcagtctca tggcagcagt 121 gcctgttcac agccccatgg cagcgttacc cagtcccaag gctcctcctc acagtcccag 181 ggcatatcca gctcctctac cagcacgatg ccaaactcca gccagtcctc tcactccagc 241 tctgggacac tgagctcctt agagacagtg tccactcagg aactctattc tattcctgag 301 gaccaagaac ctgaggacca agaacctgag gagcctaccc ctgccccctg ggctcgatta 361 tgggcccttc aggatggatt tgccaatctt gagacagagt ctggccatgt tacccaatct 421 gatcttgaac tcctgctgtc atctgatcct cctgcctcag cctcccaaag tgctgggata 481 agaggtgtga ggcaccatcc ccggccagtt tgcagtctaa aatgtgtgaa tgacaactac 541 tggtttggga gggacaaaag ctgtgaatat tgctttgatg aaccactgct gaaaagaaca 601 gataaatacc gaacatacag caagaaacac tttcggattt tcagggaagt gggtcctaaa 661 aactcttaca ttgcatacat agaagatcac agtggcaatg gaacctttgt aaatacagag 721 cttgtaggga aaggaaaacg ccgtcctttg aataacaatt ctgaaattgc actgtcacta 781 agcagaaata aagtttttgt cttttttgat ctgactgtag atgatcagtc agtttatcct 841 aaggcattaa gagatgaata catcatgtca aaaactcttg gaagtggtgc ctgtggagag 901 gtaaagctgg ctttcgagag gaaaacatgt aagaaagtag ccataaagat catcagcaaa 961 aggaagtttg ctattggttc agcaagagag gcagacccag ctctcaatgt tgaaacagaa 1021 atagaaattt tgaaaaagct aaatcatcct tgcatcatca agattaaaaa cttttttgat 1081 gcagaagatt attatattgt tttggaattg atggaagggg gagagctgtt tgacaaagtg 1141 gtggggaata aacgcctgaa agaagctacc tgcaagctct atttttacca gatgctcttg 1201 gctgtgcagt accttcatga aaacggtatt atacaccgtg acttaaagcc agagaatgtt 1261 ttactgtcat ctcaagaaga ggactgtctt ataaagatta ctgattttgg gcactccaag 1321 attttgggag agacctctct catgagaacc ttatgtggaa cccccaccta cttggcgcct 1381 gaagttcttg tttctgttgg gactgctggg tataaccgtg ctgtggactg ctggagttta 1441 ggagttattc tttttatctg ccttagtggg tatccacctt tctctgagca taggactcaa 1501 gtgtcactga aggatcagat caccagtgga aaatacaact tcattcctga agtctgggca 1561 gaagtctcag agaaagctct ggaccttgtc aagaagttgt tggtagtgga tccaaaggca 1621 cgttttacga cagaagaagc cttaagacac ccgtggcttc aggatgaaga catgaagaga 1681 aagtttcaag atcttctgtc tgaggaaaat gaatccacag ctctacccca ggttctagcc 1741 cagccttcta ctagtcgaaa gcggccccgt gaaggggaag ccgagggtgc cgagaccaca 1801 aagcgcccag ctgtgtgtgc tgctgtgttg tgaactccgt ggtttgaaca cgaaagaaat 1861 gtaccttctt tcactctgtc atctttcttt tctttgagtc tgttttttta tagtttgtat 1921 tttaattatg ggaataattg ctttttcaca gtcactgatg tacaattaaa aacctgatgg 1981 aacctggaaa a
Without wishing to be bound by theory, pde1 is also known by aliases; PDE1A and is encoded by nucleic acid sequence NM_001003683.2 (SEQ ID NO: 3), and has an amino acid of NP_001003683.1 (SEQ ID NO: 4). Inhibition of the PDE1 gene can be by gene silencing RNAi molecules according to methods commonly known by a skilled artisan. For example, a gene silencing siRNA oligonucleotide duplexes targeted specifically to human PDE1 (GenBank No: NM_001003683.2) can readily be used to knockdown Pde1 expression. Pde1 mRNA can be successfully targeted using siRNAs; and other siRNA molecules may be readily prepared by those of skill in the art based on the known sequence of the target mRNA. To avoid doubt, the sequence of a human Pde1 is provided at, for example, GenBank Accession Nos. NM_001003683.2 (SEQ ID NO: 3). Accordingly, in avoidance of any doubt, one of ordinary skill in the art can design nucleic acid inhibitors, such as RNAi (RNA silencing) agents to the nucleic acid sequence of NM_001003683.2 which is as follows:
(SEQ ID NO: 3) 1 ttattacatc ctgcccttgt tctgttggta gagaggaatt cagcttcttc tggagcgcga 61 aagtcattca cgtttctctt gtgcataata gagctcgtaa actgtaggaa ttctgatgtg 121 cttcagtgca cagaacagta acagatgagc tgcttttggg gagagcttga gtactcagtc 181 ggagcatcat catggggtct agtgccacag agattgaaga attggaaaac accactttta 241 agtatcttac aggagaacag actgaaaaaa tgtggcagcg cctgaaagga atactaagat 301 gcttggtgaa gcagctggaa agaggtgatg ttaacgtcgt cgacttaaag aagaatattg 361 aatatgcggc atctgtgctg gaagcagttt atatcgatga aacaagaaga cttctggata 421 ctgaagatga gctcagtgac attcagactg actcagtccc atctgaagtc cgggactggt 481 tggcttctac ctttacacgg aaaatgggga tgacaaaaaa gaaacctgag gaaaaaccaa 541 aatttcggag cattgtgcat gctgttcaag ctggaatttt tgtggaaaga atgtaccgaa 601 aaacatatca tatggttggt ttggcatatc cagcagctgt catcgtaaca ttaaaggatg 661 ttgataaatg gtctttcgat gtatttgccc taaatgaagc aagtggagag catagtctga 721 agtttatgat ttatgaactg tttaccagat atgatcttat caaccgtttc aagattcctg 781 tttcttgcct aatcaccttt gcagaagctt tagaagttgg ttacagcaag tacaaaaatc 841 catatcacaa tttgattcat gcagctgatg tcactcaaac tgtgcattac ataatgcttc 901 atacaggtat catgcactgg ctcactgaac tggaaatttt agcaatggtc tttgctgctg 961 ccattcatga ttatgagcat acagggacaa caaacaactt tcacattcag acaaggtcag 1021 atgttgccat tttgtataat gatcgctctg tccttgagaa tcaccacgtg agtgcagctt 1081 atcgacttat gcaagaagaa gaaatgaata tcttgataaa tttatccaaa gatgactgga 1141 gggatcttcg gaacctagtg attgaaatgg ttttatctac agacatgtca ggtcacttcc 1201 agcaaattaa aaatataaga aacagtttgc agcagcctga agggattgac agagccaaaa 1261 ccatgtccct gattctccac gcagcagaca tcagccaccc agccaaatcc tggaagctgc 1321 attatcggtg gaccatggcc ctaatggagg agtttttcct gcagggagat aaagaagctg 1381 aattagggct tccattttcc ccactttgtg atcggaagtc aaccatggtg gcccagtcac 1441 aaataggttt catcgatttc atagtagagc caacattttc tcttctgaca gactcaacag 1501 agaaaattgt tattcctctt atagaggaag cctcaaaagc cgaaacttct tcctatgtgg 1561 caagcagctc aaccaccatt gtggggttac acattgctga tgcactaaga cgatcaaata 1621 caaaaggctc catgagtgat gggtcctatt ccccagacta ctcccttgca gcagtggacc 1681 tgaagagttt caagaacaac ctggtggaca tcattcagca gaacaaagag aggtggaaag 1741 agttagctgc acaagaagca agaaccagtt cacagaagtg tgagtttatt catcagtaaa 1801 cacctttaag taaaacctcg tgcatggtgg cagctctaat ttgaccaaaa gacttggaga 1861 ttttgattat gcttgctgga aatctaccct gtcctgtgtg agacaggaaa tctatttttg 1921 cagattgctc aataagcatc atgagccaca taaataacag ctgtaaactc cttaattcac 1981 cgggctcaac tgctaccgaa cagattcatc tagtggctac atcagcacct tgtgctttca 2041 gatatctgtt tcaatggcat tttgtggcat ttgtctttac cgagtgccaa taaattttct 2101 ttgagcagct aattgctaat tttgtcattt ctacaataaa gcttggtcca cctgttttc
An inhibitor of Pde1 and/or Chk2 can be any agent which inhibits the function of Pde1 and/or Chk2, such as antibodies, gene silencing RNAi molecules and the like. Commercial neutralizing antibodies of Pde1 and/or Chk2, and or calmodulin are encompassed for use in the methods and compositions as disclosed herein. A person skilled in the art is able to test whether a certain compound acts as a calmodulin inhibitor. Test systems for calmodulin activity of certain compounds are known in the art. For instance, such test systems are described in Agre (1984; Binding of 1251-Calmodulin to erythrocyte membranes), Itoh (1986; Competition experiment, which measures, whether novel compounds competes with 3H bepridil for calmodulin binding, Myosin light chain kinase activity), Roberson (2005; Inhibition of Gonadotropoin-releasing hormone induction of the kinase ERK) and Kahn (1998; Calmodulin inhibitors should induce the proteolytic cleavage of L-selectin (as measured by Western Blot or by FACS)). In terms of the present invention inhibition of myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) is preferred, as discussed in more detail below. More details on useful test systems are given herein below and in the Examples, for example, the ability to rescue at least one of the morphological, hematopoietic or endothelial defects in the Rps29 −/− zebrafish embryo and/or prevent p53 function and nuclear accumulation in A549 lung cancer cell line that have had RPS19 knocked down by siRNA, or reduce p21 levels or increase erythroid markers in CD34+ cells that have had RPS19 knocked down by siRNA.
In some embodiments, the inhibition of calmodulin by a calmodulin inhibitor as disclosed herein, or analogue or derivative thereof can be assessed by one of ordinary skill in the art using assays well known in the art, for example, inhibition of calmodulin may, inter alia, be determined in the following in vitro assay, which measured the calmodulin-dependent activation of myosin light chain kinase (MLCK). Activated MLCK phosphorylates chicken gizzard myosin light chain. If calmodulin is inhibited the rate of myosin light chain phosphorylation is reduced. To test this, the following experiment is carried out (according to Itoh et al. Biochem. Pharm. 1986,35:217-220). The reaction mixture (0.2 ml) contains 20 mM Tris-HCl (pH 7.5), 0.05 mM [γ-32P] ATP (1 Ci/assay tube), 5 mM MgCI2, 10 μM myosin light chain, 24 nM calmodulin and 0.1 mM CaCI2. MLCK (specific activity: 4.5 moles/min/mg) concentration from chicken gizzard is 0.1 μg/ml. The incubation is carried out at 30° C. for 4 min. The reaction is terminated by addition of 1 ml of 20% trichloroacetic acid. Then 0.1 ml of bovine serum albumin (1 mg/ml) is added to the reaction mixture. The sample is then centrifuged for 10 min, the pellet is resuspended in 5% trichloroacetic acid. The final pellet is dissolved in 2 ml of 1 N NaOH and the radioactivity measured in a liquid scintillation counter. Trypsin-treated MLCK can be prepared as described in Itoh et al. J Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 1984,230, p 737. The reaction is initiated by the addition of the ATP and is carried out in the presence of the potential inhibitors or—as a control—in the presence of their solvent. Different concentrations of the compounds will be tested in the above assay. The concentration of the compound which results in 50% decrease of kinase activity will be the IC50 concentration.
In some embodiments, a method to assay a compound, e.g., an analogue or derivative of a calmodulin inhibitor as disclosed herein for inhibition of calmodulin is a standard assay assessing cAMP levels as described in Inagaki et al., 1986 “Napthalenesulfonamides as Calmodulin Antagonists and Protein Kinase Inhibitors”, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. Alternatively, commercially available kits to measure cAMP levels can be used, for example, available from Sigma. Cell Signaling, eenzyme.com, biovision and the like.
An alternative method to assay a compound, e.g., an analogue or derivative of a calmodulin inhibitor as disclosed herein for inhibition of calmodulin is the method as modified from Kahn et al. Cell 1998,92:809-818: As a read-out the inhibition of Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) induced ERK Phosphorylation in αT3-1 cells as measured. αT3-1 cells are serum-starved for 2 h, pretreated with control solvent or increasing concentrations of the compounds to be tested for 30 min. Then GnRH is administered for 60 min. Cell lysates are prepared and resolved by SDS-PAGE. Western blot analysis is used to determine the phosphorylation status of ERKs using a phospho-specific antibody (cell signaling technologies). As a control, total ERK2 will also be determined using an ERK specific antibody (Santa Cruz Biotech). Western-Blot fluorescence of phospho-ERK and total ERK2 will be quantified. The ratio of phospho-ERK/total ERK2 will be plotted against the concentration of the compound to be tested. The estimated concentration, at which a 50% reduction of ERK phosphorylation (rel. to total ERK2) occurs, can be used as the IC50 value for this compound.
Accordingly, the person skilled in the art is readily in a position to elucidate by means and methods known in the art whether a given compound is a calmodulin inhibitor/antagonist.
In context of this is invention, it is of note that the term “calmodulin inhibitor” is employed as a synonym for “calmodulin antagonist”.
One aspect of the present invention provides methods of identifying calmodulin inhibitors useful in the methods and compositions of the present invention, for example, by the method comprising measuring the inhibition of calmodulin in a calmodulin inhibitor assay, such as a MLCK activation assay as disclosed herein, and/or the ability to rescue at least one of the morphological, hematopoietic or endothelial defects in the Rps29 −/− zebrafish embryo and/or prevent p53 function and nuclear accumulation in A549 lung cancer cell line that have had RPS19 knocked down by siRNA, or reduce p21 levels or increase erythroid markers in CD34+ cells that have had RPS19 knocked down by siRNA as described in the Examples.
In some embodiments, a calmodulin inhibitor as disclosed herein can inhibit or decrease the activity of calmodulin activity by at least about 10%, relative to the activity level in the absence of inhibitors of LSF, e.g., at least about 15%, at least about 20%, at least about 30%, at least about 40%, at least about 50%, at least about 60%, at least about 70%, at least about 80%, at least about 90%, 95%, 99% or even 100%. In certain embodiments, calmodulin inhibitors as disclosed herein can decrease expression of calmodulin by about at least 10%, at least about 15%, at least about 20%, at least about 30%, at least about 40%, at least about 50%, at least about 60%, at least about 70%, at least about 80%, at least about 90%, 95%, 99% or even 100%, as compared to the expression in the absence of a calmodulin inhibitor.
The expression of calmodulin includes the amount of RNA transcribed from a gene, e.g. CALM1 that encodes calmodulin, and/or the amount of calmodulin proteins that is obtained by translation of RNA transcribed from a gene, e.g. CALM1. For example, a calmodulin inhibitor as disclosed herein can inhibit expression of calmodulin by at least about 10%, at least about 15%, at least about 20%, at least about 30%, at least about 40%, at least about 50%, at least about 60%, at least about 70%, at least about 80%, at least about 90%, 95%, 99% or even 100%, as compared to a reference level in the absence of a calmodulin inhibitor.
Additionally, ability of a compound to inhibit calmodulin can be also assessed by measuring a decrease in or an inhibition of biological activity of calmodulin as compared to a negative control, e.g. the experimental condition in the absence of calmodulin inhibitors. Accordingly, a calmodulin inhibitor as disclosed herein can inhibit biological activity of calmodulin, by at least about 10%, at least about 15%, at least about 20%, at least about 30%, at least about 40%, at least about 50%, at least about 60%, at least about 70%, at least about 80%, at least about 90%, 95%, 99% or even 100%, as compared to a reference level in the absence of a calmodulin inhibitor. In some embodiments, the ability of a compound to inhibit calmodulin is assessed by rescuing least one of the morphological, hematopoietic or endothelial defects in the Rps29 −/− zebrafish embryo and/or prevent p53 function and nuclear accumulation in A549 lung cancer cell line that have had RPS19 knocked down by siRNA, or reduce p21 levels or increase erythroid markers in CD34+ cells that have had RPS19 knocked down by siRNA as demonstrated in the Examples herein, as compared to a reference condition without treatment with such a calmodulin inhibitor.
The dosages to be administered can be determined by one of ordinary skill in the art depending on the clinical severity of the disease, the age and weight of the patient, the exposure of the patient to conditions that may precipitate outbreaks of psoriasis, and other pharmacokinetic factors generally understood in the art, such as liver and kidney metabolism. The interrelationship of dosages for animals of various sizes and species and humans based on mg/m³ of surface area is described by E. J. Freireich et al., “Quantitative Comparison of Toxicity of Anticancer Agents in Mouse, Rat, Hamster, Dog, Monkey and Man,” Cancer Chemother. Rep. 50: 219-244 (1966). Adjustments in the dosage regimen can be made to optimize the therapeutic response. Doses can be divided and administered on a daily basis or the dose can be reduced proportionally depending on the therapeutic situation.
Typically, these drugs will be administered orally, and they can be administered in conventional pill or liquid form. If administered in pill form, they can be administered in conventional formulations with excipients, fillers, preservatives, and other typical ingredients used in pharmaceutical formations in pill form. Typically, the drugs are administered in a conventional pharmaceutically acceptable formulation, typically including a carrier. Conventional pharmaceutically acceptable carriers known in the art can include alcohols, e.g., ethyl alcohol, serum proteins, human serum albumin, liposomes, buffers such as phosphates, water, sterile saline or other salts, electrolytes, glycerol, hydroxymethylcellulose, propylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, polyoxyethylenesorbitan, other surface active agents, vegetable oils, and conventional anti-bacterial or anti-fungal agents, such as parabens, chlorobutanol, phenol, sorbic acid, thimerosal, and the like. A pharmaceutically-acceptable carrier within the scope of the present invention meets industry standards for sterility, isotonicity, stability, and non-pyrogenicity.
The pharmaceutically acceptable formulation can also be in pill, tablet, or lozenge form as is known in the art, and can include excipients or other ingredients for greater stability or acceptability. For the tablets, the excipients can be inert diluents, such as calcium carbonate, sodium carbonate or bicarbonate, lactose, or calcium phosphate; or binding agents, such as starch, gelatin, or acacia; or lubricating agents such as magnesium stearate, stearic acid, or talc, along with the substance for controlling the activity of calmodulin and other ingredients.
The drugs can also be administered in liquid form in conventional formulations, that can include preservatives, stabilizers, coloring, flavoring, and other generally accepted pharmaceutical ingredients. Typically, when the drugs are administered in liquid form, they will be in aqueous solution. The aqueous solution can contain buffers, and can contain alcohols such as ethyl alcohol or other pharmaceutically tolerated compounds.
Alternatively, the drugs can be administered by injection by one of several routes well known in the art. It is, however, generally preferred to administer the drugs orally.
The drugs can be administered from once per day to up to at least five times per day, depending on the severity of the disease, the total dosage to be administered, and the judgment of the treating physician. In some cases, the drugs need not be administered on a daily basis, but can be administered every other day, every third day, or on other such schedules. However, it is generally preferred to administer the drugs daily.
Calcium Channel Blockers
Calcium blockers and chelators for use in the present invention also include compounds which control calcium channel activity, i.e., channels actuated by the depolarization of cell membranes thereby allowing calcium ions to flow into the cells. Such compounds inhibit the release of calcium ions from intracellular calcium storage thereby blocking signaling through the CaMKII pathway. Exemplary calcium blockers include, e.g., 1,4-dihydropyridine derivatives such as nifedipine, nicardipine, niludipine, nimodipine, nisoldipine, nitrendipine, milbadipine, dazodipine, and ferodipine; N-methyl-N-homoveratrilamine derivatives such as verapamil, gallopamil, and tiapamil; benzothiazepine derivatives such as diltiazem; piperazine derivatives such as cinnarizine, lidoflazine, and flunarizine; diphenylpropiramine derivatives such as prenylamine, terodiline, and phendiline; bepridil; and perhexyline. Exemplary calcium chelators include, e.g., BAPTA tetrasodium salt, 5,5′-Dibromo-BAPTA tetrasodium salt, BAPTA/AM, 5,5′-Difluoro-BAPTA/AM, EDTA tetrasodium salt (Ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid), EGTA (Ethylenebis(oxyethylenenitrilo)tetraacetic acid), EGTA/AM, MAPTAM, and TPEN.
Among calcium channel blockers are diltiazem, isradipine, nifedipine, and verapamil.
All calmodulin inhibitors and calcium channel blockers as disclosed herein are provided herein for illustrative purpose and disclose a particular isomer. However, one of ordinary skill in the art will recognize all possible isomers of the structures of any of the formulas of the calmodulin inhibitors, e.g, A-3, W-7, A-7, W-5 and CGS-9343. Therefore, other isomers and derivatives such as enantiomers of any of formulas of A-3, W-7, A-7, W-5 are considered to fall within the scope of the invention. As used herein, the term “isomer” refers to a compound having the same molecular formula but differing in structure. Isomers which differ only in configuration and/or conformation are referred to as “stereoisomers.” The term “isomer” is also used to refer to an enantiomer.
The term “enantiomer” is used to describe one of a pair of molecular isomers which are mirror images of each other and non-superimposable. The designations may appear as a prefix or as a suffix; they may or may not be separated from the isomer by a hyphen; they may or may not be hyphenated; and they may or may not be surrounded by parentheses. The designations “(+)” and “(−)” are employed to designate the sign of rotation of plane-polarized light by the compound, with (−) meaning that the compound is levorotatory (rotates to the left). A compound prefixed with (+) is dextrorotatory (rotates to the right). Other terms used to designate or refer to enantiomers include “stereoisomers” (because of the different arrangement or stereochemistry around the chiral center; although all enantiomers are stereoisomers, not all stereoisomers are enantiomers) or “optical isomers” (because of the optical activity of pure enantiomers, which is the ability of different pure enantiomers to rotate planepolarized light in different directions). Enantiomers generally have identical physical properties, such as melting points and boiling points, and also have identical spectroscopic properties. Enantiomers can differ from each other with respect to their interaction with plane-polarized light and with respect to biological activity.
In various embodiments, calmodulin inhibitors as disclosed herein include enantiomers, derivatives, prodrugs, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
In some embodiments, prodrugs of calmodulin inhibitors or calcium channel blockers are disclosed herein also fall within the scope of the invention. As used herein, a “prodrug” refers to a compound that can be converted via some chemical or physiological process (e.g., enzymatic processes and metabolic hydrolysis) to a functionally active calmodulin inhibitor.
Thus, the term “prodrug” also refers to a precursor of a biologically active compound that is pharmaceutically acceptable. A prodrug may be inactive when administered to a subject, i.e. an ester, but is converted in vivo to an active compound, for example, by hydrolysis to the free carboxylic acid or free hydroxyl. The prodrug compound often offers advantages of solubility, tissue compatibility or delayed release in an organism. The term “prodrug” is also meant to include any covalently bonded carriers, which release the active compound in vivo when such prodrug is administered to a subject. Prodrugs of an active compound may be prepared by modifying functional groups present in the active compound in such a way that the modifications are cleaved, either in routine manipulation or in vivo, to the parent active compound. Prodrugs include compounds wherein a hydroxy, amino or mercapto group is bonded to any group that, when the prodrug of the active compound is administered to a subject, cleaves to form a free hydroxy, free amino or free mercapto group, respectively. Examples of prodrugs include, but are not limited to, acetate, formate and benzoate derivatives of an alcohol or acetamide, formamide and benzamide derivatives of an amine functional group in the active compound and the like. See Harper, “Drug Latentiation” in Jucker, ed. Progress in Drug Research 4:221-294 (1962); Morozowich et al, “Application of Physical Organic Principles to Prodrug Design” in E. B. Roche ed. Design of Biopharmaceutical Properties through Prodrugs and Analogs, APHA Acad. Pharm. Sci. 40 (1977); Bioreversible Carriers in Drug in Drug Design, Theory and Application, E. B. Roche, ed., APHA Acad. Pharm. Sci. (1987); Design of Prodrugs, H. Bundgaard, Elsevier (1985); Wang et al. “Prodrug approaches to the improved delivery of peptide drug” in Curr. Pharm. Design. 5(4):265-287 (1999); Pauletti et al. (1997) Improvement in peptide bioavailability: Peptidomimetics and Prodrug Strategies, Adv. Drug. Delivery Rev. 27:235-256; Mizen et al. (1998) “The Use of Esters as Prodrugs for Oral Delivery of (3-Lactam antibiotics,” Pharm. Biotech. 11:345-365; Gaignault et al. (1996) “Designing Prodrugs and Bioprecursors I. Carrier Prodrugs,” Pract. Med. Chem. 671-696; Asgharnejad, “Improving Oral Drug Transport”, in Transport Processes in Pharmaceutical Systems, G. L. Amidon, P. I. Lee and E. M. Topp, Eds., Marcell Dekker, p. 185-218 (2000); Balant et al., “Prodrugs for the improvement of drug absorption via different routes of administration”, Eur. J Drug Metab. Calmodulin inhibitors and calcium channel blockers as disclosed herein also include pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. As used herein, the term “pharmaceutically-acceptable salts” refers to the conventional nontoxic salts or quaternary ammonium salts of calmodulin inhibitors as disclosed herein, e.g., from non-toxic organic or inorganic acids. These salts can be prepared in situ in the administration vehicle or the dosage form manufacturing process, or by separately reacting a calmodulin inhibitor in its free base or acid form with a suitable organic or inorganic acid or base, and isolating the salt thus formed during subsequent purification. Conventional nontoxic salts include those derived from inorganic acids such as sulfuric, sulfamic, phosphoric, nitric, and the like; and the salts prepared from organic acids such as acetic, propionic, succinic, glycolic, stearic, lactic, malic, tartaric, citric, ascorbic, palmitic, maleic, hydroxymaleic, phenylacetic, glutamic, benzoic, salicyclic, sulfanilic, 2-acetoxybenzoic, fumaric, toluenesulfonic, methanesulfonic, ethane disulfonic, oxalic, isothionic, and the like. See, for example, Berge et al., “Pharmaceutical Salts”, J. Pharm. Sci. 66:1-19 (1977), content of which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety.
In some embodiments of the aspects described herein, representative pharmaceutically acceptable salts include the hydrobromide, hydrochloride, sulfate, bisulfate, phosphate, nitrate, acetate, succinate, valerate, oleate, palmitate, stearate, laurate, benzoate, lactate, phosphate, tosylate, citrate, maleate, fumarate, succinate, tartrate, napthylate, mesylate, glucoheptonate, lactobionate, and laurylsulphonate salts and the like.
Use of the Calmodulin Inhibitors to Treat Ribosomal Disorders and Ribosomopathies
In some embodiments, a calmodulin inhibitor as disclosed herein can be used to treat various disease and disorders associated with ribosomal proteins or ribosomopathies. For instance, the calmodulin inhibitors can be used to treat a subject who has a mutation in one or more ribosomal proteins, or have a decreased level of the ribosomal protein.
In some embodiments, the calmodulin inhibitors as disclosed herein can be used in a method of treating a subject with a ribosomal disorder such as Diamond Blackfan Anemia (DBA). There are a variety of types of Diamond Blackfan anemia, for example, where the subject has DBA1, DBA2, DBA3, DBA4, DBA5, DBA6, DBA7, or DBA8. Diamond Blackfan anemia (DBA), also known as Blackfan-Diamond anemia and Inherited erythroblastopenia, is a congenital erythroid aplasia that usually presents in infancy. DBA patients have low red blood cell counts (anemia). The rest of their blood cells (the platelets and the white blood cells) are normal. This is in contrast to Shwachman-Bodian-Diamond syndrome, in which the bone marrow defect results primarily in neutropenia, and Fanconi anemia, where all cell lines are affected resulting in pancytopenia. A variety of other congenital abnormalities may also occur. Diamond Blackfan anemia is characterized by anemia (low red blood cell counts) with decreased erythroid progenitors in the bone marrow. This usually develops during the neonatal period. About 47% of affected individuals also have a variety of congenital abnormalities, including craniofacial malformations, thumb or upper limb abnormalities, cardiac defects, urogenital malformations, and cleft palate. Low birth weight and generalized growth delay are sometimes observed. DBA patients have a modest risk of developing leukemia and other malignancies.
| 45,766 |
https://github.com/taurenk/World-Emergencies-Map/blob/master/app/static/js/services.js
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,015 |
World-Emergencies-Map
|
taurenk
|
JavaScript
|
Code
| 45 | 242 |
var appServices = angular.module('appServices', []);
appServices.factory('USGSApi', ['$http', function ($http) {
baseUrl = 'http://earthquake.usgs.gov/fdsnws/event/1/query?format=geojson';
return {
getEarthquakes: function () {
return $http.get(baseUrl + '&starttime=2015-10-18&endtime=2015-10-19&minmagnitude=3.0' );
}
}
}]);
appServices.factory('TsunamiApi', ['$http', function ($http) {
return {
getUSTusnamis: function () {
//return $http.get('http://ntwc.arh.noaa.gov/events/xml/PAAQCAP.xml');
return $http.get('http://127.0.0.1:5000/tsunamis');
}
}
}]);
| 11,383 |
https://github.com/Akash-Rayhan/vesselTracker/blob/master/routes/web.php
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,020 |
vesselTracker
|
Akash-Rayhan
|
PHP
|
Code
| 64 | 223 |
<?php
/*
|--------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Web Routes
|--------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
| Here is where you can register web routes for your application. These
| routes are loaded by the RouteServiceProvider within a group which
| contains the "web" middleware group. Now create something great!
|
*/
Route::get('/', function () {
return view('welcome');
});
Auth::routes();
Route::get('/home', 'HomeController@index')->name('home');
Route::get('/showVessels', 'AdminController@show')->name('vessel.show');
Route::get('/form', 'AdminController@index')->name('form.index');
Route::get('/form/{vessel}/edit', 'AdminController@edit')->name('form.edit');
Route::patch('/form/{vessel}', 'AdminController@update')->name('form.update');
Route::post('/form', 'AdminController@store')->name('form.store');
| 40,135 |
https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hayward%20%28Minnesota%29
|
Wikipedia
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
Hayward (Minnesota)
|
https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hayward (Minnesota)&action=history
|
Min Nan Chinese
|
Spoken
| 26 | 75 |
Hayward sī Bí-kok Minnesota chiu Freeborn kūn ê chi̍t ê chng-thâu (city).
Jîn-kháu
Chit ūi tī 2010 nî ê jîn-kháu-sò͘ sī 250 lâng.
Minnesota ê chng-thâu
| 35,417 |
https://github.com/chan/vios/blob/master/autoload/file/read.vim
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,010 |
vios
|
chan
|
Vim Script
|
Code
| 125 | 444 |
function! file#read#init(func, ...)
exec 'let val = call(s:read.'.a:func.', a:000, s:read)'
return val
endfunction
let s:read = {}
function! s:read.vimscript(name, ...)
let file = call(self.file, exists("a:1") ? [a:name, a:1] : [a:name], s:read)
if file[0] == -1
return [-1, file[1]]
else
let list = []
while !empty(file)
let string = remove(file, 0)
if match(string, '^\s*\') == -1
call add(list, string)
else
let string = substitute(string, '^\s*\', '', '')
while (!empty(file) && match(file[0], '^\s*\') != -1)
let string .= ' '.substitute(remove(file, 0), '^\s*\', '', '')
endwhile
let list[-1] = list[-1].string
endif
endwhile
return list
endif
endfunction
function! s:read.file(name, ...)
if !filereadable(a:name)
return [-1, a:name." : Doesn't exist"]
else
if exists("a:1") && !empty(a:1)
return readfile(a:name, '', a:1)
else
return readfile(a:name)
endif
endif
endfunction
" vim: et:ts=4 sw=4 fdm=expr fde=getline(v\:lnum)=~'^\\s*$'&&getline(v\:lnum-1)=~'\\S'?'<1'\:1
| 17,444 |
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/76779151
|
StackExchange
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
Stack Exchange
|
Delphi Coder, LU RD, Uwe Raabe, https://stackoverflow.com/users/11329562, https://stackoverflow.com/users/26833, https://stackoverflow.com/users/576719
|
English
|
Spoken
| 378 | 637 |
Need suggestion to use alternate for Faststring.pas in delphi
I have converted code from Delphi 6 32-bit to Delphi 11 64-bit, and in the source code we have used Fast String to use the FastReplace() and FastPos() functions.
I have tried to compile the FastStrings.pas unit file using Delphi 11 64-bit, but it raises a compilation error as it contains asm code. So, I have replaced the FastPos() function to Pos() to resolve the compilation error.
What could be an exact alternate method to including the FastPos() function that has the same functionality?
//The first thing to note here is that I am passing the SourceLength and FindLength
//As neither Source or Find will alter at any point during FastReplace there is
//no need to call the LENGTH subroutine each time !
function FastPos(const aSourceString, aFindString : string; const aSourceLen, aFindLen, StartPos : Integer) : Integer;
var
JumpTable: TBMJumpTable;
begin
//If this assert failed, it is because you passed 0 for StartPos, lowest value is 1 !!
Assert(StartPos > 0);
if aFindLen < 1 then begin
Result := 0;
exit;
end;
if aFindLen > aSourceLen then begin
Result := 0;
exit;
end;
MakeBMTable(PChar(aFindString), aFindLen, JumpTable);
Result := Integer(BMPos(PChar(aSourceString) + (StartPos - 1), PChar(aFindString),aSourceLen - (StartPos-1), aFindLen, JumpTable));
if Result > 0 then
Result := Result - Integer(@aSourceString[1]) +1;
end;
I have used the StringReplace() function instead of FastReplace() and it works fine in Delphi 64-bit.
Kindly, provide any solution to implement FastPos() functionality in Delphi 11 64-bit.
You may just use the standard StringReplace and Pos functions and postpone the fast approach for when it is actually needed. Perhaps the current intrinsic routines are already fast enough.
The standard string manipulation functions from Delphi have been reworked in the past to become much more faster then the ones back from D6, so the FastStrings unit isn't needed anymore. In contrast those function could be even slower now then the ones shipping with Delphi!
Latest Delphi version uses the FastCode Pos() pascal version for 64 bit compilation. The 32 bit is already the FastCode Pos() version but in asm. It is hard to get faster implementations.
https://stackoverflow.com/a/20947429 see the update at the end of this answer regarding D11 Alexandria!
I have used Pos() and it's working fine as required.
| 37,582 |
https://github.com/pdeschen/wuff/blob/master/libs/common.gradle
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,014 |
wuff
|
pdeschen
|
Gradle
|
Code
| 100 | 361 |
// include this file in subprojects:
// apply from: rootProject.file('libs/common.gradle')
repositories {
mavenLocal()
jcenter()
mavenCentral()
}
apply plugin: 'maven' // add "install" task
apply plugin: 'groovy'
group = rootProject.ext.group
version = rootProject.ext.version
dependencies {
compile "org.codehaus.groovy:groovy-all:${groovy_version}"
testCompile "org.spockframework:spock-core:${spock_version}"
}
task sourcesJar(type: Jar, dependsOn: classes, description: 'Creates sources jar') {
classifier = 'sources'
from sourceSets.main.allSource
}
task javadocJar(type: Jar, description: 'Creates javadoc jar') {
dependsOn javadoc
classifier = 'javadoc'
from javadoc.destinationDir
if(tasks.findByName('groovydoc')) {
dependsOn groovydoc
from groovydoc.destinationDir
}
}
afterEvaluate {
// lib projects should be always installed into "$HOME/.m2"
project.tasks.build.finalizedBy project.tasks.install
rootProject.tasks.buildExamples.dependsOn project.tasks.install
}
artifacts {
archives sourcesJar, javadocJar
}
| 37,677 |
https://github.com/rpgleparser/rpgleparser/blob/master/src/test/java/org/rpgleparser/TestP.java
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Apache-2.0
| 2,021 |
rpgleparser
|
rpgleparser
|
Java
|
Code
| 112 | 424 |
package org.rpgleparser;
import static org.hamcrest.CoreMatchers.is;
import static org.hamcrest.MatcherAssert.assertThat;
import static org.hamcrest.collection.IsEmptyCollection.empty;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.List;
import org.junit.Test;
import org.rpgleparser.utils.TestUtils;
public class TestP {
@Test
public void testProcedureInterfaceWithContinuationName() {
String inputString = " P getThingAvailable...\r\n" + " P B\r\n"
+ " D PI like(typeQuantity)\r\n"
+ " D SomeNumber like(typeP50u) const\r\n"
+ " P E\r\n";
inputString = TestUtils.padSourceLines(inputString, false);
final List<String> errors = new ArrayList<>();
TestUtils.getParsedTokens(inputString, errors);
assertThat(errors, is(empty()));
}
@Test
public void testProcedureInterfaceWithContinuationName1() {
String inputString = " P Function B \r\n"
+ " D PI like(typeQuantity)\r\n"
+ " D SomeNumber like(typeP50u) const\r\n"
+ " P E\r\n";
inputString = TestUtils.padSourceLines(inputString, false);
final List<String> errors = new ArrayList<>();
TestUtils.getParsedTokens(inputString, errors);
assertThat(errors, is(empty()));
}
}
| 9,205 |
https://github.com/MFerrol/Create_Web/blob/master/libvips-8.11/libvips/colour/Lab2LCh.c
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,020 |
Create_Web
|
MFerrol
|
C
|
Code
| 545 | 1,350 |
/* Turn Lab to LCh
*
* 2/11/09
* - gtkdoc
* - cleanups
* 18/9/12
* - redone as a class
*/
/*
This file is part of VIPS.
VIPS is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or
(at your option) any later version.
This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA
02110-1301 USA
*/
/*
These files are distributed with VIPS - http://www.vips.ecs.soton.ac.uk
*/
#ifdef HAVE_CONFIG_H
#include <config.h>
#endif /*HAVE_CONFIG_H*/
#include <vips/intl.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <math.h>
#include <vips/vips.h>
#include "pcolour.h"
typedef VipsColourTransform VipsLab2LCh;
typedef VipsColourTransformClass VipsLab2LChClass;
G_DEFINE_TYPE( VipsLab2LCh, vips_Lab2LCh, VIPS_TYPE_COLOUR_TRANSFORM );
/**
* vips_col_ab2h:
* @a: CIE a
* @b: CIE b
*
* Returns: Hue (degrees)
*/
double
vips_col_ab2h( double a, double b )
{
double h;
/* We have to get the right quadrant!
*/
if( a == 0 ) {
if( b < 0.0 )
h = 270;
else if( b == 0.0 )
h = 0;
else
h = 90;
}
else {
double t = atan( b / a );
if( a > 0.0 )
if( b < 0.0 )
h = VIPS_DEG( t + VIPS_PI * 2.0 );
else
h = VIPS_DEG( t );
else
h = VIPS_DEG( t + VIPS_PI );
}
return( h );
}
void
vips_col_ab2Ch( float a, float b, float *C, float *h )
{
*h = vips_col_ab2h( a, b );
#ifdef HAVE_HYPOT
*C = hypot( a, b );
#else
*C = sqrt( a * a + b * b );
#endif
}
static void
vips_Lab2LCh_line( VipsColour *colour, VipsPel *out, VipsPel **in, int width )
{
float * restrict p = (float *) in[0];
float * restrict q = (float *) out;
int x;
for( x = 0; x < width; x++ ) {
float L = p[0];
float a = p[1];
float b = p[2];
float C, h;
p += 3;
C = sqrt( a * a + b * b );
h = vips_col_ab2h( a, b );
q[0] = L;
q[1] = C;
q[2] = h;
q += 3;
}
}
static void
vips_Lab2LCh_class_init( VipsLab2LChClass *class )
{
VipsObjectClass *object_class = (VipsObjectClass *) class;
VipsColourClass *colour_class = VIPS_COLOUR_CLASS( class );
object_class->nickname = "Lab2LCh";
object_class->description = _( "transform Lab to LCh" );
colour_class->process_line = vips_Lab2LCh_line;
}
static void
vips_Lab2LCh_init( VipsLab2LCh *Lab2LCh )
{
VipsColour *colour = VIPS_COLOUR( Lab2LCh );
colour->interpretation = VIPS_INTERPRETATION_LCH;
}
/**
* vips_Lab2LCh: (method)
* @in: input image
* @out: (out): output image
* @...: %NULL-terminated list of optional named arguments
*
* Turn Lab to LCh.
*
* Returns: 0 on success, -1 on error
*/
int
vips_Lab2LCh( VipsImage *in, VipsImage **out, ... )
{
va_list ap;
int result;
va_start( ap, out );
result = vips_call_split( "Lab2LCh", ap, in, out );
va_end( ap );
return( result );
}
| 38,350 |
https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q97439997
|
Wikidata
|
Semantic data
|
CC0
| null |
Category:Namibian expatriate sportspeople in China
|
None
|
Multilingual
|
Semantic data
| 86 | 266 |
Category:Namibian expatriate sportspeople in China
Wikimedia category
Category:Namibian expatriate sportspeople in China instance of Wikimedia category
Category:Namibian expatriate sportspeople in China category combines topics Namibia
Category:Namibian expatriate sportspeople in China category combines topics expatriate
Category:Namibian expatriate sportspeople in China category combines topics athlete
تصنيف:رياضيون ناميبيون مغتربون في الصين
تصنيف ويكيميديا
تصنيف:رياضيون ناميبيون مغتربون في الصين نموذج من تصنيف ويكيميديا
تصنيف:رياضيون ناميبيون مغتربون في الصين التصنيف يجمع المواضيع ناميبيا
تصنيف:رياضيون ناميبيون مغتربون في الصين التصنيف يجمع المواضيع المغترب
تصنيف:رياضيون ناميبيون مغتربون في الصين التصنيف يجمع المواضيع رياضي
| 37,318 |
https://github.com/ga-explorer/GMac/blob/master/EuclideanGeometryLib/EuclideanGeometryLib/Computers/Intersections/GcLimitedLineIntersector3D.cs
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,021 |
GMac
|
ga-explorer
|
C#
|
Code
| 6,966 | 27,295 |
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Diagnostics;
using System.Linq;
using DataStructuresLib.Statistics;
using EuclideanGeometryLib.Accelerators.BIH;
using EuclideanGeometryLib.Accelerators.BIH.Space3D;
using EuclideanGeometryLib.Accelerators.BIH.Space3D.Traversal;
using EuclideanGeometryLib.Accelerators.Grids;
using EuclideanGeometryLib.Accelerators.Grids.Space3D;
using EuclideanGeometryLib.BasicMath;
using EuclideanGeometryLib.BasicMath.Tuples;
using EuclideanGeometryLib.BasicOperations;
using EuclideanGeometryLib.BasicShapes;
using EuclideanGeometryLib.BasicShapes.Lines;
using EuclideanGeometryLib.BasicShapes.Lines.Immutable;
using EuclideanGeometryLib.BasicShapes.Triangles;
using EuclideanGeometryLib.Borders;
using EuclideanGeometryLib.Borders.Space1D;
using EuclideanGeometryLib.Borders.Space1D.Immutable;
using EuclideanGeometryLib.Borders.Space3D;
namespace EuclideanGeometryLib.Computers.Intersections
{
public class GcLimitedLineIntersector3D
{
public static BooleanOutcomesEventSummary TestTriangleIntersectionCounter { get; }
= BooleanOutcomesEventSummary.Create(
"GcLimitedLineIntersector3D.TestTriangleIntersectionCounter",
"Test Line Segment - Triangle Intersection in 3D"
);
public static BooleanOutcomesEventSummary ComputeTriangleIntersectionCounter { get; }
= BooleanOutcomesEventSummary.Create(
"GcLimitedLineIntersector3D.ComputeTriangleIntersectionCounter",
"Compute Line Segment - Triangle Intersection in 3D"
);
public bool ExcludeEdges { get; set; } = true;
private bool IsLineInsideTriangle(double d1, double d2, double d3)
{
//var dSumInv = 1 / (d1 + d2 + d3);
//var w1 = d1 * dSumInv;
//var w2 = d2 * dSumInv;
//var w3 = d3 * dSumInv;
//if (w1 > 0 && w2 > -1e-10 && w3 > -1e-10) return true;
//if (w2 > 0 && w3 > -1e-10 && w1 > -1e-10) return true;
//if (w3 > 0 && w1 > -1e-10 && w2 > -1e-10) return true;
//return false;
if (ExcludeEdges)
return
(d1 < 0 && d2 < 0 && d3 < 0) ||
(d1 > 0 && d2 > 0 && d3 > 0);
var dSum = d1 + d2 + d3;
return
(d1 <= 0 && d2 <= 0 && d3 <= 0 && dSum < 0) ||
(d1 >= 0 && d2 >= 0 && d3 >= 0 && dSum > 0);
}
public static bool TestIntersection(LineTraversalData3D lineData, IBoundingBox3D boundingBox)
{
var corners = new[]
{
boundingBox.GetMinCorner(),
boundingBox.GetMaxCorner()
};
var isXNegative = lineData.DirectionSign[0];
var isXPositive = 1 - isXNegative;
var isYNegative = lineData.DirectionSign[1];
var isYPositive = 1 - isYNegative;
// Check for ray intersection against x and y slabs
var txMin = (corners[isXNegative].X - lineData.Origin[0]) * lineData.DirectionInv[0];
var txMax = (corners[isXPositive].X - lineData.Origin[0]) * lineData.DirectionInv[0];
var tyMin = (corners[isYNegative].Y - lineData.Origin[1]) * lineData.DirectionInv[1];
var tyMax = (corners[isYPositive].Y - lineData.Origin[1]) * lineData.DirectionInv[1];
// Update txMax and tyMax to ensure robust bounds intersection
txMax *= 1 + 2 * Float64Utils.Gamma3;
tyMax *= 1 + 2 * Float64Utils.Gamma3;
if (txMin > tyMax || tyMin > txMax)
return false;
if (tyMin > txMin) txMin = tyMin;
if (tyMax < txMax) txMax = tyMax;
return txMin < lineData.ParameterMaxValue &&
txMax > lineData.ParameterMinValue;
}
public static Tuple<bool, double, double> ComputeIntersections(LineTraversalData3D lineData, IBoundingBox3D boundingBox)
{
var corners = new[]
{
boundingBox.GetMinCorner(),
boundingBox.GetMaxCorner()
};
var isXNegative = lineData.DirectionSign[0];
var isXPositive = 1 - isXNegative;
var isYNegative = lineData.DirectionSign[1];
var isYPositive = 1 - isYNegative;
// Check for ray intersection against x and y slabs
var txMin = (corners[isXNegative].X - lineData.Origin[0]) * lineData.DirectionInv[0];
var txMax = (corners[isXPositive].X - lineData.Origin[0]) * lineData.DirectionInv[0];
var tyMin = (corners[isYNegative].Y - lineData.Origin[1]) * lineData.DirectionInv[1];
var tyMax = (corners[isYPositive].Y - lineData.Origin[1]) * lineData.DirectionInv[1];
// Update txMax and tyMax to ensure robust bounds intersection
txMax *= 1 + 2 * Float64Utils.Gamma3;
tyMax *= 1 + 2 * Float64Utils.Gamma3;
if (txMin > tyMax || tyMin > txMax)
return IntersectionUtils.NoIntersectionPair;
if (tyMin > txMin) txMin = tyMin;
if (tyMax < txMax) txMax = tyMax;
return txMin < lineData.ParameterMaxValue &&
txMax > lineData.ParameterMinValue
? Tuple.Create(
true,
Math.Max(txMin, lineData.ParameterMinValue),
Math.Min(txMax, lineData.ParameterMaxValue)
)
: IntersectionUtils.NoIntersectionPair;
}
public IEnumerable<AccBihLineTraversalState3D> BihLineTraversalStates { get; private set; }
= Enumerable.Empty<AccBihLineTraversalState3D>();
public Line3D Line { get; private set; }
public BoundingBox1D LineParameterLimits { get; private set; }
/// <summary>
/// Set the line and its limits from a given line segment. The line origin
/// is the first end point of the line segment. The line direction is
/// the difference between the line segment end points. The line limits
/// are 0 and 1
/// </summary>
/// <param name="lineSegment"></param>
/// <returns></returns>
public GcLimitedLineIntersector3D SetLineAsLineSegment(ILineSegment3D lineSegment)
{
Line = new Line3D(
lineSegment.Point1X,
lineSegment.Point1Y,
lineSegment.Point1Z,
lineSegment.Point2X - lineSegment.Point1X,
lineSegment.Point2Y - lineSegment.Point1Y,
lineSegment.Point2Z - lineSegment.Point1Z
);
LineParameterLimits = new BoundingBox1D(0, 1);
return this;
}
public GcLimitedLineIntersector3D SetLineAsLineSegment(ITuple3D point1, ITuple3D point2)
{
Line = new Line3D(
point1.X,
point1.Y,
point1.Z,
point2.X - point1.X,
point2.Y - point1.Y,
point2.Z - point1.Z
);
LineParameterLimits = new BoundingBox1D(0, 1);
return this;
}
public GcLimitedLineIntersector3D SetLine(ITuple3D lineOrigin, ITuple3D lineDirection, IBoundingBox1D lineParamLimits)
{
Line = new Line3D(
lineOrigin.X,
lineOrigin.Y,
lineOrigin.Z,
lineDirection.X,
lineDirection.Y,
lineDirection.Z
);
LineParameterLimits = lineParamLimits.GetBoundingBox();
return this;
}
public GcLimitedLineIntersector3D SetLine(ILine3D line, IBoundingBox1D lineParamLimits)
{
Line = line.ToLine();
LineParameterLimits = lineParamLimits.GetBoundingBox();
return this;
}
#region Line-Triangle Intersection
public bool TestIntersectionVa(ITriangle3D triangle)
{
if (!triangle.IntersectionTestsEnabled)
return false;
TestTriangleIntersectionCounter.Begin();
var d1 = Line.GetSignedDistanceToLineVa(triangle.GetLine23());
var d2 = Line.GetSignedDistanceToLineVa(triangle.GetLine31());
var d3 = Line.GetSignedDistanceToLineVa(triangle.GetLine12());
if (!IsLineInsideTriangle(d1, d2, d3))
{
TestTriangleIntersectionCounter.EndWithFalseOutcome();
return false;
}
var s1 = Line
.GetPointAt(LineParameterLimits.MinValue)
.GetSignedDistanceToPlaneVa(triangle);
var s2 = Line
.GetPointAt(LineParameterLimits.MaxValue)
.GetSignedDistanceToPlaneVa(triangle);
if (!(s1 < 0 && s2 > 0) && !(s1 > 0 && s2 < 0))
{
TestTriangleIntersectionCounter.EndWithFalseOutcome();
return false;
}
TestTriangleIntersectionCounter.EndWithTrueOutcome();
return true;
}
public bool TestIntersection(ITriangle3D triangle)
{
if (!triangle.IntersectionTestsEnabled)
return false;
TestTriangleIntersectionCounter.Begin();
var linePoint1X = Line.OriginX + LineParameterLimits.MinValue * Line.DirectionX;
var linePoint1Y = Line.OriginY + LineParameterLimits.MinValue * Line.DirectionY;
var linePoint1Z = Line.OriginZ + LineParameterLimits.MinValue * Line.DirectionZ;
var linePoint2X = Line.OriginX + LineParameterLimits.MaxValue * Line.DirectionX;
var linePoint2Y = Line.OriginY + LineParameterLimits.MaxValue * Line.DirectionY;
var linePoint2Z = Line.OriginZ + LineParameterLimits.MaxValue * Line.DirectionZ;
//Begin GMac Macro Code Generation, 2018-10-05T22:07:42.3237425+02:00
//Macro: cemsim.hga4d.LinePlaneIntersect3D
//Input Variables: 15 used, 0 not used, 15 total.
//Temp Variables: 122 sub-expressions, 0 generated temps, 122 total.
//Target Temp Variables: 9 total.
//Output Variables: 4 total.
//Computations: 1.1984126984127 average, 151 total.
//Memory Reads: 1.88888888888889 average, 238 total.
//Memory Writes: 126 total.
//
//Macro Binding Data:
// result.d1 = variable: var d1
// result.d2 = variable: var d2
// result.d3 = variable: var d3
// result.t = variable: var t
// linePoint1.#e1# = variable: linePoint1X
// linePoint1.#e2# = variable: linePoint1Y
// linePoint1.#e3# = variable: linePoint1Z
// linePoint2.#e1# = variable: linePoint2X
// linePoint2.#e2# = variable: linePoint2Y
// linePoint2.#e3# = variable: linePoint2Z
// planePoint1.#e1# = variable: triangle.Point1X
// planePoint1.#e2# = variable: triangle.Point1Y
// planePoint1.#e3# = variable: triangle.Point1Z
// planePoint2.#e1# = variable: triangle.Point2X
// planePoint2.#e2# = variable: triangle.Point2Y
// planePoint2.#e3# = variable: triangle.Point2Z
// planePoint3.#e1# = variable: triangle.Point3X
// planePoint3.#e2# = variable: triangle.Point3Y
// planePoint3.#e3# = variable: triangle.Point3Z
double tmp0;
double tmp1;
double tmp2;
double tmp3;
double tmp4;
double tmp5;
double tmp6;
double tmp7;
double tmp8;
//Sub-expression: LLDI005A = Times[-1,LLDI000A]
tmp0 = -linePoint2Z;
//Sub-expression: LLDI005B = Plus[LLDI0007,LLDI005A]
tmp0 = linePoint1Z + tmp0;
//Sub-expression: LLDI005C = Times[-1,LLDI000F,LLDI0011]
tmp1 = -1 * triangle.Point2Y * triangle.Point3X;
//Sub-expression: LLDI005D = Times[LLDI000E,LLDI0012]
tmp2 = triangle.Point2X * triangle.Point3Y;
//Sub-expression: LLDI005E = Plus[LLDI005C,LLDI005D]
tmp1 = tmp1 + tmp2;
//Sub-expression: LLDI005F = Times[LLDI005B,LLDI005E]
tmp1 = tmp0 * tmp1;
//Sub-expression: LLDI0060 = Times[-1,LLDI0009]
tmp2 = -linePoint2Y;
//Sub-expression: LLDI0061 = Plus[LLDI0006,LLDI0060]
tmp2 = linePoint1Y + tmp2;
//Sub-expression: LLDI0062 = Times[-1,LLDI0010,LLDI0011]
tmp3 = -1 * triangle.Point2Z * triangle.Point3X;
//Sub-expression: LLDI0063 = Times[LLDI000E,LLDI0013]
tmp4 = triangle.Point2X * triangle.Point3Z;
//Sub-expression: LLDI0064 = Plus[LLDI0062,LLDI0063]
tmp3 = tmp3 + tmp4;
//Sub-expression: LLDI0065 = Times[-1,LLDI0061,LLDI0064]
tmp3 = -1 * tmp2 * tmp3;
//Sub-expression: LLDI0066 = Plus[LLDI005F,LLDI0065]
tmp1 = tmp1 + tmp3;
//Sub-expression: LLDI0067 = Times[-1,LLDI0008]
tmp3 = -linePoint2X;
//Sub-expression: LLDI0068 = Plus[LLDI0005,LLDI0067]
tmp3 = linePoint1X + tmp3;
//Sub-expression: LLDI0069 = Times[-1,LLDI0010,LLDI0012]
tmp4 = -1 * triangle.Point2Z * triangle.Point3Y;
//Sub-expression: LLDI006A = Times[LLDI000F,LLDI0013]
tmp5 = triangle.Point2Y * triangle.Point3Z;
//Sub-expression: LLDI006B = Plus[LLDI0069,LLDI006A]
tmp4 = tmp4 + tmp5;
//Sub-expression: LLDI006C = Times[LLDI0068,LLDI006B]
tmp4 = tmp3 * tmp4;
//Sub-expression: LLDI006D = Plus[LLDI0066,LLDI006C]
tmp1 = tmp1 + tmp4;
//Sub-expression: LLDI006E = Times[-1,LLDI0007,LLDI0009]
tmp4 = -1 * linePoint1Z * linePoint2Y;
//Sub-expression: LLDI006F = Times[LLDI0006,LLDI000A]
tmp5 = linePoint1Y * linePoint2Z;
//Sub-expression: LLDI0070 = Plus[LLDI006E,LLDI006F]
tmp4 = tmp4 + tmp5;
//Sub-expression: LLDI0071 = Times[-1,LLDI0011]
tmp5 = -triangle.Point3X;
//Sub-expression: LLDI0072 = Plus[LLDI000E,LLDI0071]
tmp5 = triangle.Point2X + tmp5;
//Sub-expression: LLDI0073 = Times[LLDI0070,LLDI0072]
tmp5 = tmp4 * tmp5;
//Sub-expression: LLDI0074 = Plus[LLDI006D,LLDI0073]
tmp1 = tmp1 + tmp5;
//Sub-expression: LLDI0075 = Times[-1,LLDI0007,LLDI0008]
tmp5 = -1 * linePoint1Z * linePoint2X;
//Sub-expression: LLDI0076 = Times[LLDI0005,LLDI000A]
tmp6 = linePoint1X * linePoint2Z;
//Sub-expression: LLDI0077 = Plus[LLDI0075,LLDI0076]
tmp5 = tmp5 + tmp6;
//Sub-expression: LLDI0078 = Times[-1,LLDI0012]
tmp6 = -triangle.Point3Y;
//Sub-expression: LLDI0079 = Plus[LLDI000F,LLDI0078]
tmp6 = triangle.Point2Y + tmp6;
//Sub-expression: LLDI007A = Times[-1,LLDI0077,LLDI0079]
tmp6 = -1 * tmp5 * tmp6;
//Sub-expression: LLDI007B = Plus[LLDI0074,LLDI007A]
tmp1 = tmp1 + tmp6;
//Sub-expression: LLDI007C = Times[-1,LLDI0006,LLDI0008]
tmp6 = -1 * linePoint1Y * linePoint2X;
//Sub-expression: LLDI007D = Times[LLDI0005,LLDI0009]
tmp7 = linePoint1X * linePoint2Y;
//Sub-expression: LLDI007E = Plus[LLDI007C,LLDI007D]
tmp6 = tmp6 + tmp7;
//Sub-expression: LLDI007F = Times[-1,LLDI0013]
tmp7 = -triangle.Point3Z;
//Sub-expression: LLDI0080 = Plus[LLDI0010,LLDI007F]
tmp7 = triangle.Point2Z + tmp7;
//Sub-expression: LLDI0081 = Times[LLDI007E,LLDI0080]
tmp7 = tmp6 * tmp7;
//Output: LLDI0001 = Plus[LLDI007B,LLDI0081]
var d1 = tmp1 + tmp7;
//Sub-expression: LLDI0082 = Times[LLDI000C,LLDI0011]
tmp1 = triangle.Point1Y * triangle.Point3X;
//Sub-expression: LLDI0083 = Times[-1,LLDI000B,LLDI0012]
tmp7 = -1 * triangle.Point1X * triangle.Point3Y;
//Sub-expression: LLDI0084 = Plus[LLDI0082,LLDI0083]
tmp1 = tmp1 + tmp7;
//Sub-expression: LLDI0085 = Times[LLDI005B,LLDI0084]
tmp1 = tmp0 * tmp1;
//Sub-expression: LLDI0086 = Times[LLDI000D,LLDI0011]
tmp7 = triangle.Point1Z * triangle.Point3X;
//Sub-expression: LLDI0087 = Times[-1,LLDI000B,LLDI0013]
tmp8 = -1 * triangle.Point1X * triangle.Point3Z;
//Sub-expression: LLDI0088 = Plus[LLDI0086,LLDI0087]
tmp7 = tmp7 + tmp8;
//Sub-expression: LLDI0089 = Times[-1,LLDI0061,LLDI0088]
tmp7 = -1 * tmp2 * tmp7;
//Sub-expression: LLDI008A = Plus[LLDI0085,LLDI0089]
tmp1 = tmp1 + tmp7;
//Sub-expression: LLDI008B = Times[LLDI000D,LLDI0012]
tmp7 = triangle.Point1Z * triangle.Point3Y;
//Sub-expression: LLDI008C = Times[-1,LLDI000C,LLDI0013]
tmp8 = -1 * triangle.Point1Y * triangle.Point3Z;
//Sub-expression: LLDI008D = Plus[LLDI008B,LLDI008C]
tmp7 = tmp7 + tmp8;
//Sub-expression: LLDI008E = Times[LLDI0068,LLDI008D]
tmp7 = tmp3 * tmp7;
//Sub-expression: LLDI008F = Plus[LLDI008A,LLDI008E]
tmp1 = tmp1 + tmp7;
//Sub-expression: LLDI0090 = Times[-1,LLDI000B]
tmp7 = -triangle.Point1X;
//Sub-expression: LLDI0091 = Plus[LLDI0090,LLDI0011]
tmp7 = tmp7 + triangle.Point3X;
//Sub-expression: LLDI0092 = Times[LLDI0070,LLDI0091]
tmp7 = tmp4 * tmp7;
//Sub-expression: LLDI0093 = Plus[LLDI008F,LLDI0092]
tmp1 = tmp1 + tmp7;
//Sub-expression: LLDI0094 = Times[-1,LLDI000C]
tmp7 = -triangle.Point1Y;
//Sub-expression: LLDI0095 = Plus[LLDI0094,LLDI0012]
tmp7 = tmp7 + triangle.Point3Y;
//Sub-expression: LLDI0096 = Times[-1,LLDI0077,LLDI0095]
tmp7 = -1 * tmp5 * tmp7;
//Sub-expression: LLDI0097 = Plus[LLDI0093,LLDI0096]
tmp1 = tmp1 + tmp7;
//Sub-expression: LLDI0098 = Times[-1,LLDI000D]
tmp7 = -triangle.Point1Z;
//Sub-expression: LLDI0099 = Plus[LLDI0098,LLDI0013]
tmp7 = tmp7 + triangle.Point3Z;
//Sub-expression: LLDI009A = Times[LLDI007E,LLDI0099]
tmp7 = tmp6 * tmp7;
//Output: LLDI0002 = Plus[LLDI0097,LLDI009A]
var d2 = tmp1 + tmp7;
//Sub-expression: LLDI009B = Times[-1,LLDI000C,LLDI000E]
tmp1 = -1 * triangle.Point1Y * triangle.Point2X;
//Sub-expression: LLDI009C = Times[LLDI000B,LLDI000F]
tmp7 = triangle.Point1X * triangle.Point2Y;
//Sub-expression: LLDI009D = Plus[LLDI009B,LLDI009C]
tmp1 = tmp1 + tmp7;
//Sub-expression: LLDI009E = Times[LLDI005B,LLDI009D]
tmp0 = tmp0 * tmp1;
//Sub-expression: LLDI009F = Times[-1,LLDI000D,LLDI000E]
tmp7 = -1 * triangle.Point1Z * triangle.Point2X;
//Sub-expression: LLDI00A0 = Times[LLDI000B,LLDI0010]
tmp8 = triangle.Point1X * triangle.Point2Z;
//Sub-expression: LLDI00A1 = Plus[LLDI009F,LLDI00A0]
tmp7 = tmp7 + tmp8;
//Sub-expression: LLDI00A2 = Times[-1,LLDI0061,LLDI00A1]
tmp2 = -1 * tmp2 * tmp7;
//Sub-expression: LLDI00A3 = Plus[LLDI009E,LLDI00A2]
tmp0 = tmp0 + tmp2;
//Sub-expression: LLDI00A4 = Times[-1,LLDI000D,LLDI000F]
tmp2 = -1 * triangle.Point1Z * triangle.Point2Y;
//Sub-expression: LLDI00A5 = Times[LLDI000C,LLDI0010]
tmp8 = triangle.Point1Y * triangle.Point2Z;
//Sub-expression: LLDI00A6 = Plus[LLDI00A4,LLDI00A5]
tmp2 = tmp2 + tmp8;
//Sub-expression: LLDI00A7 = Times[LLDI0068,LLDI00A6]
tmp3 = tmp3 * tmp2;
//Sub-expression: LLDI00A8 = Plus[LLDI00A3,LLDI00A7]
tmp0 = tmp0 + tmp3;
//Sub-expression: LLDI00A9 = Times[-1,LLDI000E]
tmp3 = -triangle.Point2X;
//Sub-expression: LLDI00AA = Plus[LLDI000B,LLDI00A9]
tmp3 = triangle.Point1X + tmp3;
//Sub-expression: LLDI00AB = Times[LLDI0070,LLDI00AA]
tmp4 = tmp4 * tmp3;
//Sub-expression: LLDI00AC = Plus[LLDI00A8,LLDI00AB]
tmp0 = tmp0 + tmp4;
//Sub-expression: LLDI00AD = Times[-1,LLDI000F]
tmp4 = -triangle.Point2Y;
//Sub-expression: LLDI00AE = Plus[LLDI000C,LLDI00AD]
tmp4 = triangle.Point1Y + tmp4;
//Sub-expression: LLDI00AF = Times[-1,LLDI0077,LLDI00AE]
tmp5 = -1 * tmp5 * tmp4;
//Sub-expression: LLDI00B0 = Plus[LLDI00AC,LLDI00AF]
tmp0 = tmp0 + tmp5;
//Sub-expression: LLDI00B1 = Times[-1,LLDI0010]
tmp5 = -triangle.Point2Z;
//Sub-expression: LLDI00B2 = Plus[LLDI000D,LLDI00B1]
tmp5 = triangle.Point1Z + tmp5;
//Sub-expression: LLDI00B3 = Times[LLDI007E,LLDI00B2]
tmp6 = tmp6 * tmp5;
//Output: LLDI0003 = Plus[LLDI00B0,LLDI00B3]
var d3 = tmp0 + tmp6;
if (!IsLineInsideTriangle(d1, d2, d3))
{
TestTriangleIntersectionCounter.EndWithFalseOutcome();
return false;
}
//Sub-expression: LLDI00B4 = Times[LLDI0013,LLDI009D]
tmp0 = triangle.Point3Z * tmp1;
//Sub-expression: LLDI00B5 = Times[-1,LLDI0012,LLDI00A1]
tmp6 = -1 * triangle.Point3Y * tmp7;
//Sub-expression: LLDI00B6 = Plus[LLDI00B4,LLDI00B5]
tmp0 = tmp0 + tmp6;
//Sub-expression: LLDI00B7 = Times[LLDI0011,LLDI00A6]
tmp6 = triangle.Point3X * tmp2;
//Sub-expression: LLDI00B8 = Plus[LLDI00B6,LLDI00B7]
tmp0 = tmp0 + tmp6;
//Sub-expression: LLDI00B9 = Times[-1,LLDI0012,LLDI00AA]
tmp6 = -1 * triangle.Point3Y * tmp3;
//Sub-expression: LLDI00BA = Plus[LLDI009D,LLDI00B9]
tmp1 = tmp1 + tmp6;
//Sub-expression: LLDI00BB = Times[LLDI0011,LLDI00AE]
tmp6 = triangle.Point3X * tmp4;
//Sub-expression: LLDI00BC = Plus[LLDI00BA,LLDI00BB]
tmp1 = tmp1 + tmp6;
//Sub-expression: LLDI00BD = Times[-1,LLDI0007,LLDI00BC]
tmp6 = -1 * linePoint1Z * tmp1;
//Sub-expression: LLDI00BE = Plus[LLDI00B8,LLDI00BD]
tmp6 = tmp0 + tmp6;
//Sub-expression: LLDI00BF = Times[-1,LLDI0013,LLDI00AA]
tmp3 = -1 * triangle.Point3Z * tmp3;
//Sub-expression: LLDI00C0 = Plus[LLDI00A1,LLDI00BF]
tmp3 = tmp7 + tmp3;
//Sub-expression: LLDI00C1 = Times[LLDI0011,LLDI00B2]
tmp7 = triangle.Point3X * tmp5;
//Sub-expression: LLDI00C2 = Plus[LLDI00C0,LLDI00C1]
tmp3 = tmp3 + tmp7;
//Sub-expression: LLDI00C3 = Times[LLDI0006,LLDI00C2]
tmp7 = linePoint1Y * tmp3;
//Sub-expression: LLDI00C4 = Plus[LLDI00BE,LLDI00C3]
tmp6 = tmp6 + tmp7;
//Sub-expression: LLDI00C5 = Times[-1,LLDI0013,LLDI00AE]
tmp4 = -1 * triangle.Point3Z * tmp4;
//Sub-expression: LLDI00C6 = Plus[LLDI00A6,LLDI00C5]
tmp2 = tmp2 + tmp4;
//Sub-expression: LLDI00C7 = Times[LLDI0012,LLDI00B2]
tmp4 = triangle.Point3Y * tmp5;
//Sub-expression: LLDI00C8 = Plus[LLDI00C6,LLDI00C7]
tmp2 = tmp2 + tmp4;
//Sub-expression: LLDI00C9 = Times[-1,LLDI0005,LLDI00C8]
tmp4 = -1 * linePoint1X * tmp2;
//Sub-expression: LLDI00CA = Plus[LLDI00C4,LLDI00C9]
tmp4 = tmp6 + tmp4;
//Sub-expression: LLDI00CB = Times[-1,LLDI00B8]
tmp0 = -tmp0;
//Sub-expression: LLDI00CC = Times[LLDI000A,LLDI00BC]
tmp1 = linePoint2Z * tmp1;
//Sub-expression: LLDI00CD = Plus[LLDI00CB,LLDI00CC]
tmp0 = tmp0 + tmp1;
//Sub-expression: LLDI00CE = Times[-1,LLDI0009,LLDI00C2]
tmp1 = -1 * linePoint2Y * tmp3;
//Sub-expression: LLDI00CF = Plus[LLDI00CD,LLDI00CE]
tmp0 = tmp0 + tmp1;
//Sub-expression: LLDI00D0 = Times[LLDI0008,LLDI00C8]
tmp1 = linePoint2X * tmp2;
//Sub-expression: LLDI00D1 = Plus[LLDI00CF,LLDI00D0]
tmp0 = tmp0 + tmp1;
//Sub-expression: LLDI00D2 = Plus[LLDI00D1,LLDI00CA]
tmp0 = tmp0 + tmp4;
//Sub-expression: LLDI00D3 = Power[LLDI00D2,-1]
tmp0 = 1 / tmp0;
//Output: LLDI0004 = Times[LLDI00CA,LLDI00D3]
var t = tmp4 * tmp0;
//Finish GMac Macro Code Generation, 2018-10-05T22:07:42.3247418+02:00
Debug.Assert(!double.IsNaN(t));
var result = (t >= 0 && t <= 1);
TestTriangleIntersectionCounter.End(result);
return result;
}
public Tuple<bool, double> ComputeIntersectionVa(ITriangle3D triangle)
{
if (!triangle.IntersectionTestsEnabled)
return IntersectionUtils.NoIntersection;
ComputeTriangleIntersectionCounter.Begin();
var d1 = Line.GetSignedDistanceToLineVa(triangle.GetLine23());
var d2 = Line.GetSignedDistanceToLineVa(triangle.GetLine31());
var d3 = Line.GetSignedDistanceToLineVa(triangle.GetLine12());
if (!IsLineInsideTriangle(d1, d2, d3))
{
ComputeTriangleIntersectionCounter.EndWithFalseOutcome();
return IntersectionUtils.NoIntersection;
}
var s1 = Line
.GetPointAt(LineParameterLimits.MinValue)
.GetSignedDistanceToPlaneVa(triangle);
var s2 = Line
.GetPointAt(LineParameterLimits.MaxValue)
.GetSignedDistanceToPlaneVa(triangle);
if (!(s1 < 0 && s2 > 0) && !(s1 > 0 && s2 < 0))
{
ComputeTriangleIntersectionCounter.EndWithFalseOutcome();
return IntersectionUtils.NoIntersection;
}
var t = s1 / (s1 - s2);
Debug.Assert(!double.IsNaN(t));
ComputeTriangleIntersectionCounter.EndWithTrueOutcome();
return Tuple.Create(true, t);
}
public Tuple<bool, double> ComputeIntersection(ITriangle3D triangle)
{
if (!triangle.IntersectionTestsEnabled)
return IntersectionUtils.NoIntersection;
ComputeTriangleIntersectionCounter.Begin();
var linePoint1X = Line.OriginX + LineParameterLimits.MinValue * Line.DirectionX;
var linePoint1Y = Line.OriginY + LineParameterLimits.MinValue * Line.DirectionY;
var linePoint1Z = Line.OriginZ + LineParameterLimits.MinValue * Line.DirectionZ;
var linePoint2X = Line.OriginX + LineParameterLimits.MaxValue * Line.DirectionX;
var linePoint2Y = Line.OriginY + LineParameterLimits.MaxValue * Line.DirectionY;
var linePoint2Z = Line.OriginZ + LineParameterLimits.MaxValue * Line.DirectionZ;
//Begin GMac Macro Code Generation, 2018-10-05T22:07:42.3237425+02:00
//Macro: cemsim.hga4d.LinePlaneIntersect3D
//Input Variables: 15 used, 0 not used, 15 total.
//Temp Variables: 122 sub-expressions, 0 generated temps, 122 total.
//Target Temp Variables: 9 total.
//Output Variables: 4 total.
//Computations: 1.1984126984127 average, 151 total.
//Memory Reads: 1.88888888888889 average, 238 total.
//Memory Writes: 126 total.
//
//Macro Binding Data:
// result.d1 = variable: var d1
// result.d2 = variable: var d2
// result.d3 = variable: var d3
// result.t = variable: var t
// linePoint1.#e1# = variable: linePoint1X
// linePoint1.#e2# = variable: linePoint1Y
// linePoint1.#e3# = variable: linePoint1Z
// linePoint2.#e1# = variable: linePoint2X
// linePoint2.#e2# = variable: linePoint2Y
// linePoint2.#e3# = variable: linePoint2Z
// planePoint1.#e1# = variable: triangle.Point1X
// planePoint1.#e2# = variable: triangle.Point1Y
// planePoint1.#e3# = variable: triangle.Point1Z
// planePoint2.#e1# = variable: triangle.Point2X
// planePoint2.#e2# = variable: triangle.Point2Y
// planePoint2.#e3# = variable: triangle.Point2Z
// planePoint3.#e1# = variable: triangle.Point3X
// planePoint3.#e2# = variable: triangle.Point3Y
// planePoint3.#e3# = variable: triangle.Point3Z
double tmp0;
double tmp1;
double tmp2;
double tmp3;
double tmp4;
double tmp5;
double tmp6;
double tmp7;
double tmp8;
//Sub-expression: LLDI005A = Times[-1,LLDI000A]
tmp0 = -linePoint2Z;
//Sub-expression: LLDI005B = Plus[LLDI0007,LLDI005A]
tmp0 = linePoint1Z + tmp0;
//Sub-expression: LLDI005C = Times[-1,LLDI000F,LLDI0011]
tmp1 = -1 * triangle.Point2Y * triangle.Point3X;
//Sub-expression: LLDI005D = Times[LLDI000E,LLDI0012]
tmp2 = triangle.Point2X * triangle.Point3Y;
//Sub-expression: LLDI005E = Plus[LLDI005C,LLDI005D]
tmp1 = tmp1 + tmp2;
//Sub-expression: LLDI005F = Times[LLDI005B,LLDI005E]
tmp1 = tmp0 * tmp1;
//Sub-expression: LLDI0060 = Times[-1,LLDI0009]
tmp2 = -linePoint2Y;
//Sub-expression: LLDI0061 = Plus[LLDI0006,LLDI0060]
tmp2 = linePoint1Y + tmp2;
//Sub-expression: LLDI0062 = Times[-1,LLDI0010,LLDI0011]
tmp3 = -1 * triangle.Point2Z * triangle.Point3X;
//Sub-expression: LLDI0063 = Times[LLDI000E,LLDI0013]
tmp4 = triangle.Point2X * triangle.Point3Z;
//Sub-expression: LLDI0064 = Plus[LLDI0062,LLDI0063]
tmp3 = tmp3 + tmp4;
//Sub-expression: LLDI0065 = Times[-1,LLDI0061,LLDI0064]
tmp3 = -1 * tmp2 * tmp3;
//Sub-expression: LLDI0066 = Plus[LLDI005F,LLDI0065]
tmp1 = tmp1 + tmp3;
//Sub-expression: LLDI0067 = Times[-1,LLDI0008]
tmp3 = -linePoint2X;
//Sub-expression: LLDI0068 = Plus[LLDI0005,LLDI0067]
tmp3 = linePoint1X + tmp3;
//Sub-expression: LLDI0069 = Times[-1,LLDI0010,LLDI0012]
tmp4 = -1 * triangle.Point2Z * triangle.Point3Y;
//Sub-expression: LLDI006A = Times[LLDI000F,LLDI0013]
tmp5 = triangle.Point2Y * triangle.Point3Z;
//Sub-expression: LLDI006B = Plus[LLDI0069,LLDI006A]
tmp4 = tmp4 + tmp5;
//Sub-expression: LLDI006C = Times[LLDI0068,LLDI006B]
tmp4 = tmp3 * tmp4;
//Sub-expression: LLDI006D = Plus[LLDI0066,LLDI006C]
tmp1 = tmp1 + tmp4;
//Sub-expression: LLDI006E = Times[-1,LLDI0007,LLDI0009]
tmp4 = -1 * linePoint1Z * linePoint2Y;
//Sub-expression: LLDI006F = Times[LLDI0006,LLDI000A]
tmp5 = linePoint1Y * linePoint2Z;
//Sub-expression: LLDI0070 = Plus[LLDI006E,LLDI006F]
tmp4 = tmp4 + tmp5;
//Sub-expression: LLDI0071 = Times[-1,LLDI0011]
tmp5 = -triangle.Point3X;
//Sub-expression: LLDI0072 = Plus[LLDI000E,LLDI0071]
tmp5 = triangle.Point2X + tmp5;
//Sub-expression: LLDI0073 = Times[LLDI0070,LLDI0072]
tmp5 = tmp4 * tmp5;
//Sub-expression: LLDI0074 = Plus[LLDI006D,LLDI0073]
tmp1 = tmp1 + tmp5;
//Sub-expression: LLDI0075 = Times[-1,LLDI0007,LLDI0008]
tmp5 = -1 * linePoint1Z * linePoint2X;
//Sub-expression: LLDI0076 = Times[LLDI0005,LLDI000A]
tmp6 = linePoint1X * linePoint2Z;
//Sub-expression: LLDI0077 = Plus[LLDI0075,LLDI0076]
tmp5 = tmp5 + tmp6;
//Sub-expression: LLDI0078 = Times[-1,LLDI0012]
tmp6 = -triangle.Point3Y;
//Sub-expression: LLDI0079 = Plus[LLDI000F,LLDI0078]
tmp6 = triangle.Point2Y + tmp6;
//Sub-expression: LLDI007A = Times[-1,LLDI0077,LLDI0079]
tmp6 = -1 * tmp5 * tmp6;
//Sub-expression: LLDI007B = Plus[LLDI0074,LLDI007A]
tmp1 = tmp1 + tmp6;
//Sub-expression: LLDI007C = Times[-1,LLDI0006,LLDI0008]
tmp6 = -1 * linePoint1Y * linePoint2X;
//Sub-expression: LLDI007D = Times[LLDI0005,LLDI0009]
tmp7 = linePoint1X * linePoint2Y;
//Sub-expression: LLDI007E = Plus[LLDI007C,LLDI007D]
tmp6 = tmp6 + tmp7;
//Sub-expression: LLDI007F = Times[-1,LLDI0013]
tmp7 = -triangle.Point3Z;
//Sub-expression: LLDI0080 = Plus[LLDI0010,LLDI007F]
tmp7 = triangle.Point2Z + tmp7;
//Sub-expression: LLDI0081 = Times[LLDI007E,LLDI0080]
tmp7 = tmp6 * tmp7;
//Output: LLDI0001 = Plus[LLDI007B,LLDI0081]
var d1 = tmp1 + tmp7;
//Sub-expression: LLDI0082 = Times[LLDI000C,LLDI0011]
tmp1 = triangle.Point1Y * triangle.Point3X;
//Sub-expression: LLDI0083 = Times[-1,LLDI000B,LLDI0012]
tmp7 = -1 * triangle.Point1X * triangle.Point3Y;
//Sub-expression: LLDI0084 = Plus[LLDI0082,LLDI0083]
tmp1 = tmp1 + tmp7;
//Sub-expression: LLDI0085 = Times[LLDI005B,LLDI0084]
tmp1 = tmp0 * tmp1;
//Sub-expression: LLDI0086 = Times[LLDI000D,LLDI0011]
tmp7 = triangle.Point1Z * triangle.Point3X;
//Sub-expression: LLDI0087 = Times[-1,LLDI000B,LLDI0013]
tmp8 = -1 * triangle.Point1X * triangle.Point3Z;
//Sub-expression: LLDI0088 = Plus[LLDI0086,LLDI0087]
tmp7 = tmp7 + tmp8;
//Sub-expression: LLDI0089 = Times[-1,LLDI0061,LLDI0088]
tmp7 = -1 * tmp2 * tmp7;
//Sub-expression: LLDI008A = Plus[LLDI0085,LLDI0089]
tmp1 = tmp1 + tmp7;
//Sub-expression: LLDI008B = Times[LLDI000D,LLDI0012]
tmp7 = triangle.Point1Z * triangle.Point3Y;
//Sub-expression: LLDI008C = Times[-1,LLDI000C,LLDI0013]
tmp8 = -1 * triangle.Point1Y * triangle.Point3Z;
//Sub-expression: LLDI008D = Plus[LLDI008B,LLDI008C]
tmp7 = tmp7 + tmp8;
//Sub-expression: LLDI008E = Times[LLDI0068,LLDI008D]
tmp7 = tmp3 * tmp7;
//Sub-expression: LLDI008F = Plus[LLDI008A,LLDI008E]
tmp1 = tmp1 + tmp7;
//Sub-expression: LLDI0090 = Times[-1,LLDI000B]
tmp7 = -triangle.Point1X;
//Sub-expression: LLDI0091 = Plus[LLDI0090,LLDI0011]
tmp7 = tmp7 + triangle.Point3X;
//Sub-expression: LLDI0092 = Times[LLDI0070,LLDI0091]
tmp7 = tmp4 * tmp7;
//Sub-expression: LLDI0093 = Plus[LLDI008F,LLDI0092]
tmp1 = tmp1 + tmp7;
//Sub-expression: LLDI0094 = Times[-1,LLDI000C]
tmp7 = -triangle.Point1Y;
//Sub-expression: LLDI0095 = Plus[LLDI0094,LLDI0012]
tmp7 = tmp7 + triangle.Point3Y;
//Sub-expression: LLDI0096 = Times[-1,LLDI0077,LLDI0095]
tmp7 = -1 * tmp5 * tmp7;
//Sub-expression: LLDI0097 = Plus[LLDI0093,LLDI0096]
tmp1 = tmp1 + tmp7;
//Sub-expression: LLDI0098 = Times[-1,LLDI000D]
tmp7 = -triangle.Point1Z;
//Sub-expression: LLDI0099 = Plus[LLDI0098,LLDI0013]
tmp7 = tmp7 + triangle.Point3Z;
//Sub-expression: LLDI009A = Times[LLDI007E,LLDI0099]
tmp7 = tmp6 * tmp7;
//Output: LLDI0002 = Plus[LLDI0097,LLDI009A]
var d2 = tmp1 + tmp7;
//Sub-expression: LLDI009B = Times[-1,LLDI000C,LLDI000E]
tmp1 = -1 * triangle.Point1Y * triangle.Point2X;
//Sub-expression: LLDI009C = Times[LLDI000B,LLDI000F]
tmp7 = triangle.Point1X * triangle.Point2Y;
//Sub-expression: LLDI009D = Plus[LLDI009B,LLDI009C]
tmp1 = tmp1 + tmp7;
//Sub-expression: LLDI009E = Times[LLDI005B,LLDI009D]
tmp0 = tmp0 * tmp1;
//Sub-expression: LLDI009F = Times[-1,LLDI000D,LLDI000E]
tmp7 = -1 * triangle.Point1Z * triangle.Point2X;
//Sub-expression: LLDI00A0 = Times[LLDI000B,LLDI0010]
tmp8 = triangle.Point1X * triangle.Point2Z;
//Sub-expression: LLDI00A1 = Plus[LLDI009F,LLDI00A0]
tmp7 = tmp7 + tmp8;
//Sub-expression: LLDI00A2 = Times[-1,LLDI0061,LLDI00A1]
tmp2 = -1 * tmp2 * tmp7;
//Sub-expression: LLDI00A3 = Plus[LLDI009E,LLDI00A2]
tmp0 = tmp0 + tmp2;
//Sub-expression: LLDI00A4 = Times[-1,LLDI000D,LLDI000F]
tmp2 = -1 * triangle.Point1Z * triangle.Point2Y;
//Sub-expression: LLDI00A5 = Times[LLDI000C,LLDI0010]
tmp8 = triangle.Point1Y * triangle.Point2Z;
//Sub-expression: LLDI00A6 = Plus[LLDI00A4,LLDI00A5]
tmp2 = tmp2 + tmp8;
//Sub-expression: LLDI00A7 = Times[LLDI0068,LLDI00A6]
tmp3 = tmp3 * tmp2;
//Sub-expression: LLDI00A8 = Plus[LLDI00A3,LLDI00A7]
tmp0 = tmp0 + tmp3;
//Sub-expression: LLDI00A9 = Times[-1,LLDI000E]
tmp3 = -triangle.Point2X;
//Sub-expression: LLDI00AA = Plus[LLDI000B,LLDI00A9]
tmp3 = triangle.Point1X + tmp3;
//Sub-expression: LLDI00AB = Times[LLDI0070,LLDI00AA]
tmp4 = tmp4 * tmp3;
//Sub-expression: LLDI00AC = Plus[LLDI00A8,LLDI00AB]
tmp0 = tmp0 + tmp4;
//Sub-expression: LLDI00AD = Times[-1,LLDI000F]
tmp4 = -triangle.Point2Y;
//Sub-expression: LLDI00AE = Plus[LLDI000C,LLDI00AD]
tmp4 = triangle.Point1Y + tmp4;
//Sub-expression: LLDI00AF = Times[-1,LLDI0077,LLDI00AE]
tmp5 = -1 * tmp5 * tmp4;
//Sub-expression: LLDI00B0 = Plus[LLDI00AC,LLDI00AF]
tmp0 = tmp0 + tmp5;
//Sub-expression: LLDI00B1 = Times[-1,LLDI0010]
tmp5 = -triangle.Point2Z;
//Sub-expression: LLDI00B2 = Plus[LLDI000D,LLDI00B1]
tmp5 = triangle.Point1Z + tmp5;
//Sub-expression: LLDI00B3 = Times[LLDI007E,LLDI00B2]
tmp6 = tmp6 * tmp5;
//Output: LLDI0003 = Plus[LLDI00B0,LLDI00B3]
var d3 = tmp0 + tmp6;
if (!IsLineInsideTriangle(d1, d2, d3))
{
ComputeTriangleIntersectionCounter.EndWithFalseOutcome();
return IntersectionUtils.NoIntersection;
}
//Sub-expression: LLDI00B4 = Times[LLDI0013,LLDI009D]
tmp0 = triangle.Point3Z * tmp1;
//Sub-expression: LLDI00B5 = Times[-1,LLDI0012,LLDI00A1]
tmp6 = -1 * triangle.Point3Y * tmp7;
//Sub-expression: LLDI00B6 = Plus[LLDI00B4,LLDI00B5]
tmp0 = tmp0 + tmp6;
//Sub-expression: LLDI00B7 = Times[LLDI0011,LLDI00A6]
tmp6 = triangle.Point3X * tmp2;
//Sub-expression: LLDI00B8 = Plus[LLDI00B6,LLDI00B7]
tmp0 = tmp0 + tmp6;
//Sub-expression: LLDI00B9 = Times[-1,LLDI0012,LLDI00AA]
tmp6 = -1 * triangle.Point3Y * tmp3;
//Sub-expression: LLDI00BA = Plus[LLDI009D,LLDI00B9]
tmp1 = tmp1 + tmp6;
//Sub-expression: LLDI00BB = Times[LLDI0011,LLDI00AE]
tmp6 = triangle.Point3X * tmp4;
//Sub-expression: LLDI00BC = Plus[LLDI00BA,LLDI00BB]
tmp1 = tmp1 + tmp6;
//Sub-expression: LLDI00BD = Times[-1,LLDI0007,LLDI00BC]
tmp6 = -1 * linePoint1Z * tmp1;
//Sub-expression: LLDI00BE = Plus[LLDI00B8,LLDI00BD]
tmp6 = tmp0 + tmp6;
//Sub-expression: LLDI00BF = Times[-1,LLDI0013,LLDI00AA]
tmp3 = -1 * triangle.Point3Z * tmp3;
//Sub-expression: LLDI00C0 = Plus[LLDI00A1,LLDI00BF]
tmp3 = tmp7 + tmp3;
//Sub-expression: LLDI00C1 = Times[LLDI0011,LLDI00B2]
tmp7 = triangle.Point3X * tmp5;
//Sub-expression: LLDI00C2 = Plus[LLDI00C0,LLDI00C1]
tmp3 = tmp3 + tmp7;
//Sub-expression: LLDI00C3 = Times[LLDI0006,LLDI00C2]
tmp7 = linePoint1Y * tmp3;
//Sub-expression: LLDI00C4 = Plus[LLDI00BE,LLDI00C3]
tmp6 = tmp6 + tmp7;
//Sub-expression: LLDI00C5 = Times[-1,LLDI0013,LLDI00AE]
tmp4 = -1 * triangle.Point3Z * tmp4;
//Sub-expression: LLDI00C6 = Plus[LLDI00A6,LLDI00C5]
tmp2 = tmp2 + tmp4;
//Sub-expression: LLDI00C7 = Times[LLDI0012,LLDI00B2]
tmp4 = triangle.Point3Y * tmp5;
//Sub-expression: LLDI00C8 = Plus[LLDI00C6,LLDI00C7]
tmp2 = tmp2 + tmp4;
//Sub-expression: LLDI00C9 = Times[-1,LLDI0005,LLDI00C8]
tmp4 = -1 * linePoint1X * tmp2;
//Sub-expression: LLDI00CA = Plus[LLDI00C4,LLDI00C9]
tmp4 = tmp6 + tmp4;
//Sub-expression: LLDI00CB = Times[-1,LLDI00B8]
tmp0 = -tmp0;
//Sub-expression: LLDI00CC = Times[LLDI000A,LLDI00BC]
tmp1 = linePoint2Z * tmp1;
//Sub-expression: LLDI00CD = Plus[LLDI00CB,LLDI00CC]
tmp0 = tmp0 + tmp1;
//Sub-expression: LLDI00CE = Times[-1,LLDI0009,LLDI00C2]
tmp1 = -1 * linePoint2Y * tmp3;
//Sub-expression: LLDI00CF = Plus[LLDI00CD,LLDI00CE]
tmp0 = tmp0 + tmp1;
//Sub-expression: LLDI00D0 = Times[LLDI0008,LLDI00C8]
tmp1 = linePoint2X * tmp2;
//Sub-expression: LLDI00D1 = Plus[LLDI00CF,LLDI00D0]
tmp0 = tmp0 + tmp1;
//Sub-expression: LLDI00D2 = Plus[LLDI00D1,LLDI00CA]
tmp0 = tmp0 + tmp4;
//Sub-expression: LLDI00D3 = Power[LLDI00D2,-1]
tmp0 = 1 / tmp0;
//Output: LLDI0004 = Times[LLDI00CA,LLDI00D3]
var t = tmp4 * tmp0;
//Finish GMac Macro Code Generation, 2018-10-05T22:07:42.3247418+02:00
if (t < 0 || t > 1)
{
ComputeTriangleIntersectionCounter.EndWithFalseOutcome();
return IntersectionUtils.NoIntersection;
}
//Correction to get line parameter t w.r.t. line origin and direction
//because t is w.r.t. two end points given by lineParamRange
t = (1 - t) * LineParameterLimits.MinValue + t * LineParameterLimits.MaxValue;
Debug.Assert(!double.IsNaN(t));
ComputeTriangleIntersectionCounter.EndWithTrueOutcome();
return new Tuple<bool, double>(true, t);
}
public Tuple<bool, double> ComputeIntersection(ITriangle3D triangle, double lineParamMinValue, double lineParamMaxValue)
{
if (!triangle.IntersectionTestsEnabled)
return IntersectionUtils.NoIntersection;
ComputeTriangleIntersectionCounter.Begin();
var linePoint1X = Line.OriginX + lineParamMinValue * Line.DirectionX;
var linePoint1Y = Line.OriginY + lineParamMinValue * Line.DirectionY;
var linePoint1Z = Line.OriginZ + lineParamMinValue * Line.DirectionZ;
var linePoint2X = Line.OriginX + lineParamMaxValue * Line.DirectionX;
var linePoint2Y = Line.OriginY + lineParamMaxValue * Line.DirectionY;
var linePoint2Z = Line.OriginZ + lineParamMaxValue * Line.DirectionZ;
//Begin GMac Macro Code Generation, 2018-10-05T22:07:42.3237425+02:00
//Macro: cemsim.hga4d.LinePlaneIntersect3D
//Input Variables: 15 used, 0 not used, 15 total.
//Temp Variables: 122 sub-expressions, 0 generated temps, 122 total.
//Target Temp Variables: 9 total.
//Output Variables: 4 total.
//Computations: 1.1984126984127 average, 151 total.
//Memory Reads: 1.88888888888889 average, 238 total.
//Memory Writes: 126 total.
//
//Macro Binding Data:
// result.d1 = variable: var d1
// result.d2 = variable: var d2
// result.d3 = variable: var d3
// result.t = variable: var t
// linePoint1.#e1# = variable: linePoint1X
// linePoint1.#e2# = variable: linePoint1Y
// linePoint1.#e3# = variable: linePoint1Z
// linePoint2.#e1# = variable: linePoint2X
// linePoint2.#e2# = variable: linePoint2Y
// linePoint2.#e3# = variable: linePoint2Z
// planePoint1.#e1# = variable: triangle.Point1X
// planePoint1.#e2# = variable: triangle.Point1Y
// planePoint1.#e3# = variable: triangle.Point1Z
// planePoint2.#e1# = variable: triangle.Point2X
// planePoint2.#e2# = variable: triangle.Point2Y
// planePoint2.#e3# = variable: triangle.Point2Z
// planePoint3.#e1# = variable: triangle.Point3X
// planePoint3.#e2# = variable: triangle.Point3Y
// planePoint3.#e3# = variable: triangle.Point3Z
double tmp0;
double tmp1;
double tmp2;
double tmp3;
double tmp4;
double tmp5;
double tmp6;
double tmp7;
double tmp8;
//Sub-expression: LLDI005A = Times[-1,LLDI000A]
tmp0 = -linePoint2Z;
//Sub-expression: LLDI005B = Plus[LLDI0007,LLDI005A]
tmp0 = linePoint1Z + tmp0;
//Sub-expression: LLDI005C = Times[-1,LLDI000F,LLDI0011]
tmp1 = -1 * triangle.Point2Y * triangle.Point3X;
//Sub-expression: LLDI005D = Times[LLDI000E,LLDI0012]
tmp2 = triangle.Point2X * triangle.Point3Y;
//Sub-expression: LLDI005E = Plus[LLDI005C,LLDI005D]
tmp1 = tmp1 + tmp2;
//Sub-expression: LLDI005F = Times[LLDI005B,LLDI005E]
tmp1 = tmp0 * tmp1;
//Sub-expression: LLDI0060 = Times[-1,LLDI0009]
tmp2 = -linePoint2Y;
//Sub-expression: LLDI0061 = Plus[LLDI0006,LLDI0060]
tmp2 = linePoint1Y + tmp2;
//Sub-expression: LLDI0062 = Times[-1,LLDI0010,LLDI0011]
tmp3 = -1 * triangle.Point2Z * triangle.Point3X;
//Sub-expression: LLDI0063 = Times[LLDI000E,LLDI0013]
tmp4 = triangle.Point2X * triangle.Point3Z;
//Sub-expression: LLDI0064 = Plus[LLDI0062,LLDI0063]
tmp3 = tmp3 + tmp4;
//Sub-expression: LLDI0065 = Times[-1,LLDI0061,LLDI0064]
tmp3 = -1 * tmp2 * tmp3;
//Sub-expression: LLDI0066 = Plus[LLDI005F,LLDI0065]
tmp1 = tmp1 + tmp3;
//Sub-expression: LLDI0067 = Times[-1,LLDI0008]
tmp3 = -linePoint2X;
//Sub-expression: LLDI0068 = Plus[LLDI0005,LLDI0067]
tmp3 = linePoint1X + tmp3;
//Sub-expression: LLDI0069 = Times[-1,LLDI0010,LLDI0012]
tmp4 = -1 * triangle.Point2Z * triangle.Point3Y;
//Sub-expression: LLDI006A = Times[LLDI000F,LLDI0013]
tmp5 = triangle.Point2Y * triangle.Point3Z;
//Sub-expression: LLDI006B = Plus[LLDI0069,LLDI006A]
tmp4 = tmp4 + tmp5;
//Sub-expression: LLDI006C = Times[LLDI0068,LLDI006B]
tmp4 = tmp3 * tmp4;
//Sub-expression: LLDI006D = Plus[LLDI0066,LLDI006C]
tmp1 = tmp1 + tmp4;
//Sub-expression: LLDI006E = Times[-1,LLDI0007,LLDI0009]
tmp4 = -1 * linePoint1Z * linePoint2Y;
//Sub-expression: LLDI006F = Times[LLDI0006,LLDI000A]
tmp5 = linePoint1Y * linePoint2Z;
//Sub-expression: LLDI0070 = Plus[LLDI006E,LLDI006F]
tmp4 = tmp4 + tmp5;
//Sub-expression: LLDI0071 = Times[-1,LLDI0011]
tmp5 = -triangle.Point3X;
//Sub-expression: LLDI0072 = Plus[LLDI000E,LLDI0071]
tmp5 = triangle.Point2X + tmp5;
//Sub-expression: LLDI0073 = Times[LLDI0070,LLDI0072]
tmp5 = tmp4 * tmp5;
//Sub-expression: LLDI0074 = Plus[LLDI006D,LLDI0073]
tmp1 = tmp1 + tmp5;
//Sub-expression: LLDI0075 = Times[-1,LLDI0007,LLDI0008]
tmp5 = -1 * linePoint1Z * linePoint2X;
//Sub-expression: LLDI0076 = Times[LLDI0005,LLDI000A]
tmp6 = linePoint1X * linePoint2Z;
//Sub-expression: LLDI0077 = Plus[LLDI0075,LLDI0076]
tmp5 = tmp5 + tmp6;
//Sub-expression: LLDI0078 = Times[-1,LLDI0012]
tmp6 = -triangle.Point3Y;
//Sub-expression: LLDI0079 = Plus[LLDI000F,LLDI0078]
tmp6 = triangle.Point2Y + tmp6;
//Sub-expression: LLDI007A = Times[-1,LLDI0077,LLDI0079]
tmp6 = -1 * tmp5 * tmp6;
//Sub-expression: LLDI007B = Plus[LLDI0074,LLDI007A]
tmp1 = tmp1 + tmp6;
//Sub-expression: LLDI007C = Times[-1,LLDI0006,LLDI0008]
tmp6 = -1 * linePoint1Y * linePoint2X;
//Sub-expression: LLDI007D = Times[LLDI0005,LLDI0009]
tmp7 = linePoint1X * linePoint2Y;
//Sub-expression: LLDI007E = Plus[LLDI007C,LLDI007D]
tmp6 = tmp6 + tmp7;
//Sub-expression: LLDI007F = Times[-1,LLDI0013]
tmp7 = -triangle.Point3Z;
//Sub-expression: LLDI0080 = Plus[LLDI0010,LLDI007F]
tmp7 = triangle.Point2Z + tmp7;
//Sub-expression: LLDI0081 = Times[LLDI007E,LLDI0080]
tmp7 = tmp6 * tmp7;
//Output: LLDI0001 = Plus[LLDI007B,LLDI0081]
var d1 = tmp1 + tmp7;
//Sub-expression: LLDI0082 = Times[LLDI000C,LLDI0011]
tmp1 = triangle.Point1Y * triangle.Point3X;
//Sub-expression: LLDI0083 = Times[-1,LLDI000B,LLDI0012]
tmp7 = -1 * triangle.Point1X * triangle.Point3Y;
//Sub-expression: LLDI0084 = Plus[LLDI0082,LLDI0083]
tmp1 = tmp1 + tmp7;
//Sub-expression: LLDI0085 = Times[LLDI005B,LLDI0084]
tmp1 = tmp0 * tmp1;
//Sub-expression: LLDI0086 = Times[LLDI000D,LLDI0011]
tmp7 = triangle.Point1Z * triangle.Point3X;
//Sub-expression: LLDI0087 = Times[-1,LLDI000B,LLDI0013]
tmp8 = -1 * triangle.Point1X * triangle.Point3Z;
//Sub-expression: LLDI0088 = Plus[LLDI0086,LLDI0087]
tmp7 = tmp7 + tmp8;
//Sub-expression: LLDI0089 = Times[-1,LLDI0061,LLDI0088]
tmp7 = -1 * tmp2 * tmp7;
//Sub-expression: LLDI008A = Plus[LLDI0085,LLDI0089]
tmp1 = tmp1 + tmp7;
//Sub-expression: LLDI008B = Times[LLDI000D,LLDI0012]
tmp7 = triangle.Point1Z * triangle.Point3Y;
//Sub-expression: LLDI008C = Times[-1,LLDI000C,LLDI0013]
tmp8 = -1 * triangle.Point1Y * triangle.Point3Z;
//Sub-expression: LLDI008D = Plus[LLDI008B,LLDI008C]
tmp7 = tmp7 + tmp8;
//Sub-expression: LLDI008E = Times[LLDI0068,LLDI008D]
tmp7 = tmp3 * tmp7;
//Sub-expression: LLDI008F = Plus[LLDI008A,LLDI008E]
tmp1 = tmp1 + tmp7;
//Sub-expression: LLDI0090 = Times[-1,LLDI000B]
tmp7 = -triangle.Point1X;
//Sub-expression: LLDI0091 = Plus[LLDI0090,LLDI0011]
tmp7 = tmp7 + triangle.Point3X;
//Sub-expression: LLDI0092 = Times[LLDI0070,LLDI0091]
tmp7 = tmp4 * tmp7;
//Sub-expression: LLDI0093 = Plus[LLDI008F,LLDI0092]
tmp1 = tmp1 + tmp7;
//Sub-expression: LLDI0094 = Times[-1,LLDI000C]
tmp7 = -triangle.Point1Y;
//Sub-expression: LLDI0095 = Plus[LLDI0094,LLDI0012]
tmp7 = tmp7 + triangle.Point3Y;
//Sub-expression: LLDI0096 = Times[-1,LLDI0077,LLDI0095]
tmp7 = -1 * tmp5 * tmp7;
//Sub-expression: LLDI0097 = Plus[LLDI0093,LLDI0096]
tmp1 = tmp1 + tmp7;
//Sub-expression: LLDI0098 = Times[-1,LLDI000D]
tmp7 = -triangle.Point1Z;
//Sub-expression: LLDI0099 = Plus[LLDI0098,LLDI0013]
tmp7 = tmp7 + triangle.Point3Z;
//Sub-expression: LLDI009A = Times[LLDI007E,LLDI0099]
tmp7 = tmp6 * tmp7;
//Output: LLDI0002 = Plus[LLDI0097,LLDI009A]
var d2 = tmp1 + tmp7;
//Sub-expression: LLDI009B = Times[-1,LLDI000C,LLDI000E]
tmp1 = -1 * triangle.Point1Y * triangle.Point2X;
//Sub-expression: LLDI009C = Times[LLDI000B,LLDI000F]
tmp7 = triangle.Point1X * triangle.Point2Y;
//Sub-expression: LLDI009D = Plus[LLDI009B,LLDI009C]
tmp1 = tmp1 + tmp7;
//Sub-expression: LLDI009E = Times[LLDI005B,LLDI009D]
tmp0 = tmp0 * tmp1;
//Sub-expression: LLDI009F = Times[-1,LLDI000D,LLDI000E]
tmp7 = -1 * triangle.Point1Z * triangle.Point2X;
//Sub-expression: LLDI00A0 = Times[LLDI000B,LLDI0010]
tmp8 = triangle.Point1X * triangle.Point2Z;
//Sub-expression: LLDI00A1 = Plus[LLDI009F,LLDI00A0]
tmp7 = tmp7 + tmp8;
//Sub-expression: LLDI00A2 = Times[-1,LLDI0061,LLDI00A1]
tmp2 = -1 * tmp2 * tmp7;
//Sub-expression: LLDI00A3 = Plus[LLDI009E,LLDI00A2]
tmp0 = tmp0 + tmp2;
//Sub-expression: LLDI00A4 = Times[-1,LLDI000D,LLDI000F]
tmp2 = -1 * triangle.Point1Z * triangle.Point2Y;
//Sub-expression: LLDI00A5 = Times[LLDI000C,LLDI0010]
tmp8 = triangle.Point1Y * triangle.Point2Z;
//Sub-expression: LLDI00A6 = Plus[LLDI00A4,LLDI00A5]
tmp2 = tmp2 + tmp8;
//Sub-expression: LLDI00A7 = Times[LLDI0068,LLDI00A6]
tmp3 = tmp3 * tmp2;
//Sub-expression: LLDI00A8 = Plus[LLDI00A3,LLDI00A7]
tmp0 = tmp0 + tmp3;
//Sub-expression: LLDI00A9 = Times[-1,LLDI000E]
tmp3 = -triangle.Point2X;
//Sub-expression: LLDI00AA = Plus[LLDI000B,LLDI00A9]
tmp3 = triangle.Point1X + tmp3;
//Sub-expression: LLDI00AB = Times[LLDI0070,LLDI00AA]
tmp4 = tmp4 * tmp3;
//Sub-expression: LLDI00AC = Plus[LLDI00A8,LLDI00AB]
tmp0 = tmp0 + tmp4;
//Sub-expression: LLDI00AD = Times[-1,LLDI000F]
tmp4 = -triangle.Point2Y;
//Sub-expression: LLDI00AE = Plus[LLDI000C,LLDI00AD]
tmp4 = triangle.Point1Y + tmp4;
//Sub-expression: LLDI00AF = Times[-1,LLDI0077,LLDI00AE]
tmp5 = -1 * tmp5 * tmp4;
//Sub-expression: LLDI00B0 = Plus[LLDI00AC,LLDI00AF]
tmp0 = tmp0 + tmp5;
//Sub-expression: LLDI00B1 = Times[-1,LLDI0010]
tmp5 = -triangle.Point2Z;
//Sub-expression: LLDI00B2 = Plus[LLDI000D,LLDI00B1]
tmp5 = triangle.Point1Z + tmp5;
//Sub-expression: LLDI00B3 = Times[LLDI007E,LLDI00B2]
tmp6 = tmp6 * tmp5;
//Output: LLDI0003 = Plus[LLDI00B0,LLDI00B3]
var d3 = tmp0 + tmp6;
if (!IsLineInsideTriangle(d1, d2, d3))
{
ComputeTriangleIntersectionCounter.EndWithFalseOutcome();
return IntersectionUtils.NoIntersection;
}
//Sub-expression: LLDI00B4 = Times[LLDI0013,LLDI009D]
tmp0 = triangle.Point3Z * tmp1;
//Sub-expression: LLDI00B5 = Times[-1,LLDI0012,LLDI00A1]
tmp6 = -1 * triangle.Point3Y * tmp7;
//Sub-expression: LLDI00B6 = Plus[LLDI00B4,LLDI00B5]
tmp0 = tmp0 + tmp6;
//Sub-expression: LLDI00B7 = Times[LLDI0011,LLDI00A6]
tmp6 = triangle.Point3X * tmp2;
//Sub-expression: LLDI00B8 = Plus[LLDI00B6,LLDI00B7]
tmp0 = tmp0 + tmp6;
//Sub-expression: LLDI00B9 = Times[-1,LLDI0012,LLDI00AA]
tmp6 = -1 * triangle.Point3Y * tmp3;
//Sub-expression: LLDI00BA = Plus[LLDI009D,LLDI00B9]
tmp1 = tmp1 + tmp6;
//Sub-expression: LLDI00BB = Times[LLDI0011,LLDI00AE]
tmp6 = triangle.Point3X * tmp4;
//Sub-expression: LLDI00BC = Plus[LLDI00BA,LLDI00BB]
tmp1 = tmp1 + tmp6;
//Sub-expression: LLDI00BD = Times[-1,LLDI0007,LLDI00BC]
tmp6 = -1 * linePoint1Z * tmp1;
//Sub-expression: LLDI00BE = Plus[LLDI00B8,LLDI00BD]
tmp6 = tmp0 + tmp6;
//Sub-expression: LLDI00BF = Times[-1,LLDI0013,LLDI00AA]
tmp3 = -1 * triangle.Point3Z * tmp3;
//Sub-expression: LLDI00C0 = Plus[LLDI00A1,LLDI00BF]
tmp3 = tmp7 + tmp3;
//Sub-expression: LLDI00C1 = Times[LLDI0011,LLDI00B2]
tmp7 = triangle.Point3X * tmp5;
//Sub-expression: LLDI00C2 = Plus[LLDI00C0,LLDI00C1]
tmp3 = tmp3 + tmp7;
//Sub-expression: LLDI00C3 = Times[LLDI0006,LLDI00C2]
tmp7 = linePoint1Y * tmp3;
//Sub-expression: LLDI00C4 = Plus[LLDI00BE,LLDI00C3]
tmp6 = tmp6 + tmp7;
//Sub-expression: LLDI00C5 = Times[-1,LLDI0013,LLDI00AE]
tmp4 = -1 * triangle.Point3Z * tmp4;
//Sub-expression: LLDI00C6 = Plus[LLDI00A6,LLDI00C5]
tmp2 = tmp2 + tmp4;
//Sub-expression: LLDI00C7 = Times[LLDI0012,LLDI00B2]
tmp4 = triangle.Point3Y * tmp5;
//Sub-expression: LLDI00C8 = Plus[LLDI00C6,LLDI00C7]
tmp2 = tmp2 + tmp4;
//Sub-expression: LLDI00C9 = Times[-1,LLDI0005,LLDI00C8]
tmp4 = -1 * linePoint1X * tmp2;
//Sub-expression: LLDI00CA = Plus[LLDI00C4,LLDI00C9]
tmp4 = tmp6 + tmp4;
//Sub-expression: LLDI00CB = Times[-1,LLDI00B8]
tmp0 = -tmp0;
//Sub-expression: LLDI00CC = Times[LLDI000A,LLDI00BC]
tmp1 = linePoint2Z * tmp1;
//Sub-expression: LLDI00CD = Plus[LLDI00CB,LLDI00CC]
tmp0 = tmp0 + tmp1;
//Sub-expression: LLDI00CE = Times[-1,LLDI0009,LLDI00C2]
tmp1 = -1 * linePoint2Y * tmp3;
//Sub-expression: LLDI00CF = Plus[LLDI00CD,LLDI00CE]
tmp0 = tmp0 + tmp1;
//Sub-expression: LLDI00D0 = Times[LLDI0008,LLDI00C8]
tmp1 = linePoint2X * tmp2;
//Sub-expression: LLDI00D1 = Plus[LLDI00CF,LLDI00D0]
tmp0 = tmp0 + tmp1;
//Sub-expression: LLDI00D2 = Plus[LLDI00D1,LLDI00CA]
tmp0 = tmp0 + tmp4;
//Sub-expression: LLDI00D3 = Power[LLDI00D2,-1]
tmp0 = 1 / tmp0;
//Output: LLDI0004 = Times[LLDI00CA,LLDI00D3]
var t = tmp4 * tmp0;
//Finish GMac Macro Code Generation, 2018-10-05T22:07:42.3247418+02:00
if (t < 0 || t > 1)
{
ComputeTriangleIntersectionCounter.EndWithFalseOutcome();
return IntersectionUtils.NoIntersection;
}
//Correction to get line parameter t w.r.t. line origin and direction
//because t is w.r.t. two end points given by lineParamRange
t = (1 - t) * lineParamMinValue + t * lineParamMaxValue;
Debug.Assert(!double.IsNaN(t));
ComputeTriangleIntersectionCounter.EndWithTrueOutcome();
return new Tuple<bool, double>(true, t);
}
/// <summary>
/// Test if the finite line (a line segment) intersects any of the given
/// line segments
/// </summary>
/// <param name="trianglesList"></param>
/// <returns></returns>
public bool TestIntersection(IEnumerable<ITriangle3D> trianglesList)
=> trianglesList.Any(TestIntersection);
public IEnumerable<Tuple<double, ITriangle3D>> ComputeIntersections(IEnumerable<ITriangle3D> trianglesList)
{
foreach (var triangle in trianglesList)
{
var result = ComputeIntersection(triangle);
if (result.Item1)
yield return new Tuple<double, ITriangle3D>(
result.Item2, triangle
);
}
}
public Tuple<bool, double, ITriangle3D> ComputeFirstIntersection(IEnumerable<ITriangle3D> trianglesList)
{
var hasIntersection = false;
var tValue = double.PositiveInfinity;
ITriangle3D hitLineSegment = null;
foreach (var triangle in trianglesList)
{
var result = ComputeIntersection(triangle);
if (!result.Item1 || tValue <= result.Item2)
continue;
hasIntersection = true;
tValue = result.Item2;
hitLineSegment = triangle;
}
return new Tuple<bool, double, ITriangle3D>(
hasIntersection,
tValue,
hitLineSegment
);
}
public Tuple<bool, double, ITriangle3D> ComputeLastIntersection(IEnumerable<ITriangle3D> trianglesList)
{
var hasIntersection = false;
var tValue = double.NegativeInfinity;
ITriangle3D hitLineSegment = null;
foreach (var triangle in trianglesList)
{
var result = ComputeIntersection(triangle);
if (!result.Item1 || tValue > result.Item2)
continue;
hasIntersection = true;
tValue = result.Item2;
hitLineSegment = triangle;
}
return new Tuple<bool, double, ITriangle3D>(
hasIntersection,
tValue,
hitLineSegment
);
}
public Tuple<bool, double, double, ITriangle3D, ITriangle3D> ComputeEdgeIntersections(IEnumerable<ITriangle3D> trianglesList)
{
var hasIntersection = false;
var tValue1 = double.PositiveInfinity;
var tValue2 = double.NegativeInfinity;
ITriangle3D hitLineSegment1 = null;
ITriangle3D hitLineSegment2 = null;
foreach (var triangle in trianglesList)
{
var result = ComputeIntersection(triangle);
if (!result.Item1)
continue;
hasIntersection = true;
if (tValue1 > result.Item2)
{
tValue1 = result.Item2;
hitLineSegment1 = triangle;
}
if (tValue2 < result.Item2)
{
tValue2 = result.Item2;
hitLineSegment2 = triangle;
}
}
return Tuple.Create(
hasIntersection,
tValue1,
tValue2,
hitLineSegment1,
hitLineSegment2
);
}
#endregion
#region Line-Bounding Box Intersection
public bool TestIntersection(IBoundingBox3D boundingBox)
{
var tMin = LineParameterLimits.MinValue;
var tMax = LineParameterLimits.MaxValue;
//Compute intersection parameters of ray with Y slaps
{
// Update interval for _i_th bounding box slab
var invRayDir = 1.0d / Line.DirectionX;
var tSlap1 = (boundingBox.MinX - Line.OriginX) * invRayDir;
var tSlap2 = (boundingBox.MaxX - Line.OriginX) * invRayDir;
// Update parametric interval from slab intersection t values
if (tSlap1 > tSlap2)
{
var s = tSlap1;
tSlap1 = tSlap2;
tSlap2 = s;
}
// Update tFar to ensure robust ray-bounds intersection
tSlap2 *= 1 + 2 * Float64Utils.Gamma3;
tMin = tSlap1 > tMin ? tSlap1 : tMin;
tMax = tSlap2 < tMax ? tSlap2 : tMax;
if (tMin > tMax)
return false;
}
//Compute intersection parameters of ray with X slaps
{
// Update interval for _i_th bounding box slab
var invRayDir = 1.0d / Line.DirectionY;
var tSlap1 = (boundingBox.MinY - Line.OriginY) * invRayDir;
var tSlap2 = (boundingBox.MaxY - Line.OriginY) * invRayDir;
// Update parametric interval from slab intersection t values
if (tSlap1 > tSlap2)
{
var s = tSlap1;
tSlap1 = tSlap2;
tSlap2 = s;
}
// Update tFar to ensure robust ray-bounds intersection
tSlap2 *= 1 + 2 * Float64Utils.Gamma3;
tMin = tSlap1 > tMin ? tSlap1 : tMin;
tMax = tSlap2 < tMax ? tSlap2 : tMax;
if (tMin > tMax)
return false;
}
return true;
}
public Tuple<bool, double, double> ComputeIntersections(IBoundingBox3D boundingBox)
{
var tMin = LineParameterLimits.MinValue;
var tMax = LineParameterLimits.MaxValue;
//Compute intersection parameters of ray with Y slaps
{
// Update interval for _i_th bounding box slab
var invRayDir = 1.0d / Line.DirectionX;
var tSlap1 = (boundingBox.MinX - Line.OriginX) * invRayDir;
var tSlap2 = (boundingBox.MaxX - Line.OriginX) * invRayDir;
// Update parametric interval from slab intersection t values
if (tSlap1 > tSlap2)
{
var s = tSlap1;
tSlap1 = tSlap2;
tSlap2 = s;
}
// Update tFar to ensure robust ray-bounds intersection
tSlap2 *= 1 + 2 * Float64Utils.Gamma3;
tMin = tSlap1 > tMin ? tSlap1 : tMin;
tMax = tSlap2 < tMax ? tSlap2 : tMax;
if (tMin > tMax)
return IntersectionUtils.NoIntersectionPair;
}
//Compute intersection parameters of ray with X slaps
{
// Update interval for _i_th bounding box slab
var invRayDir = 1.0d / Line.DirectionY;
var tSlap1 = (boundingBox.MinY - Line.OriginY) * invRayDir;
var tSlap2 = (boundingBox.MaxY - Line.OriginY) * invRayDir;
// Update parametric interval from slab intersection t values
if (tSlap1 > tSlap2)
{
var s = tSlap1;
tSlap1 = tSlap2;
tSlap2 = s;
}
// Update tFar to ensure robust ray-bounds intersection
tSlap2 *= 1 + 2 * Float64Utils.Gamma3;
tMin = tSlap1 > tMin ? tSlap1 : tMin;
tMax = tSlap2 < tMax ? tSlap2 : tMax;
if (tMin > tMax)
return IntersectionUtils.NoIntersectionPair;
}
return Tuple.Create(true, tMin, tMax);
}
public bool TestIntersection(IEnumerable<IBoundingBox3D> boundingBoxesList)
{
var lineData = Line.GetLineTraversalData(LineParameterLimits);
return boundingBoxesList
.Any(b => TestIntersection(lineData, b));
}
#endregion
#region Line-Acceleration Grid Intersection
public bool TestIntersection(IAccGrid3D<ITriangle3D> grid)
{
return grid
.GetLineTraverser(Line, LineParameterLimits)
.GetCells()
.Where(cell => !ReferenceEquals(cell, null))
.Select(cell => TestIntersection((IEnumerable<ITriangle3D>)cell))
.Any(v => v);
}
public IEnumerable<Tuple<double, ITriangle3D>> ComputeIntersections(IAccGrid3D<ITriangle3D> grid)
{
var lineTraverser = AccGridLineTraverser3D.Create(grid, Line, LineParameterLimits);
foreach (var cell in lineTraverser.GetActiveCells())
{
var tList =
ComputeIntersections((IEnumerable<ITriangle3D>)cell);
foreach (var t in tList.Where(t => t.Item1 < lineTraverser.TNext))
yield return t;
}
}
public Tuple<bool, double, ITriangle3D> ComputeFirstIntersection(IAccGrid3D<ITriangle3D> grid)
{
var lineTraverser = AccGridLineTraverser3D.Create(grid, Line, LineParameterLimits);
foreach (var cell in lineTraverser.GetActiveCells())
{
var t =
ComputeFirstIntersection((IEnumerable<ITriangle3D>)cell);
if (t.Item1 && t.Item2 < lineTraverser.TNext)
return t;
}
return new Tuple<bool, double, ITriangle3D>(false, 0, null);
}
public Tuple<bool, double, ITriangle3D> ComputeLastIntersection(IAccGrid3D<ITriangle3D> grid)
{
var oldLine = Line;
var oldLineParameterLimits = LineParameterLimits;
Line = new Line3D(
oldLine.OriginX + oldLine.DirectionX,
oldLine.OriginY + oldLine.DirectionY,
oldLine.OriginZ + oldLine.DirectionZ,
-oldLine.DirectionX,
-oldLine.DirectionY,
-oldLine.DirectionZ
);
LineParameterLimits = new BoundingBox1D(
1 - oldLineParameterLimits.MaxValue,
1 - oldLineParameterLimits.MinValue
);
var result = ComputeFirstIntersection(grid);
Line = oldLine;
LineParameterLimits = oldLineParameterLimits;
return result.Item1
? Tuple.Create(true, 1 - result.Item2, result.Item3)
: new Tuple<bool, double, ITriangle3D>(false, 0, null);
}
public Tuple<bool, double, double, ITriangle3D, ITriangle3D> ComputeEdgeIntersections(IAccGrid3D<ITriangle3D> grid)
{
var first = ComputeFirstIntersection(grid);
var last = ComputeLastIntersection(grid);
if (first.Item1 && last.Item1)
return new Tuple<bool, double, double, ITriangle3D, ITriangle3D>(
true,
first.Item2,
last.Item2,
first.Item3,
last.Item3
);
if (first.Item1)
return new Tuple<bool, double, double, ITriangle3D, ITriangle3D>(
true,
first.Item2,
first.Item2,
first.Item3,
first.Item3
);
if (last.Item1)
return new Tuple<bool, double, double, ITriangle3D, ITriangle3D>(
true,
last.Item2,
last.Item2,
last.Item3,
last.Item3
);
return new Tuple<bool, double, double, ITriangle3D, ITriangle3D>(
false,
0,
0,
null,
null
);
}
#endregion
#region Line-Acceleration BIH Intersection
public bool TestIntersection(IAccBih3D<ITriangle3D> bih, bool storeTraversalStates = false)
{
if (storeTraversalStates)
BihLineTraversalStates =
Enumerable.Empty<AccBihLineTraversalState3D>();
var lineLimits = ComputeIntersections(bih.BoundingBox);
if (!lineLimits.Item1)
return false;
var lineTraverser = bih.GetLineTraverser(
Line, lineLimits.Item2, lineLimits.Item3
);
var traversalStates =
lineTraverser
.GetTraversalStates(storeTraversalStates);
var hasIntersection = false;
foreach (var state in traversalStates)
{
if (state.BihNode.IsLeaf)
{
var flag = TestIntersection(
(IEnumerable<ITriangle3D>)state.BihNode
);
if (flag)
{
hasIntersection = true;
break;
}
}
}
//var hasIntersection =
// lineTraverser
// .GetLeafTraversalStates(storeTraversalStates)
// .Any(state => TestIntersection((IAccBihNode3D<ITriangle3D>)state.BihNode));
if (storeTraversalStates)
BihLineTraversalStates =
lineTraverser.TraversalStates;
return hasIntersection;
}
public IEnumerable<Tuple<double, ITriangle3D>> ComputeIntersections(IAccBih3D<ITriangle3D> bih, bool storeTraversalStates = false)
{
if (storeTraversalStates)
BihLineTraversalStates =
Enumerable.Empty<AccBihLineTraversalState3D>();
//Test line intersection with BIH bounding box
var lineLimits = ComputeIntersections(bih.BoundingBox);
if (!lineLimits.Item1)
yield break;
//Traverse BIH nodes
var lineTraverser =
bih.GetLineTraverser(Line, lineLimits.Item2, lineLimits.Item3);
foreach (var state in lineTraverser.GetLeafTraversalStates(storeTraversalStates))
{
var node = (IAccBihNode3D<ITriangle3D>)state.BihNode;
var t0 = state.LineParameterMinValue;
var t1 = state.LineParameterMaxValue;
//For leaf nodes find all intersections within all its geometric
//objects
foreach (var triangle in node)
{
var result = ComputeIntersection(triangle, t0, t1);
if (result.Item1)
yield return new Tuple<double, ITriangle3D>(
result.Item2,
triangle
);
}
}
if (storeTraversalStates)
BihLineTraversalStates =
lineTraverser.TraversalStates;
}
public Tuple<bool, double, ITriangle3D> ComputeFirstIntersection(IAccBih3D<ITriangle3D> bih, bool storeTraversalStates = false)
{
if (storeTraversalStates)
BihLineTraversalStates =
Enumerable.Empty<AccBihLineTraversalState3D>();
//Test line intersection with BIH bounding box
var lineLimits = ComputeIntersections(bih.BoundingBox);
if (!lineLimits.Item1)
return new Tuple<bool, double, ITriangle3D>(false, 0, null);
//Traverse BIH nodes
var lineTraverser =
bih.GetLineTraverser(Line, lineLimits.Item2, lineLimits.Item3);
var hasIntersection = false;
ITriangle3D hitLineSegment = null;
foreach (var state in lineTraverser.GetTraversalStates(storeTraversalStates))
{
var node = (IAccBihNode3D<ITriangle3D>)state.BihNode;
var t0 = state.LineParameterMinValue;
var t1 = state.LineParameterMaxValue;
if (!node.IsLeaf)
continue;
//For leaf nodes find first intersection within all its geometric
//objects
foreach (var triangle in node)
{
var result = ComputeIntersection(triangle, t0, t1);
if (!result.Item1)
continue;
hasIntersection = true;
if (lineTraverser.LineParameterLimits.MaxValue > result.Item2)
{
hitLineSegment = triangle;
lineTraverser
.LineParameterLimits
.RestrictMaxValue(result.Item2);
}
}
}
if (storeTraversalStates)
BihLineTraversalStates =
lineTraverser.TraversalStates;
return new Tuple<bool, double, ITriangle3D>(
hasIntersection,
lineTraverser.LineParameterLimits.MaxValue,
hitLineSegment
);
}
public Tuple<bool, double, ITriangle3D> ComputeLastIntersection(IAccBih3D<ITriangle3D> bih, bool storeTraversalStates = false)
{
if (storeTraversalStates)
BihLineTraversalStates =
Enumerable.Empty<AccBihLineTraversalState3D>();
//Test line intersection with BIH bounding box
var lineLimits = ComputeIntersections(bih.BoundingBox);
if (!lineLimits.Item1)
return new Tuple<bool, double, ITriangle3D>(false, 0, null);
//Traverse BIH nodes
var lineTraverser =
bih.GetLineTraverser(Line, lineLimits.Item2, lineLimits.Item3);
var hasIntersection = false;
ITriangle3D hitLineSegment = null;
foreach (var state in lineTraverser.GetTraversalStates(storeTraversalStates))
{
var node = (IAccBihNode3D<ITriangle3D>)state.BihNode;
var t0 = state.LineParameterMinValue;
var t1 = state.LineParameterMaxValue;
if (!node.IsLeaf)
continue;
//For leaf nodes find last intersection within all its geometric
//objects
foreach (var triangle in node)
{
var result = ComputeIntersection(triangle, t0, t1);
if (!result.Item1)
continue;
hasIntersection = true;
if (lineTraverser.LineParameterLimits.MinValue < result.Item2)
{
hitLineSegment = triangle;
lineTraverser
.LineParameterLimits
.RestrictMinValue(result.Item2);
}
}
}
if (storeTraversalStates)
BihLineTraversalStates =
lineTraverser.TraversalStates;
return new Tuple<bool, double, ITriangle3D>(
hasIntersection,
lineTraverser.LineParameterLimits.MinValue,
hitLineSegment
);
}
public Tuple<bool, double, double, ITriangle3D, ITriangle3D> ComputeEdgeIntersections(IAccBih3D<ITriangle3D> bih, bool storeTraversalStates = false)
{
if (storeTraversalStates)
BihLineTraversalStates =
Enumerable.Empty<AccBihLineTraversalState3D>();
//Test line intersection with BIH bounding box
var lineLimits = ComputeIntersections(bih.BoundingBox);
if (!lineLimits.Item1)
return new Tuple<bool, double, double, ITriangle3D, ITriangle3D>(
false,
0, 0,
null, null
);
var hasIntersection = false;
var tValue1 = double.PositiveInfinity;
var tValue2 = double.NegativeInfinity;
ITriangle3D hitLineSegment1 = null;
ITriangle3D hitLineSegment2 = null;
//Traverse BIH nodes
var lineTraverser =
bih.GetLineTraverser(Line, lineLimits.Item2, lineLimits.Item3);
foreach (var state in lineTraverser.GetLeafTraversalStates(storeTraversalStates))
{
var node = (IAccBihNode3D<ITriangle3D>)state.BihNode;
var t0 = state.LineParameterMinValue;
var t1 = state.LineParameterMaxValue;
//For leaf nodes find all intersections within all its geometric
//objects
foreach (var triangle in node)
{
var result = ComputeIntersection(triangle, t0, t1);
if (!result.Item1) continue;
hasIntersection = true;
if (tValue1 > result.Item2)
{
tValue1 = result.Item2;
hitLineSegment1 = triangle;
}
if (tValue2 < result.Item2)
{
tValue2 = result.Item2;
hitLineSegment2 = triangle;
}
}
}
if (storeTraversalStates)
BihLineTraversalStates =
lineTraverser.TraversalStates;
return new Tuple<bool, double, double, ITriangle3D, ITriangle3D>(
hasIntersection,
tValue1,
tValue2,
hitLineSegment1,
hitLineSegment2
);
}
#endregion
public bool TestIntersection(IGeometricObjectsContainer3D<ITriangle3D> trianglesList)
{
var grid = trianglesList as IAccGrid3D<ITriangle3D>;
if (!ReferenceEquals(grid, null))
return TestIntersection(grid);
var bih = trianglesList as IAccBih3D<ITriangle3D>;
if (!ReferenceEquals(bih, null))
return TestIntersection(bih);
return TestIntersection(
(IEnumerable<ITriangle3D>)trianglesList
);
}
public IEnumerable<Tuple<double, ITriangle3D>> ComputeIntersections(IGeometricObjectsContainer3D<ITriangle3D> trianglesList)
{
var grid = trianglesList as IAccGrid3D<ITriangle3D>;
if (!ReferenceEquals(grid, null))
return ComputeIntersections(grid);
var bih = trianglesList as IAccBih3D<ITriangle3D>;
if (!ReferenceEquals(bih, null))
return ComputeIntersections(bih);
return ComputeIntersections(
(IEnumerable<ITriangle3D>)trianglesList
);
}
public Tuple<bool, double, ITriangle3D> ComputeFirstIntersection(IGeometricObjectsContainer3D<ITriangle3D> trianglesList)
{
var grid = trianglesList as IAccGrid3D<ITriangle3D>;
if (!ReferenceEquals(grid, null))
return ComputeFirstIntersection(grid);
var bih = trianglesList as IAccBih3D<ITriangle3D>;
if (!ReferenceEquals(bih, null))
return ComputeFirstIntersection(bih);
return ComputeFirstIntersection(
(IEnumerable<ITriangle3D>)trianglesList
);
}
public Tuple<bool, double, ITriangle3D> ComputeLastIntersection(IGeometricObjectsContainer3D<ITriangle3D> trianglesList)
{
var grid = trianglesList as IAccGrid3D<ITriangle3D>;
if (!ReferenceEquals(grid, null))
return ComputeLastIntersection(grid);
var bih = trianglesList as IAccBih3D<ITriangle3D>;
if (!ReferenceEquals(bih, null))
return ComputeLastIntersection(bih);
return ComputeLastIntersection(
(IEnumerable<ITriangle3D>)trianglesList
);
}
public Tuple<bool, double, double, ITriangle3D, ITriangle3D> ComputeEdgeIntersections(IGeometricObjectsContainer3D<ITriangle3D> trianglesList)
{
var grid = trianglesList as IAccGrid3D<ITriangle3D>;
if (!ReferenceEquals(grid, null))
return ComputeEdgeIntersections(grid);
var bih = trianglesList as IAccBih3D<ITriangle3D>;
if (!ReferenceEquals(bih, null))
return ComputeEdgeIntersections(bih);
return ComputeEdgeIntersections(
(IEnumerable<ITriangle3D>)trianglesList
);
}
}
}
| 19,497 |
b21508240_31
|
English-PD
|
Open Culture
|
Public Domain
| 1,883 |
Principles and practice of medical jurisprudence
|
Taylor, Alfred Swaine, 1806-1880 | Stevenson, Thomas, Sir, 1838-1908 | University of Leeds. Library
|
English
|
Spoken
| 7,026 | 9,222 |
facts collected by Chevers, it appears that the duct is liable to become contracted and even obliterated before birth, and before the child has actually breathed. In these cases there has been, in general, some abnormal condition of the heart or its vessels ; but this, even if it existed, might be overlooked in a hasty examination : hence the contracted or closed condi- tion of the duct cannot be taken as an absolute proof that a child has been born alive or survived its birth. In 1847, Chevers laid before the London Pathological Society the case of a child born between the seventh and eighth months, in which this vessel was almost closed, being scarcely one- twelfth of an inch in diameter, and capable of admitting only the shank of a large pin. The tissues of the duct had altogether an appearance of having undergone a gradual process of contraction ; and its state proved that its closure had commenced previously to birth. In fact, the child survived only fifteen minutes ; while, according to Bernt's rule, the medical inference might have been that this child had lived a week. In this case the heart and lungs were in their normal or natural state. (' Med. Graz.' vol. 39, p. 205.) On the other hand, the open or pervious condition of the duct is consistent with the child having breathed after birth; it sometimes remains pervious for many years. Peacock met with an instance in a man, eet. 30, in whose body the duct was found pervious, and of sufficient capacity to give passage to a writing-quill. ('Med. Times and Graz.' Nov. 1861 ; also a case by Fagge, ' Guy's Hosp. Rep.' 1873, p. 23.) The medical evidence derivable from the condition of the ductus arteriosus in a new-born child was submitted to a rigorous examination in the case of Frith (Ayr Circ. Court of Just. Oct. 1846.) The body of a child was found in a bag which had been buried in the sands on the sea- shore at Ayr, a little above high water- mark, with such marks of violence about it as left no doubt that it must have been deliberately and inten- tionally destroyed. The body when found was much decomposed ; the brain was pulpy, and the cuticle, as well as the bones of the skull, were easily separated. The weight of the body was seven pounds, and the child had the characters of maturity. The prisoner had, beyond doubt, been delivered of a child about three weeks previously to the discovery of this body. It was alleged that this was her child, and she was put on her trial for the murder. The material question in the case was one of identity, depending on two sets of facts — ordinary and medical. The bag in which the body was found was part of the covering of a cushion belonging to the mother and grandmother of the child. This evidence so connected the prisoner with the dead body, that the medical facts raised in the defence became only of secondary importance. The following appearances were met with : — The heart and lungs weighed one ounce ; the latter organs were collapsed ; the right lung was considerably decomposed, and sank when placed on water ; the left was of a red colour, firm in texture and floated on the surface when immersed in a vessel filled with water; but on pressure there was no crepitation. The right side of the heart was filled with coagulated blood, the foramen ovale being partly open, and the ductus arteriosus impervious. The liver was large and of a leaden hue, the ductus venosus almost obliterated, and meconium was found in abundance in the lower bowels. The medical men were of opinion, from the perfect conformation of the child's body and the above-mentioned appearances, that it had been born alive. The circumstantial evidence established that not more than five hours could have elapsed from the birth of the child to the time at which its body was buried in the spot where it was subsequently found ; and that, EVIDENCE FROM THE STATE OF THE ARTERIAL DUCT. 361 admitting it to have been born alive, there was the strongest reason to believe it did not survive its birth more than ten minutes. The results of experiments on the lungs were not alone sufficient to show that the child bad been born alive. The organs were light, and not crepitant ; the right lung was decomposed, and yet it sank in water, while the left was firm, and floated. The defect in this part of the medical evidence' was, however, removed by the evidence of a man lodging in the prisoner's house, who deposed that he distinctly heard the child cry. He slept in the same room with the prisoner on the morning on which she was delivered. Under these circumstances, the defence taken up was, that, considering* the state in which the ductus arteriosus was found, this could not have been the child of the prisoner, because, if destroyed after being born alive, it must clearly have been destroyed immediately after birth. In that case the ductus arteriosus could not have been found impervious — ergo, the body found was not the body of the prisoner's child. It was contended that, according to all previous experience, the duct, except as a result of congenital disease, could not be found impervious in a child which had ceased to live within afeiv minutes, or even a few hours, after birth. One medical witness for the prosecution admitted that it required some days or weeks for the duct to become impervious : but a case was reported by Beck in which it had closed within a day. Another stated that it is generally a considerable time before the duct becomes closed. Medical evidence was given in defence, to the effect that the earliest case of closure was twenty- four hours ; and from the state of the duct in this case, the witness con- sidered that the child must have survived for one day at least, or not much less. Another witness stated that the discovery of the closure in a body would lead him to infer that the child had survived three or four days. According to this evidence the body produced could not have been that of the prisoner's child. The jury, however, found that the child had been born alive, but that murder had not been proven. ('Med. Gaz.' vol. 38, p. 897 : ' Edin. Month. Jour.' Nov. 1846, p. 385.) t It appears from the evidence given at the trial that circumstances quite irrespective of medical testimony proved that this child had been born alive, that it was the child of the prisoner, and that it could have survived its birth only a few minutes. The medical evidence left it undoubted that the child had been destroyed by violence. The facts that the mouth and throat were firmly packed with tow, and that there had been copious effusions of blood m the seats of violence, admitted of no other explanation. To what, then, was the early closure of the duct in this case to be referred ? There is no instance on record of the arterial duct becoming vmpervious within a period of five or six hours (in this case only as many minutes could have elapsed) after birth. Its closure is naturally the result of free and perfect breathing m a healthy child : but the state of the lungs in this instance showed that respiration had neither been full nor complete. It is probable, therefore, that the case was similar to that described by Chevers, and that there was an abnormal condition of the duct. Either this must be assumed, or the closure must have depended on other causes than perfect respiration : this process1"56 Sh°WS' as a Seneral rule> that i* proceeds pari passu with in i^Jj!"-^ tbat thia formal state of the duct, i.e. its closure previous to Dirtn, is m general accompanied by malformation either of the heart or Znll ^eat,^.ess.eL\connected with it, yet Chevers' case, already related, proves tnat this is by no means a necessary accompaniment. Hence, the Detter rule will be to place no confidence on a contracted condition of this duct as evidence either of live-birth or of the time during which the child naa uvea, it can only have any importance as evidence when the death of 362 INFANTICIDE. THE DUCTUS VENOSUS. a child speedily follows its birth ; and these are precisely the cases in which a fallacy is likely to arise, for the contraction or closure may be really con- genital, and yet pronounced normal. If a child has lived for a period of two or three days (the time at which the duct naturally becomes contracted or closed), then evidence of live-birth from its condition may not be neces- sary : the fact of survivorship may be sufficiently apparent from other circumstances. Hence, this species of evidence is liable to prove fallacious in the only instance in which it is required, and the case of Frith (p. 360) shows the dangerous uncertainty which must attend medical evidence based on the closed condition of the duct. Ductus, or canalis venosus. — This is a branch of the umbilical vein which goes directly to the inferior vena cava : there is no known instance of the obliteration, of this vessel previous to birth. When respiration is fully established, it collapses, and becomes slowly converted, in a variable period of time, into a ligamentous cord or band, which is quite impervious. There is no doubt that in those cases in which it is stated to have become obliterated in children that could have survived birth only a few minutes or hours, the mere collapse of the coats has been mistaken for an oblitera- tion of the canal. It is probably not. until the second or third day after birth that its closure begins, although nothing certain is known respecting the period at which it is completed. The condition of this vessel, there- fore, can throw no light upon those cases of live-birth in which evidence of the fact is most urgently demanded. Foramen ovale. — This is a large oval opening placed at the lower and back part of the partition between the right and left auricles of the heart. It is considered to attain its greatest size at about the sixth month. It is represented in the following illustrations open and closed. Fig. 163 — A, cavity of the right auricle laid open ; is, situation of the right ventricle ; a, Fig. 1G3. Fig. 164. The mature fcetal heart, showing the The heart of the child, showing the foramen foramen ovale open before respira- ovale nearly closed by its valvular niern- tion. brane after respiration. (Bock, ' Gerichtl. Sectioncn des Menschlichen Korpers.') the right auricle; h, the partition between the right and left auricles; c, the foramen ovale or opening between the two auricles, partly closed by the valve d. In fig. 164 it will be observed that the valvular membrane d almost entirely closes the aperture ; e, opening into the right ventricle ; t\ opening of the superior vena cava into the upper part of the right auricle; g, openiug of the inferior vena cava into the lower part of the same auricle ; 1, the superior vena cava ; 2, the inferior vena cava ; 3 3, the two right pulmonary veins ; 4, trunk of the pulmonary artery, with its two EVIDENCE FROM THE STATE OP THE FORAMEN OVALE. 363 brandies; 5 the right, and 6 the left, pulmonary artery; 7, the arterial duct ; 8, the aorta. At. an early period of foetal life, there is no valve to the foramen ovale. About the twelfth week the valve rises upon the left side of the entrance of the vein, which thus comes to open into the right auricle. The separa- tion of the two auricles is at the same time rendered more complete by the gradual advance of the valve over the foramen ovale, but the passage never- theless continues open until after birth. Another valvular fold is formed on the right of the opening of the inferior vena cava, between it and the superior vena cava. This is called the Eustachian valve ; it is represented by the letter d in the engravings. As a general rule, this valvular opening between the right and left sides of the heart, exists during foetal life, and becomes gradually closed after the establishment of respiration. It is, however, often found open in children that have survived birth several hours ; and the period of its closure is as variable as in the case of the ductus arteriosus. Hence, it is not capable of supplying with certainty evidence of live-birth, in those instances in which this evidence is most required. According to Billard, the foramen becomes closed between the second and third days ; but there are numerous cases in which it is found not closed at much later periods after birth. Handyside states that it is more or less open in one case out of eight. In 1838 two subjects were examined at Guy's Hospital, one aged fifty, the other eleven years, and in both the foramen was found open. There is, however, another serious source of fallacy, which must be taken into consideration — the closure of the foramen ovale has been known to occur as an abnormal condition previously to birth and the performance of respiration. One case is mentioned by Capuron (' Med. Leg. des Accouche- mens,' p. 337), and another is reported ('Med. Gaz.' vol. 38, p. 1076). Other instances of this abnormal condition are adverted to by Chevers (' Med. Gaz.' vol. 38, p. 967) ; and it appears that in these the arterial duct remained open, in order to allow of the circulation of blood not only before but subsequently to respiration. The children rarely survive birth longer than from twenty to thirty hours. Chevers observes : — ' Oases of this description are of great importance in a medico-legal point of view, as they fully disprove the opinion maintained by many anatomists, that obliteration of the foramen ovale must be received as certain evidence that respiration has been established. It is assuredly impossible to deny that in the heart of a child which has died within the uterus, and has been expelled in a putrid condition, the foramen ovale may be found completely and per- manently closed. In such cases as these it would, however, probably be always possible to determine, by an examination of the heart and its appendages, that the closure of the foramen had occurred at some period antecedent to birth.' Still it would be unsafe in practice to rely upon the closure of this aperture as a proof of live-birth, in the absence of other good evidence : and in no instance can its patency be regarded as a proof that a child has come into the world dead. Kidd met with the case of a new-born child m which a thick layer of lymph had been deposited across the aperture, so as nearly to block it up, and the ductus arteriosus was com- pletely closed : the child could not have survived its birth more than a few hours ( Assoc. Jour.' Feb. 4, 1853, p. 104.) This deposit of lymph is a condition not usually found. Peacock considered that the foramen is closed by the contraction of the muscular fibres of which the valve is constituted, in a medico-legal point of view, therefore, the patency or closure of this aperture possesses no longer any importance. ('Assoc. Jour.' Feb. 25, 1853, As a general rule, these peculiar parts of the foetal circulation.are rarely 364: INFANTICIDE. DETECTION OF FOOD obliterated by a normal process before the eighth or tenth day after birfcb. The obliteration, according- to Bernt and Orfila, takes place in the following1 order : — 1. The umbilical arteries ; 2. The ductus venosus ; 3. The ductus arteriosus ; and 4. The foramen ovale (Orfila, ' Med. Leg.' 1848, 2, 210) \ but the time at which they close is very uncertain. The circumstances connected with the closure of these foetal vessels have been statistically investigated by Elsasser. Among 70 still-born children they were found open in 69. Among 300 children who died soon after birth, 80 out of 108 prematurely born and living from one to eight days presented all the passages open : 127 out of 192 infants born at the full time had all the passages open, but partly contracted. The ductus arteriosus was open in 55 cases, and completely closed in 10 cases ; the ductus venosns was open in 81, and completely closed in 37 cases; while the foramen ovale was open in 47, and completely closed in 18 cases only. These facts, according to Elsasser, prove that the vessels peculiar to the fcetal circulation remain open as a rule for some time after birth, and that it is not possible to determine accurately, by days, the period of their closure. He remarked that the closure commenced and was often completed in the ductus venosus before it manifested itself in the other vessels. The complete closure, in by far the greater number of cases, takes place within the first six weeks after birth, and the instances of obliteration before birth, or before the period mentioned after birth, must be regarded as rare exceptions. (' Med. Times and Gaz.' May 21, 1853, p. 530.) • The result of this inquiry respecting Bernt's docimasia circulationis is essentially negative : it either proves nothing, or it may lead a medical witness into a fatal error. It has been the more necessary to point out the serious fallacies to which it is liable, because medical jurists have been disposed to place great reliance upon it, in cases in which medical evidence from the state of the lungs was wanting. The necessity of these facts being known, is shown by the case of Frith (ante, p. 360), in which great reliance appears to have been placed upon the following statement by Beck : — ' If, therefore, the ductus arteriosus be found cylindrical in its shape, and not contracted towards the aorta, and if it equal in size the trunk of the pulmonary artery, the inference would be that the child was not born alive. On the other hand, if the ductus arteriosus be contracted towards the aortal end, and if its size be much less than the trunk of the pulmonary artery, the inference would be that the child had been born alive.' (Beck's 'Med. Jurispr.' 5th ed. p. 251.) CHAPTER 79. ON THE PROOFS OP A CHILD HAVING BEEN BORN ALIVE — EVIDENCE FROM THE DISCOVERY OF GAS OR FOOD IN THE STOMACH — CHEMICAL AND MICRO- SCOPICAL TESTS FOR STARCH, SUGAR, MILK, BLOOD, AND MECONIUM — EVIDENCE FROM FOREIGN SUBSTANCES IN THE AIR-PASSAGES — FROM THE MODE OF BIRTH — GENERAL CONCLUSIONS. Evidence from the state of the alimentary canal. — Good evidence of live-birth may be sometimes derived from the discovery of certain liquids or solids in the stomach and intestines, such as blood, milk, or farinaceous or saccharine articles of food ; for it is not at all probable that these substances should find their way into the stomach or intestines of a child which was really born dead. IN THE STOMACH OF A NEW-BOEN CHILD. 365 1. Starch. — In the case of a new-born child, Greoghegan discovered, by the application of iodine-water, the presence of farinaceous food in the con- tents of the stomach ; hence the question of live-birth was clearly settled in the affirmative. On another occasion, Francis employed this method of testing with satisfactory results, in a case in which the investigation was beset with unusual difficulties. He was required by the coroner to examine the body of a new-bom child, found under suspicious circumstances. The examination of the lungs left no doubt that respiration had taken place ; and the fact that the child had been born alive was fully established by the discovery in the stomach of a small quantity of farinaceous food. On digesting in distilled water a fragment of the pulp found in this organ, and adding a drop of solution of iodine, an intense indigo-blue colour appeared immediately. The application of this chemical test, therefore, removed any doubts which might have been entertained on the question of live-birth. ('Med. Gaz.' vol. 37, p. 460.) The quantity of starch present may, how- ever, be too small to produce with water, a solution which would be •coloured by iodine in the manner described. A portion of the contents of the stomach should then be placed on a glass slide, diluted with a little water if viscid, and examined under the microscope with a power of about 300 diameters. The granules (if present) may then be distinctly seen, having the shape peculiar to each variety of starch, and not unfrequently mixed with oil-globules and epithelial scales derived from the mucous membrane. By the addition of iodine-water their shape and size will be brought out by the intensely blue colour which they acquire. Blue fragments of an irregular shape indicate the presence of bread. The engraving, fig. 165, represents two varieties of starch, either of which may be found in the stomachs of infants : in a the rounded granules of wheat-starch are represented, and in b the ovoid granules of arrowroot, these latter have ■a transverse hilum. The micrometrical measurement of these granules show, for those of wheat, which are irregularly spherical, diameters varying from l-9000th to l-1125th <-00011--00089) for an inch in size. Many have an average diameter of l-3000th (•00033) of an inch. The ovoid granule of an inch in an inch in Granules of wheat- starch. Granules of arrow- root. Magnified 319 diameters. arrowroot is l-900th (-00111) of length, and l-1800th (-00056) of width. 2. Sugar. — In one case which the author was required to examine, the presence of sugar was readily detected in the contents of the stomach by the application of Trommer's test. In order to apply this test, a few drops of a weak solution of copper sulphate should be added to a portion of the cold concentrated aqueous extract of the con- tents of the stomach. An excess of a solution of potash is then added, and the liquid boiled. If sugar be present, cuprous oxide is immediately precipitated of a yellowish or reddish colour. With cane sugar the same •decomposition is effected very slowly. The formation of the red oxide of copper under these circumstances, proves that some saccharine substance is present. In reference to the application of the sugar-test, however, it must be remarked that starch is easily convertible into sugar by a chemical action of saliva or mucus, so that the test may appear to indicate sugar in small quantity, when the result may be really due to the presence of some converted starch. 3. Milk. — This liquid may be found in the stomach of a new-born child ; 366 INFANTICIDE. DETECTION OF BLOOD and may be identified microscopically in the fluids of the stomach by the numerous and "well-defined oil-globules which it contains. It is not possible to distinguish human from cow's milk under these circumstances. In both the globules, which are spherical in all aspects, are remarkable for their transparency in the centre, and their dark margins. They vary con- siderably in size. The author found those of the cow to have by measure- ment the following diameters : — Maximum, l-2200th (-00045) of an inch ; minimum, l-18000th (-00006) ; and medium size, l-4500th (-00022) of an inch. They are distinguished from blood-corpuscles by their shape and lustre, and from starch-granules by the fact that they are not coloured or Fig. 166. Fig. 167. Oil-globules of Human Milk. Oil-globules of Cow's Milk. Oil-globules of Human Milk Magnified 319 diameters. Colostrum with granular bodies. Magnified 450 diameters. changed by iodine- water. Colostrum is the name applied to the milk first secreted after delivery ; it contains, in addition to oil-globules, numerous spherical granular bodies (fig. 167, 6). When milk is present, milk sugar is generally found in the contents of the stomach by the appropriate sugar- test (p. 365). The casein, or solid principle of milk, precipitates cupric oxide from the sulphate ; but on adding an excess of solution of potash the oxide is redissolved, forming a purple or violet-coloured solution. It is rapidly coagulated by the digestive principle (pepsin) contained in the o-astric juice, so that the casein may be found in small soft masses adhering to the lining-membrane of the stomach. It should be observed that albumen forms a deep violet- coloured solution with , copper sulphate and potash, but the red cuprous oxide is not precipitated on boiling unless sugar is mixed with it.. 4. Epithelial scales.— The epithelial scales commonly found associated with articles of food in the stomach are of various shapes and sizes ; they are flat, oval, or rounded, and sometimes polygonal. They are nucleated, and from their pavement-like appearance they are called ' tessellated. in fio- 168 b (p. 367), an epithelial scale from the mucous membrane of the inside o'f the mouth, is represented magnified 670 diameters. In the long axis it was the l-500th (-002) of an inch, and in. the shortest l-900th (-0011) of an inch in diameter. The central nucleus was l-4W0th (•00025) of an inch in diameter, and the small granules around it l-9000th (-00011) of an inch. These epithelial scales are very numerous, much intermixed, and so transparent that they are often only distinctly seen at the edo-es, which occasionally are folded or slightly turned over. Besides the substances mentioned, other solids and fluids, such as blood and meconium (the faecal discharges of the foetus) may be found ui the stomach of a new-born child, and a question may arise whether tbeir presence indicates that the child was fully born It is not impossible that a child mio-ht be fed and exert a power of swallowing when its head pro- IN THE STOMACH. 367 Fig. 168. of food, child or These stomach Tessellated epithelial scales, highly magnified. a from Sharpey ; b from observation. Fig. 169. traded from the outlet, and its body was still in the body of the mother. Children have been known to exert a power of sucking or aspiration under these circumstances, and with this a power of swallowing- mi°-ht be exercised. That the starch, sugar, or milk, &c, found in the stomach, should have been given to a child when its body was only half-born, is an improbable hypothesis. When the substances found in the stomach are not in the form but are fluids connected with the the mother, the case is different. may penetrate into the lungs or. during birth, either by aspiration or the act of swallowing: they thus indicate that the child was living, but they do not necessarily show that its body was entirely in the world when they were swallowed. 5. Blood. — An instance is related by Doring in which a spoonful of coagulated blood was found in the stomach of a new-born child. The inner surfaces of the gullet and windpipe were also covered with blood. Doring inferred from these facts that the child had been born alive ; for the blood in his' opinion could have entered the stomach only by swallowing, after the birth of the child and while it was probably lying with its face in a pool of blood. Taken alone, however, such an inference would not be justifiable from the facts as stated. Blood might be acci- dentally drawn into the throat from the dis- charges of the mother during the passage of the child's head through the outlet, and yet the child may not have been born alive. The power of swallowing may be exerted by a child during birth either before or after the act of breathing. This power appears to be exerted even by the foetus in utero. Blood may be recognized in the contents of the stomach not only by the colour which it imparts to the mucous liquids present, but by the aid of the microscope, as well as by other tests. The annexed illustration (fig. 169) represents the blood-corpuscles as they may be seen under the microscope. Kobinson has made some researches on the contents of the foetal stomach during uterine life. He finds that the substances which naturally exist in the stomach of a foetus before birth are of an albuminous and mucous nature. His observations were made on the stomachs of two human foetuses and on those of the calf, lamb, and rabbit. The conclusions at which he arrived were :— 1. That the stomach of the foetus during the latter period of its uterine existence, invariably contains a peculiar sub- stance, differing from the uterine liquid (liquor amnii), and generally of a nutritious (?) nature. 2. That in physical and chemical properties, this substance varies in different animals, being in no two species precisely similar. 6 lhat m each foetal animal the contents of the stomach varies at ditterent periods; m the earlier stages of its development consisting aa I a /TT' to Which the other Peculiar matters are gradually added 4. lhat the liquor amnii continues to be swallowed by the fcetus up to the time ot birth, and consequently after the formation of these matters; and their appearance in the stomach, 5. That the mixture of this more Human blood-corpuscles. 368 MECONIUM IN THE STOMACH. solid and nutritious substance with the liquor am nii constitutes the material submitted to the process of chymification in the foetal intestines. He con- siders the oontents of the alimentary canal to be chiefly derived from the salivary secretion, and that gastric juice is not secreted until after respira- tion has been established. The medical jurist will perceive, therefore, that the discovery of farinaceous food, milk, or sugar in the stomach will furnish evidence of birth, since substances of this kind are not found naturally in this organ. Grosse states that in the early stage of uterine life the alimentary canal contains merely a mucous liquid. At the third month there is a more copious secretion: a clear non- albuminous acid liquid is found in the stomach, and a soft chymous liquid is present in the small intestines. Up to the fifth month the small intestines contain meconium (infra) of a greyish colour. After this period the meconium becomes gradually of a deeper colour, and it passes into the large intestine. When the child has attained uterine majority, the meconium in the jejunum is whitish ; in the ileum, yellow; in the ceecum, greenish-yellow; in the ascending colon, green with less yellow ; and in the rectum green-black like poppy-juice (hence the name, from ju/^Kwv, ' a poppy '). It is a mixture of the constituent parts of the bile-coloured granules, of epithelium from the mucous membrane lining the intestines, of mucous matters probably derived from a destruction of the epithelial cells and of cholesterin crystals. Meconium is generally discharged from the bowels of a child within forty-eight hours after birth, or at the latest on the third day. It then appears of the consistency of honey, of a very dark-green (almost black) colour, with very little yellow colouring- matter in it. It has no disagreeable odour. Its specific gravity is T148. ('Des Taches au Point de vue Medico-legale,' 1863, p. 75.) 6. Meconium. — This name is applied to the excrementitious matter pro- duced and retained in the intestines during foetal life. It may be found in the stomach of a new-born child, and a question will thence arise whether its presence there should be taken as a proof of entire live-birth. It may be discharged from the cliild during delivery, in cases in which, there is a difficult or protracted labour. In the act of breathing it may enter the throat with other discharges, and thus be found in the stomach. That a breathino- child can thus swallow meconium cannot be disputed, but, assuming that in the body of a child which has not lived to breathe this substance is found in the air-passages and stomach, how is the conclusion affected ? In the following case Fleischer was required to examine the body of a new-born child which was said to have been born dead. He found meconium in the large intestines (the colon and rectum) and a greenish-yellow-coloured liquid in the cavity of the stomach, m the larynx, windpipe, and gullet. In the air-passages it was in well-marked quantity. The lungs contained no air, but possessed all the usual foetal characters When cut into pieces and placed on water, all the pieces sank. It appeared that a woman was present at the birth, who observed that the child did not breathe but was born dead. It was not bathed or washed, and no air was blown into its lungs. From the general appearance and . properties of the liquid found in the stomach and air-passages, Fleischer had no doubt that it was meconium from the intestines of the child. It could not have been swallowed after the child was born, but must have been accidentally drawn into its throat by efforts to breathe during birth. Some of the meconium had probably been discharged from the bowels of the child during labour, and as the mouth passed over this liquid a portion was drawn into the throat by aspiration. When once there the instinctive act of *™VpwL*g would immediately convey a portion of it into the stomach As the Mb connected with the birth were well, known, this appears to be the only INFANTICIDE. FOEEIGN SUBSTANCES IN THE STOMACH. 3G9 Fig. 170. reasonable explanation. (Casper's ' Vierteljahrsschr.' 1863, 1, 97; also for another case, 'Med. Times and Gaz.' 1861, 1, p. 116.) The presence of fluids, therefore — such as blood, meconium, or the watery discharges attending delivery — in the stomach and air-passages of a new- born child, does not prove live-birth, but merely indicates the existence of some living actions in the child at or aboiit the time of its birth. In one case a woman was suddenly delivered of a child while sitting over a slop- pail of dirty water. On examining the body, it was obvious that it had not breathed. There was no air in the Inngs, but a quantity of dirty water like that in the pail was found in the stomach. This could have entered the organ only by the act of swallowing, and, in Ramsbotham's opinion, the child had swallowed the liquid under some foetal attempts to breathe. The coroner who held the inquest directed the jury that the child was born dead; but most physiologists will consider that the power of swallowing cannot be exerted by a dead child ; and as its body must have been entirely delivered in order to have fallen into the liquid, there was proof that it had been horn living, and that in this instance it had died after it was entirely born, by the prevention of the act of breathino- (See ' Live-birth,' pp. 204, 335.) The meconium may be generally recognized by its dirty-green colour and general appearance, as well as by the absence of any offensive odour, which it does not acquire until after the third or fourth day from birth, when it becomes mixed with feculent matter. Its microscopical, cha- racters are represented in the engraving, fig. 170. In the air-passages it is sometimes associated with vernix caseosa, and hairs derived from the skm. ('Med. Times and Gaz.' 1861,1, p. 591; and 1861, 2, p. 117- see also 'Ann. d'Hyg.' 1855, 2, p. 445.) ' ' P 5 But little need be said on its chemical properties ; still, as the detection ot stains of meconium on clothing may occasionally form a part of the medical evidence, a few observations are here required. The stains which it produces are of a brownish -green colour, very difficult to remove bV washing. They stiffen the stuff, and are usually slightly raised above the surface without always penetrating it. Meconium forms with water a greenish-coloured liquid, having an acid reaction, and a boiling heat does not affect the solution. Nitric acid, and also sulphuric acid and sugar, yield with it the green and red-coloured compounds which they produce with bile Onolesterm may be separated from it by hot ether n-hai T^? remarked> in reference to stains produced by the freces of a child which has survived birth, that until the fifth or sixth day they retain th v^Tli °r ^eemsh-yell.ow colour. On the seventh day after birth, MjS«^,^,Hke that o/the yolk of Microscopical appearances of Me- conium : a crystals of cholesterin ; 6 epi- thelial scales ; c masses of green colouring matter of bile; d e granules. Magnified 400 diameters. the i^ftlSSkfed^6 Child " " health' 'th6y WiU r6tain dnrin* aU rnT,S,5e8^C<k0f 8tu inS of#ineCOnium on the Nothing of a child has been Sffllj * Ai? *abSeii°? °£ ^idence from the lungs, to furnish suffictent proof that a child has been born alive. In 1850, the body of a child, completely dned or mummified, was found concealed in a hollow space in the chimney of a house. Prom the dry state of the body, it had apparently been there Eor a considerable time. Bergerefc found' it to VOL* II. r\ 2 1! 370 INFANTICIDE. EVIDENCE OF LIVE-BIRTH FROM have the characters of a mature female child. It was wrapped in linen, which was marked by two kinds of stains, some of a deep-green almost black (meconium), and others of a reddish-brown colour (blood). The internal organs had been completely destroyed, chiefly by larvae of insects, of which many of the dried chrysalis-cases were found. The skin was dried to a parchment condition. Was this child born alive ? As the lungs were destroyed, Bergeret directed his attention to the meconium- stains on the linen ; and he concluded from these that, had the child died before or during labour, the greater part of the meconium would have been discharged before birth. Assuming that a quantity of it still remained in the bowels, this could not have been discharged from them, as a result of vital contractility after death. Further, the portion of linen around the nates of the child was not stained, hence there had been no discharge post mortem, after the dead body had been placed in the chimney — leading therefore to the conclusion that the linen had been stained by the natural discharge from a child born living, and previous to the disposal of its body. Bergeret also inferred, from the large quantity of meconium, that it had been discharged during a state of severe suffering resulting from a violent death. (' Ann. d'Hyg.' 1855, 2, p. 442.) He gave his opinion — 1. That this mummy-child was mature ; 2. That it was born alive, and that it died from violence soon after its birth ; and, 3. That its death probably took place about two years before the discovery of the body. The latter con- clusion was based on entomology, i.e. on the condition of the chrysalis-cases and the larvae of the musca camaria found in the cavities of the body. The facts were such that, in Bergeret's opinion, a shorter period than two years would not account for the state in which the insects were discovered. A woman who had been, it Avas supposed, delivered of a child, was tried upon this evidence, before the Jura Court of Assizes, on a charge of child-murder. The jury acquitted her. There was no evidence of live-birth, for the stains of meconium on the linen might be accounted for irrespective of this theory. There was no evidence of murder, for all the facts admitted of an explana- tion on the assumption that the child had been either still-born, or, if born living, that it had died from natural causes soon after its birth, and that its body had been concealed in the spot where it was found. 7. Foreign substances' in the air-passages and stomach. — Maschka met with the following case : — A woman was secretly delivered of a child, which she alleged was born dead, but she did not produce its body until after the lapse of fourteen days, when it was found in such a state of putrefaction that no satisfactory evidence of live-birth was obtained from the lungs. These organs, as well as the heart and liver, contained small bladders of air from putrefaction and floated on water. On slight com- pression, the lungs sank. The air-passages, gullet, and stomach contained sand and excrementitious matter, which was pressed out of them on a section being made. The air-passages were so blocked up as to furnish a sufficient cause for the prevention of breathing and for death from suffoca- tion. The woman, when charged with the murder of her child, confessed that she was suddenly delivered while having, as she supposed, an evacua- tion—that she fainted, and that when she recovered, she found she had been delivered of a child, which had fallen into the privy and was dead. The medical evidence was in accordance with this condition of the body. Maschka concluded that the child had come living into the world, and had died from suffocation. He drew this inference from the discovery of ex- crement and sand in the. air-tubes, lungs, and stomach. He considered, from the appearances, that in the aspiratory effort to breathe (a living action) the child had drawn these substances into the lungs, and further, that they could have found their way into the stomach only by the act of FOREIGN SUBSTANCES IN THE STOMACH.
| 15,949 |
https://github.com/jmptrader/interlock/blob/master/static/js/textsecure.js
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT, ISC
| 2,015 |
interlock
|
jmptrader
|
JavaScript
|
Code
| 732 | 2,219 |
/** INTERLOCK | https://github.com/inversepath/interlock
* Copyright (c) 2015 Inverse Path S.r.l.
*
* Use of this source code is governed by the license
* that can be found in the LICENSE file.
*/
/**
* @class
* @constructor
*
* @description
* TextSecure instance class
*/
Interlock.TextSecure = new function() {
/** @private */
sessionStorage.clipBoard = sessionStorage.clipBoard || JSON.stringify({ 'action': 'none', 'paths': undefined, 'isSingleFile': false });
/** @protected */
this.historyPollerInterval = { };
};
/** @public */
/**
* @function
* @public
*
* @description
* Opens the TextSecure chat view
*
* @param {string} contact string
* @returns {}
*/
Interlock.TextSecure.chat = function(contact) {
Interlock.TextSecure.historyPollerInterval[contact] = 0;
var clipBoard = JSON.parse(sessionStorage.clipBoard);
var elements = [$(document.createElement('p')).append($(document.createElement('pre')).text('')
.attr('id', 'history')
.attr('spellcheck',false)
.addClass('history_contents')),
$(document.createElement('br')),
$(document.createElement('textarea')).attr('id', 'msg')
.attr('name', 'msg')
.attr('cols', 2)
.attr('rows', 4)
.attr('spellcheck',false)
.attr('placeholder', 'Send TextSecure message')
.addClass('text ui-widget-content ui-corner-all key')];
var buttons = { 'Close': function() {
Interlock.TextSecure.historyPollerInterval[contact] = 0;
Interlock.UI.modalFormDialog('close');
},
'Send': function() {
if ($('#msg').val().length > 0) {
Interlock.TextSecure.send(contact, $('#msg').val())
}
}
};
var contactName = contact.split('/').pop().split('.textsecure')[0] || 'Unknown Contact';
/* a single file is present in the copy buffer, enable the
Send Attachment button */
if (clipBoard.isSingleFile === true && clipBoard.action === 'copy') {
var fileName = clipBoard.paths.split('/').pop();
buttons['Send Attachment: ' + fileName] = function() { Interlock.TextSecure.send(contact, fileName, clipBoard.paths); };
} else {
/* open the help dialog for the TextSecure send attachment feature */
buttons['Send Attachment'] = function() { Interlock.TextSecure.attachmentHelpDialog(); };
}
Interlock.UI.modalFormConfigure({elements: elements, buttons: buttons,
noCancelButton: true, noCloseButton:true,
submitButton: 'Send', title: contactName,
height: 600, width: 800});
Interlock.UI.modalFormDialog('open');
/* starts the history poller */
Interlock.TextSecure.historyPollerInterval[contact] = 5000;
Interlock.TextSecure.getHistory(contact);
};
/**
* @function
* @public
*
* @description
* Callback function, refresh the chat history according with the data
* retrieved from the backend
*
* @param {Object} backendData
* @returns {}
*/
Interlock.TextSecure.getHistoryCallback = function(backendData, args) {
try {
if (backendData.status === 'OK') {
/* ensure that the history poller for the selected contact is
still active before to actually refresh the chat history */
if (Interlock.TextSecure.historyPollerInterval[args.contact] > 0) {
$('#history').text(backendData.response);
$('#history').scrollTop(10000);
}
} else {
Interlock.Session.createEvent({'kind': backendData.status,
'msg': '[Interlock.TextSecure.getHistoryCallback] ' + backendData.response});
Interlock.TextSecure.historyPollerInterval[args.contact] = 0;
}
} catch (e) {
Interlock.Session.createEvent({'kind': 'critical',
'msg': '[Interlock.TextSecure.getHistoryCallback] ' + e});
} finally {
$('.ui-dialog > .ajax_overlay').remove();
if (Interlock.TextSecure.historyPollerInterval[args.contact] > 0) {
setTimeout(function(){ Interlock.TextSecure.getHistory(args.contact); }, Interlock.TextSecure.historyPollerInterval[args.contact]);
}
}
};
/**
* @function
* @public
*
* @description
* refresh the chat history, this function implements a similar logic
* of Interlock.FileManager.fileDownloadView
*
* @param {string} contact TextSecure contact
* @returns {}
*/
Interlock.TextSecure.getHistory = function(contact) {
try {
/* ensure that the history poller for the selected contact is
still active before to actually refresh the chat history */
if (Interlock.TextSecure.historyPollerInterval[contact] > 0) {
Interlock.UI.ajaxLoader('.ui-dialog');
Interlock.Backend.APIRequest(Interlock.Backend.API.textsecure.history, 'POST',
JSON.stringify({contact: contact}), 'TextSecure.getHistoryCallback',
null, {contact: contact});
}
} catch (e) {
Interlock.Session.createEvent({'kind': 'critical',
'msg': '[Interlock.TextSecure.getHistory] ' + e});
$('.ui-dialog > .ajax_overlay').remove();
}
};
/**
* @function
* @public
*
* @description
* Callback function, refresh the chat history according with the data
* retrieved from the backend, after sending the msg
*
* @param {Object} backendData
* @param {Object} args contact
* @returns {}
*/
Interlock.TextSecure.sendCallback = function(backendData, args) {
try {
if (backendData.status === 'OK') {
$('#msg').val('');
Interlock.TextSecure.getHistory(args.contact);
if (args.attachment === true) {
sessionStorage.clipBoard = JSON.stringify({ 'action': 'none', 'paths': undefined, 'isSingleFile': false });
/* re-set the dialog if an attachment has been sent */
Interlock.UI.modalFormDialog('close');
Interlock.TextSecure.chat(args.contact);
}
} else {
Interlock.Session.createEvent({'kind': backendData.status,
'msg': '[Interlock.TextSecure.sendCallback] ' + backendData.response});
}
} catch (e) {
Interlock.Session.createEvent({'kind': 'critical',
'msg': '[Interlock.TextSecure.sendCallback] ' + e});
}
};
/**
* @function
* @public
*
* @description
* asks to the backend to send a TextSecure message to the specified
* contact
*
* @param {string} contact
* @param {string} msg
* @param {string} attachment file path
* @returns {}
*/
Interlock.TextSecure.send = function(contact, msg, attachment) {
try {
if (attachment !== undefined) {
Interlock.Backend.APIRequest(Interlock.Backend.API.textsecure.send, 'POST',
JSON.stringify({contact: contact, msg: msg, attachment: attachment}), 'TextSecure.sendCallback',
null, {contact: contact, attachment: true});
} else {
Interlock.Backend.APIRequest(Interlock.Backend.API.textsecure.send, 'POST',
JSON.stringify({contact: contact, msg: msg}), 'TextSecure.sendCallback',
null, {contact: contact, attachment: false});
}
} catch (e) {
Interlock.Session.createEvent({'kind': 'critical',
'msg': '[Interlock.FileManager.fileDownload] ' + e});
}
};
/**
* @function
* @public
*
* @description
* open the help dialog
*/
Interlock.TextSecure.attachmentHelpDialog = function() {
Interlock.Session.createEvent({'kind': 'critical',
'msg': 'In order to select a file for attachment please select it' +
' in the file manager and use the "Copy" action, come back to' +
' the chat session to attach it.' });
};
| 13,618 |
https://github.com/elarity/wechat-official-accounts-demo-code/blob/master/长期研究【附近的人】---节骨眼堆个巨无霸服务（六）/Application/Model/Nearby.php
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Apache-2.0
| 2,022 |
wechat-official-accounts-demo-code
|
elarity
|
PHP
|
Code
| 140 | 515 |
<?php
namespace Application\Model;
class Nearby {
private $oDi = null;
private $oMysql = null;
private $oMongo = null;
public function __construct() {
if ( null == $this->oDi ) {
$this->oDi = \System\Component\Di::getInstance();
}
$this->oMysql = $this->oDi->get( 'mysql' );
$this->oRedis = $this->oDi->get( 'redis' );
$this->oMongo = $this->oDi->get( 'mongo' );
}
/*
* @param : fLat | 用户纬度
* @param : fLng | 用户经度
*/
public function search( $fLat, $fLng ) {
// 这句相当于使用momo数据库
$oMomoDb = $this->oMongo->momo;
// command方法相当于直接执行mongodb原生语句
// 因为我懒的看这个mongodb-library的库语法了
$oCursor = $oMomoDb->command( array(
'geoNear' => 'user',
'near' => array(
'type' => 'Point',
'coordinates' => array(
// 116.2092590332:经度 40.0444375846:纬度
floatval( $fLng ),floatval( $fLat )
),
),
'num' => 20,
) );
$aUids = array();
$aRets = $oCursor->toArray()[0];
foreach( $aRets->results as $r ) {
$_aUid = array(
'uid' => $r->obj['_id'],
'distance' => $r->dis,
);
$aUids[] = $_aUid;
}
return $aUids;
}
}
| 29,291 |
https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8
|
Wikipedia
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
Наркови
|
https://uk.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Наркови&action=history
|
Ukrainian
|
Spoken
| 26 | 81 |
Наркови (, ) — село в Польщі, у гміні Субкови Тчевського повіту Поморського воєводства.
У 1975-1998 роках село належало до Гданського воєводства.
Примітки
Села Тчевського повіту
| 34,762 |
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liste%20der%20Naturdenkm%C3%A4ler%20in%20Landshut
|
Wikipedia
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
Liste der Naturdenkmäler in Landshut
|
https://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Liste der Naturdenkmäler in Landshut&action=history
|
German
|
Spoken
| 58 | 144 |
Die Liste der Naturdenkmäler in Landshut nennt die Naturdenkmäler in der kreisfreien Stadt Landshut in Bayern.
Naturdenkmäler
Laut der im Oktober 2016 beschlossenen Verordnung waren in Landshut diese Naturdenkmäler nach dem bayrischen Naturschutzgesetz geschützt.
Siehe auch
Liste der Landschaftsschutzgebiete in Landshut
Liste der Geotope in Landshut
Weblinks
Interaktiver Stadtplan mit Fotos und Daten aller Naturdenkmäler
Einzelnachweise
!Naturdenkmaler
Landshut
| 6,110 |
https://github.com/fariacc/mother-nature/blob/master/src/components/base/card/Card.js
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
mother-nature
|
fariacc
|
JavaScript
|
Code
| 33 | 138 |
import React from 'react'
import './card.scss'
function Card(props) {
return (
<div className={`card ${props.className}`}>
{props.label && (
<div className={`card-inner ${props.className}-inner`}>
<p className={`card-label ${props.className}-label`}>{props.label}</p>
</div>
)}
<div className="card-body">{props.children}</div>
</div>
)
}
export default Card
| 10,086 |
https://github.com/lhzheng880828/VOIPCall/blob/master/doc/jitsi-bundles-dex/sources/org/jivesoftware/smackx/packet/PEPItem.java
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Apache-2.0
| null |
VOIPCall
|
lhzheng880828
|
Java
|
Code
| 62 | 264 |
package org.jivesoftware.smackx.packet;
import org.jitsi.gov.nist.core.Separators;
import org.jivesoftware.smack.packet.PacketExtension;
public abstract class PEPItem implements PacketExtension {
String id;
public abstract String getItemDetailsXML();
public abstract String getNode();
public PEPItem(String id) {
this.id = id;
}
public String getElementName() {
return "item";
}
public String getNamespace() {
return "http://jabber.org/protocol/pubsub";
}
public String toXML() {
StringBuilder buf = new StringBuilder();
buf.append(Separators.LESS_THAN).append(getElementName()).append(" id=\"").append(this.id).append("\">");
buf.append(getItemDetailsXML());
buf.append("</").append(getElementName()).append(Separators.GREATER_THAN);
return buf.toString();
}
}
| 339 |
<urn:uuid:b2b02f9f-8c21-42e1-9c07-988ec64c6323>
|
French Open Data
|
Open Government
|
Various open data
| null |
https://www.hatvp.fr/livraison/dossiers/sala-michel-dia24543-depute-30.pdf
|
hatvp.fr
|
French
|
Spoken
| 74 | 128 |
Organisme : Maison familiale rurale
de 09/2016 à 01/2019
Membre du CA Trésorier
2021 : 6 206 € Net
2022 : 3 609 € Net
Président du syndicat mixte AEP de Lasalle
2021 : 4 982 € Net
2022 : 3 322 € Net
CREPIN Armand Employeur : néant
assistant cadre en circonscription
Je soussigné Michel SALA certifie sur l’honneur l’exactitude des renseignements indiqués dans la
Fait, le 31/07/2022 14:59:43
Signature : Michel SALA
| 23,892 |
hal-03400275-2021_Elliott_Mobile_DNA.txt_1
|
French-Science-Pile
|
Open Science
|
Various open science
| 2,021 |
TE Hub: A community-oriented space for sharing and connecting tools, data, resources, and methods for transposable element annotation. Mobile DNA, 2021, 12 (1), ⟨10.1186/s13100-021-00244-0⟩. ⟨hal-03400275⟩
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 2,967 | 4,657 |
TE Hub: A community-oriented space for sharing and connecting tools, data, resources, and methods for transposable element annotation. The Te Hub Consortium, Tyler A. Elliott, Tony Heitkam, Robert Hubley, Hadi s
HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of scientific research documents, whether they are published or not. The documents may come from teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers. L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés. COMMENTARY Open Access TE Hub: A community-oriented space for sharing and connecting tools, data, resources, and methods for transposable element annotation
The TE Hub Consortium, Tyler A. Elliott1, Tony Heitkam2, Robert Hubley3, Hadi Quesneville4, Alexander Suh5,6 and Travis J. Wheeler7* Abstract Transposable elements (TEs) play powerful and varied evolutionary and functional roles, and are widespread in most eukaryotic genomes. Research into their unique biology has driven the creation of a large collection of databases, software, classification systems, and annotation guidelines. The diversity of available TE-related methods and resources raises compatibility concerns and can be overwhelming to researchers and communicators seeking straightforward guidance or materials. To address these challenges, we have initiated a new resource, TE Hub, that provides a space where members of the TE community can collaborate to document and create resources and methods. The space consists of (1) a website organized with an open wiki framework, https://tehub.org, (2) a conversation framework via a Twitter account and a Slack channel, and (3) bi-monthly Hub Update video chats on the platform’s development. In addition to serving as a centralized repository and communication platform, TE Hub lays the foundation for improved integration, standardization, and effectiveness of diverse tools and protocols. We invite the TE community, both novices and experts in TE identification and analysis, to join us in expanding our community-oriented resource. Keywords: Transposable elements, Classification, Annotation, Database, Software, Collaboration, Community Introduction
Transposable elements (TEs) are mobile and oftenreplicating genetic elements that make up a significant fraction of most eukaryotic genomes (for reviews, see [1, 2]). Their study is important in genome research [3] as they can be viewed as motors of evolution [4], regulators of gene control [5], and as genomic building blocks [6]. Over the years, the field has accumulated a plethora of * Correspondence: Travis.Wheeler@umontana.edu Tyler A. Elliott, Tony Heitkam, Robert Hubley, Hadi Quesneville, Alexander Suh, and Travis J. Wheeler wish to be considered as equal co-authors, and note that author order is due to the alphabetical order of last names. Consortium members are listed after Acknowledgements. 7 Department of Computer Science,
University of
Montana, Misso
ula, MT, USA
Full list of author information is available at the end of the article databases, software, classification systems, and annotation guidelines [7, 8]. These options provide researchers with the tools to discover and investigate TEs in existing and new genome sequences, and to update and revisit already characterized TEs. However, in-depth TE detection and analysis is laborious, and largely requires significant expertise in TE biology. The expansive and diverse collection of tools and methods often leads to at least two significant problems for even the most experienced bioinformatician. First, the set of available choices can be overwhelming, leaving the researcher unsure of preferred methods for analyzing particular data types. Second, the multitude of databases and tools often suffers from compatibility concerns in Yearly conferences and workshops [11–13] provide some relief from these pressures – tool/database developers can meet and find common ground, while users of these resources can gain valuable exposure to new methods and best practices. Even so, the transient and punctuated nature of these meetings, combined with rapid developments in the TE field, leave much to be desired in terms of collaboration, interactivity, and persistent documentation of existing methods and best practices. We have initiated TE Hub as an answer to these challenges. TE Hub is envisioned as a community-oriented framework that will serve as a resource for novice and expert TE researchers. For novices, TE Hub gives practical insight into available TE resources and methods, and for experts and developers, it provides a platform for increased communication and improved integration of methods and databases (see Fig. 1). Specifically, TE Hub is designed to support the TE community in three ways: 1. We have developed a website (https://tehub.org) that serves as an up-to-date compendium of information about TE research; the site is managed by an open wiki framework, so that all members of the TE community can contribute in an open, nimble, and transparent manner. 2. We have established a framework for focused communication among and with TE Hub contributors, via a messaging channel (#te-hub) housed in the larger TransposonsWorldwide Slack workspace [14], and a dedicated Twitter account (@hub_te). 3. The website, supplemented by open bi-monthly meetings, lays the foundation for development of a federated mechanism for integrating tools, databases, and resources in a way that will, over the long term, improve and standardize their value to the TE research community. In the following sections, we provide further details about these components of TE Hub, describing the current state and establishing a vision for its future. TE Hub is a community-oriented resource, and we wrap up by describing how interested TE experts and novices can get involved. The
TE Hub website
The focal point of TE Hub is the website: https://tehub. org, which is intended to serve as a compendium of tools, databases, and other features of value to TE researchers, both novice and expert. The site content is managed via a wiki system, so that researchers can contribute to the content in an open, timely, and transparent fashion. TE Hub data is roughly organized along the following facets of TE-related information: 1. Classification. This section captures a collection of established classification schemes, both overarching and specific for certain hosts and TE-types. At the time of this writing, the five most commonly used overarching TE classification systems [15–19] are represented, along with four specialized classification systems [20–23]. Furthermore, a collection of 519 TE lineages is captured, each with at least one relevant reference in the literature. These will be particularly useful to TE novices, aiming to understand common nomenclature and the relationships between alternative systematic hierarchies. 2. Databases. This section compiles a list of databases for the storage of sequences and metadata associated with TEs, with links to each database and corresponding publication, along with a description of the represented repeat types and taxonomic groups. At the time of this writing, 150 databases are represented. 3. Tools. This section compiles a list of software for the detection, annotation, analysis, simulation, and visualization of TEs. Websites, preprints, and journal articles are linked, and associated with Fig. 1 TE Hub’s core components help to establish an open and collaborative platform for documenting and discussing TE-related methods Elliott et al. Mobile DNA (2021) 12:16 keywords. At the time of this writing, 505 tools are represented. 4. Protocols. Over time, this section will hold a collection of suggested protocols for use by researchers engaged in TE identification and annotation. The lack of carefully-crafted, discoverable, open-access protocols is an impediment to novice TE annotators. At the time of this writing, two protocols are listed; we expect this section to be substantially expanded in the coming months, and invite experienced annotators to contribute their mature and open access protocols. 5. Journals and Conferences. These sections capture a collection of journals that often publish TE-relevant articles, and a (community-maintained) listing of upcoming TE-related conferences. 6. Outreach and Teaching Resources. These sections hold a collection of educational resources that are intended to provide background on TEs, course materials for TE-related classes and workshops, and links to public talks on TEs intended for a general audience. Contribution to the TE Hub is strongly encouraged and requires ORCID authentication. Dependency on ORCID ensures that content can be credited to each contributor, and represents a small barrier to contribution, as creation of an ORCID account takes only a few minutes. All TE Hub content is made available under the CC-BY license (https://creativecommons.org/ licenses/by/4.0).
TE Hub communication channels
As a complement to the frequently updated but relatively static content of the TE Hub website, we have established mechanisms for scheduled and ad hoc communication about TE annotation resources and methods. These include: 1. The #te-hub channel, housed in the broader TransposonsWorldwide Slack workspace (https:// transposonsworldwide.slack.com; currently with over 500 members). The #te-hub messaging channel is focused on the databases, software, and annotation methods central to TE Hub, leaving broader matters of TE biology to other TransposonsWorldwide channels. To insure against a records loss, conversations on the #te-hub channel will be regularly archived. 2. The @hub_te Twitter account (https://twitter.com/ hub_te) will be used for TE Hub announcements, and the #TEhub hashtag will be adopted as a mechanism for highlighting Hub-relevant tweets. 3. ‘Hub Updates’ are video calls that serve as a regular medium for communication among database/ methods developers and users of these methods. Meetings run for one hour, are held on a bimonthly basis (organized transparently via the above Slack channel and Twitter account), and are open to all. These meetings have been ongoing since June 2020. A foundation for the future of TE annotation
Creation of the TE Hub wiki resource and communication channels are the first step in a larger plan to develop a framework for improved integration of disparate TE datasets, tools, and resources. TE Hub is not, and is not intended to become, a replacement for individual TE databases (e.g. Repbase Update [15], DFAM [18], RepetDB [24], GyDB [20]) or annotation methods (e.g. RepeatModeler2 [25], REPET [26], RepeatExplorer2 [27]). Rather, the vision is that these first TE Hub developments will lay the foundation for future efforts to build a common language around diverse databases, establish a system for improving interoperability of independent TE identification and annotation software that capitalizes on each tool’s individual strengths, and develop an increasingly robust catalog of annotation protocols, all with the goal of improving the ease and effectiveness of annotation for a maximally-broad diversity of organisms. In the meantime, the current compendium of methods and data will serve as a bridge to the future for TE annotators.
Call for engagement and contribution
TE Hub has grown out of a grassroots effort to expand international collaboration in the development of TE identification and annotation methods, to broaden and unify their applicability to non-model organisms, and to establish a comprehensive catalog of TE resources that can be easily updated by members of the community. The regular Hub Update meetings grew out of discussions in the Slack channel, and led to the content and vision described here. While this effort has been driven by a small steering committee rising out of these Hub Update meetings, the future of TE Hub depends on engagement and contribution from others in the community. We invite the TE community, both novice and expert TE researchers, to join us in expanding our communityoriented resource. Please follow us on Twitter: @hub_te (https://twitter.com/hub_te), and visit https://tehub.org/ volunteer for more information about contributing to the future of TE Hub. To fully engage, two registrations are recommended: Elliott et al. Mobile DNA (2021) 12:16 1. Join the TransposonsWorldwide Slack workspace (https://transposonsworldwide.slack.com) and find the #te-hub channel under “Browse channels”. This will allow you to track and contribute to ongoing conversations related to TE Hub content development, and to receive notification of upcoming ‘Hub Update’ discussions and notes. 2. Register on the TE Hub wiki, using your ORCID iD (https://orcid.org/). Though this is not required in order to view TE Hub content, it will enable your future contribution of content by editing appropriate individual wiki pages.
Acknowledgements
TE Hub Consortium members: In addition to named authors, the following members have contributed to development of TE Hub as members of the TE Hub consortium (sorted alphabetically): Joelle Anselem 1, Rebecca V. Berrens 2, Josefa Gonzalez 3, Clément Goubert 4, George Lesica 5, Jeb Rosen 6, Sarah Schaack 7, Arian F Smit 6, Jessica M. Storer 6. 1 Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, France. 2 Department of Biochemistry, Oxford University, UK 3 Institute of Evolutionary Biology, Spain. 4 Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Canada. 5 Department of Computer Science, University of Montana, USA. 6 Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle, USA. 7 Reed College, USA. Authors’ contributions TAE: Vision; collected resources and generated content on TE Hub; edited the manuscript. TH: Vision; contributed content to the TE Hub wiki; wrote first draft of manuscript and managed all future drafts. RH: Vision; managed the wiki; edited the manuscript. HQ: Vision; initiated, organized, and animated regular meetings of the TE Hub; edited the manuscript. AS: Vision; organized collaboration; edited the manuscript. TJW: Vision; organized collaboration; established and hosted web site and wiki server; wrote draft text of the manuscript. Funding NIH U24 HG010136, DFG HE 7194/2-1, H2020-ERC-2014-CoG-647900, BFU2017-82937-P, Formas 2017-01597, NSF MCB-1150213, and NIH 1R15GM132861-01. Availability of data and materials Not applicable. Declarations Ethics approval and consent to participate Not applicable. Consent for publication Not applicable.
Competing interests
The authors declare no competing interests.
details
1 Centre for Biodiversity Genomics, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada. 2 Faculty of Biology, Technische Universität Dresden, 01069 Dresden, Germany. 3Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle, WA, USA. 4Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, URGI, 78026 Versailles, France. 5School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK. 6Department of Organismal Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden. 7Department of Computer Science, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA.
References 1. Bourque G, Burns KH, Gehring M, Gorbunova V, Seluanov A, Hammell M, et al. Ten things you should know about transposable elements. Genome Biol. 2018;19:199. 2. Wells JN, Feschotte C. A field guide to eukaryotic transposable elements. Annu Rev Genet. 2020;54:539–61. 3. Keith Slotkin R. The case for not masking away repetitive DNA. DNA. 2018;9:1–4. 4. Oliver KR, Greene WK. Transposable elements: powerful facilitators of evolution. Bioessays. 2009;31:703–14. 5. Rebollo R, Romanish MT, Mager DL. Transposable elements: an abundant and natural source of regulatory sequences for host genes. Annu Rev Genet. 2012;46:21–42. 6. Chang C-H, Chavan A, Palladino J, Wei X, Martins NMC, Santinello B, et al. Islands of retroelements are major components of Drosophila centromeres. PLoS Biol. 2019;17:e3000241. 7. O’Neill K, Brocks D, Hammell MG. Mobile genomics: tools and techniques for tackling transposons. Philos Trans R Soc Lond Ser B Biol Sci. 2020;375: 20190345. 8. Goerner-Potvin P, Bourque G. Computational tools to unmask transposable elements. Nat Rev Genet. 2018;19:688–704. 9. Hoen DR, Hickey G, Bourque G, Casacuberta J, Cordaux R, Feschotte C, et al. A call for benchmarking transposable element annotation methods. Mob DNA. 2015;6:13. 10. Bennetzen JL, Park M. Distinguishing friends, foes, and freeloaders in giant genomes. Curr Opin Genet Dev. 2018;49:49–55. 11. Abrams JM, Arkhipova IR, Belfort M, Boeke JD, Joan Curcio M, Faulkner GJ, et al. Meeting report: mobile genetic elements and genome plasticity 2018. Mob DNA. 2018;9:1–10. 12. Lesage P, Bétermier M, Bridier-Nahmias A, Chandler M, Chambeyron S, Cristofari G, et al. International Congress on Transposable Elements (ICTE 2016) in Saint Malo: mobile elements under the sun of Brittany. Mob DNA. 2016;7:1–8. 13. Ray DA, Paulat N, An W, Boissinot S, Cordaux R, Kaul T, et al. The 2019 FASEB science research conference on The Mobile DNA Conference: 25 years of discussion and research, June 23–28, Palm Springs, California, USA. FASEB J. 2019;33:11625–8. 14. Berrens R. Transposons Worldwide Slack Workspace [Internet]. 2018 [cited 2021 Apr 28]. Available from: https://transposonsworldwide.slack.com. 15. Bao W, Kojima KK, Kohany O. Repbase Update, a database of repetitive elements in eukaryotic genomes. Mob DNA. 2015;6:11. 16. Wicker T, t F, Hua-Van A, Bennetzen JL, Capy P, Chalhoub B, et al. A unified classification system for eukaryotic transposable elements. Nat Rev Genet. 2007;8:973–82. 17. Piégu B, Bire S, Arensburger P, Bigot Y. A survey of transposable element classification systems—a call for a fundamental update to meet the challenge of their diversity and complexity. Mol Phylogenet Evol. 2015;86: 90–109. 18. Storer J, Hubley R, Rosen J, Wheeler TJ, Smit AF. The Dfam community resource of transposable element families, sequence models, and genome annotations. Mob DNA. 2021;12:2. 19. Arkhipova IR. Using bioinformatic and phylogenetic approaches to classify transposable elements and understand their complex evolutionary histories. Mob DNA. 2017;8:19. 20. Llorens C, Futami R, Covelli L, Domínguez-Escribá L, Viu JM, Tamarit D, et al. The Gypsy Database (GyDB) of mobile genetic elements: release 2.0. Nucleic Acids Res. 2011;39:D70–4. 21. Walker PJ, Siddell SG, Lefkowitz EJ, Mushegian AR, Dempsey DM, Dutilh BE, et al. Changes to virus taxonomy and the International Code of Virus Classification and Nomenclature ratified by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (2019). Arch Virol. 2019;164:2417–29. 22. Zhou Y, Lu C, Wu Q-J, Wang Y, Sun Z-T, Deng J-C, et al. GISSD: Group I Intron Sequence and Structure Database. Nucleic Acids Res. 2007;36: D31–7. 23. Siguier P, Perochon J, Lestrade L, Mahillon J, Chandler M. ISfinder: the reference centre for bacterial insertion sequences. Nucleic Acids Res. 2006; 34:D32–6. Elliott et al. Mobile DNA (2021) 12:16 24. Amselem J, Cornut G, Choisne N, Alaux M, Alfama-Depauw F, Jamilloux V, et al. RepetDB: a unified resource for transposable element references. Mob DNA. 2019;10:6. 25. Flynn JM, Hubley R, Goubert C, Rosen J, Clark AG, Feschotte C, et al. RepeatModeler for automated genomic discovery of transposable element families. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2020;117:9451–7. 26. Quesneville H, Bergman CM, Andrieu O, Autard D, Nouaud D, Ashburner M, et al. Combined evidence annotation of transposable elements in genome sequences. PLoS Comput Biol. 2005;1:166–75. 27. Novák P, Neumann P, Macas J. Global analysis of repetitive DNA from unassembled sequence reads using RepeatExplorer2. Nat Protoc. 2020;15: 3745–76. Publisher’s Note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
| 15,284 |
https://github.com/esljaz/netbox/blob/master/netbox/netbox/authentication.py
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Apache-2.0
| 2,022 |
netbox
|
esljaz
|
Python
|
Code
| 624 | 1,955 |
import logging
from collections import defaultdict
from django.conf import settings
from django.contrib.auth.backends import ModelBackend, RemoteUserBackend as _RemoteUserBackend
from django.contrib.auth.models import Group
from django.core.exceptions import ImproperlyConfigured
from django.db.models import Q
from users.models import ObjectPermission
from utilities.permissions import permission_is_exempt, resolve_permission, resolve_permission_ct
class ObjectPermissionBackend(ModelBackend):
def get_all_permissions(self, user_obj, obj=None):
if not user_obj.is_active or user_obj.is_anonymous:
return dict()
if not hasattr(user_obj, '_object_perm_cache'):
user_obj._object_perm_cache = self.get_object_permissions(user_obj)
return user_obj._object_perm_cache
def get_object_permissions(self, user_obj):
"""
Return all permissions granted to the user by an ObjectPermission.
"""
# Retrieve all assigned and enabled ObjectPermissions
object_permissions = ObjectPermission.objects.filter(
Q(users=user_obj) | Q(groups__user=user_obj),
enabled=True
).prefetch_related('object_types')
# Create a dictionary mapping permissions to their constraints
perms = defaultdict(list)
for obj_perm in object_permissions:
for object_type in obj_perm.object_types.all():
for action in obj_perm.actions:
perm_name = f"{object_type.app_label}.{action}_{object_type.model}"
perms[perm_name].extend(obj_perm.list_constraints())
return perms
def has_perm(self, user_obj, perm, obj=None):
app_label, action, model_name = resolve_permission(perm)
# Superusers implicitly have all permissions
if user_obj.is_active and user_obj.is_superuser:
return True
# Permission is exempt from enforcement (i.e. listed in EXEMPT_VIEW_PERMISSIONS)
if permission_is_exempt(perm):
return True
# Handle inactive/anonymous users
if not user_obj.is_active or user_obj.is_anonymous:
return False
# If no applicable ObjectPermissions have been created for this user/permission, deny permission
if perm not in self.get_all_permissions(user_obj):
return False
# If no object has been specified, grant permission. (The presence of a permission in this set tells
# us that the user has permission for *some* objects, but not necessarily a specific object.)
if obj is None:
return True
# Sanity check: Ensure that the requested permission applies to the specified object
model = obj._meta.model
if model._meta.label_lower != '.'.join((app_label, model_name)):
raise ValueError(f"Invalid permission {perm} for model {model}")
# Compile a query filter that matches all instances of the specified model
obj_perm_constraints = self.get_all_permissions(user_obj)[perm]
constraints = Q()
for perm_constraints in obj_perm_constraints:
if perm_constraints:
constraints |= Q(**perm_constraints)
else:
# Found ObjectPermission with null constraints; allow model-level access
constraints = Q()
break
# Permission to perform the requested action on the object depends on whether the specified object matches
# the specified constraints. Note that this check is made against the *database* record representing the object,
# not the instance itself.
return model.objects.filter(constraints, pk=obj.pk).exists()
class RemoteUserBackend(_RemoteUserBackend):
"""
Custom implementation of Django's RemoteUserBackend which provides configuration hooks for basic customization.
"""
@property
def create_unknown_user(self):
return settings.REMOTE_AUTH_AUTO_CREATE_USER
def configure_user(self, request, user):
logger = logging.getLogger('netbox.authentication.RemoteUserBackend')
# Assign default groups to the user
group_list = []
for name in settings.REMOTE_AUTH_DEFAULT_GROUPS:
try:
group_list.append(Group.objects.get(name=name))
except Group.DoesNotExist:
logging.error(f"Could not assign group {name} to remotely-authenticated user {user}: Group not found")
if group_list:
user.groups.add(*group_list)
logger.debug(f"Assigned groups to remotely-authenticated user {user}: {group_list}")
# Assign default object permissions to the user
permissions_list = []
for permission_name, constraints in settings.REMOTE_AUTH_DEFAULT_PERMISSIONS.items():
try:
object_type, action = resolve_permission_ct(permission_name)
# TODO: Merge multiple actions into a single ObjectPermission per content type
obj_perm = ObjectPermission(actions=[action], constraints=constraints)
obj_perm.save()
obj_perm.users.add(user)
obj_perm.object_types.add(object_type)
permissions_list.append(permission_name)
except ValueError:
logging.error(
f"Invalid permission name: '{permission_name}'. Permissions must be in the form "
"<app>.<action>_<model>. (Example: dcim.add_site)"
)
if permissions_list:
logger.debug(f"Assigned permissions to remotely-authenticated user {user}: {permissions_list}")
return user
def has_perm(self, user_obj, perm, obj=None):
return False
class LDAPBackend:
def __new__(cls, *args, **kwargs):
try:
from django_auth_ldap.backend import LDAPBackend as LDAPBackend_, LDAPSettings
import ldap
except ModuleNotFoundError as e:
if getattr(e, 'name') == 'django_auth_ldap':
raise ImproperlyConfigured(
"LDAP authentication has been configured, but django-auth-ldap is not installed."
)
raise e
try:
from netbox import ldap_config
except ModuleNotFoundError as e:
if getattr(e, 'name') == 'ldap_config':
raise ImproperlyConfigured(
"LDAP configuration file not found: Check that ldap_config.py has been created alongside "
"configuration.py."
)
raise e
try:
getattr(ldap_config, 'AUTH_LDAP_SERVER_URI')
except AttributeError:
raise ImproperlyConfigured(
"Required parameter AUTH_LDAP_SERVER_URI is missing from ldap_config.py."
)
# Create a new instance of django-auth-ldap's LDAPBackend
obj = LDAPBackend_()
# Read LDAP configuration parameters from ldap_config.py instead of settings.py
settings = LDAPSettings()
for param in dir(ldap_config):
if param.startswith(settings._prefix):
setattr(settings, param[10:], getattr(ldap_config, param))
obj.settings = settings
# Optionally disable strict certificate checking
if getattr(ldap_config, 'LDAP_IGNORE_CERT_ERRORS', False):
ldap.set_option(ldap.OPT_X_TLS_REQUIRE_CERT, ldap.OPT_X_TLS_NEVER)
return obj
| 18,056 |
https://github.com/ly774508966/qlemusic/blob/master/qlemusic-portal/src/main/java/com/cjj/qlemusic/portal/components/MsgTipSender.java
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,021 |
qlemusic
|
ly774508966
|
Java
|
Code
| 84 | 410 |
package com.cjj.qlemusic.portal.components;
import com.cjj.qlemusic.common.constant.QueueConstant;
import org.slf4j.Logger;
import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
import org.springframework.amqp.AmqpException;
import org.springframework.amqp.core.AmqpTemplate;
import org.springframework.amqp.core.Message;
import org.springframework.amqp.core.MessagePostProcessor;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Component;
/**
* 消息提示的生产者
*/
//@Component
//public class MsgTipSender {
// private static Logger LOGGER = LoggerFactory.getLogger(MsgTipSender.class);
//
// @Autowired
// private AmqpTemplate amqpTemplate;
//
// public void sendMessage(){
// //给延迟队列发送消息
// amqpTemplate.convertAndSend(QueueConstant.QUEUE_TTL_ORDER_CANCEL.getExchange(), QueueConstant.QUEUE_TTL_ORDER_CANCEL.getRouteKey(), "1", new MessagePostProcessor() {
// @Override
// public Message postProcessMessage(Message message) throws AmqpException {
// //给消息设置延迟毫秒值
// message.getMessageProperties().setExpiration(String.valueOf(1000));
// return message;
// }
// });
// LOGGER.info("send msgTil:{}",1);
// }
//}
| 19,897 |
https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pal%C3%A9o-inspiration
|
Wikipedia
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
Paléo-inspiration
|
https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paléo-inspiration&action=history
|
French
|
Spoken
| 574 | 972 |
La paléo-inspiration est un changement de paradigme qui conduit des scientifiques et concepteurs à s'inspirer de matériaux, systèmes ou procédés anciens (issus de l'art, de l'archéologie, de l'histoire naturelle ou des paléoenvironnements) pour développer de nouveaux matériaux, systèmes ou procédés, notamment dans une optique de durabilité et de création.
La paléo-inspiration a déjà contribué à de nombreuses applications dans des domaines aussi variés que la chimie verte, la mise au point de nouveaux matériaux d'artiste, les matériaux composites, la microélectronique, ou encore les matériaux de la construction.
Sémantique et définitions
Si ce type d'application est connu de longue date, le concept lui-même a été forgé par des équipes du CNRS, du Massachusetts Institute of Technology et de la Haute école spécialisée bernoise à partir du terme bio-inspiration. Ils ont publié ce concept dans un article princeps publié en ligne en 2017 par la revue Angewandte Chemie.
Différentes appellations ont été utilisées pour désigner les applications correspondantes, notamment : paléo-inspiré, "antiqua-inspired", "antiquity-inpired" ou archéomimétique. L'utilisation de ces différentes appellations souligne le décalage temporel extrêmement important entre les sources d'inspiration, depuis des millions d'années lorsqu'on considère des systèmes paléontologiques et des fossiles, jusqu'à des systèmes matériels archéologiques ou artistiques beaucoup plus récents, voire subactuels (issus de la création contemporaine ou du patrimoine industriel).
Propriétés recherchés
Des propriétés physico-chimiques et mécaniques distinctes sont recherchées.
Elles peuvent concerner des propriétés intrinsèques des matériaux paléo-inspirés :
durabilité (matériaux retrouvés dans certains contextes, ayant résisté à l'altération dans ces environnements) et résistance à la corrosion ou à l'altération
propriétés électroniques ou magnétiques
propriétés optiques (notamment à partir de pigments ou colorants, de matériaux utilisés pour la fabrication céramique)
Elles peuvent aussi concerner les procédés de mise en œuvre :
procédés à faible consommation énergétique ou en ressources, dans une optique de procédés chimiques favorisant un développement soutenable
notamment des procédés de synthèse par chimie douce
La démarche paléo-inspirée
Cette démarche combine plusieurs étapes clés.
Observation : Cette phase concerne les matériaux, leurs propriétés, ou bien les procédés de mise en œuvre (en relation notamment avec l'étude des chaînes opératoires en archéologie, ou bien l'histoire des techniques, notamment celle des techniques artistiques), et les processus d'altération (voire notamment les travaux réalisés en taphonomie expérimentale). Il s'agit donc d'une première phase de rétro-ingénierie. Une partie de ces études relève du champ de l'anthropologie. Comme dans le cas de la bio-inspiration, cette phase est fondamentale et s'appuie sur une démarche privilégiant une exploration créative des objets, avec peu da priori'' (sérendipité).
Re-création : Cette première phase est suivie d'une deuxième visant à simplifier matériaux, systèmes et procédés pour identifier les mécanismes fondamentaux à l'origine des propriétés observées. Cette étape requiert un aller-retour entre la synthèse de systèmes simplifiés et caractérisation des objets d'étude.
Conception :''' Enfin, s'ensuit une phase de conception ou de design, concernant donc les matériaux, systèmes ou procédés, et visant à leur mise en œuvre concrète pour des applications.
Quelques applications pratiques
Matériaux de construction durables
Parmi les exemples emblématiques figurent l'étude microscopique des phases minérales présentes dans les bétons romain pour en reproduire la durabilité dans des environnements agressifs, notamment en milieu marin.
Matières colorantes durables
Une découverte notable est l'élucidation de la structure atomique du bleu maya, pigment composite associant une argile à un colorant organique, qui a conduit des équipes à produire des pigments inspirés de ce pigment historique présentant d'autres couleurs, comme le "violet maya".
Voir aussi
Articles connexes
Matériau ancien
Bibliographie
Méthode liée à l'archéologie
| 41,868 |
https://github.com/KamilSzot/365_programs/blob/master/2017-02-27/p41.nim
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Unlicense
| 2,018 |
365_programs
|
KamilSzot
|
Nim
|
Code
| 116 | 421 |
import sequtils, algorithm, math
type Number = seq[int8]
var cache:array[1..9, seq[Number]]
proc newSingleDigitNumber(n:int):Number =
result = @[(int8)n]
proc generatePandigitals(n:int):seq[Number] =
if cache[n] != nil:
return cache[n]
if n==1:
return @[newSingleDigitNumber(1)]
result = @[]
var bases = generatePandigitals(n-1)
for base in bases:
var before, after: Number
for i in base.low..base.high:
if i>base.low:
before = base[0..i-1]
else:
before = @[]
after = base[i..base.high]
result.add(before & newSingleDigitNumber(n) & after)
result.add(base & newSingleDigitNumber(n))
cache[n] = result
var pandigitals:seq[int] = (1..9)
.foldl(a & generatePandigitals(b), newSeq[Number]())
.mapIt(it.foldl(a*10+b, 0))
sort(pandigitals, system.cmp[int], SortOrder.Descending)
proc is_prime(n:int):bool =
var md = (int)ceil(sqrt((float64)n))
for d in countup(2, md):
if n mod d == 0:
return false
return true
for n in pandigitals:
if is_prime(n):
echo n
break
| 24,322 |
https://github.com/ramontayag/storey/blob/master/spec/lib/storey_spec.rb
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,020 |
storey
|
ramontayag
|
Ruby
|
Code
| 90 | 354 |
require 'spec_helper'
RSpec.describe Storey do
describe ".configure" do
it "customizes settings" do
described_class.configure do |c|
c.database_url = "postgres://url.com/db"
end
expect(described_class.configuration.database_url).
to eq "postgres://url.com/db"
end
end
describe ".switch" do
it "does not cache between switches" do
Storey.create("s1") do
2.times {|n| Post.create(name: n.to_s) }
end
Storey.create("s2") do
3.times {|n| Post.create(name: n.to_s) }
end
Storey.switch("s1") { expect(Post.count).to eq 2 }
Storey.switch("s2") { expect(Post.count).to eq 3 }
Storey.switch("s1")
expect(Post.count).to eq 2
Storey.switch("s2")
expect(Post.count).to eq 3
Storey.create "foobar"
Storey.switch "foobar"
Storey.switch { Post.create }
expect(Post.count).to be_zero
Storey.switch { expect(Post.count).to eq 1 }
end
end
end
| 18,728 |
https://openalex.org/W4387228862_7
|
Spanish-Science-Pile
|
Open Science
|
Various open science
| 2,023 |
Raíces. Revista del Centro Zuliano de Investigaciones Genealógicas. Año 1 Número 2 Julio - Diciembre 2023. ISSN: 2958-6666
|
None
|
Spanish
|
Spoken
| 8,149 | 16,908 |
Don José Francisco de Lares y Gonzalez de Acuña, nacido hacia
1777 y casado en 1812 en Maracaibo con Doña Tecla Gonzalez de
Acuña.
1.
Don José Francisco Lares Lares, nacido en 1813 en
Maracaibo, Se casó en Mendoza el 13-1-1837 y se veló
en Mendoza el 13-1-1839 Folio 2 Vto, con dispensa de
afinidad con Doña Ana Guadalupe Abreu Carrasquero,
nacida el 27-1-1819 y bautizada en Mendoza el
178
El linaje Lares
Marco Ghersi Gil
Investigaciones
30-6-1819 folio 176 partida donde no solo aparecen sus padres si donde se
mencionan abuelos paternos y maternos. Tuvieron cinco hijo legitimos:
1.
Doña Maria Porfiria Lares Abreu, nacida en Mendoza el 2-5-1851, y
bautizada el 23-5-1851 siendo sus padrinos El Pbro. Eduardo Briceño
Gabaldon y la hermana de este Mariana Briceño Gabaldonació el Se casó
y veló en Mendoza la Fría el 3-7-1875 folio 37 vto con Don Domingo
Giacopini Tori, natural de Fezzano,Porto Venere, antes Provincia de
Génova, Hoy Provincia de La SPezzia Italia, hijo de los señores Francisco
Giacopini y María Tori, viudo de Ana Emilia Rumbos, con dispensa de
afinidad del tercer grado.
2.
Doña Maria Matilde Lares Abreu, nacida el 12-7-1852 y bautizada el 22
8-1852 siendo sus padrinos Don Prisco Lares y Doña Marta Abreu, sus
legitimos tios. Fue casada hacia 1865 con Don José Miliani, natural de la
isla de Elba. Aun vivia viuda en Valera en una casa de su hermana Porfiria
en Valera en 1916. Tenia 4 hijos;
1.
Maria Victoria Emma Guadalupe Miliani, bautizada en valera el
17-2-1879.
2.
Maria Clotilde Miliani, bautizada en Valera el 10-5-1875 y casada
el 29-7-1891 con el Doctor Jose Segnini, natural de Elba, Italia, HL
Jose Segnini y Juana Acuani y vecinos que luego fueron de
Maracaybo donde dejaron sucesión.
3.
Jose Victor Garivaldi Miliani, bautizado en Valera el 15-8-1882.
4.
Jose Duilio Pablo Miliani , bautizado en Valera el 6-6-1886.
3.
Don Ruperto Gordiano Lares Abreu, bautizado en Mendoza el 21-5-
1843 y nació el 27-3-1843 siendo sus padrinos Juan Bautista Abreu y
Carmen Carrasquero y falleció soltero y anciano.
4.
Don Jose Francisco Lares Abreu, nacido hacia 1841 y casado el 1-1-1889
con Doña Josefa Rosa Carrasquero Hija de Manuel Maria
Carrasquero y Candelaria Abreu.
1.
Doña Marta Maria Lares casada en Valera en 26-4-1902 con
Ezequiel Chirinos HL Arcadio Chirinos y Maria Concepción
Morillo.
5.
Crispulo Lares Abreu casado en Mendoza el 26-1-1899 con Fabiana
HN Isabel Simancas.
6.
José Alcibíades del Rosario Lares , nacio en Mendoza el 19-3-1842 y
bautizado el 22-9-1842 siendo sus padrinos Juan Bautista Abreu y Carmen
Carrasquero.
179
Revista del Centro Zuliano de Investigaciones Genealógicas
Año 1 Número 2 Julio - Diciembre 2023. Investigaciones
Don José Ramón de Lares y Gonzalez de Acuña, que otorgó testamento en Maracaibo
el 27/07/1816, casado con Doña Josefa Antonia Mayor, sin sucesiónació el Ella casó en
segundas nupcias el 11/3/1821 con Don Jose Maria de la O, natural de España.
6.
Don José Ignacio de Lares y Gonzalez de Acuña, nacido hacia 1769 , fallecido antes del
testamento de su padre otorgado en Maracaybo en 1824, casado en primeras nupcias con
Doña María Josefa Durán y padre de Doña Carmen Lares DURÁN, doncella soltera en
1824 , beneficiada por su abuelo en su testamento . Don José Ignacio Lares había casado
hacia 1800 con su prima Doña Nicolasa Gonzalez de Acuña, con un hijo, Juan Pedro. Del
primer enlace fueron hijos:
1.
Don Mauricio Lares Duran, nacido hacia 1795 y casado en Valera en 1826 con
Doña Bernarda Villarreal HL Juan Mathias Villarreal y Agustina Reynoso.
1.
Don Jose Joaquin Lares Villarreal, Bautizado en Valera el 25-12-1826.
2.
Doña Carmen Lares Duran, nacida en 1800 en Betijoque soltera doncella en
1824 cuando su abuelo le hizo donaciones en su testamento por ser soltera y estar
su padre difunto desde 1810.
3.
Don Pedro Lares Gonzalez, casado en Betijoque a los 31 años el 24/07/1834 con
Doña Margarita Perez Cardona, hija de Don Leonardo Perez y de Doña Juana
Cardona.
7.
Don José María de la Concepción de Lares y Gonzalez de Acuña, nacido en Maracaibo
el 08/12/1784. Casó con Doña Josefa Chuecos, padres de Jose Francisco Lares, nacido en
1827:
1.
Don José Antonio Lares Chuecos, casado en Mendoza el 8-8-1859 con Doña
Petra Rumbos Carrasquero HL Jose y Petra.
1.
Don Guillermo Pedro de la ConcepciónLares bautizado en Mendoza el
13-6-1862 y casado con Ofelia Ibarra y en segundas con Rita Josefa Peña.
1.
Don Guillermo José Lares Ibarra, bautizado en Valera el 2-5-1883
2.
Doña Margarita Mercedes Lares Ibarra , bautizada en Valera el
14-2-1885.
3.
Don José Manuel de la Encarnación Lares Ibarra bautizado en
valera el 8-3-1886.
4.
Doña Margarita Segunda Lares Peña , bautizada el 3-5-1890.
2.
Don Juan Pedro Lares Chuecos, nacido en 1824, natural de Escuque y vecino de
Valencia, casado en Betijoque el 19/05/1854 con Doña Ramona Perozo Juarez,
hija de Don Félix y de Doña María de la Chiquinquirá.
3.
Don Prisco Lares Chuecos, nacido en 1825, vecino de Maracaibo, casó en
Betijoque el 23/05/1845 con Doña Marta Abreu Carrasquero, hija de Don Miguel
y de Doña María del Carmenació el Casó de nuevo en Mérida el 06/10/1866 con
5.
180
El linaje Lares
Marco Ghersi Gil
Investigaciones
Doña Josefa Antonia Paredes Mendez, hija del Doctor Don Eloy Paredes y de
Doña Josefa Mendez. Con descendencia en el primer enlace.
Del segundo enlace:
1.
Doña Josefa Antonia Lares Paredes, casada con el Doctor Don Gonzalo
Picón Febres, nacido en Mérida el 10/09/1860 y fallecido en Curaçao
el 06/06/1918, Senador por Mérida en 1899, Director de Politica del
Ministerio de Relaciones Interiores, Consul General de Venezuela en New
York, erudito y distinguido escritor.
4.
Don Martín José Lares Chuecos, natural de Maracaibo, nacido hacia 1830 y
casado en Valera el 07/07/1871 con Doña Rosalía Rueda Perozo, natural de
Escuque, hija de Don Pedro Rueda y de Doña Merced Perozo. Fueron los padres
de:
1.
Don Antonio José Lares Rueda, casado en Valera el 30-1-1896 con
Doña María Luisa Giacopini Lares, hija de Don Domingo Giacopini, y de
Doña Porfiria Lares Abreu.
1.
Doña Angela Miriam Lares Giacopini nacida en Valera el
26-12-1897 y bautizada el 13-3-1898 y casada en 30-1-1918 con
Francisco Andres Scrocchi Manucci, nacido el 10-10-1888 y
bautizado el 19-1-1889.
2.
Don Omar Antonio Lares Giacopini nacido en Valera el 30-11
1899 y bautizado el 27-1-1901 y casado dos veces en primeras el
2-1-1932 con Margarita Escalona y en segundas con Delida
Matheus, cuyo hijo póstumo tuvo .Tuvo ademas tres hijos con
Elisa Rigores.
1.
Beltran Lares Escalona, con sucesión
2.
Gerardo Lares Matheus,con sucesión
3.
Zobeida Lares Rigores casada en primeras nupcias con el
Dr. Julio Méndez Rincones y en segundas con Leon
Hocblatt, de Maracaybo de origen hebreo,sin sucesión.
4.
Omar Lares Rigores casado con Magdalena Sader
Giacopini,su prima sin sucesión
3.
Doña Isabel Lares Giacopini , nacida en Valera el 15-1-1903 y
bautizada el 19-4-1903 y casada en 1924 en Valera con Juan B.
Ghersi Grisanti,natural de RioCaribe, Sucre,Venezuela.
4.
Don César Augusto Lares Giacopini, nacido en Valera el
9-11-1896 y bautizado el 31-1-1897 casado con Rafaela Raidan sin
sucesión.
181
Revista del Centro Zuliano de Investigaciones Genealógicas
Año 1 Número 2 Julio - Diciembre 2023. Investigaciones
2.
Don José Francisco Lares Rueda
3.
Don Martín Lares Rueda Don Martín Lares Rueda, casado con Doña
María Gabaldon, son los padres de:
A.
Don Prisco Lares Gabaldon, casado con Doña María de la
Encarnación Guillen Sotillo, nacida el 04/12/1901 y fallecida
el 31/01/1973, hija de Don Carlos Roseliano Guillen Quintero,
nacido en Pampatar, y de Doña Dolores Sotillo Aguirre.
B.
El Doctor Don Martín Lares GabaldonACIÓ EL ,Médico
C.
Doña Teolinda Lares Gabaldon, soltera.
D.
Doña Josefa María Lares Gabaldon, soltera.
E.
Doctor Antonio Lares Gabaldon, Abogado
4.
Otro que murio parvulo en Valera.
5.
Don Lucio Lares Chuecos, nacido en 1828, casado en Maracaibo el 14/12/1878
con Doña Eudoxia Juana Bautista Armas Baralt, hija de Don Manuel Ignacio de
Armas Padron, natural de La Guaira, y de Doña Eudoxia Baralt Menacho.
6.
Don José María Lares Chuecos, nacido en 1823, casado en Maracaibo el
01/03/1845 con Doña Emilia Baralt Menacho, hija de Don José Ignacio Baralt
Sanchez y de Doña María Petronila Menacho Duranació fueron padres de: Don
Rodolfo, Don Luis, Doña Sara, Doña Elisa, y de:
1.
Don José María Lares Baralt, casado con su prima Doña Cármen Baralt
Echeto, hija del General Don Nemesio Baralt Menacho y de Doña Amalia
Echeto. Fueron padres de: Doña Angela y Doña Sofía, solteras, y de:
A.
Doña Hortensia Lares Baralt, casada con Don Ramón Adrianza
Luzardo, hijo de Don Seleuco Adrianza y de Doña Victoria
Luzardo Romay.
B.
Don José Omar Lares Baralt, fallecido el 12/04/1918, casado en
Maracaibo el 31/01/1896 con Doña Petra Eugenia Lossada
Lossada, fallecida el 05/02/1949, hija de Don Juan Antonio
Lossada Faria y de Doña Georgina Lossada Rodriguez. Fueron los
padres de: Don Omer Augusto Gregorio, nacido el 28/11/1898
y fallecido soltero; Doña Margarita Hortensia, nacida en
Maracaibo el 05/01/1910 y fallecida allí, soltera, en 1984; Doña
Yolanda, fallecida pequeña; y:
A.
Doña Josefina de los Dolores Lares Lossada, nacida en
Maracaibo el 09/09/1897 y fallecida allí el 16/03/1936,
casada allí el 02/08/1920 con Don Carlos Julio Osorio
Carriedo, hijo de Don Elías Osorio y de Doña Cármen
Carriedo.
182
El linaje Lares
Marco Ghersi Gil
Investigaciones
B.
Doña Olympia Felipa Lares Lossada, nacida en Maracaibo
el 01/05/1900 y fallecida allí el 19/04/1965, casada con
el señor James Ball, natural de Philadelphia, Pennsylvania,
hijo de los señores Henry Nelson Ball, y Eliza Joan Harney,
con descendencia.
C.
Doña Cármen Emilia Matilde Lares Lossada, nacida en
Maracaibo el 14/03/1906, casada con el señor Frederick
Smith, natural de los Estados Unidos, con sucesión.
D.
Doña Angela Sofía Lares Lossada, nacida en Maracaibo el
30/10/1908 y fallecida el 15/06/1970, casada con Don
Ramón de LEGORBURU y LEON, hijo de Don Ramón
de Legorburu y Garmendia, y de Doña Rita Leon
Quintero.
E.
Doña Ligia Elena Lares Lossada, nacida en Maracaibo el
29/11/1911, casada, sin sucesión.
F.
Don Roberto Antonio Lares Lossada, nacido en
Maracaibo el 05/07/1901, casado con Doña Isabel SOTO
SILVA.
G.
Don Enrique Manuel Lares Lossada, nacido en
Maracaibo el 17/06/1904 y fallecido allí en 1982, casado
en esa ciudad el 06/08/1926 con Doña Josefina Rincon
Urdaneta. Fueron padres de: Don Rodolfo, soltero, y de:
A.
Doña Yolanda Josefina Lares Rincon, casada con
el señor Piero Petro.
B.
Doña Miriam Lares Rincon, casada con el señor
Numan Romero De La Vega.
C.
Don Enrique José Lares Rincon, casado con
Doña Adelaida Garcia Ortin, hija de Don Diego
Garcia Socorro, y de Doña Graciela Ortin
Rodriguez, con sucesión.
H.
Don José Angel Lares Lossada, nacido en Maracaibo el
03/12/1912 y fallecido en Caracas el 09/10/1958, casado
con Doña Cecilia Nuñez Ramirez, con sucesión.
C.
Don Eduardo Lares Baralt, casado primero con Doña Manuela
Carruyo Otero, hija de Don Juan Carruyo Belloso y de Doña
Manuela Otero; y en segundas nupcias con Doña Blanca Perez.
D.
El Doctor Don José de la Cruz Lares Baralt, casado con Doña
María Luisa Suarez.
183
Revista del Centro Zuliano de Investigaciones Genealógicas
Año 1 Número 2 Julio - Diciembre 2023. Investigaciones
2.
El General Don José Ignacio Lares Baralt Presidente de los Estados Zulia
y Mérida, casado en Mérida el 23/07/1870 con Doña Paz Ruiz Paredes,
hija de Don Juan de Dios Ruiz y de Doña María de la Paz Paredes. Fueron
padres de: Doña Eva María, religiosa, y de:
A.
Doña Obdulia Lares Ruiz, casada con Don Rodolfo Socorro
Baralt, hijo de Don José Amable Socorro Socorro y de Doña
Cármen Baralt Luzardo.
B.
Don Silvio Lares Ruiz, casado con Doña Mercedes Ascanio.
C.
El Doctor Don José Ignacio Lares Ruiz, médico cirujano, casado
con Doña Isabel Lemoine, padres de Don Gustavo, y de:
A.
Doña Isabel Lares Lemoine, casada con Nació El Palacios.
3.
Don Arturo Lares Baralt, casado con Doña Josefina Echeverria Africano,
padres de: Don Arturo, Don Alonso, y de:
A.
Doña María Emilia Lares Echeverria, casada con Don Carlos
Lopez Bustamante, hijo del periodista Don Eduardo Lopez Rivas y
de Doña Cármen Bustamante Lopez De Triana.
4.
Don Manuel Alberto Lares Baralt, casado en Maracaibo el 19/09/1891
(Bolívar) con Doña Cristina Ana Ruan Sariol, hija de Don Hugo y de
Doña Agustina. Fueron padres de: Doña Cecilia, Don Manuel Alberto, y
de:
A.
Doña María Cristina Lares Ruan, casada con Don Luis A. Ramirez.
B.
Doña Olga Lares Ruan, casada con Don Alfredo Ramirez.
C.
Don José María Lares Ruan, casado con Doña Mercedes Borges.
D.
Don Luis Lares Ruan, casado con Doña Margarita Tirado.
E.
Don Teodoro Lares Ruan, casado con Doña Flor Angela Eleizalde.
F.
Don Atilio Lares Ruan, casado con Doña Sara Valbuena.
184
El linaje Lares
Marco Ghersi Gil
Investigaciones
Notas genealógicas de familias que complementan y
contribuyeron desde el siglo XVI, sobre todo desde El
tocuyo, Coro, Carora, Barquisimeto y Guanare, a las
familias Lares y Acuña zulianas, y a la Fernandes de
Carrasquero, de Gibraltar, diferente a la Zuliana oriunda
de Alagoa, Potugal (siglo XVII).
1. CONTADOR Y FUNDADOR GONZALO DE LOS RÍOS, natural de Aviada de Campos de
Suuso (Yusso), Santander e HL García Fernández de los Ríos y María de Salcedo, que regresó
de España en 1563 acompañado de un criado, JUAN GUTIERRE DE OXEDA Catálogo de
Pasajeros a Indias Vol. IV p. 33) GONZALO DE LOS RÍOS tuvo dos hijos, probablemente en la
criolla llamada CONSTANZA e hijos naturales por consecuencia.
2. LUISA DE LOS RÍOS. Fue casada en tres matrimonios pues claramente en 8-7-1625 en el
Documento de la Herencia de AMBROSIO RIZZ, HIJO MESTIZO DE JOACHIM RIZZ,
Welser de san Gallen, hoy Suiza, reconocido por su padre en una india caquetia, se dice que ella
fue hija legítima del CONTADOR GONZALO DE LOS RÍOS y Ambrosio Rizz fue el dicho su
tercer marido, es decir el tercero de sus maridos.
3. DOÑA MARÍA RIZZ DE LOS RÍOS, casada y velada en la Nueva Segovia de Barquisimeto con
FRANCISCO DE URQUELEAGUI Y SILVA, natural de la Nueva Segovia hijo de MARTÍN
DE URQUELAEGUI Y DOÑA MARÍA DE SILVA. Nieto de los Guipuzcoanos PEDRO DE
URQUELEAGUI Y DOÑA MARÍA SAEZ DE SOAZOLA, naturales de Ascoitia, Guipúzcoa.
4. CAP. MARTÍN DE URQUELEAGUI y DE LOS RIOS, casado y velado en la Nueva Segovia
de Barquisimeto con DOÑA MARÍA SÁNCHEZ DE AGREDA, HL Lorenzo Grimán,
veneciano, y DOÑA Isabel de Castellanos. Ella Testó el 1-10-1674 y el 6-4-1690, folios 51-54
Legajo 1690, se otorgó la herencia de acuerdo con el Testamento y Codicilo. Tuvieron 10 hijos:
FRANCISCO, LORENZO, MIGUEL GERÓNIMO, GREGORIO, JUAN, DOÑA MARÍA,
DOÑA EUFEMIA, ANDRÉS, MARTÍN Y JOSEPH DE AURQUELEAGUI Y AGREDA.
5. ANDRÉS URQUELEAGUI Y AGREDA, bautizado en la Nueva Segovia de Barquisimeto y
casado y velado en la Nueva Segovia de Barquisimeto con DOÑA JULIANA CABRAL, HL
Esteban Cabral de Villalobos y Doña Petrona de la Llana y Cortes.
185
Revista del Centro Zuliano de Investigaciones Genealógicas
Año 1 Número 2 Julio - Diciembre 2023. Investigaciones
6. DOÑA LUISA ROSA URQUELAEGUI y CABRAL, bautizada en la Nueva Segovia de
Barquisimeto Y casada y velada en la Nueva Segovia de Barquisimeto con DON DIEGO
MANUEL DE EGUIZABAL, natural de los Reynos de Castilla, que testó el 23-11-1700 de
las secuelas del parto de su hija Doña SEBASTIANA NICOLASA, que quedó de 6 días de
edad. Dejó por albaceas a sus hermanos ANDRÉS JOSEPH, JUAN Y DON THOMÁS DE
URQUELAEGUI Y LLANA
7. Doña María Nicolasa de Eguizábal y Sabaniega y Urquelaegui, casada hacia 1740 en la Parroquia
Matríz de Maracaibo con Don Alberto González de Acuña sobrino del Obispo del mismo
apellido con quien vino En el Séquito en su compañía, padres de:
8. Doña Francisca González de Acuña Eguizábal, la cual se casó con Don Pedro José de Lares, natural
de la isla de Margarita, que se avecindó en la ciudad de Maracaibo, donde otorgó testamento
junto con su esposa, el 14/12/1824. Casó Don Pedro Lares como lo hemos venido diciendo en
la parroquia Mayor de Maracaibo el 26/01/1768 con Doña María Francisca González de Acuña,
hija de Don Juan Alberto González de Acuña y de Doña María Nicolasa Eguizábal (Luiabar) y
Sabaniega. Fueron los padres de:
9. DON JOSE MARIA LARES Y GONZALES DE ACUÑA, bautizado en la Parroquia Matriz
hoy de la Catedral de Maracaibo el 8-12-1784 y al parecer caso en Escuque o Mérida con DOÑA
MARIA JOSEFA DE CHUECOS, oriunda de Escuque e hija Don Juan Pedro Chuecos y Doña
Josefa de Ramos Venegas, con larga e ilustre sucesión en Mérida, Escuque, Mendoza la Fría y
Valera, así como en Maracaibo con larga e ilustre descendencia
10. DON MANUEL GONZALEZ DE ACUÑA, casado el 5-7-1771 en la Parroquia Matriz de
Maracaibo con DOÑA ANA JOSEFA CAMACHO Y CANO, hija legitima De Don Antonio
Camacho y Doña María Cano Deben haber tenido varios hijos, pero solo me consta Doña Tecla
González de Acuña y Camacho, a continuación.
11. Doña Tecla González de Acuña y Camacho, casada en Maracaibo o su jurisdicción con Don
JOSE FRANCISCO LARES Y GONZALEZ DE ACUÑA, hijo del matrimonio fundador de
este apellido en Maracaibo. Se radicaron en Mendoza la Fría, donde su hijo
12. DON JOSE FRANCISCO LARES Y GONZALEZ DE ACUÑA, que casó en 1837 y se veló
en 1839 en La Puerta con DOÑA ANA GUADALUPE ABREU CARRASQUERO hija de don
MIGUEL ABREU Y CARRASQUERO y DOÑA MARIA DEL CARMEN CARRASQUERO
ABREU, y casados en Mendoza fría en 1815 y nieta paterna de Don Simón Abreu Y Moreno y
186
El linaje Lares
Marco Ghersi Gil
Investigaciones
doña Soledad Carrasquero Paredes, casados en 1780 en Mendoza la Fría y nieta materna de sus
primos hermanos dobles Don Miguel Carrasquero Paredes y Doña María Chiquinquirá Abreu
y Moreno, casados también en 1780 hija al igual que Don Simón de Abreu, de Don ESTEBAN
ABREU Y DE LA TORRE Y DOÑA ANA MARIA MORENO GONZALES. DON MIGUEL
CARRASQUERO ERA hijo de Don MIGUEL CARRASQUERO Y PAREDES Y DOÑA JUANA
PAREDES, Y nieta paterna de DON LEONARDO CARRASQUERO, nacido en Maracaibo
pero oriundo de Gibraltar, hijo de Don PEDRO JOSE FERNANDEZ DE CARRASQUERO,
natural de los Reynos de España y de su esposa DOÑA MARIA MOCTEZUMA Y MORALES,
con quien casó en Guanare, quien a su vez era hija del ALFEREZ MAYOR y Encomendero
en Coro en 1674 en Carora, DON FRANCISCO DE MOCTEZUMA confirmada en 1679 y
en Coro, e hijo legítimo de su homónimo padre, español descendiente de los miembros de la
familia Moctezuma llevo a su Majestad el Rey Don Fernando el Católico el terrible HERNAN
CORTES, que por varias generaciones casaron como Nobles con mujeres Españolas, y de su
segunda esposa DOÑA LAURENCIANA MORALES, natural de Santa Ana de Carora. (Véase
Descendencia del Emperador Azteca de México en Guanaguanare, en dos tomos, publicados
por mí en 2008 con la ayuda de la UNEY. Con larga sucesión en los estados Portuguesa, Mérida,
Zulia, Lara, Falcon, Carabobo, Miranda y hasta Caracas.
187
Revista del Centro Zuliano de Investigaciones Genealógicas
Año 1 Número 2 Julio - Diciembre 2023. Investigaciones
“APUNTES GENEALÓGICOS SOBRE LOS
GENERALES JOSÉ ESCOLÁSTICO ANDRADE Y
PIRELA E IGNACIO ANDRADE Y TROCONIS”
Ramón Ignacio Andrade Monagas
Lima, 6 de marzo 2020
“En el año 1821, después de la Batalla de Carabobo, cuando
estuve con el Libertador en Maracaibo, y antes de seguir con él
para el sur en la campaña de la independencia, llevé los pocos
apuntamientos genealógicos que conservaba referentes a nuestros
antecesores, pero cinco días antes de la batalla de “Ayacucho”,
en “Matará”, el ejército español interceptó los equipajes y con
ellos perdí el mío con cuanto contenía. Quedé pues, sin aquellos
preciosos documentos y sin memoria cierta y circunstanciada de
la familia, siquiera de sus principales ramas. Después no pude
ni he tenido tiempo ni ocasión de reponer los datos perdidos,
procurándolos en los registros en que pudieran encontrarse:
y llegué a creer que no había ya en la familia quien poseyera
antecedentes formales sobre el particular. Sin embargo, cuando
menos lo esperé, hace como dos años, en una visita que me hizo
nuestro pariente el señor Juan Francisco Troconis, me habló
de haber hallado entre los papeles de nuestro primo Ramón,
su difunto padre, tradiciones curiosas e interesantes, relativas
a la ascendencia de la familia Troconis, con los enlaces y
ramificaciones más esenciales para nosotros; y no dejamos de
celebrar semejante hallazgo”
“ Como puede ser que estos antecedentes así tan circunstanciales
sean los únicos que existan en la familia, he creído conveniente ir
trasmitiéndolos a mis hijos según me sea dado, a fin de que no se
pierdan en el curso de los tiempos, tradiciones tan curiosas como
188
“Apuntes Genealógicos sobre los Generales José Escolástico
Andrade y Pirela e Ignacio Andrade y Troconis”
Ramón Ignacio Andrade Monagas
Investigaciones
interesantes para nosotros, y que mantengan viva la memoria
de nuestros antepasados con su origen y larga sucesión. Procura
pues, conservar esos datos que honran a la familia, no tanto por
su linaje que eso poco hace y vale en nuestra forma de gobierno,
sino por la ilustración y condiciones de sus antecesores en general.
Recíbelo como testimonio de afecto que se hace el deber de
consagrarte en ellos, tu amantísimo padre.”1
J.E. Andrade
Carta del General José Escolástico Andrade y Pirela a su hijo Francisco,
20 de octubre 1874
INTRODUCCIÓN
Atendiendo a la invitación de Don Antonio Herrera Vaillant, presenté
a consideración de la Junta Calificadora del Instituto Venezolano de
Genealogía el presente trabajo intitulado: “Apuntes Genealógicos sobre los
Generales José Escolástico Andrade y Pirela e Ignacio Andrade y Troconis”,
para mi incorporación como Miembro Individuo de Número. En estos
apuntes desarrollé el linaje agnaticio de ambos generales en Venezuela. Será
tema de nuevos trabajos el desarrollo del árbol de costados.
Con estos apuntes que son producto de largos años de investigación, tomé
el testigo de quienes me precedieron y cumplí el deber familiar de mantener
viva la memoria de nuestros antepasados.
Dedicado a mi padre Ignacio Andrade Arcaya.
1
Hernández D’Empaire, José, General José Escolástico Andrade, El Prócer
Olvidado, Sociedad Bolivariana de Venezuela, Centro del Estado Zulia, p. 26.
189
Revista del Centro Zuliano de Investigaciones Genealógicas
Año 1 Número 2 Julio - Diciembre 2023. Investigaciones
ANDRADE O ANDRADA
E
l apellido Andrade o Andrada es de origen gallego. Tuvo su casa solar en Betanzos y fueron
señores de Puentedeume, El Ferrol, Villalba, Valle de Lauría, Vudamoral, Solar de Betanzos
y Villel de Mesa. Condes de Andrade y Villalba.2
Sus armas:
En campo de sinople (verde) una banda de oro, engolada en boca de dragones del mismo metal;
bordura de plata con este lema en letras de sable (color negro): “AVE MARIA, GRATIA PLENA”.3
* JUAN DE LAS NIEVES DE ANDRADE y BALBUENA,4 natural de los Reinos de España, se
residenció en Maracaibo,5 donde fue Capitán de Infantería, Sargento Mayor, Procurador General,
Regidor, Alférez Real, Alguacil Mayor y Castellano interino de la fuerza principal de San Carlos de la
Laguna,6 murió en fecha posterior al 26 de noviembre 1701.7 Casó con Doña Marta María Gallardín
2 Andrade Arcaya, Ignacio, Apuntes Genealógicos, no publicado; Nagel von Jess, Kurt, Algunas Familias
Maracaiberas, Ediciones del Cuatricentenario de Maracaibo, Facultad de Humanidades de la Universidad del Zulia,
Maracaibo, 1969, p. 39 y ss; de Castro Álvarez, Carlos, Una Descripción Inédita, de 1626, de las Casas de Andrade,
San Sarduniño, Lauriña, Villamorel y Solar de Lanzós, Estudios Mindonienses. Anuario de Estudios HistóricoTeológicos de la Diócesis de Mondoñedo-Ferrol, 26, 2010, Cabildo de la Catedral. Mondoñedo Centro de Estudios
de la Diócesis de Mondoñedo- Ferrol Fundación Caixa Galicia; de Castro y López Sangil, La Genealogía de los
Andrade, Cátedra. Revista Eumesa de Estudios; Hernández D’Empaire, José, Ob. cit., p. 26 y ss.
3
Andrade Arcaya, Ignacio, Ob. cit.; Nagel von Jess, Kurt, Ob. cit.
4 Comenta Kurt von Nagel que Don Juan de las Nieves de Andrade y Balbuena llegó a Maracaibo en compañía
de su primo Andrés José Alonso-Valbuena. De la revisión de las partidas parroquiales de El Sagrario, Maracaibo,
hemos comprobado que el uso del Alonso fue perdiendo vigencia (Nagel von Jess, Kurt “Andrade,” 5 Feb 2007,
Outlook. Anotaciones sobre los apellidos Alonso, Andrade, Pirela y Troconis; Arcaya Madriz, Pedro Manuel
“Población de Origen Europeo de Coro en la Época Colonial. Biblioteca de la Academia Nacional de la Historia”,
Academia Nacional de la Historia, Caracas, 1972, 114, p. 9 y ss.
5 Llegó a Maracaibo junto con su hermano Don Juan Crisóstomo de Andrade. De su hermano no hemos logrado
obtener más información ( Juicio de Residencia en contra del Gobernador Francisco de la Rocha Ferrer, Archivo
Histórico Nacional, Inquisición, 1599, Exp .6, folio 20).
6 Confirmación de Oficio de Alguacil Mayor: Juan de Andrade y Balbuena, 17 de febrero 1696, Archivo General
de Indias, Santa Fe, 163, No.10, folio 19 Recto.
7
Confirmación de Oficio: Juan de Andrade y Balbuena, 17 de febrero 1696, Archivo General de Indias, Santa
190
“Apuntes Genealógicos sobre los Generales José Escolástico
Andrade y Pirela e Ignacio Andrade y Troconis”
Ramón Ignacio Andrade Monagas
Investigaciones
de Párraga y Mendoza8 (hija de Don Melchor Gallardín y Cuello y Doña Catalina de Mendoza, nieta
de Don Andrés de Gallardín y Párraga,9 Capitán de Infantería, Regidor Perpetúo, Alcalde Ordinario
y Alcalde de la Santa Hermandad de la Nueva Zamora, Encomendero, y de Doña Marta Rodríguez
de Cuello y Villegas, bisnieta del Conquistador Don Juan Rodríguez de Cuello y tataranieta del
Conquistador Don Luis de Villegas).10 Fueron sus hijos:11
•
•
•
Don JUAN DE LA NIEVES DE ANDRADE y GALLARDÍN, Sargento Mayor
(sigue). *
Doña LUISA DE ANDRADE y GALLARDÍN.12
Doña JOSEFA DE ANDRADE y GALLARDÍN.13
Fe, 163, No.10; Juicio de Residencia en contra del Gobernador Francisco de la Rocha Ferrer, Archivo Histórico
Nacional, Inquisición, 1599, Exp .6. En 1705 aparece como uno de los padrinos del enlace celebrado por el Alférez
D. Ambrosio González Umpierrez con Dña. Petronila Enriquez de Viloria, suegros de Diego José Troconis, quien
casó el 24 de septiembre 1740 con Dña. María Josefa González Umpierrez (Hernández D’Empaire, José Ob. cit. p.
27 y Nagel von Jess, Kurt “Andrade,” 5 Feb 2017, Outlook. Anotaciones sobre los apellidos Alonso, Andrade, Pirela
y Troconis).
8 Nagel von Jess, Kurt “Andrade,” 5 Feb 2017, Outlook. Anotaciones sobre los apellidos Alonso, Andrade, Pirela
y Troconis); Nagel von Jess, Kurt “Velasco,” http://www.ivgenealogia.org.ve/Velasco.pdf, 20 de febrero 2012; Mac
Gregor, Ernesto García, “Anexo IV - Mandatarios y Gobernadores de Maracaibo,” http://garciamacgregor.com/
anexo- iv-mandatarios-y-gobernadores-de-maracaibo.html, 23 de marzo 2013).
9 Don Andrés de Gallardín era propietario de una Estancia en el Valle de Chirurí, próximo al ancón de Maruma.
En ese valle se ubicaron las primeras áreas de cultivo del cacao en Venezuela. “…se ubicaron adyacentes a la riada
del Chirurí, donde los peninsulares hallaron los espléndidos cacahuales que mostraban sus follajes y frutos con
tal exuberancia que sorprendieron a los peninsulares.” El sitio se encuentra en las inmediaciones de lo que hoy
en día se denomina Campo Boscán. Ver Ramírez Méndez, Luis Alberto, LAS HACIENDAS EN EL SUR DEL
LAGO DE MARACAIBO (SIGLOS XVI-XVII). Boletín de la Academia Nacional de la Historia, p. 140 y Ramírez
Méndez, Luis Alberto, El cultivo del cacao venezolano a partir de Maruma, Historia Caribe - Volumen X N° 27 Julio-Diciembre 2015 pp 69-101. http://dx.doi.org/10.15648/hc.27.2015.3.
10 “Servicios del Capitán Andrés Gallardín, Regidor de la ciudad de la Nueva Zamora de Maracaivo”, Archivo
General de Indias, año 1619, SANTO_DOMINGO, 20,N.2, fol. 7 y ss; “Confirmación de Oficio del Capitán
Andrés Gallardín y Párraga”, Archivo General de Indias, año 1637, SANTO_DOMINGO, 33, N.77; “Confirmación
de Oficio del Capitán Baltazar Gallardín y Párraga”, Archivo General de Indias, año 1629, SANTO_DOMINGO,
32, N.66; el Hno Nectario María da cuenta de actuaciones de Don Andrés de Gallardín como miembro del Cabildo
de la Nueva Zamora, Laguna de Maracaybo, en fechas 7 de febrero 1606, 23 de enero 1607 y 29 de noviembre
1610, LOS ORÍGENES DE MARACAIBO, Instituto Nacional de Cooperación Educativa (INCE) de Venezuela,
España, 1977, pp. 373, 393 y 467;
11 Nagel von Jess, Kurt “Andrade,” 5 Feb 2007, Outlook. Anotaciones sobre los apellidos Alonso, Andrade,
Pirela y Troconis.
12 Mantenía hacienda en Gibraltar. Juicio de Residencia en contra del Gobernador Francisco de la Rocha Ferrer,
Archivo Histórico Nacional, Inquisición, 1599, Exp .6, folio 20.
13 von Nagel, Kurt “Andrade,” 5 Feb 2007, Outlook. Anotaciones sobre los apellidos Alonso, Andrade, Pirela y
Troconis.
191
Revista del Centro Zuliano de Investigaciones Genealógicas
Año 1 Número 2 Julio - Diciembre 2023. Investigaciones
•
Don AMBROSIO NICOLÁS DE ANDRADE y GALLARDÍN, Capitán, casado con
Doña Juana Catalina Alemán. Fueron padres de: María, nacida en Maracaibo el 24 de
marzo 1725 y bautizada el 2 de abril de ese mismo año. Fue su madrina de bautismo
Doña María de Velasco y el oficiante Don Juan Francisco Cubillán, cura rector;14 Don
Pedro Antonio Nicolás de Andrade y Alemán, cura y capellán de la Iglesia de Perijá;15
y Doña Agustina de Andrade y Alemán casada con Don Pedro García de la Lastra y
Cubillán de Fuentes el 10 de mayo 1734.16
* Don JUAN DE LAS NIEVES DE ANDRADE y GALLARDIN, vecino de Maracaibo, Sargento
Mayor de la Compañía de Forasteros Milicianos de Maracaibo, Alcalde y Regidor Perpetuo, nació en
1664 y “figura entre los hombres que destacan en lo político, militar y administrativo en Maracaibo
a finales del siglo XVII y principios del siguiente.”17 Contribuye de manera graciosa con bastimentos
y dinero a las fuerzas de la Barra de la Laguna de Maracaibo.18 Funda en 1686 una ermita con
capellanía para oficiar misa dedicada a San Juan de Dios, de quien es devoto, en su hato en el Ancón
del Oreganal.19 Esa capilla es hoy la Basílica de San Juan de Dios y Nuestra Señora de Chiquinquirá,
cuyo diseño actual es además obra de uno de sus descendientes (ver más adelante Francisco de
Paula Andrade Troconis). Dueño de una importante hacienda de cacao en los Borbures, cerca de
14 Partida de Bautismo de María de Andrade y Alemán, 2 de abril 1725, El Sagrario, Maracaibo, Zulia, Venezuela,
https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:QVMJ-2GDS: 13 March 2018.
15 Peña Vargas, Ana Cecilia NUESTRA SEÑORA DEL ROSARIO DE PERIJA / DOCUMENTOS PARA
SU HISTORIA 1722 - 1818. BIBLIOTECA DE LA ACADEMIA NACIONAL DE LA HISTORIA No. 240,
Academia Nacional de la Historia, Tomo II, p. 370, p. 376: “216. Lista de los vecinos de la jurisdicción de la villa de
Nuestra Señora del Rosario de Perijá, hecha por don Juan Jedler de Inciarte, Justicia Mayor de dicha villa. Nuestra
Señora del Rosario de Perijá, 20 de marzo de 1748.”; von Nagel, Kurt “Andrade,” 5 Feb 2007, Outlook. Anotaciones
sobre los apellidos Alonso, Andrade, Pirela y Troconis.
16 von Nagel, Kurt “Andrade,” 5 Feb 2007, Outlook. Anotaciones sobre los apellidos Alonso, Andrade, Pirela y
Troconis.
17 Hno María, Nectario, Historia de Nuestra Señora de Chiquinquirá de Maracaibo, Patrona del Zulia, Villena,
Artes Gráficas, 2da Edición, Madrid, 1977, p. 33; Andrade Arcaya, Ignacio, Ob. cit.
18
Hno María, Nectario, ob cit., p. 35.
19 Funda dos capellanías una por 500 pesos para la celebración de mismas por el alma de los naturales,
nombrado capitán (administrador) a Don Juan de Soto y otra por 1000 pesos para la celebración de misas por
su alma, nombrando como Capitán a su hijo Juan Nicolás de Andrade y sus descendientes. Ob cit, pag. 33, 34
y 35; de Oviedo y Baños, José, HISTORIA DE LA CONQUISTA Y POBLACIÓN DE LA PROVINCIA DE
VENEZUELA / Colección Clásica, Fundación Biblioteca Ayacucho, 175, p. 358. Don Juan de Andrade habría
traído de Tunja, Colombia, la imagen milagrosa de la Virgen de la Chiquinquirá que puso en esa ermita, hoy
Basílica de Chiquinquirá y San Juan de Dios.
192
“Apuntes Genealógicos sobre los Generales José Escolástico
Andrade y Pirela e Ignacio Andrade y Troconis”
Ramón Ignacio Andrade Monagas
Investigaciones
Gibraltar.20 Casó con Doña PHELIPA DEL POZO y ÁVILA.21 Fueron sus hijos:22
•
•
•
•
Don JUAN NICOLÁS DE ANDRADE y DEL POZO (sigue).23 *
Don JUAN ANTONIO DE ANDRADE y DEL POZO (sigue).24 *
Doña ISABEL MARÍA DE ANDRADE y DEL POZO, casada con el Capitán y Alférez
Don Ambrosio de Velasco y Suárez de Acero, hijo de Don Pedro de Velasco y Mendoza
y de Doña Josefa Suárez de Acero.25
Don MIGUEL DE ANDRADE y DEL POZO.26
20 Hno María, Nectario, Historia de Nuestra Señora de Chiquinquirá de Maracaibo, Patrona del Zulia, Villena,
Artes Gráficas, 2da Edición, Madrid, 1977, p. 35.
21 El 16 de junio 1725, el Sargento Mayor Don Juan de las Nieves y su esposa Doña Phelipa del Pozo, aparecen
como padrinos de bautismo de Juan Francisco Granadillo, nacido el día 6 de ese mes y año, hijo del Alférez José
Granadillo y de Isabel María Añez Franco (Registro de la Catedral de Maracaibo 1723 – 1775, Nagel, Kurt, p.
57). El 9 de septiembre 1728, el Sargento Mayor Don Juan de las Nieves de Andrade aparece junto a Doña Rufine
de Velasco (asumimos se trata de Doña Justa Rufina de la Cruz y Velasco y Ávila, esposa de Don Juan Nicolás
de Andrade y del Pozo y por ende nuera del Sargento Mayor Don Juan de las Nieves de Andrade y Gallardín
(Registro de la Catedral de Maracaibo 1723 – 1775, Nagel, Kurt, p. 115)). En el Juicio de Residencia en contra del
Gobernador Francisco de la Rocha Ferrer, Archivo Histórico Nacional, Inquisición, 1599, Exp .6, aparece Doña
Phelipa del Pozo como esposa de Don Juan de las Nieves y Andrade. En el mismo expediente declara llamarse así
Don Juan de las Nieves Andrade, que es natural de Maracaibo, casado en ella y de cuarenta y siete años (folio 1,
fecha 9 de febrero de 1711). En otra parte: “Juan de las Nieves y Andrade, que tiene el estado de matrimonio y que
no tiene ningún oficio y que es de esta ciudad” (Nueva Zamora de Maracaibo) (folio 23 y 43).
22 Juicio de Residencia en contra del Gobernador Francisco de la Rocha Ferrer, Archivo Histórico Nacional,
Inquisición, 1599, Exp .6; Euclides J Fuguett Graterol, Euclides “Información Genealogía de los Aspirantes a Vestir
Hábitos Clericales en Venezuela en el Siglo XVIII,” Boletín del Instituto Venezolano de Genealogía, 3, Octubre
1974; von Nagel, Kurt “Andrade,” 5 Feb 2007, Outlook. Anotaciones sobre los apellidos Alonso, Andrade, Pirela
y Troconis.
23 von Nagel, Kurt “Andrade,” 5 Feb 2007, Outlook. Anotaciones sobre los apellidos Alonso, Andrade, Pirela y
Troconis.
24 Aparece como padrino el 8 de octubre 1747 en Maracaibo (von Nagel, Kurt “Andrade,” 5 Feb 2007, Outlook.
Anotaciones sobre los apellidos Alonso, Andrade, Pirela y Troconis).
25 En el Juicio de Residencia en contra del Gobernador Francisco de la Rocha Ferrer, Archivo Histórico
Nacional, Inquisición, 1599, Exp .6, declara Don Ambrosio de Velazco que Don Juan de las Nieves es su suegro:
“… el Capitán Don Ambrosio de Velasco vezino de esta ziudad y álferez real en ella apoderado general del Regidor
Don Juan de las Nieves y Andrade mi suegro ausente...” (folio 189, Juicio de Residencia en contra del Gobernador
Francisco de la Rocha Ferrer); von Nagel, Kurt, Registro de la Catedral de Maracaibo 1723 – 1775, p. 51; von
Nagel, Kurt “Velasco,” http://www.ivgenealogia.org.ve/Velasco.pdf, 20 de febrero 2012.
26 Aparece como padrino de los hijos de Pedro Antonio de Andrade y de la Cruz (von Nagel, Kurt “Andrade,” 5
Feb 2007, Outlook. Anotaciones sobre los apellidos Alonso, Andrade, Pirela y Troconis).
193
Revista del Centro Zuliano de Investigaciones Genealógicas
Año 1 Número 2 Julio - Diciembre 2023. Investigaciones
•
•
Doña MARÍA ROSA DE ANDRADE y DEL POZO;27
Don LUIS DE ANDRADE y DEL POZO, Capitán;28
Don JUAN NICOLAS DE ANDRADE y DEL POZO, hijo del anterior, vecino de Maracaibo,
Sargento Mayor, nació antes de 1724 y falleció antes del 21 de marzo 1771, fecha del matrimonio de
su hija Doña Rosa de Andrade y de la Cruz con Don Antonio Montes, como se verá más adelante.
Casó con Doña JUSTA RUFINA DE LA CRUZ y VELASCO y ÁVILA.29
El reputado genealogista de las familias coloniales de Maracaibo, Kurt Nagel von Jess, menciona que
existe confusión con el nombre de Don JUAN NICOLAS DE ANDRADE y DEL POZO. Añadimos
nosotros que la confusión se presenta con su hermano Don JUAN ANTONIO DE ANDRADE
y DEL POZO.30 En ese sentido, Nagel von Jess señala que el primero casó dos veces, la primera
con Doña JUSTA RUFINA DE LA CRUZ y VELASCO y ÁVILA y la segunda con Doña JUANA
CATALINA de TROCONIS y CAMARILLO. De Don JUAN ANTONIO DE ANDRADE y DEL
POZO no reporta matrimonio alguno.
Sin embargo, de la documentación que hemos revisado hemos podido observar que en las partidas
de bautismo de los hijos habidos en matrimonio con Doña JUSTA RUFINA DE LA CRUZ y
VELASCO y ÁVILA aparece siempre el padre con el nombre de Juan Nicolás y nunca Juan Antonio,
mientras que en las partidas relacionadas con el matrimonio habido con Doña JUANA CATALINA
de TROCONIS y CAMARILLO aparece el padre, abuelo o esposo premuerto, siempre con el
nombre de Juan Antonio pero nunca Juan Nicolás.31
27 von Nagel, Kurt “Andrade,” 5 Feb 2007, Outlook. Anotaciones sobre los apellidos Alonso, Andrade, Pirela y
Troconis.
28 Aparece como padrino de un matrimonio el 24 de febrero 1752 (von Nagel, Kurt “Andrade,” 5 Feb 2007,
Outlook. Anotaciones sobre los apellidos Alonso, Andrade, Pirela y Troconis).
29 von Nagel, Kurt “Andrade,” 5 Feb 2007, Outlook. Anotaciones sobre los apellidos Alonso, Andrade, Pirela y
Troconis; Partida de Matrimonio de Rosa de Andrade y de la Cruz y Don Antonio Montes, 21 de marzo 1771, El
Sagrario, Maracaibo, Zulia, Venezuela, https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:QVMJ-YV1P : 13 March 2018.
30 von Nagel, Kurt “Andrade,” 5 Feb 2007, Outlook. Anotaciones sobre los apellidos Alonso, Andrade, Pirela y
Troconis.
31 En relación a Juan Nicolás de Andrade y del Pozo: En una partida de bautismo aparece como padrino Juan
Nicolás de Andrada (bautizo de Thomassa Josepha, bautizada el 26 de septiembre 1723, hija de Miguel Gazzia?
Sarmiento y Josepha Perez. La madrina fue Doña Phelipa Sanz? o Jaiz?). En la partida de bautizo de su hijo Francisco,
de fecha 11 de diciembre 1724, también aparece como Juan Nicolás de Andrada. En la partida de bautizo de su hijo
Joseph Nicolás de fecha 20 de enero 1727, se le menciona como “Procurador General Don Nicolás de Andrade”.
En la información que aparece en el expediente de Don José Gregorio de Andrade, con ocasión de la solicitud para
vestir hábitos realizada por éste, aparece que su padre es Don Juan Nicolás Andrade, su madre Rufina de la Cruz,
sus abuelos paternos, Juan de las Nieves de Andrade y Doña Felipe del Pozo, sus abuelos maternos: Capitán Don
Esteban de la Cruz y Doña Josefa de Velasco (Fuguett Graterol, Euclides J., Ob. cit.). En relación a Juan Antonio
194
“Apuntes Genealógicos sobre los Generales José Escolástico
Andrade y Pirela e Ignacio Andrade y Troconis”
Ramón Ignacio Andrade Monagas
Investigaciones
de Andrade y del Pozo: En la partida de matrimonio de Don José Ignacio Andrade Troconis con María Ana Pirela,
celebrado el 24 de septiembre de 1792, se dice que el nombre de su padre es Don Juan Antonio de Andrade,
difunto, y su madre Doña Juana Catalina de Troconis. En la partida de bautismo de Doña Fulgencia Andrade
Pirela, se dice que el nombre de su abuelo es Don Juan Antonio de Andrade. En la partida de defunción de Doña
Juana Catalina Troconis, del 30 de mayo 1810, se dice que es viuda de Juan Antonio de Andrade. Por otra parte,
existe documentación que demuestra la existencia de hatos y haciendas en Maracaibo a nombre de Juan Nicolás
de Andrade y de Juan Antonio de Andrade. En esos casos tampoco se mezclan el nombre de Juan Nicolás y Juan
Antonio. Por ejemplo: (i) en 1744 Don Juan Nicolás de las Nieves de Andrade tenía licencia para celebrar la Santa
Misa en capilla u oratorio en su hato en Ancón del Oreganal ubicado a más de una legua, pero menos de cuatro de
la ciudad de Maracaibo (Rincón Rubio, Luis, Orígenes y consolidación de una parroquia rural en la provincia de
Maracaibo: La Inmaculada Concepción de la Cañada. 1688 - 1834. 2-55, Procesos Históricos. Artículo Arbitrado,
ISSN 1690 - 4818 Año 6, No.12. Segundo Semestre 2007, 16 - 17.); (ii) Don Juan Antonio ofrece declaraciones
sobre la propiedad de una hacienda en Bobures (AGNC. Poblaciones varias. SC 46, 5, D. 91. Testimonio de Juan
Antonio de Andrade. San Antonio de Gibraltar, 11 de julio de 1750. f. 448r); (iii) Don Juan Nicolás Andrade fue
propietario de la hacienda Marañones que vendió a Don Juan Antonio Troconis y éste a Don Thomás Cubillan
(AGNC. Curas y Obispos. SC. Testimonio de don Francisco Corona. Gibraltar, 19 de junio de 1761. f. 447r-448v); (iv) AGNC. Poblaciones varias.
SC 46, 5, D. 91. Testimonios de Antonio Andrade y Salvador Montaño de Pedrajas. San Antonio de Gibraltar, 11
de julio de 1750. f. 448v; (v) En 1750, se informaba que estaban gravemente amenazadas por los ataques indígenas
las haciendas de José Velarde, Francisco Ximénez, Francisco José Fernández de Sendrea (el Parral), Juan Antonio
de Andrade, Salvador Montaño de Pedrajas situadas en el valle de Bobures (AGNC. Poblaciones varias. SC. 46,
5, D. 91. Testimonio de Salvador Montaño de Pedrajas. San Antonio de Gibraltar, 11 de julio de 1750. f. 448v. y
AGNC. Poblaciones varias. SC. 46, 5, D. 91. Testimonio de Juan Antonio de Andrade. San Antonio de Gibraltar,
11 de julio de 1750. f. 448r.); (vi) Se dice que los religiosos vendieron en censo ciertas propiedades que abarcaban
más de trece estancias a don Juan Nicolás de Andrada (AHULA. Conventos y Congregaciones Religiosas. Vol.
LXXIV. Expediente de los bienes del extinguido Convento de San Agustín de Gibraltar. Remate de la Hacienda
de San Antonio. Maracaibo, 7 de agosto de 1780. ff. 106r-108v.); (vii) una propiedad de José Nicolás de Arrieta la
Madris y su esposa fue vendida a Juan Nicolás de Andrade quien la enajenó a don Juan Antonio Troconis, y luego
éste a don Juan Francisco Cubillán, cura rector de la iglesia parroquial de Maracaibo, en el sitio de Bobures (ver (iii)
anterior), “... con puerto a la laguna donde está el frente y camino; lindando por la parte de arriba con el sanjón del
río Seco, tierras y labores de don Pedro Joseph Antúnez Pacheco, cura coadjutor de la dicha santa iglesia parroquial
de Maracaibo” (AGNC. Curas y Obispos. SC21, 2, Doc. 14. Valle de Río Seco, pleito de jesuita por servidumbre de
aguas 1761-1763. Testimonio de don Luis Nicolás Corona. Maracaibo, 8 de mayo de 1761. f. 447v.; RPEZ. B-01-23,
1834. Testimonio de los títulos y posesión de las tierras por el Dr. Dn. Juan Francisco Cuvillán y sus herederos de
la hacienda del señor San Joseph del Banco y Bobures. Carta de venta. Gibraltar, 1 de febrero de 1733. ff. 43r-46v.);
(viii) “En el testimonio de don Joseph Manuel Duran, emitido en 1761, se refieren como propietarios del valle de
Río Seco a: “...Don Nicolás de Arrieta en la hacienda que hoy es de don Thomás Cubillán y en la que se le sigue a
don Antonio Antúnez, hermano del señor vicario, y en la tercer al Licenciado Antonio Nicolás de Andrade y en
la cuarta a don Francisco Corona, y en la quinta a don Ambrosio de Andrade, y en la sexta a don Pedro González,
y en la séptima que llaman Marañones a don Thomás Cubillán y en la octava que es el yngenio y trapiche de don
Juan Nicolás de Andrade...”.” AGNC. Curas y Obispos. SC. 21, 2 Doc. 14. Valle de Río Seco, pleito de jesuita por
servidumbre de aguas. Testimonio de don Joseph Manuel Duran. Gibraltar, 19 de junio de 1761. f. 407r. Véase
el mapa de 1761. AGNC. Mapoteca 4 No 388-A). Tuvimos noticia de la documentación antes mencionada del
AGNC, AHULA y RPEZ al revisar el trabajo de Ramírez Méndez, Luis Alberto, La tierra prometida del sur del lago
de Maracaibo. De su misma sangre. 195
Revista del Centro Zuliano de Investigaciones Genealógicas
Año 1 Número 2 Julio - Diciembre 2023. Investigaciones
De esto concluimos que Doña JUANA CATALINA de TROCONIS y CAMARILLO fue mujer
de Don JUAN ANTONIO DE ANDRADE y DEL POZO y no segunda mujer de Don JUAN
NICOLAS DE ANDRADE y DEL POZO.
Del matrimonio de Don JUAN NICOLAS DE ANDRADE y DEL POZO y Doña JUSTA RUFINA
DE LA CRUZ y VELASCO y ÁVILA, nacieron:
Presbítero Don GREGORIO de ANDRADE y DE LA CRUZ, nacido en Maracaibo. Aspirante
a vestir hábitos clericales en 1734.32 Aparece bautizando a su sobrino Joseph Juachin Andrade
Torrealba, el 4 de noviembre 1745, como se verá más adelante.33
Don FRANCISCO de ANDRADE y DE LA CRUZ, nacido el 2 de diciembre 1724 en Maracaibo y
bautizado en esa misma ciudad el 11 de diciembre 1724.34 Su madrina fue Doña Machado. El cura
oficiante: Don Juan Francisco Cubillán.
Don JOSEPH NICOLÁS de ANDRADE y DE LA CRUZ, nacido el 10 de enero 1727 en Maracaibo
y bautizado el 20 de enero 1727 en esa misma ciudad. Su padrino fue el Capitán Don Phelipe
Machado. El cura oficiante: Don Juan Ubaldo Perozo.35
Don JOSEPH MIGUEL de ANDRADE y DE LA CRUZ, nacido y bautizado el 29 de junio 1728
en Maracaibo. Su padrino de bautizo fue Don Juan Chourio.36 El cura oficiante: Don Domingo de
Arrieta la Madris, religioso de la Orden de San Francisco.37 Falleció el 5 de junio 1796 en Maracaibo.38
32
Fuguett Graterol, Euclides J, Ob. cit.
33 Partida de Bautismo de Joseph Juachin de Andrade Torrealba,” 4 de noviembre 1745, El Sagrario, Maracaibo,
Zulia, Venezuela, https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:QVMJ-2V75 : 13 March 2018.
34 Partida de Bautismo de Francisco de Andrade y de la Cruz, 11 de diciembre 1724. Venezuela, registros
parroquiales y diocesanos, 1577-1995, (https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:QVMJ-26ZL: 13 de marzo
2018).
35 Partida de Bautismo Joseph Nicolás de Andrade y de la Cruz, 20 de enero 1727, Padrinos: Capitán Don
Phelipe Machado y Doña Juana . Venezuela, registros parroquiales y diocesanos, 1577-1995, (https://familysearch.
org/ark:/61903/1:1:QVMJ-26GD: 13 de marzo 2018).
36 Fundador de la Villa de Perijá (de Azcona, Tarsicio, La antigua misión de Maracaibo confiada a los capuchinos
de Navarra y Cantabria (1749-1820), Príncipe de Viana (PV), Gobierno de Navarra, 267, enero-abril, 2017, pp.
79-126.
37 Partida de Bautismo de Joseph Miguel de Andrade de la Crus, 29 Jun 1728, Venezuela, registros parroquiales
y diocesanos, 1577-1995, (https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:QVMJ-26B6 13 de marzo 2018).
38
Partida de Defunción de Joseph Miguel de Andrade de la Cruz y Velasco, 22 de junio 1796, Libros
196
“Apuntes Genealógicos sobre los Generales José Escolástico
Andrade y Pirela e Ignacio Andrade y Troconis”
Ramón Ignacio Andrade Monagas
Investigaciones
Don PHILIPPE JOSEPH de ANDRADE y DE LA CRUZ, nacido y bautizado en Maracaibo el
29 de agosto 1730. Su madrina fue Doña Catalina de Velasco. El cura oficiante: Don Pedro Joseph
Antúnez Pacheco.39
Don PEDRO DE ANDRADE y DE LA CRUZ, Alférez, casó con Doña María Manuela Torrealba
de Almodóvar.40 Tuvieron como descendencia a Josepha Petronila Andrade Torrealba, quien nació
y fue bautizada en Maracaibo el 17 de agosto 1739 por el Comisario de Fe Villasmil. Fueron sus
padrinos el Capitán Don Juan Nicolás de Andrade y Doña Justa Rufina de la Cruz;41 Bárbara Francisca
Andrade Torrealba, quien nació y fue bautizada el 12 de febrero 1741 en Maracaibo por el Presbítero
Pedro Antúnez;42 María Josepha Apolonia Andrade Torrealba, quien nació y fue bautizada el 14 de
febrero 1743 en Maracaibo por el Presbítero Joseph de la Cruz. Fueron sus padrinos Don Joseph
Torrealba y Doña Francisca Torrealba;43 Joseph de las Nieves Andrade Torrealba, quien nació y fue
bautizado el 18 de julio 1744 en Maracaibo por el Presbítero Joseph Núñez. Fueron sus padrinos
Don Thomas Cuvillán y Doña Ana María Núñez;44 Joseph Juachin Andrade Torrealba, quien nació
y fue bautizado el 4 de noviembre 1745 en Maracaibo por el Presbítero Don Joseph Gregorio
Andrade, tío del bautizado. Fueron sus padrinos Don Francisco Velasco y Doña Rosa de Andrade;45
Joseph Francisco Policarpo Andrade Torrealba, quien nació y fue bautizado el 27 de enero 1748 en
Parroquiales, Centro de Historia Familiar El Cafetal Caracas microfilm 1933730 Item 1 12 Entierros 14/
AUG/1794 a 01/AUG/1799, https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:33S7-9RRZ-92RM.jpg, 2 de octubre
2015. “En Maracaibo, 22 de junio de 1796 murió en gracia y comunión Don Miguel de Andrade, soltero e hijo
legítimo de Don Juan Nicolas de Andrade y de Doña Rufina de la Cruz de Velasco. Fue su entierro cantado, tubo
doble mayor y se sepultó en la tercera Orn de Sn FranCO con ataud propio y con abito qe vistan sus religiosos y
para que conste lo firmo como cura samanero. D Ortega.”
39 Partida de Bautismo de Phelipe Joseph de Andrade Cruz, 29 agosto 1730. Venezuela, registros parroquiales y
diocesanos, 1577-1995, (https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:QVMJ-L787: 13 de marzo 2018).
| 34,984 |
https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bettisia%20Gozzadini
|
Wikipedia
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
Bettisia Gozzadini
|
https://eu.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bettisia Gozzadini&action=history
|
Basque
|
Spoken
| 180 | 523 |
Bettisia Gozzadini (Bolonia, 1209 - Budrio, 1261eko azaroaren 2a) boloniar emakume legelaria izan zen, 1239. urtea ingurutik Boloniako Unibertsitatean irakasle egon zena. Unibertsitate batean irakasle egondako lehen emakumetzat hartua da.
Bizitza
Gozzadini Bolonian jaio zen 1209an. Gurasoak, Amadore Gozzadini eta Adelasia de Pegolotti, nobleak zituen. Gozzadinik hasieran filosofia ikasi zuen. Gero zuzenbidea ikasi zuen Giacomo Baldavino eta Tancredi Arcidiacono irakasle zituela. Gainera Odofredoren babesa jaso zuen. Gizonez janzten zen, baina ez dago argi gizarteak behartuta edo berak erabakita egiten zuen.
1236ko ekainaren 6an diplomatu zen zuzenbidean. Bi urtez aritu zen zuzenbide irakasle bere etxean. Ondoren, unibertsitatean katedra bat eskaini zioten eta nahiz eta hasieran eskaintzari uko egin, azkenean onartu zuen. Legendaren arabera, ikasleen aurrean jarduteko beloa eraman behar izaten zuen hauek arreta galtzea ekiditeko. Gozzadini hizlari aparta zenez, 1242ko maiatzaren 31n, Boloniako gotzain Enrico della Frattaren hileta-elizkizunean gorazarrea egin zuen.
Gozadini 1261ko azaroaren 2an hil zen. Idice ibaiaren gainezkatzeak Gozzadini gordetzen zen babes-etxea behera etortzea eragin zuen eta hondakinen artean harrapatuta hil zen. Haren aldeko hileta-elizkizuna Padri Serviti elizan izan zen.
Erreferentziak
Italiako legelariak
Emakume legelariak
Boloniarrak
XIII. mendeko emakumeak
| 10,351 |
https://github.com/tigerhou/skaffold/blob/master/integration/generate_pipeline_test.go
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Apache-2.0
| 2,019 |
skaffold
|
tigerhou
|
Go
|
Code
| 364 | 1,310 |
/*
Copyright 2019 The Skaffold Authors
Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
You may obtain a copy of the License at
http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
limitations under the License.
*/
package integration
import (
"bytes"
"io/ioutil"
"os"
"testing"
"github.com/GoogleContainerTools/skaffold/integration/skaffold"
)
type configContents struct {
path string
data []byte
}
func TestGeneratePipeline(t *testing.T) {
if testing.Short() || RunOnGCP() {
t.Skip("skipping kind integration test")
}
tests := []struct {
description string
dir string
input []byte
args []string
configFiles []string
skipCheck bool
}{
{
description: "no profiles",
dir: "testdata/generate_pipeline/no_profiles",
input: []byte("y\n"),
},
{
description: "existing oncluster profile",
dir: "testdata/generate_pipeline/existing_oncluster",
input: []byte(""),
},
{
description: "existing other profile",
dir: "testdata/generate_pipeline/existing_other",
input: []byte("y\n"),
},
{
description: "multiple skaffold.yamls to create pipeline from",
dir: "testdata/generate_pipeline/multiple_configs",
input: []byte{'y', '\n', 'y', '\n'},
configFiles: []string{"sub-app/skaffold.yaml"},
},
{
description: "user example",
dir: "examples/generate-pipeline",
input: []byte("y\n"),
skipCheck: true,
},
}
for _, test := range tests {
t.Run(test.description, func(t *testing.T) {
args, contents, err := getOriginalContents(test.args, test.dir, test.configFiles)
failNowIfError(t, err)
defer writeOriginalContents(contents)
originalConfig, err := ioutil.ReadFile(test.dir + "/skaffold.yaml")
failNowIfError(t, err)
defer ioutil.WriteFile(test.dir+"/skaffold.yaml", originalConfig, 0755)
defer os.Remove(test.dir + "/pipeline.yaml")
skaffoldEnv := []string{
"PIPELINE_GIT_URL=this-is-a-test",
"PIPELINE_SKAFFOLD_VERSION=test-version",
}
skaffold.GeneratePipeline(args...).WithStdin(test.input).WithEnv(skaffoldEnv).InDir(test.dir).RunOrFail(t)
if !test.skipCheck {
checkFileContents(t, test.dir+"/expectedSkaffold.yaml", test.dir+"/skaffold.yaml")
}
checkFileContents(t, test.dir+"/expectedPipeline.yaml", test.dir+"/pipeline.yaml")
})
}
}
func getOriginalContents(testArgs []string, testDir string, configFiles []string) ([]string, []configContents, error) {
var originalConfigs []configContents
for _, configFile := range configFiles {
testArgs = append(testArgs, []string{"--config-files", configFile}...)
path := testDir + "/" + configFile
contents, err := ioutil.ReadFile(path)
if err != nil {
return nil, nil, err
}
originalConfigs = append(originalConfigs, configContents{path, contents})
}
return testArgs, originalConfigs, nil
}
func writeOriginalContents(contents []configContents) {
for _, content := range contents {
ioutil.WriteFile(content.path, content.data, 0755)
}
}
func checkFileContents(t *testing.T, wantFile, gotFile string) {
wantContents, err := ioutil.ReadFile(wantFile)
failNowIfError(t, err)
gotContents, err := ioutil.ReadFile(gotFile)
failNowIfError(t, err)
if !bytes.Equal(wantContents, gotContents) {
t.Errorf("Contents of %s did not match those of %s\ngot:%s\nwant:%s", gotFile, wantFile, string(gotContents), string(wantContents))
}
}
| 25,476 |
https://github.com/github/licensed/blob/master/test/sources/source_test.rb
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT, LicenseRef-scancode-free-unknown
| 2,023 |
licensed
|
github
|
Ruby
|
Code
| 118 | 356 |
# frozen_string_literal: true
require "test_helper"
require "tmpdir"
require "fileutils"
describe Licensed::Sources::Source do
let(:config) { Licensed::AppConfiguration.new({ "source_path" => Dir.pwd }) }
let(:source) { TestSource.new(config) }
it "does not include dependency versions in the name identifier by default" do
refute Licensed::Sources::Source.require_matched_dependency_version
end
describe "dependencies" do
it "returns dependencies from the source" do
dep = source.dependencies.first
assert dep
assert dep.name == "dependency"
end
it "does not return ignored dependencies" do
config.ignore("type" => "test", "name" => "dependency")
assert_empty source.dependencies
end
it "adds the dependency's configured additional terms to dependencies" do
Dir.mktmpdir do |dir|
Dir.chdir dir do
config["additional_terms"] = {
TestSource.type => {
TestSource::DEFAULT_DEPENDENCY_NAME => "amendment.txt"
}
}
File.write "amendment.txt", "amendment"
dep = source.dependencies.first
assert_equal [File.join(Dir.pwd, "amendment.txt")], dep.additional_terms
end
end
end
end
end
| 4,066 |
https://openalex.org/W2105392518
|
OpenAlex
|
Open Science
|
CC-By
| 2,015 |
Efficient data structures for masks on 2D grids
|
M. Reinecke
|
English
|
Spoken
| 8,980 | 14,191 |
Efficient data structures for masks on 2D grids
M. Reinecke, E. Hivon M. Reinecke, E. Hivon To cite this version:
M. Reinecke, E. Hivon. Efficient data structures for masks on 2D grids. Astronomy and Astrophysics
- A&A, 2015, 580, 10.1051/0004-6361/201526549. insu-03644893 To cite this version: M. Reinecke, E. Hivon. Efficient data structures for masks on 2D grids. Astronomy and Astrophysics
- A&A, 2015, 580, 10.1051/0004-6361/201526549. insu-03644893 Distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License 1. Introduction This paper focuses on finding useful data representations for de-
scribing a subset of pixels on a 2D data grid (for an example see
Fig. 1). The boundary of this subset is sharp, which means that
pixels can take one of exactly two values: 0 (outside the set) or
1 (inside). The shape formed by the pixels can be arbitrary (it
may, e.g., be disconnected and/or contain holes), but when judg-
ing the merits and drawbacks of the individual representations,
it will be assumed that in typical scenarios, the shapes will not
be pathological (e.g. they will not consist of clouds of isolated
pixels or have fractally convoluted boundaries). The notion of “usefulness” of course requires a usage sce-
nario. For this work, the concrete motivation was to improve
support for astronomical databases with typical tasks, such as
catalogue cross-matching (finding the overlap between two, po-
tentially very complicated, shapes on the celestial sphere) and
cone searches (i.e. obtaining all database objects lying within
a certain shape on the sphere). It was inspired by the IVOA
standard for multi-order coverage objects (Boch et al. 2014;
Fernique et al. 2015) and tries to evaluate potential shortcom-
ings, as well as to suggest improvements. Fig. 1. 2D shape and its approximate discrete representation as a set of
pixels. The choice of describing shapes in an approximate way as
a set of pixels on a grid rather than by analytical geometri-
cal expressions was driven by efficiency concerns. Performing
database queries using complicated analytical shapes is a diffi-
cult and time-consuming task, and trading a small, tunable num-
ber of false positives in the query result for much better run time
is beneficial in many real-world situations. transmission. A rough outline for an algorithm that generates ap-
proximate shape representations from analytical descriptions is
given in Sect. 7. Section 8 lists popular tesselations of the sphere
and discusses whether our scheme can be applied to them, as
well as explaining our choice of HEALPix for implementation
and testing, which in turn is the subject of Sect. 9. Finally, we
present conclusions in Sect. 10. The remainder of this paper is structured as follows. Section 2 gives an in-depth description of the problem we set
out to solve. The subsequent sections discuss advantages and
drawbacks of various approaches to the individual sub-tasks and
justify our decision for a particular subset of them. ABSTRACT This article discusses various methods of representing and manipulating arbitrary coverage information in two dimensions, with a
focus on space- and time-efficiency when processing such coverages, storing them on disk, and transmitting them between computers. While these considerations were originally motivated by the specific tasks of representing sky coverage and cross-matching catalogues
of astronomical surveys, they can be profitably applied in many other situations as well. Key words. methods: numerical Fig. 1. 2D shape and its approximate discrete representation as a set of
pixels. Efficient data structures for masks on 2D grids
M. Reinecke1 and E. Hivon2 1 Max-Planck-Institut für Astrophysik, Karl-Schwarzschild-Str. 1, 85741 Garching, Germany
e-mail: martin@mpa-garching.mpg.de 1 Max-Planck-Institut für Astrophysik, Karl-Schwarzschild-Str. 1, 85741 Garching, Germany
e-mail: martin@mpa-garching.mpg.de p
g
g
pg
2 Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 6 et CNRS (UMR 7095), Institut d’Astrophysique de Paris, 98 bis bd Arago, 75014 Paris,
France
e-mail: hivon@iap.fr g
g
g
ersités, UPMC Univ Paris 6 et CNRS (UMR 7095), Institut d’Astrophysique de Paris, 98 bis bd Arago, 75014 Paris, 2 Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 6 et CNRS (UMR 7095), Institut d’Astrophysique de Paris, 98 bis bd Arago, 75014 Paris,
France
e-mail: hivon@iap.fr Received 18 May 2015 / Accepted 8 July 2015 Received 18 May 2015 / Accepted 8 July 2015 1. Introduction Section 3
evaluates different ways to enumerate pixels on the grid, Sect. 4
introduces ways to incorporate resolution information into pixel
numbers, Sect. 5 discusses structure layouts for storage in main
memory, and Sect. 6 introduces ones for long-term storage and HAL Id: insu-03644893
https://insu.hal.science/insu-03644893v1
Submitted on 20 Apr 2022 L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est
destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents
scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non,
émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de
recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires
publics ou privés. HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access
archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci-
entific research documents, whether they are pub-
lished or not. The documents may come from
teaching and research institutions in France or
abroad, or from public or private research centers. Distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License Astronomy
&
Astrophysics A&A 580, A132 (2015)
DOI: 10.1051/0004-6361/201526549
c⃝ESO 2015 2.1. Requirements The introduction already hinted at two desirable features of the
final data structure: 1. Boolean operations (merging, intersection, complement,
tests for overlapping and containment) on shapes should be
fast. 2. The choice of pixel numbering should provide good locality;
that is, typical shapes should be described by relatively few
ranges of consecutive pixel numbers. This property speeds
up database queries related to the shape. Fig. 2. Subdivision of the sphere’s surface into quadrangular patches by
HEALPix (left) and QuadCube (right). An additional obvious design goal is that the data structure
should be reasonably compact. To be more precise: to powers of 2 harmonises well with requirement 4 and has been
adopted in practice by many pixelisation schemes. 3. The memory requirement of the data structure should grow,
with increasing grid resolution, at a lower rate than the num-
ber of pixels covered by the shape. A realistic goal seems to
be a growth rate proportional to the number of pixels crossed
by the shape’s boundary. As a practical example, these modified grid properties al-
low a very intuitive description of the HEALPix grid (Górski
et al. 2005) with its N0 = 12 base pixels and its resolution pa-
rameter Nside, which is equivalent to 2o, or QuadCube (White &
Stemwedel 1992), with N0 = 6 base pixels and resolution de-
scribed by the quantity p := o + 1 (see Fig. 2). Constraining grid
resolutions to powers of 2 may seem more draconian than it re-
ally is; if necessary, grids with other dimensions can be emulated
by extending their dimensions to the next applicable power of 2
and by considering all pixels in the surplus area as unset. For “simple” shapes like circles and squares, this implies a struc-
ture size proportional to the square root of the number of pixels
in the shape. At the other extremes (highly convoluted or frag-
mented shapes), the growth rate will be higher, and it approaches
that of the total number of pixels again, but in such a scenario,
there is little hope for optimisation either. In many situations the desired shape will be given by analyti-
cal expressions; for example, in the case of a simple cone search,
this would be a circle. In astronomy, more complicated analyt-
ical shapes are often expressed using the STC grammar (Rots
2007) or the MANGLE tools (Swanson et al. 2008). 2. Detailed problem description The task sketched above appears fairly straightforward at first
glance, but it is certainly worthwhile to quickly present the many
different aspects that need to be considered when attempting a
solution. Article published by EDP Sciences A132, page 1 of 9 A132, page 1 of 9 A&A 580, A132 (2015) Fig. 2. Subdivision of the sphere’s surface into quadrangular patches by
HEALPix (left) and QuadCube (right). 4. The data structure must allow quick resolution changes (by
factors of 2n in both directions). 4. The data structure must allow quick resolution changes (by
factors of 2n in both directions). For instance, going from a representation of a shape on a 64 ×
64 grid to one on a 32 × 32 grid at half resolution and vice versa
must be a very efficient operation. The direction towards higher
resolutions can obviously be performed without any loss of in-
formation, while the other direction leads to a coarsening of the
discretised shape and additionally raises the question of how to
treat partially covered pixels. We require that coarsening opera-
tions must allow the user to specify whether such pixels should
be kept as part of the coarser shape or discarded. The estimate illustrates that the fractional error scales lin-
early with the grid resolution; thus, for a specific desired er-
ror tolerance, it is possible to choose an appropriate pixel size
whenever computing the approximate discrete representation of
an analytical shape. Since dpix cannot become larger than the lin-
ear dimension of a base pixel, the relation above naturally holds
only on smaller scales. Given the typically small numbers of
base pixels in spherical pixelisation schemes – 12 for HEALPix,
6 for QuadCube, 8 for HTM (Szalay et al. 2007), 12 for basic
IGLOO (Crittenden & Turok 1998) – this is not a real problem
in most cases. However, for pixelisation schemes with very many
base pixels (e.g. some of the more involved IGLOO tilings that
can have N0 > 10 000), the coarsest possible discretisation of
a shape may be finer (and therefore more memory-consuming)
than required by the application. 2.1. Requirements Typically
the boundary of such shapes does not coincide with the pixel
boundaries of the chosen grid, which leads to unavoidable inac-
curacy of the discretised pixel-based representation, to a degree
that depends on the grid’s chosen resolution. 2.2. Grid properties So far, only a single 2D grid patch with arbitrary dimensions in
both spatial directions has been considered. For practical pur-
poses, this paper will focus on a slightly modified scenario. On
the one hand, we consider not only one patch, but instead a set
of N0 patches (or base pixels) of the same size, on which the
shape representation can reside. On the other, we constrain all
patches to the same dimensions of 2o pixels in each spatial direc-
tion, where o (for “order”) is the single parameter determining
the overall grid resolution. This constraint of patch resolutions 2.3. Accuracy of the shape representation As already mentioned above, discretising an analytical shape on
a grid with finite resolution will (in most cases) introduce inac-
curacies. Using a simple illustration like Fig. 1, it is straightfor-
ward to derive a rough estimate for the fractional error of the
discrete representation: Aexcess
Ashape
∝Lboundary
Ashape
dpix,
(1) Aexcess
Ashape
∝Lboundary
Ashape
dpix, (1) Since the derivation of a discretised representation from an
analytic shape tends to be an expensive operation, and since it is
quite common that the discretised representation is subsequently
needed at several different resolutions, we require further that: where Aexcess is the excess area of the discrete representation,
Ashape and Lboundary are the original shape’s area and boundary
length, and dpix is the linear dimension of a grid pixel. Of course
this estimate is only applicable on “well-behaved” grids where
pixels have almost equal sizes and are not very elongated; oth-
erwise, the linear pixel dimension would not be a well-defined
quantity. 1 PDEP and PEXT, see e.g. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
Bit_Manipulation_Instruction_Sets. Unfortunately, compiler
support is not yet wide-spread. M. Reinecke and E. Hivon: Efficient data structures for masks on 2D grids M. Reinecke and E. Hivon: Efficient data structures for masks on 2D grids data structures for masks on 2D grids
Fig. 4. Three levels of refinement for the Z curve (left) and Peano-
Hilbert curve (right). Fig. 3. Traditional linear numbering scheme. Fig. 3. Traditional linear numbering scheme. preferably in a way that aids compact representation of shapes. Assuming N0 base pixels and a resolution order o, there are
npix,o := N022o pixels in total on the grid, and giving them
numbers from the interval
h
0; N022oh
seems a reasonable choice. Analogously, it is most likely a good idea to group pixels belong-
ing to the same patch together, i.e. associating indices
h
0; 22oh
with the first patch, indices
h
22o; 2 × 22oh
with the second patch,
etc. Obviously this choice of pixel numbers only identifies a
pixel within the grid at a specified order; for an approach to en-
coding both order and location in the grid in a single number, see
Sect. 4. 3.1. Linear ordering Several options are available, however, for the indexing scheme
for the pixels within a patch. A very well-known and intuitive
choice would be a linear ordering that counts first all pixels in
the first row of the patch, then those in the second row, etc. (see Fig. 3). While very easy to implement, this arrangement is
sub-optimal for the purpose of compact shape representation: the
traversal of a full spatial dimension for every row implies bad lo-
cality properties (conflicting with requirement 2). Another, less
severe drawback is the nontriviality of resolution change oper-
ations (requirement 4): while not exactly daunting, grid refine-
ment and coarsening are more complicated than in other, more
promising numbering schemes. Fig. 4. Three levels of refinement for the Z curve (left) and Peano-
Hilbert curve (right). Figure 4 shows two well-studied variants known as the
Morton (or Z) and Peano-Hilbert curves. For both subdivision
strategies, the recursive nature and self-similarity of the pixel or-
dering is clearly visible. The figure also demonstrates intuitively
that the Peano-Hilbert curve tends to have better locality than
the Z curve, because the geometrical distance between Peano-
Hilbert pixels n and n+1 is always the shortest possible one (i.e. the linear dimension of a single pixel), whereas the Z curve ex-
hibits fairly large spatial jumps between pixels of neighbouring
indices. 3. Evaluation of pixel numbering schemes Starting from the goals established in Sect. 2, the first task
is to assign indices to the individual pixels in the 2D grid, A132, page 2 of 9 A132, page 2 of 9 2 A method of binary representation of integer numbers with (proba-
bly accidental) hierarchical properties; see https://en.wikipedia.
org/?title=Gray_code and Moon et al. (2001). 5. In-memory representation Section 3 discussed various choices for numbering pixels within
the grid at a given resolution order. The resulting numbers do
not carry any information about the order of the grid they refer
to, so this quantity must be known from other sources. In some
circumstances it is convenient to encode this resolution informa-
tion together with the pixel index in a single number, and this
section discusses economical ways to achieve this goal. In this section we discuss alternative data structures describing
a shape on a chosen 2D grid, assuming one of the hierarchical
pixel ordering schemes presented in Sect. 3.2. The goal is to de-
termine the structure most suitable for Boolean operations and
resolution changes. Another, more specialised, format for stor-
age and transmission is presented in Sect. 6. The naive choice of simply storing a list of all pixels at a
given resolution that lie within the shape can be discarded im-
mediately as impractical. The number of entries in such a list
would always scale with O(22o) in direct contradiction to re-
quirement 3 and would very quickly become unmanageable in
typical scenarios. As an example, a shape covering ten percent
of the sphere and stored at a resolution of 1 arcsec would contain
roughly 5 × 1010 pixels, which does not fit into most computers’
main memory. The simplest approach from an implementation standpoint
would be to reserve a few bits of the pixel number for directly
storing the order. This allows conversions from (order + pixel
index) to unique pixel number and vice versa in constant time,
using only simple bit shift and bit masking operations. It has,
however, the drawback that the number of bits required for stor-
ing the order is log2 omax
, which is quite wasteful compared to
alternative approaches. Potentially worse, it requires the agree-
ment on a common omax over all involved applications. Alternatively, it is possible to start numbering the pixel in-
dices for order n from an offset On instead of 0, with the no-
overlap constraint that On+1 is greater than the highest pixel
number at order n: 3.2. Hierarchical schemes All other operations (such as resolu-
tion changes, Boolean operations on one or multiple shapes, or
conversion to long-term storage format) are completely oblivi-
ous to the chosen numbering scheme and will only benefit from
good locality, but not suffer from slow index computations. We
expect that once created, a given shape will usually be processed
in queries many times, so that any slowness during creation will
be more than amortised by the speedups of a compact represen-
tation; therefore, Peano-Hilbert should be the preferred ordering. On = 22n × [2⌈log2(4N0/3)⌉−N0]. (3) (3) As a practical example, for HEALPix with N0 = 12, one ob-
tains On = 22n+2, which means that the 12 pixels at order 0
have the unique indices 4 to 15, those at order 1 have 16 to
63, etc. Interestingly, the number of bits required to represent
a HEALPix pixel at any order does not increase when switching
to unique indices. Another possible choice for hierarchical ordering, based on
Gray codes2, should be noted for completeness. Its locality lies
between those of Z and Peano-Hilbert curves (see, e.g., Moon
et al. 2001 for benchmarks), and its index computations are
about as complex as those of Peano-Hilbert. Consequently we
will not investigate this option further. It is also worth mentioning that in the above example and,
generally, in all cases where On is an integer multiple of 22n, the
convenient hierarchy property described in Sect. 3.2 holds for
unique pixel numbers as well. 3.2. Hierarchical schemes Given the above-mentioned shortcomings of the most straight-
forward approach to pixel numbering, it seems worthwhile to
specifically investigate schemes that have some sort of resolu-
tion hierarchy built in. One family of such schemes can be con-
structed using the simple recursive rule that a pixel with the num-
ber p at resolution order o must coincide with the four pixels
4p; 4(p + 1) at order o + 1. Unfortunately, the improved locality properties of Peano-
Hilbert ordering come at a price: converting the two-dimensional
location (xi, yi) of a pixel in the grid at order n to its correspond-
ing Peano-Hilbert index is an iterative process with n individ-
ual, nontrivial steps, and the same holds for the inverse oper-
ation (Lam & Shapiro 1994). The same tasks for the Z curve,
however, can be achieved by comparatively simple bit manipu-
lations and, on modern CPUs, even by using specialised machine
instructions1. For every numbering scheme that follows this rule, require-
ment 4 is trivially fulfilled: p’s parent pixel at order o2 < o has
the number
j
p/22(o−o2)k
, and at higher orders o3 > o, it covers
the range of pixels
h
p × 22(o3−o); (p + 1) × 22(o3−o)h
. All necessary
conversions between these numbers can be performed using ex-
tremely quick bit-shift operations. Whether efficient index calculations should be preferred over
locality (hence compactness of representation) or vice versa de-
pends on the task at hand. It should be noted, however, that,
among all algorithms discussed in this paper, only the ini-
tial generation of a pixelised shape representation requires any While reducing the possible numbering choices, the above
constraint does not specify a unique ordering in itself: there is
still the choice of how exactly the available indices are assigned
to the four sub-pixels when going from order o to o + 1. Since
this choice can be made differently for each single pixel and at
each order, the number of theoretically available numberings is
huge, but fortunately, only a handful of these have attractive ge-
ometrical and algorithmic properties. A132, page 3 of 9 A&A 580, A132 (2015) be done in constant time by specific machine instructions on
most current CPUs. The general formula for the smallest pos-
sible On that is a power of 2 for a given N0 reads as conversion of pixel indices. (2) (2) 5.1. Multi-order list One way to avoid the prohibitive size of a full pixel list at the
highest resolution was suggested in the MOC standard document
(Boch et al. 2014), and it exploits the hierarchical property of
the pixel numbering scheme: instead of having a single list of
pixels at the highest resolution omax, a sorted list is kept for every
resolution order 0 ≤o ≤omax. Starting from o = 0, all pixels
at this resolution that are completely covered by the shape are
entered into the list for this order. Then the procedure is repeated
for the remainder of the shape at the next higher resolution, until
the desired resolution is reached. 6. Long-term storage and transmission format Section 5 presented a data structure suitable for fast data pro-
cessing. In this section the focus is shifted towards finding a
representation of the 2D shape that does not directly support
Boolean operations, but is even more compact, while still be-
ing efficiently convertible to the RS or MOL representation. This
data structure could be used for space-efficient storage on disk
or for quick transmission over a network. In other words, we can
relax our computation-related requirements 1 and 4 and concen-
trate mainly on size-related requirement 3 in this section. There are also situations where the RS is smaller than the
MOL, however: assuming a shape that covers the entire grid
except for a single pixel at order n, the MOL will consist of
N0 −1 + 3n pixels, whereas the RS will contain at most two
ranges. Generally, the more regular a shape (i.e. the lower its
ratio of boundary length to surface), the smaller its RS represen-
tation will be, compared to MOL. In this context it is very helpful to observe that both the range
set representation and the multi-order list representation (assum-
ing unique pixel indices, see Sect. 4) of a shape take the form of
strictly monotonous sequences of non-negative integers. In ad-
dition, these integers tend to build – at least for non-pathological
shapes – relatively compact clusters within the possible range of
values. In practice both representations tend to have a similar size
for compact shapes, with the RS typically being slightly smaller
than the MOL. For very convoluted or fragmented shapes, the
MOL representation has the advantage, and the size ratio ap-
proaches the limit of 2:1 in favour of the MOL. See Sect. 9.3 for
real-world examples. As such, these sequences are perfectly suited for binary in-
terpolative coding (Moffat & Stuiver 2000), a compression al-
gorithm typically used for lookup tables in search engines. This
method provides a fairly simple and quick means to convert be-
tween the sequence and a highly compressed bit stream con-
taining equivalent information. The algorithm has the complex-
ity O(n) in both directions for a sequence of n elements and can
be implemented and customised for the task at hand using no
more than a few hundred lines of code. 3 As an example, it gives symmetry to “on” and “off” ranges, making
inversion operations trivial to implement. Also, this approach of de-
scribing a range set leads to a strictly increasing sequence of numbers,
which is convenient for compression (see Sect. 6). 6. Long-term storage and transmission format Compression factors typ-
ically range from 2 to 10, and the time required for conversion
is roughly comparable to the conversion time between MOL and
RS representations. For concrete performance measurements on
a large set of test data see Sect. 9. In contrast to multi-order lists, RSs do benefit from better
locality properties of the underlying pixel numbering scheme,
which means that a RS representation of a shape on a Peano-
Hilbert-indexed grid has, on average, fewer and longer ranges
than on a Z-curve-indexed grid. This reduction in the number of
ranges is more pronounced for “regular” shapes and vanishes in
the limit of complete fragmentation (see the third row of Fig. 5
for real-world examples). When the pixel numbering is used to
index entities in a database, the improved compactness of the
Peano-Hilbert representation improves query times. Range sets behave very similarly to multi-order lists for reso-
lution changes. Resolution increases are again empty operations,
and decreases – whether inclusive or exclusive – require simple
adjustments of range borders and potentially merging of ranges,
which scales linearly with the number of ranges in the set. 5.2. Range set Since storing lists of pixels at various resolutions complicates
Boolean operations, a preferable method is to simply store a
sorted collection of ranges of pixels (characterised by their be-
ginning and end) at the highest resolution. We refer to this struc-
ture as a range set (RS). There are different ways to represent a range of numbers:
One could use the first number plus the range’s length or the first
and last numbers of the range, for instance. Mostly for reasons
of symmetry, we are adopting a representation that is commonly
used by programmers by storing the first number of the range
and the first number after the range. While this choice may seem
unintuitive, it is technically preferable in many small ways over
the other representations3. In fact, the most efficient way to perform Boolean operations
on MOL that the authors have discovered so far is to convert the
input MOL to RSs, perform the desired operation, and convert
the result back to MOL. (This is also the approach recommended
by the MOC standard.) The conversions between both represen-
tations have a slightly higher complexity than the Boolean op-
eration itself, since they involve sorting and merging of sorted
pixel lists at all involved resolution levels. Even though formally residing on a high-resolution grid
alone, the range set representation still benefits substantially
from the hierarchical numbering scheme: each pixel at resolu-
tion order o that is completely filled is represented by a single
interval of pixel numbers at higher resolutions o2 > o, by con-
struction. This allows a worst-case size estimate of the RS repre-
sentation compared to MOL: assuming that no pixel ranges can
be merged, every pixel in the MOL becomes an isolated pixel
range in the corresponding RS. Since a range is characterised by
two numbers instead of one, the RS representation is, at worst,
twice as large as the MOL. On+1 ≥On + npix,n. Hivon: Efficient data structures for masks on 2D grids MOL representation does not benefit from the improved locality
of the Peano-Hilbert curve compared to that of the Z curve. MOL representation does not benefit from the improved locality
of the Peano-Hilbert curve compared to that of the Z curve. well as finding the complement of a shape and testing whether a
shape contains, overlaps with, or is equal to another. These op-
erations can be carried out in at most O(n1 + n2) steps, where
n1 and n2 are the range counts in both involved shapes. For
the subset and overlapping tests, alternative algorithms with
the complexity O(nmin log nmax) (with nmin := min(n1,n2) and
nmax := max(n1,n2)) may be used, which can be advantageous
if both shapes have very different range counts. In most situa-
tions, this advantage should more than balance out the drawback
of the potentially larger RS size compared to MOL. On+1 ≥On + npix,n. On+1 ≥On + npix,n. Pixel numbers can be minimised by choosing O0 := 0 and the
equality On+1 := On + npix,n. Using this dense packing, and be-
cause in two dimensions npix,n/npix,n−1 = 4, the maximum unique
pixel index at order n is never larger than 4npix,n/3. This implies
that the necessary bit length for the unique pixel index is at most
one bit higher than for the standard pixel index at any resolution,
which compares favourably to the approach described above. As
an aside, this growth of at most one bit is also true for 1D and all
higher-dimensional scenarios. This procedure yields a very compact representation of the
shape (called multi-order list, or MOL, below), which certainly
fulfils requirement 3. Also, this structure facilitates resolution
changes. Resolution upgrade is an empty operation, and coarsen-
ing simply consists of removing the pixel lists above the desired
resolution, if partially covered pixels are ignored; if they should
be kept, the pixel lists have to be updated recursively from higher
to lower resolutions. While conversion from (order, pixel number) pairs to unique
indices is still a O(1) operation in this scheme, the inverse opera-
tion becomes more expensive in the general case, because deter-
mining the order corresponding to a given unique pixel index can
only be done via interval bisection in O(log2 omax) steps, which
is undesirable. Unfortunately, multi-order lists are not well suited to
Boolean operations. To our knowledge, no algorithm exists to
compute, for example, the union of two shapes in O(n1+n2) time,
where n1 and n2 are the respective total lengths of both shapes’
multi-order lists. Thus, the MOL representation does not satisfy
requirement 1. By giving up the dense packing and allowing for some un-
used pixel indices between the blocks for the various resolution
orders, this drawback can be overcome. If the On are constrained
to be powers of 2, determining the order of a given unique pixel
number i becomes equivalent to computing log2 i, which can q
It should be noted that, by construction, the total size of a
multi-order list for a given shape does not depend on the particu-
lar choice of hierarchical numbering scheme; in other words, the A132, page 4 of 9 M. Reinecke and E. 7. Generation from analytical shapes Creating sets of pixels that approximately represent an ideal geo-
metric shape can be achieved in many different ways. We briefly
present an approach that poses minimal requirements on both
the description of the shape and the grid geometry, has low com-
plexity, and is conceptually easy to implement. y
g
The substantial advantage of RS over the MOL represen-
tation lies in the simplicity and efficiency of all Boolean oper-
ations. This includes union and intersection of two shapes, as In addition to the algorithms discussed so far, only one fur-
ther ingredient is required: a function which, given a specific
pixel and order, returns whether: – the pixel lies completely within the shape; – the pixel lies completely outside the shape; A132, page 5 of 9 A132, page 5 of 9 A132, page 5 of 9 A&A 580, A132 (2015)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
size ratio
Z-order RS / MOL
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
5000
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
size ratio
Z-order RS / MOL
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
size ratio
Peano-order RS / Z-order RS
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
size ratio
Peano-order RS / Z-order RS
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
size ratio
Z-order compressed / RS
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
size ratio
Z-order compressed / RS
Fig. 5. Size comparisons for survey-like (left column) and catalogue-like (right column) spherical coverages. The first row shows a typical repre-
sentative for the respective coverage. The second, third, and fourth rows show histograms of size ratios for range sets in Z-order pixel numbering
compared to multi-order lists, Peano-Hilbert RS compared to Z-order RS, and compressed to uncompressed Z-order RS, respectively. 7. Generation from analytical shapes A&A 580, A132 (2015) A&A 580, A132 (2015) 0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
size ratio
Z-order RS / MOL 0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
5000
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
size ratio
Z-order RS / MOL 0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
size ratio
Peano-order RS / Z-order RS 0
10
20
30
40
50
60
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
size ratio
Peano-order RS / Z-order RS 0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
size ratio
Z-order compressed / RS 0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
size ratio
Z-order compressed / RS Fig. 5. Size comparisons for survey-like (left column) and catalogue-like (right column) spherical coverages. The first row shows a typical repre-
sentative for the respective coverage. The second, third, and fourth rows show histograms of size ratios for range sets in Z-order pixel numbering
compared to multi-order lists, Peano-Hilbert RS compared to Z-order RS, and compressed to uncompressed Z-order RS, respectively. A132, page 6 of 9 M. Reinecke and E. Hivon: Efficient data structures for masks on 2D grids – the pixel centre lies inside the shape, but it cannot be decided
whether the pixel lies on the boundary or is completely in-
side; or HEALPix (Górski et al. 2005): designed to be hierarchical with
exactly equal pixel areas and fairly uniform pixel shapes, this
pixelisation is very well suited to our studies. HEALPix (Górski et al. 2005): designed to be hierarchical with
exactly equal pixel areas and fairly uniform pixel shapes, this
pixelisation is very well suited to our studies. – the pixel centre lies outside the shape, but it cannot be de-
cided whether the pixel lies on the boundary or is completely
outside. GLESP (Doroshkevich et al. 2005): its
geometrical
require-
ments mean that this grid is inherently non-hierarchical. HTM (Szalay et al. 2007): this grid is inherently hierarchical. That its pixels are triangular does not present a problem,
since recursive refinement in factors of 4 also works in
this case. In combination with fairly uniform pixel sizes
and shapes, it is a suitable underlying grid for our shape-
representation algorithms. 7. Generation from analytical shapes The only real concern is the
choice of subpixel numbering: since the subpixels in the tri-
angle corners get indices 0–2, and the one in the centre gets
index 3, the traversing curve has bad locality, resulting in
unnecessarily large RSs. This could be mitigated by using a
modified counting scheme, however. To obtain the desired set of pixels, the following algorithm is
executed for all N0 base pixels: To obtain the desired set of pixels, the following algorithm is
executed for all N0 base pixels: – test the current pixel with the function given above; – if it is completely inside the shape, append it to the result
pixel list; p
– (if it is completely outside, do nothing); – if the order o of the current pixel is smaller than the max-
imum order omax for this query, call the algorithm recur-
sively for its four sub-pixels; For the tests presented in this paper, we have adopted the
HEALPix grid for the following reasons: – if o = omax and the centre is inside the shape, append the
pixel to the result pixel list; – if o = omax and the centre is outside the shape, append the
pixel to the result pixel list only if the query is inclusive. – The MOC standard already specifies HEALPix as underly-
ing pixelisation, making results obtained for this grid espe-
cially relevant. Here, an inclusive query means that all pixels potentially over-
lapping with the shape are included in the result, in contrast to
standard queries, which simply return all pixels whose centres
lie inside the shape. While standard queries give exact results,
the results of inclusive queries may contain a small number of
false positives, which are pixels that do not actually overlap with
the shape. Given the simple inside/outside criterion described
above, this is unavoidable. – Our test data set (see next section) was already provided as
HEALPix MOC objects; re-discretisation on a different grid
would have been possible, but cumbersome, without provid-
ing additional value. – The existing software for HEALPix is extensive and easily
accessible, and already contains a considerable part of the
required functionality (e.g. the conversion routines between
NEST and Peano-Hilbert indices). This algorithm has the advantage of checking high-
resolution pixels only near the shape’s boundary. 4 Available at
http://alasky.u-strasbg.fr/MocServer/MocQuery 8. Applicability to popular pixelisation schemes The techniques developed above can, in principle, be applied to
any hierarchical grid. The benefits, however, depend on the in-
dividual grid’s properties. In the following, we present some of
the most popular spherical pixelisations and quickly discuss the
feasibility and possible limitations of applying our techniques to
them. For our validations we made use of the very extensive collec-
tion of astronomical sky coverages4, which at the time of down-
load consisted of 14 633 data sets, stored as multi-order lists in
FITS files. These contain very small, low-resolution shapes as
well as large, but compact, survey coverages and highly frag-
mented star catalogues at high resolutions. MOL sizes range
from roughly ten to several million entries, and maximum reso-
lution orders vary between 0 and 19 (corresponding to a linear
pixel dimension of ∼0.5 arcsec). ECP: this long-known grid with pixel centres equidistant in
latitude and longitude can be designed to be hierarchical. However, the grid cells are extremely elongated near the
poles, and the pixel areas vary strongly, so this grid is not
suited to our purpose. ECP: this long-known grid with pixel centres equidistant in
latitude and longitude can be designed to be hierarchical. However, the grid cells are extremely elongated near the
poles, and the pixel areas vary strongly, so this grid is not
suited to our purpose. 7. Generation from analytical shapes Far away
from the boundary (whether inside or outside), the status of the
checked pixels can already be determined at low resolutions, so
that the recursion terminates early. For reasonably compact and
non-convoluted shapes, this leads to a complexity proportional
to the length of the resulting RS, which is very welcome. – Given
our
involvement
in
the
development
of
the
HEALPix code, working with this software was the most ef-
ficient choice. 9. Validation and performance tests The above algorithm has been used in almost exactly this
form at the core of the query_disc and query_polygon rou-
tines of the HEALPix C++ library for several years and has
proven very robust. The practical application of the algorithms and data structures
presented above will be demonstrated in the framework of the
HEALPix C++ library. This is convenient, since the so-called
NESTED ordering scheme for HEALPix pixels is equivalent
to Z-curve ordering, and since the C++ library also supports
Peano-Hilbert indexing of pixels. This was added to allow the
research presented by Schäfer (2005). 9.2.2. Cost of Boolean operations Furthermore, we verified the following identities for a subset of
all possible shape pairs: Table 2 lists average execution times for the Boolean operations
on the shapes that are supported by the library. Probably the most
noteworthy fact is that all operations are faster than (or in the
worst case have run times similar to) the conversions discussed
in Sect. 9.2.1. This implies that storing the shapes using a non-
RS representation and converting to RS whenever needed incurs
a substantial slowdown and should therefore only be done when
computer memory is scarce. –
A ∩B
∩B
?= ∅
– A ∪B
?⊇A; A ∪B
?⊇B
– A ∩B
?⊆A; A ∩B
?⊆B
– A ∧B
?= (A ∪B) ∩(A ∩B)
?=
A ∩B
∪
A ∩B
. –
A ∩B
∩B
?= ∅
– A ∪B
?⊇A; A ∪B
?⊇B
– A ∩B
?⊆A; A ∩B
?⊆B
– A ∧B
?= (A ∪B) ∩(A ∩B)
?=
A ∩B
∪
A ∩B
. Amongst the binary operations, the exclusive-or operation
consumes the most time. This is according to expectations, since
XOR requires an examination of every range start- and endpoint
for both involved RSs, while shortcuts are possible for AND,
OR, and ANDNOT. Also, a RS constructed from two others via
XOR tends to contain more ranges than ones constructed from
the same sources using OR or AND. The subset was obtained by first sorting the available shapes ac-
cording to their number of ranges and picking those at positions
pi := 147i, resulting in 100 shapes sampled fairly from all avail-
able complexities. All 10 000 shape pairs constructible from this
subset were tested. Computing the union (OR) of two shapes is more expensive
on average than intersection (AND) or subtraction (ANDNOT),
which might be because RSs of unions are typically longer than
those of the last two operations. That construction of the re-
sult requires a large amount of the algorithm’s runtime. The
pronounced difference between the average times for AND and
ANDNOT is most likely caused by the nature of our input data
set: most of the shapes only cover a very small part of the sphere,
so intersections often result in empty or very small sets, whereas
subtractions typically reproduce the first operand and conse-
quently need more time to construct their output. 9.1. Validation The following tests involving single data sets were per-
formed on all available shapes: – FITS input/output:
A
?= fromFITS(toFITS(A))
– conversion to/from MOL:
A
?= fromMOL(toMOL(A))
– compression:
A
?= uncompress(compress(A))
– MOL compression:
A
?= fromMol(uncompress(compress(toMOL(A))))
– Peano-Hilbert conversion:
A
?= fromPeano(toPeano(A))
– complement:
A ∩A
?= ∅; A ∪A
?= entire sphere. – FITS input/output:
? A
?= fromFITS(toFITS(A)) – conversion to/from MOL:
? Conversions between compressed and uncompressed RSs
of the same scheme are more expensive, but only by about a
factor of two. This makes compressed range sets a very attrac-
tive choice for shape storage whenever memory is at a premium. A
?= fromMOL(toMOL(A))
– compression: A
?= fromMOL(toMOL(A)) – compression: compression:
A
?= uncompress(compress(A)) A
?= uncompress(compress(A)) – MOL compression: p
g
y
p
Finally, changes between the Z-curve and Peano-Hilbert
pixel numbering schemes are fairly costly, so it is probably best
to decide on an overall numbering scheme for each application,
and to perform this sort of conversion only during data exchange
with other external programs, if unavoidable. – MOL compression:
A
?= fromMol(uncompress(compress(toMOL(A)))) p
A
?= fromMol(uncompress(compress(toMOL(A)))) – Peano-Hilbert conversion:
? A
?= fromPeano(toPeano(A)) – complement: A ∩A
?= ∅; A ∪A
?= entire sphere. A ∩A
?= ∅; A ∪A
?= entire sphere. A ∩A
?= ∅; A ∪A
?= entire sphere. 9.2. CPU benchmarks All tests were performed on a single core of an Intel Core i3-
2120 CPU running at 3.3 GHz, using gcc 4.7.3 as compiler. 9.1. Validation QuadCube (White & Stemwedel 1992): with
fairly
uniform
pixels and a hierarchical structure, this pixelisation should
be quite suitable. QuadCube (White & Stemwedel 1992): with
fairly
uniform
pixels and a hierarchical structure, this pixelisation should
be quite suitable. To test the correctness of our implementation, we verified a se-
ries of identities, using the shapes in our data collection. In the
following, A and B denote shapes represented as a RS in Z-order
indexing. IGLOO (Crittenden & Turok 1998): this grid is hierarchical by
design and has reasonably uniform pixel sizes and compact
pixel shapes. It should be a suitable basis for our shape rep-
resentations, but owing to the specific refinement procedure
near the poles, it might be hard to find traversals with good
locality. A132, page 7 of 9 A&A 580, A132 (2015) Table 1. Overview of average conversion times from the shape repre-
sentation in the top row to the one in the first column. Table 2. CPU times for various unary and binary Boolean operations,
averaged over all possible combinations of shapes in the available
data set. RS Z
RS P
MOL
CRS Z
CRS P
RS Z
—
489
100
176
656
RS P
472
—
391
648
167
MOL
80
386
—
256
553
CRS Z
166
655
266
—
822
CRS P
632
160
551
828
— XOR
A ∧B
98.30
OR
A ∪B
72.36
ANDNOT
A ∩B
34.93
AND
A ∩B
5.66
Overlap
A ∩B
?= ∅
1.66
Containment
A ∪B
?= A
0.19
Complement
A
43.80
Notes. Shapes are stored as range sets in Z ordering. All times are given
in microseconds. Notes. The abbreviations denote “range set in Z ordering”, “range set
in Peano-Hilbert ordering”, “multi-order list in Z ordering”, and the
respective compressed variants of the range sets. All times are given in
microseconds. Notes. Shapes are stored as range sets in Z ordering. All times are given
in microseconds. Table 1 lists the conversion times between several represen-
tations, averaged over all shapes in the test data set. Obviously,
converting from a MOL to a RS in Z ordering and vice versa
only takes around 100 microseconds on average, which is advan-
tageous, because this kind of conversion is likely needed most
often. 9.3. Memory benchmarks Numerical experiments performed with the code indicate
that the recommendations given in the MOC standard (Boch
et al. 2014) concerning the data format for shapes on the sphere
and Boolean operations between them can be improved upon
both in terms of required memory and CPU time, although not
generally in both simultaneously. The compression scheme pre-
sented in this paper is generally more space-efficient than the
multi-order list described in the standard, and the RS representa-
tion allows quicker Boolean operations, at the cost of requiring
potentially more memory than the multi-order list. As already mentioned in Sect. 5, the best choice for a small
representation of a shape depends on its compactness. Regular,
non-convoluted shapes are best represented as RSs, whereas
multi-order lists have the size advantage in the case of strongly
fragmented shapes. The available test data set contains repre-
sentatives of both types, with the fragmented shapes dominating
quite strongly. To demonstrate the performance of the various represen-
tations more clearly, we split the available data sets into
two groups, using the phenomenological quantity
f
(for
fragmentation) For applications that use pixel numbers for indexing objects
in a data base, we recommend a Peano-Hilbert-based hierarchi-
cal ordering scheme instead of Z ordering, because the superior
locality properties of the former scheme lead to better clustering
of database accesses for queries of compact shapes. f := nranges,Z
npix,max
·
(4) f := nranges,Z
npix,max
· (4) Here, nranges,Z denotes the number of pixel ranges in a Z-order
RS representation of the shape, and npix,max is the number of in-
dividual pixels at the maximum resolution used for the shape’s
description. Here, f ranges from 0 (very compact shape) to
1 (extremely fragmented); we use a threshold of f = 0.1 to
discern between compact or “survey-like” and fragmented or
“catalogue-like” shapes. The compact description of arbitrary shapes on discrete grids
using the pixel-numbering schemes and formats presented in
this paper are by no means restricted to two spatial dimen-
sions. Extension to higher dimensions is straightforward. The
only ingredient requiring nontrivial changes are the hierarchical
numbering schemes presented in Sect. 3, but both Z curves and
Peano-Hilbert curves are available in higher dimensions, so that
this part does not present a problem. All other parts of the paper
are based on inherently 1D pixel indices and are not affected by
dimensionality changes except for a few constants. References 2000, Information Retrieval, 3, 25 Moffat, A., & Stuiver, L. 2000, Information Retrieval, 3, 25 Moon, B., Jagadish, H. v., Faloutsos, C., & Saltz, J. H. 2001, IEEE Trans. on
Knowl. and Data Eng., 13, 124 Moon, B., Jagadish, H. v., Faloutsos, C., & Saltz, J. H. 2001, IEEE Trans. on
K
l
d D
E
13 124 Rots, A. H. 2007, Space-Time Coordinate Metadata for the Virtual Observatory
Schäfer, B. M. 2005, Ph.D. Thesis, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Swanson, M. E. C., Tegmark, M., Hamilton, A. J. S., & Hill, J. C. 2008, MNRAS,
387, 1391 Szalay, A. S., Gray, J., Fekete, G., et al. 2007, Arxiv e-prints
[
Xi
/0701164] 9.2.1. Conversions between different representations Sections 5 and 6 discussed various data structures for represent-
ing a 2D shape with the conclusion that, depending on the con-
crete usage scenario and the compactness of the shape, no single
one fits all needs perfectly. Consequently, conversions between
different representations may occur frequently, and it is impor-
tant that they can be carried out quickly. The checks whether one shape overlaps another or is
completely contained within another require considerably less A132, page 8 of 9 M. Reinecke and E. Hivon: Efficient data structures for masks on 2D grids most promising candidates for quick data processing and long-
term storage were selected and implemented as part of the C++
HEALPix package. Correctness and performance were evalu-
ated using a comprehensive set of VO data. CPU time. This is unsurprising, since the test can exit early as
soon as the first overlap (or the first non-containment) is found,
and since both algorithms return only a single Boolean value and
do not have to construct an output RS. Again, owing to the na-
ture of the test data set, which contains many small and very
often disjoint shapes, early exit is much more likely for the con-
tainment tests, thereby lowering the average CPU time for this
case. The new functionality has also been integrated into the
HEALPix Java library to allow easier use by software for the
Virtual Observatory community, which is largely implemented
in that language. Both implementations are available under the
terms of the GNU General Public License v2 from the HEALPix
Subversion repository5, and they will be part of the next official
release of the HEALPix package. 9.3. Memory benchmarks Furthermore, we exclude all “small” shapes from our size
comparisons, whose multi-order list representation has fewer
than 100 entries. This is done because size ratios computed for
such shapes tend to produce extreme values, although their to-
tal resource consumption is close to negligible compared to the
other shapes in the test data set, whose multi-order lists have up
to several million entries. Acknowledgements. M.R. is supported by the German Aeronautics Center and
Space Agency (DLR), under programme 50-OP-0901, funded by the Federal
Ministry of Economics and Technology. We are grateful to Pierre Fernique and
Thomas Boch for providing us with a very extensive test data set, and we thank
Noëmi Zimdahl for the illustration in Fig. 1. The results of the memory benchmarks are shown in Fig. 5. The results of the size comparison of range sets to their corre-
sponding multi-order lists are in good agreement with the esti-
mates given in Sect. 5.2. For survey-like shapes, the range set
representation tends to be consistently smaller than the multi-
order list, while for catalogue-like shapes it is larger by a factor
of almost 2. 5 http://sourceforge.net/projects/healpix References Boch, T., Donaldson, T., Durand, D., et al. 2014, MOC– HEALPix Multi-Order
Coverage map, http://ivoa.net/documents/MOC/
Crittenden R G & Turok N G 1998 unpublished Boch, T., Donaldson, T., Durand, D., et al. 2014, MOC– HEALPix Multi-Order
Coverage map, http://ivoa.net/documents/MOC/
Crittenden, R. G., & Turok, N. G. 1998, unpublished
[arXiv:astro-ph/9806374] Coverage map, http://ivoa.net/documents/MOC/
Crittenden, R. G., & Turok, N. G. 1998, unpublished
[arXiv:astro-ph/9806374] The improved locality of the Peano-Hilbert ordering clearly
has an effect on the RSs for compact shapes, reducing their size
by roughly 25% on average. Again, the same is not true for frag-
mented shapes, because physically separated individual pixels
do not benefit from the change in the numbering scheme overall. Using binary interpolative coding to compress the Z-order
range sets is effective for both kinds of shapes, but here as well
the benefit for compact shapes is greater. In any case the re-
sults demonstrate that RSs compressed by interpolative coding
are substantially smaller than uncompressed multi-order lists in
almost all cases. The improved locality of the Peano-Hilbert ordering clearly
has an effect on the RSs for compact shapes, reducing their size
by roughly 25% on average. Again, the same is not true for frag-
mented shapes, because physically separated individual pixels
do not benefit from the change in the numbering scheme overall. Doroshkevich, A. G., Naselsky, P. D., Verkhodanov, O. V., et al. 2005, Int. J. Mod. Phys. D, 14, 275 y
Fernique, P., Allen, M. G., Boch, T., et al. 2015, A&A, 578, A114
Gó ki K M Hi
E B
d
A J
l 2005 A J 622 759 Fernique, P., Allen, M. G., Boch, T., et al. 2015, A&A, 578, A114
Górski, K. M., Hivon, E., Banday, A. J., et al. 2005, ApJ, 622, 759 Fernique, P., Allen, M. G., Boch, T., et al. 2015, A&A, 578, A114
Górski, K. M., Hivon, E., Banday, A. J., et al. 2005, ApJ, 622, 759 Lam, W. M., & Shapiro, J. M. 1994, in Proceedings 1994 International
Conference on Image Processing, Austin, Texas, USA, November 13–16
(IEEE), 638 Using binary interpolative coding to compress the Z-order
range sets is effective for both kinds of shapes, but here as well
the benefit for compact shapes is greater. In any case the re-
sults demonstrate that RSs compressed by interpolative coding
are substantially smaller than uncompressed multi-order lists in
almost all cases. Moffat, A., & Stuiver, L. 10. Summary and outlook White, R. A., & Stemwedel, S. W. 1992, in Astronomical Data Analysis Software
and Systems I, eds. D. M. Worrall, C. Biemesderfer, & J. Barnes, ASP Conf. Ser., 25, 379 We have presented and evaluated different approaches to repre-
senting coverage information on 2D grids, while investigating
alternative pixel numbering schemes and data structures. The 5 http://sourceforge.net/projects/healpix A132, page 9 of 9 A132, page 9 of 9
| 48,687 |
https://github.com/longlongago2/arch-editor/blob/master/src/components/LaTexDoc.js
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,021 |
arch-editor
|
longlongago2
|
JavaScript
|
Code
| 1,621 | 8,869 |
import 'katex/dist/katex.min.css';
import React from 'react';
import { InlineMath, BlockMath } from 'react-katex';
import styles from './LaTexDoc.less';
export default function LaTexDoc() {
return (
<div className={styles.latexDoc}>
<h1>LaTex 表达式大全</h1>
<table className={styles.docTable} border="0" cellPadding="10" cellSpacing="0">
<caption>字母上标</caption>
<thead>
<tr>
<th align="center" style={{ width: '50%' }}>
符号
</th>
<th align="center" style={{ width: '50%' }}>
语法
</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<InlineMath math="\hat{a}" />
</td>
<td>{String.raw`\hat{a}`}</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<InlineMath math={String.raw`\grave{a}`} />
</td>
<td>{String.raw`\grave{a}`}</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<InlineMath math={String.raw`\bar{a}`} />
</td>
<td>{String.raw`\bar{a}`}</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<InlineMath math={String.raw`\check{a}`} />
</td>
<td>{String.raw`\check{a}`}</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<InlineMath math={String.raw`\vec{a}`} />
</td>
<td>{String.raw`\vec{a}`}</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<InlineMath math={String.raw`\tilde{a}`} />
</td>
<td>{String.raw`\tilde{a}`}</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<InlineMath math={String.raw`\dot{a}`} />
</td>
<td>{String.raw`\dot{a}`}</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<InlineMath math={String.raw`\ddot{a}`} />
</td>
<td>{String.raw`\ddot{a}`}</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<InlineMath math={String.raw`\widehat{a}`} />
</td>
<td>{String.raw`\widehat{a}`}</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<InlineMath math="a^2" />
</td>
<td>a^2</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table className={styles.docTable} border="0" cellPadding="10" cellSpacing="0">
<caption>希腊字母</caption>
<thead>
<tr>
<th align="center" style={{ width: '25%' }}>
小写符号
</th>
<th align="center" style={{ width: '25%' }}>
语法
</th>
<th align="center" style={{ width: '25%' }}>
大写符号
</th>
<th align="center" style={{ width: '25%' }}>
语法
</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<InlineMath math="\alpha" />
</td>
<td>\alpha</td>
<td>
<InlineMath math="A" />
</td>
<td>A</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<InlineMath math="\beta" />
</td>
<td>\beta</td>
<td>
<InlineMath math="B" />
</td>
<td>B</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<InlineMath math="\gamma" />
</td>
<td>\gamma</td>
<td>
<InlineMath math="\Gamma" />
</td>
<td>\Gamma</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<InlineMath math="\delta" />
</td>
<td>\delta</td>
<td>
<InlineMath math="\Delta" />
</td>
<td>\Delta</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<InlineMath math="\epsilon" />
</td>
<td>\epsilon</td>
<td>
<InlineMath math="E" />
</td>
<td>E</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<InlineMath math={String.raw`\varepsilon`} />
</td>
<td>\varepsilon</td>
<td>-</td>
<td>-</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<InlineMath math={String.raw`\zeta`} />
</td>
<td>\zeta</td>
<td>
<InlineMath math="Z" />
</td>
<td>Z</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<InlineMath math={String.raw`\eta`} />
</td>
<td>\eta</td>
<td>
<InlineMath math="H" />
</td>
<td>H</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<InlineMath math={String.raw`\theta`} />
</td>
<td>\theta</td>
<td>
<InlineMath math="\Theta" />
</td>
<td>\Theta</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<InlineMath math={String.raw`\vartheta`} />
</td>
<td>\vartheta</td>
<td>-</td>
<td>-</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<InlineMath math={String.raw`\iota`} />
</td>
<td>\iota</td>
<td>
<InlineMath math="I" />
</td>
<td>I</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<InlineMath math={String.raw`\kappa`} />
</td>
<td>\kappa</td>
<td>
<InlineMath math="K" />
</td>
<td>K</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<InlineMath math={String.raw`\lambda`} />
</td>
<td>\lambda</td>
<td>
<InlineMath math="\Lambda" />
</td>
<td>\Lambda</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<InlineMath math={String.raw`\mu`} />
</td>
<td>\mu</td>
<td>
<InlineMath math="M" />
</td>
<td>M</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<InlineMath math={String.raw`\nu`} />
</td>
<td>\nu</td>
<td>
<InlineMath math="N" />
</td>
<td>N</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<InlineMath math="\xi" />
</td>
<td>\xi</td>
<td>
<InlineMath math="\Xi" />
</td>
<td>\Xi</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<InlineMath math="o" />
</td>
<td>o</td>
<td>
<InlineMath math="O" />
</td>
<td>O</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<InlineMath math={String.raw`\pi`} />
</td>
<td>\pi</td>
<td>
<InlineMath math="\Pi" />
</td>
<td>\Pi</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<InlineMath math={String.raw`\varpi`} />
</td>
<td>\varpi</td>
<td>-</td>
<td>-</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<InlineMath math={String.raw`\rho`} />
</td>
<td>\rho</td>
<td>
<InlineMath math="P" />
</td>
<td>P</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<InlineMath math={String.raw`\varrho`} />
</td>
<td>\varrho</td>
<td>-</td>
<td>-</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<InlineMath math={String.raw`\sigma`} />
</td>
<td>\sigma</td>
<td>
<InlineMath math={String.raw`\Sigma`} />
</td>
<td>\Sigma</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<InlineMath math={String.raw`\varsigma`} />
</td>
<td>\varsigma</td>
<td>-</td>
<td>-</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<InlineMath math={String.raw`\tau`} />
</td>
<td>\tau</td>
<td>
<InlineMath math="T" />
</td>
<td>T</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<InlineMath math="\upsilon" />
</td>
<td>\upsilon</td>
<td>
<InlineMath math="\Upsilon" />
</td>
<td>\Upsilon</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<InlineMath math="\phi" />
</td>
<td>\phi</td>
<td>
<InlineMath math="\Phi" />
</td>
<td>\Phi</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<InlineMath math="\chi" />
</td>
<td>\chi</td>
<td>
<InlineMath math="X" />
</td>
<td>X</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<InlineMath math="\psi" />
</td>
<td>\psi</td>
<td>
<InlineMath math="\Psi" />
</td>
<td>\Psi</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<InlineMath math="\omega" />
</td>
<td>\omega</td>
<td>
<InlineMath math="\Omega" />
</td>
<td>\Omega</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table className={styles.docTable} border="0" cellPadding="10" cellSpacing="0">
<caption>二元关系符</caption>
<thead>
<tr>
<th align="center" style={{ width: '30%' }}>
符号
</th>
<th align="center" style={{ width: '30%' }}>
语法
</th>
<th align="center" style={{ width: '40%' }}>
注释
</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<InlineMath math="<" />
</td>
<td>{String.raw`<`}</td>
<td>小于</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<InlineMath math={String.raw`\leq`} />
</td>
<td>\leq</td>
<td>小于等于</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<InlineMath math="\ll" />
</td>
<td>\ll</td>
<td>远小于</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<InlineMath math={String.raw`\prec`} />
</td>
<td>\prec</td>
<td>-</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<InlineMath math={String.raw`\preceq`} />
</td>
<td>\preceq</td>
<td>-</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<InlineMath math={String.raw`\subset`} />
</td>
<td>\subset</td>
<td>真子集</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<InlineMath math={String.raw`\subseteq`} />
</td>
<td>\subseteq</td>
<td>子集</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<InlineMath math="\in" />
</td>
<td>\in</td>
<td>属于</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<InlineMath math="\mid" />
</td>
<td>\mid</td>
<td>-</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<InlineMath math="\smile" />
</td>
<td>\smile</td>
<td>-</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<InlineMath math=">" />
</td>
<td>{String.raw`>`}</td>
<td>大于</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<InlineMath math="\geq" />
</td>
<td>\geq</td>
<td>大于等于</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<InlineMath math="\gg" />
</td>
<td>\gg</td>
<td>远大于</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<InlineMath math="\succ" />
</td>
<td>\succ</td>
<td>-</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<InlineMath math="\succeq" />
</td>
<td>\succeq</td>
<td>-</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<InlineMath math="\supset" />
</td>
<td>\supset</td>
<td>-</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<InlineMath math="\supseteq" />
</td>
<td>\supseteq</td>
<td>-</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<InlineMath math="\ni" />
</td>
<td>\ni</td>
<td>-</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<InlineMath math="\parallel" />
</td>
<td>\parallel</td>
<td>-</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<InlineMath math="\frown" />
</td>
<td>\frown</td>
<td>-</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<InlineMath math="\notin" />
</td>
<td>\notin</td>
<td>不属于</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<InlineMath math="=" />
</td>
<td>=</td>
<td>-</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<InlineMath math="\equiv" />
</td>
<td>\equiv</td>
<td>-</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<InlineMath math="\doteq" />
</td>
<td>\doteq</td>
<td>-</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<InlineMath math="\sim" />
</td>
<td>\sim</td>
<td>-</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<InlineMath math="\simeq" />
</td>
<td>\simeq</td>
<td>-</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<InlineMath math="\approx" />
</td>
<td>\approx</td>
<td>-</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<InlineMath math="\bowtie" />
</td>
<td>\bowtie</td>
<td>-</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<InlineMath math="\propto" />
</td>
<td>\propto</td>
<td>-</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<InlineMath math="\neq" />
</td>
<td>\neq</td>
<td>-</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<InlineMath math="\asymp" />
</td>
<td>\asymp</td>
<td>-</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table className={styles.docTable} border="0" cellPadding="10" cellSpacing="0">
<caption>二元运算符</caption>
<thead>
<tr>
<th align="center" style={{ width: '30%' }}>
符号
</th>
<th align="center" style={{ width: '30%' }}>
语法
</th>
<th align="center" style={{ width: '40%' }}>
注释
</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<InlineMath math="+" />
</td>
<td>+</td>
<td>加法</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<InlineMath math={String.raw`\pm`} />
</td>
<td>\pm</td>
<td>-</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<InlineMath math="\cdot" />
</td>
<td>\cdot</td>
<td>-</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<InlineMath math={String.raw`\times`} />
</td>
<td>\times</td>
<td>乘法</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<InlineMath math={String.raw`\cup`} />
</td>
<td>\cup</td>
<td>-</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<InlineMath math={String.raw`\sqcup`} />
</td>
<td>\sqcup</td>
<td>-</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<InlineMath math={String.raw`\vee`} />
</td>
<td>\vee或\lor</td>
<td>-</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<InlineMath math="\oplus" />
</td>
<td>\oplus</td>
<td>-</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<InlineMath math="\odot" />
</td>
<td>\odot</td>
<td>-</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<InlineMath math="\otimes" />
</td>
<td>\otimes</td>
<td>-</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<InlineMath math="\bigtriangleup" />
</td>
<td>\bigtriangleup</td>
<td>-</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<InlineMath math="-" />
</td>
<td>-</td>
<td>减法</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<InlineMath math="\mp" />
</td>
<td>\mp</td>
<td>-</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<InlineMath math="\div" />
</td>
<td>\div</td>
<td>除法</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<InlineMath math="\setminus" />
</td>
<td>\setminus</td>
<td>-</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<InlineMath math="\cap" />
</td>
<td>\cap</td>
<td>-</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<InlineMath math="\sqcap" />
</td>
<td>\sqcap</td>
<td>-</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<InlineMath math="\wedge" />
</td>
<td>\wedge或\land</td>
<td>-</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<InlineMath math="\ominus" />
</td>
<td>\ominus</td>
<td>-</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<InlineMath math="\oslash" />
</td>
<td>\oslash</td>
<td>-</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<InlineMath math="\bigcirc" />
</td>
<td>\bigcirc</td>
<td>-</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<InlineMath math="\bigtriangledown" />
</td>
<td>\bigtriangledown</td>
<td>-</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<InlineMath math="\triangleleft" />
</td>
<td>\triangleleft</td>
<td>-</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<InlineMath math="\triangleright" />
</td>
<td>\triangleright</td>
<td>-</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<InlineMath math="\star" />
</td>
<td>\star</td>
<td>-</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<InlineMath math="\ast" />
</td>
<td>\ast</td>
<td>-</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<InlineMath math="\circ" />
</td>
<td>\circ</td>
<td>-</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<InlineMath math="\bullet" />
</td>
<td>\bullet</td>
<td>-</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<InlineMath math="\diamond" />
</td>
<td>\diamond</td>
<td>-</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<InlineMath math="\uplus" />
</td>
<td>\uplus</td>
<td>-</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<InlineMath math="\amalg" />
</td>
<td>\amalg</td>
<td>-</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<InlineMath math="\dagger" />
</td>
<td>\dagger</td>
<td>-</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<InlineMath math="\ddagger" />
</td>
<td>\ddagger</td>
<td>-</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<InlineMath math="\wr" />
</td>
<td>\wr</td>
<td>-</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table className={styles.docTable} border="0" cellPadding="10" cellSpacing="0">
<caption>大尺寸运算符</caption>
<thead>
<tr>
<th align="center" style={{ width: '30%' }}>
符号
</th>
<th align="center" style={{ width: '30%' }}>
语法
</th>
<th align="center" style={{ width: '40%' }}>
注释
</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<InlineMath math="\sum" />
</td>
<td>\sum</td>
<td>求和</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<InlineMath math="\prod" />
</td>
<td>\prod</td>
<td>-</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<InlineMath math="\coprod" />
</td>
<td>\coprod</td>
<td>-</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<InlineMath math="\int" />
</td>
<td>\int</td>
<td>-</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<InlineMath math="\bigcup" />
</td>
<td>\bigcup</td>
<td>-</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<InlineMath math="\bigcap" />
</td>
<td>\bigcap</td>
<td>-</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<InlineMath math="\bigsqcup" />
</td>
<td>\bigsqcup</td>
<td>-</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<InlineMath math="\oint" />
</td>
<td>\oint</td>
<td>-</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<InlineMath math="\bigvee" />
</td>
<td>\bigvee</td>
<td>-</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<InlineMath math="\bigwedge" />
</td>
<td>\bigwedge</td>
<td>-</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<InlineMath math="\bigoplus" />
</td>
<td>\bigoplus</td>
<td>-</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<InlineMath math="\bigotimes" />
</td>
<td>\bigotimes</td>
<td>-</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<InlineMath math="\bigodot" />
</td>
<td>\bigodot</td>
<td>-</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<InlineMath math="\biguplus" />
</td>
<td>\biguplus</td>
<td>-</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table className={styles.docTable} border="0" cellPadding="10" cellSpacing="0">
<caption>定界符</caption>
<thead>
<tr>
<th align="center" style={{ width: '50%' }}>
符号
</th>
<th align="center" style={{ width: '50%' }}>
语法
</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<InlineMath math="(" />
</td>
<td>(</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<InlineMath math="\lbrack" />
</td>
<td>\lbrack</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<InlineMath math="\lbrace" />
</td>
<td>\lbrace</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<InlineMath math=")" />
</td>
<td>)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<InlineMath math="\rbrack" />
</td>
<td>\rbrack</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<InlineMath math="\rbrace" />
</td>
<td>\rbrace</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<InlineMath math="\rangle" />
</td>
<td>\rangle</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<InlineMath math="\uparrow" />
</td>
<td>\uparrow</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<InlineMath math="\downarrow" />
</td>
<td>\downarrow</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<InlineMath math="\updownarrow" />
</td>
<td>\updownarrow</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table className={styles.docTable} border="0" cellPadding="10" cellSpacing="0">
<caption>公式示例</caption>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<BlockMath math="c = \pm\sqrt{a^2 + b^2}" />
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style={{ textAlign: 'left' }}>{'c = \\pm\\sqrt{a^2 + b^2}'}</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<BlockMath math="\sum_{i=1}^{n}i=\frac{n(n+1)}{2}" />
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style={{ textAlign: 'left' }}>{'\\sum_{i=1}^{n}i=\\frac{n(n+1)}{2}'}</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<BlockMath math="A=\overbrace{(a+b)+\underbrace{(c+d)i}_{\text{虚数}}}^{\text{复数}}+(e+f)+\underline{(g+h)}" />
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style={{ textAlign: 'left' }}>
{
'A=\\overbrace{(a+b)+\\underbrace{(c+d)i}_{\\text{虚数}}}^{\\text{复数}}+(e+f)+\\underline{(g+h)}'
}
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<BlockMath
math={String.raw`\begin{array}{ccc}
a_{11} & a_{12} & a_{13}\\
a_{21} & a_{22} & a_{23}\\
a_{31} & a_{32} & a_{33}
\end{array}`}
/>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style={{ textAlign: 'left' }}>
{String.raw`\begin{array}{ccc}`}
<br />
{String.raw`a_{11} & a_{12} & a_{13}\\`}
<br />
{String.raw`a_{21} & a_{22} & a_{23}\\`}
<br />
{String.raw`a_{31} & a_{32} & a_{33}`}
<br />
{String.raw`\end{array}`}
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
);
}
| 44,047 |
https://github.com/vectorman1/Jump-Run/blob/master/Assets/Sprites/NewPlatformerArtwork/Vector/characters.svg.meta
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,015 |
Jump-Run
|
vectorman1
|
Unity3D Asset
|
Code
| 12 | 67 |
fileFormatVersion: 2
guid: 2064e6c7c0b08594194b5c69b8b584d9
timeCreated: 1432986251
licenseType: Free
DefaultImporter:
userData:
assetBundleName:
assetBundleVariant:
| 36,921 |
forhiscountrygra00saunuoft_1
|
English-PD
|
Open Culture
|
Public Domain
| 1,900 |
For his country, and Grandmother and the crow
|
Saunders, Marshall, 1861-1947
|
English
|
Spoken
| 7,998 | 10,561 |
rORHIS-COUNTRY MARSHALL SAUNDERS AUTHOR OF "BEAUTIFOLJOr COSV CORNER SERIES Digitized by tine Internet Arciiive in 2007 witii funding from IVIicrosoft Corporation littp://www.arcliive.org/details/forliiscountrygraOOsaunuoft FOR HIS COUNTRY AND GRANDMOTHER AND THE CROW Works of Marshall Saunders ^ Beautiful Joe's Paradise . . $J.50 The Story of the Gravelys ► J^ nrilda Jane . . • , l^ Rose I Charlitte , J^ Deficient Saints . . , , 1.50 Her Sailor 1.25 For His Country • , , .50 Nita: The Story of an Irish Setter ^0 Jl L. C PAGE AND COMPANY New England Building, Boston, Mass. FOR HIS COUNTRY AND GRANDMOTHER AND THE CROW BY MARSHALL SAUNDERS AUTHOR OF "BEAUTIFUL JOE, ETC." SllustrattH bs LOUIS MEYNELL and others BOSTON L. C. PAGE & COMPANY PUBLISHERS Copyright^ igoo By Perry Mason & Company Copyright, igoo By L. C. Page & Company (incorporated) All rights reserved PS Fourth Impression Colonial Pre«s Electrotyped and Printed by C. H. Simonds & Co Boston, MaM.. U. S. A. For His Country Grandmother and the Crow 13 41 ^0, im/STMrre PAGE "'Mademoiselle, you ark an American?'" (Courtesy of the Youth's Companion) . . FrOtltispicce «*She went on gathering her sticks" . .18 "♦I AM FROM California'" . . . .21 "♦You, too, love your country!'" . . 27 "♦There is no hope'" 32 "He tried to sing with them" . . . 36 "I saw second cousin George following HIM " (Courtesy of the Youth's Companion) . . .45 " He went up softly behind him " {Courtesy of the Youth's Companion) ...... 5^ " Rover knew this old George" . 55 FOR HIS COUNTRY FOR HIS COUNTRY. ** My country ! 'tis of thee, Sweet land of liberty, Of thee I sing ! " Here the singer's voice broke down, and I peered curiously around my corner of the wall. He was pacing to and fro on the river-bank — a weary-faced lad with pale cheeks and droop- ing shoulders. Beyond him a fat French foot- man lay asleep on the grass, one hand loosely clutching a novel. An elderly goat, grazing nearer and nearer the man, kept a wary eye on the book, and finally seizing it, devoured it leaf by leaf. At this the weary-faced boy did not smile, and then I knew there was something the matter with him. Partly because I wished to console him, partly because I was lonely, I continued the «3 14 FOR HIS COUNTRY. song in notes rather more cheerful than his own : " Land where my fathers died, Land of the pilgrims' pride, From every mountainside Let freedom ring ! " The boy stood stock-still, only moving his head slightly after the manner of a bird listen- ing to a pleasant strain. When I finished he came toward me, cap in hand. "Mademoiselle, you are an American?'* " No, my boy. I am a Canadian." " That's next best," he said, politely. " It's better," I rejoined, smiling. " Nothing is better than being an American." *' You are patriotic," I observed. " If your ancestors fought with Indians, and English and rebels, and if you expect to die for your country, you ought to be patriotic." I surveyed him curiously. He was too grave and joyless for a boy in a normal condition. " In youth one does not usually speak of dy- ing," I said. His face flushed. " Ah, mademoiselle, I am homesick! I have not seen America for a year." FOR HIS COUNTRY. I 5 " Indeed ? Such a patriotic boy should stay at home." " My mother wished me to finish my educa- tion abroad." "A woman should educate her children in the country in which they are to live," I said, irritably. " I guess you're most old enough to be my mother, aren't you } " he replied, gently, and with such tenderness of rebuke that I smiled irrepressibly. He had delicately intimated that if I were his mother I would not care to have him discuss me with a stranger. " I've got to learn foreign languages," he said, doggedly. "We've been here one year; we must stay one more and then go to Italy, then to Germany. I'm thankful the English haven't a different language. If they had, I'd have to go learn it." " And after you leave Germany ? " " After Germany — home ! " He was not a particularly handsome lad, but he had beautiful eyes, and at the word home they took on such a strange brilliance that I gathered up my parasol and books in wondering silence. 1 6 FOR HIS COUNTRY. " I suppose," he said, soberly, " that you will not be at the Protestant church on Sunday ? " " Probably I shall." " I don't see many people from America," he went on, turning his head so far away that I could hardly hear what he said. " There isn't anybody here who cares to talk about it. My mother, of course, is too busy," he added, with dignity. " Au revoir, then," I said, with a smile. He stood looking quietly after me, and when I got far up the river-bank I turned around. He was adjusting a slight difference between the footman and the goat ; then, followed by the man, he disappeared up one of the quaint old streets leading into the heart of the city. Close beside me a little old peasant woman, gathering sticks, uncurled her stooping figure. *^ Bon jour y mademoiselle ! You have been talk- ing to the American boy." " Oui^ madame.^' " It is very sad," she continued, in the excel- lent French spoken by the peasants of the Loiret department. " He comes by the river and declaims. He . speaks of Linkum and Wash'ton. I watch from my cottage, for my FOR HIS COUNTRY. 1 7 daughter Mathilde is housemaid at Madame Greyshield's, and I hear her talk. Monsieur le colonel Greyshield is a grand officer in America ; but his wife, she is proud. She brings her children to France to study. She leaves the poor man lonely. This boy is most heartbroke. Mathilde says he talks of his dear country in his sleep, then he rises early to study the foreign languages, so he can more quickly go to his home. But he is sick, his hand trembles. Mathilde thinks he is going to die. I say, • Mathilde, talk to madam e,' but she is afraid, for madame has a will as strong as this stout stick. It will never break. It must be burnt. Perhaps mademoiselle will talk." " I will, if I get a chance." The old woman turned her brown, leathery face toward the blue waters of the Loire. " Mademoiselle, do many French go to America for the accent } " " No ; they have too much sense ! " " It is droll," she went on, " how the families come here. The gentlemen wander to and fro, the ladies occupy themselves with their toilettes. Then they travel to other countries. They are i8 FOR HIS COUNTRY. like the leaves on that current. They wander they know not whither. I am only a peasant, yet I can think, and is not one language good enough to ask for bread and soup ? " And muttering and shaking her head, she went on gathering her sticks. On Sunday I looked for my American boy. FOR HIS COUNTRY. I9 There he was, sitting beside a handsomely dressed woman, who looked as if she might in- deed have a will like a stout stick. After the service he endeavoured to draw her toward me, but she did not respond until she saw me speaking to a lady of Huguenot descent, to whom I had had a letter of introduction. Then she approached, and we all went down the street together. When we reached the boulevard leading to my hotel, the boy asked his mother's permis- sion to escort me home. She hesitated, and then said, " Yes ; but do not bore her to death with your patriotic rigmaroles." The boy, whose name was Gerald, gave her a peculiar glance, and did not open his lips until we had walked a block. Then he asked, de- liberately, " Have you ever thought much of that idea of Abraham Lincoln's that no man is good enough to govern another man without the other man's consent } " " Yes, a good deal ; yet one must obey." "Yes, one must obey," he said, quietly. '♦ But sometimes it is puzzling, especially when a fellow is growing up." " How old are you ? " aO FOR HIS COUNTRY. " Fourteen." "Not older?" "No; I am from California," and he drew himself up. "The boys and girls there are large, you know. I have lost twenty pounds since we came here. You have never been in California, I suppose ? " "Yes. I like California." " You do } " He flashed one swift glance at me, then dropped his eyes. I politely averted my own, but not before I saw two tear-drops splash on the hot, gray pavement. "If I could see," he said, presently, "if I could see one of those brown hills, just one, — this flat country makes me tired." "Can you imagine," I said, "that I have been as homesick in California as you are in France } " " No ! no ! " he replied, breathlessly. " No, I could not imagine that." " That I sailed into San Francisco Bay with a heartache because those brown hills you speak of so lovingly were not my native hills .? " " But you are grown up ; you do not need to leave your country." FOR HIS COUNTRV. 2$ "Our duty sometimes takes us to foreign lands. You will be a better soldier some day for having had a time of trial and endurance." '♦ I know it," he said, under his breath. " But sometimes I think I must break loose, especially at night, when the bugles blow." I knew what he meant. At eight o'clock every evening, from the various barracks in Orleans, the sweet, piercing notes of bugle answering bugle could be heard ; and the strain was the one played by the American bugles in the school that I guessed he had attended. " You think of the boys drawn up in line on the drill-ground, and the echo behind the hill." • ** Do you know Almoda ?" he exclaimed, with a face as white as a sheet. "I do." This was too much for him. We had paused at the hotel entrance, and he intended, I knew, to take a polite leave of me ; but I had done a dangerous thing in conjuring up the old familiar scenes, and mumbling something in his throat, and giving one tug to his hat, he ran as nimbly down the street as if he were a lean coyote from the hills of his native State. Four weeks later I asked myself why I was 24 FOR HIS COUNTRY. lingering in Orleans. I had seen all the sou- venirs of Joan of Arc; I had talked with the peasants and shopkeepers till I was tired ; I agreed thoroughly with my guide-book that Or- leans is a city sadly lacking in animation ; and yet I stayed on ; I stayed on because I was engaged in a bit of character study, I told my note-book; stayed on because my presence af- forded some consolation to a struggling, un- happy boy, I told my conscience. The boy was dying of homesickness. He did not enter into the life of the sleepy French city. "This is a good enough country," he said, wearily, "but it isn't mine. I want America, and it seems to me all these priests and soldiers and citizens are acting. I can't think they were born speaking French." However, it was only at rare intervals that he complained. Away in America he had a father who had set the high standard of duty before him, — a father who would not encourage him to flag. On the Fourth of July, Mrs. Greyshield was giving a reception — not on account of the day, for she had not a spark of patriotism, but be- cause she was shortly to leave Orleans for the FOR HIS COUNTRY. 2$ seashore. Gerald was also giving a reception, his a smaller one, prepared for in the face of almost insurmountable difficulties, for he re- ceived no encouragement from his mother in his patriotic schemes. His only pleasure in life was in endeavouring to make his little brother and sister as patriotic as himself, and with ill-concealed dismay he confided to me the fear that they were forget- ting their native land. About the middle of the afternoon I joined him and the children in a small, gaily decorated arbour at the foot of the garden. Shortly after I arrived, Mrs. Greyshield, accompanied by a number of her guests, swept down upon us. The French officers and their wives and a number of English residents surrounded the arbour. " Ah, the delicious cakes ! But they are not dadas and savarins and tartelettes ! They must be American ! What do you call this kind } Doughnuts ! How peculiar ! How ef- fective the arrangement of the bunting, and how many flags — but all of his own country ! " Mrs. Greyshield listened carelessly to the com- ments. "Oh, yes, he is hopelessly provincial. 26 FOR HIS COUNTRY. I shall never teach him to be cosmopolitan. What do you think of such narrowness, prin- cess ? " and in veiled admiration she addressed her most distinguished guest, who was also her friend and countrywoman. As Mrs. Greyshield spoke, the American princess, who was the possessor of an exceed- ingly bitter smile, touched one of the flags with caressing fingers. "It is a long time since 1 have seen one. Your boy has several. I should like to have one for a cushion, if he will permit." The boy's nostrils dilated. *' For a cush- ion ! " he exclaimed. His tone was almost disrespectful, and his mother gave him a warning glance, and said, hastily, " Certainly, princess. Gerald, choose your prettiest flag." " Not for a cushion ! " he said, firmly. " The flag should be up, never down ! " The gay group gazed with concealed interest at mother and son. Mrs. Greyshield seized a flag and offered it to her guest. "Thank you — not from you," said the prin- cess, putting up her lorgnette. "Only from the boy." FOR HIS COUNTRY. 29 He would not give her one. His mother was in a repressed rage, and the boy kept his eyes bent on the ground in suffering silence. The titled lady put an end to the pain- ful scene. " I have changed my mind," she said, coolly. " I have too many cushions now." The boy turned swiftly to her, and, lifting the white hand hanging by her side, gently touched it with his lips. ^^ Madame la Princesse, you, too, love your country ! " His exclamation was so enthusiastic, so heartfelt, there was in it such a world of com- miseration for the titled lady before him, that there immediately flashed before each one present the unhappy life of the poor princess in exile. The boy had started a wave of sympathy flowing from one to another of the group, and in some confusion they all moved away. Gerald wiped the perspiration from his fore- head, and went on with the programme of pa- triotic selections that the impatient children were obliged to go through before they could have the cakes and fireworks. 30 . FOR HIS COUNTRY. After the fizzing and bursting noises were over, I said, regretfully, ** Gerald, I must go to Paris to-morrow." " I have been expecting this," he said, with dogged resignation. " When you are gone, Miss Canada, I shall have no one to talk to me about America." I had grown to love the boy for his high qualities of mind and soul, and my voice faltered as I murmured, " Do not give up, — fight the good fight." " Of faith," he added, gravely, " looking for- ward to what is to come." It seemed to me that an old man stood press- ing my hand — an old man with life's experience behind him. My heart ached for the lad, and I hurried into the house. "Good-bye," I said, coldly, to my hostess. > "Good-bye, a pleasant journey," she re- sponded, with equal coldness. " If you do not take that boy of yours home, you will lose him," I murmured. I thought my voice was low, but it was not low enough to escape the ears of the princess, who was standing beside her. Mrs. Greyshield turne.d away, and the prin- FOR HIS COUNTRY. 3 1 cess's lips moved almost imperceptibly in the words, •< What is the use ? " " The boy is dying by inches ! " I said, indig- nantly. "Better dead than like those — " she said, with her bitter smile, nodding toward the chat- tering cosmopolitan crowd beyond us. I echoed the boy's words : " You, too, are a patriot ! " " I was," she said, gravely, and sauntered away. I went unhappily to Paris. Would that another stranger could chance along, to whom the boy might unburden his heart, — his noble heart, filled not only with dreams of military glory, but of plans for the protection of the weak and helpless among his countrymen ! A week later a telegram from the princess summoned me to Orleans. To my surprise, she met me on the staircase of Mrs. Grey- shield's house. " You are right ! " she whispered. " Mrs. Greyshield is to lose her boy ! " My first feeling was one of anger. " Do not speak of such a thing ! " I said, harshly. " Come and see," and she led the way to a room where the weary-faced lad lay on a huge, 32 FOR HIS COUNTRY. canopied bed, a nursing sister on either side of him. " The doctors are in consultation below," she murmured ; "but there is no hope." " Where is his mother ? " " In her room. She sees no one. It is a foreign fashion, you know. She is suffering deeply — at last." FOR HIS COUNTRY. 33 " Oh, this is horrible ! " I said. " Can noth- ing be done ? " " Do you observe what a perfect accent he has?" she said, meditatively. "There must be excellent teachers at the lyc^e ! " From the bed came occasionally muttered scraps of French prose or poetry, and I shud- dered as I listened. " Sacrificed for an accent ! " she went on to herself. " It is a favourite amusement of Ameri- can mothers. This boy was torn from a father whom he worshipped. I wonder what he will say when his wife returns to America with two living children and one — " She turned to me. "I could have told her that growing children should not be hurried from one country to another. Yet it is better this way than the other." " The other } " I repeated, stupidly. " Yes, the other, — after years of residence abroad, no home, no country, no attachments, a weary traveller till one dies. I thought you might like to see him, as you were so attracted by him. He fainted the day you left, and has been this way ever since. It cannot last much longer." 34 FOR HIS COUNTRY. We had been speaking in a low tone, yet our voices must have been heard by the sleeper, for suddenly he turned his head on the pillow and looked at us. The princess approached him, and murmured his name in an exquisitely soft and gentle voice. The boy recognised her. "Ah, the princess!" he said, collectedly. " May I trouble you with a message } " "Certainly." "It is for papa," he said, dreamily. "Will you tell him for me, please — " Here his voice died away, and his dark, beseeching eyes rolled from one to another of the people in the room. "Shall I send them away.?" asked the prin- cess. " No, thank you. It is only the pain. Will you — will you be good enough to tell papa not to think me a coward .<* I promised him to hold out, but — " " I will tell him." "And tell him I'm sorry we couldn't build that home and live together, but I think if he prepared it mamma and the children might go. Tell him I think they would be happier. FOR HIS COUNTRY. 35 America is so lovely ! Mamma would get used to it." He stopped, panting for breath, and one of the nurses put something on his lips, while the other wiped away the drops of moisture that the effort of speaking had brought to his spectral face. Then he closed his eyes, and his pallid figure seemed to be sinking away from us ; but presently he roused himself, and this time his glance fell on me. " Miss Canada," he said, drowsily, " the salute to the flag — Dottie and Howard." The princess motioned to one of the nurses, who slipped from the room and presently re- turned with the children. A wan, evanescent flush overspread his face at sight of the flag, and he tried to raise himself on his elbow. One of the nurses supported him, and he fixed his glazing but still beautiful eyes on the children. "Are you ready.?" The small boy and girl were far from realising their brother's condition, but they knew what he wished, and in a warbling voice little Dottie began : ' '.'C *« This is my country's flag, and I am my country's child, To love and serve her well will ever be my joy." 36 FOR HIS COUNTRY. A little farther on her tiny brother took up the formula which it had been Gerald's pleasure to teach them. The consultation below had broken up, and several of the doctors had crept to the door of the room, but the boy did not seem to notice FOR HIS COUNTRY. 3/ them. His attention was riveted on the children, to the exclusion of all others. " Give brother the flag ! " he murmured, when they finished. They handed him the Stars and Stripes, but he could not retain it, and the princess, quietly moving to the bedside, steadied it between his trembling fingers. " Now sing vv^ith brother." The two children lifted up their little qua- vering voices, and turning his own face to the ceiling, a face illumined by a joy not of this world, he tried to sing with them : " My country ! 'tis of thee, Sweet land of liberty. Of thee I sing ! " Here his voice faltered, his radiant face drooped, and his darkening eyes turned be- seechingly in my direction. In a choking voice I finished the verse, as I had once before finished it for him : " Land where my fathers died, Land of the pilgrims' pride. From every mountainside Let freedom ring ! " 38 FOR HIS COUNTRY. His head was on the pillow when I finished, but his fingers still grasped the flag. "Gerald," said the princess, tenderly, "do you understand ? " "Yes, I understand," fluttered from his pale lips. " And are you contented ? '[ He pressed her hand slightly. " Would you rather die, or live to grow up and forget your country, as you surely would do if you lived all your young life among strangers } " " I would rather die ! " and here his voice was so firm that all in the room heard it. " Dottie and Howard ! " he murmured, pres- ently, and the princess drew back. After all, she was only a stranger. He died, with their little faces pressed close to his own. "Give my love to mamma,. dear mamma ! " were his last words. Shortly after the nurses drew the children away. The boy had had his wish. He had died for his country as truly as if he had fallen in battle. GRANDMOTHER AND THE CROW GRANDMOTHER AND THE CROW. When I was a little girl I lived with my grandmother, and a gay, lively little grand- mother she was. Away back in the family was French blood, and I am sure that she re- sembled French old people, who are usually vivacious and cheerful. On my twelfth birth- day I was driving with her through a thick wood, when we heard in front of us the loud shouting and laughing of boys. "Drive on, George," said my grandmother; "let us see what this is all about." As soon as he stopped, she sprang nimbly from the phaeton among half-a-dozen flushed and excited boys who had stones in their hands. Up in the tall trees above them were dozens of crows, which were cawing in a loud and dis- tressed manner, and flying restlessly from branch 4« 42 GRANDMOTHER AND THE CROW. to branch. A stone thrown by some boy with too true an aim had brought a fine young crow to the ground. "Ha — I've got him. Thought I'd bring him down ! " yelled a lad, triumphantly. " Now give it to him, boys." The stones flew thick and fast at the poor crow. My grandmother screamed and waved her hands, but the boys would not listen to her until she rushed to the phaeton, seized the whip, and began smartly slashing those bad boys about the legs. " Hi — stop that — you hurt ! Here, some of you fellows take the whip from her ! " cried the boys, dancing like wild Indians around my grandmother. " Cowards ! " she said ; " if you must fight, why don't you attack something your own size.?" The boys slunk away, and she picked up the crow. One of its wings was broken, and its body was badly bruised. She wrapped the poor bleeding thing in our lap-robe, and told George to drive home. " Another pet, grandmother ? " I asked. " Yes, Elizabeth," she returned, " if it lives." GRANDMOTHER AND THE CROW. 43 She had already eight canaries, some tame snakes, a pair of doves, an old dog, white mice and rats, and a tortoise. When we got home, she examined the crow's injuries, then sponged his body with water, and decided that his wing was so badly broken that it would have to be amputated. I held his head and feet while she performed the surgi- cal operation, and he squawked most dismally. When it was over, she offered him bread and milk, which he did not seem able to eat until she pushed the food down his throat with her slim little fingers. Then he opened and closed his beak repeatedly, like a person smacking his lips. " He may recover," she said, with delight ; "now, where is he to sleep? Come into the garden, Elizabeth." Our garden was walled in. There was a large kennel on a grass-plot under my grand- mother's bedroom window, and she stopped in front of it. "This can be fitted up for the crow, Eliza- beth." "But what about Rover?" I said "Where will he sleep ? " 44 GRANDMOTHER AND THE CROW. *'Down in the cellar, by the furnace," she said. " He is getting to be rheumatic, and I owe him a better shelter than this in his old age. I shall have a window put in at the back, so that the sun can shine in." For several days the crow sat in the kennel, his wings raised, — the stump of the broken one was left, — making him look like a person shrugging his shoulders, and the blood thicken- ing and healing over his wounds. Three times a day my grandmother dragged him out and pushed some bread and milk down his throat ; and three times a day he kicked and struggled and clawed at her hands. But it soon became plain that he was recovering. One day my grandmother found him trying to feed himself, and she was as much pleased as a child would have been. The next day he stepped out on the grass-plot. There he found a fine porcelain bath, that my grandmother had bought for him. It was full of warm water, and he stepped into it, flapped his wing with pleasure, and threw the water over his body. " He is coming on ! " cried my grandmother ; ** he will be the joy of my life yet." "I SAW SECOND COUSIN GEORGE FOLLOWING HIM. GRANDMOTHER AND THE CROW. 4/ "What about Second Cousin George?" I asked. Second Cousin (jeorge — we had to call him that to distinguish him from old George, the coachman — was a relative that lived with us. He was old, cranky, poor, and a little weak- minded, and if it had not l?een for my grand- mother he would have been obliged to go to an almshouse. He hated everything in the world except himself, — pets especially, — and if he had not been closely watched, I think he would have put an end to some of the creatures that my grandmother loved. One day after the crow was able to walk about the garden, I saw Second Cousin George following him. I could not help laughing, for they were so much alike. They both were fat and short, and dressed in black. Both put their feet down in an awkward manner, carried their heads on one side, and held themselves back as they walked. They had about an equal amount of sense. In some respects, though, the crow was a little ahead of Second Cousin George, and in some respects he was not, for on this occasion Second Cousin George was making a kind of 48 GRANDMOTHER AND THE CROW. death-noose for him, and the crow walked quietly behind the currant-bushes, never sus- pecting it. I ran for grandmother, and she slipped quickly out into the garden. " Second Cousin George, what are you doing?" she said, quietly. He always looked up at the sky when he didn't know what to say, and as she spoke, he eyed very earnestly some white clouds that were floating overhead, and said never a word. " Were you playing with this cord ? " said grandmother, taking it from him. " What a fine loop you have in it ! " She threw it dex- terously over his head. " Oh, I have caught you ! " she said, with a little laugh, and began pulling on the string. Second Cousin George still stood with his face turned up to the sky, his cheeks growmg redder and redder. " Why, I am choking you ! " said grand- mother, before she had really hurt him; "do let me unfasten it." Then she took the string off his neck and put it in her pocket. " Crows can feel pain just as men do. Second Cousin George," she said, and walked away. GKANDMOTHER AND THE CROW. 49 Second Cousin George never molested the crow again. After a few weeks the crow became very tame, and took possession of the garden. He dug worms from our choicest flower-beds, nipped off the tops of growing plants, and did them far more damage than Rover the dog. But my grandmother would not have him checked in anything. " Poor creature ! " she said, sympathetically, "he can never fly again; let him g^. what pleasure he can out of life." '— t;-,;,/ I was often sorry fx)r him when the pigeons passed overhead. He would flap his one long, beautiful wing, and his other poor stump of a thing, and try to raise himself from the ground, crying, longingly, " Caw ! Caw ! " Not being able to fly, he would go quite over the garden in a series of long hops, — that is, after he learned to guide himself. At first when he spread his wings to help his jumps, the big wing would swing him around so that his tail would be where he had expected to find his head. Many a time have I stood laughing at his awkward attempts to get across the garden to 50 GRANDMOTHER AND THE CROW. grandmother, when she went out with some bits of raw meat for him. She was his favour- ite, the only one that he would allow to come near him or to stroke his head. He cawed with pleasure whenever he saw her at any of the windows, and she was the only one that he would answer at all times. I often vainly called to him, " Hallo, Jim Crow, — hallo!" but the instant grandmother said, "Good Jim Crow — good Jim!" he screamed in recognition. He had many skirmishes with the dog over bones. Rover was old and partly blind, and whenever Jim saw him with a bone he went up softly behind him and nipped his tail. As Rover always turned and snapped at him, Jim would seize the bone and run away with it, and GRANDMOTHER AND THE CROW. 51 Rover would go nosing blindly about the gar- den trying to find him. They were very good friends, however, apart from the bones, and Rover often did good service in guarding the crow. The cats in the neigh- bourhood of course learned that there was an injured bird in our garden, and I have seen as many as six at a time sitting on the top of the wall looking down at him. The instant Jim saw one he would give a peculiar cry of alarm that he kept for the cats alone. Rover knew this cry, and spring- ing up would the wall, bark- and frighten- away, though could have rush toward ing angrily, ing the cats he never seen them well enough to catch them. Jim detested not cats alone, but every strange 52 GRANDMOTHER AND THE CROW, face, every strange noise, and every strange creature, — boys most of all. If one of them came into the garden he would run to his kennel in a great fright. Now this dislike of Jim's for strange noises saved some of my grandmother's property, and also two people who might otherwise have gone completely to the bad. About midnight, one dark November night, my grandmother and I were sleeping quietly, — she in her big bed, and I in my little one beside her. The room was a very large one, and our beds were opposite a French window, which stood partly open, for my grandmother liked to have plenty of fresh air at night. Under this window was Jim's kennel. I was having a very pleasant dream, when in the midst of it I heard a loud, " Caw ! Caw ! " I woke, and found that my grandmother was turning over sleepily in bed. "That's the crow's cat call," she murmured; "but cats could never get into that kennel." " Let me get up and see," I said. " No, child," she replied. Then she reached out her hand, scratched a match, and lighted the big lamp that stood on the table by her bed. GRANDMOTHER AND THE CROW. 53 I winked my eyes, — the room was almost as bright as day, and there, half-way through the window, was George, our old coachman. His head was in the room ; his feet must have been resting on the kennel, his expression was con- fused, and he did not seem to know whether to retreat or advance. "Come in, George," said my grandmother, gravely. He finished crawling through the window, and stood looking dejectedly down at his stock- ing feet. "What does this mean, George.^" said my grandmother, ironically. " Are you having nightmare, and did you think we might wish to go for a drive ? " Old George never liked to be laughed at. He drew himself up. " I'm a burglar, missus," he said, with dignity. My grandmother's bright, black eyes twinkled under the lace frills of her nightcap. "Oho, are you indeed? Then you belong to a danger- ous class, — one to which actions speak louder than words," she said, calmly ; and putting one hand under her pillow, she drew out something that I had never known she kept there. 54 GRANDMOTHER AND THE CROW. I thought at the time it was a tiny, shining revolver, but it really was a bit of polished water- pipe with a faucet attached ; for my grandmother did not approve of the use of firearms. " Oh, missus, don't shoot — don't shoot ! I ain't fit to die," cried old George, dropping on his knees. "I quite agree with you," she said, coolly, laying down her pretended revolver, " and I am glad you have some rag of a conscience left. Now tell me who put you up to this. Some woman, I'll warrant you ! " "Yes, missus, it was," he said, shamefacedly, " 'twas Polly Jones, — she that you discharged for impudence. She said that she'd get even with you, and if I'd take your watch and chain and diamond ring, and some of your silver, that we'd go to Boston, and she'd — she'd — " "Well," said grandmother, tranquilly, "she would do what ? " "She said. she'd marry me," sheepishly whis- pered the old man, hanging his head. " Marry you indeed, old simpleton ! " said my grandmother, dryly. " She'd get you to Boston, fleece you well, and that's the last you'd see of her. Where is Miss Polly ? " «'I ain't fit to die,' cried old GEORGE.' GRANDMOTHER AND THE CROW. 5/ "In — in the stable," whimpered the old man. " H'm," said grandmother, "waiting for the plunder, eh ? Well, make haste. My purse is in the upper drawer, my watch you see before you ; here is my diamond ring, and my spoons you have in your pocket." Old George began to cry, and counted every spoon he had in his pocket out on the bureau before him, saying one, two, three, four, and so on, through his tears. " Stop ! " said my grandmother. "Put them back." The old man looked at her in astonishment. She made him return every spoon to his pocket. Then she ordered him to hang the watch round his neck, put the ring on his finger, and the purse in his pocket. "Take them out to the stable," she said, sternly ; " sit and look at them for the rest of the night. If you want to keep them by eight o'clock in the morning, do so, — if not, bring them to me. And as for Miss Polly, send her home the instant you set foot outside there, and tell her from me that if she doesn't come to see me to-morrow afternoon she may expect to have $8 GRANDMOTHER AND THE CROW. the town's officers after her as an accomplice in a burglary. Now be off, or that crow will alarm the household. Not by the door, old George, that's the way honest people go out. Oh, George, George, that a carrion crow should be more faithful to me than you ! " My grandmother lay for some time wide- awake, and I could hear the bed shaking with her suppressed laughter. Then she would sigh, and murmur, " Poor, deluded creatures ! " Finally she dropped off to sleep, but I lay awake for the rest of the night, thinking over what had taken place, and wondering whether Polly Jones would obey rny grandmother. I was with her the next day when Polly was announced. Grandmother had been having callers, and was sitting in the drawing-room looking very quaint and pretty in her black velvet dress and tiny lace cap. Polly, a bouncing country-girl, came in hang- ing her head. Grandmother sat up very straight on the sofa and asked, " Would you like to go to the penitentiary, Polly Jones } " " Oh, no, ma'am ! " gasped Polly. "Would you like to come and live with me for awhile ? " said my grandmother. GRANDMOTHER AND THE CROW. $9 Now Polly did not want to do this, but she knew that she must fall in with my grand- mother's plans ; so she hung her head a little lower and whispered, "Yes, ma'am." " Very well, then," my grandmother said, "go and get your things." The next day my grandmother called to her the cook, the housemaid, and the small boy that ran errands. "You have all worked faithfully," she said, " and I am going to give you a holiday. Here is some money for you, and do not let me see you again for a month. Polly Jones is going to stay with me." Polly stayed with us, and worked hard for a month. "You are a wicked girl," said my grand- mother to her, " and you want discipline. You have been idle, and idleness is the cause of half the mischief in the world. But I will cure you." Polly took her lesson very meekly, and when the other maids came home, grandmother took her on a trip to Boston. There she got a policeman to take them about and show them how some of the wicked people of the city lived. Among other places visited was a prison, 60 GRANDMOTHER AND THE CROW. and when Polly saw young women like herself behind the bars, she broke down and begged grandmother to take her home. And that reformed Polly effectually. As for old George, after that one miserable night in the stable, and his utter contrition in the morning, he lived only for grandmother, and died looking lovingly in her face. Jim the crow ruled the house as well as the garden after his exploit in waking grandmother that eventful night. All this happened some years ago. My dear grandmother is dead now, and I live in her house. Jim missed her terribly when she died, but I tried so earnestly to cultivate his affec- tions, and to make up his loss to him, that I think he is really getting to be fond of me. THE END. COSY CORNER SERffiS It is the intention of the publishers that this series shall contain only the very highest and purest literature, — stories that shall not only appeal to the children them- selves, but be appreciated by all those who feel with them in their joys and sorrows. The numerous illustrations in each book are by well- known artists, and each volume has a separate attract- ive cover design. Each, I vol., i6mo, cloth $0.50 By ANNIE FELLOWS JOHNSTON The Little Colonel. (Trade Mark.) The scene of this story is laid in Kentucky. Its heroine is a small girl, who is known as the Little Colonel, on account of her fancied resemblance to an old-school Southern gentleman, whose fine estate and old family are famous in the region. This old Colonel proves to be the grandfather of the child. The Giant Scissors. This is the story of Joyce and of her adventures in France, — the wonderful house with the gate of The Giant Scissors, Jules, her little playmate, Sister Denisa, the cruel Brossard, and her dear Aunt Kate. Joyce is a great friend of the Little Colonel, and in later volumes shares with her the delightful experiences of the " House Party " and the " Holidays." Two Little Knights of Kentucky. Who Were the Little Colonel's Neighbors. In this volume the Little Colonel returns to us like an old friend, but with added grace and charm. She is not, however, the central figure of the story, that place being taken by the " two little knights." B—l 2 Z. C. PAGE AND COMPANY'S By ANNIE FELLOWS JOHNSTON {Continued) Cicely and Other Stories for Qirls. The readers of Mrs. Johnston's charming juveniles will be glad to learn of the issue of this volume for young people. Aunt 'Liza's Hero and Other Stories. A collection of six bright little stories, which will appeal to all boys and most girls. Big Brother. A story of two boys. The devotion and care of Steven, himself a small boy, for his baby brother, is the theme of the simple tale. Ole Mammy's Torment. " Ole Mammy's Torment " has been fitly called " a classic of Southern life." It relates the haps and mis- haps of a small negro lad, and tells how he was led by love and kindness to a knowledge of the right. The Story of Dago. In this story Mrs. Johnston relates the story of Dago, a pet monkey, owned jointly by two brothers. Dago tells his own story, and the account of his haps and mis- haps is both interesting and amusing. The Quilt That Jack Built. A pleasant little story of a boy's labor of love, and how it changed the course of his life many years after it was accomplished. Flip's Islands of Providence. A story of a boy's life battle, his early defeat, and his final triumph, well worth the reading. B— » COSY CORNER SERIES By EDITH ROBINSON A Little Puritan's First Christmas. A story of Colonial times in Boston, telling how Christmas was invented by Betty Sewall, a typical child of the Puritans, aided by her brother Sam. A Little Daughter of Liberty. The author's motive for this story is well indicated by a quotation from her introduction, as follows: " One ride is memorable in the early history of the American Revolution, the well-known ride of Paul Revere. Equally deserving of commendation is another ride, — the ride of Anthony Severn, — which was no less historic in its action or memorable in its consequences." A Loyal Little Maid. A delightful and interesting story of Revolutionary days, in which the child heroine, Betsey Schuyler, renders important services to George Washington. A Little Puritan Rebel. This is an historical tale of a real girl, during the time when the gallant Sir Harry Vane was governor of Massachusetts. A Little Puritan Pioneer. The scene of this story is laid in the Puritan settlement at Charlestown. The little girl heroine adds another to the list of favorites so well known to the young people. A Little Puritan Bound Girl. A story of Boston in Puritan days, which is of great interest to youthful readers. A Little Puritan Cavalier. The story of a " Little Puritan Cavalier " who tried with all his boyish enthusiasm to emulate the spirit and ideals of the dead Crusaders. B~8 4 L. C, PAGE AND COMPANY'S By MISS MULOCK The Little Lame Prince. A delightful story of a little boy who has many adven- tures by means of the magic gifts of his fairy godmother. Adventures of a Brownie. The story of a household elf who torments the cook and gardener, but is a constant joy and delight to the children who love and trust him.
| 25,052 |
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/62209698
|
StackExchange
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,020 |
Stack Exchange
|
Sajeeb M Ahamed, https://stackoverflow.com/users/10034039, https://stackoverflow.com/users/10959940, wentjun
|
English
|
Spoken
| 365 | 833 |
multiple useEffect in a component doesn't work
When I call API from single useEffect, it works perfectly. But when I am trying to call another API from another useEffect in the same component its shows a error.
If it's possible, please have a look at my project on codesandbox.
import React, { useEffect, useState } from 'react';
import { Container, Row, Col } from 'react-bootstrap';
const TeacherDashboard = () => {
// console.log(props)
const [appointmentList, setAppointmentList] = useState([]);
const [viewProfile, setViewProfile] = useState([]);
console.log(viewProfile);
useEffect(() => {
async function loadData(){
const response = await fetch('http://localhost:4200/appointments')
const data = await response.json();
setAppointmentList(data)
}
loadData()
}, [appointmentList])
useEffect(() => {
async function proData() {
const response = await fetch('http://localhost:4200/schedule')
const data = await response.json();
setViewProfile(data)
}
proData()
}, [viewProfile])
return (
<Container>
<Row>
<Col>
{
appointmentList.map(app =>
<div style={{border: '1px solid blue'}}>
<li>Name : {app.name} </li>
<li>Id : {app.s_id} </li>
<li>Sec : {app.sec} </li>
<li>Email : {app.email} </li>
<li>Date & Time : {app.dateTime} </li>
</div>
)
}
</Col>
</Row>
</Container>
);
};
export default TeacherDashboard;
I am not sure the purpose of setting both appointmentList and viewProfile states as the part of the dependency arrays of both useEffect hooks. Both of them will eventually result in an infinite loop as you are directly updating the respective states in the useEffect hooks.
From what I can see, you only need to make both requests once, thus you should be using an empty array as the dependency array, such that both requests will be called only when the component is mounted. This is how it can be done:
useEffect(() => {
async function proData() {
const response = await fetch('http://localhost:4200/schedule')
const data = await response.json();
setViewProfile(data)
}
proData();
async function loadData(){
const response = await fetch('http://localhost:4200/appointments')
const data = await response.json();
setAppointmentList(data)
}
loadData();
}, []);
Thank You. I just pass [appointmentList, viewProfile]. then its work
useEffect(() => {
async function proData() {
const response = await fetch('http://localhost:4200/profiles')
const data = await response.json();
setViewProfile(data)
}
proData();
async function loadData() {
const response = await fetch('http://localhost:4200/appointments')
const data = await response.json();
setAppointmentList(data)
}
loadData();
}, [appointmentList, viewProfile]);
Ahh I see..! Yea that works too! Good job on figuring that out
| 24,375 |
05032425_3
|
LoC-PD-Books
|
Open Culture
|
Public Domain
| 1,905 |
The little dauphin;
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 6,820 | 8,731 |
" Be calm ! " said the King; " I will see you again in the morning at eight o'clock." " You promise ? " they all cried. " Yes, I promise ! " " But why not at seven ? " asked the Queen. "Well, at seven, then," replied the King. « Adieu ! " This farewell was spoken in such a touching tone that their grief became once more uncontrollable. The Princess sank senseless at her father's feet, and Clery assisted Madame Elisabeth to support her. The King, to put an end to this distressing scene, [76] r HE King' s last fare'ivell IN THE TEMPLE clasped them all once more in his arms most tenderly, and tore himself from their embraces. "Farewell! Farewell!'* he said again with a breaking heart, as he returned to his room. The good King, the loving father, had seen his dear ones for the last time on earth. To save them from another such trial, he nobly resolved to deprive himself of the sad consolation of pressing them once more to his heart, and went to his execution without a last farewell. His last words, spoken from the scaffold to the people, were : " I die innocent of all the crimes of which I am accused. I forgive all those who are the cause of my death, and pray God that the blood you are about to shed may assure the happiness of France. And you, unhappy people . . . . " The rest was drowned in the roll of drums. His noble head fell — the head of a martyr, the head of one of the best and most merciful kings who ever ruled in France.^ 1 History relates that the King mounted the scaffold without hesitation and without fear, but when the executioners approached to bind him he resisted them, deeming it an affront to his dignity and a reflection upon his courage. The Abbe who had accompanied him, as a spiritual consoler, reminded him that the Saviour had submitted to be bound, whereupon Louis, who was of a very pious nature, at once consented, though still protesting against the indignity of the act. Before the fatal moment, he advanced to the edge of the scaffold and said to the people : [77] *THE LITTLE DAUPHIN* " Frenchmen, I die innocent ; it is from the scaffold and near appearing before God that I tell you so. I pardon my enemies. I desire that France — " The sentence was left unfinished, for at that instant the signal was given the exe- cutioner. The Abbe leaning towards the King said : ** Son of Saint Louis, ascend to Heaven." Undoubtedly the reason for the interruption of the King's last words was the fear of popular sympathy, for notwithstanding the revolutionary frenzy he was personally liked by many. [78] Chapter IV Separation from his Mother /\ FTER the sad parting, the Queen had AX scarcely strength enough left to undress /h^\ her children, and as soon as they were ^ ^ asleep she flung herself, dressed, upon her bed, where she passed the night shivering with cold and trembling with apprehension. The Princess and Madame Elisabeth slept in the same room on a mattress. The next morning the royal family arose before daybreak, waiting for a last sight of him whom, alas ! they were never to see again. In all quarters of Paris the drums were beating, and the noise pene- trated even into the Tower. At a quarter-past six the door opened, and some one came in to get a book, which was wanted for the mass about to be read to the King. The anxious women regarded this -trifling occurrence as a hopeful sign, and ex- pected a speedy summons to the promised interview. But they were soon undeceived. Each moment [79] *THE LITTLE DAUPHIN* seemed an hour, and still the time slipped by with- out bringing the fulfilment of their last sorrowful hope. Suddenly a louder roll of drums announced the moment of the King's departure. No words can describe the scene that followed. The heart-broken women, with tears and sobs, made fruitless attempts to excite the compassion of their pitiless jailers. The little Prince sprang from his mother's arms, and, beside himself with grief and terror, ran from one to another of the guards, clasping their knees, pressing their hands, and crying wildly : " Let me go, messieurs ! Let me go ! " " Where do you wish to go ? " they asked him. "To my father! I will speak to the people — I will beg them not to kill my papa I In the name of God, messieurs, let me go ! " The guards were deaf to his childish appeals ; fear for their own heads compelled them to be, but history does not tell us that they were inhuman enough to jeer at the child or make sport of his innocent prayer for his father's life. Even harder hearts must have been touched by the sight of such sorrow. About ten o'clock the Queen wished the children [80] # SEP ARATION FROM MOTHER # to have some breakfast ; but they could not eat, and the food was sent away untouched. A moment later cries and yells were heard, mingled with the discharge of firearms. Madame Elisabeth raised her eyes to heaven, and, carried away by the bitter- ness of her grief, exclaimed : "Oh, the monsters ! They are glad ! . . ." At these words the Princess Marie Therese uttered a piercing scream ; the little Dauphin burst into tears ; while the Queen, with drooping head and staring eyes, seemed sunk in a stupor almost like death. The shouts of a crier in the street soon informed them yet more plainly that all was over. For the rest of the day, the poor little Prince hardly stirred from his mother*s side. He kissed her hands, often wet with his tears, and over- whelmed her with sweet childish caresses, which he seemed to feel would comfort her more than words. " Alas ! the tears of an innocent child, they may never cease to flow ! " said the Queen, bitterly. " Death is harder for those who survive than for the ones who are gone ! '* During the afternoon she asked permission to see Clery, who had remained with his royal master in the Tower till the last moment. She felt that she 6 [81] *THE LITTLE DAUPHIN -I* must hear the last words and farewells of her mar- tyred husband and treasure them as a precious legacy, and for more than an hour the faithful valet was with her, both absorbed in sorrowful discourse. The long day passed in tears and wretchedness, and night brought no respite. The prisoners had been placed in charge of two jailers, a married couple named Tison, coarse creatures, from whose intrusions they were never free. Thus the inflexi- ble hate of an infuriated populace pursued them even in the sanctity of their grief. It was two o'clock at night, and more than an hour since the tearfully ended prayers had an- nounced the time for rest ; but rest was still far from the three unhappy women. In obedience to the Queen's wishes, the Princess Marie Therese had in- deed gone to bed, but she could not close her eyes. Her royal mother and her aunt, who were sitting near the bed of the Dauphin, talked of their sorrow and wept together in uncontrollable anguish. The sleeping child smiled, and there was such an ex- pression of angelic sweetness and purity on his in- nocent face that the Queen could not refrain from saying sadly : "He is now just as old as his brother was when [82] * SEPARATION FROM MOTHER * he died at Meudon. Happy are those of our family who have been the first to go ; at least they have not lived to see the downfall of our house !" Madame Tison, who had been listening at the door, heard these words, or at least the sound of the Queen*s voice. Devoid of respect for a sorrow that must find relief in words or become unbearable, the heartless woman knocked on the door and harshly demanded the cause of this nocturnal con- versation. As if this were not enough, her husband and some municipal guards even opened the door and attempted to force their way into the room, when Madame Elisabeth, turning her pale face toward them, said with quiet dignity: " I pray you, allow us at least to weep in peace 1 " These simple words, spoken in such a tone, dis- armed even these wretches. They drew back in confusion, and did not venture again to intrude on the sanctity of so profound a grief. The next morning the Queen took her son in her arms and said to him : " My child, we must put our trust in the dear God ! " " Oh, yes, mamma," answered the little Prince, " I do trust the dear God, but whenever I fold my [83] #THE LITTLE DAUPHIN* hands and try to pray, the image of my father comes before my eyes." Sadly and wearily the days passed. Weakened by sorrow and exhausted by sleepless nights, the Queen almost succumbed to her troubles, and seemed to be indifferent whether she lived or died. Sometimes her companions would find her eyes fixed on them with such an expression of profound pity, it almost made them shudder. A deathly stillness prevailed; they all seemed to be holding their breaths, save when their grief found vent in half-smothered sobs or paroxysms of tears. It was almost a boon to the wretched women when the Princess Marie Therese really fell ill. In the duties of a mother, Marie Antoinette found some mitiga- tion of her grief for the loss of her husband. She spent all her time at her daughter's bedside, and the care and anxiety afforded her a wholesome distrac- tion and roused her benumbed faculties. The Prin- cess soon recovered from her illness, and from that time the Queen devoted herself wholly to her children. The little Dauphin sang very sweetly, and his mother found much pleasure in teaching him little songs, but especially in having him continue the [84] * SEPARATION FROM MOTHER * studies he had begun. Thus absorbed, she even thanked Heaven for the peace granted her by her enemies, which enabled her to perform these mater- nal tasks. Madame Elisabeth was her devoted as- sistant, and their love for the children afforded them some relief from sorrows which were constantly being sharpened by fresh trials. But even this last faint semblance of happiness was at last taken from them. Some faithful friends of the Queen and the royal house, brave, noble hearts who gladly risked their lives in the hope of rescuing the prisoners from the shameful brutalities of their jailers, had devised a plan for their escape. Owing to an unlucky com- bination of circumstances, the attempt failed, and the tyrants of the Convention, who then held despotic sway over wretched France, issued the fol- lowing decree : " The Committee of Public Safety orders that the son of Capet shall be separated from his mother and delivered into the hands of a governor, the choice of whom shall rest with the General Council of the Commune." On the third of July, 1793, this cruel and in- famous order was put into execution. [85] *THE LITTLE DAUPHIN* It was almost ten o'clock on that evening ; the little Prince was in bed and sleeping peacefully and soundly, with a smile on his pale but still lovely face. The bed had no curtains, but his mother had in- geniously arranged a shawl to keep the light from falling on his closed eyelids and disturbing his rest. The Queen, Madame EHsabeth, and the Princess Marie Therese were sitting up somewhat later than usual, the elder ladies busy with some mending and the Princess reading aloud to them. She had finished several chapters from some historical work, and now had a book of devotions called " Passion Week," which Madame Elisabeth had succeeded in obtaining only a short time before. Whenever the Princess paused to turn a page, or at the end of a chapter in the history or of a psalm in the book of prayers, the Queen would raise her head, let her work fall in her lap, and gaze lovingly at the sleep- ing boy or listen to his quiet breathing. Suddenly the sound of heavy footsteps was heard on the stairs. The bolts were drawn with a rattle, the door opened, and six municipal guards entered. "We come,*' said one of them roughly to the terrified Princesses, " to inform you that the Com- [86] * SEPARATION FROM MOTHER * mittee of Public Safety has ordered the son of Capet to be separated from his mother and his family." The Queen started to her feet, struck to the heart by the suddenness of this blow. "Take my child away from me?" she cried, white with terror, — "no — no — it cannot be possible ! " Marie Therese stood beside her mother trem- bling, while Madame Elisabeth, with both hands on the prayer-book, listened and looked on, paralyzed with terror and unable to stir. " Messieurs," continued the Queen in a tremu- lous voice, and struggling to control the ague fit that shook her from head to foot, " it is impossi- ble ; the Council cannot think of such a thing as to separate me from my son ! He is so young, he is so delicate — my care is so necessary to him ! No — no — it cannot be ! " " It is the decree of the Committee," replied the officer harshly, unmoved by the deadly pallor of the Queen ; " the Convention has decided on the measure, and we are sent to carry it into immediate execution." " Oh, I can never submit to it ! " cried the un- [87] *THE LITTLE DAUPHIN* happy mother. " In the name of Heaven, I be- seech you, do not demand this cruel sacrifice of me ! " Both her companions joined their entreaties to hers. All three had instinctively placed themselves before the child's bed, as if to defend it against the approach of the officers ; they wept, they prayed, they exhausted themselves in the humblest and most touching supplications. Such distress might have softened the hardest heart ; but to these pitiless tools of the villanous Convention, they appealed in vain. " What is the use of all this outburst ? '* they demanded at length. "Your child is not going to be killed. You had better give him to us without any more trouble, or we shall find other means of getting him." In fact, they began to use force against the des- perate mother. In the struggle, the improvised bed-curtain was torn down and fell on the head of the sleeping Prince. He awoke, saw at a glance what was happening, and flung himself into his mother's arms. " Mamma, dear mamma ! " he cried, shaking with fright, " do not leave me ! " [88] 4* SEPARATION FROM MOTHER* The Queen clasped him close to her breast, as if to protect him, and clung with all her strength to the bedposts. " Pah ! We do not fight with women," said one of the deputies who had not spoken before. " Citi- zens, let us call up the guard ! " " Do not do that ! " said Madame Elisabeth, " in the name of Heaven, do not do that ! We must submit to forcible demands, but grant us at least time to prepare ourselves. This poor child needs his sleep, and he will not be able to sleep any- where but here. Let him at least spend the night in this room, and he shall be delivered into your hands early in the morning." To this touching appeal there was no reply. " Promise me, at least," said the Queen in a hol- low voice, " that he shall remain within the walls of this Tower, and that I shall be permitted to see him every day, if only at meal times." " We are not obliged to account to you for what we do," snarled one of the rough fellows, ferociously ; " neither is it for you to question the acts of the country. Just because your child is taken from you, why should you act like a fool ? Are not our sons marching toward the frontier every day, to have [89] *THE LITTLE DAUPHIN4- their heads shot off by the enemy you enticed there ? " "Oh, I did not entice them there," replied the Queen ; " and you see that my son is much too young to serve his country yet. Some day, God willing, I hope he will be proud to devote his life to France.'* The threatening manner of the officers showed the poor mother plainly enough that all her prayers were useless, and she must yield to her cruel fate. With trembling hands she dressed the little Prince, and, although both Princesses assisted her, it took her longer than ever before. Every garment, before it was put on the child, was turned in and out, passed from hand to hand, and wet with bitter tears. In every possible way they strove to defer the dreadful moment of parting, but the officers soon began to lose patience. " Make haste ! " they cried. " We can wait no longer ! " With a breaking heart, the Queen submitted. Summoning all her fortitude, she seated herself on a chair, laid both her thin white hands on the shoulders of the unhappy child, and, forcing herself to be calm, said to him in a solemn, earnest voice : [90] * SEPARATION FROM MOTHER * " My child, we must part. Remember your oath when I am no longer with you to remind you of it. Never forget the dear God who has sent you this trial, nor the dear mother who loves you. Be pru- dent, brave, and patient, and your father will look down from Heaven and bless you." So speaking, she pressed a last kiss on his fore- head, clasped him once more to her tortured heart, and gave him to his jailers. The poor child sprang away from them, rushed to his mother again, and clung desperately to her dress, clasping her knees. She tried to soothe his distress. " You must obey, my child, you must ! " she said. " Yes, and I hope you have no more instructions to give him," added one of the deputies. " You have abused our patience enough already." " As it is, you might have saved yourself the trouble of giving him any," said another, dragging the Prince forcibly out of the room. A third, somewhat more humane than the others, added, " You need not have any further anxiety ; the great and generous country will care for him." Heaven was witness what tears of anguish, what cries of despair, followed this distressing scene. In [91] 4-THE LITTLE DAUPHIN# the extremity of her sufferings, the unfortunate mother writhed upon the bed where her son had just been sleeping. She had succeeded in maintain- ing her courage and a feigned composure in the presence of the merciless wretches who had robbed her of her child, but this unnatural strength, this superhuman exertion, had exhausted all the powers of her being and almost deprived her of reason. Never was there a greater despair than that of this most unhappy Queen and her companions. The three prisoners gazed at one another in speechless agony, and could find no words of consolation. The only comfort of their wretched life was gone. The little Dauphin had been the one ray of sunlight in the darkness of their imprisonment, and that now had been extinguished. What more could follow ? Alas ! even worse was yet to come, for the resources of inhumanity are boundless ! [92] Chapter V The Cobbler Simon UARDED by six deputies and a turn- key, the young Prince, or rather King, since he was the only and lawful heir to the throne, was taken to that part of the Tower formerly occupied by his father. There a guardian was awaiting him, a cruel, tyrannical mas- ter, the cobbler Simon. The room was poorly lighted. After conversing with this man for some time in an undertone, the deputies gave him some final instructions and withdrew, and the child found himself alone with Simon, whose slouching gait, rough and violent language, and arrogant manner, easily proclaimed him the future master of the unfortunate Prince. The cobbler Simon was fifty-seven years old, of more than medium height, powerfully built, with a swarthy skin and a shock of stiff black hair falling over his eyebrows. His features were heavy, and he wore large mustaches. His wife was about the [93] * THE LITTLE DAUPHIN* same age, but very short and stout ; she was dark and ill-favored, like her husband, and usually wore a cap with red ribbons, and a blue apron. This worthy pair were given absolute control over the Dauphin, the descendant of so many kings, torn from his royal mother's arms to be delivered into such hands as these ! The very refinement of cruelty could scarcely have conceived a greater infamy 1 The poor child, confused and bewildered by having been awakened so suddenly from a sound sleep, remained for hours sitting on a stool in the farthest corner of the room and weeping pitifully. Simon plied him with rude questions, plentifully sprinkled with curses and blasphemies, as he smoked his pipe, but only succeeded in extracting short answers from his victim. For the first two or three days the little Prince was in such despair at being parted from his mother that he could swallow nothing but a few mouthfuls of broth. Soon, however, he began to rebel in- wardly ; gleams of indignation shone through his tears, and his anger broke forth at last in passionate words : " I want to know," he cried imperiously to the municipal officers who were visiting Simon, " what [94] * THE COBBLER SIMON* law gives you the right to take me from my mother and keep me shut up here ? Show me this law ! I will see it ! " The officers were amazed at this child of nine years, who dared to question their power and address them in such a kingly tone. But their v/orthy comrade came to their aid. He harshly ordered his charge to be silent, saying : " Hold your tongue, Capet ! you are only a chatterer." The little prisoner's sad and longing gaze was continually fixed upon the door, although he knew he could never pass its threshold without permission from his jailers. He often wept, but seemed at last to resign himself to his fate, and mutely obeyed the commands of his tormentors. He would not speak, however. " Oho, little Capet ! " said the cobbler to him one day ; " so you are dumb ! Well, I am going to teach you to talk, to sing the ^ Carmagnole,' ^ and shout ' Vive la Republique 1 ' Oh, yes, you are dumb, are you ? " 1 The Carmagnole was originally a Proven9al dance tune, which was frequently adapted to songs of various import. During the Revolution, so-called patriotic words were set to it, and it was sung, like the " Marseillaise, '* to inspire popular wrath against royalty. [95] *THE LITTLE DAUPHIN* " If I said all I thought," returned the poor child, with a touch of his old spirit, " you would call me mad. I am silent because I am afraid of saying too much." " Ho ! so Monsieur Capet has much to say ! " shouted the cobbler with a malicious laugh. "That sounds very aristocratic, but it won't do with me, do you hear ? You are still young, and some allowance should be made for you on that account ; but I am your master, and cannot allow such ignorance. I must teach you to understand progress and the new ideas. So, look here ! I am going to give you a jews-harp. Your she-wolf of a mother and your dog of an aunt play the piano, you must learn the jews-harp." A gleam of anger flashed in the boy's beautiful blue eyes, and he refused to take the jews-harp, declaring that he never would play on it. " Never ? " cried the cobbler, furiously. " Never ? Play on it this moment ! " The child persisted in his determination, and the cobbler- — the pen almost refuses to write it — the cobbler seized the defenceless child and beat him most cruelly, but without being able to conquer his will. [96] *THE COBBLER SIMON* " You can punish me if I do wrong," cried the poor little Prince, ^' but you must not strike me ; do you understand ? For you are stronger than I am." " I am here to command you, you beast ! " roared the cobbler. "I can do what I like! Long live Liberty and Equality ! " On Sunday, the 17th of July, 1793, a report spread through Paris that the Dauphin had been carried off. In order to refute this rumor, which had already begun to create disturbances among the lower classes, a deputation was sent to the Temple by the Committee of Public Safety, with orders that the son of the tyrant should be brought down into the garden where he might be seen. The cobbler obeyed, and unceremoniously demanded of the dep- uties what the real intentions of the Committee were in regard to little Capet. " What have they decided to do with the young wolf? He has been taught to be insolent, and I will see that he is tamed. If he rebels, so much the worse for him, I warrant you ! But what is to be done with him in the end ? Send him out of the country ? No ! Kill him ? No ! Poison him ? No ! Well, what then ? " 7 [97] *THE LITTLE DAUPHIN* " We must get rid of him ! " was the significant reply. Such, indeed, was the real purpose of the inhuman leaders of the Revolution. They did not want to put the unfortunate Prince to death, they only wished to get rid of him ; that is to say, to torture him to death by slow degrees, without anyone being able to say that he had been poisoned, strangled, hanged, or beheaded 1 As soon as the Dauphin found himself in the garden, he began to call to his mother as loudly as he could. Some of the guards tried to quiet him ; but he answered indignantly, pointing to Simon and the deputies : "They will not, they cannot, show me the law that orders me to be separated from my mother." Astonished at his firmness and moved by his childish affection, one of the guards asked the cob- bler whether no one could help the little fellow ; but Simon replied sharply : " The young wolf does not submit to the muzzle easily ; he might know the law as well as you do, but he is always asking for the reasons of things — as if people were obliged to give him reasons ! Now, [98] 4^ THE COBBLER S I M O N * Capet, keep still, or I will show the citizens how I beat you when you deserve it ! " The poor little prisoner turned to the deputies as if to appeal to their compassion, but they coldly turned their backs on him. He was to be got rid of I How could this be possible if he were left to the tender care of his mother? Henceforth Simon's cruelties toward his victim were redoubled. He understood at last what was expected of him, and wished to do credit to his task. The youth, the innocence, the indescribable charm of the little Prince, did not in the least diminish the ferocity of his jailer. On the contrary, it seemed as though the child's delicate face, his clear eyes, his slender little hands, the nobility of his demeanor, only served to inflame the brutal passions of Simon and his wife. They felt the Prince's refinement and delicacy, in contrast with their own uncouthness, as a personal affront ; and their jealous rage, their im- placable hatred, made them take a savage pleasure in attempting to degrade their charge to their own level and extinguishing in this scion of a royal house all recollection of his illustrious family and of his early education. Still another circumstance added to Simon's abuse [99] *THE LITTLE DAUPHIN* of the Prince. Marat,-^ that bloody and ferocious hyena of the Revolution, died at last by the knife of Charlotte Corday. Marat had been a patron of Simon's, and was largely responsible for the appoint- ment of the cobbler as the Dauphin's keeper — a po- sition which carried with it a considerable income — and his sudden death threw Simon into a sort of frenzy. When he heard the news, he deserted his prisoner for the first time, and returned in a state of excitement and irritation that relieved itself in abuse and blasphemy. He drank quantities of wine and brandy, and then, inflamed with the liquor, his brain on fire, he dragged his wife and the Prince up to the platform of the Tower, where he smoked his pipe and tried to catch an echo of the far-away lamentations for his friend Marat. " Do you hear that noise down there, Capet ? " he shouted to the Prince. " It is the voice of the people, lamenting the loss of their friend. You wear black clothes for your father ; I was going 1 Jean Paul Marat, the French revolutionist, was born in Switzerland in 1744. He was both physician and scientist in his earlier years, but at the outbreak of the Revolution took a prominent part in the agitation for a republic, and incited the people to violence. In 1792 he was elected to the National Convention, and in 1793 was tried before the Revolutionary Tribunal as an ultra-revolutionist, but was acquitted. July 13, 1793, he was assassinated by Charlotte Corday, who was guillotined for the murder four days later. [100] # TH E COBBLER SIMONS to make you take them ofF to-morrow, but now you shall wear them still longer. Capet shall put on mourning for Marat ! But, accursed one, you do not seem much grieved about it ! Perhaps you are glad that he is dead ? *' With these words, furious with rage, he shook the boy, threatened him with his fist, and pushed him violently away. " I do not know the man who is dead," returned the child, " and you should not say that I am glad. We. never wish for the death of anyone." "Ah, weF 'We wish?' WeV roared the cobbler. " Are you presuming to say we^ like those tyrants, your forefathers?" " Oh, no," answered the Prince, " I say we^ in the plural, meaning myself and my family." Somewhat appeased by this apology, the cobbler strode up and down, puffing great clouds of smoke from his mouth and laughing to himself as he repeated : " Capet shall put on mourning for Marat ! " Marat was buried on the following morning, and Simon's resentment at not being able to attend the funeral ceremonies made him furious. All day long he paced the floor of his room like a caged [lOl] *THE LITTLE DAUPHIN* tiger, sparing the innocent Prince neither blows nor curses. Some days later, news came of a crushing defeat of the Republican army at Saumur,^ and again the poor child had to suffer from his master's rage and spite. " It is your friends who are doing this ! " shouted Simon to him. In vain the little Prince cried, " Indeed it is not my fault ! " The infamous wretch furiously rushed at him, and shook him with the ferocity of a mad- dened beast. The child bore it all in silence ; great tears rolled down his cheeks, but he allowed no cry of pain to escape him, for fear his mother might hear it and be distressed about him. This fear gave him strength, and enabled him to bear his sufferings with the courage of a hero. Joy had long since been banished from his heart, the roses of health from his cheeks, but they had not succeeded yet in extinguishing his love of truth and purity. In accordance with the orders he had received, Simon allowed his prisoner to go down into the 1 Saumur is a town in the department of Maine-et-Loire, on the Loire River. It was here that the Vendeans, who were partisans of the royal rising against the Revolution and the Republic, won a victory over the Republican Army June 9, 1793, and took the town. [102] *THE COBBLER SIMON* garden every day, and sometimes took him with him when he went up on the roof of the Tower to breathe the air and smoke his pipe undisturbed. The boy followed him with hanging head, like a whipped dog ; he never ventured to raise his eyes to his master's face, knowing he should meet only hatred and abuse. Naturally there was no further mention of any kind of instruction for the Prince. Simon made him listen to revolutionary or so-called patriotic songs, and filled his ears with the vilest oaths and blasphemies ; but he did not think it necessary to occupy young Capet's time otherwise. He forced the child to wait on him and perform the most menial duties ; he took away his suit of mourning, and gave him instead a coat of orange-colored cloth, with breeches of the same color, and a red cap, which was the notorious uniform of the Jacobins. " If I allow you to take off black for Marat," he said, " at least you shall wear his livery and honor his memory in that way ! " The Prince put on the clothes without protest, but nothing could induce him to wear the Jacobin cap ; and Simon was powerless, even by the cruellest treatment, to overcome his resistance. He had [103] *THE LITTLE DAUPHIN* become the slave of his jailers, he had submitted to a thousand insults and indignities, but he would not allow the badge of his father's murderers to be placed upon his head. Weary with his efforts, the cobbler finally desisted from the attempt, at the intercession of his wife. To tell the truth, this was not the first time this woman had taken the part of the unfortu- nate child, for she, indeed, had good reason to be satisfied with him. " He is an amiable being, and a nice child," she remarked one day to another woman. " He cleans and polishes my shoes, and makes the fire for me when I get up," for these were also his duties now. Alas ! what a change from the days when every morning he had brought his adored mother a nosegay from his garden, picked and arranged with his own hands ! Now, the drudge of a shoemaker's wife — poor, lovely, high-born little Prince! A systematic effort was made to debase the child in every way, morally and physically ; no pains were spared to vitiate his pure innocent mind and make him familiar with the most revolting infamies. Madame Simon cut off his beautiful hair for no other reason than because it had been his mother's delight. As it happened, some guards and deputies [104] #THE COBBLER SIMON* witnessed the act, and one of them, a good-natured fellow named Meunier, cried out : " Oh, what have you slashed off all his pretty hair for?" " What for ? " retorted Madame Simon. " Why, don't you see, citizen, we were playing the part of dethroned King, here! " And all, with the excep- tion of Meunier, burst into shouts of laughter over the shorn lamb, who bent his poor little disfigured head upon his breast in mute despair. Not con- tent with this outrage, that same evening the brutal wretches forced the child to drink large quantities of wine, which he detested ; and when they had suc- ceeded in making him drunk, so that he did not know what he was doing, Simon put the red cap on his head. "At last I see you a Jacobin ! " cried the villain, triumphantly, as the Revolutionary emblem nodded on the brow of the unhappy descendant of Louis the Fourteenth, the proudest King of Christendom ! They had broken the child's noble pride at last — one shudders to think by what terrible means ; and from this time a few blows or curses sufficed to make him put on the new head-covering. Thus far the wretched child's unhappy fate had remained #THE LITTLE DAUPHIN ^ unknown to his mother, although she had never ceased to implore the guards or deputies for news of him. They all assured her that she need not be uneasy about her son • — that he was in good hands and well cared for; but all these protestations failed to soothe her maternal anxiety and but too well- founded distrust. At last, on the thirteenth of July, through the assistance of Tison, who, at first a bitter enemy, had since changed and become friendly to her, she succeeded in obtaining a sight of her poor little son. But alas ! this happiness, so long yearned for, so besought from Heaven, was granted her only to her sorrow. The little Prince indeed passed before the eyes of his mother, who bent her anxious, searching gaze upon him. He had laid aside the mourning for his father ; the red cap was on his head, his brutal jailer beside him. Unluckily, moreover, just at that moment Simon fell into one of the outbursts of fury that usually vented themselves upon his wretched charge. The poor Queen, struck by this terrible sight as if by light- ning, grasped her sister-in-law for support, and both quickly drew the Princess Marie Therese away from their place of concealment (whither she had [io6] THE COBBLER SIMON* hastened for a giimpse of her brother), at the same time reassuring themselves by a glance that she had seen nothing and remained in blissful ignorance of the Dauphin^s fate. "It is useless to wait any longer/' said the Queen ; " he will not come now/* After a few moments, her tears began to flow ; she turned away to hide them, and came back again, hoping for another sight of her son. A little later she did see him again. He passed by in silence, with bowed head ; his tyrant was no longer cursing him. She heard no words, but this silence was almost as terrible to her as Simon's invectives. Mute and motionless, she remained as if rooted to the spot till Tison came for her. " Oh, God ! " she cried bitterly to him, " you have been deceiving me ! " « No, madame," he replied ; " I merely did not tell you everything, so you would not be troubled. But now that you know all, in the future I will conceal nothing from you that I may chance to discover." The knowledge of the pitiable condition of her son reduced the Queen to the apathy of despair, and she would sit for hours in silent misery. To know [107] *THE LITTLE DAUPHIN* that her child was suffering and not be able to tend or care for him, to know that he was unhappy and not be able to comfort him, to know that he was in danger and not be able to protect him — what tortures could compare with the martrydom of this poor mother ? It turned her beautiful dark hair as white as snow, and made her indifferent to her own fate.
| 28,873 |
https://github.com/theithec/pagetools/blob/master/pagetools/pages/migrations/0004_auto_20160918_2055.py
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
pagetools
|
theithec
|
Python
|
Code
| 78 | 337 |
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
# Generated by Django 1.9.9 on 2016-09-18 20:55
from __future__ import unicode_literals
import django
from django.db import migrations, models
class Migration(migrations.Migration):
dependencies = [
("pages", "0003_auto_20151220_1809"),
]
operations = [
migrations.AlterField(
model_name="page",
name="description",
field=models.CharField(
blank=True,
help_text="Description (for searchengines)",
max_length=139,
verbose_name="Description",
),
),
migrations.AlterField(
model_name="page",
name="included_form",
field=models.CharField(
blank=True,
choices=[("dummy", "dummy")],
max_length=255,
verbose_name="Included form",
),
),
]
if django.VERSION >= (1, 9):
operations += [
migrations.AlterField(
model_name="page",
name="slug",
field=models.SlugField(
allow_unicode=True, max_length=255, verbose_name="Slug"
),
),
]
| 49,390 |
8116884_1
|
Court Listener
|
Open Government
|
Public Domain
| 2,022 |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 51 | 75 |
Landis, J.
In accordance with stipulation of counsel that the merchandise covered by the foregoing protests consists of cups and saucers similar in all material respects to those the subject of W. Kay Company, Inc. v. United States (53 Cust. Ct. 130, C.D. 2484), the claim of the plaintiffs was sustained.
| 40,804 |
6289974_1
|
Court Listener
|
Open Government
|
Public Domain
| 2,022 |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 4 | 8 |
Judgment of sentence affirmed.
| 31,281 |
https://github.com/albertogcatalan/quaver-php/blob/master/config.php
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,014 |
quaver-php
|
albertogcatalan
|
PHP
|
Code
| 198 | 655 |
<?php
/*
* Copyright (c) 2014 Alberto González
* Distributed under MIT License
* (see README for details)
*/
// Paths
define('GLOBAL_PATH', dirname( __FILE__ ));
define('MODEL_PATH', GLOBAL_PATH . '/app/model');
define('LIB_PATH', GLOBAL_PATH . '/app/lib');
// Main
define('DOMAIN_NAME', 'yourdomain.com');
// Cookies
define('COOKIE_NAME', 'yourdomain');
define('COOKIE_DOMAIN', $_SERVER['HTTP_HOST']);
define('COOKIE_PATH', '/');
// Modes
define('HTTP_MODE', 'http://');
define('MAINTENANCE_MODE', false);
define('DEV_MODE', true);
// MANDRILL
define('MANDRILL', false);
define('MANDRILL_USERNAME', '');
define('MANDRILL_APIKEY', '');
// Contact mail
define('CONTACT_EMAIL', '');
define('CONTACT_NAME', '');
// Random variable to FrontEnd files
define('RANDOM_VAR', ''); // format YYYYMMDD
// Template cache (Twig)
define('TEMPLATE_CACHE', false);
// Auto reload cache (Twig)
define('CACHE_AUTO_RELOAD', true);
// Default Language
define('LANG', 1);
// Domains with language
define('LANG_TLD', serialize(array(
".com" => 1,
".es" => 2
)));
// Database configuration
define('DB_PREFIX', 'qv_'); #Disabled
define('DB_HOSTNAME', 'localhost');
define('DB_USERNAME', 'root');
define('DB_PASSWORD', 'root');
define('DB_DATABASE', 'quaver');
/*
* Cypher
*
* /!\ /!\ /!\ /!\ /!\ /!\ /!\ /!\ /!\ /!\ /!\ /!\ /!\ /!\
* /!\ /!\ /!\ /!\ /!\ WARNING /!\ /!\ /!\ /!\ /!\ /!\ /!\
* /!\ /!\ /!\ /!\ /!\ /!\ /!\ /!\ /!\ /!\ /!\ /!\ /!\ /!\
* PLEASE DON'T CHANGE OR DELETE
*
*/
define('CIPHER_KEY', 'yourcipherkey'); //RC4
/*
* Global variables DO NOT TOUCH
*/
$_user = '';
$_language = '';
?>
| 27,591 |
lesprolgomne03abdauoft_9
|
French-PD-diverse
|
Open Culture
|
Public Domain
| 1,863 |
Les prolégomènes d'Ibn Khaldoun
|
'Abd al-Ramn ibn Muammad, called Ibn Khaldn, 1332-1406 | MacGuckin de Slane, William, Baron, 1801-1878
|
French
|
Spoken
| 6,269 | 10,048 |
Variantes : Es-Souri, Es-Sordi. Cette étrange vue se retrouve dans Lisez le manuscrit et dans les deux éditions imprimées. Le traducteur turc lui-même a remarqué cette étrange vue. Le traité grec sur cette science, qui a été traduit en arabe, à savoir le traité d'Euclide, intitulé le Livre des éléments et des fondements, est l'ouvrage le plus étendu qui ait été écrit sur cette matière à l'usage des élèves, et en même temps le premier livre grec qui ait été traduit chez les musulmans. Cela eut lieu sous le règne d'Abou Djaffer el-Mansour. Il existe plusieurs éditions de ce traité, provenant chacune d'un traducteur différent. On en a une traduction par Honeïn ibn Ishac, une autre par Tbabet ibn Gorra, et encore une autre par Youcof ibn el-Hadji. L'ouvrage d'Euclide se compose de quinze livres, dont quatre sur les figures planes, un sur les quantités proportionnelles, un sur la proportionnalité des figures planes, trois sur les propriétés des nombres, le dixième sur les quantités rationnelles et sur les quantités qui peuvent les quantités rationnelles, c'est-à-dire, leurs racines, enfin cinq livres sur les solides. On a fait beaucoup d'abrégés de ce traité : Ibn Sina (Avicenne) en a inséré un dans la partie de son ouvrage, le Chefs-d'œuvre, qui est consacré aux mathématiques. Ibn es-Salt en a donné un résumé dans son livre intitulé Kitab el-Isar (l'abrégé). Beaucoup d'autres savants ont fait des commentaires sur le traité d'Euclide. Il forme la base indispensable des sciences géométriques. Le auteur a voulu dire que le produit du premier terme multiplié par le quatrième est égal à celui du deuxième terme multiplié par le troisième. Honeyn Ibn Isḥāq, médecin chrétien à la cour de Baghdad, traduisit en arabe les ouvrages d’Aristote, d’Euclide, d’Hippocrate, de Dioscoride et de Ptolémée. Il mourut l’an 260 (873 de J.-C.). Thābit ibn Qurra, médecin et mathématicien, traduisit en arabe les ouvrages de plusieurs médecins et mathématiciens grecs. Il mourut en 288 (901 de J.-C.). Il faut lire El-Hadjdj ibn Youçof. Il traduisit les Éléments d’Euclide et l'Almagest de Ptolémée, et vécut sous le règne de Haroun er-Rashid et d’El-Mamoun. Les expressions : une droite qui peut une rationnelle, une droite qui peut deux médiales, une droite qui peut une surface, etc. s’employaient fréquemment dans le dixième livre des Éléments. (Voyez l’édition et la traduction des œuvres d’Euclide par Peyrard, I. II, p. 409, 225, 253, etc. Le mot terme est sous entendu.) Il y avait un mathématicien et traducteur appelé Ibrahim ibn al-Yassar, qui vivait sous le règne d’El-Mamoun. 142 PROLEGOMÈNES L'utilité de la géométrie consiste à éclairer l'intelligence de celui qui cultive cette science et à lui donner l'habitude de penser avec justesse. En effet, toutes les démonstrations de la géométrie se distinguent par la clarté de leur arrangement et par l'évidence de leur ordre systématique. Cet ordre et cet arrangement empêchent toute erreur de se glisser dans les raisonnements; ainsi l'esprit des personnes qui s'occupent de cette science est peu exposé à se tromper, et leur intelligence se développe en suivant cette voie. On prétend même que les paroles suivantes se trouvaient écrites sur la porte de Platon : "Que nul ne entre dans notre demeure s'il n'est géomètre." De même, nos professeurs disaient : "L'étude de la géométrie est pour l'esprit ce que l'emploi du savon est pour les vêtements; elle en enlève les souillures et fait disparaître les taches." Cela tient à l'arrangement et à l'ordre systématique de cette science, ainsi que nous allons le faire observer. La géométrie spéciale des figures sphériques et des figures coniques. Deux ouvrages grecs, l’un composé par Théodose et l'autre par Ménélaus, traitent des surfaces et des intersections des figures sphériques. Dans l'enseignement, on fait précéder l'ouvrage de Ménélaus de celui de Théodose parce qu'un grand nombre des démonstrations du premier sont fondées sur le second. Ces deux livres sont indispensables à quiconque veut faire une étude approfondie de l'astronomie, parce que les démonstrations de cette science reposent sur celles de la géométrie des figures sphériques. En effet, la théorie de l'astronomie tout entière n'est autre chose que la théorie des sphères célestes et de ce qui y arrive en fait d'intersections et de cercles qui résultent des mouvements des corps célestes, ainsi que nous l'exposerons ci-après; elle est donc fondée sur la connaissance des propriétés des figures sphériques, en ce qui regarde leurs surfaces et leurs intersections. Les manuscrits et les éditions imprimées portent Menelaus. Il faut lire Menelaus. D'IRN KHALDOUN. La théorie des sections coniques forme également une partie de la géométrie : c'est une science qui examine les figures et les sections produites dans les solides coniques et détermine leurs propriétés par des démonstrations géométriques, fondées sur les éléments des mathématiques (exposés dans le livre d'Euclide). Son utilité se montre dans les arts pratiques qui ont pour objet des corps, tels que la charpenterie et l'architecture ; elle se montre aussi lorsqu'il s'agit de fabriquer des statues qui excitent l'étonnement et des temples merveilleux, de traîner des corps pesants au moyen d'artifices mécaniques, et de transporter des masses volumineuses à l'aide d'engins et de machines, et autres choses semblables. Un certain auteur a traité cette branche des mathématiques à part dans un ouvrage sur la mécanique pratique, contenant tout ce qu'il y a de merveilleux en fait de procédés curieux et d'artifices ingénieux. Ce traité est très répandu, bien qu'il ne soit pas facile à comprendre, à cause des démonstrations géométriques qu'il renferme. On l'attribue aux Béni Chaker. La géométrie pratique (mesure). On a besoin de cette science pour mesurer le sol. Son nom signifie déterminer la quantité d'un terrain donné. Cette quantité est exprimée en empanages ou coudées ou en autres unités de mesure, ou bien par le rapport qui existe entre deux terrains, lorsqu'on les compare. M. Wœpcke a rendu le passage qu'il s'agit ici des statues colossales et des temples énormes qui se voient encore en Egypte. Fabriquer des figures merveilleuses et extraordinaires. Il ajoute en note : « L'auteur veut parler ici de la construction d'automates et d'artifices semblables qui se distinguaient comme mathématiques dans le genre des Pneumatiques, astronomes et ingénieurs. L'un d'Héron et des horloges du moyen âge, nommé Abou Djafer Mohammed Ibn Moussa, mourut l'an 269 (sous le règne de J. C.). J'ai examiné un traité arabe sur cette matière, contenu dans le manuscrit n° 168 de la bibliothèque de Leyde. » — Je crois l'autre El-Hassen. PROLÉGOMÈNES L'un avec l'autre. (Ces déterminations) sont nécessaires quand il s'agit de répartir les impôts sur les champs ensemencés, sur les terres labourables et sur les plantations, ou de partager des enclos et des terres entre des associés ou des héritiers, ou d'arriver à quelque autre résultat de ce genre. On a écrit sur cette science de bons et nombreux ouvrages. L'optique. Cette science explique les causes des illusions optiques en faisant connaître la manière dont elles ont lieu. L'explication qu'elle donne est fondée sur ce principe que la vision se fait au moyen d'un cône de rayons ayant pour sommet la pupille de l'œil de l'observateur et pour base l'objet vu. Une grande partie des illusions optiques consiste en ce que les objets rapprochés paraissent grands et les objets éloignés petits, que des objets petits vus sous l'eau ou derrière des corps transparents paraissent grands, qu'une goutte de pluie qui tombe fait l'effet d'une ligne droite, et un tison (tourné avec une certaine vitesse) celui d'un cercle, et autres choses semblables. On explique dans cette science les causes et la nature de ces phénomènes par des démonstrations géométriques. Elle rend raisonnables différentes phases de la lune par ses changements de longitude, changements qui servent de bases (aux calculs) qui font connaître (d'avance) l'apparition des nouvelles lunes, l'arrivée des éclipses et autres phénomènes semblables. Beaucoup de Grecs ont traité de cette branche des mathématiques. Le plus célèbre parmi les musulmans qui aient écrit sur cette science est Ibn al-Haytham, mais il y a aussi d'autres auteurs qui ont composé des traités d'optique. L'optique fait partie des mathématiques, dont elle est une ramification. Pour lire, lisez à la lumière. Les mois de l'auteur ont écrit joyeusement à latitudes révolues des verbes hamzés sont, en général, la place de juste longitude. Mal orthographiés dans l'édition de Paris. Voyez la 1ère partie, page 111, fin de la note. D'IBN KHALDOUN. L'Astronomie considère les mouvements (apparents) des étoiles fixes et des planètes, et déduit de la nature de ces mouvements, par des méthodes géométriques, les configurations et les positions des sphères, dont les mouvements observés doivent être la conséquence nécessaire. Elle démontre ainsi, par l'existence du mouvement en avant et en arrière (relativement au mouvement moyen), que le centre de la terre ne coïncide pas avec le centre de la sphère du soleil; elle prouve, par les mouvements directs et rétrogrades des planètes, l'existence de petites sphères déficientes qui se meuvent dans l'intérieur de la grande sphère de la planète; elle démontre pareillement l'existence de la huitième sphère par le mouvement des étoiles fixes; elle déduit enfin le nombre des sphères, pour chaque planète séparément, du nombre de ses déflexions (inégalités), et autres choses semblables. C'est au moyen de l'observation qu'on est parvenu à connaître les mouvements existants, leur nature et leurs espèces; c'est ainsi que nous connaissons les mouvements d'en avant et d'en arrière, l'arrangement des sphères suivant leur ordre, les mouvements rétrogrades et directs, et autres choses de ce genre. Les Grecs s'appliquèrent à l'observation avec beaucoup de zèle, et construisirent, dans ce but, des instruments devant servir à observer le mouvement d'un astre quelconque et appelés chez eux instruments. Le terme qui, ici par mouvement en avant et en arrière, a une autre signification plus précise : il était employé par les astronomes arabes pour désigner ce que nous appelons le mouvement de la trépidation, et, en ce cas, il doit se rendre par les mots : mouvement d'accès et de recès. Quelques astronomes, cités par Héron, ont pensé que le zodiaque avait un mouvement par lequel il s'avancait d'abord de dix degrés et rétrogradait de un degré en quatre-vingts ans. Ce système, introduit dans l'astronomie arabe par Thabit Ibn Qura, infecta les tables astronomiques jusqu'à Tycho, qui le premier sut les en débarrasser. (Delambre, Hist. de l'astronomie du moyen âge, p. 73, 81 et 82. Voy. aussi une lettre de Thabit, rapportée par Ibn Younos et insérée dans le L. VII, p. 116 et suivants des Astres et Extraits.) Prolégomènes. — Prologues. de sphère amicale (dhat el-halac); mais ce commencement n'eut aucune suite. Après la mort d'El-Mamoun, la pratique de l'observation cessa, sans laisser de traces de son existence; on la négligea pour se fier aux observations anciennes. Mais celles-ci furent insuffisantes, parce que les mouvements célestes se modifient dans le cours des années. Au reste, la correspondance du mouvement de l'instrument, pendant l'observation, avec le mouvement des sphères et des astres, n'est qu'approximative et n'offre pas une exactitude parfaite. Or, lorsque l'intervalle de temps écoulé est considérable, l'erreur de cette approximation devient sensible et manifeste. Bien que l'astronomie soit un noble art, elle ne fait pas connaître, comme on le croit ordinairement, la forme des cieux ni l'ordre des sphères tels qu'ils sont en réalité; elle montre seulement que ces formes et ces configurations des sphères peuvent résulter de ces mouvements. Nous savons tous qu'une seule et même chose peut être le résultat nécessaire, soit d'une cause, soit d'une autre tout à fait différente, et, lorsque nous disons que les mouvements observés sont une conséquence nécessaire des configurations et des positions des sphères, nous concluons de l'effet l'existence de la causale manière de raisonner qui ne saurait, en aucune façon, fournir une conséquence valable. Cela est vrai jusqu'à un certain point; le commencement de ce mois, l'astronomie, les astronomes orthodoxes réglaient le calendrier théorique et pratique était très-cultivée. Inégalité du jeûne d'après l'apparition de la lune du mois de Ramadan ; aussi nécessaire à la cause nécessitante. N'ont-ils pas besoin de calculs astronomiques pour fixer le moment précis de la nouvelle lune ; mais, chez les Fatimides, dans lequel, ou ce à quoi un résultat est nécessairement dû. Al-Djordjani dit dans son Tarikh : "Il existe exactement et très-vividement. L'astronomie est cependant une science très importante et forme une des principales branches des mathématiques. Un des meilleurs ouvrages qui aient été composés sur cette science est TAlmageste (El-Medjisti), que l'on attribue à Ptolémée. Cet auteur n'est pas un des rois grecs du même nom ; cela a été établi par les commentateurs de son ouvrage. Les savants les plus distingués de l'islamisme en ont fait des abrégés. C'est ainsi qu'Ibn Sina (Avicenne) en a inséré un dans la partie mathématique de son Chifa. Ibn Rochd (Averroès), un des grands savants de l'Espagne, en a donné un résumé, et pareillement Ibn es-Semli'. Ibn es-Salt, en a fait un coran personnel qu'il a intitulé El-Ictisar (l'abrégé). Ibn el-Fergani est l'auteur d'un résumé d'astronomie dans lequel il a rendu la science facile et accessible, en supprimant les démonstrations géométriques. Dieu enseigna aux hommes ce qu'ils ne savaient pas. [Coran, sour. xcvi, vers. 5.] Jut : « Le terme conjuction nécessaire et absolue se dit de deux choses quand l'existence de l'une implique nécessairement l'existence de l'autre. La première de ces choses s'appelle la nécessitante, et la seconde la nécessitée. Ainsi l'existence du jour est conjointement nécessairement au lever du soleil; car le lever du soleil implique nécessairement l'existence du jour. Le lever du soleil est la nécessitante (la cause) et l'existence du jour la nécessité (l'effet). » Nous lisons dans le Dictionnaire technique ; « 1) JI et Jusuf et (o)lJI et jiliXwi'I signifient qu'un certain jugement (ou proposition) entraîne nécessairement un autre jugement; c'est-à-dire, qu'au moment où l'exigeant a lieu, l'exigé doit avoir lieu aussi. Tels sont, par exemple, le soleil est levé et il fait jour. En effet, l'énoncé du premier jugement implique nécessairement le second. La première proposition, qui est l'exigeante, s'appelle (nécessitante); et la seconde, ou exigée, se nomme (nécessitée). Dans certains cas, chacune des deux propositions peut être en même temps nécessitante et nécessitée. » Voy. ci-devant, p. 138. Voy. ci-devant, p. 141. Ahmed Ibn Khallikan, natif de Ferghana, ville de la Sogdiane, et l'auteur d'un abrégé d'astronomie dont le texte et la traduction ont été publiés par Golius en 1669, vivait sous le règne d'El-Mamoun. Il mourut l'an 215 (830). Dans une ancienne traduction du même traité, le nom de l'auteur est écrit Alfragani. P. 107. Les tables astronomiques. L'art de construire des tables astronomiques forme une branche du calcul et se base sur des règles numériques. 11 détermine, pour chaque astre en particulier, la route dans laquelle il se meut, ainsi que ses accélérations, retardations, mouvements directs et rétrogrades, etc. tels qu'ils résultent, pour le lieu que l'astre occupe, des démonstra tions de l'astronomie. Ces indications font connaître les positions des astres dans leurs sphères, pour un temps quelconque donné; elles s'obtiennent par le calcul des mouvements des astres d'après les règles susdites, règles tirées des traités astronomiques. Cet art pos sède, en guise de préliminaires et d'éléments, des règles sur la con naissance des mois, des jours et des époques passées; il possède, en outre, des éléments sûrs pour déterminer le périgée, l'apogée, les inégalités, les espèces des mouvements et les manières de les dé duire les uns des autres. On dispose toutes ces quantités en colonnes arrangées de façon à en rendre l'usage facile aux élèves et appelées tables astronomiques [azïadj, pluriel de zîdj). Quant à la détermination même des positions des astres, pour un temps donné, au moyen de cet art, on l'appelle équation (tâdil) et rectification (tacouîm). Les anciens, ainsi que les modernes, ont beaucoup écrit sur cet art, par exemple, El-Bettani, Ibn el-Kemmad, et autres. Les musulmans ont un traité d'astronomie, mourut en 939 de J.-C. Une traduction latine de ce jurisconsulte parut en 1637. Les écrivains européens, d'après les observations du moyen âge, J.-C; d'où il faut conclure qu'il mourut postérieurement à cette époque. Dîn el-Kifli : El-Hammad, El-Djerwad. DIBN KHALDOUN. 149. On prétend que cetci-ci se fonda, pour la composition de ses tables, sur l'observation, et qu'il y avait en Sicile un juif très-versé dans l'astronomie et les mathématiques qui s'occupait à faire des observations et qui communiquait à Ibn Ishac les résultats exacts qu'il obtenait, relativement aux mouvements des astres et à tout ce qui les concernait. Les savants de l'Occident ont fait beaucoup de cas de ces tables, à cause de la solidité des bases sur lesquelles elles sont fondées, à ce qu'on prétend, ibn el-Benna en fit un résumé dans un livre qu'il appela El-Minhadj (le grand chemin). Cet ouvrage fut très-recherché à cause de la facilité qu'il donna aux opérations. On a besoin des positions des astres pour fonder sur ces positions les prédictions de l'astrologie judiciaire. Cette science consiste dans la connaissance des influences que les astres, suivant leurs positions, exercent sur ce qui arrive dans le monde des hommes relativement aux religions et aux dynasties, sur les nativités humaines et sur les événements qui s'y produisent, ainsi que nous l'expliquerons dans la suite, en faisant connaître la nature des indications d'après lesquelles les astrologues se guident. La logique est un système de règles au moyen desquelles on discerne ce qui est bon d'avec ce qui est défectueux, tant dans les définitions que dans les raisonnements. Il paraît qu'Ibn Khaldoun veut parler du célèbre astronome Arzachel. Selon Haddji Khalifa, Arzachel se nommait Abou Hussein Ibrahim Ibn Yahya ibn ez-Zerklal, observait à Tolède, l'an 453 (1061 de J.-C.) — Traité des instruments astronomiques des Arabes par Abou'l-Hacen Ali de Maroc, traduit par J. J. Sedillot père; vol. I, p. 127, et le manuscrit arabe de la Bibliothèque impériale, ancien fonds, n° 1147, fol. 282. Dans le Dictionnaire biographique d'El Kifti, le nom de cet astronome est écrit Ez-Zerkâl. Telle est aussi la leçon que donne l'exemplaire de ce dictionnaire biographique dont Casiri s'était servi. (Voy. Bibliotheca arabico-hispana, t. I, p. 55S.) Abou'l-Hacen l'écrit «Ibn», ainsi que l'a fait Haddji Khalifa. Voy. ci-devant, p. iSa. 150 PROLÉGOMÈNES définitions employées pour faire connaître ce que sont les choses, que dans les arguments qui conduisent à des propositions affirmatives (ou jugements). Expliquons cela : la faculté perceptive a pour objet les perceptions obtenues par les cinq sens; elle est commune à tous les animaux tant irrationnels que doués de raison, et, ce qui fait la différence entre les hommes et les autres animaux, c'est la faculté d'apercevoir les universaux, idées qui s'obtiennent par le dépouillement (ou abstraction) de celles qui proviennent des sens. Voici (comment cela se fait) : l'imagination tire, des individus d'une même classe, une forme (ou idée) qui s'applique également à eux tous, c'est-à-dire un universel; ensuite l'entendement compare cette catégorie d'individus avec une autre qui lui ressemble en quelques points et qui est composée aussi d'individus d'une même classe, et aperçoit ainsi une forme qui s'adapte à ces deux catégories, en ce qu'elles ont de commun. Il continue cette opération de dépouillement jusqu'à ce qu'il remonte à l'universel, qui ne s'accorde avec aucun autre universel, et qui est, par conséquent, unique. Ainsi, par exemple, si l'on dépouille l'espèce humaine de la forme qui l'embrasse en entier, afin de pouvoir envisager l'homme comme animal; puis, si on enlève à ces deux classes d'êtres leur forme commune afin de pouvoir les comparer avec les plantes, et que l'on poursuit ce dépouillement, on arrivera au genre le plus élevé (de la série), c'est-à-dire à la matière qui n'a rien de conforme avec aucun autre universel. L'intelligence, ayant poussé jusqu'à ce point, suspend l'opération de dépouillement. Disons ensuite que Dieu a créé la réflexion dans l'homme afin que celui-ci ait la faculté d'acquérir des connaissances et d'apprendre les arts. Or les connaissances consistent, soit en concepts (ou simples idées), soit en affirmations (ou propositions). Le concept, c'est la perception des formes des choses (littéralement: des formes de quiddités), perception simple qui n'est accompagnée d'aucun jugement. L'affirmation, c'est l'acte par lequel on affirme une chose d'une autre. Aussi, quand la réflexion essaye d'obtenir les connaissances qu'elle recherche, ses efforts se bornent à joindre un universel à un autre par la voie de la combinaison, afin d'en tirer une forme universelle qui soit commune à tous les individus qui sont du dehors, forme recueillie par l'entendement et faisant connaître la quiddité (ou nature) de ces individus, ou bien elle (la réflexion) juge d'une chose en la comparant avec une autre. Cette dernière opération s'appelle affirmation et revient en réalité à la première ; car, lorsqu'elle a lieu, elle procure la connaissance de la nature réelle des choses, ainsi que cela est exigé par la science qui s'occupe des jugements. Ce travail de l'entendement peut être bien ou mal dirigé; aussi a-t-on besoin d'un moyen qui fasse distinguer la bonne voie de la mauvaise, de sorte que la réflexion prenne la bonne quand elle cherche à obtenir des connaissances. Ce moyen se trouve dans le système de règles qui se nomme logique. Les anciens traitèrent d'abord ce sujet par pièces et par morceaux, sans chercher à en régulariser les procédés et sans essayer de réunir ni les questions qu'il traite ni les parties dont il se compose. Ce travail ne se fit qu'à l'époque où Aristote parut chez les Grecs. Ce philosophe l'accomplit et plaça la logique en tête des sciences philosophiques, afin qu'elle leur servît d'introduction. Elle s'appela, pour cette raison, la science première. L'ouvrage qu'Aristote lui consacra s'intitule Kitab el-Fass (le joyau); il se compose de huit livres. Les manuscrits C et D, l'édition de 1897, nous autorisent à remplacer l'orthographe traditionnelle ja"sJ' par juzj. On verra plus loin qu'il servait à déterminer les mots clés d'une collection de traités d'Aristote. Le traducteur turc a rendu les mots par ja, Lj dans laquelle on avait fait entrer tout l'Organon d'Aristote, par pièce par pièce, Ganon et Vhagoge de Porphyrre. PROLÉGOMÈNES dont quatre ont pour sujet la forme (ou théorie) et cinq la matière (ou application) du syllogisme. Pour comprendre cela, il faut savoir que les jugements qu'on cherche à se former sont de plusieurs espèces : les uns sont certains par leur nature, et les autres sont des opinions plus ou moins probables. On peut donc envisager le syllogisme (sous deux points de vue : d'abord) dans ses rapports avec le problème dont il doit donner la solution, et alors on examine quelles sont les prémisses qu'il doit avoir dans ce cas, et voir si la réponse qu'on cherche appartient à la catégorie de la science ou à celle de la spéculation; ou bien on le considère, non pas dans les rapports qu'il peut avoir avec un certain problème, mais dans le mode de formation qui lui est particulier. Dans le premier cas, on dit du syllogisme qu'il s'envisage sous le point de vue de la matière, c'est-à-dire de la matière qui donne naissance au résultat qu'on cherche, résultat qui peut être, soit une certitude, soit une opinion. Dans le second cas, on dit que le syllogisme s'envisage sous le point de vue de la forme et sous celui de la manière de sa construction en général. Voilà pourquoi les livres de la logique (Organon) sont huit en nombre. Le premier traite des genres supérieurs, genres au-dessus desquels il n'y en a point d'autre, et que l'on parvient à connaître en écartant les formes des choses sensibles qui se trouvent dans l'entendement. Ce livre a pour titre Kitab el-Macoulat (le livre des prédicaments ou catégories). Le second a pour sujet les jugements affirmés et leurs espèces. Il se nomme Kitab el-Eîbara (livre de l'expression, hermeneia). Le troisième traite du syllogisme (kïas) en général et du mode de sa formation. Il s'appelle Kitab el-Kïas (livre du syllogisme). L'auteur aurait dû écrire quatre, mais il me semble que l'auteur aurait dû tenir compte de l'Isagoge. C'est probablement par mégarde qu'il a compté huit entre les livres seulement dans le Kitab el-Fass, et il passe au livre suivant : d'après ses propres indications, il y en avait neuf. D'IBN KHALDOUN. 153 l'analogie ou premiers analytiques). Il est le dernier de ceux dans lesquels la logique s'envisage quant à sa forme. Le quatrième est le Kitab el-Borhan (livre de la démonstration, les derniers analytiques). Il traite du syllogisme qui produit la certitude, montre pourquoi les prémisses du syllogisme doivent être des vérités certaines, et fait connaître d'une manière spéciale les autres conditions dont l'observance est de rigueur quand on veut arriver à la certitude. Ces conditions y sont nettement indiquées : ainsi, par exemple, les prémisses doivent être (des vérités) essentielles et premières. Dans ce même livre, il est question des connaissances et des définitions. Selon les anciens (philosophes), ces matières y ont été traitées spécialement parce qu'elles (les prémisses) s'emploient pour obtenir la certitude, et cela dépend de la conformité de la définition avec la chose définie, conformité qu'aucune autre condition ne saurait remplacer. Le cinquième livre s'intitule Kitab el-Djadal (livre de la controverse, les topiques). Il indique le genre de raisonnement qui sert à détruire les propositions captieuses, à réduire au silence l'adversaire et à faire connaître les arguments probables dont on peut faire usage. Pour mener à ce but, le même livre spécifie quelques autres conditions indispensables. Il indique aussi les lieux d'où celui qui s'engage dans une discussion doit tirer ses arguments, en désignant le lien qui réunit les deux extrêmes du problème qu'il s'agit de résoudre, lien qui s'appelle terme moyen. On trouve dans ce même traité ce qui regarde la conversion des propositions. Le sixième livre est intitulé Kitab es-Sofista (livre du sophisme, réfutation des sophistes). Le sophisme est l'argument dont on se sert pour démontrer ce qui est contraire à la vérité et pour tromper son adversaire; il est mauvais quant à son but et à son objet, et, si on l'a pris pour le sujet d'un traité, cela a été uniquement pour faire voir ce que c'est que le raisonnement sophistique et pour empêcher l'auditeur de donner dans ce piège. Le septième livre est le Kitab el-Khilafta (livre de l'allocution, la rhétorique). Il indique le (genre de) raisonnement que l'on doit employer dans le but de passionner son auditoire et de l'entraîner à faire ce qu'on veut qu'il fasse. Plus tard, quand on eut ramené cet art à un système régulier et bien ordonné, les philosophes, parmi les Grecs, sentirent la nécessité d'un ouvrage traitant des universaux, au moyen desquels on acquiert la connaissance des formes qui correspondent aux choses (littéralement "aux quiddités") du dehors, ou bien aux parties de ces choses, ou bien à leurs accidents. Il y a cinq universaux : le genre, l'espèce, la différence, la propriété et l'accident général. Pour réparer cette omission, ils composèrent (c'est-à-dire, selon la tradition, Porphyre composa) un traité spécial qui devait servir d'introduction à cette branche de science. Ce fut ainsi que le nombre des livres (qui forment l'Organon) se trouva porté à neuf. On les traduisit (en arabe) quand l'islamisme était déjà établi, et les philosophes musulmans entreprirent d'en faire des commentaires et des abrégés. C'est ce que firent El-Farâbi, Ibn Sîna (Avicenne) et, plus tard, Ibn Rochd (Averroès), philosophe espagnol. Le Kitab es-Sifa d'ibn Sina renferme l'exposition complète des sept sciences philosophiques. Les savants d'une époque plus moderne changèrent le système conventionnel de la logique, en ajoutant à la partie qui renferme l'exposition des cinq universaux les fruits qui en dérivent, c'est-à-dire le traité sur les définitions et les descriptions, traité qu'ils ajoutèrent aux sept sciences philosophiques. Selon les logiciens arabes, on désigne une chose par le genre et la différence les plus proches, ou par la différence la plus éloignée. détachèrent le Livre de la Démonstration. Ils supprimèrent le Livre des Prédicaments pour la raison que ce traité n'est pas spécialement consacré aux problèmes de la logique et qu'il ne les aborde que par hasard. Ils insérèrent dans le Livre de l'Expression le traité de la conversion des propositions, bien que, chez les anciens, il fit partie du Livre de la Controverse. Cela eut lieu pour la raison que ce traité est, à quelques égards, une suite du livre qui a pour sujet les jugements. Ensuite, ils envisagèrent le syllogisme sous un point de vue général, comme moyen (pratique) d'obtenir la solution des problèmes, et abandonnèrent l'usage de le considérer quant à sa matière (c'est-à-dire comme une simple théorie). Aussi laissèrent-ils de côté cinq livres : ceux de la Démonstration, de la Controverse, de l'Allocution, de la Poétique et du Sophisme. Quelques-uns d'entre eux ont pris connaissance de ces livres, mais d'une manière très-superficielle; et nous pouvons dire qu'en général ils les ont négligés au point qu'ils semblent en avoir ignoré l'existence. Ces traités forment ce pendant une partie importante et fondamentale de la logique. Plus tard, «les docteurs» commencèrent «à discuter» très-longuement sur «les ouvrages» de cette classe, et, dans leurs dissertations proches et diffuses, ils envisagèrent cet art, non pas comme l'instrument au moyen duquel on obtient des connaissances, mais comme une science sui generis. Le premier qui entra dans cette voie fut Fakhr ed-Dîn Ibn el-Khatîb; le docteur Afdal ed-Dîn el-Kboundji suivit son exemple dans plusieurs écrits qui font aujourd'hui autorité chez les Orientaux. Son «Kechf el-Asrar» (secrets dévoilés) est un ouvrage proche, «qu'elle seule, soit jointe au genre le plus éloigné, ou par le genre le plus proche joint à une propriété, ou par une propriété, soit seule, soit jointe à un genre éloigné. La définition de la première classe s'appelle définition parfaite; celle de la deuxième classe, définition imparfaite; celle de la troisième classe, description parfaite; et celle de la quatrième classe, description imparfaite. Abou Abd Allah Mohammed Ibn Namaouar el-Khoundji, docteur chaféite et grand cadi d'Égypte, remplit les fonctions de professeur au collège Salehiva et composa plusieurs ouvrages sur la logique. Il mourut en 675 (1247 de J.-C.) ou en 649, selon Haddji Khalifa. PROLÉGOMÈNES Très-étendu, et son abrégé du Moudjez (ou compendium de la logique d'Avicenne) est bon comme livre d'enseignement. Son abrégé du Djamel, remplissant quatre feuillets et embrassant le système entier de la logique et les principes de cet art, continue jusqu'à nos jours à se vir de manuel aux étudiants et à leur être d'un grand secours. L'étude des livres des anciens et de leurs méthodes fut alors abandonnée; ce fut comme si ces ouvrages n'avaient jamais existé, et cependant ils renfermaient tous les fruits et toutes les connaissances utiles que la logique peut fournir. C'est là une remarque que nous avons faite plus haut. Au reste, Dieu dirige vers la vérité. Les anciens musulmans et les premiers docteurs scolastiques désapprouvèrent hautement l'étude de la logique et la condamnèrent avec une sévérité extrême; ils la prohibèrent comme dangereuse et défendirent à qui que ce fût d'apprendre cet art ou de l'enseigner. Mais leurs successeurs, à partir d'El-Ghazzali et de l'imam Ibn el-Khatib, se relâchèrent un peu de cette rigueur, et dès lors on s'y appliqua avec ardeur. Un petit nombre de docteurs continue toutefois à pencher vers l'opinion des anciens, à montrer de la répugnance pour la logique et à la repousser de la manière la plus formelle. Nous allons exposer les motifs qui portaient les uns à favoriser cette étude, et les autres à la désapprouver, et nous ferons ainsi connaître les résultats auxquels ont abouti les doctrines professées par les savants (des deux classes). Les théologiens qui inventèrent la scolastique, ayant eu pour but de défendre les dogmes de la foi par l'emploi de preuves intellectuelles, adoptèrent pour bases de leur méthode un certain nombre d'arguments d'un caractère tout particulier, et les consignèrent dans leurs livres. Ainsi, pour démontrer la nouveauté (ou non-éternité, à parté ante) du monde, ils affirmèrent l'existence des accidents et leur nouveauté; ils déclarèrent qu'aucun corps n'en était dépourvu, et en tirèrent cette conséquence, savoir, que ce qui n'est pas dépourvu de nouveautés (ou d'accidents non-éternels) est lui-même nouveau (non éternel). Ils mirent en avant l'argument de l'empêchement mutuel pour démontrer l'unité de Dieu; ils se servirent des quatre liens qui attachent l'absent au présent pour démontrer l'éternité des attributs. Leurs livres renferment plusieurs autres arguments de cette nature. Voulant ensuite appuyer leurs raisonnements sur une base solide, ils dressèrent un système de principes qui devait leur servir de fondement et d'introduction. Ils affirmèrent, par exemple, la réalité de la substance simple (des atomes), l'instantanéité du temps (c'est-à-dire que les temps se composent d'une série d'instants), et l'existence du vide. Ils rejetèrent l'opinion que la nature forme une loi immuable et celle de la liaison intelligible des qualités entre elles (niant ainsi la causalité). Ils déclarèrent que l'accident ne dure pas deux instants de temps (mais qu'il est créé de nouveau à chaque instant par la puissance toujours active de Dieu), et enseignaient que l'état, envisagé comme une qualité propre à tout ce qui existe, n'est ni existant. Les Aclairites enseignaient que Dieu était savant au moyen d'un savoir, puissant au moyen d'une puissance et voulant au moyen d'une volonté qui lui étaient propres. Les anciens docteurs de cette école employaient, pour démontrer ce principe, plusieurs arguments dont l'un était de juger de ce qui était absent ou invisible, par ce qui était présent, ou visible. Ils disaient, selon l'auteur du Meiwakif, édition de Leipzig, p. 11, que la cause, la définition et la condition du présent s'appliquent sans différence aucune à l'absent; car il est certain que la cause qui rend saissant un être présent, c'est le savoir, et qu'il en est de même pour l'être absent; que la définition qui constate qu'un être est savant s'applique également à l'être présent et à l'être absent, et que la condition qui assure la certitude de l'origine d'un homme présent, c'est la certitude de la racine d'où il sort, et cela est également vrai pour l'homme qui est absent. — Nous avons ici, il me semble, trois des liens dont parle Ibn Khaldoun; quant au quatrième, je ne l'ai pas trouvé. Voyez le Guide des Égarés de Maimonide, édition de M. Munk, vol. I, p. 376 et suiv. PROLEGOMÈNES ni non existant. C'était sur ces principes et sur quelques autres qu'ils fondaient les arguments spéciaux dont ils se servaient. Cette "doctrine" était déjà établie quand le cheikh Abou 'l-Hacen (el-Achari) et le cadi Abou Bekr (el-Bakillani) et l'ostad (ou maître) Abou Ishac (el-Isferaïni) enseignèrent que les arguments servant à prouver les dogmes étaient inverses (rétroactifs), c'est-à-dire que, si on les déclarait nuls, on admettait la nullité de ce qu'ils devaient démontrer. Aussi le cadi Abou Bekr regarda-t-il ces arguments comme tout aussi sacrés que les dogmes mêmes, et déclara-t-il qu'en les attaquant on attaquait les dogmes dont ils formaient la base. Si nous examinons, toutefois, la logique, nous voyons que cet art se rattache entièrement au principe de la liaison intelligible (c'est-à-dire que l'intelligence aperçoit d'une manière évidente qu'il y a liaison réelle entre la cause et l'effet) et sur celui de la réalité de l'universel naturel du dehors (les universaux objectifs), auquel doit correspondre l'universel (subjectif) qui est dans l'entendement et qui se partage en cinq parties bien connues, savoir : le genre, l'espèce, la différence, la propriété et l'accident général. Mais les théologiens scolastiques regardaient cela comme faux et enseignaient que l'universel n'existerait pas en tant que être réel, du moins comme être possible ou en puissance, certains types universels des choses créées. Ces types offrent quelque analogie avec les idées de Platon; mais les docteurs musulmans, ne pouvant admettre l'existence d'êtres réels entre le Créateur et les individus créés, leur attribuent une condition intermédiaire entre la réalité et la non-réalité. Cet état possible, mais qu'il faut bien se garder de confondre avec la Métallurgie d'Aristote, est désigné par le mot hâle, qui signifie condition, état ou circonstance. Ils appliquaient aussi leur théorie aux attributs divins en général, en disant que ces attributs ne sont ni l'essence de Dieu, ni quelque chose en dehors de son essence : ce sont des conditions ou des états qu'on ne reconnaît qu'avec l'essence qu'ils servent à qualifier, mais qui, considérés en eux-mêmes, ne sont ni existants ni non existants et dont on ne peut dire qu'on les connaît ni qu'on les ignore. La définision qu'ils donnent des universaux et qu'ibn Khaldoun reproduit ici est longuement expliquée dans le Dictionary of technical terms. D'IBN KHALDOUN. Les commentaires et l'essentiel étaient de simples concepts, n'ayant rien qui leur correspondît en dehors de l'entendement; ou bien, disaient-ils, ce sont des états. La dernière opinion était celle des scolastiques qui admettaient la doctrine des états. De cette manière se trouvaient anéantisés les cinq universaux, les définitions dont ils sont les bases, les dix catégories et l'accident essentiel. Cela entraînait la nullité des propositions nécessaires et essentielles (les axiomes ou premiers principes), celles dont les caractères sont spécifiés, selon les logiciens, dans le Livre de la Démonstration (les derniers analytiques). La cause intelligible disparaissait aussi, ce qui ôtait toute valeur au Livre de la Démonstration et amenait la disparition des lieux qui forment le sujet principal du Livre de la Controverse (les topiques), et dans lesquels on cherche le moyen qui sert à réunir les deux extrêmes du syllogisme. Ainsi rien ne restait (de la logique), excepté le syllogisme formel (l'enthymème). D'entre les définitions (disparut) celle qui est également vraie pour tous les individus de la (catégorie) définie; définition qui, n'étant ni trop générale ni trop restreinte, n'admet pas des individus étrangers à cette catégorie et n'en exclut aucune qui y appartienne. C'est la définition que les grammairiens appellent réunion et empêchement, et que les scolastiques désignent par le terme généralisation et conversion. De cette façon on renversait toutes les colonnes de la logique.
| 33,175 |
bpt6k619754b_2
|
French-PD-Newspapers
|
Open Culture
|
Public Domain
| null |
Le Petit journal
|
None
|
French
|
Spoken
| 9,557 | 16,922 |
Ely MONTCLERC* (La suite â dçmàin. ) LUNDI 17 JUIN 1910 Le Petit Journal CHRONIQUE TDli laUNEH Nouvelles statues, nouveaux bustes et médaillons. — Le monument do vicomte fl. de Bornier, à LuneL — « La fille de Roland ». — Un poète bien doué. — Le médaillon d'Edouard Cadol, àUluny. — Le théâtre Cluny, autrefois. — Aspirations littéraires. — « Les Inutiles ».—La lecture à Kohant.—Le grand succès.—Le buste de Louis Ratisbonne, ■ su Luxembourg.— Les réflexions philosophiques d'us gardien Le linceul de l'oubli. Le mal de la statue —Je ne dirai pas la maladie de la pierre, puisque le bron ze joue aussi; son rôle dans l'aventure, — le mal de la statue, dis-je, continue à sévir. Je crois bien que les sculpteurs y sont pour quelque chose. Dame, le travail du sculpteur est moins facile'à placer que celui du peintre, et les che valiers du ciseau et de l'ébauchoir s'in génient pour vivre. Ges temps derniers, on a « bustifié » et « médaillonnë » — si on veut bien me passer ces barbarismes. Les bustes, c'est, à Lunel, celui du vicomte Henri ide Bornier, l'auteur de la Fille de Roland , que ses compatriotes ont sacré prophète en son pays. Car, remarquez bien que le vieux proverbe « Nul n'est prophète en son pays », est i désuet et passé de mode. C'est, aujour ? d'hui, tout lè contraire qui est la vérité. Il n'est si petit pays qui ne revendique son grand homme local et ne l'immorta• lise — il le croit, du moins — en bronze, marbre où pierre, statue, buste ou mé daillon, chacun selon ses moyens. Si vous me demandez la raison de ce revirement dans les habitulde^, je vous répondrai que c'est une fantaisie de la vanité humaine : la gloire du grand homme local se reflète sur ses compa triotes.et, par reflet, chacun d'eux prend sa petite part du rayon. Donc, le 23 de ce mois, Lunel inaugurera un monument à la mémoire d'Henri de Bornier, et la Comédie-Fran çaise figurera à la cérémonie par une re présentation de la Fille de Roland, ce qui est justice, puisque ce drame fut un très grand succès en 1875 et l'une des premières manifestations du réveil na tional. Il est resté au répertoire, et, de <oin en loin, on le voit encore reparaître sur l'affiche. C'est lui, d'ailleurs, qui ouvrit les portes de l'Académie française à Henri de Bornier qui, avant d'y péné trer, : soupira pendant bien des années sous le péristyle. L'œuvre est honorable, mieux qu'honorable à cause du généreùx souffle patriotique qui l'anime, et son auteur, bien qu'il ait un actif litté raire sérieux et pesant, un bagage vrai ment considérable, restera toujours et quand même « l'auteur de la Fille de Roland. » Je l'ai beaucoup connu, Henri Ide Bor nier ; c'était un tout petit homme qui faisait de très grands vers. Il les faisait avec une facilité déconcertante. Je crois même qu'il..lui était, plus aisé d'écrire et de parler en vers, qu'en prose, car il a entassé poèmes sur poèmes. Avant d'être académicien, il a été longtemps lauréat de l'Académie, où, chaque an née, il vous décrochait son prix de po& sie, à bras tendu. C'était, d'ailleurs, un aimable et excellent homme, et j'ai conservé très bon souvenir des soirées passées avec lui, à la bibliothèque (de l'Arsenal. , Quelle est la forme du monument que lui élève la ville de Lunel ? je ne saurais dire, mais je suppose que le statuaire, très malin et se conformant à l'habitude, aura escamoté son modèle qui,d'ailleurs, était peu plastique, et aura dressé le buste sur une stèle accompagnée d'attri buts variés. x Cependant qu'au théâtre Cluny, on a inauguré un médaillon commémoratif d'Edouard Cadol, ce qui est justice, car c'est à cet aimable écrivain, qui fut mon coiidial compagnon de jeunesse, que le petit théâtre de la rive gauche a dû de la célébrité. Je ne puis me rappeler sans émotion le souvenir de. mon cher ami Ed. Cadol, et je vois encore sa figure souriante, sans amertume, j'entends sa voix aux inflexions Spirituelles, car il avait beau coup d'esprit.. C'était un causeur char mant, et ce qui est rare, il ne disait du mal de personne. Il n'avait guère d'illu sion sur les choses et les hommes, mais son scepticisme était si bienveillant ! Il a eu la vie difficile : «J'attends toujours l'heure de la chance — me disait-il en riant — elle tarde bien à sonner 1 Je crains que l'horloge ne retarde... à moins même qu'elle ne soit arrêtée I » Travailleur infatigable, il avait tou jours cinq ou six pièces en son tiroir, et au moins deux pu trois romans entamés. Il était loin d'être sans mérite, mais il était malchanceux, peut-être simple ment mddeste et incapable d'intrigue et de bluff. On a toujours mauvaise grâce k dire : « Notre génération valait mieux que celle qui a suivi », et pourtant, il me semble que la génération dont était Cadol avait plus de générosité, plus de simplicité, moins d'âpreté au gain — de venu le but suprême — plus de résigna tion et de belle humeur, que l'actuelle génération, sombre, préoccupée, égoïste et sans désintéressement. Un jour vint où le brave ami Cadol eut son rayon de soleil. L'horloge, ce jour-là, sonna l'heure Ide la chance. Je crois que, par malheur, le balancier s'arrêta ensuite, et cessa de fournir sa course régulière. C'était en 1867, Cadol venait d'achever une pièce en quatre actss : « Je crois qu'elle n'est pas trop mau vaise et voudrais bien vous la lire... », écrivait-il à George Sand qui l'aimait beaucoup, lui donnant un peu de cette tendres§e maternelle dont son cœur n'é tait pas avare : « Viens vite me lire ta pièce, petit, répondit-elle, je suis "sûre qu'elle est très bien. Nous verrons après, où la faire jouer. » Cadol partit pour Nohant, et, un beau soir, dans le granld salon, sous I'abat-jour de. la lampe Carcel, il lut les Inutiles. George Sand trou vé la pièce charmante. Elle l'est,en effet. La difficulté était de idécouvrir le théâtre qui voudrait bien l'accueillir. Quand une pièce est bonne, elle a toujours beaucoup de peine à se placer. En ce temps-là, le petit théâtre Cluny, qui venait Ide naître, avait pour direc teur un pseudo-comédien, qui avait des aspirations littéraires. Il s'appelait La Kcchelle, de son nom de guerre, Boulan ger, de son vrai nom.'Il avait été bat teur d'or dans sa jeunesse, avait ensuite fcfettu l'estratie, et avait passé gar le Conservatoire où, en 1847, il avait eu le premier prix de comédie. C'était un homme très intelligent, qui a fait bril lante carrière comme directeur ide théâ tre. C'est même un des rares impresarii qui firent fortune dans l'ingrat métier. Il rêvait de faire de Cluny un théâtre d'ordre, et je, dois dire, en bonne justice, qu'il y réussit presque. C'est sous sa di rection que furent représentés les Scep tiques, une estimable comédie de Féli cien Mallefille ; le Juif polonais, d'Erckmann-Chatrian ; les Deux Soeurs, d'Emi le de Girardin — d'Emile de Girardin tout seul, sans collaborateur, qui vou lut prouver ainsi que le Supplice d'une femme, fait en collaboration avec Alexandre Dumas, était bien de lui, Girardin, de lui, tout seul, et que Dumas n'y était absolument pour rien. Après les Deux Sœurs, on fut fixé, et ce fut pour le journaliste Girardin la fin de sa carrière d'auteur dramatique.— La Rochelle reçut les Inutiles à bras ouverts, Il monta la pièce de son mieux, et la. première représentation date du 24 sep tembre 1868. Le succès fut très grand. Les Inutiles eurent plusieurs centaines de représen tations. La pièce est charmante, de sim plicité aimable, d'un esprit bon enfant. La reprise en serait-elle possible au jourd'hui, en .ee temps de boxe drama tique, où l'émotion douce se remplace par la vigueur du coup de poing, je ne le crois guère ? En tout cas, le succès fut tel que le titre de la pièce est insépa rable du nom de Cluny, qui reste encore le théâtre des Inutiles, alors, cependant, qu'il a changé son genre et vogue, à présent, en plein vaujdeville burlesque. Le médaillon d'Edouard Cadol a vrai ment sa raison d'être là où on l'a placé, x L'autre buste, c'est au jardin du Luxembourg qu'on l'a érigé. Le pauvre Luxembourg, on l'encombre de statues et de bustes, inutiles pour la plupart, si bien qu'aujourd'hui il prend aspect de Campo-Santo. On n'y peut faire trois pas sans se heurter à d'illustres incon nus de marbre ou-de pierre. Dans une dizaine d'années, il faudra des inscrip tions explicatives pour s'y reconnaître. Louis Ratisbonne qu'on vient de com mémorer, fut assurément un aimable homme, il a commis d'agréables versiculets, et la Comédie enfantine a réjoui beaucoup Ide bébés de l'actuelle généra tion. C'est peut-être un peu maigre, tout de même, pour mériter un monument public, fût-il composé d'un simple tuste. Je me promenais justement au Luxem bourg le jour de l'inauguration, et cela, bien par hasard.Je-vis une tente en coutil rayé et une assemblée sous la tente : — Qu'est-cela ? ai-je (demandé à un gardien moustachu et "fortement mé daillé. la Fête nationale fie la Mutualité _— LÉGION D'HONNEUR Une promotion dans la Légion d'honneur a été faite à l'occasion de la fête nationale de la Mutualité. Ont été promus au grade d'officier de la Légion d'honneur : MM. Leven (Emile-Isaac Daniel), vi;e-prési dent de la Fédération Nationale de la Mutua lité ; Mirouël (Maximilien-Auguste), membre du Conseil supérieur de la Mutualité ; Thivet, dit Thivet-Hanctin (Marie-Alfred-Ernest), pré sident-fondateur de la Société scolaire de se cours mutuels de Saint-Deu's ; Wilmoth (JeanBaptiste-Marie-Paul), président-fondateur de la Société de Secours mutuels l'Amicale de l'ate lier général du Timbre. " Ont été nommés chevaliers : MM. Apy (Eugène-Achille), industriel, mem bre fondateur et administrateur de la Société de prévoyance en faveur de la vieillesse ; Bâillât (Louis-Nicolas), représentant de com merce, président de la Société philanthropique l'Union du Commerce ; Bethout (PierreEdouard), vice-président de la Protection mu tuelle des voyageurs de commerce ; Binet (Au guste-Théophile), président depuis 1886 de la Société de secours mutuels du Raincy ; Cauvet (Louis-Edgard), ancien négociant ; Delorière (Charles-Alfred), receveur des finances hono raire ; Demelin (Emile-Auguste), fondateur de là" Société l'Avenir de Senlis ; Ernst (Hippolyte), fondateur, membre du Comité central des Prévoyants de l'Avenir depuis 1888 ; Gelly (Jean-Louis-Siméonj, avqué près le tribunal civil de Toulouse ; Israël, dit Charles-Cerf, se crétaire. général de la Société de protection des voyageurs de commerce de 1884 à 1896. MM. Matrot (Pierre-Henri), vice-président et trésorier de la Société de secours mutuels de la boucherië, depuis plus de 30 ans ; Olivier (Jean-Baptiste), vice-président de l'Union dé partemental^ des Sociétés de secours mutuels de la Gironde ; de Pachtère (Félix-Constant), président fondateur de la Prévoyance du Li vre ; Pefllon (Jean-Marie, dit Joannès), agent commercial, président de l'Union des Sociétés de secours mutuels de la Loire ; Pretet (Ga briel), publiciste. Mme veuve RolAé, née Jacques, dite RolDéJacques (Charlotte-Adèle-Louise), membre fon dateur de la Société des auteurs et composi teurs dramatiques. MM. Salomon (Alphonse), industriel; Traïuet (Ernest), fondateur depuis 1889 et président d'honneur de la section Paris-Est de l'Orphe linat des chemins de fer français ; Vienot (Fré déric-Louis-Emile), directeur honoraire d'eoole primaire ; Viilard (Louis-Joseph), président de l'Union des Sociétés de secouas mutuels de l'Ain. LES AFFAIRES MAROCAINES -** LA COLONNE GOURAI)!> (Dépêche de l'Agence Havas) . Fez, 16 Juin. La colonne "Gouraud envoyé©, comme on «ait, vers Sefrou, contne des groupes de dis sidents, ai campé à Souk-Tleta. Un ressembleraient de Bou-Merched', com prenant quelques centaines d'hommes, s'est reporté à Bou-Zamian. Le fait que quelques chérifs accompa gnent la colonne a produit une bonne im pression. Une fraction d'Hayiama est venue spon tanément offrir sa soumission. Une recrudescence s'est produite dans l'agitation signalée aux alentours de Bahlil et de Sefrou. . On a entendu, dans l'après-midi d'hier, quelques lointains coups de canon, qu'an croit avoir été tirés par la garnison de Sètrou. x .■■■■■ LE RETOUR EN FRANCE DE M. RECNAULT (Dépêche de notre correspondant) Marseille, 16 Juin. Le Du-Chayla, qui ramène en France M. Regnault, sa famille et le personnel de l'ancienne légation de France au Maroc, est arrivé à Marseille ce matin et a mouillé dans le bassin national. . A midi, M. Valette, secrétaire général die la préfecture, s'est rendu à bord du DuChdyla {pour saluer M. Regnault au nqm du préfet. Sitôt ap,rè|5 jciette Visite, le Du-Chayla a amené le pavillon de l'ex-ministre pléni potentiaire de France au Maroc qui était hissé au mât arrière. M. Regnault, sa femme et le personnel de la légation de Tanger omit déjeuné à .bord du Du-Chayla. Ils .ont quitté le DuChayla vers deux heures de l'après-midi, et ont été salués à la coupée, par le com mandant du croiseur, entouré de son étatmajar. M. Regnault, visiblement ému, & re mercié le'commandiant dés marques de sym pathie dont il a/vait été l'objet, lui et sa fa mille, au cours de leur traversée de Tanger à Marseille. Au moment où M. Regnault prenait pla ce dans la vedette qui dievait le conduire à quai, le Du-Chayla a tiré une salve die 11 coups de canon. M. Regnault a fait, cet après-midi, une promenade en automobile. Il «partira ce soir pour Paris avec Mme et Mlle Regnault, par le rapide de 8 il. 15. iDaipÊi la Monument à M. Map **— Un discours du Président du Conseil (Dépêche de notre correspondant) Dijon, 16 Juin. Aujourd'hui a eu lieu, dans la. petite com mune de Brazey-en-Plaine, sous<. la prési dence de M. Poincaré, président du Conseil, ministre des Affaires étrangères, assisté de M. Baudard, préfet de la Côte-d'Or, des sous-préfets, des représentants du départe ment, de M. Pallain, gouverneur de la Banque de France, et d'un grand nombre d'autres personnalités, l'inauguration _dù monument élevé à Joseph Magnin, ancien député, ancien sénateur, ancien gouverneur de la Banque de France, qui fut, à différen tesreprises, ministre, vice-président du Sénat, et remplit.pendant près de quarante années les fonctions de président du conseil général de la Côte-d'Or. Ce monument, érigé par souscription, se dresse sur une petite place, entre l'église et l'école publique, lise compose d'un buste en marbre reposant sur un socle en tronc de pyramide. Ce socle supporte également, en coin, dans un mouvement gracieux, une statue en bronze symbolisant la Républi que, qui domine le buste en l'entpurant à demi des.plis du drapeau. Le buste et la statue sont l'œuvre de M. Paul Gasq. M. Raymond Poincaré, qui, arrivé de Paris hier soir, à 11 heures, avait passé la nuit à la préfecture, est parti ce matin, à 9 heures, en automobile, accompagné du préfet et de son chef de cabinet. A 10 heures moins un quart, à sa descente de voiture, il a été reçu par la municipalité de Brazey : A 10 heures et demie, on a procédé, en présence d'une foule énorme, à l'inaugura tion du monument. De nombreux discours ont alors été pro noncés. M. Poincaré a parlé le premier. LE DISCOURS DE M. POINCARÉ ' Après avoir rappelé que dans les derniè res années de lia vie si remplie de Jo seph Magnin', il avait été un de ses inti mes collaborateurs à la commission des finances du Sénat, le président du Conseil trace un portrait de l'infatigable travail leur qu'était encore Magnin à 85 ans. Il eut le courage de s'opposer aux surenchè res et d'affronter, pour endiguer les dépenses publiques, le risque d'une passagère impopula rité. C'est à ce signe, messieurs, qu'on reioonruaît les bons ministres des Financée.. Le ministère Gamtoetta appela Magnin au gouvernement de la Banque de France. A TRAVERS PARIS -t—**-— Une poursuite interrompue Le gardien de la paix, Josieph Mailletoauidi, du VIII" arrondissement, apercevrait, (hier matin, vers onze heures, un camelot' qui, installé sur le terre-plein 1 <Iu boiulevaird des ©atàgnolles, offrait aux passants, des objets divers. L'agent s'avança' pour appréhender le ca melot, qui, à sa vue, ramassant preste ment sa marchandise s'enfuit à toutes jam bes. La poursuite menaçait de s'éterniser lors que le malheureux gardien tut tamponné ipar une automobile qu'il m'avait' pas vm ve nir. Blessé sur diverses parties du corps, 1© gardien Maillehaud, après avoir été pan sé à l'hôpital B'eauj on, a été transporté à domicile. Un hlessê sous le tunnel du Métropolitain Un hospitalisé die Nanterre, M. Pierre Legranid, âgé die 64 ans, a été trouvé, hier ma tin, vers dix heures; sous le tuwjel du Mé tropolitain, entre les stations de la gare die Lyon et de Reuilly. M. Legrand, qui portait une assez grave blessure à la tête et qui n'a pu expliquer sa présence sur les voies, a été transporté à l'hôpital Saint-Antoine. Collision de taxi-autos Deux taxi-autos sont entrés en .collision, hier matin, vers dix heures et deanâe, quai de Jemmapes. Deux voyageurs,M.Clouet' et M.Lamdrault, cultivateur à Onban (Tarn), qui se (trou vaient, chacun dans une voiture, ont été lé gèrement blessés à la tête. Après avoir reçu des soins dans une pharmacie, ils ont pu regagner leur domi cile. UN ARABE ATTAQUÉ. — Un Arabe, Moham med Kamoraf, marchaaid de tapis, demeurant rue de Bièvne, a été assailli et diévaLisé, la nuit dernière, sur lg pont au Double, par cinq malfaiteurs. Les agents ont pu en arrêter trois: Georges Lavergne, âgé <le 18 ans, demeurant 25, rue du Moulinet ; Félix Dulac, âgé de 15 ans, demeurant 12,impasse des Hautes-Formes, et A/uguste Malins, âgé de 24 ans, sans domi cile.-lis ont été envoyés au Dépôt. UN CLIENT SERIEUX. — Ne pouvant payer leurs consommations, quatre individuis se Sau vèrent à toutes jambes d'un bar diu faubourg Saint-Antoine. L'un des fuyards, Etienne de Vylere, demeurant rue de. ïteudlly, rejoint, me naça de son revolver le garçon du bar. qui l'avait empoigné. Conduit au commissariat, ce client « sérieux » a été envoyé au Diépôt. MORT SUBITE. Place Saint-Philippe-duRauâe, une dàine âgée de 70 ans environ, , vêtue de noir et paraissant de situation aisée s'est affaissée tout à coup. CHOISISSEZ BIEN —— ■ Si vous voulez avoir unie bicyclette et ne voulez pas avoir de déboire® par la suite, choisissez bien avant d'acheter. Prenez une grande marque, une marque de renom, uni© marque qui ait fait ses preuves. A ce sujet, vous, ne pouvez mieux faire que de vous adresser à la maison de confiance La Cocarde, dont la vente au comptant augmente sans cesse dans . des proportions considérables, bien qu'elle ac cepte de vendre à crédit, à partir de 9 francs par mois, car elle sait que ses clients paieront toujours avec sa tisfaction, même à longue échéance. En effet, les bicyclettes La Cocarde sont les plus roulantes, les plus solides ; elles ignorent les réparations. , Demandez le catalogue au directeur des cycles La Cocarde, 105, rue Lafayette,Paris. Le Nouveau Cabinet portugais _—**—_ Lisbonne, 16 Juin. A la suite de l'échec de M. Vasconcellos, dont on avait escompté la réussite pour la formation du nouveau cabinet, M. Duarte Leite, après de nombreuses négociations a réussi à former un ministère, dans lequel il s'est réservé la présidence du Conseil et le portefeuille de l'Intérieur. L'OUVERTURE DE LA PECHE -** .Certes, le temps n'a pas favorisé, hier, les pêcheurs parisiens qui, le long étui en bandoulière et la boîte d'amorces à la main, se préparaient à célébrer l'ouverture de la pêche par une station plus ou moins prolongée sur les quais de la Seine, de Charenton au Point-du-Jour. Nombreux, pourtant, ont été les amateurs de la pêche à la ligne, qui, malgré la pluie, oint voulu marquer ce jour par quelques touches heureuses. A Charenton, tous les bons coins avaient été retenus. Au PontNeuf, la pointe du Vert-Galant était héris sée de gaules brandies d'une main habile et attentive. Et, de dix heures du matin à midî, les stoïquies pêcheurs reçurent l'ondée, mais leurs captures furent bonnes. Couronnemepts de Rosières —**— AUX LILAS Le couronnement de la nouvelle rosière de l'année, bénéficiaire du legs Didillon, a eu lieu hier après-midi,, avec le cérémonial traditionnel. Cette charmante fête était présidée par M. Gervais, sénateur de la Seine,, assisté die la municipalité des Lilas. A deiux heures et demie, MM. Renault et Chrétien," adjoints au maire , précédés des sapeurs-pompiers et des sociétés musica les de la localité, se sont rendus au doanicile de Mlle Ernilie-Léontine Chevreuil, la nouvelle rosière, rue des Ecoles. Au bras du premier adjoint, la rosièire a été ensuite conduite en cortège à la miaâirie et à la salle des fêtes de la place Paul-dé.Rock, où, après les discours S 'usage, re mise lui a été faite d'une somme de 540 francs, montant du legs et d'un bijou d'or au nom de là municipalité. x A NEU1LLY-SUR-SEINE La remise des trois prix de mérite, dis tribués chaque année, à trois jeunes filles habitant Neuilly, qui se sont particulière ment distinguées par leur conduite et par leur® vertus familiales, a eu lieu, hier, en grande solennité à l'Hôtel de Ville. M. Nortier, maire de Neuilly, a prononcé une allocution et vivemerat félicité les trois heureuses éMies. • Les -trois rosières choisies par la muni cipalité sont cette année : Pour le prix Pierret, d'urne valeur die 1200 francs : Mile Adèle Audsçfbert, • couturière, âgée de 19 ans, demeurant 4, rue du Pont. Pour le prix Lajeune-Guémain, d'une va leur de 500 francs, Mlle Eirnestine Zoly, âgée de 25 ans, demeurant 24, rue Gannier. Pour le prix Lefort, d'une valeur die 300 francs, Mlle Léa Lapevre.âgée die 24 aais, de meurant 85, rue de Villiers. x A VERSAILLES La remise des legs Marie-Gabrielle Lépine a eu lieu hier solennellement à l'Hô tel de Ville de Versailles. M.Baill©t-Réviron,maire d(? Versailles,as sisté de MM. Simon, Dumont, .adjoints, Le grand, conseiller général et de son conseil municipal, a remis les legs d'une valeur de 1200 francs à Mlle Jeanne Meur,ant, âgée de 19 ams, journalière, 9, rue Jouvenal, l'ainée de 10 enfants et Armandine Cosson, re passeuse, 18, rue de Vengeâmes, qui, non conteinte d'aider/sa mère,, restée veuwe, à élever ses cinq, soeurs cadettes, a, de plus, adopté ses deux nièces restée^ orphelines. RÉSULTATS DES COURSES A CHANTILLY Dimanche 16 Juin PRIX D0 JOCKEY-CLOB (100.000 FRANCS) 1 er FRIANT II 2* Amoureux III 3* Ukase II 4* Sightly La crainte de la pluie, l'appréhension du mauvais temps omt un peu nui à cette réunion si populaire et en même temps si mondaine du Derby. De midi à une heure les cataractes célestes étaient ouvertes à tel point sur Paris que les jolies Parisien nes ont pris peur, non pour elles, certes, mais pour les légères toilettes qu'elles arboraient et qui ont besoin de so leil pour être mises en valeur. OeQlés qui ont bravé l'ouragan, celles qui ont gagné la gare du Nord — ce qui est plus facile que de gagner aux courses, entre nous — ne s'en sont, pas repenties, car -;n arrivant à Chantilly il y avait de l'azur dans le ciel et les flèches d'or du soleil se jouaient à travers les frondaisons touffues de la forêt Au lever du rideau, ou dies rubans de la starting gâté, on était rassuré ; les merveil les des petites fées parisiennes, portées par de très grandes dames, étaient visibles à l'œil nu, et la journée allait demeurer à peine inquiétante. Au cours de l'aprèsmidi, une toute petite panique, une alerte pour rire, força cependant de charmantes sportswomen à aller s'abriter <en hâte sous ces voûtes sombres et dallées de Chantilly, qui donnent aux réfugiées l'air de péni tentes. Aux turfistes étaient réservées d'autres épreuves sur les six qui furent courues dans la journée. Quelle hécatombe de favo ris ! c'est peutrêtre un record, <'n tout cae, même pour Chantilly, où de tout temps les favoris furent plutôt maltraités, les outsi ders ont abusé. De suite; d'ailleurs, les inductifs et les déductifs, les esclaves du papier, les logi ciens, guidés par les seules performances, trouvèrent étrange la défaite de Fregoli II par Talo Biribil, puisque dimanche dernier .Talo Biribil était battu par Fregoli, mais avec un nom aussi caméléonien il faut s'attendre à tout. Plus amère encore fut la défaite die La Française couplée avec Aloës III, par Chambre de l'Edit ; il faut croire que les,produits de Le Var aiment encore pïuis la'boue quié ceux d©'Siihonian, puisque iMalicotrae,un autre produit de Le Var, devait remporter la dernière cour se où Valmy V, grand favori,portant un nom de victoire, connaissait la défaite. Le succès de Malicorne avait été précédé de oélui die Fiametta, confiée inutilement par deux fois au maître BeMhouse, et que le jieune apprenti F. Laaie a fait gagner dana un oanter. Sole Sées, dans 'le handicap, dut aussi sa victoire à l'apprenti Kennedy. La diéfaite éjerasante de La Bérézina dleVait avoir une conséquence èt une portée qui fu rent très commentées après la victoire de Priant II, dans le Prix du Jockey-Club, vic toire imprévue ayant le don de réjouijr tout le monde, les couleurs du prince Murat étant de celles qui, ayant été souvent à la peine, méritent d'être à la gloire et à l'honneur. , Friant II possède une ascendance de vant laquelle on s'incline : filà^die 'Ghampauibert, détenteur du ruban bleu en 1896, peitit-fils de Little Duck, vainqueur du Der by de 1884, on peut admettre, toutefois, sans vouloir l'amoindrit, que ,«es ascen dants auraient battu l'Ombrelle de leur an née dans un handicap où celle-ci leur au rait rendu trois kilos plus le sexe ; nous voulons dire par là qu'un gagnant de Der by devrait accomplir ce modeste exploit, huit jours avant, pour posér sérieusement sa candidature au Jockey j Club. Or, Friant II avait été battu dimanche dernier par La Bérézina, qui lui rendait une livre, et nous venions de voir, trente minutes avant, cette même Bérézina ne pas exister vis-à-vis de Sole Sées, Balagan et C i8 ; du coUp las chances de Friant II étalent discutées et contestées, et aussitôt il prenait rang par mi les extrêmes outsiders du Derby ; ce qui ne l'a pas empêché de igagner dérisoirement et de battre Houli, Qui, Didius et Nickel, qui l'avaient précédé à Longchamp. Mais alors quels étaient donc ses adversai res et que valent-ils ? Les porteurs de Friant disent certaine ment plus de bien que nous du derby-winner ; ils sont payés pour cela, ayant tou ché du 32/1 au pesage et du 18/1 à la pe louse, rapports vous prédisposant agréa blement Mais les chiffres des recettes au Mutuel ont aussi leur éloquence : près d'un million d'affaires sur le berby, exactement 975.150 francs ; plus de trois rnillions sur l'ensemble des opérations de la journée, exactement 3.094.995 francs. Allons, convenez que touit l'argent de Paris, en ce mois de juin, n'est pas allé aux marchands de tableaux, il en est resté pour ceux du Pari-Mutuel. Prix de la Reine-Blanche, 5.000 francs, 2.100 mètres. — l" Talo Biribil, à M. A. Salomon (G. Stern) ; 2 e Antithèse, à M. W. Flatman (T. Robinson) : 3« La Fuite, à M. M. Goudchaux (J. Bara). Non placés : Royal Amour, Ventadour, Bocage II, Nostradamus, Lipari II, Sul tane II, Oxo, Nessus, Frégoli II, Oraison. Une longueur, quatre longueurs. Prix de Bangu, lS.000 francs, 4.000 mètres. — l re Chambre de l'Edit, à M. J. Meller (Sharpfe) ; 2" Bourdelas, 6 M. G. Lepetit (O'Neil) ; 3 e La Française, à M. A. Aumont (F. Woottonl. Non placés : Aloès III, Manzanarès. Cinq longueurs, une longueur et demie. Prix de Gouvieux (handicap), 5.000 francs, 2.100 mètres. — 1 er Sole Sées, au vicomte d'Harqouirt (Kennedy) ; 2° Balagam, à M. Michel Ephrussi (J. Jennings) ; 3 e Chastellux, à M. IV Olry-Rœderer (G. Ckftit). Non placée ; La Béré-t zina, Comédia, Sea Maid, Flambeau II, Invo? cation. Trois longueurs, quatre longueurs. PRIX DU JOCKEY-CLUB, 100.000 francs (en outre 10.000 francs à l'éleveur), 2.400 mètres^ — 1 er Friant II, au prince Murât (Sharpe) J-. S a. Amoureux-|||, à (M. A. Belmont (Bellhouse) ! 3 e Ukase II, au comte de Berteiux (G. Stern)j Non placés .: Sightlyï (4°), Houli (5°), Hypocrite (6 e ), De Yiris, Foicling, Quoruan II, Qui, Romagny. Calvados III Dop, Nickel, Zénith II, Gorgorito, Didius. Deux ïongueiûrs, urne longusuB : et demie. Prix des Etangs-, 5.000 francs, 2.000 mètres* — 1» Fiametta, à M. O. Smets (F. Lane) S S 6 Rond d'Orléans, à M. E. de Saint-AIary (J-> Childs) ; 3°, Mirambo, à M. W.-K. VanderbUt) (O'Neill). Non placés : Inquisilif, Menuet III» Héros il, Bigarreau, Tanit II, Toutoute. Deux longueurs, une encolure. Prix du Chemin de Fer du Nord, S.000 francs, 2.400 mètres, r— 1 er Malicorne, à M. Laffitta (J Childs) ; 2'° Corton II, à M. A. Pellerin (I* Reiff) ; 3° Almondell, à M. Bérot (O'Neill)., Non placés : Donald, Ultimatum, The Irislx-» man, Flis il, valmy V. Une encolure, deux Ion» gueurs. RÉSULTATS DU PARI MUTUEL CHEVAUX PESAGE PELOUSB — 10 Ir. 5fr. 1™ c. Talo Biribil G .49 50 29 » _. p 22 50 12 50 , Antithèse.... P 38? }% * La Fuite ...-.P 35 50 19 50 , 2° c. Chambre de l'Edit..G 137 50 53 » _ ..p 40 50 17 50 Bourdelas P 41 » 19 50 3 e c. Sole Sées G 71 » 82 50 _ .....P 24 » 17 50 Balagan «..P ^^ Chastellux P 2^ » 17 50 4« c. Friant II G 327 50 186 50 _ P 65 » «1 » Amoureux lll P 60 1? 50 Ukase II... P 50 50 ao » 5« c. Fiametta G 245 » 141 5(1 _ .p 41 » 20 » Rond d'Orléans P 50 9 50 Mirambo P V ' J 50 6 e c. Malicorne G ® || ^ Corton II P » 9 50 Almondell P 53 50 20 COURSES A SAINT-CLOUD Lundi 17 Juin Aujourd'hui, à 2 heures, courses, au trot éi Saint-Cloud. NOS APPRÉCIATIONS Prix Cherbourg (momté, 3.000; francs, 2.800 mètres).. — Pour 3 ans n'ayant pas gagné une somme total© de 2.000 francs.: Jugurtiha, deuxième en 1' 38, à Caen, la 16 mai, est très indiqué. Jaguar est médit 2 on ne peut le donner qui® parce qu'il aippar* tient à une écurie formidable: Nous faisons choix de : Jugurtha, Joyeux., Prix Harley (monté, 5.000 francs, 2.50Q mètres). — Pour 4 et 5 ans. HaroM, eni 1' 28', à Vincennes, gagnait, il y a^ huit jours, à Saint-Brieuc ; il est donc en forma et c'est parc® que sa forme est plus certains que celle de Héloïse, que nous le préférons à celle-ci, autrement ils se siont mutueUlei ment battus. " ^ .. Nous faisons choix de : Har.old,. HéloïsePrix Petite>-Chance (attelé, 4.000 francs,; 2.900 mètres). — Pour 4 ans n'ayant pas gagné une somme totale de 20.000 francs.: Ionone, qui a trotté en 1' 33" 1/2, cet hiver,; à Vincennes, est très bien placée à 2.92;* mètres. Ioma part avec Ionone, mais elle ai trotté en 1' 35". L'écurie Thiéry de Cabane^ sera dangereuse avec Inverti et Igny. Nous faisons choix de : Ionone,, lona. Prix du Président de la République (mont té, 50.000 francs et un objet d'art, offert par iM. le Président d© la République, 2.800 mè tres). — Pour 3 ans. Javelot, Jalousie,) Juvignv (K. Gauvreau), Jabès et Jamaïquifl sont surclassés. Les trois sorties de Janis saire sont trois victoires faciles. Le cham pion du Haras de la Fontaine est Java, qui a battu Jussy. Nous faisons choix de : Ecurie Olry-Rffiderer, Jussy. » Prix de Cornulier (attelé, 15.000, francs,2.800 mètres). — Pour 3 ans. Jussy-: aussi bon au sulky que sous la selle, a battu net* temerat Jeffriies,. le meilleur dies 3 ans da l'écurie Rousseau; Juarez a eu raison de) Jolly, Jack et Jalyse. Nous faisons choix de : Jussy, Jeffries* Prix de la Citerne (mionté, 3.000 francs^ 2.800 mètres). — Pour 4 ians n'ayant pas ga gné une somme totale de 10.000 francs. I tî®,premier en 1' 33" 4/5, à Saint-Cloud, le 27] avril, est très bien-placé dans ce handicap.i Index doit pouvoir trotter sur cette dis tance en 1' 33", mais il rend 25 mètres èi Iris. Impétueûx, Isis et Irisée ne sont pas hors de coursa Nous faisons choix de : Iris, Index. Prix de la Halte (attelé, 4.000 francs,' 3.000 mètres). — Pour. 4 à. 8 .ans. L'écuràé Rousseau s'impose aussi bien avec Halif ax qu'avec Ivan le Cosaque. Grëniade, qui reçoit 75 mètres des deulx représentants Rousseau, n'aurait qu'à refaire sa course! du 28 février, à Vincennes, pour être très dangereuse. • Nous faisons choix de : Ecurie ftousseauj Grenade. COURSES A MAISONS-LAFF1TTE. Demain mardi, 18 juin, à deux hetujeaj courses à Maisons-Laffitte. COURSES ITALIENNES • Milan, 16 Juin. Grand Prix Ambroisien, 100.000 francs, 2.10Q mètres. — 1» Sandro, à Sir Rholand ; 2 e Alcimedonte. au haras de Besnate ; 3 e Rembrandt, à M. F. Tesio. Douze partants. Le comte de Turin et les autorités aseistaienl à la réunion. ,. , L a Moulaïe. • LA MÉDAILLE DE 1870-71 **A MAISONS-ALFORT A l'issue d'une manifestation patriotiique, au coure de laquelle les conscrits de la classe 1911 : ont déposé leur drapeau, au ci metière communal, sur la tombe des sol; dats morts pour la patrie, la municipalité a remis solennellement, hier après-midi, une centaine de médailles à des anciens combattants de 1870-71. ' Le chef de bataillon Desvoiy.es, cominanr dant le 26" bataillon de chasseurs à pied, qui représentait le ministre de la Guerre à cette cérémonie, a prononcé une touchante allocution. D'autres discours ont été pro noncés, notamment par le maire, M. iQhampion et par M. Chenal, député. A MEAUX Meaux, 16 Juin. La remise solennelle des diplômes et mé dailles aux combattants et vétérans a don né lieu aujourd'hui à une imposante mani festation patriotique. y**» 4 Le Petit Journal CÛNbï 17 3 (JIW 1912 ©E&Mi 1 Services télégraphique et téléphonique spéciaux du PETIT JOtJRWjâtL. 19 GRÈVE DES KBITS PITHS -** i AU HAVRE ' Ler Havre, 16 Juixr. Le bureau du comité national de la_ Èédé-» ration des inscrits maritimes est arrivé au Havre ce matin, à 8 heures. A l'issue de la réunion, un communiqué a été fait. Il dédale qu'au cours d© la réu nion tenue par les inscrits maritimes, une délégation du Comité national est venue ex poser la décision prisé oosacedmiant l'action de la Fédération nationale dans le mouve ment actuel II [ressort des déclarations de la délégation que le Comité national de la Fédération se solidarise entièrement avec Jes grévistes et qu'un mouvement, dont la date a été arrêtée par le Comité national,' serait préparé dès la rentrée des délégués dans leurs ports respectifs. Le communiqué ditque la réunion a ex primé sa confiance dans* l'issuë de la lutte entreprise et ajouté qu'à la réunion du Comité national l'appui des organisations de dockers des différents ports a été officiel lement demandé au Comitécentral. de la Fédération,nationale dés ports et docks. '! x' A CHERBOURG Cherbourg, 16 Juin. On a embajriqujô. hier. soir,Ici, sur le pa quebot allemand Kaiserin-Auguila-Victoria un chargement d'or .de la valeur de 5 mil lions, à destination de New-York, charge ment que devait emporter 14 tiuttBaitiaiitique la France , retenus au Havre par la grève, des inscrits. LE CRIME D'AUCAMVILLE . .1 , ■ TROIS ARRESTATIONS [Dépêche de VAgence Foumier) . Toulouse, 16 Juin. Le fiiLs des époux Albus, ,qjui ont été trou vés assassinés A leur domicile à Auicamville, a été arrêté ce sodr, à, 9 heures, et* conduit au commissariat <Êu Capifole où il a été interrogé pair le Parquet. Av©c" lui, orat été" appréhenidés une f3Ie valentine F.., et' le protecteur de ceUe-ci. DN MEDRTRE AUX MODLINEADX • UN HOMME A ÉTÉ TUÉ, CETTE HUIT, PAR TROIS INCQNUUS QUI ONT PRIS LA.FUITE JFIier soir, à onze heures et demie, à la fête des Mouiîineaux, près du pont qui re joint l'île Saint-Gèrmaiiï, 'en face de Billan court, un incosfnu a ., été attaqué paT trois individus qui l'ont abattu à cornas de re volver. Mortellement blessé, l'homme a été trans porté d'abord au poste d'Issy-les-Mouli neaux, puis, comme il await succombé, son cadavre a été envoyé à la Morgue. Aucune pièce d'identité n'a été trouvée dans les poches de la victime. Quant aux meurtriers, ils ont pria la fuite et l'on ne sait rien d^eux. Étrange suicide d'un inconnu . —■ ■ il s'est tué après avoir tiré deux coups de revolver sur des passants Accompagné d'une femme, un jeune homme longeait, hier ^goir, vers sept heu res, la rue de Grenelle, dans la partie comprise entre les Invalides et l'avenue de La Bourdonnais. Gomme la jeune farnnie, Louise B..., de meurant rue Sure Ouf, avait des allures un peu excentriques, un groupe de jeunes gens se rfiit à suivre le couple én lançant Quelques lazzis. La plaisanterie fut si mal ■prise par le compagnon de la jeune femme que, soudain, à hauteur du n° 178, il tira de sa poche un revolver et fit feu à deux re prises dans la direction dit groupe dont au cun' membre ne fut atteint. Par contre, un eycliste, qui passait au même moment, M. Guillaume Trévison, âgé de 20 ans, demeu rant 5, rue Jean-Nic-ot, reçut un projectile dans le bras gauche. " . . Retournant aussi/tôt son arme contre luimême, Fénergumène se logea une balle ■dans la-tête. Il s'effondra r-aide-mort. Le corps fut transporté d'abord au poste du Gros-Caillou, où on ne trouva sur lui aucune pièce d'idèntité, mais un livret de caisse d'épargne, qui, vraisemblablement, ne ilun appartenait pas, et une grandie quantité de balles blindées. Interrogée par M. Parnet, commissaire de poLice.Louise B... a affinmé ne connaître que depuis quelques instants. 1© défunt dont le corps a été envoyé à la Morgue aux fins d'identification. Quant au blessé; il a pu, après panse ment â l'hôpital Laënnec, regagner son do micile. Son état n'est pas grave. line RI ïb sanglante a ivrg-sar-SeUe ** M. Gustavè Rotussel, âgé de 31 ans, pein tre en bâtiment, demeurant, 70, rue Natio nale à Ivry-srur-Seiine, se trouvait, avanthier soir, chez lui avec sa femme et un. de ses amis, Alfred Papin, quand .vers dix heures, M. Roussel entendait de la rue des appels. C'était un nommé Joseph Henriot, dit « La Fleur », plombier, qu'il connaissait et qu'il avait précédemment refusé de rece voir chez lui. Ii le priait die descendre pour une communication urgente. Sans méfiance, Roussel descendit accom pagné de Papim Celui-ci ouvrit le premier la porté de la maison. Sur le trottoir, il vit Henriot, un couteau à la main et donna l'alarme. Furieux de cette déconvenue', Henriot s'en prit d'abord à Papin et le frappa d'un coup de son arme, à la tête. Roussel alors s'ar ma de ciseaux do peintre et s'élança sur le meurtrier. Mais celui-ci, doué d'une force herculéenne, eut rapidement raison du peintre. D'un coup de tête dans le ventre, il le terrassa et le frappa ensuite de sept coups de couteau a la gorge, au bras et au sein gauche. Lés voisins se portèrent axi secours du blessé, qui fut transporté à l'hôpital de la Pitié, les instincts perforés et dans un état désespéré. Le meurtrier est en fuite. Trois personnes renversées par un taxiAVENUE DE tiEUILLY ■ lie*—. ■ Un taxi-auto, conduit par le chauffeur Vincent, débouchait, hier soir, vers onze! heures et demie, de la rue des Gravillierâ et s'engageait sur la chaussée de 1 '.avenue die NeUillv, se dirigeant vers la porte Mail lot. A peine avait-il fait quelques mètres,sur l'avenue qu'une femme paraissant ivre et dioait l'identité n'a pu être établie, venait littéralement se jeter sous les roues dé la voiture. Le chauffeur tenta vainement de l'éviter én donnant un brusque coup de volant qui fit que son auto alla raser la bordure du trottoir. M. Berson, menuisier, demeurant 22, rue de l'Exposition, à Paris, qui s'y trouvait avec sa femme, fut heurté par l'aile de la voiture et renv-arsé, ainsi que Mme Rerson. Blessés tous deux, ils ont été transportés à" l'hôpital Beaujon d'où, après pansement, M. Berson a pu rejoindre son domicile. Mme Berson, plus grièvement atteinte, n'a pu quitter l'hôpital. , Quant à la femme, cause de l'accident, elle a les deux jambes broyées et son état est inquiétant. UNE CATASTROPHE EÏITÉE grâce au sang-froid d 'un mécanicien ; A son passage en gare de Chartres, la nuit dernière, on avait détaché du rapide 502 de Brest à Paris, un wagon de mar chandises. La manœuvre terminée, les employés qui en avaient été chargés, oublièrent de rabattre la manette des freins afin de réta blir leur fonctionnement normal. Le train ayant subi un retard de. dix Mi nutes, le mécanicien Yvetot conduisant le convoi voulut le rattraper et lança sa ma chine à la vitesse de 80 kilomètres à l'heure. _ En arrivant en gare de Versailles-Chan tiers, il voulut ralentir la marche du train, mais il ne put y parvenir, les freins ne fonctionnant plus. " A ce moment, une machine à laquellé se trouvaient attelés deux wagons chargés de chevaux et dans lesquels avaient pris place deux soldats du 27° dragons, manoeuvrait sur la voie suivie par le rapide, allant audevant de celui-ci. Une catastrophe allait infailliblement se produire et tous les témoins dô la scène attendaient, cloués sur place, 'le terrible choc Mais le mécanicien Corre qui Conduisait la machine en manœuvre avait conservé son sang-froid. Il fit aussitôt machine en arrière, et partit â toute vitesse, poursuivi par le rapide qui 1© rattrapa seulement dans la montée de Porchefonta i ne. LES SPORTS LES ÉLECTIONS BELGES **-—• (Dépêche de l'Agence Eàvas) Bruxelles, 16 Juin. Le scrutin de hallotage pour les élec tions provinciales a. eu lieu aujourd'hui. 14 catholiques, 34 libéraux et 2 socialistes étaient sortants. Ont été élus : 10 catholiques, 30 libéraux et 10 socialistes. Lies majorités dans les différents conseils provinciaux ne sont $as déplacées LE PETIT CiU DO Cilll DE M Le docteur Paul, médecin légiste, qui avait été chiargé par le Parquet de prati quer l'autopsie du petit cadavre trouvé dans le canal de l'Ourcq, n'a pu le faire à cause de l'état de décomposition avancée dans -lequel se trouve le corps.. Le praticien a dû se bo<rner à un examen superficiel du corps qui lui a faît découvrir deux fractures die la base du crâne proven&nt de coups portés avec un instrument pontond&nt. Une fois son examen terminé, le docteur Paul a fait placer le petit corps dans un appareil frigorifique. Il espère ainsi pou voir l'autopsier d'ici deux ou trois jours. D'avitre part, nous croyons savoir que le service de la Sûreté suivrait actuellement ufte piste intéressante dans la région de Lagriy, dans le monde des nomades et des romanichels fréquentant la région," car on est à peu près certain, actuellement, que le p&tit assassiné appartiendrait à ce milieu. AUTOUR DE PARIS -—**-—Noisy-le-Seo. — Un accident, qui aurait pu avoir de graves conséquences, s'est produit hier matin, à 9 heures, sur la ligne dé Paris à BeWort, entré les gares de Noiey-le-Sec et d$e Rosny-sous-Bois. En vue àsa ctoublemmt des voies de banlieue et en raison de la 1 suppression d'un passage, à niveau, on construit en oe moment, prèa«de la bifurcation de la ligne de GrandVCeônture et aandasssus dos voies Principale^, un pont en ciment armé sur lequel passera la route. Le rapide jjàrtant de Pari» à 8 heures 30 du maijjn et allant dans la direction de Bâle venait de franchir oe chantier lors que, à la, suite d'un violent coup de vent, 1 échafaudage édifié po'ur la construction de cet ouvrage, se renversa et s'abattit sur les voie», alors qu'un train d© marchandi ses de la Grande-Ceinture n'en était plus qu'à une faible distance. Le mécanicien put arrêter heureusement îe convoi à temps. En raison de l'encombrement des voies, ïes t-rains ont eu d'importants retards. Versailles. — Un soldat détaché au pe tit état-major d'infanterie de l'école mili♦taîTe de Saint-Cyr, VictorÇBourrée, âgé de 22, ans, se baignait, hier matin, avec une partie du personnel de 1'éoole, au bassin de Choisy, aménagé à cet effetdans le parc ôe Versailles, sous la surveillance du ser vent Ferron, moniteur de gymnastique à 'Saint-Cyr. Toùit à coupj Bourrée, frappé de conges tion, coula à fond ; le sergent Ferron se porta à son'secours, plongea à deux repri sés et finit par le retirer après quelques seteonidles de recherches;; mais les soins du major Bourguignon ne purent ranimer Victor Bourrée, "dont le corps a été transporté à l'hôpital'militaire mm su mm —— -r Devant l'indisposition persistante de Mlle Lucienne Bréval, la direction de l'Opéra, dési rant conserver tout leur éclat aux représenta tions de la Tétralogie , s'est adressée à Mlle Dennougeot, dont les représentations de Tris tan et Isolde ont été si brillantes. Cette artiste, qui a chanté, hier, la Valkyrie, chantera, de main, la rôle de Branehilde dans Siegfried. Pour le Crépuscule, des Dieux, MM. Messa ger et Broussan ont fait appel à la grande ar tiste wagnérienne que tout le monde admire, Mme Félia Litvinne, qui fut la créatrice de l'ouvrage à Paris. w» La Mutualité Française donnait, samedi, à. la Gaîté-Lyriquie, une grande soirée de gala au profit de l'aviation militaire avec le gracieux concours de nos meilleurs artistes. Amour et Sport, une charmante opérette de M. O. de Lagoanôre, conduite par l'auteur et interprétée par Mlles R. Leblanc, .Macchetti, Doccin, MM. Bourgeois et Victor Henry, rem porta le plus vif succès ainsi que le 3 e acte du' Trouvère, Le 1 er acte de Quo Ta dis 1 accom pagné par M. Nouguès et chanté par Mlles Vallandri, Mazly, MM. G. Petit, Codou, Maguenat, fut acclamé. Dans la partie de concert, il faut citer Mlles Zina Brozia, Chambellan, Adda Androwa et Mlle Napierkowska, frénétique ment applaudies, ainsi qu'un charmant ténor italien, M. Vicenzo Tanlonezo et M. Steva. La soirée se termina brillammentpar le duo de la Muette de Porlici avec M. Noté et le ténor Tharaud, et par la Marseillaise, ;hantée par M. Noté, un des plus anciens et des plus fer vents mutualistes. Une mention à l'orchestre qui enleva, l'ouverture de la Fille du TambourMajor, dirigée avec maestria par M. O. de Lagoanère. vu Ce soir, au théâtre du Châtelet, quatrième représentation de Salomé, drame en un acte d'Oscar Wilde, musique de scène , de Glazounow, décors et costumes de Léon Bakst, mise en scène d'Alexandre Sanine. « Danse de Sa lomé " réglée par Michel Fokine. La soirée commencera, à 9 heures précises, par un concert symphoniaue : 1° la Grande Pâque Busse, de Rimsky-Kôrsakow j 2"Pelléas et Mélisande, de Gabriel Fauré' ; 3" le Coq d'Or, de Rimsky-Korsakow. Mardi et mercredi irrévocablement, derniè res représentations de Salomé. vw Mignon, que l'on donna, jeudi prochain, en matinée, au Trianon-Lyrique, ave3 les artistes de l'Opéra-Comique et ceux dé ce théâtre, aura pour principaux interprètes Mmes Marié de l'Isle, Jane de Poumayrac, Jane Morlet, MM. Capitaine, Azéma, Jouvin, José Tbéry. Cette représentation est donnée au profit des artistes dos chœurs du Trianon-Lyrique, théâtre dont les spectacles avec Mireille et les P'tites Mir chu et d'autres ouvrages encore constituent un véritable programme de famille. A cette matinée paraîtront, dans un. inter mède, Mlle fiosalia Lambrecht, M. Lassalle, de l'Opéra, et dans un numéro de danses, les Petites Bijoux. , ■ wc Un commencement d'inoendie a éclaté, la nuit dernière, sous la scène du théâtre de l'Apollo. Le feu n'a eu aucune gravité. L a R ampe. LA MÉDAILLE DE 1870-71 — A MANTES , ,ji ( ji VÉL-OCIPÉDIE Au vélodrortiè BUffâlo. — À cauée de la pluie, la réunion cycliste organisée pour hier, au vélodrome Biiffalo, n'a pu avoir lieu, lîlle est remise à jeudi prochain. _ > Versailles-Rambouillet et retour. — Ce groupemént sportif et militaire de la Seiné a fait dispuiter, sur VertaiUes-Rarrtbouill'et et retouri avec awîviée au plateau de Satory, soit GO kil., une infcéresaenite épreuive qui a diontné les, ré 1 sultats suivants. b. .. » ; 1. Robert Cornu, en 2 h. 2 nj. ; 2. Ernest Choury, â une demi-longue'ar ; 3. Camille Re naud ; i. Henri Eggenbergeî ; S. Albert Plcne; lin ; 6. Henri GeoffTe ; 7. Félix Bouffard ; a, Pierre Lagasse ; 9. Raiinond Boés ; .10. Rene Médingier, etc. ■.■■■■■* Le Grand Prix cycliste de Paris. — Accours du meeting du Grand Prix, doit Être dispute un match franco-anglais amateurs. Parmi les coureurs amateurs ayant,sollicité rhonnenr de rèpB&senter la France, la commission spprtwe de l'U. V. F. a choisi, dans sa dernière seance, ; les quatre coureurs suivants qui seront oppof 6és, le ? juillet, aux champions anglaasî » Louis Beyer, Doutremepuich, de yogelsang# Aiexis Hommiey. pI£D Les Ohampionnâts de France; -rL'Union des» Sociétés Françaises de Sports AtWewques a donnié la 25° réuniop a;imuelle de ses champion nats nationaux de courses à pied et concours athlétiques, ôôus la présidence d'honneur de M. Guist'hau, ministre d© rinstruction, P u Wique. ISi atlilètes, champions de différentes régiOiius, sélection faite sur plijs îp.wy concurrents, étaient en présence. Les différen tes épreuves' furent intéressantes et ont montre que les athlètes des départements peuvent maintenant rivaliser avec «eux des clubs pansiens. Voici les résultats des finales : <. 6 Saut en longueur sans élan. — 1. Motte (K. C. 'Rojteix), 3 m. 24 ; 2. Jardin (M, C.), 3 m, 10, 3. Maréchal (A.. S. F.), 3 m. 03. 100 mètres.—J.Mourlon (U. A. Intergadz arts), .en II" ; 2. Bouilery (M. C.) ; 3. Lelong (U. S. ^LE^c^eint du poids. —1. Paoli (Stade fran çais), 12 m. 50 ; 2,-Tison (Racing-Club de Fran ce), 12 m. 18 ; 3. Failliot (R. C. F.), 11 m. 24. 110 mètres haies. — 1, De Guanderax (A. S. C M. Bordeaux), en 16' I/o ; Dti.aley (b. C. Versailles) ; 3, André (R. C. F.). Saut â la perche. — 1. Garon (A. S. C. M. ftoFrdeaux) 3 rh. 45 ; Gonder (F. C. de Talence), 3 m K P. Lagarde (C. A. Réglais), 3 m 20 200 mètres. — 1. P. Failliot (Racing j Club de ■France), en 23" 3/5 ; 2. Rolot (C. S. Stade Lor rain) ; 3. Gauthier (S; F.). ■. ■ ,U r Saut en hauteur sans ton.— 1. André (R. C. F.), Pettne (A. S. F.) et Kaïm (S. T.), 1 m. 4o» d °i a S00mètres. — 1. Arnaud (C A Société Générale), en 4' 12" (2. Quilbeuf (C. A. S. G.) , 3 ' /^mètres 11 —^l.' Lelong (Union Sportive Ren naise), en 51" 4/5 ; 2. PouJenard (C. A. S. G.) , 3. Mentrel (A. S. F.).,. T V ^ t Saut en hauteur avec élan. —• 1. A. lianai (Stade Bordédais), 1 m. 73 ; 2. Bairat_ (S. F.), "I T*1' 5.000 mètres. — 1. J. Bouin (C. A. S. G. Mar seille), en 15' 22" 1/5 ; 2. Lauvaux (C P. N. Chalonrtàis) ; 3. Heuet (V. C. Beatuvais). 800 mètres. — 1. Keyser (Racing-Club de | France), en V 59" 3/5 ; 2, (Toulouse Olvmpique) ;3. Saint-Paul (Sfade Toulousain). Caulie, du M. C., battu à 2 mètres du poteau, abandonne alors. Lancement du disque. — 1. T 'son (î^«n Olob de France), 38 m. 42 : 2._Paoli (S. F 37 m. 15 ; 3. Lemasson (G. S. S, Lorrain ^400 mètres haies. — 1. Poulenard (C. A. So ciété Générale), en 59" 4/5 ; 2. Marge (R. C. F.); 3 S^^eii longueur avec élan. — 1. Cajmpana TStade Bordelais);.6 m. 8i ; ?. Puncet (Bor deaux Etudiants-Club), 6 m. 7o ; 3. Labat (S. B Critérium'du lancement du javelot. — ïFail li ot (R. C. F.), 44 mètres 2. Paoli (S. F.M3 m., 3. Lierai asso-n (C. S. S. Lorrain), 38 m. _ Sur 15 championnats, les athlètes des dépar tements en ont remporté 7, et ceux des clubs narisiens S. Le Racing -Glub de France a 4 champions et le gagnant dmi Oriténuim du. lanrément du javelot ; le Club Athlétique de la Société Générale, 3 chom, lions : le Stade Bor delais et l'Association Sportive des Chemins deFer du Mlidi, chacun 2. ; vant la distribution des prix, la rosette d'ôffie.ier de l'Instruction publique a été re mise à M. Eruptions ét Plaies Rien n'égale l'efficacité do ce merveil leux onguent, le plus curattif ' de tous; il soulage instantanément eî on peut i'eiilployer avec la plus grande confiance par tout où la peau est enflammée ou fendillée. Spectacles du Lundi 1? Juin BULLETIN ORPHÉOHSOni' -** Hier, en une belle fête patriotique, la 189° section des vétérans des armées de terre et de mer de Mantes-la-Jolie a, ainsi que le Petit Journal l'avait annoncé, pro cédé à la remise des brevets at médailles aux combattants de 1870. Cette cérémonie était présidée par M. Dumas, sous-préfet, assisté de Mi Goust, maire de Manteis ; M. Sansbœuf, président général de la société des vétérans ; les présidents d'honneur Paul Lebaudy, le député Guesnier, Le Roy, Dreux ; Benoist, conseiller général ; Ledrii, Barbier et Morin, conseillers d'ar.riondissement ; Marguet, lieutenant de gendar merie. _ Après le. rassemblement des diverses so ciétés, une délégation du conseil de la sec tion s'est rendue à l'hôtel de Ja sous-pré fecture prendre M. Dumas et l'accompagna jusqu'au parvis du Palais de Justice, où a eu lieu la remise dés brevets et médailles. Ensuite, plus de quatre-vingts brevets et médailles, offertes par M. Paul Lpbaudy, président d'honneur de la section de Man tes, ont été remis et épinglées au cours de cette inoubliable manifestation patriotique. Après que les musiques présentes eurent joué La Marseillaise, le cortège se forma à nouveau puis se rendit, aux accents d'en traînants pas redoublés, au cimetière, où la 189°section déposa* une magnifique cou ronne, cravatée d'un large ruban tricolore, au pied du monument élevé à Ja mémoire des soldats morts pour'la Patrie. , -,. Puis le cortège, reformé à nouveati;' se rendit devant,la sous-préfecture, où a'eu lieu la dislocation. A 6 foeitures,. à l'hôtel du Grand-Cerf, les personnages officiels, entourés de nom breux vétérans et de leurs amis, se méunissaicmt en un banquet. Un bal animé a eu lieu ensuite sur le terre-piedn de la place die la République, où les vétérans se souvenant qiu'ils ont été j eûmes, prouvèrent à la. foule qu'ils ne sont pas encore vieux. Un accident s'est produit, immédiate ment après la dislocation. Au moment, où les sociétés s'en allaient, escortées par une foule considéraible, rue 'Nationale, le chauf feur d'une automobile, malgré l'iemoombremerot, continua sa route. Interpellé, il donna un coup de volant malheureux et projeta sur la chaussée M. Copié, receveur des contributions, demeu rant à Septeuil, venu à Mantes pour rece voir la médaille de 1870. Relevé avec des contusions aux jiamibes,< aux genoux et à la figure il fut transporté dans une pharmacie où. LA TEMPÉRATURE ■ :—(WVLe temps a été couvert, hier matin, à Paris, et une pluie abondant^ est tombée. Le vent soufflait avec violence. Le ciel s'est éclairci dans l'après-midi. La soirée a été .belle. Auiourd 'hui, lundi 17 juin 1912, 169® jour de l'année, 2° jour de la lune (premier quartier, le 21) 90 e jour du printemps. Duré© du jour : 17 h. 34. Soleil. — Lever : 3 h. 49 ; coucher : 7 h. 5a. Lune." — Lever : 5 h. 41 ;coucïïer : 10 h. 37. Prévisions du bureau central météorologique. — En France, des pluies sont probables dans le Nord-Est ; la température va s'abaisser. VARIATiONS ATMOSPHÉRIQUES -——. OPÉRA. — 8 h. 3/4,Sàlomé, Jes Deux Pigeons.—Mardi, Sitglriefl. -Mercredi, Faust. — Jeudi. L'Ahnèau (In Niebetans*, le Crexmstijle des DiêUX • — Vên cîrédi, K ohi a. — Sarajaï, Ti .rn '5. OOMBDIE.FRAtfQAISE.' — i 11., lïli visité, QrJngoire, l'Aventurière. ■— Mardi, Primerose. — Mer credi, Poliche. — Jeudi (matinée), Primerose ; (Soirée), Comédiante, Maître Faviila, le Monde où l'on s'onnuie, »— Vendredi, Les Marionnettes. — Samedi, Sapfto. , opéra-comique, -j. 8 h., Lôiïise. — Mard.1, non Juan, — Mercredi, Les Contes d'Hoffmann. — Jeudi, Don Juan, rVendredi, Madame Butterfly. — Samedi, La Tosca. ■. OAITÉ LYRIQUE, — 8 11. 1/2, La Fille de Madame Angot. • • • OHATEUET. —• 8 h. 1/î, Salomé. — Mardi, S atome. — Mercredi, Salomé. , APOLLO. — 8 h. 3M, Les Saltimbanques. — Mardi, Les Saltimbanques. — Mercredi, Les Saltimban ques. — Jeudi, Les Saltimbanques. — Vendredi, Les Saltimbanques. — Samedi, les Cloches de Cornevllle. * varietes. — 9 h.; Orphée aux Enfers. sarah-bernhardt. — 8 h. 1/2. Napoléon. ûymnase. — 9 h., l'Assatlt. RÉJANE — 8 h. 1/2, Amas Sauvages. THEATRE ANTOINE. — Ècliche. palais-royal. -~t 9 h., Le Petit Câfô. ATHENEE. — 8 U., Le Cœur dispose. BOUf-FES PARlSIENS (Cora Laparoerie). — 9 h., l'Am()ur-Pi"oî>re, Xantho chez ie3 Courtisanes. TRiANON-LYRIQUE. — S h. t/2, Les P'tites Michu. — Mardi, Don César de Bazan. — Mercredi, Miss Helyett. — Jeudi (matinée), jygnon ; (soirée), Les P'tites Mic.hu. — Vendredi, La Fille du Régiment — Samedi, Les P'tites Micliu. GRAND-GUIGNOL, — La Bienfaitrice, l'Esprit sou terrain, le Grand Match, Pendant l'armistice, le Sacrifice.'. ■. ■ ■ .. .... THEATRE DE LA SOALA. — 8 h. i/2, les Trois Amoureuses. folies-dramatiques. — 8 h. 1/2, les Petites.
| 23,919 |
1992/31992R0653/31992R0653_ES.txt_1
|
Eurlex
|
Open Government
|
CC-By
| 1,992 |
None
|
None
|
Spanish
|
Spoken
| 1,482 | 2,353 |
EUR-Lex - 31992R0653 - ES
Avis juridique important
|
31992R0653
REGLAMENTO (CEE) No 653/92 DE LA COMISIÓN de 16 de marzo de 1992 relativo a la unidad de cuenta y a los tipos de conversión que deben aplicarse a las ofertas presentadas en el marco de una licitación -
Diario Oficial n° L 070 de 17/03/1992 p. 0006 - 0007
REGLAMENTO (CEE) No 653/92 DE LA COMISIÓN de 16 de marzo de 1992 relativo a la unidad de cuenta y a los tipos de conversión que deben aplicarse a las ofertas presentadas en el marco de una licitaciónLA COMISIÓN DE LAS COMUNIDADES EUROPEAS, Visto el Tratado constitutivo de la Comunidad Económica Europea, Visto el Reglamento (CEE) no 1676/85 del Consejo, de 11 de junio de 1985, relativo al valor de la unidad de cuenta y a los tipos de conversión que deben aplicarse en el marco de la política agrícola común (1), cuya última modificación la constituye el Reglamento (CEE) no 2205/90 (2), y, en particular, el apartado 4 de su artículo 2 y su artículo 12, Considerando que, para favorecer la utilización del ecu, así como para simplificar y armonizar los procedimientos administrativos, es conveniente precisar que las ofertas destinadas a las licitaciones realizadas en el marco de la política agraria común se presenten en ecus, teniendo en cuenta el factor de corrección contemplado en el apartado 2 del artículo 2 del Reglamento (CEE) no 1676/85; que conviene, no obstante, tener en cuenta las disposiciones especiales que se aplican a los importes que son competencia de la sección de Orientación del FEOGA; Considerando que para garantizar la existencia de condiciones de competencia equivalentes en las licitaciones de precios que establezcan la exportación obligatoria a terceros países de los productos de que se trate, conviene prever que no se apliquen montantes compensatorios a la exportación de productos procedentes de las existencias de intervención y que los importes de las ofertas seleccionadas se conviertan en ecus con el tipo representativo del mercado; Considerando que, para evitar el riesgo de distorsión del mercado por motivos monetarios, en particular en las licitaciones referidas a determinados gastos de transformación, almacenamiento o transporte, el apartado 4 del artículo 2 del Reglamento (CEE) no 1676/85 prevé la posibilidad de establecer una excepción a la aplicación del tipo de conversión agrícola; que es oportuno indicar el tipo de cambio que se aplicará en tal caso; Considerando que el tipo de conversión utilizado para convertir las garantías necesarias para el procedimiento de licitación debe aproximarse al utilizado para los importes de las ofertas; Considerando que las medidas previstas en el presente Reglamento se ajustan al dictamen de los Comités de gestión correspondientes, HA ADOPTADO EL PRESENTE REGLAMENTO: Artículo 1 Los importes de las ofertas presentadas en el marco de licitaciones organizadas en virtud de actos relativos a la política agrícola común, con excepción de aquéllos cuya financiación comunitaria corra a cargo de la sección de Orientación del FEOGA, deberán expresarse en ecus. EUR-Lex - 31992R0653 - ES
Avis juridique important
|
31992R0653
REGLAMENTO (CEE) No 653/92 DE LA COMISIÓN de 16 de marzo de 1992 relativo a la unidad de cuenta y a los tipos de conversión que deben aplicarse a las ofertas presentadas en el marco de una licitación -
Diario Oficial n° L 070 de 17/03/1992 p. 0006 - 0007
REGLAMENTO (CEE) No 653/92 DE LA COMISIÓN de 16 de marzo de 1992 relativo a la unidad de cuenta y a los tipos de conversión que deben aplicarse a las ofertas presentadas en el marco de una licitaciónLA COMISIÓN DE LAS COMUNIDADES EUROPEAS, Visto el Tratado constitutivo de la Comunidad Económica Europea, Visto el Reglamento (CEE) no 1676/85 del Consejo, de 11 de junio de 1985, relativo al valor de la unidad de cuenta y a los tipos de conversión que deben aplicarse en el marco de la política agrícola común (1), cuya última modificación la constituye el Reglamento (CEE) no 2205/90 (2), y, en particular, el apartado 4 de su artículo 2 y su artículo 12, Considerando que, para favorecer la utilización del ecu, así como para simplificar y armonizar los procedimientos administrativos, es conveniente precisar que las ofertas destinadas a las licitaciones realizadas en el marco de la política agraria común se presenten en ecus, teniendo en cuenta el factor de corrección contemplado en el apartado 2 del artículo 2 del Reglamento (CEE) no 1676/85; que conviene, no obstante, tener en cuenta las disposiciones especiales que se aplican a los importes que son competencia de la sección de Orientación del FEOGA; Considerando que para garantizar la existencia de condiciones de competencia equivalentes en las licitaciones de precios que establezcan la exportación obligatoria a terceros países de los productos de que se trate, conviene prever que no se apliquen montantes compensatorios a la exportación de productos procedentes de las existencias de intervención y que los importes de las ofertas seleccionadas se conviertan en ecus con el tipo representativo del mercado; Considerando que, para evitar el riesgo de distorsión del mercado por motivos monetarios, en particular en las licitaciones referidas a determinados gastos de transformación, almacenamiento o transporte, el apartado 4 del artículo 2 del Reglamento (CEE) no 1676/85 prevé la posibilidad de establecer una excepción a la aplicación del tipo de conversión agrícola; que es oportuno indicar el tipo de cambio que se aplicará en tal caso; Considerando que el tipo de conversión utilizado para convertir las garantías necesarias para el procedimiento de licitación debe aproximarse al utilizado para los importes de las ofertas; Considerando que las medidas previstas en el presente Reglamento se ajustan al dictamen de los Comités de gestión correspondientes, HA ADOPTADO EL PRESENTE REGLAMENTO: Artículo 1 Los importes de las ofertas presentadas en el marco de licitaciones organizadas en virtud de actos relativos a la política agrícola común, con excepción de aquéllos cuya financiación comunitaria corra a cargo de la sección de Orientación del FEOGA, deberán expresarse en ecus. EUR-Lex - 31992R0653 - ES
Avis juridique important
|
31992R0653
REGLAMENTO (CEE) No 653/92 DE LA COMISIÓN de 16 de marzo de 1992 relativo a la unidad de cuenta y a los tipos de conversión que deben aplicarse a las ofertas presentadas en el marco de una licitación -
Diario Oficial n° L 070 de 17/03/1992 p. 0006 - 0007
REGLAMENTO (CEE) No 653/92 DE LA COMISIÓN de 16 de marzo de 1992 relativo a la unidad de cuenta y a los tipos de conversión que deben aplicarse a las ofertas presentadas en el marco de una licitaciónLA COMISIÓN DE LAS COMUNIDADES EUROPEAS, Visto el Tratado constitutivo de la Comunidad Económica Europea, Visto el Reglamento (CEE) no 1676/85 del Consejo, de 11 de junio de 1985, relativo al valor de la unidad de cuenta y a los tipos de conversión que deben aplicarse en el marco de la política agrícola común (1), cuya última modificación la constituye el Reglamento (CEE) no 2205/90 (2), y, en particular, el apartado 4 de su artículo 2 y su artículo 12, Considerando que, para favorecer la utilización del ecu, así como para simplificar y armonizar los procedimientos administrativos, es conveniente precisar que las ofertas destinadas a las licitaciones realizadas en el marco de la política agraria común se presenten en ecus, teniendo en cuenta el factor de corrección contemplado en el apartado 2 del artículo 2 del Reglamento (CEE) no 1676/85; que conviene, no obstante, tener en cuenta las disposiciones especiales que se aplican a los importes que son competencia de la sección de Orientación del FEOGA; Considerando que para garantizar la existencia de condiciones de competencia equivalentes en las licitaciones de precios que establezcan la exportación obligatoria a terceros países de los productos de que se trate, conviene prever que no se apliquen montantes compensatorios a la exportación de productos procedentes de las existencias de intervención y que los importes de las ofertas seleccionadas se conviertan en ecus con el tipo representativo del mercado; Considerando que, para evitar el riesgo de distorsión del mercado por motivos monetarios, en particular en las licitaciones referidas a determinados gastos de transformación, almacenamiento o transporte, el apartado 4 del artículo 2 del Reglamento (CEE) no 1676/85 prevé la posibilidad de establecer una excepción a la aplicación del tipo de conversión agrícola; que es oportuno indicar el tipo de cambio que se aplicará en tal caso; Considerando que el tipo de conversión utilizado para convertir las garantías necesarias para el procedimiento de licitación debe aproximarse al utilizado para los importes de las ofertas; Considerando que las medidas previstas en el presente Reglamento se ajustan al dictamen de los Comités de gestión correspondientes, HA ADOPTADO EL PRESENTE REGLAMENTO: Artículo 1 Los importes de las ofertas presentadas en el marco de licitaciones organizadas en virtud de actos relativos a la política agrícola común, con excepción de aquéllos cuya financiación comunitaria corra a cargo de la sección de Orientación del FEOGA, deberán expresarse en ecus.
| 19,120 |
https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powiat%20s%C5%82awie%C5%84ski
|
Wikipedia
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
Powiat sławieński
|
https://sk.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Powiat sławieński&action=history
|
Slovak
|
Spoken
| 21 | 77 |
Powiat sławieński je powiat v Poľsku vo Západopomoranskom vojvodstve.
Žije tu 57513 obyvateľov (30.6.2007).
Iné projekty
Okresy v Poľsku
Západopomoranské vojvodstvo
| 35,002 |
bpt6k6105009q_1
|
French-PD-Books
|
Open Culture
|
Public Domain
| null |
Étude d'histoire du droit. Transformation du servage dans la Marche depuis la rédaction de la Coutume (1521) jusqu'à la Révolution, par Fernand Autorde,...
|
None
|
French
|
Spoken
| 5,427 | 8,236 |
ÉTUDE D'HISTOIRE DU DROIT TRANSFORMATION DU SIMOND DE LIMOUSIN Depuis la rédaction de la Coutume (1521) jusqu'à la Révolution PAR FERNAND AUTORDE Archiviste de la Creuse GUÉRET IMPRIMERIE P. AMIAULT, 3, RUE DU MARCHÉ 1891 LE SERVAGE DANS LA MARCHE depuis la publication de la Coutume, jusqu'à la Révolution (1). mémorial communiqué, le 23 mai 1891, au Congrès des Sociétés savantes de province à la Sorbonne, y L'année 1521, date de la publication de la Coutume de la Marche, ouvre la période à laquelle se réfèrent les observations et les faits consignés dans ce mémoire. Sur les temps qui précèdent, les documents trop rares et peu explicites qui nous sont connus ne permettent pas, sans danger pour l'intégrité de la vérité historique, de vouloir reconstituer la physionomie du servage spéciale à la province, moins encore de suivre, dans ses diverses phases, une évolution qui Outre la Coutume, dont on trouvera le texte sans variantes dans divers recueils, deux publications surtout sont utilisées dans le cours de ce mémoire ; il y sera renvoyé dans les notes, au fur et à mesure des besoins, par une courte mention. Voici, une fois pour toutes, le titre complet de ces ouvrages : 1° COUTUMES DE LA PROVINCE ET COMTÉ PAIRE DE LA MARCHE... avec des observations essentiellement utiles pour les comprendre, par M. COUTURIER DE FOURNOISE, écuyer, .. procureur du Roy au Présidial et Sénéchaussée de la Marche ; à Clermont-Ferrand, chez Pierre Viallanes, M. DCC. XLIV; 1 vol in-8°. — 2° INVENTAIRE SOMMAIRE DES ARCHIVES DÉPARTEMENTALES DE LA CREUSE antérieures à 1190 : 1° Archives civiles, séries C, D et E (première partie), par MM. A. BOSVIEUX, A. RICHARD, L. DUVAL et F. AUTORDE ; Paris, P. Dupont, 1885 : 1 vol. in-4° ;— 2° Archives ecclésiastiques, série H (en cours de publication). — 2 a demandé près de dix-huit siècles pour transformer l'esclave de l'antiquité en libre citoyen de notre société moderne. L'apparition de la Coutume éclaire tout à coup la question d'une vive lumière. De plus, à partir de la môme époque, pour compléter et contrôler les indications de ce document, qu'il faut bien se garder d'interpréter dans la rigueur de sa formule littérale, nous possédons, en grand nombre, des minutes de tabellions et des actes variés de l'ancienne procédure, qui déjà était arrivée à l'apogée de son développement. La Marche est au nombre des provinces qui ont eu le peu glorieux privilège de conserver jusqu'au terme de l'ancien régime l'usage des servitudes. Le fait échappe à toute discussion. Mais il n'en est pas de même pour une doctrine qui tend à montrer ce pays comme un de ceux où la condition servile comportait les obligations les plus dures, et où l'action bienfaisante du temps s'était le moins efficacement fait sentir. Dans ce système, jusqu'à la Révolution, le droit de poursuite serait demeuré inscrit dans la Coutume et aurait été appliqué sans ménagements (2). Un homme libre aurait pu, par oblation, rendre sa (1) Nous ne renonçons pas cependant à poursuivre nos recherches, et nous avons l'espoir de pouvoir, un jour, embrasser le sujet depuis ses origines, sans sortir du cadre local Nous tenons à remercier d'avance M. L. Duval, notre prédécesseur, aujourd'hui archiviste de l'Orne, des grands services que nous rendra, pour ce travail, sa remarquable publication sur les CHARTES COMMUNALES de la Creuse. (2) Précis de l'histoire du Droit Français (Sources — droit privé), par Paul Viollet ; Paris, L. Larose et Forcel, 1886 ; p. 269-270. — Nous citons textuellement : « Droit de poursuite. Sens rigoureux du mot. — Dans les derniers siècles de l'ancien régime, la plupart des serfs jouissaient de la liberté matérielle d'aller et de venir, mais en quelque lieu qu'ils allassent, leur personne était toujours obligée selon la condition de la servitude : c'est ce que proclame un jurisconsulte du XVème siècle. Toutefois quelques serfs restaient assujettis à la terre à ce point que, s'ils quittaient le lieu de la main-morte, le seigneur pouvait les forcer à y revenir ; c'est ce qu'on appelait le droit de suite ou de poursuite : application rigoureuse du principe formulé en ces termes par le droit romain : « Semper terrae inhoereant quam semel colendam potares eorum susceperunt. » Ce droit de poursuite subsista jusqu'à la fin de l'ancien régime, très clairement inscrit dans les coutumes de Vitry, de Bar, de la MARCHE ; il apparaît moins nettement dans quelques autres Coutumes. » Le chapitre de la Coutume qui traite de la condition servile s'ouvre par cette déclaration de principe : « En la Marche, toutes personnes établissent que le droit de poursuite ne s'exerçait pas dans la province de la Marche. Au surplus, l'article 145 de la Coutume est formel sur ce point ; en voici le texte : « L'homme tenant héritage serf ou mortaillable qui a payé ses droits et devoirs doit être reçu à gurpie et délaisser l'héritage qu'il tient en l'une des dites conditions ; et après la gurpie ou quittance reçue par le seigneur, IL N'A AUCUNE POURSUITE sur la personne dudit homme, ses enfants, ni ses autres biens. » Le même ouvrage, p. 274. On y lit : « À la veille même de la Révolution, les jurisconsultes enseignent encore que dans la MARCHE, dans la Bourgogne et la Franche-Comté, un homme libre peut se rendre serf en main-mortable par convention expresse et à la condition de livrer avec sa personne un immeuble. » Cette phrase n'est pas l'expression rigoureuse de la vérité. L'asservissement de la terre — nous nous prononçons ici que pour la province de la Marche — y est à tort confondu avec celui de la personne. L'erreur peut provenir d'une fausse interprétation de l'art. 125, qui, il faut le reconnaître, n'est pas exempt d'ambiguité. On y lit : « audit pays peuvent faire LES HÉRITAGES SERFS, en autres deux manières ; c'est à savoir quand aucun a reconnu être serf d'aucun homme lay ou mortaillable d'aucune église jure constitua, en servant quelque héritage, » etc. La suite de l'article indique la prescription comme seconde manière de rendre serf un héritage. — Le sens véritable de l'art. 125, dont il vient d'être donné un extrait, est mis en lumière par son rapprochement avec l'art. 123, dont voici la reproduction textuelle : « En la Marche, toutes personnes sont franches et de franche condition, et ceux qui sont nommés et reputés serfs et mortaillables audit pays, c'est à cause des héritages qu'ils tiennent et possèdent, quand lesdits héritages sont de ladite condition servie ou mortaillable. sont franches et de franche condition. » Cette maxime, comme on a dit de celle conçue en des termes analogues que rapporte Loysel, n'est pas la banale affirmation de la disparition définitive de l'esclavage. Manifestement, l'intention du législateur allait bien au-delà ; et d'ailleurs, de l'ensemble des textes sur la matière, il résulte clairement qu'il vise la suppression de la servitude de corps en l'opposant à la servitude d'héritage. De leur côté, les éditeurs de la Coutume s'en expriment plus nettement encore. À diverses reprises ils reviennent sur la question, et, comme ils peuvent observer par eux-mêmes l'application, dans un pays voisin, des lois de la servitude de corps, ils s'étendent complaisamment sur les très notables différences qui séparent entre elles les deux conditions. La commune opinion n'accorde pas aujourd'hui une aussi grande importance à la distinction des serfs en deux catégories ; en outre, la langue courante pousse encore à la confusion. Les mots serf et mortaillable sont généralement employés l'un pour l'autre, sans souci de la différence d'acception qui pouvait les séparer à l'origine. Il semble pourtant qu'une classification préalable des serfs, en serfs de corps ou serfs proprement dits, d'une part, et en mortaillables ou serfs d'héritage, d'autre part, est indispensable, dans une étude analytique, pour la parfaite intelligence des faits et leur saine appréciation. Dans la succession des temps, le servage de la terre ne vient évidemment qu'après le servage de l'homme ; peut-être Voici, entre autres, une remarque de Couturier de Fournoue puisée dans les commentaires de l'art. 132 : « Enfin, quoique le sujet tienne et possède l'héritage de serfe ou mortaillable condition, comme les droits et devoirs réels, dont l'héritage est tenu ou auquel il est assujetti par la coutume, ne regardent que le seigneur, il y a lieu de dire qu'en toutes occasions où ces droits seigneuriaux ne sont pas intéressez, le sujet, qui est personnellement de libre et franche condition, est en droit d'user du droit commun et de pouvoir dire à tout autre qu'au seigneur, quantum ad te libéras cedo habeo. » Précis de l'histoire du Droit français par P. Viollet : ce Synonymes des mots SERF et SERVAGE. — Le mot serf est quelquefois remplacé par d'autres expressions synonymes ; j'indiquerai ces deux expressions : homme de corps, main-morte »... Et plus loin: On distingue quelquefois : 1° les Serfs de corps ; 2° les Serfs d'héritage et appelés aussi plus spécialement main-morte tables ou mortaillables, » p. 271. — 5 — L'un procède-t-il de l'autre. Dans tous les cas, le premier marque un grand progrès sur le second. Enfin les différences qui séparent les deux conditions établissent nettement que c'est à deux principes distincts qu'elles doivent leur origine. Le serf de corps est le véritable serf. Jusqu'à la fin, il reste le descendant reconnaissable de l'esclave primitif. Les liens qui le rattachent à son seigneur ont pu, avec le temps, devenir de moins en moins étroits, mais le propre de certains droits auxquels il demeure assujetti est de lui rappeler qu'il n'a pas la libre disposition de sa personne. Sa dépendance vis-à-vis du maître n'est la compensation d'aucun avantage qui lui ait été promis. L'obligation est unilatérale. Le serf est tenu de charges variées envers son seigneur, et celui-ci ne lui doit rien en retour. Le principe de la servitude, il l'a reçu de son auteur avec la vie ; de même, il le transmettra à ses enfants. Seul, l'affranchissement peut le relever de sa déchéance. Un tel homme est taillable « à mercy et volonté. » Il ne peut se marier sans le consentement du seigneur, et ce consentement, il ne suffit pas de l'obtenir, sous les noms divers de droits de maritage, de corsage, etc., il faut le payer en loyaux deniers, ou d'une redevance en nature, par exemple, une pièce de chair et 4 pains, comme cela se pratiquait en Berry. Le serf de corps n'est pas admis à témoigner en justice pour ou contre son seigneur. En quelque lieu qu'il se trouve, quelque soit le délai écoulé depuis leur échéance, les taxes auxquelles il est soumis ne cessent jamais d'être exigibles en vertu du droit de poursuite. Tel était, en substance, le régime servile dans le pays de Combrailles. (1) Inventaire des Archives départementales de la Creuse, E. 778. (2) Coutume de la Marche, art. 169 : Ce l'homme tenant héritage ne peut porter témoignage pour son seigneur, duquel il tient son dit héritage, mais si fait bien le mortable. » (3) Couturier cite, comme exemple des conséquences de la servitude personnelle, un fait qui ne pouvait pas se produire sous le régime de la coutume de la Marche : ce Nous avons, dit-il, p. 77, un exemple de « cette sorte de servitude personnelle en la personne du sieur Ribère de Combrailles, dans la directe et mouvance servitude des sieurs ces chanoines réguliers de saint Augustin de la ville d'Evaux en Combrailles ; le sieur Ribère ne possédait lors de son décès aucun des Dans la Marche, au contraire, aucune de ces incapacités ne frappe le mortable ; il n'est assujetti à aucun des droits qui, par leur nature spéciale, ont leur principe dans la personne même du redevable. On conçoit donc que les jurisconsultes Marchois n'aient pas cessé de revendiquer la franche condition pour leurs compatriotes. De droit, aucun lien servile ne saurait préexister entre un habitant de la province et un seigneur; ce lien ne peut se former que sur un bien immobilier, qui sert d'intermédiaire : le seigneur gardera la nue propriété, et, moyennant le paiement d'une rente et la prestation de certaines corvées, laissera la possession de la terre au tenancier. Cette situation fera naître entre les parties des obligations réciproques dont chacune d'elles sera tenue aussi étroitement que l'autre. Il se trouve même que, sur un point important, une situation privilégiée est accordée au mortable. La facilité lui est laissée d'abandonner l'héritage qu'il tient en serve condition, pourvu qu'il ait acquitté ses charges, et le seigneur, au contraire, ne peut l'en chasser. Pour bien faire comprendre la nature de ce contrat, on peut le comparer à un Les anciens héritages de sa famille, il s'était établi dès longtemps en la ville de Bourges, où il était devenu professeur en droit dans l'université, et y étant mort sans enfants, sa succession fut revendiquée par lesdits sieurs Chanoines réguliers d'Evaux, et elle leur fut adjudicée après avoir prouvé de leur part que ledit sieur Ribère était de leur serf d'origine, c'est-à-dire qu'il avait pris naissance dans ce lieu dépendant de leur servitude. (2) Coutume de la Marche, art. 145. bail à perpétuelle durée, résiliable chaque année au gré du preneur; Cette possibilité pour le mortaillable de recouvrer son indépendance, par le seul fait de sa volonté, est le côté vraiment caractéristique de sa condition. Un acte d'affranchissement proprement dit ne saurait être passé au profit d'un mortaillable. La dispense d'acquitter certaines charges ou le pouvoir de disposer pleinement de la terre, qu'on lui accorderait, constitueraient, de leur nom véritable, une donation. On rencontre bien, dans les archives de la Creuse, un acte de 1603 où il est vaguement question d'affranchir; mais il ne faut y voir qu'une cession à titre onéreux. En effet, le seigneur y décharge son tenancier des rentes, arbains, vinades et autres droits dont il est tenu sur les héritages qu'il possède en serment condition, mais il stipule en même temps une rente annuelle de 11 deniers et le paiement immédiat d'une somme de 150 livres. Avec de semblables clauses, l'acte est un contrat de vente. Le mot affranchissement ne se rencontre jamais dans le texte de la Coutume, tandis que de fréquents passages reconnaissent explicitement au mortaillable la liberté : « s'il veut, porte l'article 143, et de voit que l'héritage ne vaille les charges, il le peut quitter et délaisser en payant les rentes et droits échus. » En droit pur, la condition mortaillable ne se reçoit pas par origine ; elle naît, pour ainsi parler, avec la saisine de l'héritage serf. Et en effet, si un chef de famille, abandonnant sa tenure, recouvre l'indépendance, ses enfants, qui n'auront jamais été les possesseurs légaux de l'immeuble, n'auront ainsi à aucun degré subi la servitude. Cette doctrine paraît bien avoir été couramment adoptée en droit canon, dans le diocèse de Limoges. Il n'est pas douteux que le nombreux clergé des paroisses rurales, curés, vicaires et prêtres communalistes, se recrutait, en plus ou moins grande partie, dans les familles de mortaillables; or, aucune preuve ne nous est parvenue que les clercs de cette origine aient eu, avant d'être admis aux ordres, à se relever d'une indignité. Archives départementales de la Creuse, E. 998. Le fait de naître libre pouvait, dans bien des cas, faciliter aux enfants le moyen de sortir de la condition inférieure de leurs parents. Parfois doute, le plus souvent, les générations se succédaient toujours fidèles à la terre qu'avaient cultivée les ancêtres, mais on reconnaît parfois aussi qu'une parenté étroite unissait les mortaillables à des gens de qualité. On voit, par exemple, un châtelain royal de la ville d'Ahun, sieur de Matribus, soutenir un procès contre les religieux du Moutier d'Ahun qui avaient pris possession de la succession de son frère, décédé mortaillable de l'abbaye (1). La convention est le véritable principe de la condition morable. L'analyse nous la montre dans les acquisitions d'immeubles, les additions d'hérédité, enfin, indéfiniment renouvelée par tacite reconduction, dans les arrêtements perpétuels. La convention, au surplus, ne saurait en aucun cas établir la servitude personnelle que la coutume interdit comme contraire au statut local et parlant à l'ordre public. La prescription est sans doute aussi acceptée théoriquement comme pouvant amener ou plutôt faire reconnaître la servitude de la terre, mais c'était d'abord sans préjudice du droit commun de déguerpissement, et il est acquis, en outre, qu'elle ne servait pas habituellement de base aux revendications. Pour sa part, Couturier de Fournoue, qui, en qualité de Procureur du Roi au siège presidial de Guéret, devait être bien renseigné, déclare n'en avoir jamais rencontré d'exemple : « nous n'avons point encore vu aucun cas, dit-il, où le seigneur ait prétendu la servitude d'un héritage par la seule prescription. » Moins encore que les liens de droit qui l'obligent envers le (1) Le 16 mars 1679, les religieux sont envoyés en possession des biens que le sieur Rondeau avait au fiefement de Bordas, commune d'Orssac ; le frère du défunt, qualifié ce noble Jean Rondeau, sieur de Matrubus, châtelain de l'Aubraye, voulant s'y opposer, un procès s'engage et se termine, le 2 mai 1681, par une transaction. Inventaire des Archives ecclésiastiques. IL 103. (2) Couturier de Fournoue, p. 80-81. — 9 — seigneur, les charges matérielles coutumières du mortaillable n'emportent par elles-mêmes nature de servitude. Nous avons vu qu'elles n'étaient pas sujettes au droit de poursuite, pour cette raison, disent les auteurs, qu'elles sont réelles « et proinde rem sequuntur ». D'autre part, les baux à temps limité passés entre hommes de franche condition stipulaient fréquemment au profit du propriétaire la vinade, la taille et la geline de rente, en un mot, l'ensemble des redevances dont était habituellement tenu le mortaillable. Aujourd'hui, l'expression de mortaillable éveille invariablement l'idée de déchéance et d'infériorité sociales. Peut-être est-ce à tort que cette généralisation se fait dans notre esprit, car on trouve des exemples de mortaillables appartenant à la noblesse. Or leurs litres n'étaient nullement imaginaires; consacrés par une antique possession, ils avaient facilité aux membres de la famille l'accès des charges honorifiques et l'entrée dans les armes privilégiées. Il est aisé de relever dans la Coutume des dispositions qui y ont été introduites avec l'intention évidente d'adoucir le sort des mortaillables. Cette faculté, par exemple, pour le sujet d'appeler son seigneur en justice et de traiter avec lui devant les tribunaux sur le pied de l'égalité constituait une précieuse garantie. De plus, le législateur, prévoyant avec raison que des considérations multiples pourraient fréquemment empêcher le tenancier d'user de cet avantage, l'avait protégé contre sa faiblesse. C'est encore pour cette cause que l'exercice de certains droits exceptionnels avait été soumis à l'approbation préalable. (3) Inventaire des Archives de la Creuse, E. 719: ce Assignation donnée à la requête de Jeanne-Flavie de Vertamont, abbesse de l'abbaye de Notre-Dame de la Règle, à Pierre Constans, le jeune, pour contraindre à se désister de la jouissance des deux domaines de Vioilleville, paroisse de Moissannes, échus à ladite abbaye, par droit de mort-a-ville, par suite du décès de François Trompaudon, écuyer, sieur du Rouzaud, mort sans enfants ni héritiers communs. Voir sur la famille Trompaudon le Nobiliaire du Limousin et l'Inventaire des Archives, E 1100 et 1101.— Autre exemple de mort-a-ville noble, Inventaire des Archives, IL 114 [in fine]. iodes magistrats. Dans les quatre cas où elle peut être levée, la taille ne devient exigible qu'après que l'état des taxes a été homologué par le tribunal du ressort. La taille ne peut en outre être imposée qu'à volonté raisonnable, arbitrio boni viri, et sans exposer les débiteurs à la misère, deduclo ne egenvt. Le seigneur aussi ne disposera des corvées que pour son usage; il lui est interdit, pour en tirer profit, de les louer à des tiers. Si un mortaillable, poussé par l'imprudent espoir de trouver ailleurs une condition plus douce, a déserté son héritage, le pouvoir lui est conservé, pendant 30 ans, de revenir en prendre possession; et, pourvu qu'il acquitte l'arriéré des charges, ce ne peut le seigneur refuser. Dumoulin va jusqu'à prétendre que, dans un cas particulier, l'équité est rompue en faveur du mortaillable; celui-ci doit, au moins une fois dans sa vie, « faire montre à son seigneur de l'héritage qu'il tient de lui. » Or les frais de cette formalité sont laissés à la charge du seigneur. L'illustre jurisconsulte voit dans cette disposition une atteinte aux règles courantes de la justice; il voudrait que ces frais, comme dans le cas de titres nouveaux et de rentes constituées, fussent supportés par le débiteur de la restitution. On peut se rendre compte aisément par ce qui précède de l'incontestable supériorité morale de la condition servile, telle que l'avait organisée la Coutume, sur le servage des premiers siècles du moyen âge. Une révolution considérable sur les points qui touchent au respect de la dignité humaine s'était accomplie. La publication de la Coutume ne fut guère que la consécration officielle d'une législation depuis longtemps adoptée. Le procès de la Marche, articles 128, 142, 149, 155, 156. (2) Ibid., art. 128, 129. (3) Ibid., art. 165. (4) Ibid., art. 170. (5) Ibid., art. 176. — Couturier de Fournoue, p. 115-116. (6) La Rédaction de la Coutume de la Marche,par L. Lacrocq ; chez P. Amiault, à Guéret, 1890. — Six articles seulement auraient fait l'objet d'une discussion, et tous sont étrangers aux questions de servage. il verbal de rédaction en fait foi; on y voit que les Commissaires n'apportèrent que des modifications peu importantes, et qu'il n'y eut discussion que sur quelques points de détail. La Marche, dont l'histoire, pour de longues périodes, est liée à celle du Midi, pouvait avoir subi l'influence de cette contrée où l'esclavage était moins répandu que dans le Nord de la France. Il est d'ailleurs à remarquer que les actes d'affranchissement qui sont conservés dans le dépôt des Archives départementales de la Creuse intéressent exclusivement le Berry ou le pays de Combrailles (i). Quoi qu'il en soit, les adoucissements apportés de bonne heure dans la province de la Marche à la condition servile peuvent être considérés comme la cause qui maintint le régime dans une immobilité presque complète pendant de longs siècles. Les documents permettent de constater que la nomenclature des charges des mortaillables se reproduit, à 3 ou 400 ans de distance, sans la plus légère modification. Il était donc arrivé que l'institution, pour ainsi dire épurée, ne révoltait plus aussi fortement la conscience publique. Dans le nouveau système, les rapports de maître à sujet se résolvaient en un règlement d'intérêts purement matériels. Rien dans cet état de choses n'était ouvertement en contradiction avec les principes de la doctrine religieuse, et les privilégiés, qui y trouvaient d'incomparables avantages, ne devaient plus désormais lutter que pour en assurer le maintien. Ils avaient bien pu naguère, sans grand dommage pour leur intérêt sagement entendu, multiplier les affranchissements. Les sacrifices dans ce genre de libéralités, portaient principalement sur le droit honorifique, et même il n'était pas rare que cette perte fût compensée par un don en numéraire et surtout par l'établissement de droits utiles à perpétuelle durée, autrement avantageux que de simples satisfactions d'amour-propre. Désormais les concessions ne pouvaient plus se faire sans diminution apparente de l'intérêt des seigneurs. Les communautés et franchises locales du département de la Creuse, par L. Duval (annexe au Bulletin de la Société des Sciences naturelles et archéologiques de la Creuse) : actes d'affranchissement, p. 153-160. Inventaire des Archives de la Creuse : Reconnaissance de ses devoirs par un mortaillable en 1416 (H. 124). viable de patrimoine, et parfois même sans péril pour les moyens d'existence; fréquemment en effet les rentes servies par les mortaillables constituaient pour les gentilshommes de la province, en général peu fortunés, le produit le plus net de leur revenu. La population cependant ne pouvait se tenir indéfiniment pour satisfaite des améliorations réalisées. Les misères d'un passé qu'elle n'avaient pas connu furent vite oubliées ; les abus du présent ne tardèrent pas à frapper seuls ses regards, et leur suppression devint naturellement le but où ne cessèrent plus de tendre ses efforts. La masse des habitants, qui n'entendait rien aux subtilités juridiques, persista à ne voir dans les mortaillables que des serfs et ne les désigna jamais sous un autre nom. Peu à peu, l'opinion publique commença à obtenir satisfaction. En la circonstance, elle trouva son plus précieux auxiliaire dans les magistrats, qui, généralement d'origine bourgeoise, saisirent avec empressement l'occasion de molester une noblesse souvent dédaigneuse pour eux et dont ils jalousaient les privilèges. La jurisprudence a une tendance marquée à interpréter la Coutume dans le sens le plus favorable aux intérêts du mortaillable. Elle tenait grand compte des questions de fait pour réduire les avantages auxquels, en droit strict, pouvaient prétendre les seigneurs; notamment, elle se plaisait à susciter des entraves à la saisine des successions. Elle accueillait aussi volontiers les demandes en réduction de tailles; toutefois, les tribunaux ne devaient être que rarement saisis de ces sortes d'affaires, car Si on avait tenu un compte rigoureux de la prescription légale qui ne voulait pas que la perception de la taille aux quatre cas exposât les propriétaires à la misère, la taxe n'eût pas le plus souvent été levée ou elle eût été réduite à des chiffres insignifiants. Il était loin d'en être ainsi. On trouve dans l'Inventaire des cotes de 6 livres à 35 livres. Rapprochées du prix du salaire des ouvriers, ces sommes semblent excessives : deux maîtres maçons s'engagent à aller travailler à Troyes en Champagne à raison de 14 sous par jour et le logement ; deux ouvriers maçons traitent à forfait pour l'année entière moyennant 25 livres et une paire de souliers, apparemment le logement et la nourriture en plus. À Folcellin, les ouvriers tapissiers ne pouvaient manquer d'être habituellement en retard pour le paiement des charges courantes, et un succès sur un droit passager les eut exposés, par un triste retour, à de dures représailles. En doctrine, on retrouve le même esprit qu'en jurisprudence. Un auteur ayant prétendu que l'entrée en religion d'une fille donnait, au même titre que son mariage, ouverture au droit de taille, Couturier de Fournoue combat vigoureusement cette opinion, et aux arguments juridiques ne craint pas d'ajouter des considérations de pur sentiment. Il fait valoir la commune réprobation contre les taxes de cette nature : "Nobis restatngenda", fait-il remarquer dans ses conclusions. Dans cette voie, on alla, en fait, jusqu'à suspecter l'absolue qualité de propriétaire au seigneur. L'art. 146 porte expressément que le mortable « ne peut vendre, donner, surcharger ni autrement aliéner », sans le congé du seigneur, l'héritage qu'il tient en servitude condition. Il fut néanmoins reconnu, pour des raisons d'équité, qu'un créancier légitime du mortable pouvait faire saisir réellement le bien serf et le faire vendre par décret en justice. Cet usage avait été introduit, est-il dit, « pour maintenir quelque crédit aux hommes serfs, lesquels, sans cela, ne pourraient rien trouver à emprunter pour leurs besoins les plus pressants, tels que leurs aliments et cet habillement pour eux et leurs enfants ou gens de leur famille ». D'ailleurs, dans ce cas d'aliénation forcée, l'acquéreur de l'héritage payait au seigneur le droit de tiers denier qui lui était dû, dans les ventes immobilières, en tout état de cause. Dans l'espèce, l'aliénation se faisait au mépris du droit d'opposition que la coutume accordait au seigneur. Mais, de toutes les audaces de la jurisprudence, la plus gagnante de 5 à 10 sous par jour, sans être nourris. J'ai rencontré des notes où la journée de l'ouvrier travaillant la terre était taxée à 8 sous. grande, sans contredit, est d'avoir affecté la terre servile à la garantie de la dot de la femme, et d'en avoir, par suite, autorisé l'aliénation dans le cas d'insolvabilité de la succession du mari. Après avoir fait fi de son droit d'opposition, on ne craignait pas d'exposer le seigneur à perdre sa part dans le prix des ventes. C'était expressément reconnaître au mortable la qualité de propriétaire, et la Révolution, qui trouva le principe établi, n'eut plus qu'à en appliquer jusqu'où bout les conséquences. Il n'est pas douteux que certaines dispositions onéreuses de la Coutume étaient, de bonne heure, tombées en désuétude ; les droits dits de « quête courante et double d'août » n'étaient jamais exigés. On a vu plus haut que l'on ne se prévalait pas de la prescription pour se reconnaître judiciairement la servitude d'une terre. Fréquemment aussi, des seigneurs devaient se trouver fort empêchés d'utiliser toutes les corvées qu'ils étaient en droit d'exiger : gentilshommes peu fortunés en général, ils n'avaient que faire d'une troupe de bouviers pour aller chercher leurs provisions de vin en Berry, en Bourbonnais ou en Périgord. Si enfin des accommodements n'avaient pas été possibles, comment les milliers de maçons qui, de temps immémorial, quittaient chaque année leur pays, auraient-ils pu, en toute liberté, aller exercer leur métier dans les provinces les plus éloignées, et même jusqu'en Espagne, si l'on en croit le mémoire de l'Intendant Jacques Le Vayer sur la généralité de Moulins. (1) Ibid., p. 109-110. — Cette sage jurisprudence paraît bien avoir été particulière à la Marche, car Voltaire signalait le défaut de garantie hypothécaire pour la restitution de la dot de la femme comme un des vices les plus choquants du régime servile (Mémoire pour l'entière abolition de la servitude en France). (2) Ibid., p. 81-82. (3) Inventaire des Archives (C. 366). — Il n'y a pas quatre gentilshommes dans la province qui aient 10,000 livres de rente, et dix qui en aient 8,000 livres de rente. Le seigneur ou son fermier est obligé de « vendre son blé à crédit au premier qui vient le demander ;... même s'il n'est pas payé de la moitié du blé qu'il est contraint de prêter ; » etc. (4) Les tenanciers demeurant à une certaine distance de la résidence seigneuriale étaient dispensés de l'obligation, qui consistait en la prestation d'une journée de travail par semaine (art. 135 de la Coutume). Tous les moyens étaient jugés bons pour miner l'autorité des seigneurs. Une morale facile faisait considérer comme de bonne prise tout ce que l'on pouvait soustraire à leurs revendications, même les moins discutables au point de vue légal. Les empiétements, de plus en plus nombreux, devenaient aussi de moins en moins dissimulés. Encouragés par la tolérance dont les couvraient les tribunaux, les tenanciers s'ingéniaient à tourner par la ruse les prescriptions gênantes de la Coutume, et, si besoin en était, n'hésitaient pas à les braver de front. Au surplus, dans les tabellions, ils trouvaient facilement des complices et des conseillers : un mortaillable, qui se sentait menacé de mort prochaine, pour disposer de sa terre servile au profit d'un proche parent, lui en passait fictivement acte de vente. Tel autre, dans de semblables conditions, pour sauver au moins la partie mobilière de sa succession, vendait les bestiaux qui garnissaient le domaine, et faisait enlever les grains et les meubles ; au seigneur qui protestait contre ces manœuvres, l'avocat répondait : « vous n'êtes pas en droit de prévenir cet enlèvement, ni faire des diligences en justice pour les empêcher durant la vie de ce particulier. » Un troisième imaginait de se faire transporter en un lieu de franche condition ; un procès s'en étant suivi, le présidial donna gain de cause aux héritiers du mortaillable contre le seigneur, qui, non sans quelque apparence de raison pourtant, leur reprochait d'avoir usé d'une manœuvre dolosive pour le frustrer de ses droits aux biens meubles laissés par le défunt. Nous citerons encore, en terminant, comme cause appréciable de diminution des tenues serviles, l'abandon dans lequel bon nombre de gentilshommes laissaient l'administration de leur fortune, parfois par insouciance naturelle, souvent aussi pour l'accomplissement de leurs obligations militaires. Cette négligence servait en effet singulièrement les aspirations des mortels, toujours en quête d'une occasion de saisir leur indépendance. Les choses en étaient là au XVIIIe siècle. Les efforts réunis de l'opinion et des doctrines philosophiques et sociales nouvelles avaient bien amorti l'excessive ardeur de certains principes, mais n'avaient pas, somme toute, changé l'économie générale du régime servile. Dans le domaine de la théorie, il est vrai, sa condamnation était prononcée, mais dans quel délai ce jugement pouvait-il être ramené à exécution par la seule action du temps ? Les leçons du passé disent assez que l'ajournement, dans ces conditions, eût été indéfini. La suppression radicale s'imposait pourtant comme la plus impérieuse nécessité. Elle fut votée avec enthousiasme dans la nuit du 4 août. Parmi tous les titres de l'Assemblée nationale, il n'en est aucun de plus grand à la reconnaissance de notre pays. F. AUTORDE.
| 29,765 |
https://github.com/Elanum/google-blogger-manager/blob/master/src/components/GoogleAuth.js
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,020 |
google-blogger-manager
|
Elanum
|
JavaScript
|
Code
| 152 | 646 |
import React, {Component} from "react";
import {gapi} from "gapi-script";
import M from "materialize-css/dist/js/materialize.min.js";
const AuthContext = React.createContext();
/**
* Initialize Google API
*/
class AuthProvider extends Component {
state = {
isSignedIn: null,
user: null
}
constructor(props) {
super(props);
this.handleSignIn = this.handleSignIn.bind(this);
this.handleSignOut = this.handleSignOut.bind(this);
}
componentDidMount() {
gapi.load('client:auth2', () => {
gapi.client.init({
client_id: '<CLIENT-ID>',
scope: 'https://www.googleapis.com/auth/blogger',
discoveryDocs: ['https://www.googleapis.com/discovery/v1/apis/blogger/v3/rest']
}).then(() => {
this.auth = gapi.auth2.getAuthInstance();
this.handleAuthChange();
this.auth.isSignedIn.listen(this.handleAuthChange);
}, function (e){
console.error(e);
})
})
};
handleAuthChange = () => {
let signInStatus = this.auth.isSignedIn.get();
if (signInStatus) {
let basicProfile = this.auth.currentUser.get().getBasicProfile();
this.setState({
user: {
name: basicProfile.getName(),
email: basicProfile.getEmail(),
image: basicProfile.getImageUrl()
}
})
}
this.setState({isSignedIn: signInStatus});
};
handleSignIn() {
this.auth.signIn().then(() =>
M.toast({html: 'Logged in.'})
);
};
handleSignOut() {
this.auth.signOut().then(() =>
M.toast({html: 'Logged out.'})
)
};
render() {
return (
<AuthContext.Provider
value={{
isSignedIn: this.state.isSignedIn,
user: this.state.user,
login: this.handleSignIn,
logout: this.handleSignOut
}}
>
{this.props.children}
</AuthContext.Provider>
)
}
}
const AuthConsumer = AuthContext.Consumer;
export {AuthProvider, AuthConsumer, AuthContext};
| 33,123 |
cihm_77014_4
|
English-PD
|
Open Culture
|
Public Domain
| 1,913 |
Men around the Kaiser [microform] : the makers of modern Germany
|
Wile, Frederic William, 1873-1941
|
English
|
Spoken
| 6,705 | 11,024 |
When the Conservative generalissimo is not at work in Berlin, he leads the life of a retired country gentl-man at his splendid estate of Klein- Tl?,o -unkawe in Silesia. His abode is a rambling, ivy-covered building reconstructed to resemble a feudal castle. Before its portal is a modest monu- ment, an eagle rampant on a sphere of rock, erected in honour of the hundredth aimiversary of the family's ownership of Klein-Tschunkawe. The walls of the castle are hung with trophies of the chase, for the lord of the manor, like every German Gutsherr, is a passionate hunter. Throughout the simply furnished house are canvasses of earlier members of the Heydebrand d)aissty. Restfidness is the dominant note. It is the retreat of a man who returns from the fray eager for the repose of home. Though politics are his forte, pigs and horses and rye-fields are Heydebrand's hobbies, and his friends assert he is far happier running Iiis farm than bossing the Government. Dr. Heydebrand's strength — his full name is Von Heydebrand und der Lasa— is essentially the power of personality. He is not imperious by nature, nor greedy for domination. A barrister by 104 VON HEYDEBRAND bixtbd^T Z ^'"i^y-*^^ years old on his last is of the S wl^ T"°" ''"'* statesmen, he one of its produS^J tt™^^' P'^'""'^^' ^« «-. witnL thS' r *ts:; of t^r^' men of blood and iron toa ^^^^ "^ J05 xin RICHARD STRAUSS Seekers of sidelights on Richard Strauss, the man as distinguished from the musician — on the purely human in him — stumble first and invariably on anecdotes of his parsimony. However niggardly Strauss may be in matters of money, there is nothing stingy about him when it comes to noise. In production of tonal volume he is lavishness per- sonified. He has made the cyclonic diapasons of Wagner seem like whispers, and has out-thimdered Thor. In the storm and stress period which followed the humbling of France, when New Germany was more interested in the production of dividends than music, Apollo had no exponents of the first magnitude. With the death of Wagner in 1883 there was destined to be a long interval before German music should again give forth a genius in the person of another Richard. Perhaps the psychology of Strauss' noise lies in his conviction that after so prolonged a period of obliteration, it was necessary for artistic Germany to affirm its musi- cal reincarnation in no uncertam tones. At any rate, when Don Quixote, Heldenleben, Till Eulenspiegel, and the Symphonia Domestica burst upon the world, it 106 i^'^CcVx^^-u-. WiVukoop, Berlin RICHARD STRAUSS was manifest that the reign and times of William II. were to be iUumined by a master worthy of the race of Beethoven, Brahms and Mozart. Richard Strauss is the Bernard Shaw of music or mce versa. Both are confessed revolutionaries. Both waded mto their chosen careers with death to conventionalities emblazoned on their standards. Both were bent on and succeeded in making a mighty noise in the world. Both have thriven on abuse. Both have exploited the vehicle which has given them most of their vogue, the stage, as a weapon for hitting at their critics. Shaw has already collaborated with one Strauss— Oskar— in the pro- duction of a musical play ; at least .4ms and the Man furmshed the plot. What a riot of audacity the phantasy of a grand opera by Richard Strauss book by Bernard Shaw, ronjures up I The gaiety of nations, preceding additions to the contrary notwithstanding, would hardly have seen its Uke before. Dr. Strauss' place among the eliU of his profession has been secure now for much more than a decade It was not easUy or rapidly acquired. The German Emperor and Empress, for example, even yet consider him too seditiously modem to merit their Imperial patronage, though Salome, Electra, The Rose Cavalier and Ariadne auf Naxos, at raised prices, are the most potent diminishers of deficits at the Kaiser's royal opera. The anti-Strauss school is still numerous and highly articulate. But his star has long since been irresistibly in the ascendant, 107 MEN AROUND THE KAISER and two hemispheres have accepted him as the Metster of the generation. There is disagreement only as to whether Strauss' gifts are those of genius or merely of talent. If Strauss had not elected to seek fame chiefly as a composer he would have challenged the world's attention as a conductor. Many acclaim him as Europe's peerless orchestral leader. Totally devoid of mannerisms and ostentation, he directs with a sovereignty which stamps a symphonic or operatic score with incomparable individuality. Whether it be Verdi or Gounod or himself that he is interpret- mg, there is a sureness about his readings which both instrumentalists and singers will tell you mvariably makes for superiorperformance. Strauss' career as a conductor began in 1885 under Hans von BiUow, at whose invitation the young composer led the Meiningen Court orchestra at a concert, which included a four-movement suite of his own for wind instruments. To BiUow Strauss himself is disposed to give much of the credit for implanting m hun the seeds of ultra-modernity, of which he has become the arch-priest. Dr. Strauss' higi • developed sense of the com- mercial beauty of art cannot be traced to any of the causes which have acquainted so many geniuses with the woes of poverty. He was bom with a MUm in his hand and a check-book in his mouth, for his father was a Munich orchestra-player and his mother a Pschorr, a daughter of the immensely wealthy brewery dynasty which helped to make 108 RICHARD STRAUSS Dr. Strauss' detenninaUon to ms.W A : C^i^. which Is stlTSl^L!^^"' '^^ """ sr«^™;h%s.^--'=; ^^i.'rrsr.'jth""^"^ ^ remarked ^o th. ^ ^ ^**^ ^''^»«*. he convey. .„t .e wnt^^SLf rm„t 109 MEN AROUND THE KAISER It is reputed, to the lively repugnance of the Kaiserin for Strauss and aU his works, the Kaiser has never honoured the composer with the Imperial favour. Royal auditors are rare at Strauss productions at the Berlin Opera, though the composer holds the rank of general music director at the temple of operatic art, which His Majesty subsidises. It was many years before Strauss could break into the charmed circle of immortals who claim membership in the Berlin Academy. Unpopularity in exalted quarters was commonly ascribed as the reason for his ostracism. Strauss makes no secret of his passion for the bizarre in orchestral effects, of which he is primarily a master-builder. He is at the zenith of his creative glory when evolving weird themes or Niagara roars from demoniacal blendings of reeds, winds, strings and brasses. Tearing down the centre aisle of the Royal Opera at Dresden during the general rehearsal of Electra, that monumental example of musical uproar. Dr. Strauss suddenly commanded a halt in the performance. Madame Schuraann-Heink, the Qytemnestra, was in the throes of a tumultuous aria. Beads of perspiration already bespangled the brows of the hard-working orchestra. " Louder, louder I " shrieked Strauss. " I can still hear the singing I " When Salome was in rehearsal, the tenor who was struggling with the Herod r61e strayed far from the key. The conductor stopped short to bring the wayward one back to the score. Strauss interposed. " Grossartig I " he exclaimed, no RICHARD STRAUSS "Bunian has given just the effect I wanted I " Prof. Hemrich Grilnfeld, a Berlin 'cellist, wr^dle, phUosophy of the anti-Strauss school after heartog S^«ui' L?"'^"'- ^''' *""''^'^ creation Taf Strauss first concession to melody in opera as distinguished from sheer thematic idiosZ-Si^ as rf made for them. Asked his opinion Tt^rZ Cavalur. Grilnfeld said: " WeU if it Li , u IJchard, then I prefer wS;Vt£ To £ Strauss, give me Johann." Strauss is forty-nine years old this summer His admirers, now legion, have e.ery reason to h"S Strauss does most of his composing, amid^ ^S exclusive pnvacy which only the favouredlw are ^^Jeged to invade. The decorative fSturl^f the house are completely at variance with the Serf Wideals which popular misconception S,cTates" SsnLf -^ : ^°'* '^^'y ^^^*We inch o^ wall space is plastered with them, mostly painti,^ on the reverse side of glass, through wSth^ III MEN AROUND THE KAISER brilliant colours are effectively reflected. The only secular personage in this company of martyrs is Frederick the Great, one of Strauss' heroes. The composer's study is a baronial hall sort of apartment, with huge windows looking out on the glorious panorama of the Kramer Mountains at the foot of which Villa Garmisch nestles. A spreading writing table, littered with manuscript, a grand piano, a miisic-stand, an inconspicuous set of book shelves, and a few landscapes comprise the furnishings of the wizard's workshop. Strauss is a clever pianist and strums his themes before reducing them to notes and bars. His hobby is Skat, the German national card game, which he plays passionately and well. He is invariably armed with paper and pencil for the jotting down of spur-of-the-moment inspirations. The Leitmoitf of Eketra, he says, came to him during a game of Skat. It miist have been a particularly tempestuous round. "At Garmisch," Strauss once imparted to a visitor, " thanks to my dear wife, who is a true intellectual companion for me, and thanks to my beloved boy. I have that deUghtful peace which I long for and need. Here composition comes easiest for me, and this is my favourite place for working, even in winter. As for the rest, I compose every- where in noisy international hotels, in my garden and i^ raUway carriages. My notebook is always with me, whether I am walking or riding, eatmg or drinking ; I am never without it, and as soon as a suitable motive for the theme upon which I am 112 ■i^ RICHARD STRAUSS 2S '"'''"" • ° ""' " '^ '"^^^t^'l t° n^y most faithM companion. The ideas that I note do^^i are only sketches, which I arrange afterwa^dX^ ^ZlT"""''" "^ '^* preparatory sketch o an opera, I occupy myself for six months with the text. I amply steep myself in it, and study into d^^ f^'r^ '^""'^*'" ''°^" *° *he finest detaJ Then I begin to give rein to my musical thoughts. From my memoranda I make sketched which are afterward copied and joined together S ^e pi^o part, which I alter and re^dit four tSes ihat IS the exhausting part of the work; what Mows, the score, the great colour scheme for tte ? S ' "i°' ""^ "-ecreation and refreshes me again. ir,./\ ** ?"'" continuously and without any difficulty, keepmg at it in my workroom twelve tS^^s^^t'; ^"^hiswaylattainunifoiS; which IS the chief requisite. In this many of our o^'irV '^'^«- " *^'y would^Le^^ part of a Wagner tone^ama or a Mozart finale as an example, they could not faU to recognise and admire the unity in aU parts. It is hke a^^t made from one kind of material. Many^TS mZr'!^''''' *° '^^"^^ "^ ^^^ 'Jetached ideas melodies that appear here and there and are^ of ^d "S^- '^' '^"'' '' "^« * S^»-t male P e«v^HT'n-^°"^ ""^'^ ™^y ™^y ^ very roSSJch':^r? " '^"''^-' '''' ^ *^^ ^-« ^' aswSl*t^1,'**''^'u^*'"'^ ^"^ '^' e^^^iy as weU as the brogue of his beloved South Germany "3 MEN AROUND THE KAISER and likes best the companionship of kindred artistic spirits. He is bored to distraction by the wiles of would-be lionisers. A sycophantic admirer who once assured him that he was the Buddha of modem music was told in reply : " I'm not so sure about that, but I know who the pest is." Strauss is a prodigious worker and composes at lightning speed. He has been known simply to dash off great songs. Feutrsnot. Salome, Electra, The Rose Cavalier and Ariadne span a period of less than eleven years. He is a stickler for regular habits, and alwa}rs takes a "rest cure" of several weeks before dedicating himself to a great work like a new opera. Then it absorbs him vmdividedly. One of his striking qualities is bland composure. At rehearsals, when even the imperturbable Reinhardt, who with Hofmannsthal, librettist, completes the Strauss operatic triumvirate, forgets himself and explodes, Strauss sits unrufiSed till things right themselves. Tall and gaunt, with receding hair, which is beginning to look Beethovenesque in its scraggly abandon, Strauss' predominant physical feature is a bulging convex forehead. From the grey matter behind it, beyond all peradventure, creations destined to add fresh lustre to his name will yet spring. 114 -m^ .. I XIV PROFESSOR DELBROCK. In his mind were th. 1 •'^** "^ professors." nineteenth ce^^'^UrT''' °^ "'^^*«^»*^» «d wavfr-n,» u ^ Romanticism who blazed th^ reconstruct^Ta i^^ t ^'^""'^ "PP^^"^- renaissance vS^e Vr^T"^*" ^ inteUectual Germany. Cy tlHt -' Gel''^';. ""'^ "^""^ of Napoleon's Itempt thorn 'S^ri.lr'?^*^ " canonisingin thisyearof ce^tnL c ^f ^^'•'^'^ " the theologian whrZ^^^^~^^^'^"^'''^^^' of Jena stm b JTS t^fsouf '/r'""' humiliation -ote that "Sl"a.^y^S^°lf--'-ved people. |night, worthy of her^ci". T ""^^P^-^ted inborn strength " . w!!^. .^ . ^^'"^ ^d her ^ ■• Addri'to thltw- ?""°P^ "^°' - and despoiled connt^en t^ .t^"^'^ '^ ^»<=Wed had lost in physical ^f,^ u ^P^^*^*' ^'"'t «>ey and told the dotLtr^dTcl'^'^.^^'-Sth." "theyonwhomthrfSeTfth!"^ :!''"* " ^« Alexander von HumboTdt ^t '^ "'^'"''^ " ' ScMeiermacherandKiSin^t^SrenrS "5 MEN AROUND THE KAISER the University of Berlin, and with them preached the gospel of public education as the true basis of national greatness ; Savigny, the jurist ; Nietzsche, " that half-inspired, half -crazy poet-philosopher " ; Virchow, Treitschke and Mommsen, the outstanding triumvirate of the Bismarckian era. These were the field-marshals of German thought before and during the blood and iron age. They are long since gathered to their fathers, but their ideals survive. To-day it is still the professors who expound the doctrine that the Germans are the Vrvolk, to whom the great heritage belongs. The ascendancy of no single other caste excels their influence on affairs of State. Professors of divinity and history are among the favourite councillors of the Kaiser. A professor has become Prime Minister of Bavaria. Another has represented Germany at two Hague Conferences. Still another co-operates in the leader- ship of the National Liberal Party. It is from Hamack, Oelitzsch and Pfleiderer, the theologians ; from Wagner, Schmoller and Bemhard, the political- economists ; from Schiemann, Meyer and Delbriick, the historians ; from Haeckel and Ostwald, the philosophers ; from Zom, Kohler and Von Liszt, the jvuists, that modem, mighty, material Germany derives its chief intellectual inspiration. Mr. Arnold Bennett might write another " Milestones " around ih* unerring accuracy with which the history of German thought-moulding has repeated itself. As the professors of 1813 vowed to Vassal Prussia that her day would yet dawn, so it is their progeny in 116 P^y^c^^ ^a^fc^ «l f f a^ PROFESSOR DELBROCK when the British EmS~ v^" ^ Germany's .Doctrine is ^^ ^Z,^''l tT^ ^-- inculcating in German.! thJ^i , ^ ^^^^ ^''o are tr^tiesSthe=^^,:^tTntr arbitration n>o^rin^:r5Vr^ °^''^« forward Ballin is ProS^^T Delh'^^"' ^''^''^ ^^ TreitschkeinthecL>rH,S^ *' '"'^'^^ »* of Berlin. He stan^' ?/ ?"*°'^ ^' ^^^ University many because of ht "ndetn^""^ *^^ ^'^"^-'^ wider audience, ffis JX "'"', '"^"«'"=« and their activities more or W 7 P'-ofessors confine of German intelMgence aL it fi,f """"5 *^« «°-« class-rooms at the uX^.f r'" *^°"«'' their Delbriick addres^Thf L"tT ^"^ ^« «^*^' trenchant pen, he does not ^n7". ^^ '"*'*^ °^ * language o^encounSsinthS' "^/^^ ^"'^'^ »* ^th the vehemence of Htdt"^':,"t':'P^""^^ are immeasurably more r^T^ ^' ^^ ^ ^^^ tativeopimon. A fe"v^d a^ff """^^^'^^ "^ authori- Delbriick is nekht a P^'?°^^^^^*«Gennany, When he speaks, yl'h^;^™^ "°' * J'ngo! classes. -^ "*" *^« ^oice of the ruling Hegel philosophy desSeS ^^P'" °^ "»« heresy. No pubUds??^!^ ™ '^'''^ of its tact with the^powe^nirr ""™^*« ^°»- ne was long a member of the «7 MEN AROUND THE KAISER Imperial household in the capacity of a teacher — sails so dose as Delbriick to the wind of irank expression. Nominally a Staaisbeamter, as a member of the faculty of a Prussian university, he tilts at Government gleeftilly. His pohtical foes once labelled him the attorney-general of the Social Democrats, Poles, Guelphs and other enemies of the existing order. To-day Delbriick is the spokesman-in-chief of that overwhelming body of German public sentiment which insistently clamours for " more room in the sun," and the right to wrest it by force of arms if need be. An encyclopaedic sjrmposium could not more exhaustively interpret Germany's world- grievances and world-ambitions thai* the terse presentation of the case given me by Delbriick a few months ago. " The German people," he said, " since attaining unity as a great nation, have gradually reached the determination not to permit the world to be divided up among other Powers, but to demand their portion of it. Since 1871, particularly within the past fifteen years, enormous and pro- ductive territories have been continually seized or occupied by strong nations. Britain has con- 118 I PROFESSOR DELBROcK quered a new Empire in South am^^ * Ausma-Hungary has annexed Bosnia anH H»™ govina. Italy has taken Tripor iS bS «ates have partitioned the TuAish Empire a^ th«e are natural processes. Germany has no «ason to oppose them. But she wants herla^e For this object she needs a fleet. PowS'Sris^f '"''^' ."*'* "''"'y ^ other rowers, still refuse to recognise the natural demand xL^rr^H'" '1^ ^""^^y ^ world SS Si X„ h""""'*'"*'*^ ^^'^^ ^ '^^ Morocco aflair when, by supporting France in order to reduce Sead or"T" J'^'"^'^ *° t''^ "^^ ^tead of acknowledging their reasonablen™ Bntain proved that she was our ir .cerate en^' Gen^^y-s inevitable answer was a fre^ iS^ m both her Army and Navy '""case "Mr. Balfour tells us we must not expect English- men to support our aims in the direction offS on^ expan^on. What remains then for us^exc^i to enforce the accomplishment of our pur^S England. ^I.lTll^,-', ^:^f^^^^^ not ever agam tolerate such malicious interfered 119 MEN AROUND THE KAISER with legitimate German aspirations as British intervention in our negotiations with France in 1911. England must abandon her dog-in-the- manger attitude of uncompromising hostility if war between us is to be averted. Enmity to Germany must no longer be the keynote of British foreign policy. All this must change if Europe is to be relieved of the nightmare which has himg over it for more than a decade. We do not ask that the change take specific 'form. All we wish is that a different British spirit shall prevail when inter- national issues are under discussion. We are tired of meeting British obstruction at every turning — whether it be Walfisch Bay, the Baghdad Railway. Morocco, China, the Persian Gulf, the Portuguese colonies, or wherever else German diplomacy pre- sumes to show its hand. All we expect from England is what Mr. Roosevelt calls ' a square deal.' "The world's theory that Germany is land- hungry is a myth. Germany is a land of immigra- tion, not emigration. Our total emigration has fallen to about 25,000. To us every year come hundreds of thousands of immigrant labourers from the East. We want markets, not territory. That was the mainspring of our rencontre with France over Morocco. We want no coaling stations in remote comers of the seven seas. Coaling stations mean fortifications and garrisons — ^burial grounds for subsidies in peace and vulnerable outposts in war. " Will Britons never rid themselves of the night- PROFESSOR DELBRUCK mre that Germany wants war with England ? W« do not want war wifh Pn^i^-j i. "S'*"'" ' vv« beloved by the Arabs/ thew's^.^rC^'Tthl French-Canadians, or the Britons oVeS; that they would accept it withnnf ™,i,- , ** -dfight inten„inXrr;sr?"^p„rthtfp If Germany humbled Britain kTwar it^l.iH ! be six months before we shn„M ^ !, ** °°* Pred^y in the des^JL^^jJ^ ^f ^U'T/'^ the masters of Europe, wiTaU E™ u'^Jr encompass our overthrow Thlf • '^ ^^ *° business Germanv f h» / '* * ^«<»» the P*y. so Z i, L "t "^'^■'°-l»«'-Gmn»y MEN AROUND THE KAISER Professor DelbrOck is in his sixty-fifth year. He is one of the Germans who have solved the problem of growing old gracefully and keeping their pristine energy at concert-pitch. An indefatigable reader and writer, he gives much of his time to the reception of distinguished foreign visitors anxious to hear straightforward German public opinion at the fountain head. His workshop is a picturesque home in the Grunewald forest on the western out- skirts of Berlin, not far from that other intrepid matador, Maximilian Harden. Its tables and shelves are usually crammed with English, French and American books, periodicals and newspapers. Delbrttck keeps thoroughly abreast of thought and movements abroad. Delbrttck first saw the light on the Baltic island of Rtigen, off the coast of Pomerania, in 1848. Bom in the year of Prussian revolution, the spirit of independence which stirred German souls in those troublous hours seems to have infected his whole being. The ideals of the '48-ers are the ones for which Delbrttck has been a protagonist all his life — a sane democracy at home and untrammelled liberty of action for Germans abroad. He inter- rupted his University studies in 1870 to participate as a reserve-lieutenant in the Franco-Pru^ian War. Having sheathed his sword, he has been fighting ever since with a pen no less mighty. For five years he was attached to the family of the late Emperor and Empress Frederick as tutor to their son, Prince Waldemar, since deceased. For nine 122 i PROFESSOR DELBROCK years Delbrflck sat in the Prussian Wet and the Reichstag. He is a brother-in-law of I'l o/f ssor Adolf Hamack, the eminent theologian, and \Wth lim rajoys a privileged position in tl- ;„uncDs of thf Court and Government. The U..Ibritv,k family has long been prominent in Germu. intell.;ctual Lui official life. A kinsman of the Piofes:-)! i; ;.( pre- sent Vice-ChanceUor and Imperial H. me Secretary. 1^3 11 XV AUGUST SCHERL There is a sedate and sober daily paper in Berlin called Germania, the organ of the all-powerful Roman Catholic Centre Party, which is said to receive a news telegram on the average once every thirty years— whenever a Pope dies. Throughout the uneventful decades meantime, its columns are rarely burdened with what The Times has im- mortalised as Latest Intelligence. T^e conditions peculiar to Germania were characteristic of all German journalism a generation ago. Until the present Kaiser's reign, newspapers depended on the colourless and hackneyed reports furnished by the semi-official Wolfi Telegraph Agency, whose methods are still ante-bellum. Instead of news, readers were mostly regaled with ponderous leading articles of erudite hue. A journal with a circulation of 50,000 was a marvel. Those which could boast of 5,000 were considered lucky. They were the benighted days when Germans did not take in papers of their own, but preferred to yawn over free copies at a coffee-house or their favourite beer resort. To-day Berlin has six dailies with circulations ranging from 150,000 to 400,000. Hamburg, Frankfort, Cologne, Breslau, Leipzig and Dresden 124 SM^"^.'st...y AUGUST SCHERL favourably i„ aU respects ^Jh "L^'-'vLT^f their metropoUtan confreres abroad For the revolution worked in German journalism one man is primarily responsible, AugustTherT ^»«««<T. Scherl, the son of a Diisseldorf bc^ SmpleTeii^reformL r'^'^'"^- ^' ''^ '^^ ^ad hS^I? i^™^ newspaper standards. He hur, n«ed joumahsm. He thought and proved ^wspaper^;^:XrSL^\rhar.t began as a wSdv 1 ^"f^^^^'kcr. which upon B^Hn iJ a ^"oi'^*'' P""*^""^' •">«* •'^rnH^i , "^*' '^^5. It was hailed as S^^^A ""■ ^'»^*«°°^." and was nicfaSned 3St r*^''- ^^ '"^S^«« ^ho had been heL TH ^^ ^^^"^ ^y^ and shook their ti»enty.four hour, instead of weekly or fortnichtlv beyondGermany. A new era had obviously dTwnTd "5 MEN AROUND THE KAISER The Lokal-Atueiger found a clientele ready-made for It. Its novel political policy— none at all- won instantaneous favour. The public was waiting for a paper which speciaUsed in news and purveyed it, regardless of the stated and partisan 'isms which hitherto had permeated the columns of the German press. Scherl was doing for Germany what the Bennetts and the Pulitzers were doing for America, and what the Harmsworths were about to do for England. Not only was Scherl's conception of what a news- paper ought to contain radicaUy at variance with traditions, but he invented the idea of bringing the paper to the reader instead of waiting to have it asked for. Circulation-seeking had been as far beneath the dignity of the German fourth estate as news. Scheri went gunning for subscribers and got them. He organised the first modem system of newspaper-delivery, employing for the purpose women, who are stiU the " newsboys " of the Father- land. He established neighbourhood branch offices far and wide, in order to lay papers at subscribers- doors with aU possible dispatch. He printed special editions during the twenty-four hours preceding the appearance of next morning's paper, and astonished a community unaccustomed to getting anything for nothing by giving away " extras " He added a supplement to the Lokal-Anzeiger. contain- mg help-wanted advertisements, and distributed it gratis in the working-class districts. Separate sheets dealing with news exclusively of interest to 126 AUGUST SCHERL A dispatch bureaTwi^°"/ *?f ^"^-^^-^.^^r. f the display of ZZ:^ZlT '^" ^'"^- Scherl's innovations seemed /nT "" *° •""«•• It was sn^aU wonder that th. ?T,"° "'^*«- famjly of readers grew bv if ^ J-°kal-Anzeiger's to read Aunt VossTth'^^JlLTc. ^'"^'^ '^°»««"«1 was known, and he kIcu^^ ^"'^i^che Zeitung tive thunderer, fo^ m'Z ""'^' *^" ^onserva- P^osophy.hnttheytoo^E.'SllSS.r £-^S^Vr it^iii^^^^^ent. the f aJy into moraing and " J^"^ *° convert its Sdierl, now the refo^LT'"! '**'°''^' *J^<=h offered to subscribei^f 1^^°^'°" °' *h« <=r^t. fflonth, inclusive T f •'*** °^ ^ shilling a With the appe^Lci o t^'SJZ^^' ^'^*'^- news service was expanded ^^0^'' .'''^'' "^ J^n spending „,oney frtf'!^ ^^^''^rf had long He discovered that 100 m= 1. " "^ gathering, fatelhgence produced TtTeT T^'^"^ » ^^^^t vastly more interSt for I '''"^** ^"^ ^im and literature dealing^th L^ T.'"'^ *^^ W cntidsm. He appSt^d^^ P°''*'« o' thehigh^ Gernian towns ^SfSS ' Hfr.'^"*^ ^ ^^ of his own to foreig^ SitaS f !J* '^P'-^^tatives 127 MEN AROUND THE KAISER Gazette, the Frankfurter Zeitung, and one or two others had had " specials " at the Franco-German War, but Scherl was the first to realise that the public had interest in events less catastrophic than war, and dispatched special correspondents broad- cast to report earthquakes, floods, revolutions, political crises, historic functions of State, royal pilgrimages and other world-happenings which to-day are as exhaustively " covered " as used to be the sleepy meetings of the Potsdam town council. Nowadays Lokal-Anzeiger " specials " rush to the farthermost comers of the earth in quest of news. The ablest of them. Otto von Gottberg, has not missed an event of international magnitude in fifteen years. Along with modernisation of news gathering and news vending, Scherl resorted to up-to-date methods in the mechanical department of newspaper pro- duction. The Lokal-Anzeiger was the first German paper to banish hand typesetting and instal linotypes. Scherl introduced newspaper-photo- graphy in his country, and duplicated the success of the Lokal-Anzeiger as a daily with an illustrated weekly. Die Woche, which is still the leading periodical of its class. Then he launched a pictiue daily, Der Tag, which spread far and wide the fame of the two-colour printing process invented in Germany. Year after year Scherl brought out new publications till he had exploited almost every important field of human activity. To-day he owns five dailies and a dozen weeklies, the latter 128 AUGUST SCHERL famay periodical, ^TthTc^^!l, ™°'* ^^^^'^ '^'^ bn.d> Offices -eTaU^r^^r te"E^r There are fortv-two in r, * "" "^er tne iimpire. theproWnces. ThTirlTubT ^.""" ='"'' ^^o in 1894 have been thl n„ P"^'''=ations, which since corpan^atVctrrctecr "' \"™"^'^ and a dozen other cities S '?'T'""'' "^ ^^^"n n.ous complex of bSws I' Th T '' "" ^"°^- business district and the worWnf'. «"' °' '''^^""'^ men and women ^ ''''*^ ^'""''"^^ 5,ooo his properties. but^mTsf !/"«« '°^*""^ ^^"^ beginning with the er^r^ , "^ °"^ °^ t^em, has sprung iLL'Z^ru^7-^1'''^^^^'S^^' lot of the masses h7„ ^^^'^^"^ ^^sire to make the such mot vTsTat JSn^Ht'"'^'"- '' ^^ ^-« library, evolv 7a it " tttm" r"'"". '^'^^"'^""^ banks, advocated r?l ^ , °^ P^°P'^^ savings letariat. and LI hT"""' """'^''^ '"' 'he pro- -Pid tran^^in^St^me^f j;'r P^i-' 'for which he is an enthusiLr^r '"onorail, i„ strated by acquiring th. "''""'• "^ ^^ demon- extant. He Tal 1 f ff '"*' ^'^ '^^ >«=«' system in Germany S o ' „ * h' .fr^"' °^ '^™''"^hip MEN AROUND THE KAISER probably not a hundred men who know him by sight. Society sees him not at all. He is, in fact, a hennit. He is harder to get to than the Kaiser. Field- Marshal von Waldersee, fresh from the glories of the China campaign in 1900, tried for four weeks to meet the I, spaper King and failed. In recent years Scher' ^jas directed most of the affairs of his vast em prise from the study of his private dwelling, which is closed hermetically to everybody but private secretaries. Yet no detail of his vast business escapes him. He is still the great producer of ideas for it, and holds all the various reins of its activities in his own resourceful hands. The flashes of genius and enterprise which periodically emanate from Zimmer-strasse, Berlin's Fleet Street, originate with him. He usually thinks and sees months and miles ahead of rival publishers. Of course, he has many imitators and worthy competitors now, whom he has forced to spend money and invent novelties, in order to keep the pace he has set them. The Berliner TageUali under the brilliant editorship of Theodor Wolff, is probably the best all-round newspaper in Germany, and Messrs. Ullstein, of Berlin, are in many respects the most progressive newspaper publishers. The Lokal-Anzeiger no longer has the field to itself, but Scherl blazed the way for the successes and fortunes of all the rest. He is sixty-three years old, and still in the prime. English and American readers have long seen the Lokal-Anzeiger described as semi-official. No other 130 AUGUST SCHERL newspaper is in closer confidential relationship to the powers that be than the leading Scherl organ. The Court and the Government recognise the power inherent in a popular daUy of immense circulation, and regularly use the Lokal-Anzeiger for " inspired" news and views, in preference to the North Gemian G««to the official mouthpiece and denial machine. Scherl s hobby is the birds. PeriodicaUy during the year an appealing Une in bold-faced type stares Berhners m the face at a dozen points in their Lokal-Anznger. It runs, " Remember the Birds." Scherl once robbed a bird's-nest. Remorse over h.s youthful pranks haunted him in early man- hood and he resolved to make the welfare of the birds a feature of his life-work. One of the niany Scherl stories has it that he takes keen dehght now and then in buying out the entire stock of an aviaiyand setting the caged creatures free m the sunny Tiergarten. Few of the men around the Kaiser have done more m the makmg of Modem Germany than the bird-lover of the Zimmer-strasse, whose name has become a household word everywhere where his language is read and spoken. I 131 ar*ixK«aiicT<K^[^vr nmmm^ 'msntrvK/^sfSir XVI PRINCE VON BUELOW Prince Bernhard von Buelow, fourth Chan- cellor of the German Empire, relinquished office on July 14th, 1909, but the actual date of his pohtical demise was November 17th, 1908. It was on that day that he undertook his fateful journey to Potsdam in the midst of the " Kaiser Crisis " provoked by the Daily Telegraph interview, to extort from his Imperial master a pledge of "greater reserve" in the discussion and conduct of the nation's affairs. The Imperial Gazelle proclaimed that the Kaiser had assured the man with the muzzle of his " con- tinued confidence," but Buelow actually lay in extremis from the moment he quit his chastened Sovereign's presence. His early disappearance from the place he had adorned for ten years became a foregone conclusion. "Throughout his long career the goddess of fortune lavished her capricious smiles on Buelow so faith- fully that he came to be known as Bernhard the Lucky. His rise in the diplomatic service from an humble attach^ship to the Foreign Secretaryship, the warm favour of the Kaiser, his extended tenure of the Imperial Chancellorship, his successive elevations 13a 7^^l^^t^ \Raufl; nrtiiieH. MKxocorr iesmution tbt chait (ANSI end ISO TEST CHART No. 2) A APPLIED IN/MGE In ^^1 1653 Eo*t Irfain SIrwt ^^£ Rochmtar. ^«l■ York 14609 USA r.SS C^^B) «2 - 0300 - Phorw SE ("6) 288-5989 - Fo« H I PRINCE VON BUELOW Social Democracvh^i^!^ ^^^ """"S tide of -aU theSSS^rl'"f!,°l"6reat fortune as evidence thlt ft,»i , ^*^*^ ^^ compatriots that the D^tS ^u"^ ^^^ * <=''™ed life, and Th^ u r^ * stepping stones for him which his Sf :?/"-'* fro-n political lif^ Germany's cW^r ?'^''^ *° •>'« discredit. "refoSd-CtLTrS- '""'/" "^^« *<> >- f^h taxes to Lit the Sr °^ jf^S.ooo.ooo of I>«adnought erT Prin. R°*,' '■'''^*^»t fr^" the great landed dies^ouM^ ,-*'*'*' '"'"' ""^ burden, and pr^TAT/'^'" t"" °^ ^''^ '-•-St -ans'of^^/trr^^'^^I^A" *'^ anstocracv the <»if ,„ ■ 7^^"em. fhe Agrarian conscience and i'tnT "* •^"'"^^ °^ Throne, revolted agS £ rJ"" ™ .^^^a-Gennany revenue of /SL vet .?nr''"°C' "^^^'^^ ""the " treason " to ttS* °™\ **°^^''^«^' B«eloWs bosoms. Seietlv .nr'*^"**'" their monarchical were awai£?fci ^^^'^'j' *he Conservatives to the guSin^^itT *" """^ *^^ ^'•^'=^''' their op^S^y T^/""*"** Reform Bill was CatholicSTLaiJ;? K^.T" ^"^ ^'^^ Ro-^an 133 MEN AROUND THE KAISER had formaUy staked his official existence. Unavail- ing was the impressive Swan Song he delivered from his familiar place at the corner of the Govern- ment bench. " My own position," he assured the Reichstag, "is entirely secondary to .he prompt adoption of the Finance Reform scheme. If I should be convinced that my person stands in the way, that somebody else ^an reach the goal more easily, or if things should develop so that I could not, or would not, any longer co-operate, I shall be able to induce the Emperor to see that my retirement IS opportune. I hope my successor may do his duty to the Empire as loyally and honourably as I have tried to do." Resignation in more senses than one rang clarion from this simple manifesto. The Inheritance Tax was defeated. Refusing to identify himself with a Fmance Reform which shouldered disproportionate burdens on the masses, Buelow asked the Kaiser for his discharge. Of the Sovereign who had been not only master, but comrade, and had surfeited him with the highest honours within his mai- gift, Buelow took leave under unconventiona. .cum- stances in the garden of Berlin Schloss on a mid- summer day, while the gaping populace looked on from across the placid Spree. Whether amid the solitude of the Roman yjUa where, with his accomplished Italian wife, formerly the Princess Maria Camporeale. he lives for six months of the year, or at his German country home at Klein-Flottbeck, near Hamburg, or alongside the billows of the North Sea at Nordeney, where he spends his summers, Buelow's lips are hermeti- cally sealed. If he cherishes resentment against any living man, or has a view on any topic of past, present or future importance for his fellow-men, or a thought beyond the dimensions of a meteorological pleasantry, be has kept it magnificently to himself. Two of his predecessors did their talking out of school in memoirs. Bismarck's best ones, those which tell of his dismissal, are still locked up in the Bank of England, to be kept till the last person therein mentioned is no more. Buelow's recollections are stored in the strong-box of his soul. They will make fascinating reading if he, too, some day, like his immortal precursor, is moved to deal with the last phase. Prince Buelow is remembered best by those who know him as the most urbane of men. Ha is by far the most worldly of contemporary German statesmen. He has the Parliamentary manner, 136 PRINCE VON BUELOW and would be equally at home as Premier or Leader of the Opposition in a country where truly repre- sentative Government prevails. There is none of the narrow-mindedness of the typical German politician in his make-up. At the Wilhelmstrasse he was at ease alike with ambassadors of great powers and wirepuUers of domestic parties. He is what Lord Morley, speaking of Disraeli, called a master of the tedious art of managing men. Suavity Itself, nothing ever rufiHed him. He turned the most violent attacks in the Reichstag from a Bebel or an Erzberger into victory by a shrewd retort or timely witticism. He is one of the few real orators of a race which talks much but not well. To hear his dialectics, richly seasoned with quotations which he habitually affected, was not always to hear a straightforward presentation of a given issue, or one that went directly to the point but It was a treat to an ear which delights in' graceful language, repartee, imagery and rhetorical gymnastics. He seldom took his scat without sconng a triumph. And like Mr. Balfour he caressed the lapels of his frock-coat when on his feet. By the same arts he employed to tame the Keichstag, he won an extraordinarily secure place m the confidence and affection of the Kaiser My Bemhard," the Emperor used to call him' No man better understood the psychology of Wilham n. It IS related that Buelow used tolecure the Impenal assent on occasion between jokes. 137 MEN AROUND THE KAISER which he told surpassingly well. He was a great believer in the efificacy of cooking as an asset in dealing with German politicians, and is said to have overcome the opposition of a certain pompous M.P., who still leads a forlorn hope known as National Miserables, by inviting him to good dinners. Prince Buelow, now sixty-four, traces liis ancestry back to the twelfth century. For generations his family has been conspicuously identified with war, religion, diplomacy, poUtics, Uterature, music, arts and all the other great movements of Prussia and Germany. Prior to coming to BerUn as Foreign Secretary in 1896, Buelow had a unique international experience at Germany's legations and embassies at St. Petersburg, Paris, Rome and Bucharest. An aristocrat in bearing, tall, broad-browed and erect, with a ruddy face embellished with a white moustache of military cut, and surmounted by snowy hair punctiliously parted in the middle. Prince Buelow is a sol'^-erly and handsome figure. One is not within the orbit of his charm a second before one realises the presence of a cultured gentle- man and sincere host. He must have won many a diplomatic bout with his smile. The Kaiser raised Buelow to the dignity of a Prince of Prussia in June, 1905, on the day Germany accomplished the downfall of M. Delcasse from the French Foreign CTice. To his gifted ChanceUor, William H. gave chief credit for the deepest humilia- tion put upon France since Sedan. The Morocco campaign, which had been initiated a few months 138 PRINCE VON BUELOW previous by the Kaiser's dramatic visit to Tangier b^gan under BueloWs regime, but was not essenS y of lus making. It originated with that u„S autocrat of German diplomacy, the late Baron^on of Vma Malta did not covet the laurels Germany eventually reaped in Morocco ^ .n^''^°\ "^^f thoroughly understood England ^velotd ?'' t'^^^*^'- Anglo-German tension developed dunng his ChanceUorship, though it is £J° r ^"'T'- *"-* he inherited the 'poreigL' feted Mf'r.''''K T- ?"^^^ ''''^'^- «« ■■- an Anglo-German-American Alliance, and never cSS" ;. *^ '*"'^"^'* 'e'^"""" which still He w^ h„ ^^"^ °' '''' ^"^"P*^ «t"ation. He was, however, no armaments zealot. On the question o unceasing naval expansion he wts dragged along by his more forceful coUeal^ of^SiT""^"^- ^-'—ognised the dS; " Preslrl' f''^^''^ °"'" ^ t''^ Reichstag.
| 40,013 |
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/50715167
|
StackExchange
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,018 |
Stack Exchange
|
Aymal, Mizlul, Prisoner, https://stackoverflow.com/users/10147786, https://stackoverflow.com/users/1405634, https://stackoverflow.com/users/8956187
|
Norwegian Nynorsk
|
Spoken
| 380 | 689 |
how do I send a context parameter to the webhook/fulfilments DialogFlow v2
I am reading the official documentation from this link:
https://cloud.google.com/dialogflow-enterprise/docs/reference/rest/v2beta1/QueryParameters but I am unable to pass a context parameter into my request using the following code:
var query = req.body.query;
const request = {
session: sessionPath,
queryInput: {
text: {
text: query,
languageCode: 'en-US',
},
},
queryParameters: {
contexts: ['Question-followup']
},
};
// Send request and log result
sessionClient
.detectIntent(request)
.then(responses => {
const result = responses[0].queryResult;
console.log(result);
res.json(result);
if (result.intent) {
console.log(` Intent: ${result.intent.displayName}`);
} else {
console.log(` No intent matchede.`);
}
})
.catch(err => {
console.error('ERROR:', err);
});
In the documentation it says that I should have something like:
"contexts": [
{
object(Context)
}
],
The reason I want this is that sometimes DialogFlow is not able to detect the Intent so I would think that by passing the context into the parameter would help dialogflow to find the correct intent!
The contexts array needs to be an array of Context objects, not just a string with the context names.
The context object looks something like
{
"name": "projects/<Project ID>/agent/sessions/<Session ID>/contexts/<Context Name>",
"lifespanCount": 1,
"parameters": {
"anyParameterName": "parameterValue"
}
}
I no longer get the error, which seem to fix, but one thing I dont get is, why does not detect the right intent when I give some input, what I mean I would like to force the user whatever is writing redirect to a specific intent, is this possible? I thought by passing the context name would do the work, but it doesnt! instead it is detecting the intent by input text
I will accept this answer, as it fixes the problem I had with giving the right parameters, but still I would like to know how do I redirect user input to a specific Intent regardless their input.
I'd suggest asking this as a new question directly - it isn't clear what you're trying to do and why it isn't working, so some examples (screen shots of the Intents and results, etc) would help.
Thanks, I am using dialog flow CX what should be the context ?
Dialogflow CX handles this completely differently. You should post a new question with as much detail as possible about the issue you're having and tag it dialogflow-cx
| 20,411 |
https://github.com/alzimmermsft/azure-sdk-for-java/blob/master/sdk/hdinsight/azure-resourcemanager-hdinsight/src/test/java/com/azure/resourcemanager/hdinsight/generated/ComputeProfileTests.java
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
LicenseRef-scancode-generic-cla, LGPL-2.1-or-later, BSD-3-Clause, MIT, Apache-2.0, LicenseRef-scancode-public-domain, BSD-2-Clause, LicenseRef-scancode-warranty-disclaimer, LicenseRef-scancode-unknown-license-reference, CC0-1.0
| 2,023 |
azure-sdk-for-java
|
alzimmermsft
|
Java
|
Code
| 131 | 1,071 |
// Copyright (c) Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.
// Licensed under the MIT License.
// Code generated by Microsoft (R) AutoRest Code Generator.
package com.azure.resourcemanager.hdinsight.generated;
import com.azure.core.util.BinaryData;
import com.azure.resourcemanager.hdinsight.models.Autoscale;
import com.azure.resourcemanager.hdinsight.models.ComputeProfile;
import com.azure.resourcemanager.hdinsight.models.HardwareProfile;
import com.azure.resourcemanager.hdinsight.models.OsProfile;
import com.azure.resourcemanager.hdinsight.models.Role;
import com.azure.resourcemanager.hdinsight.models.VirtualNetworkProfile;
import java.util.Arrays;
import org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions;
import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;
public final class ComputeProfileTests {
@Test
public void testDeserialize() {
ComputeProfile model =
BinaryData
.fromString(
"{\"roles\":[{\"name\":\"vyevcciqi\",\"minInstanceCount\":720964194,\"targetInstanceCount\":1574404612,\"VMGroupName\":\"bwjzr\",\"autoscale\":{},\"hardwareProfile\":{\"vmSize\":\"ispe\"},\"osProfile\":{},\"virtualNetworkProfile\":{\"id\":\"kufubljo\",\"subnet\":\"qeof\"},\"dataDisksGroups\":[],\"scriptActions\":[],\"encryptDataDisks\":false}]}")
.toObject(ComputeProfile.class);
Assertions.assertEquals("vyevcciqi", model.roles().get(0).name());
Assertions.assertEquals(720964194, model.roles().get(0).minInstanceCount());
Assertions.assertEquals(1574404612, model.roles().get(0).targetInstanceCount());
Assertions.assertEquals("bwjzr", model.roles().get(0).vMGroupName());
Assertions.assertEquals("ispe", model.roles().get(0).hardwareProfile().vmSize());
Assertions.assertEquals("kufubljo", model.roles().get(0).virtualNetworkProfile().id());
Assertions.assertEquals("qeof", model.roles().get(0).virtualNetworkProfile().subnet());
Assertions.assertEquals(false, model.roles().get(0).encryptDataDisks());
}
@Test
public void testSerialize() {
ComputeProfile model =
new ComputeProfile()
.withRoles(
Arrays
.asList(
new Role()
.withName("vyevcciqi")
.withMinInstanceCount(720964194)
.withTargetInstanceCount(1574404612)
.withVMGroupName("bwjzr")
.withAutoscaleConfiguration(new Autoscale())
.withHardwareProfile(new HardwareProfile().withVmSize("ispe"))
.withOsProfile(new OsProfile())
.withVirtualNetworkProfile(
new VirtualNetworkProfile().withId("kufubljo").withSubnet("qeof"))
.withDataDisksGroups(Arrays.asList())
.withScriptActions(Arrays.asList())
.withEncryptDataDisks(false)));
model = BinaryData.fromObject(model).toObject(ComputeProfile.class);
Assertions.assertEquals("vyevcciqi", model.roles().get(0).name());
Assertions.assertEquals(720964194, model.roles().get(0).minInstanceCount());
Assertions.assertEquals(1574404612, model.roles().get(0).targetInstanceCount());
Assertions.assertEquals("bwjzr", model.roles().get(0).vMGroupName());
Assertions.assertEquals("ispe", model.roles().get(0).hardwareProfile().vmSize());
Assertions.assertEquals("kufubljo", model.roles().get(0).virtualNetworkProfile().id());
Assertions.assertEquals("qeof", model.roles().get(0).virtualNetworkProfile().subnet());
Assertions.assertEquals(false, model.roles().get(0).encryptDataDisks());
}
}
| 29,160 |
https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dothidea%20genistae
|
Wikipedia
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
Dothidea genistae
|
https://ceb.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dothidea genistae&action=history
|
Cebuano
|
Spoken
| 51 | 92 |
Kaliwatan sa uhong ang Dothidea genistae. sakop sa ka-ulo nga Ascomycota, ug Una ning gihulagway ni Georg Winter ug George Edward Massee ni adtong 1911. Ang Dothidea genistae sakop sa kahenera nga Dothidea, ug kabanay nga Dothideaceae. Walay nalista nga matang nga sama niini.
Ang mga gi basihan niini
Abungawg-uhong
Dothidea
| 45,065 |
https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E9%9F%A6%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E6%9C%BA%E5%9C%BA
|
Wikipedia
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
基韦斯特国际机场
|
https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=基韦斯特国际机场&action=history
|
Chinese
|
Spoken
| 4 | 144 |
基韦斯特国际机场（，），是位于美国佛罗里达州基韦斯特的一座国际机场，占地334英亩（135公顷），海拔高度3英尺（1米），跑道方向為9/27，寬30米，长僅1,463米，因此從該機場起飛的班機常有重量限制。
航空公司与航点
参考文献
佛罗里达州机场
| 33,487 |
https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanctus%20Marcellus%20%28Mariculum%29
|
Wikipedia
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
Sanctus Marcellus (Mariculum)
|
https://la.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sanctus Marcellus (Mariculum)&action=history
|
Latin
|
Spoken
| 34 | 107 |
Sanctus Marcellus (Francogallice Saint-Marcel, Britonice Sant-Marc'hell) est commune 980 incolarum (anno 2007) praefecturae Mariculi in Franciae occidentalis regione Britannia Minore.
Index communium praefecturae Mariculi
Notae
Nexus externi
Communia praefecturae Morbihani
Loci habitati praefecturae Morbihani
| 29,439 |
1992/91992E003051/91992E003051_PT.pdf_1
|
Eurlex
|
Open Government
|
CC-By
| 1,992 |
None
|
None
|
Portugueuse
|
Spoken
| 6,656 | 79,878 |
JornalOficial
dasComunidadesEuropeiasISSN0257-7771
C81
36°.ano
22deMarçode1993
Ediçãoemlíngua
portuguesaComunicações eInformaçoes
Númerodeinformação
93/C81/01
93/C81/02
93/C81/03índice Página
IComunicações
ParlamentoEuropeu
Perguntasescritascomresposta
N?2962/91doSr.CarlosRoblesPiqueràcooperaçãopolíticaeuropeia
Objecto:Algumasgarantiasnuclearessoviéticasporocasiãodosacordosemmatériadeenergia 1
N?150/92daSraChristineOddyàcooperaçãopolíticaeuropeia
Objecto:DemissãodejuízesnaCroácia 2
N?272/92doSr.VictorManuelArbeloaMuruàcooperaçãopolíticaeuropeia
Objecto:ViolaçãodedireitosnoRuanda 2
N?347/92doSr.CarlosRoblesPiqueràcooperaçãopolíticaeuropeia
Objecto:Representação comumgermano-britânica emalgunspaísesdaantigaURSS 2
N?391/92doSr.EdwardMcMillan-Scott àcooperaçãopolíticaeuropeia
Objecto:AsrelaçõesdaComunidadecomaRoménia 3
N?412/92daSraRaymondeDuryàcooperaçãopolíticaeuropeia
Objecto:UtilizaçãodoembargoeconómicoporSaddamHussein 3
N?484/92doSr.SotirisKostopoulosaoConselho
Objecto:ExtradiçãodocriminosodeguerraAloisBrunner 4
N°492/92doSr.SotirisKostopoulosaoConselho
Objecto:ViolaçãodosdireitoshumanosnaAlbânia 4
N°498/92doSr.VictorManuelArbeloaMuruàcooperaçãopolíticaeuropeia
Objecto:FuzilamentosnoChade 593/C81/04
93/C81/05
93/C81/06
93/C81/07
93/C81/08
93/C81/09
1 (Continuanoversodacapa)
Númerodeinformação índice(continuação) Página
93/C81/10 N?1526/92daSraAnnemarieGoedmakersàcooperaçãopolíticaeuropeia
Objecto:ViolênciaperpetradacontracidadãospormilitaresnoChade 5
Respostacomumàsperguntasescritasn°498/92en°1526/92 5
93/C81/11 N?1003/92doSr.VictorManuelArbeloaMuruàcooperaçãopolíticaeuropeia
Objecto:PrisõesnoEgipto 5
93/C81/12 N?1104/92doSr.FilipposPierrosàcooperaçãopolíticaeuropeia
Objecto:TratamentodispensadopelasautoridadesturcasàcomunidadegregaemImbros....6
93/C81/13 N?1120/92doSr.CarlosRoblesPiqueràcooperaçãopolíticaeuropeia
Objecto:Ajudaaodesenvolvimento daBirmânia 6
93/C81/14 N?1217/92doSr.JamesFordàcooperaçãopolíticaeuropeia
Objecto:MordechaiVanunu 7
93/C81/15 N?1497/92doSr.VictorManuelArbeloaMuruàcooperaçãopolíticaeuropeia
Objecto:DetençõesnaGuinéEquatorial 7
93/C81/16 N?1549/92dosSrs.VirginioBettini,HiltrudBreyerePaulLannoyeàcooperação
políticaeuropeia
Objecto:Riscosdeproliferaçãodevidoàexistênciadeummercadoclandestinodemercenários
nuclearesedematerialirradiadoentreaCEI,aEuropa,oMashrek,oMagrebe,aíndiaeo
Paquistão • 7
93/C81/17 N?2010/92doSr.AlexSmithaoConselho
Objecto:Reprocessamento nuclearnoReinoUnido 8
93/C81/18 N?2113/92doSr.FreddyBlakaoConselho
Objecto:Transportedeanimais 8
93/C81/19 N?2125/92doSr.SérgioRibeiroaoConselho
Objecto:Aexpressãopúblicaassociativaea«EuropadosCidadãos» 9
93/C81/20 N?2423/92doSr.JaakVandemeulebroucke aoConselho
Objecto:AcordosdeassociaçãodaComunidadeEuropeiacomaPolónia,aHungriaea
Checoslováquia .PosiçãoadoptadapelaComunidadeEuropeianasequênciadodesmembra
mentodaChecoslováquia 10
93/C81/21 N°2569/92doSr.CarlosRoblesPiqueràcooperaçãopolíticaeuropeia
Objecto:PosiçãodaComunidadefaceàpretensãodosecretário-geral daONUdedisporde
batalhõespróprios 10
93/C81/22 N?2685/92doSr.JoséValverdeLópezaoConselho
Objecto:UniversidadeeuropeiadeVerãoparaagentesdeformação 11
93/C81/23 N?2708/92doSr.GeneFitzgeraldaoConselho
Objecto:ReuniõespúblicasdoConselho 11
93/C81/24 N?2740/92doSr.EdwardMcMillan-Scott àcooperaçãopolíticaeuropeia
Objecto:ViolaçõesdosdireitoshumanospelaRepúblicadaSérvia 12
93/C81/25 N?2744/92doSr.HermanVerbeekaoConselho
Objecto:Políticacomunitáriadoambiente 12
Númerodeinformação índice(continuação) Página
93/C81/26 N°2746/92doSr.DesGeraghtyàcooperaçãopolíticaeuropeia
Objecto:Cidadaniaedireitodevotonosestadosbálticos. 13
93/C81/27 N?2760/92doSr.SotirisKostopoulosaoConselho
Objecto:CombateaoflageloSIDA 13
93/C81/28 N?2761/92doSr.SotirisKostopoulosaoConselho
Objecto:Doençascoronárias 14
93/C81/29 N°2786/92doSr.Jean-PierreRaffarinaoConselho
Objecto:LutacontraapobrezanaEuropa 14
93/C81/30 N?2811/92dosSrs.LuigiVertematiePierreCamitiaoConselho
Objecto:IniciativascontraarestriçãodasliberdadesemrelaçãoaMikhailGorbachev 15
93/C81/31 N°2818/92doSr.CarlosRoblesPiqueràcooperaçãopolíticaeuropeia
Objecto:EleiçõesnoLíbano 15
93/C81/32 N?2819/92doSr.JesusCabezónAlonsoàcooperaçãopolíticaeuropeia
Objecto:MortedofotógrafoespanholJuanAntonioRodrígueznoPanamá 16
93/C81/33 N?2842/92dosSrs.MarcoPannella,VincenzoMattina,VirginioBettini,Maria
Aglietta,MarcoTaradasheJasGawronskiaoConselho
Objecto:NecessidadedesereconheceraRepúblicadaMacedónia 16
93/C81/34 N?2867/92doSr.LouisLaugaaoConselho
Objecto:Produçãoeuropeiadecolofónia 17
93/C81/35 N?2869/92doSr.LouisLaugaaoConselho
Objecto:Importaçõesdecolofónia 17
Respostacomumàsperguntasescritasn°2867/92en°2869/92 17
93/C81/36 N?2890/92doSr.0'Haganàcooperaçãopolíticaeuropeia
Objecto:AcomunidadeBaha'iresidentenoYazd 17
93/C81/37 N?2929/92doSr.PeterCramptonàcooperaçãopolíticaeuropeia
Objecto:ConfiscaçãodoshaveresdosBaha'inoIrão 18
Respostacomumàsperguntasescritasn°2890/92en°2929/92 18
93/C81/38 N?2903/92doSr.HeinzKöhleraoConselho
Objecto:ComposiçãodoComitédasRegiões 18
93/C81/39 N?2906/92doSr.CarlosRoblesPiqueràcooperaçãopolíticaeuropeia^
Objecto:Empenhamento daComunidadenaÁsiaerelaçõescomoJapão 18
93/C81/40 N°2930/92doSr.SotirisKostopoulosaoConselho
Objecto:OspassaportesemitidosporSkopje 19
(Continuanapáginaseguinte)
Númerodeinformação índice(continuação) Página
93/C81/41 N?2964/92doSr.SotirisKostopoulosaoConselho
Objecto:Osdireitospolíticosdosemigrantes 19
93/C81/42 N?2973/92doSr.SotirisKostopoulosàcooperaçãopolíticaeuropeia
Objecto:Asituaçãodosrefugiadospalestinianos 19
93/C81/43 N?2974/92doSr.SotirisKostopoulosàcooperaçãopolíticaeuropeia
Objecto:A«colaboração»daTurquiaemrelaçãoaosimigrantesclandestinos 20
93/C81/44 N°2988/92doSr.VictorManuelArbeloaMuruàcooperaçãopolíticaeuropeia
Objecto:LibertaçãodolídersindicalChakufwaChichana 20
93/C81/45 N?2989/92doSr.VictorManuelArbeloaMuruàcooperaçãopolíticaeuropeia
Objecto:MelhoriadascondiçõesdosprisioneirosnaSíria 21
93/C81/46 N°2990/92doSr.VictorManuelArbeloaMuruàcooperaçãopolíticaeuropeia
Objecto:MortedeaborígenesnaAustrália 21
93/C81/47 N°3005/92doSr.AlexSmithaoConselho
Objecto:ProgramaThermie(tecnologiaseuropeiasparaagestãodaenergia) 21
93/C81/48 N°3008/92doSr.AlexSmithaoConselho
Objecto:OtransportedeplutónioeosriscosparaospaísesdaComunidadeEuropeia 21
93/C81/49 N?3012/92doSr.AlexSmithaoConselho
Objecto:Instalaçõesdereprocessamento nuclearnaEuropa 22
Respostacomumàsperguntasescritasn°3008/92en°3012/92 22
93/C81/50 N?3010/92doSr.AlexSmithaoConselho
Objecto:Bensetecnologiasnuclearesduais 22
93/C81/51 N?3011/92doSr.AlexSmithaoConselho
Objecto:ReuniõesdoConselhoEuropeu 22
93/C81/52 N?3022/92doSr.JoséLafuenteLópezaoConselho
Objecto:Legislaçãocomunitáriacontrao«hooliganismo » 22
93/C81/53 N?3051/92doSr.SotirisKostopoulosàcooperaçãopolíticaeuropeia
Objecto:SituaçãopolíticanaGuinéEquatorial 23
93/C81/54 N?3056/92doSr.LouisLaugaaoConselho
Objecto:Preservaçãodoshabitatsnaturais .. 23
93/C81/55 N?3062/92dosSrs.ManfredVohrereKarlPartschaoConselho
Objecto:MassacredeavesemMalta 24
(Continuanoversodacontracapa)
Númerodeinformação índice(continuação) Página
93/C81/56 N?3101/92doSr.AlexandrosAlavanosaoConselho
Objecto:NomeaçãoderepresentantesnãoeleitosdaGréciaparaoComitédasRegiões 24
93/C81/57 N?3120/92dosSrs.LuigiVertematieMariaMagnaniNoyaaoConselho
Objecto:RatificaçãodoTratadodeMaastrichtpeloReinoUnido 25
93/C81/58 N?3127/92doSr.PaulStaesaoConselho
Objecto:ConstruçãodonovoedifíciodoConselho,emBruxelas 25
93/C81/59 Perguntascompedidoderespostaescritaquenãoforamobjectoderesposta 26
22.3.93 JornalOficialdasComunidadesEuropeias NC81/1
I
(Comunicações )
PARLAMENTO EUROPEU
PERGUNTAS ESCRITASCOMRESPOSTA
PERGUNTA ESCRITAN°2962/91
doSr.CarlosRoblesPiquer(PPE)
àcooperaçãopolíticaeuropeia
(13deJaneirode1992)
(93/C81/01)compromissos pertinentesrelativamente aodesarma
mentoeànão-proliferação ,assimcomoàsegurançaeà
estabilidaderegional».
Nadeclaraçãosobreo«FuturoestatutodaRússiaeoutras
antigasrepúblicassoviéticas»,de23deDezembrode
1991,aComunidadeeosseusEstados-membros exprimi
ramclaramentemaisumavezasuaexpectativade
garantiasporpartedosEstadosCEIde«assegurarum
controlounificadodasarmasnuclearesedasuanão-pro
liferação».Asmesmasexpectativassãonaturalmente
válidasquantoàutilizaçãodematerialnuclearcivilpara
usosmilitares,particularmente nocontextodetransferên
ciasdetecnologiaedeconhecimentos parapaísesque
tentamcriararsenaisnucleares.
Finalmente,nasuadeclaraçãosobreo«reconhecimento
dasantigasrepúblicassoviéticas»,de31deDezembrode
1991,aComunidade eosseusEstados-membros manifes
taramasuadisponibilidade paraprocederaoreconheci
mentocombasenasgarantiasprestadasenapresunçãode
quetodasasrepúblicas«emcujoterritórioestãoinstala
dasarmasnucleares,aderirãoabreveprazoaoTratado
daNão-Proliferação Nuclear,comoestadosnão-nuclea
res».
Considerando queasrepúblicasdaCEImaisdirecta
menteenvolvidasentãòaprocederàconcretização das
garantiasdadas,apesardassériasdificuldadessurgidas
entreduasdessasrepúblicas,aRússiaeUcrânia,a
Comunidade eosseusEstados-membros ,aomesmo
tempoquesecongratulamcomaevoluçãopositivana
direcçãodesejada,continuarãoaseguiratentamentea
situação.Conscientesdosimportantesaspectosdesegu
rançadaquestãoparatodoomundo,estãodecididosa
manter-seatentosnosseuscontactoscomaComunidade
deEstadosIndependentes asquestõesdecontroloda
tecnologiaeconhecimentos nucleares,incluindoapossi
bilidadede«fugadecérebros»nodomínionuclear.
NoâmbitodoConselho,aComunidade eosseus
Estados-membros deramalémdissoumacolhimento
favorávelàparticipaçãonacriaçãodeumcentrointerna
cionaldeciênciaetecnologia,naRússia.Oobjectivo
primordialdessecentroseriaodecontribuirObjecto:Algumasgarantiasnuclearessoviéticasporoca
siãodosacordosemmatériadeenergia
Paraquandoanegociaçãodeacordosimportantescoma
UniãoSoviéticaemmatériadeenergia,comfinseconómi
cos,tecnológicos eambientais?Nãocrêemosministros
quedeveriamserobtidassimultaneamente noplano
estratégicogarantiasdequenãoserácriadaumadisper
sãoderesponsabilidades entreasrepúblicasnocampo
nuclear,quermilitarquercivil,assimcomogarantiasde
queoscientistasnuclearesquepoderãoficardesemprega
dos,devidoàsreduçõesapraticarnoarsenalnuclear
soviético,nãoirãooferecerasuaexperiênciaapaísesque
pretendemconstituirarmamentonuclear?
Resposta
(23deFevereirode1992)
AComunidade eosseusEstados-membros atribuema
maiorimportânciaànãoproliferaçãodasarmas,assim
comoaumcontrolounificadodossectoresnuclearescivil
emilitarnasrepúblicasdaex-UniãoSoviética.
ÀluzdapassadaepresenteevoluçãodaComunidadede
EstadosIndependentes (CEI),aspreocupaçõesdaComu
nidadeedosseusEstados-membros foramclaramente
afirmadasatodasasex-repúblicas soviéticasaose
estabelecerumarelaçãoentreasquestõesdoreconheci
mentoedanão-proliferação.
Nasuadeclaraçãode16deDezembrode1991sobreas
«Directrizesparaoreconhecimento dósnovosestadosda
EuropaOrientaledaUniãoSoviética»,osministros
enunciaramcomoumadaspré-condiçõesparaoreconhe
cimentodeumnovoEstadoa«aceitaçãodetodosos
NC81/2 JornalOficialdasComunidadesEuropeias 22.3.93
doEstadodedireito,peloquecontinuarãoacontrolara
observânciadasnormasinternacionalmente aceitesneste
domínioeapressionaraCroáciaparaquegarantaoseu
cumprimento .paraaprevençãodearmasnucleares,biológicase
químicasedesistemasdelançamentodemísseis,através
dadefiniçãodeprojectossusceptíveisdeproporcionar
perspectivasprofissionaisnovaseestimulantesaoscien
tistaseengenheirosanteriormenteempregadosnasindús
triasmilitareseinstituiçõescientíficassoviéticas.
PERGUNTA ESCRITAN°272/92
doSr.VictorManuelArbeloaMuru(S)
àcooperaçãopolíticaeuropeia
(24deFevefeirode1992)
(93/C81/03)PERGUNTA ESCRITAN°150/92
daSr®ChristineOddy(S)
àcooperaçãopolíticaeuropeia
(7deFevereirode1992)
(93/C81/02)
Objecto:DemissãodejuízesnaCroácia
OsministrosdosNegóciosEstrangeirosreunidosno
âmbitodacooperaçãopolíticaeuropeiatêmconheci
mentodeque,naCroácia,osseguintesjuízesforam,entre
outros,demitidosdosseuscargos
—SlobodanTatarac,anteriormentedelegadodoMinis
térioPúblico,
—MilanPavkovic,anteriormente delegadodoMinisté
rioPúblico,Objecto:ViolaçãodedireitosnoRuanda
Debruçaram-seosministrosdosNegóciosEstrangeiros
reunidosnoâmbitodacooperaçãopolíticaeuropeiasobre
osgravesincidentesocorridosemNeurambi(Sudestede
Byumba)nanoitede7para8deNovembrotransacto,
bemcomosobreosocorridosemKanzenze(aosulde
Kigali),duranteosquaisaspessoasdaraçatutsiforamas
principaisvítimas,talcomorefereorelatórioda«África
Watch»apósumavisitaaoRuanda?
Resposta
(17deFevereirode1993)
AComunidade eosseusEstados-membros manifestaram
reiteradamente assuaspreocupaçõesrelativasàsituação
actualnoRuandaeapelaramnosentidodequetodasas
partesinteressadasdemonstremflexibilidadeparaque
possaserencontradaumasoluçãopacíficaparaassuas
divergências .AComunidadeeosseusEstados-membros
sentem-seencorajadospelosrecentesacontecimentos no
sentidodeencontraremumasoluçãopacíficaparao
conflito.—PetarKucera,anteriormentejuizdoSupremoTribu
naldeJustiça,
—UrusFunduk,anteriormentejuizdoSupremoTribu
naldeJustiça,
—IgnjatijeBulajic,anteriormentedelegadodoMinisté
rioPúblico?
Considerando queaindependênciadopoderjudicialéum
requisitoessencialàvigênciadeumsistemagenuinamente
democrático ,quemedidaséqueosministrosdosNegó
ciosEstrangeirosreunidosnoâmbitodacooperação
políticaeuropeiatencionamadoptarparamanifestarasua
desaprovaçãoporestegolpecontraaindependência do
poderjudicial?
Resposta
(10deFevereirode1993)
Aquestãoaqueserefereespecificamente asenhora
deputadanãofoidebatidanoâmbitodacooperação
politicaeuropeia.Contudo,aCroácia,nasuaqualidade
depaísparticipantenaConferênciaparaaSegurançaea
CooperaçãonaEuropa(CSCE)comprometeu-seares
peitartodasasobrigaçõeseprincípiosdaCSCE,bem
comooEstadodedireito,eaComunidade eosseus
Estados-membros esperamqueaCroáciarespeiteosseus
compromissos.
AoreconheceraCroácia,aComunidade eosseus
Estados-membros afirmaramaimportânciaqueatribuem
àimplementação dademocracia,dosdireitoshumanosePERGUNTA ESCRITAN°347/92
doSr.CarlosRoblesPiquer(PPE)
àcooperaçãopolíticaeuropeia
(27deFevereirode1992)
(93/C81/04)
Objecto:Representação comumgermano-britânica em
algunspaísesdaantigaURSS
Chegouaoconhecimentodacooperaçãopolíticaeuropeia
algumainformaçãoquevenhaconfirmaroudesmentira
notíciapublicadanaimprensasegundoaqualaAlemanha
eoReinoUnidoestudamapossibilidadedeestabelecer
embaixadascomunsemalgumasrepúblicasdaantiga
UniãoSoviética?
Emtalcaso,poderiamsurgirnessespaísesobstáculos
constitucionais aexemplodoinvocadopeloConselhode
22.3.93 JornalOficialdasComunidadesEuropeias NC81/3
apresentamregularmenterelatóriossobreosdesenvolvi
mentosverificadosnaRoménia,declararamváriasvezes
queopaísestáseriamenteempenhadonumprocessode
democratização ,incluindo,entreoutros,orespeitodos
direitoshumanos.Emboranãosepossadizerquea
Roméniatenhaatingidoumníveldedemocraciacompa
rávelàdospaísesdaEuropaOcidental,aquelepaísdeu
umgrandepassonosentidodeumanovasociedade
baseadanaliberdadeenoDireito.Umelementosignifica
tivonestecontextofoiarealizaçãodeeleiçõesparlamen
taresepresidenciaisleaisemSetembrode1992.
Afimdeapoiaraevoluçãoparaumasociedadeplena
mentedemocrática ,aComunidade eseusEstados-mem
brostencionamcontinuaraacompanharmuitodeperto
osprogressosregistadosnoprocessodedemocratização ,
incluindonoqueserefereaorespeitodosDireitosdo
Homem.Nestecontexto,deve-senotarqueoAcordo
EuropeucomaRoménia,assinadoem1deFevereiro,
incluicláusulasdesuspensãoaseremaplicadassea
Roméniacessaroprocessodetransformação parauma
sociedadebaseadanosprincípiosdeumaeconomiade
mercadoededemocracia,incluindoorespeitodos
DireitosdoHomem.EstadofrancêsquandoaRFAeaFrançapretenderam
criarumaembaixadaconjuntaemUlanBator?
Resposta
(23deFevereirode1992)
AdeclaraçãoconjuntadoReinoUnidoedaAlemanhaem
Leipzigem30deOutubrode1991esclareceuexplicita
mentequeambosospaíses,nosseuscontactoscoma
UniãoSoviética,estavamatrabalharcomoutrosparceiros
noâmbitodacooperaçãopolíticaeuropeia,inclusive
sobrequestõesdecooperaçãonosaspectospráticosea
partilhadeserviçosentrepostosdiplomáticos.
AComunidade eosseusEstados-membros ,deacordo
comassuasdecisõesde31deDezembrode1991ede15
deJaneirode1992dereconhecimento dasrepúblicasda
Comunidade deEstadosIndependentes ,iniciarama
discussãodaviabilidadedepartilhadeserviçosnestas
repúblicasondeváriosdelestencionamabrirembaixadas.
Aquestãodapartilhadeserviços—quefoiigualmente
consideradaquantoaocasodanovacapitaldaNigéria,
Abuja—deveserapreciadanocontextodamaior
cooperaçãoeunidadeentreaComunidade eosseus
Estados-membros ,ecomoestandoperfeitamente de
acordocomasdisposiçõesoespíritodoTratadode
Maastricht,nomeadamente oartigo8°C,parteII.PERGUNTA ESCRITAN°412/92
daSr?RaymondeDury(S)
àcooperaçãopolíticaeuropeia
(2deMarçode1992)
(93/C81/06) PERGUNTA ESCRITAN°391/92
doSr.EdwardMcMillan-Scott (ED)
àcooperaçãopolíticaeuropeia
(27deFevereirode1992)
(93/C81/05)Objecto:UtilizaçãodoembargoeconómicoporSaddam
Hussein
Nasuaediçãode3deFevereirode1992,arevistaTime
assinalaqueSaddamHusseinutiliza,paraosseus
própriosfins,asresoluções706e712doConselhode
SegurançatendoporobjectivopermitiraoIraqueobter
receitaspetrolíferasquelhepermitamfinanciarassuas
necessidades deordemhumanitária.
Segundoamesmafonte,Saddamreservariaosprodutos
assimobtidosparaaquelesqueoapoiam—principal
menteastropasdasuaguardapessoal—emdetrimento
darestantepopulação,responsabilizando osaliadospela
situaçãoprecáriaemqueestaúltimaseencontra.
Qualaveracidadedestasinformações ?Asituaçãoemque
seencontramaspopulaçõescivisiraquianasnãoimpõe
queseprocedaàrevisãodoembargoeàtomadade
medidasqueimpeçamSaddamdeprosseguiroseu
embuste?
Resposta
(23deFevereirode1993)
Oregimeiraquianoéoresponsávelpeladeterioraçãoda
situaçãohumanitárianaregião.OIraqueaindanãodeu
cumprimento àsresoluções706e712doConselhodeObjecto:AsrelaçõesdaComunidadecomaRoménia
NareuniãodoG24emNovembrode1991,osEstados
UnidosdaAméricaeoJapãorecusaram-searenovara
ajudaàRoméniadevidoàsituaçãodosdireitoshumanos
nessepaís,enquantoqueaComunidadedecidiuprosse
gui-la.VãoosministrosdosNegóciosEstrangeiros
mandatarosembaixadoresdoG24emBucarestepara
prepararumrelatórioconjuntosobreasituaçãodos
,direitoshumanosnaRoménia?
Resposta
(17deFevereirode1993)
Em1992,tantoosEstados-Unidos comooJapão
apoiaramprogramasinternacionais deajudaàRoménia.
Osenhordeputadotemcertamenteconhecimento ,pelos
seuscontactoscomaanteriorPresidênciasobreesta
questão,dequeaComunidade eseusEstados-membros
acompanhamdepertooprocessodereformanaRomé
nia.OsembaixadoresdaComunidadeemBucareste,que
N°C81/4 JornalOficialdasComunidadesEuropeias 22.3.93
Pergunta-seaoConselhoqueiniciativastencionatomar
parapressionaroGovernogregoasolicitarasua
extradiçãopelasautoridadesdaSíria.
Resposta()
(23deFevereirode1993)
Aquestãoaqueserefereosenhordeputadonãofoi
discutidanoâmbitodacooperaçãopolíticaeuropeia.
ApesardesesuporqueAlóisBrunnerviveemDamasco
desde1950sobumafalsaidentidade,nãoháprovas
irrefutáveisdessefactoeoGovernosíriocontinuaanegar
queeleseencontrenessepaís.
OEstarespostafoiapresentadapelosministrosdosNegócios
Estrangeirosreunidosnoâmbitodacooperaçãopolítica
competentesnamatéria.Segurança,oquecontribuiriaparaamelhoriadas
condiçõesdevidadapopulaçãocivilemtodoopaís.A
Comunidade eosseusEstados-membros continuama
salientaranecessidadedeumaexecuçãorápidaeefectiva
dasresoluções706e712doConselhodeSegurançae
esperamqueoreiníciodasconversaçõesentreaOrgani
zaçãodasNaçõesUnidas(ONU)eoIraque,emViena,
reflictaumamaiorvontadedecooperaçãodestepaísna
execuçãodessasresoluções.
AComunidade eosseusEstados-membros continuam
extremamente preocupadoscomasituaçãoaflitivada
populaçãocivilnoIraque.Asituaçãodoscurdosem
particulartem-seagravadocomaacçãomilitarperma
nenteecomosbloqueioseconómicoslevadosacabopelas
autoridadesiraquianas,aoqueacresceumInverno
rigoroso.AComunidadeeosseusEstados-membros têm
apeladoincessantemente aoIraqueparaqueponhatermo
aestasoperaçõeseaoutrasmedidasrepressivas.
AComunidade eosseusEstados-membros apoiam
plenamenteoProgramaInteragênciasdasNaçõesUnidas
paraaregião,tendodadoumcontributosignificativoem
dinheiroeemespécies,tantoanívelcomunitáriocomo
nacional.AsagênciasdaONUenvolvidasestãoperfeita
menteapardasituaçãohumanitárianolocaleaforçade
500homensdaONUtemdesempenhado umpapel
importantenagarantiadasegurançadapopulaçãoedo
pessoaldaONU.AComunidade eosseusEstados
-membrosconsideramqueamodomaiseficazdeajudara
populaçãociviléagiremestreitacooperaçãocomos
esforçosdaONU.
AComunidade eosseusEstados-membros tambémtêm
instadorepetidasvezesasautoridadesiraquianasa
cumpriremintegralmente aResolução688doConselho
deSegurança,queexigeofimdarepressãodapopulação
civiliraquianaeacolaboraremnoprogramadeajuda
humanitáriadasNaçõesUnidas.AComunidade eosseus
Estados-membros têmigualmentesalientadoaimportân
ciaqueatribuemaoplenorespeitodosdireitoshumanos
detodososcidadãosiraquianos.
AComunidade eosseusEstados-membros ,noâmbitoda
cooperaçãopolíticaeuropeia,têm-semantidoconstante
menteatentosaestesassuntosecontinuamabertosa
outrasacçõesadesenvolvernestaárea.PERGUNTA ESCRITAN°492/92
doSr.SotirisKostopoulos (S)
aoConselhodasComunidadesEuropeias
(9deMarçode1992)
(93/C81/08)
Objecto:ViolaçãodosdireitoshumanosnaAlbânia
OParlamentodaAlbâniadecidiureduzirsubstancial
menteaparticipaçãodospartidosrepresentativos de
minoriagregadaregiãodoNortedoEpironaspróximas
eleiçõesparlamentaresalbanesas.Atendendoaofactodea
referidadecisãoconstituirmanifestaviolaçãodosdireitos
humanosdosnacionaisgregosquevivemnaAlbânia,
alémdetersidoadoptadacomviolaçãododispostono
artigo13°doprojectodeleidaAlbâniaaprovadono
âmbitodaConferênciaparaaSegurançaeaCooperação
naEuropa(CSCE),pretendeoConselhopediraanulação
dadecisãoemcausa?
PERGUNTA ESCRITAN°484/92
doSr.SotirisKostopoulos (S)
aoConselhodasComunidadesEuropeias
(9deMarçode1992)
(93/C81/07)Resposta()
(23deFevereirode1993)
Osenhordeputadopoderáconsultararespostadadaà
suaperguntaoraln°H-0326/92/rev.duranteoperíodo
deperguntasdeAbril.
OEstarespostafoiapresentadapelosministrosdosNegócios
Estrangeirosreunidosnoâmbitodacooperaçãopolítica
competentesnamatéria.Objecto:ExtradiçãodocriminosodeguerraAlóisBrun
ner
OcriminosodeguerraalemãoAlóisBrunner,responsável
peladeportaçãode50000judeusdeSalonica,continua
emliberdadeeesconde-senaSíria.
22.3.93 JornalOficialdasComunidadesEuropeias NC81/5
PERGUNTA ESCRITAN°498/92
doSr.VictorManuelArbeloaMuru(S)
àcooperaçãopolíticaeuropeia
(9deMarçode1992)
(93/C81/09)Respostacomumàsperguntasescritas
n°498/92en°1526/92
(10deFevereirode1993)
AComunidade eosseusEstados-membros têmvindoa
seguirdepertoosacontecimentos noChadeeestãomuito
preocupadoscomasinformaçõesdequedispõemsobrea
existênciadegravesviolaçõesdosDireitosdoHomem.
Têmplenaconsciênciadasituaçãodifícilqueopaísestáa
atravessarenãohesitamemexprimirclaramenteàs
autoridadesdeN'Djamenaaimportânciaqueatribuemao
respeitopelosDireitosdoHomem.
Lamentoinformarossenhoresdeputadosdeque,efectua
dasconsideráveisinvestigações ,aComunidade eosseus
Estados-membros nãotêminformaçõessobreodestino
dosenhorAhmedAlkhaliMohammetMaca.Objecto:FuzilamentosnoChade
Qualareacçãodacooperaçãopolíticaeuropeiaaorecente
fuzilamentopúblico,emN'Djamena,capitaldoChade,
dequatropessoas,entreasquaistrêsmilitares,condena
dasàmorteeprivadasdodireitoderecurso,sobretudo
porsetratardasprimeirasexecuçõesimpostasporum
tribunalnoChade,depoisdemuitosanos?
PERGUNTA ESCRITAN°1526/92
daSr®AnnemaríeGoedmakers (S)
àcooperaçãopolíticaeuropeia
(16deJunhode1992)
(93/C81/10)PERGUNTA ESCRITAN°1003/92
doSr.VictorManuelArbeloaMuru(S)
àcooperaçãopolíticaeuropeia
(27deAbrilde1992)
(93/C81/11)
Objecto:PrisõesnoEgipto
Tencionamosministrosreunidosnoâmbitodacoope
raçãopolíticapediraoGovernodoEgiptoqueadopte
medidasdedefesaegarantiamínimasparáprotecçãodos
presosfaceaospoderesdequegozaapolíciade
segurançaeaosabusoscometidosnosúltimosanos:
retençãoapóslibertaçãojudicial,prisõessemculpa
formadanemjulgamento,etc.?Objecto:Violênciaperpetradacontracidadãospormili
taresnoChade
Em16deFevereirode1992ovice-presidente daLigados
DireitosdoHomemdoChadefoiabatidoatiropordois
soldados.Independentemente dosmotivos(políticosou
criminais),talcasoenquadra-senumasérie,tendono
períododecorridoentre31deJaneirode1992e18de
Fevereirode1992sidomortaspelomenos20outras
pessoasporsoldadosouporpessoasarmadasemuni
formemilitar,segundoumrelatóriodaAmnistiaInterna
cionalde18deFevereirode1992.
ApesardeoGovernodeIdrisDébrytercondenadoa
violaçãogeneralizadadosDireitosdoHomemcometida
peloanteriorgovernodeHisseneHabré,nãotomou
ainda,segundoaAmnistiaInternacional ,quaisquer
medidasparaevitarqueosserviçosdesegurançaabusem
ouutilizemilegalmentearmasdefogooucoacção.
1.OsministrosdosNegóciosEstrangeirosestãoao
correntedoreferidorelatório?
2.OsministrosdosNegóciosEstrangeirosestãoem
condiçõesdeformarumjuízosobreaveracidadedo
relatóriodaAmnistiaInternacional de18deFevereiro
de1992?
3.Casoesserelatórioestejacorrecto,quepassostencio
namosministrosdarafimdeconcederajudaao
GovernodoChadenosentidodeestepôrfimà
violênciacontraosseuscidadãos?
4.Deresto,em26deFevereirode1991tiveocasiãode
apresentarumaperguntasobreasortedeAhmed
AlkhaliMohammetMaca(perguntan°523/91).Até
agoranãoobtiveresposta.Quandopodereiobter
respostaàreferidapergunta?Resposta
(23deFevereirode1993)
AComunidade eosseusEstados-membros tomaramnota
dosrelatóriossobreasviolaçõesdosdireitoshumanosno
Egipto.Asautoridadesegípciastêmplenaconsciênciada
importânciaqueaComunidade eosseusEstados-mem
brosatribuemaoEstadodedireitoeaoplenorespeitodos
compromissos assumidospeloEgiptoaoaderiraconven
çõesinternacionais sobreosdireitoshumanos.
ADeclaraçãosobreosDireitosHumanosadoptadapelo
ConselhoEuropeudoLuxemburgorefereinequivoca
menteque«orespeito,apromoçãoeasalvaguardados
direitoshumanosconstituiumelementoessencialdas
relaçõesinternacionais ,bemcomodasrelaçõesentrea
ComunidadeeosseusEstados-membros eoutrospaíses».
NC81/6 JornalOficialdasComunidadesEuropeias 22.3.93
AComunidade eosseusEstados-membros têmem
consideração aactuaçãodospaísesterceirosemrelação
aosdireitoshumanoseàdemocraciaaodefiniremassuas
políticasemrelaçãoaumdeterminadopaís.Nestascondições,estãoosgovernosrepresentados na
cooperaçãopolíticaeuropeiaaexercerinfluênciasno
sentidodequeoProgramadasNaçõesUnidasparao
Desenvolvimento (PNUD)deixedeprestaraoGoverno
daBirmâniaaajudaquelheestáaserconcedidaecujo
carácternãoéapenashumanitáriomasincluiainda
recursosfinanceirosemgrandeparteprovenientesdos
Doze?
PERGUNTA ESCRITAN°1104/92
doSr.FilipposPierrôs(PPE)
àcooperaçãopolíticaeuropeia
(11deMaiode1992)
(93/C81/12)
Objecto:Tratamentodispensadopelasautoridadesturcas
àcomunidadegregaemImbros
OjornalGttnespublicou,nassuasediçõesde20,21e23
deJaneirode1992umasériedeartigosdojornalista
MehmetSakivÚrs,sobatítulo«HabitantesdeImbrose
Ténedos».
Alémdareferênciaàsacintosasperseguiçõesporpartedas
autoridadesturcasaquefoisubmetidadurantemuito
tempoacomunidadegrega,comprovadasportestemu
nhospessoaisdignosdecrédito,éassinaladonapubli
caçãoemquestãoqueaindahoje,segundotestemunhos
decolonosturcos,apequenaminoriagregaquesubsiste
emImbrostemsidosistematicamente molestadapelos
presosdascolóniaspenaisagrícplas,quesepodem
deslocareagirlivrementeemtodaailha.
Quaisasmedidasconcretasquetencionatomara
cooperaçãopolíticaeuropeianosentidodepôrtermoa
essasituaçãoinadmissível ,queconstituiflagrantevio
laçãodosdireitoshumanosdoshabitantesgregosde
Imbros?
Resposta
(23deFevereirode1992)
Permito-mechamaraatençãodosenhordeputadoparaa
respostadadaàperguntaescritan°H-0079/92apresen
tadopelodeputadoNianiasereferenteaessamesma
questão.Resposta
(23deFevereirode1993)
AComunidade eosseusEstados-membros manifestaram
pordiversasvezes,emuitorecentemente ,nadeclaração
de15deAbrilde1992,asuapreocupaçãorelativamente
aosacontecimentos naBirmânia,emespecialnoquese
refereaofactodeasautoridadesmilitaresdesrespeitarem
osdireitoshumanoselementareseàvontadedopovoda
Birmâniadedarinícioaumprocessodemocrático.
AsituaçãonaBirmânialevouaComunidade eosseus
Estados-membros asuspenderemosprogramasdeajuda
aodesenvolvimento nãohumanitários ,areduzirao
mínimoasrelaçõeseconómicasecomerciaiseasuspender
todasasvendasdearmamentoàBirmânia.AComunidade
eosseusEstados-membros incitaramaindaoutros
estadosnaregiãoaadoptarmedidasidênticas,destinadas
amelhorarasituaçãonaBirmânia.
Asautoridadesbirmanesastêmplenaconsciênciada
importânciaqueaComunidade eosseusEstados-mem
brosatribuemaoplenorespeitodosdireitoshumanos,tal
comodefinidosnaDeclaraçãosobreosDireitosHuma
nosadoptadapeloConselhoEuropeudoLuxemburgoem
Junhode1991,enaresoluçãoadoptadapeloConselho
«Desenvolvimento »em28deNovembrode1991,relativa
aosdireitoshumanos,àdemocraciaeaodesenvolvi
mento.
Na39asessãodeConselhodeGestãodoProgramadas
NaçõesUnidasparaoDesenvolvimento ,realizadaem
Maio,aComunidade eosseusEstados-membros quetêm
assentonesseConselho,bemcomooutrosimportantes
paísesdoadoresdebateramosfuturosmoldesdaajuda
PNUDàBirmânia,comoobjectivodereduziraomáximo
oapoiodadopeloprogramaaoactualGovernoda
Birmâniaede,aomesmotempo,aumentaromaispossível
osbenefíciosdenaturezahumanitáriaparaoscidadãos
comunsdaBirmânia.
Comoresultado,oConselhodeGestãodoPNUD
decidiuadiaronovoprogramaàBirmâniaatése
encontrarconcluídaaanálisedoúltimoprogramaconce
didoaessepaís.Osrecursosremanescentes serão
utilizadosparaprojectosmaiselevadosecommaiores
benefíciosdenaturezahumanitária .PERGUNTA ESCRITAN°1120/92
doSr.CarlosRoblesPiquer(PPE)
àcooperaçãopolíticaeuropeia
(11deMaiode1992)
(93/C81/13)
Objecto:Ajudaaodesenvolvimento daBirmânia
OregimeditatorialdaBirmânia(chamadaMyanmarpela
ditadura)foialvodeinúmerascondenaçõesporparteda
ComunidadeEuropeiae,emparticular,doParlamento
Europeu.
22.3.93 JornalOficialdasComunidadesEuropeias NC81/7
PERGUNTA ESCRITAN°1217/92
doSr.JamesFord(S)
àcooperaçãopolíticaeuropeia
(21deMaiode1992)
(93/C81/14)respeitopelosDireitosdoHomem)earesoluçãosobreos
DireitosdoHomem,aDemocraciaeoDesenvolvimento
adoptadapeloConselho«Desenvolvimento »de28de
Novembrode1991.
Desdeentão,váriosmembrosdoPartidodoProgresso
têmsidodetidose,aoqueconsta,torturados .AComuni
dadeeosseusEstados-membros seguemcomgrande
preocupaçãoestesacontecimentos ,quesóservempara
exacerbaratensão.
AComunidade eosseusEstados-membros continuarão a
seguirdepertoasituaçãonaGuinéEquatorial,em
especialàluzdarespostaqueasautoridadesdeMalabo
entenderemdaràpreocupaçãoexpressa.Objecto:MordechaiVanunu
QuediligênciasforamtomadasjuntodoGovernoisrae
litarelativamente aesteprisioneiroeaotratamento
desumanoaqueestásubmetidoe,emparticular,noquese
refereàrecusadasautoridadesisraelitasempermitirque
elesejavisitadopordeputadosaoParlamentoEuropeu?
Resposta
(10deFevereirode1993)
Permita-mesugeriraosenhordeputadoqueconsultea
respostadadaàperguntaescritan°2178/92sobreo
mesmoassunto .PERGUNTA ESCRITAN°1549/92
dosSrs.VirginioBettini,HiltrudBreyer
ePaulLannoye(V)
àcooperaçãopolíticaeuropeia
(16deJunhode1992)
(93/C81/16)
PERGUNTA ESCRITAN°1497/92
doSr.VictorManuelArbeloaMuru(S)
àcooperaçãopolíticaeuropeia
(16deJunhode1992)
(93/C81/15)Objecto:Riscosdeproliferaçãodevidoàexistênciadeum
mercadoclandestinodemercenáriosnuclearese
dematerialirradiadoentreaCEI,aEuropa,o
Mashrek,oMagrebe,aíndiaeoPaquistão
PoderáoConselhoinformarsetemconhecimentodeque,
desdeoOutonode1991temvindoadesenvolver-seem
Milão,Zurique,AmesterdãoeHamburgoummercado
clandestinoflorescentedematerialirradiado,plutónio,
urânio,mineraisemetaisraros,taiscomoomercúrio
vermelho,provenientes decentraisnuclearesdaex
-URSS,actualCEIepostasàvendaàLíbia,aoIraque,ao
Irão,aoPaquistãoeàíndiaque,porsuavez,osutilizarão
paraalargarorespectivopotencialnuclear?
TemoConselhoconhecimento daexistênciadeumarede
decolocaçãonaquelespaísesdemercenáriosnucleares
provenientesdaCEI,redeessaquetemosseusemissários
naEuropa?
QuemedidaspretendetomaroConselhoparaneutralizar
esteperigosotráficoecontrolaramobilidadedos
mercenários nuclearesdaCEI?Objecto:DetençõesnaGuinéEquatorial
Poderãoosministrosreunidosnoâmbitodacooperação
políticaeuropeiaindicarseconsagramatençãoàsdeten
çõesocorridasnaGuinéEquatorial,àspossíveistorturas
dealgunsdetidos,comQéocasodePlácidoMircó
Abogo,eàsituaçãoemqueseencontramdetidosdelonga
datacomoCelestinoBacaleObiang,ArsênioMolonga,
JoséLuisNvumbaeJoséAntonioDorronsoro ?
Resposta
(10deFevereirode1993)
AComunidade eosseusEstados-membros têmestadoa
seguircomapreensãoosacontecimentos verificadosna
GuinéEquatorial.
Em16deSetembrode1992,aComunidade eosseus
Estados-membros ,atravésdosrespectivoschefesde
MissãoemMalabo,fizeramentregadeumdocumentoao
ministrodosNegóciosEstrangeirosdaGuinéEquatorial,
emqueexpressavam asuaapreensãopelaviolência
utilizadapelapolícianadetençãodepolíticosdaopo
sição,em1deSetembro.Insistiramcomasautoridadesno
sentidodelibertaremosdetidos.Essedocumento 'invo
cavaoartigo5odaQuartaConvençãodoLomé(que
reafirmaoprofundoempenhodaspartescontratantesnoResposta
(15deFevereirode1993)
AComunidade eosseusEstados-membros estãopreocu
padoscomnotíciasrecebidassobrecomércioilegalde
materialnuclear.OsEstados-membros emcujoterritório
consteter-severificadoestecomércio,oucujosnacionais
neletenhamestadoenvolvidos,estãoainvestigartodosos
incidentesdestegénero.AComunidadeeosseusEstados
-membrosestãoatrataresteassuntotantonumabase
NC81/8 JornalOficialdasComunidadesEuropeias 22.3.93
PERGUNTA ESCRITAN°2010/92
doSr.AlexSmith(S)
aoConselhodasComunidadesEuropeias
(1deSetembrode1992)
(93/C81/17)
Objecto:Reprocessamento nuclearnoReinoUnido
Quaisforamasqueixasrecentementeapresentadaspor
cidadãoseorganizações ,daComunidadeounão,relati
vamenteaosproblemasdecorrentesdoreprocessamento
nuclearconstanteefectuadonascentraisBNFLdeSella
field,InglaterraeUKAtomicEnergyAuthority,em
Dounreay,Escócia?
Resposta
(8deFevereirode1993)
1.OConselhonãotomouconhecimento dequaisquer
diligênciasprovenientesdoexteriorrelativasaoseven
tuaisproblemasdecorrentesdoreprocessamento nuclear
aqueserefereosenhordeputado.
2.Alémdisso,éseguramentedoconhecimento do
senhordeputadoquealegislaçãocomunitária ,eneste
casoespecíficoocapítuloIIIdoTratadoEuratom,eem
especialasnormasdebaserelativasàprotecçãosanitária
dapopulaçãoedostrabalhadores contraosperigos
resultantesdasradiaçõesionizantes('),seaplicaintegral
mentenesteâmbito.
CabeàComissãozelarpelaaplicaçãorigorosada
regulamentação comunitáriarespectiva,devendoosEsta
dos-membrostomartodasasmedidasgeraisouespecífi
casnecessáriasparagarantiraexecuçãodasobrigações
decorrentesdessaregulamentação .bilateralcomoaníveldacooperaçãopolíticaeuropeia.
Felizmente,atéagora,osmateriaisrecuperadosnos
incidentesquefoipossívelaveriguarnãoderamazoa
preocupaçõesquantoaoperigodeproliferação .Masa
Comunidade eosseusEstados-membros nãoestão
dispostosacontemporizar econtinuarãoatratareste
assuntocomaseriedadequeelemerece.
NaDeclaraçãosobreaNão-Proliferação eExportações
deArmas,adoptadapeloConselhoEuropeudoLuxem
burgoemJunhode1991,aComunidade eosseus
Estados-membros expressaramoseuapoioaumreforço
doregimedenão-proliferação nuclear.AComunidade e
osseusEstados-membros continuamaapelaratodosos
estadosqueaindaonãotenhamfeitonosentidodese
tornarempartesnoTratadodeNão-Proliferação de
ArmasNucleares,epropuseramreformasdestinadasa
reforçaremelhorarassalvaguardasgarantidaspela
AgênciaInternacional deEnergiaAtómica(AIEA)ao
abrigodoTratadodeNão-Proliferação .AComunidade e
osseusEstados-membros crêemqueoTratadode
Não-Proliferação constituiapedraangulardoRegime
Internacional deNão-Proliferação Nuclear,equeo
prolongamento indefinidodoTratadonasuaforma
actual,naConferênciadeProlongamento de1995,será
umpassodecisivoparaodesenvolvimente desseregime.
Talcomoosenhordeputadopoderáverificarnas
declaraçõesconjuntasde16,23e31deDezembrode
1991,ede15deJaneirode1992,aComunidadeeosseus
Estados-membros deramlugardedestaqueàquestãoda
não-proliferação nuclearnasnegociaçõescomospaíses
daex-UniãoSoviética.
Asautoridadesdospaísesdaex-UniãoSoviéticaestão,
portanto,bemconscientesdaimportânciaatribuídapela
ComunidadeepelosseusEstados-membros ànão-proli
feraçãodemateriais,armasepotenciaisnucleares.
Nareuniãoministerialdacooperaçãopolíticaeuropeiade
Lisboa,de17deFevereirode1992,aComunidade eos
seusEstados-membros acordaramemtransmitiràsauto
ridadesdospaísesdaex-UniãoSoviéticaasuadisponibili
dadeemfornecertodoequalquerapoiotécnicodeque
essespaísespossamnecessitarparaaeliminaçãodearmas
nucleareseoestabelecimento deumsistemadenão-proli
feraçãoeficaz.
Em27deNovembro,aComunidade eosseusEstados
-membrosassinaram,comaRússiaeosEstadosUnidos
daAmérica,umacordoparaacriaçãodeumcentro
internacionaldeciênciaetecnologianaRússiae,even
tualmente,noutrospaísesdaex-UniãoSoviética.O
centroapoiariaprojectosdestinadosadaraoscientistase
engenheirosdearmasdaex-UniãoSoviéticaoportuni
dadedereorientarem assuaspotencialidades parafins
pacíficose,emespecial,paraminimizarquaisquermoti
vaçõesnosentidodesededicaremaactividadesque
resultemnaproliferaçãodearmasnucleares,biológicase
químicas,edesistemasdeenviodemísseis.AComuni
dadeeosseusEstados-membros apoiarãofinanceira
menteestainiciativa,noâmbitodosprogramasde
assistênciatécnicapara1992.(')Nomeadamente aDirectiva80/836/EuratomdoConselho,
de15deJulhode1980(JOn°L246de17.9.1980,p.1).
PERGUNTA ESCRITAN°2113/92
doSr.FreddyBlak(S)
aoConselhodasComunidadesEuropeias
(1deSetembrode1992)
(93/C81/18)
Objecto:Transportedeanimais
Maisumavez,atravésdaTVedaimprensa,osmaus
tratosinfligidosaosanimaisduranteeapósostransportes
paraosmatadourosefestaspopularesatraíramaatenção
dopúblico.Dadoqueestouconvencidoqueéimportante
queoConselhodesenvolvaosesforçosnecessáriospara
garantirquenenhumservivoésubmetidoasofrimentos
22.3.93 JornalOficialdasComunidadesEuropeias NC81/9
inúteis,gostariadeserrapidamenteinformadosobrea
formacomoestamatériavaiserabordadaanívelda
ComunidadeEuropeia.AdecisãodoCSAdeentregaras24horasdeemissãoFM
àRádioAlfa,nãocomoassociaçãomassimcomo
sociedadeanónima,portantocomorádiocomercial,é
vivamentecontestadaporassociaçõesportuguesasde
Parisedaregiãoparisiense.
Sublinhe-sequeasassociaçõesnãocontestamofactodea
RádioAlfaterhorasdeemissãoFMcomorádio
comercial,masprotestamcontraofactodeas24horasde
FMseremtodastransformadas ememissãocomercial
sendoretiradasas12horasatéagorapertencentesàRádio
Portugal.
NãoachaoConselhoqueumataldecisãocolidecoma
tãoapregoadalivrecirculaçãodepessoaseadesejável
inserçãoassociativa,socialeculturalnomeioonde
residemetrabalham,representaumainterpretaçãopre
maturadoacordodoMaastrichtquetornaosimigrantes
portuguesescidadãosdaUnião,perdendodireitosadqui
ridos,econtrariafrontalmenteaparticipaçãopolíticade
cidadãoscomunitários navidamunicipal?Nocaso
concreto,podetomarmedidas?Quais?Resposta
(8deFevereirode1993)
Em19deNovembrode1991,oConselhoadoptoua
Directiva91/628/CEEOquedeterminaasmedidas
comunitáriasdeprotecçãodeanimaisduranteotrans
porte.
Estadirectivafixaosprincípiosquedevemregera
protecçãodeanimaisdetodasasespéciesduranteo
transporteporestrada,porviaaquáticaouaéreaoupor
caminhodeferro,bemcomoasmodalidadesdecontrolo
afinsnoterritóriocomunitário .Estãoaindaporaprovar
outrasnormascomunitárias ,emmatériasnãointeira
mentecontempladasnadirectiva.
CompeteaosEstados-membros pôremvigorasdispo
siçõesnecessáriasparadarcumprimento aestadirectiva
antesde1deJaneirode1993eàComissãogarantira
aplicaçãouniformedestasdisposiçõesapartirdamesma
data.
0)JOnL340de11.12.1991,p.17.
PERGUNTA ESCRITAN°2125/92
doSr.SérgioRibeiro(CG)
aoConselhodasComunidadesEuropeias
(1deSetembrode1992)
(93/C81/19)Resposta
(19deFevereirode1993)
OConselhodefendeaintegraçãosocialdostrabalhado
resesuasfamíliasqueseestabelecemnumEstado-mem
broquenãosejaoseu,emconformidade comalegislação
comunitáriasobrealivrecirculaçãodostrabalhadores.
Tantooprincípiodeaprenderalínguadopaísanfitrião
comoodepromoveralínguamãeeaculturado
Estado-membro deorigemjáestãoconsignadosna
directivadoConselhode25deJulhode1977(')relativaà
escolarizaçãodosfilhosdostrabalhadoresmigrantes.
Nestecontexto,osórgãosdeinformaçãotêmum
importantepapeladesempenharnaprestaçãodeserviços
aosváriosgruposlinguísticoseculturaisnosEstados
-membros,semdeixardereferirqueadirectivado
Conselhode3deOutubrode1989(2)relativaà
circulaçãodeprogramastelevisivosnointeriordaComu
nidade,bemcomooprogramaMedia,adoptadopelo
Conselhoem21deDezembrode1990(3),focama
promoçãoeacirculaçãodeprogramasdepaísescom
pequenacoberturageográficaelinguísticanaEuropa.
Noentanto,oConselhonãotemcompetênciapara
intervirnumaquestãoespecíficarelativaàatribuiçãode
tempodeantenanarádioFM.Objecto:Aexpressãopúblicaassociativaea«Europados
Cidadãos»
OConselhoSuperiordoAudiovisual (CSA)francês
tomourecentemente adecisãodesuprimirdalistadas
rádiosqueemitememFMparaaregiãoparisiensea
RádioPortugalFM.
Atéàdata,acomunidadeportuguesadispunhade24
horasdefrequênciaassociativaFM,assimrepartida:12
horasparaaRádioPortugalFMe12horasparaaRádio
Alfa.
Numaregiãoondevivemetrabalhamcentenasdemilhar
deportugueseseondeexistemdezenasdeassociações
culturaiserecreativasporsiconstituídas ,representaa
RádioPortugalFMumimportantefactordeapoio,de
inserçãosocialeculturaldosportugueses eummeio
insubstituíveldedivulgaçãoepromoçãodasactividades
socioculturaisdacomunidadeportuguesa .0)JOnL199de6.8.1977.
OJOn°L298de17.10.1989.
OJOn°L380de31.12.1990.
NC81/10 JornalOficialdasComunidadesEuropeias 22.3.93
PERGUNTA ESCRITAN°2423/92
doSr.JaakVandemeulebroucke (ARC)
aoConselhodasComunidadesEuropeias
(6deOutubrode1992)
(93/C81/20)dotermodavigênciadosacordosprovisóriosquetinham
permitidoaentradaemvigor,desde1deMarçode1992,
dasdisposiçõesdenaturezacomercialdosacordos
europeus,foramnegociadastrocasdecartascomos
paísesparceiros,afimdeprorrogarosreferidosacordos
provisórios ,paraalémdestadataeatéàentradaemvigor
dosacordoseuropeus.OParlamentoEuropeudeuoseu
parecersobreestaprorrogaçãonodecorrerdoseu
períododesessãodeNovembrode1992.
2.OfuturodasrelaçõescontratuaisdaComunidade
comaChecoslováquia irádependerdeumconjuntode
elementos,entreosquaissecontaoquadrodecoope
raçãoquesevierainstaurarentreasduasnovas
repúblicas,queacordaram,nomeadamente ,emcriarentre
siumauniãoaduaneira.
NoencontrodosministrosdosNegóciosEstrangeirosda
Comunidade edospaísesdoVisegradrealizadoem5de
Outubrode1992nacidadedoLuxemburgo ,aComuni
dadereafirmouaimportânciaqueatribuiaodesenvolvi
mentoharmoniosodassuasrelaçõescomasrepúblicas
ChecaeEslovacanoquadrodasdisposiçõesconstitucio
naisqueregemasrelaçõesentreasduasrepúblicas .Desde
essadata,aComunidade eosrepresentantes daspartes
interessadasiniciaramconsultasinformaissobreasmoda
lidadesdamanutençãodoscompromissos evantagens
mútuasqueconstamdoAcordoEuropeu,assinadoem16
deDezembrode1991,tendoemcontaasrepercussõesde
novocontexto.
3.OscontactosemcursopermitirãoàComissão
apresentaraoConselho—emmomentooportunoeem
funçãodaevoluçãodasituação—propostassobreas
modalidadesquemelhorsecoadunemcomoprossegui
mentodacooperaçãocomasnovasentidadesque
sucederam,em1deJaneiro,àRepúblicaFederativaCheca
eEslovaca.
Enquantoessescontactosnãoestiveremconcluídos,eem
virtudedasnormasdedireitointernacional emmatériade
sucessãodeestados,tantoaComunidade comoas
repúblicasChecaeEslovacaprevêemqueoacordo
provisóriojáexistentecontinueaaplicar-sedepoisde31
deDezembrode1992.Objecto:AcordosdeassociaçãodaComunidadeEuro
peiacomaPolónia,aHungriaeaChecoslová
quia.PosiçãoadoptadapelaComunidadeEuro
peianasequênciadodesmembramento da
Checoslováquia
Nodia16deDezembrode1991,aComunidadeEuropeia
assinoucomaPolónia,aHungriaeaChecoslováquia um
acordodeassociação .Decorreactualmenteoprocessode
ratificaçãodestestrêsacordos.Estesacordoseuropeus
têmdeserratificadospelosparlamentosnacionaise
submetidosaoParlamentoEuropeuparaaprovação .O
«facto»políticomaisimportanteverificadoapósaassina
turadestesacordosfoiodesmembramento daRepública
daChecoslováquia emdoisestadosindependentes ,ou
seja,aRepúblicaChecaeaRepúblicaEslovaca.
PodeaConselhoinformar:
1.Emquepontoseencontraactualmentearatificação
dostrêsacordosreferidos?
2.ComoencaraagoraaComunidadeEuropeiaoacordo
celebradocomaChecoslováquia (apósodesmembra
mentodaRepúblicaChecoslovaca),bemcomoas
declaraçõesdequeaChecoslováquia deixarádeexistir
apartirde1deJaneirode1993sendodivididaemdois
estadossoberanos,asaber,aRepúblicaChecaea
RepúblicaEslovaca?
3.ConfirmaoConselhoatesedeque,apósodesmem
bramentodaChecoslováquia ,deixarádevigoraro
acordoeuropeucelebradoem16deDezembrode
1991,eque,consequentemente ,tantoaRepública
ChecacomoaRepúblicaEslovacadeverãoagora
encetarnegociaçõesseparadascomvistaàconclusão
deumeventualacordodeassociação?Emcaso
afirmativo,podeoConselhoinformarseépossível
adoptar,emrelaçãoaessesdoisestados,umprocesso
denegociaçãoacelerado,baseadonoacordojá
existentecomaChecoslováquia ,deformaaqueestes
doisnovosestadosnãovenhamaserprejudicados
devidoaodesmembramento doEstadochecoslovaco ?-
Resposta
(18deFevereirode1993)
1.Estãoadecorrerosprocessosderatificaçãodos
acordoseuropeusdeassociaçãocomaHungriaea
Polóniapelosestadossignatários,dependendoasua
evoluçãodasnormasconstitucionais própriasdecadaum
dessesestados.PorpartedaComunidade ,oParlamento
EuropeudeuemSetembrooseuparecerfavorável
relativoaosreferidosacordos.
Umavezquenãosepodiaesperarqueosprocessos
estivessemconcluídosaté31deDezembrode1992,dataPERGUNTA ESCRITAN°2569/92
doSr.CarlosRoblesPiquer(PPE)
àcooperaçãopolíticaeuropeia
(27deOutubrode1992)
(93/C81/21)
Objecto:PosiçãodaComunidadefaceàpretensãodo
secretário-geral daONUdedispordebatalhões
próprios
Aideia,surgidanasequênciadaguerradoGolfo,dequea
OrganizaçãodasNaçõesUnidas(ONU)devedesempe
nharumpapelcentralnamanutençãodapazlevouo
22.3.93 JornalOficialdasComunidadesEuropeias NC81/11
balançodareferidainiciativaequaisasconclusõesdaí
retiradas?
OJOn°C177de6.7.1988,p.5.
Resposta
(8deFevereirode1993)
Deacordocomaresoluçãode24deMaiode1988relativa
àdimensãoeuropeianaeducação,foramorganizadas
universidades europeiasdeVerãopelaComissão,em
colaboraçãocomosEstados-membros.
Asiniciativasdesenvolvidas nasdiferentescidadesabran
geramasseguintesmatérias:
—Nijmegen(Outubrode1989)«Rumoaumaestratégia
paraumadimensãoeuropeianoensino»,
—Frascati(Outubrode1991)«Cidadaniaeuropeia»,
—Nantes(Setembro-Outubro de1991)«Línguasea
dimensãoeuropeia»,
—SantiagodeCompostela(Julhode1992)«Educação
culturalcomocomponentedacidadaniaeuropeia».
Aguarda-separa1993,nofimdoperíodoabrangidopela
resolução,umrelatóriodaComissãosobreasacções
desenvolvidas comvistaareforçaradimensãoeuropeia
noensino.Seráentãopossíveltirarconclusõesquantoàs
diferentesactividadesdesenvolvidas .secretário-geral destainstituiçãoapreconizarquea
mesmapasseadispordebatalhõesprópriosparamantera
paz.
Pretendeosecretário-geral daONUcomoseuplanoque
cadapaísformenoseiodoseupróprioexércitouma
unidadeque,pordefinição,possasertreinadapelaONU
epostaàdisposiçãodosecretário-geral numprazode24
horas.Destemodo,aONUpoderiadispor,numespaço
de24horas,deumtotalde24000soldados,oque
tornariapossívelumarespostaimediatafaceaqualquer
contingênciamundial,pois,deoutraforma,nãoestaria
emcondiçõesdeenviar,antesdeumprazodetrêsmeses,
tropasparaqualquerregiãodomundo.
Poderáacooperaçãopolíticaeuropeiacomunicarquala
suaposiçãorelativamente aestapretensãodosecretário
-geraldaONUeinformaratequepontoaceitariaum
compromissoconjuntoeuropeuparasatisfazeropedido
dosenhorGalinosentidodepoderdispor,numprazode
24horas,de24000soldadosparaoefeitoacimareferido?
Resposta
(10deFevereiro1993)
Nasuadeclaraçãode30deJunhode1992,aComunidade
eosseusEstados-membros congratularam -secoma
publicaçãodorelatóriodosecretário-geral dasNações
Unidas«UmprogramaparaaPaz».
0relatóriodosecretário-geral abrangeumavastagama
depontos.Aspropostasnelecontidas,incluindoasque
sugeremqueosestadosmembrosdasNaçõesUnidas
disponibilizem forçasparaacçõesdecoerçãoede
manutençãodapaz,exigemumaanálisecuidadosaanível
dasinstânciasdasNaçõesUnidas.OsDozeEstados
-membrosdaComunidaderesponderamindividualmente
aoquestionáriodosecretário-geral relativoàsforçasque
poderiampôràdisposiçãoparaamanutençãodapaz.Um
dosEstados-membros jáseprontificouadisponibilizar
maisde1000soldadosnoprazode48horaseoutros
1000noprazodeumasemana.Noqueserefereàs
operaçõesdemanutençãodapazpelaComunidade
Europeia,ospaísesdaComunidadejáforneceramcerca
de16500capacetesazuis.PERGUNTA ESCRITAN°2708/92
doSr.GeneFitzgerald(RDE)
aoConselhodasComunidadesEuropeias
(29deOutubrode1992)
(93/C81/23)
PERGUNTA ESCRITAN°2685/92
doSr.JoséValverdeLópez(PPE)
aoConselhodasComunidadesEuropeias
(29deOutubrode1992)Objecto:ReuniõespúblicasdoConselho
OdebatesobrearatificaçãodoTratadodeMaastricht
demonstrouclaramentequeexisteumadoseconsiderável
deconfusãoedepreocupaçãoentreoeleitoradode
algunsEstados-membros noqueserefereaopapel,aos
podereseàinfluênciadasváriasinstituiçõesdaComuni
dade.
Essaconfusãoepreocupaçãodevem-se,emparte,à
práticaseguidadesdelongadatapeloConselhode
realizartodasassuasreuniõesàportafechada.
IráoConselhodeMinistrosacordarfinalmenteemque,
defuturo,todasasreuniõesparadebatedepropostas
legislativassejampúblicas?
Resposta
(19deFevereirode1993)
OConselhoEuropeudeEdimburgoreiterouoseu
compromissoassumidoemBirminghamnosentidode(93/C81/22)
Objecto:UniversidadeeuropeiadeVerãoparaagentesde
formação
AresoluçãodoConselhoedosministrosdaEducação
reunidosnoseiodoConselhosobreadimensãoeuropeia
naeducação,de24deMaiode1988('),previa,noseu
n°13,quefossepromovidaanualmente,duranteo
períodode1988/1992,umauniversidadeeuropeiade
Verãodestinadaaosagentesdeformação.Qualéo
NC81/12 JornalOficialdasComunidadesEuropeias 22.3.93
tornaraComunidademaisabertaeadoptouasmedidas
específicasdescritasnoanexo3dasconclusõesda
Presidência .Chama-seaatençãodosenhordeputado
paraotextodesteanexo.
PERGUNTA ESCRITAN°2740/92
doSr.EdwardMcMillan-Scott (PPE)
àcooperaçãopolíticaeuropeia
(16deNovembrode1992)
(93/C81/24)menteaosenhordeputadoqueamissãodaCSCE
chefiadaporSirJohnThomsonfoiespecificamente
encarregadadeaveriguardasalegaçõessobreoscampos
dedetecçãoprópriaSérvia.
AComunidade eosseusEstados-membros acolheram
favoravelmente aResoluçãoUNSCR780doConselhode
SegurançadasNaçõesUnidasnaqualosEstados—eas
organizaçõesinternacionais decarácterhumanitário ,
quandopertinente—sãoinstadosáconferirainformação
fundamentada quetenhamemseupoderoulhestenha
sidoapresentadaemmatériadeviolaçõesdodireito
humanitário (incluindoasinfracçõesàsconvençõesde
Genebra)cometidasemterritóriaex-jugoslavo .Acomis
sãodeperitosprevistanacitadaresoluçãoedestinadaa
assistirosecretário-geral naanálisedasprovas,foi
entretantotambémjáinstituída.
OConselhoEuropeudeBirmingham ,de16deOutubro
de1992,acordounanecessidadedeumaacçãoimediatae
decisivaparafazerfaceàenormetragédiaiminentecoma
chegadadoInvernoàex-Jugoslávia ,tendodestacadoa
importânciadesecriaremlocaisdeabrigoeseassegurar
porintermédiodaACNURarecepçãodosabastecimen
tosdeemergência,talcomosublinhaoplanodeacçãoda
Comissão.OConselhoEuropeuexortouasdemais
entidadesdoadorasinternacionais adesenvolverem um
esforçoequivalenteemapoiodoapelodoACNURea
aceleraremaprestaçãodeassistênciacontempladanos
compromissos assumidos .ComoresultadodoConselho
deBirmingham ,foijácriadoumgrupooperacional
comunitárioparareforçodoesforçodoACNURe
instauradaumaavaliaçãocontínuadarespostahumanitá
riadaComunidade ,destinadaagarantiraoportunidade e
canalizaçãoeficazdasuaacção.OConselhoEuropeu
sublinhouigualmenteaimportânciadarápidamobili
zaçãodeforçaspresentemente emcursopelaForpronuII,
quecontacomaparticipaçãodeváriosEstados-membros
esedestinâàprotecçãodoscomboioshumanitários eà
escolhadosprisioneirossaídosdecamposdedetenção.A
ajudahumanitária àex-Jugoslávia écriteriosamente
dirigidaparaosmaisnecessitados ;osesforçosdeajuda
são'lideradospeloACNUR,aconselhodoqualédada
prioridadeàBósniaeaosdeslocadosemtodaaex-Jugos
lávia.OACNURintegrounasnecessidadeshumanitárias
globaisdaSérviaasnecessidadesdoKosovo,deSandjake
daVojvodina .Objecto:ViolaçõesdosdireitoshumanospelaRepública
daSérvia
1.PensamosministrosdosNegóciosEstrangeiros
constituirumcentrodedocumentação queincluaum
registo(omaiscompletopossível)dosactosdeviolação
dosdireitoshumanosperpetradostantopelaRepúblicada
Sérvianoseupróprioterritóriocomoporpartedeoutras
forçasouindivíduosqueagememnomedaRepúblicada
Sérviaemterritóriosvizinhos?
2.CasoosministrosdosNegóciosEstrangeiroscon
cordemcomacriaçãodestecentrodedocumentação ,
tencionamosministros'estabelecerumacooperação
políticacomosestadosfronteiriços ,afimdequeestes
possibilitemumfluxodeinformaçãofiáveleconsistente?
3.TendoemcontaaaproximaçãodoInverno,podem
osministrosdosNegóciosEstrangeirosindicarasmedi
dasquetencionamtomarparaassegurarumaajuda
humanitáriaadequadaàsmuitaspessoasquesãovítimas
dasperseguiçõessérvias,emparticularnoKosovo,em
Vojvodina,naBósniaenosenclavesdaCroácia?
Resposta
(15deFevereirode1993)
AComunidade eosseusEstados-membros nãotencio
namcriarumcentroespecialdedocumentação sobrea
violaçãodosdireitoshumanospelaSérvia.AComunidade
eosseusEstados-membros apoiamasacçõesemcursono
âmbitodaConferênciaInternacionalsobreaJugoslávia,
dasNaçõesUnidasedaConferênciaparaaSegurançaea
CooperaçãonaEuropa(CSCE)tendentesagarantiruma
documentação adequadadasviolaçõesdosdireitoshuma
nosregistadasnoterritóriodaex-Jugoslávia .Importa,a
estepropósito,recordaraosenhordeputadoadecisão
tomadaemsessãoextraordinária pelaComissãodos
DireitosdoHomemdeenviarcomorelatorespecialo
ex-primeiroministropolacoMazowieckiparainvestigar
asalegaçõesdeviolaçãodosdireitoshumanosemtodaa
ex-Jugoslávia ,eemespecialnaBósniaHerzegovina ,as
missõesderelatoresdaCSCEqueseencontrama
investigaroscentrosdedetençãoemtodaaex-Jugoslávia
eosataquesacivisnaBósniaenaCroácia,bemcomoa
instalaçãodemissõesdelongoprazodaCSCEno
Kosovo,noVojvodinaeemSandjak.Recorda-seigualPERGUNTA ESCRITAN°2744/92
doSr.HermanVerbeek(V)
aoConselhodasComunidadesEuropeias
(16deNovembrode1992)
(93/C81/25)
Objecto:Políticacomunitáriadoambiente
DeacordocomumrecenterelatóriodoTribunalde
Contas,adefiniçãodenormasambientaisporpartedos
22.3.93 JornalOficialdasComunidadesEuropeias NC81/13
ministrosdoAmbientedaComunidadeEuropeiadecorre
deformamuitolenta.Alémdisso,taisnormassão
posteriormente transpostasparaaslegislaçõesdosEsta
dos-membrosigualmentedeformalentaedeficiente.
1.Porquerazãoéquenoanode1991foramapenas
definidosvalores-limitepara21das130substâncias
perigosas,assimclassificadesem1976pelosministros
europeusdoAmbiente?
2.AceitaoConselhocomprometer-seafazertudoque
estiveraoseualcanceparaquesejamdefinidos,omais
rapidamentepossível,osvalores-limites paraasres
tantessubstâncias ?
3.QuemedidaspensaoConselhotomarafimdequeas
leisambientaisaprovadasemBruxelassejamoportuna
eintegralmenterespeitadaspelosEstados-membros ?Resposta
(10deFevereirode1993)
AComunidade eosseusEstados-membros têmseguido
atentamenteasituaçãodasminoriasétnicasnosestados
bálticosemanifestam-sepreocupadosquantoàsrelações
entrecomunidades aíconstatadas,emboranãoestejam
convencidos'dequeseverifiquemviolaçõesmaciçasdos
direitoshumanosnessespaíses.AComunidade eosseus
Estados-membros têmvindoadesenvolveractivamente
todososseusesforçosparatentardiminuirastensõesno
interiordosreferidosestados,bemcomoparapromover
relaçõesestáveiseharmoniosasentreaRússiaeosestados
bálticos;têmporissoapoiadoaaplicaçãodosprincípiose
mecanismosdasNaçõesUnidas,daCSCEedoConselho
daEuropanosestadosbálticosecongratularam -secomo
relatóriodamissãoàLetóniadoCentroparaosDireitos
HumanosdasNaçõesUnidasecomadecisãodaEstónia
deconvidarumamissãodeinformação,noâmbitodo
MecanismodeDimensãoHumanadaCSCEeoutrado
CentroparaosDireitosHumanosdasNaçõesUnidas.
NumareuniãorecentedoG-24nosestadosbálticos,em
Riga,ogrupoapelouaosestadosbálticosparaque
adoptemeimplementem políticasqUerespeitemos
direjtoseasexpectativasdetodososindivíduosresidentes
nosseusterritórioseconducentes àestabilidadeinternae
àrelaçãoharmoniosacomosseusvizinhos.OG-24
apoiaráaspolíticasqueincentivemosdireitosdos
cidadãosepromovamasboasrelaçõesintracomunitárias .Resposta
(8deFevereirode1993)
Emrelaçãoàsduasprimeirasperguntasdosenhor
deputado,refira-sequeoConselhoadoptouem4de
Maiode1976umadirectivarelativaàpoluiçãocáusada
pordeterminadassubstânciasperigosaslançadasnomeio
aquáticodaComunidade ,quevisaeliminarapoluiçãodas
águasporsubstânciasperigosasincluídasnasfamíliase
gruposdesubstânciasenumeradosnalistaIanexaà
mesmadirectiva.
ADirectiva76/464/CEEéumadirectiva-quadro que
deveserpostaemprática,atravésdedirectivasde
execução,paraassubstânciasquefiguramnalistaI.Atéà
data,oConselhodeliberousobretodasaspropostasquea
Comissãolheapresentousobreestassubstâncias.
Quantoàterceiraperguntadosenhordeputado,cabeà
Comissão,porforçadosTratados,velarpelocumpri
mentodasdisposiçõesdodireitocomunitáriopelos
Estados-membros .PERGUNTA ESCRITAN°2760/92
doSr.SotirisKostopoulos (NI)
aoConselhodasComunidadesEuropeias
(16deNovembrode1992)
(93/C81/27)
PERGUNTA ESCRITAN°2746/92
doSr.DesGeraghty(GUE)
àcooperaçãopolíticaeuropeia
(16deNovembrode1992)
(93/C81/26)Objecto:CombateaoflageloSIDA
Nosúltimosmesesregistou-seumpequenoaumentodos
casosdeSIDAnaGrécia.Comorecentemente informouo
MinistériodaSaúdegrego,aGréciacontinuaaregistaro
menoraumentopercentualdetodosospaísesdaComuni
dadeEuropeia;é,noentanto,preocupanteofactodedos
12casosregistadosnosegundotrimestrede1992em
criançasdemenosde12anos,cincodizemrespeitoa
pessoasquereceberamtransfusõesedoisadoentes
sujeitosatransfusõesdesanguefrequentes .Tendoo
Conselhoconsciênciadanecessidade decombatero
flagelodaSIDA,tencionaaprovarumamplolequede
acçõesqueconstituamumaefectivaeeficazformade
combateaesteflageloeistoindependentemente do
tratamentodosindivíduos,feitopelosEstados-membros
isoladamente .Objecto:Cidadaniaedireitodevotonosestadosbálticos
Consideraacooperaçãopolíticaeuropeiaqueexistem
motivosdepreocupaçãonoquedizrespeitoaosdireitos
cívicosdasminoriasétnicasdosestadosbálticos?Emcaso
afirmativo,quemedidastomouparacomunicarestasua
preocupaçãoegarantirummelhoramento dasituação?
NC81/14 22.3.93 JornalOficialdasComunidadesEuropeias
Resposta
(8deFevereirode1993)campanhadeinformaçãoparadivulgaçãodosfactores
queprovocamasdoençascoronárias?
Resposta
(8deFevereirode1993)
A31deDezembrode1990,oConselhoeosministrosda
SaúdedosEstados-membros adoptaramconclusõesO.
nasquaispunhamemevidênciaoimpactedasacçõesde
prevençãodocancro,entãopostasemprática,sobrea
prevençãodasdoençascardiovasculares econsideravam
quédeviamserdefinidasepostasempráticaacções
complementares .ConvidavamtambémaComissãoa
analisarosmelhoresmeiosdesimplificarointercâmbiode
informaçõeseacooperaçãosobreasacçõesnacionaisea
comunicaraoConselhoosresultadosdesseanálise.
OJOnC329de31.12.1990,p.19.1.OConselhoeosministrosdaSaúdedosEstados
-membros,reunidosemConselho,adoptaramem4de
Junhode1992,porpropostadaComissão,umplanode
acçãopara1991/1993noâmbitodoprograma«AEuropa
contraaSIDA»(')—aoqualosenhordeputadoteráa
gentilezadesereportar—destinadoapromovera
cooperaçãoeacoordenaçãodeactividadesnacionaisbem
comoaavaliaçãodestasanívelcomunitárioeapromoção
deactividadescomunitárias .AComissãoapresentará
proximamente oprimeirorelatóriosobreaexecuçãodeste
programa,queseráigualmenteapresentadoaoParla
mento.
S
2.Deentreasacçõesenumeradasnoplanomencio
nadonoponto1figuramnomeadamente medidasde
prevençãodoVIH,incluindoasegurançadastransfusões.
Esteúltimoaspectoatraiuespecialmente aatençãodo
Conselhoque,nasuasessãode15deMaiode1992,
conjuntamente comosministrosdeSaúde,reunidosem
Conselho,reafirmouoobjectivodealcançaraauto-sufi
ciênciadaComunidadeemprodutossanguíneosdentro
doprincípiodadádivavoluntáriaenãoremuneradaeem
condiçõesóptimasdesegurançaereconheceuanecessi
dadedepromoverointercâmbiodeinformações ede
experiênciasentreosEstados-membros afimdeaprofun
darasqutstõesligadasàaplicaçãodestesprincípios.Na
mesmaocasião,oConselhoeosministrosdaSaúde
solicitaramàComissãoqueprosseguisseeintensificasse
osseustrabalhosnaperspectivadaapresentaçãoao
Conselhoacurtoprazodoseurelatórionamatéria,
inclusivamente sobreosmeiosdeconseguiraauto-sufi
cênciaemmatériadesangue,numabasedevoluntariadoe
emcondiçõesóptimasdesegurança,senecessáriofa
zendo-oacompanhardepropostasadequadasnesta
matéria.PERGUNTA ESCRITAN°2786/92
doSr.Jean-PierreRaffarin(LDR)
aoConselhodasComunidadesEuropeias
(16deNovembrode1992)
(93/C81/29)
Objecto:LutacontraapobrezanaEuropa
0)Decisão91/317/CEEQOn°L175de4.7.1991,p.26).Asassociaçõesquesededicamàlutacontraapobrezana
Europamanifestampreocupaçãodevidoàdiminuição,
propostapeloConselho,relativaàrubricaB3-4103do
orçamentoemelaboraçãopara1993,aqualfinancia
diversasintervençõessociaisdaComunidade.
Estasassociaçõesdesejamquenarubricaemquestãoseja
mantidoomesmomontantede1992,ouseja,14500000
ecus,aoinvésde10000000deecus,comofoiproposto.
Dadooacentuadograudeprioridadedequesedeve
revestirnaEuropaalutacontraapobreza,estáo
Conselho,porconseguinte ,dispostaareverasuaposição
aesserespeito? PERGUNTA ESCRITAN°2761/92
doSr.SotirisKostopoulos (NI)
aoConselhodasComunidadesEuropeias
(16deNovembrode1992)
(93/C81/28)Resposta
(18deFevereirode1993)
Objecto:Doençascoronárias
Afaltadeexercícioéumdosfactoresqueprovocam
doençascoronárias .ASociedadeAmericanadeCardiolo
giaclassifica-aemquartaposiçãodepoisdotabagismo,da
hipertensãoedosníveiselevadosdecolesterol,nalista
dosfactoresqueprovocamdoençascardíacas.Considera
oConselhoútilorganizar,anívelcomunitário,umaDevidoàsrestriçõesorçamentaisgerais,oConselho
atribuiu10milhõesdeecusdedotaçõesdeautorizaçãoà
rubricaorçamentalB3-4103(acçõesdelutacontraa
pobreza)doseuprojectodeorçamentopara1993.
NasequênciadasemendasdoParlamentoEuropeu,o
orçamentode1993,adoptadoem17deDezembro
último,prevê14milhõesdeecusparaestarubrica
orçamental.
22.3.93 JornalOficialdasComunidadesEuropeias NC81/15
Oprogramadelutacontraapobrezaadoptadopelo
Conselhodestina-seaapoiarprojectos-piloto deluta
contraapobreza.Aexecuçãodemedidasemgrande
escalaeeficazesdelutacontraapobrezaincumbe
principalmente aosEstados-membros.
PERGUNTA ESCRITAN°2811/92
dosSrs.LuigiVertematiePierreCarniti(S)
aoConselhodasComunidadesEuropeias
(16deNovembrode1992)
(93/C81/30)estãoconcertezaaocorrentedequeasrestriçõesde
viagemforamagoraanuladas.
AComunidade eosseiisEstados-membros estãoa
desempenharplenamenteoseupapelnocontextodos
esforçosinternacionais paraauxiliaraseconomiasda
Rússiaedosdemaisestadosdaex-UniãoSoviética .Têm
tambémvindoadesenvolveractivamenteodiálogo
político,atravésdereuniõesanívelministerialeaalto
nívelemMoscovo,Bruxelas,NovaIorqueenacapitaldo
paísqueassumeaPresidência .OprogramaTacis
destina-seaprestarassistênciatécnicaàex-UniãoSovié
tica,paraapoiarareformaeconómicaesocial.
Lamentavelmente ,verifica-seque,emalgumasregiõesda
ex-UniãoSoviética,aspartesenvolvidasemcombatesnão
têmdadoprovasdavontadepolíticanecessáriapara
chegaraumaresoluçãopolítica.Dissoéexemploocaso
doNagorno-Karabakh .AComunidade eosseusEsta
dos-membrosinstamaspartesenvolvidas—emespecial,
tantooGovernodaArméniacomooGovernode
Azerbaijão—aresolveremosseuslitígioseatrabalharem
comaConferênciaparaaSegurançaeaCooperaçãona
Europa(CSCE)paraencontraruma'soluçãoqueseja
justaparatodasaspartesemquestão.
AComunidade eosseusEstados-membros estãoigual
mentepreocupadoscomaviolênciaquecontinuaareinar
naGeórgia,nomeadamente naregiãodaAbcásia,eque
temprovocadaenormesperdasdevidas.Nasuadecla
raçãode14deOutubrode1992,congratularam -secoma
decisãodosecretário-geral daOrganizaçãodasNações
Unidas(ONU)edaCSCEdeenviaremaessepaísmais
missõesdeaveriguação .Congratularam -seigualmente
comarealizaçãodeeleiçõesemcercade90%doterritório
daGeórgia,em11deOutubrode1992,ereiteraramoseu
empenhoemapoiaraestabilizaçãodasituaçãoeo
desenvolvimento dademocracia edeumaeconomiade
mercado.FelicitaramEduardShevardnadze pelasua
eleiçãocomopresidentedoParlamentogeorgianoe
afirmaramesperarmantercomeleumaestreitarelaçãode
trabalho.
AComunidade eosseusEstados-membros sentem-se
encorajadospelarelativamentebemsucedidaimplemen
taçãodoacordodepazassinadoem21deJulhode1992
naMoldova.Instamaspartesaavançaremnosentidode
umasoluçãopolítica.
(')EstarespostafoiapresentadapelosministrosdosNegócios
Estrangeirosreunidosnoâmbitodacooperaçãopolítica
competentesnamatéria.Objecto:Iniciativascontraarestriçãodasliberdadesem
relaçãoaMikhailGorbachev
TendoemcontaasnotíciasprovenientesdeMoscovo,
segundoasquaisGorbachevestáaverprogressivamente
restringidasassuasliberdades;
AtendendoaopapelqueGorbachevdesempenhou epode
viradesempenharnocenáriopolíticointernacional ;
Considerando que,maisdeumavez,aComunidade
Europeiaseempenhouemcontribuir,semingerências,
paraapassagemdosregimescomunistasparaademocra
cia,instandoaorespeitodosdireitoshumanose,nomea
damente,dasliberdades;
Dadaadifícilsituaçãoquesemantémemtodasas
ex-repúblicassoviéticas,nasquaisparecetersidointer
rompidooprocessodedemocratização quetodosos
povoseuropeusesperavamequecontinuaaconstituira
baseparaodesenvolvimento dapazedacooperaçãona
Europaenomundo;
PodeoConselhoespecificarquaisforamasacções
empreendidasjuntodoGovernorussoafimdeimpedira
perseguiçãocontraMikhailGorbacheveresponderse
nãoconsideranecessáriotomariniciativasanívelinterna
cionaldemodoaevitaradeterioraçãodasituaçãonas
repúblicasdaex-URSS,quepoderiaabalarosprincípios
deliberdadeedepazemqueestãoinclusivamente
fundamentados osúltimosacordoscomaquelasmesmas
repúblicasapartirdaRússia?
PERGUNTA ESCRITAN°2818/92
doSr.CarlosRoblesPiquer(PPE)
àcooperaçãopolíticaeuropeia
(16deNovembrode1992)Resposta()
(15deFevereirode1993)
Comoossenhoresdeputadoscertamentesaberão,as
restriçõesdeviagemimpostasaMikahilGorbachev
resultaramdasuarecusaemcomparecerperanteo
TribunalConstitucional russo.AlgunsEstados-membros
empreenderam diligênciasbilateraisjuntodoGoverno
russoarespeitodaformacomoGorbachevestavaaser
tratado.Aquestãotambémfoidiscutidanoâmbitoda
cooperaçãopolíticaeuropeia.Ossenhoresdeputados(93/C81/31)
Objecto:EleiçõesnoLíbano
Játendosidorealizados,nosúltimosdiasdeAgosto,dois
turnoseleitoraisnoLíbano,pôde-senotarumaforte
NC81/16 JornalOficialdasComunidadesEuropeias 22.3.93
tropasnorte-americanas ,quandoefectuavaacobertura
dainformaçãodainvasãodoPanamáparaumjornal
espanhol.
ApesardasreclamaçõesapresentadasaoGovernodos.
EstadosUnidosdaAmérica,pordiversasvias,inclusiva
menteatravésdeumEstado-membro ,nãoseobtevepara
afamíliadavítimaajustaindemnização aquetemdireito.
Estemesmodeputado,emdiversasocasiões,jámanifes
touinteressesobreessaqueatão,emconsequênciada
posiçãoqueforaaprovadaemplenáriopeloParlamento
Europeu.
Emvistadosfactos,estádispostaacooperaçãopolitica
europeiaacolaborarnareclamaçãodacitadaindemni
zaçãoeparaqueaAdministração dosEstadosUnidosda
Américasepronunciesobreosacontecimentos que
ocasionaram amortedoreferidocidadãocomunitário ?
Resposta
(17deFevereirode1992)
Permito-mesugeriraosenhordeputadoqueconsultea
respostadadaàsuaperguntaoraln°H-0042/92sobreo
mesmoassunto.resistênciaporpartedacomunidadecristãemparticipar
nessaseleições.Algunsmuçulmanoscontestaramigual
menteavalidadedetaiseleições,dequeresultaráa
constituiçãodeumsegundoParlamentofaceaoprimeiro,
reconhecidointernacionalmente hácercade20anos.
Ecapazacooperaçãopolíticaeuropeiadeprocederauma
apreciaçãodestaseleiçõesedosseusresultados,bem
comodomodocomopodemcontribuirparaapacificação
dosespíritoseaestabilidadepolíticadanação,cuja
situaçãoétãocomplexa,apósasdestruiçõesprovocadas
porumaguerracivilextremamentelonga?
Resposta
(10deFevereirode1993)
Nadeclaraçãode18deAgostode1992,aComunidade e
osseusEstados-membros congratularam -secomapers
pectivadeumarenovaçãodoprocessodemocráticono
Líbanoeapelaramparaarealizaçãodeeleiçõesconfor
mescomosprincípiosdemocráticos eoespíritode
reconciliaçãonacionalquecaracterizouoAcordodeTaif.
Posteriormente ,lamentaramqueafracataxadepartici
pação,asirregularidades einterferênciasalegadasea
recusadeacessoaoslocaisdevoto,tenhamdificultadoo
processodemocrático equeoParlamentosaídodas
eleiçõesnãoreflictainteiramente avontadedopovo
libanês.Noentanto,regozijam-secomanomeaçãodeum
novogoverno,sobapresidênciadosenhorRafiqHariri
porterdadoaopaísnovasesperançasderecuperação
nacional.
AComunidade eosseusEstados-membros continuama
apoiaraplenaimplementação doAcordodeTaifque
consideramamelhorbaseparaalcançaraindependência ,
asoberania,aunidadeeaintegridadeterritorialdo
Líbano,livredapresençadequaisquerforçasestrangei
ras.PERGUNTA ESCRITAN°2842/92
dosSrs.MarcoPannella(NI),VincenzoMattina(S),
VirginioBettini(V),MariaAglietta,MarcoTaradash(V)e
JasGawronski(LDR)
aoConselhodasComunidadesEuropeias
(16deNovembrode1992)
(93/C81/33)
PERGUNTA ESCRITAN°2819/92
doSr.JesúsCabezonAlonso(S)
àcooperaçãopolíticaeuropeia
(16deNovembrode1992)
(93/C81/32)Objecto:NecessidadedesereconheceraRepúblicada
Macedónia
TemoConselhoconhecimento deque:
—aGréciaefectuou,porsetevezesnoespaçodeumano
ecommanifestasintençõesdeintimidação ,manobras
militaresnasfronteirascomaRepúblicadaMacedó
nia?
—forambloqueadosnoportodeSaloriicaosabasteci
mentosdepetróleoregularmente adquiridospela
RepúblicadaMacedónia,oquecausagravesprejuízos
àsempresasmacedónicasquedispõemdereservas
paraapenasalgunsdias?
—oministrogregodosNegóciosEstrangeirosdeu
claramenteaentenderqueestasmedidasdeintimi
daçãocessariamautomaticamente apartirdomo
mentoemqueaRepúblicadaMacedóniamudassede
nome?
—nuncaumEstadotomouumadecisãoacercadonome
deoutroEstado,àexcepçãodaspotênciascoloniais
emrelaçãoàssuascolónias?Objecto:MortedofotógrafoespanholJuanAntonio
RodrigueznoPanamá
AAdministração dosEstadosUnidosdaAméricaindefe
riuareclamaçãodeindemnização apresentadapelo
Governoespanhol,destinadaàfamíliadofotógrafo
espanholJuanAntonioRodriguez.
JuanAntonioRodriguezfaleceuem21deDezembrode
1989,noPanamá,emconsequência dosdisparosdas
22.3.93 JornalOficialdasComunidadesEuropeias NC81/17
Tendoemcontaóperigoquerepresentaparaos
transformadores europeusumaumentodaimposição
aplicadaàsimportaçõeseuropeiasdecolofóniachinesa
faceaumaconcorrênciaporissomesmointensificadados
transformadores norte-americanos nomercadodaCo
munidade,
PodeoConselhoindicarqualéasuaposiçãosobreesta
questãoequaissãoasmedidasquepretendetomarafim
deevitarumadiminuiçãodapercentagemdeauto-sufi
ciênciadaproduçãodecolofónianaEuropasemcomisto
enfraquecerostransformadores europeus?PodeoConselhoindicarqueiniciativasemedidas
adequadastencionaadoptar,paraqueoGovernogrego
revejaasuaposiçãosobreaquestãomacedónicaese
abstenhadeinterferênciaspoucocompatíveiscomotexto
dostratadoscomunitáriosqueassinoudelivrevontadee,
porconsequência ,sepossaproceder,eventualmente já
depoisdaCimeiradaBirmingham ,aoreconhecimento da
RepúblicadaMacedónia,evitando-seumadegeneração
dacrisequepoderialevaraoagravamentodatragédia
balcânica?
RespostaO
(10deFevereirode1992)
Permito-mesugeriraossenhoresdeputadosqueconsul
temarespostadadaàperguntaoraln°H-0970/92sobreo
mesmoassuntonoperíododeperguntasdeOutubro.
(')EstarespostafoiapresentadapelosministrosdosNegócios
Estrangeirosreunidosnoâmbitodacooperaçãopolítica
competentesnamatéria.Respostacomumàsperguntasescritas
n°2867/92en°2869/92
PERGUNTA ESCRITAN°2867/92
doSr.LouisLauga(RDE)(19deFevereirode1993)
Nestesúltimosanos,oConselhoaprovouacçõesimpor
tantesdestinadasaapoiaraproduçãoflorestalcomunitá
riaeacompletaraspolíticasnacionaisnestedomínio.O
Conselhonãoadoptoumedidasespecíficasnesteâmbitoa
favordaproduçãodecolofónia;noentanto,asajudas
previstas,nomeadamente atravésdemedidasdedesenvol
vimentoevalorizaçãodasflorestasnaszonasruraisda
Comunidade ,referidasnoRegulamento (CEE)
n°1610/89doConselho,de29deMaiode1989,que
estabeleceasdisposiçõesdeaplicaçãodoRegulamento
(CEE)n°4256/88noqueserefereàacçãodedesenvolvi
mentoeàvalorizaçãodasflorestasnaszonasruraisda
Comunidade ,poderãoabrangerasespéciesquedão
origemaestaproduçãoe,porconseguinte ,beneficiar
todoestesector.Éclaroqueestasajudaspodemser
concedidasnocontextodosdiversosprogramaselabora
dospeloEstado-membro interessado,noâmbitoda
parceriacomaComissão,equesãoco-financiados pelo
orçamentocomunitário .aoConselhodasComunidadesEuropeias
(16deNovembrode1992)
(93/C81/34)
Objecto:Produçãoeuropeiadecolofónia
Odéficeeuropeudematériaprimeirautilizadana
produçãodacolofóniaéconsiderável .Alémdisso,a
concorrência ,nomeadamente ,dostransformadores
norte-americanos representaumaameaçaparaapro
duçãoeuropeia.
TememvistaoConselhoamanutençãoeeventualmente
odesenvolvimento deumaproduçãoeuropeianomaciço
florestalportuguêsou,seforcasodisso,noSudoestede
França?
Nestahipótese,poderiaoConselhocontemplarapossibi
lidadedaconcessãodeajudasfinanceirasnoâmbitode
umplanodemelhoriadaprodutividade ?PERGUNTA ESCRITAN°2890/92
doSr.0'Hagan(PPE)
àcooperaçãopoliticaeuropeia
(23deNovembrode1992)
(93/C81/36)
PERGUNTA ESCRITAN°2869/92
doSr.LouisLauga(RDE)
aoConselhodasComunidadesEuropeias
(16deNovembrode1992)
(93/C81/35)Objecto:AcomunidadeBaha'iresidentenoYazd
HànotíciasdequeosmembrosdacomunidadeBaha'i
estãoaserperseguidospelasautoridadesdoYazd,tendo
osseusbenssidomesmoconfiscados.
1.QuemedidastomaramosministrosdosNegócios
Estrangeirosreunidosnoâmbitodacooperação
políticaeuropeianosentidodesaberemseestas
alegaçõescorrespondem àverdade?
2.QueprotestosapresentouaComissãojuntodas
autoridadesiranianas?Objecto:Importaçõesdecolofónia
Nasequênciadoprocessoanti-dumpinginstauradopor
umaassociaçãoportuguesadeprodutoresdecolofónia
contraosimportadoreseuropeusdecolofóniaprove
nientedaChina;
NC81/18 JornalOficialdasComunidadesEuropeias 22.3.93
PERGUNTA ESCRITAN°2903/92
doSr.HeinzKohler(S)PERGUNTA ESCRITAN°2929/92
doSr.PeterCrampton(S)
àcooperaçãopolíticaeuropeia
(24deNovembrode1992)aoConselhodasComunidadesEuropeias
(23deNovembrode1992)
(93/C81/37) (93/C81/38)
Objecto:ConfiscaçãodoshaveresdosBaha'inoIrão
Nasequênciadasdiligênciasefectuadaspelacooperação
políticaeuropeiaem12deJunhode1992juntodas
autoridadesiranianasrelativamente àexecuçãodosenhor
BahmanSamandari,tencionaacooperaçãopolíticaeuro
peiavoltaraapresentarumprotestoformaljuntodas
autoridadesiranianasnorespeitanteàscasas,proprieda
desefundosilegalmenteconfiscadosnoIrão?Objecto:ComposiçãodoComitédasRegiões
OTratadodeMaastrichtprevê,nosseusartigos198°Ae
198°C,acriaçãodeumComitédasRegiões,composto
porrepresentantes dascolectividades regionaiselocais.
Oartigo198°Aestipulaoseguinte:«Osmembrosdo
comité,bemcomoigualnúmerodesuplentes,são
nomeados,porumperíododequatroanos,peloConse
lho,deliberandoporunanimidade ,sobpropostados
respectivosEstados-membros .»
PerguntoaoConselho :casoumEstado-membró propo
nhaexclusivamente representantes dascolectividades
regionaisenãoproponhaquaisquerrepresentantes das
colectividades locais,concordaráoConselhocomessa
nomeaçãooudeixaráessadecisãoaocritériodorespec
tivoEstado-membro ?Respostacomumàsperguntasescritas
n°2890/92en°2929/92
Resposta
(19deFevereirode1992)
Oartigo198°AdoTratadoCEE,comaredacçãoquelhe
foidadapeloTratadodaUniãoEuropeia,dispõequeo
ComitédasRegiõesécompostoporrepresentantes das
colectividades regionaiselocais,nomeadospeloConse
lho,deliberandoporunanimidade ,sobpropostados
respectivosEstados-membros.
CadaEstado-membro tem,portanto,aliberdadede
proporoscandidatosqueconsiderepoderemrepresentar
adequadamente ascolectividadesregionaiselocais.(15deFevereirode1993)
APresidênciaefectuou,emOutubro,novasdiligências
juntodasautoridadesiranianas,tantoemTeerãocomo
emGenebra,arespeitodasituaçãodosBaha'inoIrãoe
manifestouasuapreocupaçãoacercadassentençasde
morteproferidasemrelaçãoadoisBaha'iacusadosde
espionagem,BihnamMithagieKayranKhalajabadi ,e
tambémacercadasinformaçõessegundoasquaisosdois
réusnãoterãobeneficiadodeumjulgamentojusto.As
autoridadesiranianasafirmaramqueasautoridades
judiciaisdoseupaísestãoaanalisaraformacomoos
processosdecorreram .Simultaneamente ,orepresentante
daPresidênciaemTeerãoaludiuàsinformaçõessobrea
confiscaçãodecasasepropriedadespertencentesaos
Baha'iemYazd,EsfahaneTeerão.Asautoridades
iranianasasseveraramqueosBaha'ipodemlivremente
exercerosdireitosdequegozamtodososcidadãos
iranianos,desdequecumpramalei.
AComunidade eosseusEstados-membros continuarão a
acompanharatentamente asituaçãoemmatériade
direitoshumanosnoIrãoenãodeixarãodechamara
atençãodasautoridadesiranianasparaquaisquervio
laçõesdessesdireitos.
Orelatóriomaisrecentedorepresentante especialdo
secretário-geral daOrganização dasNaçõesUnidas
(ONU)emmatériadedireitoshumanosnoIrão,Ga
lindo-Pohl,foiapresentado àAssembleiaGeraldas
NaçõesUnidasemNovembroúltimo.Orelatóriosalienta
quecontinuaaperseguiçãoaadeptosdareligiãoBaha'i,
nomeadamente execuçõessumárias,confiscaçãodepro
priedadeserecusadereformasepassaportes .OTerceiro
ComitédaAssembleiaGeraladoptouem4deDezembro
umaresoluçãosobreosdireitoshumanosnoIrão,
redigidaeco-patrocinada pelaComunidadeEuropeiae
seusEstados-membros .Estaresoluçãofoiaprovadaem
18deDezembro .PERGUNTA ESCRITAN°2906/92
doSr.CarlosRoblesPiquer(PPE)
àcooperaçãopolíticaeuropeia
(23deNovembrode1992)
(93/C81/39)
Objecto:Empenhamento daComunidadenaÁsiae
relaçõescomoJapão
NumseminárioorganizadopelaBrookingsInstitutionem
Paris,emfinaisdopassadomêsdeJunho,aoprocedera
umaanálisedasrelaçõesdoJapãocomaComunidade
Europeia,oembaixadordaquelepaís,senhorKobayashi,
referiu-seànecessidadedeseestudarosproblemasde
segurançaaonívelmundial.Manifestoutambémodesejo
doseupaísdeverummaiorempenhamento daComuni
22.3.93 JornalOficialdasComunidadesEuropeias NC81/19
Resposta
(8deFevereirode1993)
Aquestãodeaceitarosreferidospassaportesoudeexigir
tambémumvistoédaexclusivacompetênciadosestados
soberanosemcausa.
PERGUNTA ESCRITAN°2964/92
doSr.SotirisKostopoulos (NI)
aoConselhodasComunidadesEuropeias
(24deNovembrode1992)
(93/C81/41)dadeemrelaçãoàÁsiae,nessesentido,destacoua
participaçãocomunitárianosesforçosparaorganizaruma
ajudainternacionalàMongóliaeaoCamboja.
Podemossenhoresministrosfazerumaavaliaçãoda
participaçãocomunitárianareferidaajudacomunitária ?
Poroutrolado,naopiniãodacooperaçãopolítica
europeia,queperspectivasexistem—eemqueâmbito—
paraumdiálogocomoJapãosobreosproblemasglobais
desegurança?
Resposta
(17deFevereirode1993)
ADeclaraçãoConjuntadoJapãoedaComunidade eseus
Estados-membros forneceoenquadramento parauma
cooperaçãopráticaeparaumdiálogopolíticodegrande
alcance,incluindonoqueserefereaosproblemasde
segurança.NaúltimacimeiraCEE/Japão,realizadaem
Londresem4deJulhode1992,procedeu-seaumdebate
realeconstrutivosobreumasériedequestõesinternacio
naisdamaiorimportância,incluindoaÁsia.Durantea
PresidênciadoReinoUnido,efectuaram-seconversações
igualmenteúteisentreosJaponeses,umatroikaministerial
eumatroikaderesponsáveispolíticos.AComunidade eos
seusEstados-membros desejamprofundamente queeste
diálogocomoJapãopossacontinuaradesenvolver-se.
AComunidade eseusEstados-membros estãoempenha
dosnoêxitodasoluçãopolíticaglobalparaoconflitono
Cambodjaederamumapoioconsiderável ,tantoà
operaçãodaOrganizaçãodasNaçõesUnidas(ONU)
comoàreabilitaçãodessepaís.
AquestãodosprogramasdeajudaeconómicaaoCam
bodjaeàMongólianãoseinserenoâmbitodas
competênciasdacooperaçãopolíticaeuropeia.Objecto:Osdireitospolíticosdosemigrantes
Considerando queemtodososEstados-membros da
Comunidade vivemmilhõesdepessoasprivadasdo
direitodeelegeresereleitoscomo,porexemplo,os
emigrantes,tencionaequandooConselhosolicitaraos
Estados-membros queconcedamatodasaspessoasque
tenhamcompletadocincoanosderesidêncianumEstado
-membrotodosestesimportantesdireitospolíticos?
Resposta
(19deFevereirode1993)
1.CompeteaosEstados-membros definirquaisosdirei
tospolíticosqueestãodispostosaconcederaoscidadãos
depaísesterceirosqueresidamnosrespectivosterritórios.
2.Quantoàseleiçõeslocais,aDinamarca,aIrlanda,a
Espanha,oReinoUnidoeosPaísesBaixosconcedemo
direitodevotoaosestrangeirosresidentesnosseus
territóriosemcertascondições.
3.Chama-se,alémdisso,aatençãodosenhordeputado
paraoartigo8°BdoTratadodauniãoEuropeia.
PERGUNTA ESCRITAN°2930/92
doSr.SotirisKostopoulos (NI)
aoConselhodasComunidadesEuropeias
(24deNovembrode1992)
(93/C81/40)PERGUNTA ESCRITAN°2973/92
doSr.SotirisKostopoulos (NI)
àcooperaçãopolíticaeuropeia
(30deNovembrode1992)
(93/C81/42)Objecto:OspassaportesemitidosporSkopje
Determinados paísesocidentais,entreosquaisalguns
Estados-membros ,carimbamnormalmenteonovopassa
porteemitidoporSkopje,apesardonãoreconhecimento
destaRepública .DeacordocomaAgênciaNoticiosade
Atenas(APE),asembaixadasalemãenorte-americana
aceitamosreferidospassaportes .Emcontrapartida ,as
embaixadasneerlandesaaitalianapreenchem,parao
efeito,umformulárioespecial,aoqualéapostoo
respectivovisto.ComoseposicionaoConselhofaceà
situaçãosupra}Objecto:Asituaçãodosrefugiadospalestinianos
Tendoemcontaasituaçãodos900000refugiadosda
Palestinaquevivemempéssimascondiçõesnosterritórios
ocupadosporIsrael,queédasmaispreocupantes anível
internacional ,deacordocomosrelatóriosdoServiçode
AssistênciaTécnicadaOrganizaçãodasNaçõesUnidas
N°C81/20 JornalOficialdasComunidadesEuropeias 22.3.93
Asautoridadesturcastêmconsciênciadaimportânciaque
aComunidade eosseusEstados-membros atribuemao
respeitopelasnormasdoEstadodeDireitoeaos
compromissos queaTurquiasubscreveuemdocumentos
daConferênciaparaaSegurançaeaCooperaçãona
Europa(CSCE),nomeadamente naCartadeParis,nos
documentosdasreuniõesdeMoscovoedeCopenhagada
Conferência sobreaDimensãoHumanadaCSCEeno
relatóriodareuniãodeperitosdeGenebra.
Deummodomaisgeral,acomunidade eosseus
Estados-membros estãopreocupadoscomoproblemada
imigraçãoilegalparaaComunidadeesolicitamatodosos
Estadosvizinhosquetomemasmedidasnecessáriaspara
combateresteproblema.
Aquestãoespecíficaapresentadapelosenhordeputado
foilevantadaporumparceironoâmbitodacooperação
políticaeuropeia.(ONU),tencionaacooperaçãopolíticaeuropeiademons
traroseuinteressenamelhoriadasituaçãodosrefugia
dospalestinianos ?
Resposta
(10deFevereirode1993)
AComunidade eosseusEstados-membros têmvindoa
instarIsraelaquecumpraplenamenteassuasobrigações
relativamenteaospalestinianosdosterritóriosocupadose
aqueobserveasdisposiçõesda4aConvençãodeGenebra.
Osactosdeviolência,venhamdeondevierem,sãouma
ameaçaaoclimadeconfiançaqueéessencialparaoêxito
doprocessodepazdoMédioOriente.
AComunidadeEuropeiatemvindoaprestarassistência
aosrefugiadospalestinianosdesde1972.Aassistência
comunitáriaassumeumagrandeimportâncianocômputo
totaldoorçamentoglobaldasAgênciadasNaçõesUnidas
paraaAssistênciaeaocupaçãodosRefugiadosPalestinos
doMédioOriente(UNRWA)(43%em1991).
Noâmbito3avertentemultilateraldoprocessodepazfoi
criadoumgrupoparaestudarãquestãodosrefugiadosna
região.Ocontributoqueaeconomiadosterritórios
ocupadospoderiadaràeconomiadaregiãoàluzdeum
acordodepazeosobstáculosaessecontributogerados
pelaausênciadesseacordoestãoaserestudadosporum
grupomultilateraldistintoquesedebruçasobreo
desenvolvimento económicoregional.PERGUNTA ESCRITAN°2988/92
doSr.VictorManuelArbeloaMuru(S)
àcooperaçãopolíticaeuropeia
(30deNovembrode1992)
(93/C81/44)
Objecto:LibertaçãodolídersindicalChakufwaChichana
Existeminformaçõessobreolídersindicalistadetidono
Malawi,quenãofoiaindaapresentadoperanteum
tribunalequefoideclaradoprisioneirodeconsciência
pelaAmnistiaInternacional ? PERGUNTA ESCRITAN°2974/92
doSr.SotirisKostopoulos (NI)
àcooperaçãopolíticaeuropeia
(30deNovembrode1992)
(93/C81/43)Resposta
(15deFevereirode1993)
AComunidade eosseusEstados-membros têmconheci
mentodequeosenhorChihanafoicondenadoem14de
Dezembrode1992porduasacusaçõesdesediçãoepreso
pordoisanos.
Aparentemente ,oadvogadodosenhorChihanainterpôs
umrecursocontraacondenaçãoeasentençaqueainda
nãofoijulgadopeloSupremoTribunal.
AComunidade eosseusEstados-membros jáporvárias
ocasiõesapelaramaoGovernodoMalawiparaque
libertasseosenhorChihanaouassegurassequeoseucaso
fosserapidamentejulgado.
AComunidade eosseusEstados-membros continuarão a
acompanhardepertoocasodosenhorChihanae
decidirãodaacçãoaempreendernofuturoemfunçãoda
decisãoquefortomadaquantoaoseurecurso.Objecto:A«colaboração»daTurquiaemrelaçãoaos
imigrantesclandestinos
Tendoemcontaacolaboraçãodasautoridadesturcas,
quedemonstramtolerância—quandonãoparticipam ,
activamente —nosentidodefacilitaremaentradade
imigrantesclandestinos ,nomeadamente iraquianose
paquistaneses ,noterritóriodaGrécia,propõe-sea
cooperaçãopolíticaeuropeiaaconvidaroGovernoturco
atomarmedidasurgentesnosentidodepôrtermoaesta
prática?
Resposta
(17deFevereirode1993)
Nãoháprovasdeconivênciadasautoridadesturcasna
passagemdeimigrantesclandestinosparaoterritório
grego.
22.3.93 JornalOficialdasComunidadesEuropeias NC81/21
PERGUNTA ESCRITAN°2989/92
doSr.VictorManuelArbeloaMuru(S)
àcooperaçãopolíticaeuropeia
(30deNovembrode1992)Resposta
(17deFevereirode1993)
Áquestãolevantadapelosenhordeputadonãofoi
debatidanoâmbitodacooperaçãopolíticaeuropeia.(93/C81/45)
Objecto:Melhoriadascondiçõesdosprisioneirosna
Síria
Notaramosministrosdacooperaçãopolíticaeuropeia
algumamelhorianasituaçãodosprisioneirospolíticose
prisioneirosdeconsciêncianaSíria,detidoshámuitos
anosequeaindanãoforamjulgados,sobretudoapóso
debatesobreoprotocolofinanceirodaComunidadecom
essepaís?PERGUNTA ESCRITAN°3005/92
doSr.AlexSmith(S)
aoConselhodasComunidadesEuropeias
(30deNovembrode1992)
(93/C81/47)
Resposta
(10deFevereirode1993)
AComunidadeeosseusEstados-membros acompanham
depertoasituaçãonaSíriaemtermosderespeitodos
direitoshumanosetêmmanifestadorepetidamente asua
preocupaçãoquantoaosrelatosdenovasviolações.O
Governosíriotomourecentemente algumasmedidas
positivaseencorajadorasparamelhorarasituação,tendo
anunciadoalibertaçãodecercade4000prisioneiros
políticosduranteoanopassado,incluindo550nos
princípiosdeDezembro;outrasmedidasforamtomadas
parafacilitaraemigraçãodos4000judeussíriosdos
quaiscercademetadejádeixouopaís.
AComunidade eosseusEstados-membros continuarão a
incentivarestaevoluçãopositiva,easalientaraimportân
ciaqueatribuemaorespeitodosdireitoshumanos,oqual
constituiumelementoimportantedassuasrelaçõescom
ospaísesterceiros.Objecto:ProgramaThermie(tecnologiaseuropeiasparaa
gestãodaenergia)
QualadecisãomaisrecentetomadapeloConselhoEcofin
sobreofinanciamento doprogramaThermieaté1995?
Resposta
(8deFevereirode1993)
Em16deNovembrode1992,quandofoiadoptadoo
projectodeorçamento1993,emsegundaleitura,o
ConselhoaceitouaalteraçãopropostapeloParlamento
Europeueestabeleceuparaarealizaçãodoprograma
Thermieomontantedasdotaçõesdeautorizaçãoem
174000deecuseodasdotaçõesdepagamentoem
78000000deecus.Estesmontantesnãosofreramne
nhumaalteraçãoaquandodaadopçãofinaldoorçamento
de1993emDezembro.
QuantoaoúltimoanodeexecuçãodoprogramaTher
mie,ouseja,oexercícioorçamental1994,asdotaçõesde
autorizaçãoedepagamentoserãodefinidasdeacordo
comosprocessosorçamentaishabituaise,nolimitedas
novasperspectivasfinanceirasplurianuais.
PERGUNTA ESCRITAN°2990/92
doSr.VictorManuelArbeloaMuru(S)
àcooperaçãopolíticaeuropeia
(30deNovembrode1992)PERGUNTA ESCRITAN°3008/92
doSr.AlexSmith(S)
aoConselhodasComunidadesEuropeias
(30deNovembrode1992)(93/C81/46)
(93/C81/48)
Objecto:MortedeaborígenesnaAustráliaObjecto:Otransportedeplutónioeosriscosparaos
paísesdaComunidadeEuropeia
Queatençãofoidadaaosriscosparaoscidadãosda
ComunidadeEuropeiaquedecorreriamdeumacidente
comonaviojaponêsAkasuki-Maru quetransporta
plutónioentreaFrança,oReinoUnidoeoJapão?Dispõemosministrosdacooperaçãopolíticaeuropeiade
notíciassegurassobrearesponsabilidade dasautoridades
australianas noaltoíndicedeencarceramento ede
mortandadedeaborígenesprivadosdeliberdade,enanão
aplicaçãodasrecomendações daComissãoReal?
N°C81/22 JornalOficialdasComunidadesEuropeias 22.3.93
PERGUNTA ESCRITAN°3012/92
doSr.AlexSmith(S)
aoConselhodasComunidadesEuropeias
(30deNovembrode1992)PERGUNTA ESCRITAN°3011/92
doSr.AlexSmith(S)
aoConselhodasComunidadesEuropeias
(30deNovembrode1992)
(93/C81/49) (93/C81/51)
Objecto:ReuniõesdoConselhoEuropeu
Quedecisõesforamtomadasnosentidodetornarmais
abertasasreuniõesdoConselhoEuropeuedacoope
raçãopolíticaeuropeia?Objecto:Instalaçõesdereprocessamento nuclearnaEu
ropa
Queatençãofoidadaàsimplicaçõesemtermosde
protecção,proliferação esegurançadaexportaçãode
plutónioparaoJapãoapartirdeinstalaçõesdereproces
samentonuclearemSellafieldeDounreay,noReino
Unido,edeCaplaHagueeMarcoule,emFrança?
Resposta
(19deFevereirode1993)
Queiraosenhordeputadoreportar-seàrespostadada
peloConselhoàperguntaescritan°2708/92,colocada
pelodeputadoFitzgerald.Respostacomumàsperguntasescritas
n°3008/92en°3012/92
(8deFevereirode1993)
OConselhosugereaosenhordeputadoqueconsultea
respostadadapelopresidentedoConselho,em18de
Novembrode1992,àsperguntasoraiscomdebate
n°0-164/92,n°0-169/92,n°0-179/92,n°0-197/92,
n°0-206/92en°216/92.PERGUNTA ESCRITAN°3022/92
doSr.JoséLafuenteLópez(PPE)
*aoConselhodasComunidadesEuropeias
(14deDezembrode1992)
(93/C81/52)PERGUNTA ESCRITAN°3010/92
doSr.AlexSmith(S)
aoConselhodasComunidadesEuropeias
(30deNovembrode1992)
(93/C81/50)
Objecto:Bensetecnologiasnuclearesduais
QueatençãofoidadaàpropostadaComissãodas
ComunidadesEuropeiasdeumregulamentodoConselho
(CEE)relativoaocontroloàexportaçãodecertosbense
tecnologiasduaisecertosprodutosetecnologiasnuclea
res[COM(92)317final]comdatade31deAgostode
1992?Objecto:Legislaçãocomunitáriacontrao«hooliga
nismo»
ArecentecelebraçãodoCampeonatodaEuropade
Futebol,deselecçõesnacionais,pôsnovamenteem
evidênciaascarênciasjurídicasexistentesnoqueserefere
àrepressãoespecíficadodelitode«hooliganismo »,
praticadopelosquesedizemseradeptosdedeterminadas
equipasnacionaisdodesportorei.
Aindaqueseverifiquemporpartedasrespectivasforças
daordemnumerosasdetençõesdos«praticantes»habi
tuaisdasreferidasacçõesviolentas,afaltadetipicidade
penaldessaactuaçãoconcreta,comodelito,noscorres
pondentescorposlegaisdospaísesmembrosobriga,na
maioriadoscasos,aqueosjuízesseinibamdevidoao
difícilenquadramento dasacçõesareprimirnorespectivo
ordenamentojurídico.
Vistoqueéurgentepôrfimaessaspráticasdevanda
lismo,nãoentendeoConselhoquedeveriatomara
iniciativadeproporaregulamentação comunitária ,em
todooterritóriodospaísesmembros,doreferidotipode
delitoafimdeque,dadooseucarácterespecialmente
perigosoeanti-social,sejaconvenientemente tipificado,
regulamentado esancionadodemodoadequadoao
escândalosocialqueprovoca,contribuindoassimparaa
suaerradicação,proporcionando aosjuízesosinstrumen
tosnecessáriosparaoefeito?Resposta
(8deFevereirode1993)
Apropostaderegulamentoaqueosenhordeputadose
refereestápresentemente asersubmetidaaanálise
preliminarpelasinstânciasdoConselho,napendênciado
parecerdoParlamentoEuropeu.Dadaaimportância
destaquestão,foicriadonoConselhoumGrupoadhocàt
altonível.
22.3.93 JornalOficialdasComunidadesEuropeias N°C81/23
1991.Possoasseguraraosenhordeputadoquecontinua
rãoamanifestarclaramenteestapreocupaçãoàsautorida
desdaGuinéEquatorial,equearespostaquefordadaa
estaquestãoserádevidamèntetomadaemconsideração
noestabelecimento dasrelaçõesentreaComunidade e
seusEstados-membros eaGuinéEquatorial .Resposta
(8deDezembrode1992)
Acooperaçãopolicialejudicialfazpartedacooperação
intergovernamental .NoTratadodaUniãoEuropeiaque
.aindanãoentrouemvigor,faz-sereferênciaàcooperação
policialejudiciáriacomoumaquestãodeinteresse
comum.Alémdisso,numadeclaraçãoseparadaanexaao
Tratado,osEstados-membros acordaramemprevera
adopçãodemedidasconcretasrelativasàcooperação
policiale,especialmente ,aointercâmbiodeinformaçõese
experiênciasreferentesàassistênciaàsautoridadesnacio
naisencarregadasdosprocessoscriminaisedasegurança,
àavaliaçãoeaotratamentocentralizadosdasabordagens
emmatériadeinquéritos,bemcomoàrecolhaeao
tratamentodeinformaçõesrelativasàsabordagensnacio
naisemmatériadeprevenção,comoobjectivodeas
transmitiraosEstados-membros ededefinirestratégias
preventivasàescalaeuropeia.
Contudo,oConselhonãopoderáproporouadoptar
qualquerregulamentação comunitáriaemmatériadeluta
contrao«hooliganismo ».PERGUNTA ESCRITAN°3056/92
doSr.LouisLauga(RDE)
aoConselhodasComunidadesEuropeias
(14deDezembrode1993)
(93/C81/54)
Objecto:Preservaçãodoshabitatsnaturais
Adirectiva92/43/CEE,de21deMaiode1992,sobrea
preservaçãodoshabitatsnaturaisedafaunaedaflora
selvagens(x),provocarámodificaçõesdosregimesjurídi
cosdoshabitats,nosquaisfiguramnumerososterritórios
decaçaeaindadoestatutodedeterminadasespécies.
PodeoConselhodosMinistrosindicar,demodosucinto,
asmodalidadesdeaplicaçãodestadirectiva,esetenciona
associaraFaceàsuadefinição?
TencionaoConselhodosMinistros,poroutrolado,
aplicaraestecasooprincípiodesubsjdiariedade ,ficando
cadaEstadoresponsável,emconcertaçãocomasfede
raçõesdecaçadores,pelaexecuçãodadirectivacomunitá
rianoplanonacional?PERGUNTA ESCRITAN°3051/92
doSr.SotirisKostopoulos (NI)
àcooperaçãopolíticaeuropeia
(14deDezembrode1992)
(93/C81/53)
oJOnL206de22.7.1992,p.7.Objecto:SituaçãopolíticanaGuinéEquatorial
Considerando asdetençõesarbitráriasdeopositores
políticospelaguardapresidencial ,preocupadocominfor
maçõesveiculadaspororganismosinternacionais sobrea
práticadatorturaetendopresenteadeclaraçãoda
ComunidadeEuropeiasobreasituaçãopolíticanaGuiné
Equatorialtencionaacooperaçãopolíticaeuropeiasolici
taraogovernodequelepaísquerespeiteosDireitosdo
Homemeliberteospresospolíticos?
Resposta
(17deFevereirode1993)
AComunidade eosseusEstados-membros partilham
inteiramenteapreocupaçãoexpressapelosenhordepu
tado,talcomoodemonstraram nasuadeclaraçãosobrea
situaçãonaGuinéEquatorial,emanifestaram emvárias
ocasiõesàsautoridadesdeMalaboasuapreocupação
pelasconstantesviolaçõesdosDireitosdoHomem,
sublinhandoanecessidadedepermitiratodososcidadãos
oplenoexercíciodosseusdireitoscivisedeprocederà
libertaçãodospresospolíticos.Nessasocasiões,foifeita
umareferênciaespecialàresoluçãosobreDireitosdo
Homem,DemocraciaeDesenvolvimento adoptadapelo
Conselho«Desenvolvimento »de28deNovembrodeResposta
(8deFevereirode1993)
ADirectiva92/43/CEEtemporobjectivoacriaçãode
umaredeecológicacoerentedezonasespeciaisde
conservação ,denominada «Natura2000»,paraaconsti
tuiçãodaqualcadaEstado-membro contribuiemfunção
darepresentação ,noseuterritório,dostiposdehabitats
naturaisedoshabitatsdeespécies.Paraoefeitoos
Estados-membros designamzonasespeciaisdeconser
vação.
CombasenoscritériosdefinidosnoanexoIIIdadirectiva
eeminformaçõescientíficaspertinentes,cadaEstado
-membropropõeumalistadesítiosindicandoostiposde
habitatsnaturaisdeanexoIeasespéciesindígenasdo
anexoIIquenelesvivem.
AlistaétransmitidaàComissãonostrêsanosseguintesà
notificaçãodadirectiva,acompanhada dasinformações
relativasacadasítio.
N°C81/24 JornalOficialdasComunidadesEuropeias 22.3.93
PERGUNTA ESCRITAN°3101/92
doSr.AlexandrosAlavanos(CG)
aoConselhodasComunidadesEuropeias
(14deDezembrode1992)
(93/C81/56)ApartirdaslistàsdosEstados-membros eemconcordân
ciacomcadaumdeles,aComissãoelaboraumprojecto
delistadesítiosdeimportânciacomunitária ,apontando
ossítiosquecompreendem umouváriostiposdehabitats
naturaisprioritáriosouqueabrigamumaouvárias
espéciesprioritárias.
Alistadesítiosseleccionadoscomosítiosdeimportância
comunitáriaéadoptadapelaComissãopeloprocesso
referidonoartigo21°dacitadadirectiva.
Asmodalidadesdeaplicaçãodadirectivaimplicamnestas
condiçõesumaintervençãoalargadadasinstânciasdos
Estados-membros ,aosquaiscabeconsultar,seforcaso
disso,diferentesorganizaçõesnoâmbitodoprocedi
mentoestabelecidoparaadesignaçãodossítioscomo
zonasespeciaisdeconservação.
PERGUNTA ESCRITAN°3062/92
dosSrs.ManfredVohrereKarlPartsch(LDR)
aoConselhodasComunidadesEuropeias
(14deDezembrode1992)Objecto:Nomeaçãoderepresentantes nãoeleitosda
GréciaparaoComitédasRegiões
Nasequênciadopedidounânimeapresentadopelo
comitédirectivodaUniãoCentraldasMunicipalidades e
ComunasdaGrécia,segundooqual«adelegaçãogrega,
compostapor12membros,deveserconstituídaexclusiva
menteporrepresentantes eleitosqueserãoindicadosao
governopelocomitédirectivodaUnião»,oMinistérioda
EconomiaNacionaldaGréciasublinha,nasuaresposta
n°61014/PP2624,queadelegaçãogregaserácomposta,
empartesiguais,porsecretáriosgeraisderegiões
(designadospeloGovernogrego)epormembroseleitos
(semespecificarporquemserãoindicados).
Emrespostaàperguntaoraln°H-0379/92(')opresi
denteamexercíciodoConselhodeclarou,em13deMaio
de1992,quejáhaviasidosolicitada,precisamenteno
primeiroparágrafodoartigo198°AdoTratadodaUnião
Europeia,asubstituição ,naversãogrega,daexpressão
«representantes dascolectividades deauto-administração
localedeadministraçãoregional»pelaexpressão«repre
sentantesdascolectividades deauto-administração regio
nalelocal».
Pergunta-seaoConselho:quaissãoasmedidasquese
propõetomaremdefesadainstituiçãodoConselhodas
Regiões,umavezqueanomeaçãoderepresentantes não
eleitoscontrariaaletraeoespíritodoartigo198°Ado
TratadodaUniãoEuropeia;quaissão,poroutrolado,as
acçõesquetencionaempreenderjuntodoGovernogrego
tendoemvistaaanulaçãodadecisãounilateralemcausa?(93/C81/55)
ODebatesdoParlamentoEuropeun .3/418(Maiode1992).Objecto:MassacredeavesemMalta
OEstadoinsulardeMaltaestáactualmente aenvidar
esforçosparaaderiràsComunidadesEuropeias .Casoo
pedidodeadesãoobtenhaumparecerfavorável,éde
observarqueMaltainfringeadirectivarelativaàconser
vaçãodasavesselvagens(79/409/CEE)(x),poisem
Maltasãomortascruelmentecercadetrêsmilhõesdeaves
migratóriasporano.Asavesreferidasfazempartedas
espéciesque,naEuropa,figuramna«listavermelha»das
espéciesemviasdeextinção.
TemoConselhoconhecimento destefacto?
Quemedidassãoadoptadas,afimdecorrigiresta
situaçãodeplorável?
OJOn°L103de25.4.1979,p.1.
Resposta
(19deFevereirode1993)
OConselhorecordaaossenhoresdeputadosquea
Comissãoaindanãodeuparecersobreopedidodeadesão
daRepúblicadeMaltaàsComunidades Europeias.As
condiçõesemqueoacervocomunitáriodeveráaplicarnos
estadosquepediramaadesãodependerãodoacordoa
concluirnostermosdoartigo237°doTratadoCEE.Não
competeaoConselhopronunciar-sesobreomodocomo
osprincípiosresultantesdeumadasdirectivasque
adoptousãoaplicadosnumEstadoterceiro.Resposta
(8deFevereirode1993)
Oartigo198°AdoTratadoCEE,talcomoresultaráda
entradaemvigordoTratadodaUniãoEuropeia,estipula
queoComitédasRegiõessecompõederepresentantes
dasautarquiasregionaiselocais,nomeados,sobproposta
dosEstados-membros respectivos,peloConselhodelibe
randoporunanimidade.
CadaEstado-membro ,porconseguinte ,temaliberdade
deproporoscandidatosquejulgapoderemrepresentar
adequadamente asautarquiasregionaiselocais.
22.3.93 JornalOficialdasComunidadesÇuropeias N°C81/25
PERGUNTA ESCRITAN°3120/92
dosSrs.LuigiVertematieMariaMagnaniNoya(S)
aoConselhodasComunidadesEuropeias
(14deDezembrode1992)
(93/C81/57)ReinoUnido,serádoconhecimentodossenhoresdeputa
dosqueoGovernodoReinoUnidopretendeconcluiro
processodoEuropeanCommunitiesAmendmentBill(pro
jectodeleidealteraçãodoTratado)duranteaactual
sessãodoParlamento.
Noquedizrespeitoaoscrescentesdesafiospolíticose
económicoscomquesedeparamaComunidade eosseus
Estados-membros ,oConselhoconsideraqueoTratado
daUniãoEuropeiaeosacordosalcançadosemEdim
burgoconstituemumabasesólidapararesponderaesses
desafiosnospróximosanos.
PERGUNTA ESCRITAN°3127/92
doSr.PaulStaes(V)
aoConselhodasComunidadesEuropeias
(6deJaneirode1993)
(93/C81/58)Objecto:RatificaçãodoTratadodeMaastrichtpelo
ReinoUnido
Considerando quearecenteevoluçãodasituaçãono
ReinoUnidodemonstraqueoprimeiro-ministro John
MajortentafazercomquearatificaçãodoTratadode
Maastrichtseverifiqueapósonovoreferendodinamar
quês,
Considerando quecadaumdosEstados-membros se
tinhacomprometido aratificaronovoTratadoindepen
dentementedaquiloqueseverificassenosoutrospaíses
relativamenteaoprocessoderatificação,
Considerando ,porumlado,queaPresidênciaem
exercíciodoConselhocomportagrandesresponsabilida
despolíticasrelativamente àComunidade equenãoé,
portanto,admissívelquesejaprecisamente oEstado
-membroqueasseguraaPresidênciaemexercíciodo
ConselhoacolocarentravesàviaparaaUniãoEuropeia,
NãoconsideraoConselhoquedeveria,colegialmente ,
assumirumaposiçãofirmecontraaatitudedoReino
UnidoquevisaretardaraaprovaçãodoTratadode
Maastrichtaproveitando-sedasituaçãonaDinamarca?
Oquepensa,alémdisso,fazeroConselhorelativamente
aosproblemascrescentesqueentravamarealização
efectivadaUniãoPolíticaeMonetáriaprevistaem
Maastrichthámenosdeumano,sobretudonumaaltura
emqueosEstadosUnidosdaAméricainiciaramseria
menteaviadamudançaparafazerfaceaosdesafiosdo
ano2000enaEuropaOrientalsurgemfactoresde
instabilidadecadavezmaisperigosos?
Resposta
(18deFevereirode1993)
InformamosossenhoresdeputadosdequeoConselho
EuropeudeEdimburgochegouaacordosobresoluções
paraumvastoconjuntodequestõesessenciaisparao
progressonaEuropa,incluindoosproblemaslevantados
pelaDinamarcaàluzdoresultadodoreferendodinamar
quêsdeJunhode1992sobreoTratadodeMaastricht.
Nessaocasião,todososmembrosdoConselhoEuropeu
reafirmaramoseuempenhamento emrelaçãoaoTratado
daUniãoEuropeia.NoqueserefereaocasoespecíficodoObjecto:ConstruçãodonovoedifíciodoConselho,em
Bruxelas
Apropostaapresentadaparaomaterialisolantedestinado
aonovoedifíciodoConselho(RuaBelliard,nos25/34)
referequeopoliestirenoextrudadodeveserazul.
Atéprovaemcontrário,omaterialisolantedessacorsó
podeserfornecidopelaempresa«DowChemicals»epor
nenhumaoutra.
1.PodeoConselhoconfirmarseestainformaçãoé
correcta?
2.Seforassim,partilhadaminhaopiniãodeque,neste
caso,oprocessoenfermadealgumasirregularidades ?
3.TemoConselhoconhecimento dequeestematerial
isolante(poliestirenoextrudado)énocivoparao
ambiente?
4.PodeoConselhoinformar-medoscritériosecológi
cosquepresidiramàescolhadomaterialisolante?
Resposta
(18deFevereirode1993)
Informa-seoEscelentíssimo Senhordeputadoqueo
Conselhonãoestáaconstruirumedifícionoendereço
quereferenasuapergunta.Noentanto,casoesta
perguntadigarespeitoàconstruçãodonovoedifíciodo
Conselho,naruedelaLoi,emBruxelas,esclarece-seque
orespectivocadernodeencargosnãocontémamenção
referidapelosenhordeputado.
N°.C81/26 JornalOficialdasComunidadesEuropeias 22.3.93
PERGUNTAS COMPEDIDODERESPOSTAESCRITAQUENÃOFORAM
OBJECTODERESPOSTA(*)
(93/C81/59)
Apresentelistaépublicada,emconformidadecomon°3doartigo62°doRegulamentodoParlamento
Europeu:«Asperguntasquenãotenhamsidoobjectoderespostanoprazodeummêsnocasoda
Comissão,oudedoismesesnocasodoConselhooudosministrosdosNegóciosEstrangeiros,serão
anunciadasnoJornalOficialdasComunidadesEuropeias,atéàobtençãodaresposta.»
N.3130/92doSr.MihailPapayannakis (GUE)àComissão N.2738/92doSr.AlexSmith(S)aoConselho(16.11.1992)
Objecto:Reciclagemdolixodoméstico (6.1.1993)
N.2745/92doSr.HermanVerbeek(V)aoConselho
(16.11.1992)
Objecto:Ajuda/UNCEDaospaísesmaispobres
N?2794/92doSr.FreddyBlak(S)aoConselho(16.11.1992)
Objecto:LutacontraaSIDAObjecto:CentraldedistribuiçãodecimentoemPeristeria-Di
stomou(BEOCIA)
N°3132/92doSr.HermanVerbeek(V)àComissão(6.1.1993)
Objecto:Compensação pagapelaComunidadeporperdasno
comérciocomaRússia
N?3133/92doSr.HermanVerbeek(V)àComissão(6.1.1993)
Objecto:ApoioaorelançamentodosectoragrícolarussoN.2897/92doSr.MareGalle(A)aoConselho(23.11.1992)
Objecto:Abandonodosistemadaigualdadedetratamentodas
línguasoficiaisaquandodacriaçãodaAgênciaEuropeiados
Medicamentos
N?2970/92doSr.SotirisKostopoulos (NI)aoConselhoN.3134/92doSr.FlorusWijsenbeek (LDR)àComissão
(6.1.1993
(24.11.1992)Objecto:CartãoRES(RailEuropeSénior)
Objecto:ConcessãodeasiloaestrangeirosnaAlemanha
N?2971/92doSr.SotirisKostopoulos (NI)aoConselhoN.3135/92doSr.HorusWijsenbeek (LDR)àComissão
24.11.1992)(6.1,1993)
Objecto:HerançanaturaldacomunadeAmesterdão
N?3136/92doSr.LeenvanderWaal(NI)àComissão(6.1.1993)
Objecto:Inquéritosobrebiotecnologia
N?3137/92doSr.AlexandrosAlavanos(CG)àComissãoObjecto:OdesempregonaComunidade
N?2972/92doSr.SotirisKostopoulos(NI)àCooperaçãoPolítica
Europeia(30.11.1992)
Objecto:OdireitodoSr.Gorbachevdeviajarparaforada
-Rússia
N?2978/92doSr.SérgioRibeiro(CG)aoConselho(6.1.1993)
(30.11.1992) Objecto:Necessidadedeaceleraroprocessodeconclusãodo
hospitaldeElevsina
N?3139/92doSr.FriedrichMerz(PPE)àComissão(6.1.1993)
Objecto:SubsídiosàindústriadoalgodãodoSuldeItália
N?3140/92doSr.ManfredVohrer(LDR)àComissãoObjecto:OstêxteisnoGATTeoAcordoMultifibras
N?3006/92doSr.AlexSmith(S)aoConselho(30.11.1991)
Objecto:Conselho«Investigação»
N°3009/92doSr.AlexSmith(S)aoConselho(30.22.1992)
Objecto:Impactedasdescargasnuclearessobreoambiente
N?30.15/92doSr.PatrickLalor(RDE)aoConselho6.1.1993
(30.11.1992)Objecto:Diversidadedetratamentodosrequerentesdeasilonos
Estados-membros daComunidade
N?3142/92doSr.AntoniGutiérrezDiaz(GUE)àComissãoObjecto:Respostainsuficienteaumaperguntaescritasobre
transportesdeacesso
N°3124/92doSr.LeenvanderWaal(NI)àComissão(6.1.1993)
Objecto:Danoscausadosàcamadadeozóniopelobrometode
metilo,desinfectanteparasolos(6.1.1993)
Objecto:ParqueNacionaldeAigüestortes (Cataluña—
Espanha)
N.3125/92doSr.JamesScott-Hopkins (PPE)àComissão
(6.1.1993)
Objecto:Consequências dasimplificaçãodaburocraciaparaas
empresas
N°3126/92doSr.MaximeVerhagen(PPE)àComissão
(6.1.1993)N.3144/92doSr.DieterRogalla(S)àComissão(6.1.1993)
Objecto:Estadiaeexerciciodeumaactividadeprofissionalnos
Estados-membros
N?3145/92doSr.GianniBagetBozzo(S)àComissão(6.1.1993)
Objecto:UtilizaçãodosfundosestruturaispelaItália
N?3146/92doSr.MaxSimeoni(ARC)àComissão(6.1.1993)
Objecto:Projectodeumcentroatlânticodasenergiasrenováveis
naBretanhaObjecto:AexportaçãoderesíduosquímicosparaumEstado
ACP
N°3128/92doSr.Jean-PierreRaffin(V)àComissão(6.1.1993)
Objecto:Aplicaçãodadirectivarelativaàpreservaçãodos
habitatsnaturaisedafaunaedafloraselvagens
N?3129/92doSr.MihailPapayannakis (GUE)àComissãoN.3147/92doSr.FrançoisGuillaume(RDE)àComissão
(6.1.1993)
(6.1.1993) Objecto:Utilizaçãodacarneemconservanoâmbitodaajuda
alimentar Objecto:Rótuloecológico
(*)Asrespostasserãopublicadasquandoainstituiçãoàqualforamdirigidasasperguntastiverrespondido .Otextointegraldestasperguntasfoipublicado
noBoletimdoParlamentoEuropeu(n?27/C-92an°Ol/C-93).
JornalOficial
dasComunidadesEuropeiasISSN0257-7771
C81
36°.ano
22deMarçode1993
Ediçãoemlíngua
portuguesaComunicações eInformaçoes
Númerodeinformação
93/C81/01
93/C81/02
93/C81/03índice Página
IComunicações
ParlamentoEuropeu
Perguntasescritascomresposta
N?2962/91doSr.CarlosRoblesPiqueràcooperaçãopolíticaeuropeia
Objecto:Algumasgarantiasnuclearessoviéticasporocasiãodosacordosemmatériadeenergia 1
N?150/92daSraChristineOddyàcooperaçãopolíticaeuropeia
Objecto:DemissãodejuízesnaCroácia 2
N?272/92doSr.VictorManuelArbeloaMuruàcooperaçãopolíticaeuropeia
Objecto:ViolaçãodedireitosnoRuanda 2
N?347/92doSr.CarlosRoblesPiqueràcooperaçãopolíticaeuropeia
Objecto:Representação comumgermano-britânica emalgunspaísesdaantigaURSS 2
N?391/92doSr.EdwardMcMillan-Scott àcooperaçãopolíticaeuropeia
Objecto:AsrelaçõesdaComunidadecomaRoménia 3
N?412/92daSraRaymondeDuryàcooperaçãopolíticaeuropeia
Objecto:UtilizaçãodoembargoeconómicoporSaddamHussein 3
N?484/92doSr.SotirisKostopoulosaoConselho
Objecto:ExtradiçãodocriminosodeguerraAloisBrunner 4
N°492/92doSr.SotirisKostopoulosaoConselho
Objecto:ViolaçãodosdireitoshumanosnaAlbânia 4
N°498/92doSr.VictorManuelArbeloaMuruàcooperaçãopolíticaeuropeia
Objecto:FuzilamentosnoChade 593/C81/04
93/C81/05
93/C81/06
93/C81/07
93/C81/08
93/C81/09
1 (Continuanoversodacapa)
Númerodeinformação índice(continuação) Página
93/C81/10 N?1526/92daSraAnnemarieGoedmakersàcooperaçãopolíticaeuropeia
Objecto:ViolênciaperpetradacontracidadãospormilitaresnoChade 5
Respostacomumàsperguntasescritasn°498/92en°1526/92 5
93/C81/11 N?1003/92doSr.VictorManuelArbeloaMuruàcooperaçãopolíticaeuropeia
Objecto:PrisõesnoEgipto 5
93/C81/12 N?1104/92doSr.FilipposPierrosàcooperaçãopolíticaeuropeia
Objecto:TratamentodispensadopelasautoridadesturcasàcomunidadegregaemImbros....6
93/C81/13 N?1120/92doSr.CarlosRoblesPiqueràcooperaçãopolíticaeuropeia
Objecto:Ajudaaodesenvolvimento daBirmânia 6
93/C81/14 N?1217/92doSr.JamesFordàcooperaçãopolíticaeuropeia
Objecto:MordechaiVanunu 7
93/C81/15 N?1497/92doSr.VictorManuelArbeloaMuruàcooperaçãopolíticaeuropeia
Objecto:DetençõesnaGuinéEquatorial 7
93/C81/16 N?1549/92dosSrs.VirginioBettini,HiltrudBreyerePaulLannoyeàcooperação
políticaeuropeia
Objecto:Riscosdeproliferaçãodevidoàexistênciadeummercadoclandestinodemercenários
nuclearesedematerialirradiadoentreaCEI,aEuropa,oMashrek,oMagrebe,aíndiaeo
Paquistão • 7
93/C81/17 N?2010/92doSr.AlexSmithaoConselho
Objecto:Reprocessamento nuclearnoReinoUnido 8
93/C81/18 N?2113/92doSr.FreddyBlakaoConselho
Objecto:Transportedeanimais 8
93/C81/19 N?2125/92doSr.SérgioRibeiroaoConselho
Objecto:Aexpressãopúblicaassociativaea«EuropadosCidadãos» 9
93/C81/20 N?2423/92doSr.JaakVandemeulebroucke aoConselho
Objecto:AcordosdeassociaçãodaComunidadeEuropeiacomaPolónia,aHungriaea
Checoslováquia .PosiçãoadoptadapelaComunidadeEuropeianasequênciadodesmembra
mentodaChecoslováquia 10
93/C81/21 N°2569/92doSr.CarlosRoblesPiqueràcooperaçãopolíticaeuropeia
Objecto:PosiçãodaComunidadefaceàpretensãodosecretário-geral daONUdedisporde
batalhõespróprios 10
93/C81/22 N?2685/92doSr.JoséValverdeLópezaoConselho
Objecto:UniversidadeeuropeiadeVerãoparaagentesdeformação 11
93/C81/23 N?2708/92doSr.GeneFitzgeraldaoConselho
Objecto:ReuniõespúblicasdoConselho 11
93/C81/24 N?2740/92doSr.EdwardMcMillan-Scott àcooperaçãopolíticaeuropeia
Objecto:ViolaçõesdosdireitoshumanospelaRepúblicadaSérvia 12
93/C81/25 N?2744/92doSr.HermanVerbeekaoConselho
Objecto:Políticacomunitáriadoambiente 12
Númerodeinformação índice(continuação) Página
93/C81/26 N°2746/92doSr.DesGeraghtyàcooperaçãopolíticaeuropeia
Objecto:Cidadaniaedireitodevotonosestadosbálticos. 13
93/C81/27 N?2760/92doSr.SotirisKostopoulosaoConselho
Objecto:CombateaoflageloSIDA 13
93/C81/28 N?2761/92doSr.SotirisKostopoulosaoConselho
Objecto:Doençascoronárias 14
93/C81/29 N°2786/92doSr.Jean-PierreRaffarinaoConselho
Objecto:LutacontraapobrezanaEuropa 14
93/C81/30 N?2811/92dosSrs.LuigiVertematiePierreCamitiaoConselho
Objecto:IniciativascontraarestriçãodasliberdadesemrelaçãoaMikhailGorbachev 15
93/C81/31 N°2818/92doSr.CarlosRoblesPiqueràcooperaçãopolíticaeuropeia
Objecto:EleiçõesnoLíbano 15
93/C81/32 N?2819/92doSr.JesusCabezónAlonsoàcooperaçãopolíticaeuropeia
Objecto:MortedofotógrafoespanholJuanAntonioRodrígueznoPanamá 16
93/C81/33 N?2842/92dosSrs.MarcoPannella,VincenzoMattina,VirginioBettini,Maria
Aglietta,MarcoTaradasheJasGawronskiaoConselho
Objecto:NecessidadedesereconheceraRepúblicadaMacedónia 16
93/C81/34 N?2867/92doSr.LouisLaugaaoConselho
Objecto:Produçãoeuropeiadecolofónia 17
93/C81/35 N?2869/92doSr.LouisLaugaaoConselho
Objecto:Importaçõesdecolofónia 17
Respostacomumàsperguntasescritasn°2867/92en°2869/92 17
93/C81/36 N?2890/92doSr.0'Haganàcooperaçãopolíticaeuropeia
Objecto:AcomunidadeBaha'iresidentenoYazd 17
93/C81/37 N?2929/92doSr.PeterCramptonàcooperaçãopolíticaeuropeia
Objecto:ConfiscaçãodoshaveresdosBaha'inoIrão 18
Respostacomumàsperguntasescritasn°2890/92en°2929/92 18
93/C81/38 N?2903/92doSr.HeinzKöhleraoConselho
Objecto:ComposiçãodoComitédasRegiões 18
93/C81/39 N?2906/92doSr.CarlosRoblesPiqueràcooperaçãopolíticaeuropeia^
Objecto:Empenhamento daComunidadenaÁsiaerelaçõescomoJapão 18
93/C81/40 N°2930/92doSr.SotirisKostopoulosaoConselho
Objecto:OspassaportesemitidosporSkopje 19
(Continuanapáginaseguinte)
Númerodeinformação índice(continuação) Página
93/C81/41 N?2964/92doSr.SotirisKostopoulosaoConselho
Objecto:Osdireitospolíticosdosemigrantes 19
93/C81/42 N?2973/92doSr.SotirisKostopoulosàcooperaçãopolíticaeuropeia
Objecto:Asituaçãodosrefugiadospalestinianos 19
93/C81/43 N?2974/92doSr.SotirisKostopoulosàcooperaçãopolíticaeuropeia
Objecto:A«colaboração»daTurquiaemrelaçãoaosimigrantesclandestinos 20
93/C81/44 N°2988/92doSr.VictorManuelArbeloaMuruàcooperaçãopolíticaeuropeia
Objecto:LibertaçãodolídersindicalChakufwaChichana 20
93/C81/45 N?2989/92doSr.VictorManuelArbeloaMuruàcooperaçãopolíticaeuropeia
Objecto:MelhoriadascondiçõesdosprisioneirosnaSíria 21
93/C81/46 N°2990/92doSr.VictorManuelArbeloaMuruàcooperaçãopolíticaeuropeia
Objecto:MortedeaborígenesnaAustrália 21
93/C81/47 N°3005/92doSr.AlexSmithaoConselho
Objecto:ProgramaThermie(tecnologiaseuropeiasparaagestãodaenergia) 21
93/C81/48 N°3008/92doSr.AlexSmithaoConselho
Objecto:OtransportedeplutónioeosriscosparaospaísesdaComunidadeEuropeia 21
93/C81/49 N?3012/92doSr.AlexSmithaoConselho
Objecto:Instalaçõesdereprocessamento nuclearnaEuropa 22
Respostacomumàsperguntasescritasn°3008/92en°3012/92 22
93/C81/50 N?3010/92doSr.AlexSmithaoConselho
Objecto:Bensetecnologiasnuclearesduais 22
93/C81/51 N?3011/92doSr.AlexSmithaoConselho
Objecto:ReuniõesdoConselhoEuropeu 22
93/C81/52 N?3022/92doSr.JoséLafuenteLópezaoConselho
Objecto:Legislaçãocomunitáriacontrao«hooliganismo » 22
93/C81/53 N?3051/92doSr.SotirisKostopoulosàcooperaçãopolíticaeuropeia
Objecto:SituaçãopolíticanaGuinéEquatorial 23
93/C81/54 N?3056/92doSr.LouisLaugaaoConselho
Objecto:Preservaçãodoshabitatsnaturais .. 23
93/C81/55 N?3062/92dosSrs.ManfredVohrereKarlPartschaoConselho
Objecto:MassacredeavesemMalta 24
(Continuanoversodacontracapa)
Númerodeinformação índice(continuação) Página
93/C81/56 N?3101/92doSr.AlexandrosAlavanosaoConselho
Objecto:NomeaçãoderepresentantesnãoeleitosdaGréciaparaoComitédasRegiões 24
93/C81/57 N?3120/92dosSrs.LuigiVertematieMariaMagnaniNoyaaoConselho
Objecto:RatificaçãodoTratadodeMaastrichtpeloReinoUnido 25
93/C81/58 N?3127/92doSr.PaulStaesaoConselho
Objecto:ConstruçãodonovoedifíciodoConselho,emBruxelas 25
93/C81/59 Perguntascompedidoderespostaescritaquenãoforamobjectoderesposta 26
22.3.93 JornalOficialdasComunidadesEuropeias NC81/1
I
(Comunicações )
PARLAMENTO EUROPEU
PERGUNTAS ESCRITASCOMRESPOSTA
PERGUNTA ESCRITAN°2962/91
doSr.CarlosRoblesPiquer(PPE)
àcooperaçãopolíticaeuropeia
(13deJaneirode1992)
(93/C81/01)compromissos pertinentesrelativamente aodesarma
mentoeànão-proliferação ,assimcomoàsegurançaeà
estabilidaderegional».
Nadeclaraçãosobreo«FuturoestatutodaRússiaeoutras
antigasrepúblicassoviéticas»,de23deDezembrode
1991,aComunidadeeosseusEstados-membros exprimi
ramclaramentemaisumavezasuaexpectativade
garantiasporpartedosEstadosCEIde«assegurarum
controlounificadodasarmasnuclearesedasuanão-pro
liferação».Asmesmasexpectativassãonaturalmente
válidasquantoàutilizaçãodematerialnuclearcivilpara
usosmilitares,particularmente nocontextodetransferên
ciasdetecnologiaedeconhecimentos parapaísesque
tentamcriararsenaisnucleares.
Finalmente,nasuadeclaraçãosobreo«reconhecimento
dasantigasrepúblicassoviéticas»,de31deDezembrode
1991,aComunidade eosseusEstados-membros manifes
taramasuadisponibilidade paraprocederaoreconheci
mentocombasenasgarantiasprestadasenapresunçãode
quetodasasrepúblicas«emcujoterritórioestãoinstala
dasarmasnucleares,aderirãoabreveprazoaoTratado
daNão-Proliferação Nuclear,comoestadosnão-nuclea
res».
Considerando queasrepúblicasdaCEImaisdirecta
menteenvolvidasentãòaprocederàconcretização das
garantiasdadas,apesardassériasdificuldadessurgidas
entreduasdessasrepúblicas,aRússiaeUcrânia,a
Comunidade eosseusEstados-membros ,aomesmo
tempoquesecongratulamcomaevoluçãopositivana
direcçãodesejada,continuarãoaseguiratentamentea
situação.Conscientesdosimportantesaspectosdesegu
rançadaquestãoparatodoomundo,estãodecididosa
manter-seatentosnosseuscontactoscomaComunidade
deEstadosIndependentes asquestõesdecontroloda
tecnologiaeconhecimentos nucleares,incluindoapossi
bilidadede«fugadecérebros»nodomínionuclear.
NoâmbitodoConselho,aComunidade eosseus
Estados-membros deramalémdissoumacolhimento
favorávelàparticipaçãonacriaçãodeumcentrointerna
cionaldeciênciaetecnologia,naRússia.Oobjectivo
primordialdessecentroseriaodecontribuirObjecto:Algumasgarantiasnuclearessoviéticasporoca
siãodosacordosemmatériadeenergia
Paraquandoanegociaçãodeacordosimportantescoma
UniãoSoviéticaemmatériadeenergia,comfinseconómi
cos,tecnológicos eambientais?Nãocrêemosministros
quedeveriamserobtidassimultaneamente noplano
estratégicogarantiasdequenãoserácriadaumadisper
sãoderesponsabilidades entreasrepúblicasnocampo
nuclear,quermilitarquercivil,assimcomogarantiasde
queoscientistasnuclearesquepoderãoficardesemprega
dos,devidoàsreduçõesapraticarnoarsenalnuclear
soviético,nãoirãooferecerasuaexperiênciaapaísesque
pretendemconstituirarmamentonuclear?
Resposta
(23deFevereirode1992)
AComunidade eosseusEstados-membros atribuema
maiorimportânciaànãoproliferaçãodasarmas,assim
comoaumcontrolounificadodossectoresnuclearescivil
emilitarnasrepúblicasdaex-UniãoSoviética.
ÀluzdapassadaepresenteevoluçãodaComunidadede
EstadosIndependentes (CEI),aspreocupaçõesdaComu
nidadeedosseusEstados-membros foramclaramente
afirmadasatodasasex-repúblicas soviéticasaose
estabelecerumarelaçãoentreasquestõesdoreconheci
mentoedanão-proliferação.
Nasuadeclaraçãode16deDezembrode1991sobreas
«Directrizesparaoreconhecimento dósnovosestadosda
EuropaOrientaledaUniãoSoviética»,osministros
enunciaramcomoumadaspré-condiçõesparaoreconhe
cimentodeumnovoEstadoa«aceitaçãodetodosos
NC81/2 JornalOficialdasComunidadesEuropeias 22.3.93
doEstadodedireito,peloquecontinuarãoacontrolara
observânciadasnormasinternacionalmente aceitesneste
domínioeapressionaraCroáciaparaquegarantaoseu
cumprimento .paraaprevençãodearmasnucleares,biológicase
químicasedesistemasdelançamentodemísseis,através
dadefiniçãodeprojectossusceptíveisdeproporcionar
perspectivasprofissionaisnovaseestimulantesaoscien
tistaseengenheirosanteriormenteempregadosnasindús
triasmilitareseinstituiçõescientíficassoviéticas.
PERGUNTA ESCRITAN°272/92
doSr.VictorManuelArbeloaMuru(S)
àcooperaçãopolíticaeuropeia
(24deFevefeirode1992)
(93/C81/03)PERGUNTA ESCRITAN°150/92
daSr®ChristineOddy(S)
àcooperaçãopolíticaeuropeia
(7deFevereirode1992)
(93/C81/02)
Objecto:DemissãodejuízesnaCroácia
OsministrosdosNegóciosEstrangeirosreunidosno
âmbitodacooperaçãopolíticaeuropeiatêmconheci
mentodeque,naCroácia,osseguintesjuízesforam,entre
outros,demitidosdosseuscargos
—SlobodanTatarac,anteriormentedelegadodoMinis
térioPúblico,
—MilanPavkovic,anteriormente delegadodoMinisté
rioPúblico,Objecto:ViolaçãodedireitosnoRuanda
Debruçaram-seosministrosdosNegóciosEstrangeiros
reunidosnoâmbitodacooperaçãopolíticaeuropeiasobre
osgravesincidentesocorridosemNeurambi(Sudestede
Byumba)nanoitede7para8deNovembrotransacto,
bemcomosobreosocorridosemKanzenze(aosulde
Kigali),duranteosquaisaspessoasdaraçatutsiforamas
principaisvítimas,talcomorefereorelatórioda«África
Watch»apósumavisitaaoRuanda?
Resposta
(17deFevereirode1993)
AComunidade eosseusEstados-membros manifestaram
reiteradamente assuaspreocupaçõesrelativasàsituação
actualnoRuandaeapelaramnosentidodequetodasas
partesinteressadasdemonstremflexibilidadeparaque
possaserencontradaumasoluçãopacíficaparaassuas
divergências .AComunidadeeosseusEstados-membros
sentem-seencorajadospelosrecentesacontecimentos no
sentidodeencontraremumasoluçãopacíficaparao
conflito.—PetarKucera,anteriormentejuizdoSupremoTribu
naldeJustiça,
—UrusFunduk,anteriormentejuizdoSupremoTribu
naldeJustiça,
—IgnjatijeBulajic,anteriormentedelegadodoMinisté
rioPúblico?
Considerando queaindependênciadopoderjudicialéum
requisitoessencialàvigênciadeumsistemagenuinamente
democrático ,quemedidaséqueosministrosdosNegó
ciosEstrangeirosreunidosnoâmbitodacooperação
políticaeuropeiatencionamadoptarparamanifestarasua
desaprovaçãoporestegolpecontraaindependência do
poderjudicial?
Resposta
(10deFevereirode1993)
Aquestãoaqueserefereespecificamente asenhora
deputadanãofoidebatidanoâmbitodacooperação
politicaeuropeia.Contudo,aCroácia,nasuaqualidade
depaísparticipantenaConferênciaparaaSegurançaea
CooperaçãonaEuropa(CSCE)comprometeu-seares
peitartodasasobrigaçõeseprincípiosdaCSCE,bem
comooEstadodedireito,eaComunidade eosseus
Estados-membros esperamqueaCroáciarespeiteosseus
compromissos.
AoreconheceraCroácia,aComunidade eosseus
Estados-membros afirmaramaimportânciaqueatribuem
àimplementação dademocracia,dosdireitoshumanosePERGUNTA ESCRITAN°347/92
doSr.CarlosRoblesPiquer(PPE)
àcooperaçãopolíticaeuropeia
(27deFevereirode1992)
(93/C81/04)
Objecto:Representação comumgermano-britânica em
algunspaísesdaantigaURSS
Chegouaoconhecimentodacooperaçãopolíticaeuropeia
algumainformaçãoquevenhaconfirmaroudesmentira
notíciapublicadanaimprensasegundoaqualaAlemanha
eoReinoUnidoestudamapossibilidadedeestabelecer
embaixadascomunsemalgumasrepúblicasdaantiga
UniãoSoviética?
Emtalcaso,poderiamsurgirnessespaísesobstáculos
constitucionais aexemplodoinvocadopeloConselhode
22.3.93 JornalOficialdasComunidadesEuropeias NC81/3
apresentamregularmenterelatóriossobreosdesenvolvi
mentosverificadosnaRoménia,declararamváriasvezes
queopaísestáseriamenteempenhadonumprocessode
democratização ,incluindo,entreoutros,orespeitodos
direitoshumanos.Emboranãosepossadizerquea
Roméniatenhaatingidoumníveldedemocraciacompa
rávelàdospaísesdaEuropaOcidental,aquelepaísdeu
umgrandepassonosentidodeumanovasociedade
baseadanaliberdadeenoDireito.Umelementosignifica
tivonestecontextofoiarealizaçãodeeleiçõesparlamen
taresepresidenciaisleaisemSetembrode1992.
Afimdeapoiaraevoluçãoparaumasociedadeplena
mentedemocrática ,aComunidade eseusEstados-mem
brostencionamcontinuaraacompanharmuitodeperto
osprogressosregistadosnoprocessodedemocratização ,
incluindonoqueserefereaorespeitodosDireitosdo
Homem.Nestecontexto,deve-senotarqueoAcordo
EuropeucomaRoménia,assinadoem1deFevereiro,
incluicláusulasdesuspensãoaseremaplicadassea
Roméniacessaroprocessodetransformação parauma
sociedadebaseadanosprincípiosdeumaeconomiade
mercadoededemocracia,incluindoorespeitodos
DireitosdoHomem.EstadofrancêsquandoaRFAeaFrançapretenderam
criarumaembaixadaconjuntaemUlanBator?
Resposta
(23deFevereirode1992)
AdeclaraçãoconjuntadoReinoUnidoedaAlemanhaem
Leipzigem30deOutubrode1991esclareceuexplicita
mentequeambosospaíses,nosseuscontactoscoma
UniãoSoviética,estavamatrabalharcomoutrosparceiros
noâmbitodacooperaçãopolíticaeuropeia,inclusive
sobrequestõesdecooperaçãonosaspectospráticosea
partilhadeserviçosentrepostosdiplomáticos.
AComunidade eosseusEstados-membros ,deacordo
comassuasdecisõesde31deDezembrode1991ede15
deJaneirode1992dereconhecimento dasrepúblicasda
Comunidade deEstadosIndependentes ,iniciarama
discussãodaviabilidadedepartilhadeserviçosnestas
repúblicasondeváriosdelestencionamabrirembaixadas.
Aquestãodapartilhadeserviços—quefoiigualmente
consideradaquantoaocasodanovacapitaldaNigéria,
Abuja—deveserapreciadanocontextodamaior
cooperaçãoeunidadeentreaComunidade eosseus
Estados-membros ,ecomoestandoperfeitamente de
acordocomasdisposiçõesoespíritodoTratadode
Maastricht,nomeadamente oartigo8°C,parteII.PERGUNTA ESCRITAN°412/92
daSr?RaymondeDury(S)
àcooperaçãopolíticaeuropeia
(2deMarçode1992)
(93/C81/06) PERGUNTA ESCRITAN°391/92
doSr.EdwardMcMillan-Scott (ED)
àcooperaçãopolíticaeuropeia
(27deFevereirode1992)
(93/C81/05)Objecto:UtilizaçãodoembargoeconómicoporSaddam
Hussein
Nasuaediçãode3deFevereirode1992,arevistaTime
assinalaqueSaddamHusseinutiliza,paraosseus
própriosfins,asresoluções706e712doConselhode
SegurançatendoporobjectivopermitiraoIraqueobter
receitaspetrolíferasquelhepermitamfinanciarassuas
necessidades deordemhumanitária.
Segundoamesmafonte,Saddamreservariaosprodutos
assimobtidosparaaquelesqueoapoiam—principal
menteastropasdasuaguardapessoal—emdetrimento
darestantepopulação,responsabilizando osaliadospela
situaçãoprecáriaemqueestaúltimaseencontra.
Qualaveracidadedestasinformações ?Asituaçãoemque
seencontramaspopulaçõescivisiraquianasnãoimpõe
queseprocedaàrevisãodoembargoeàtomadade
medidasqueimpeçamSaddamdeprosseguiroseu
embuste?
Resposta
(23deFevereirode1993)
Oregimeiraquianoéoresponsávelpeladeterioraçãoda
situaçãohumanitárianaregião.OIraqueaindanãodeu
cumprimento àsresoluções706e712doConselhodeObjecto:AsrelaçõesdaComunidadecomaRoménia
NareuniãodoG24emNovembrode1991,osEstados
UnidosdaAméricaeoJapãorecusaram-searenovara
ajudaàRoméniadevidoàsituaçãodosdireitoshumanos
nessepaís,enquantoqueaComunidadedecidiuprosse
gui-la.VãoosministrosdosNegóciosEstrangeiros
mandatarosembaixadoresdoG24emBucarestepara
prepararumrelatórioconjuntosobreasituaçãodos
,direitoshumanosnaRoménia?
Resposta
(17deFevereirode1993)
Em1992,tantoosEstados-Unidos comooJapão
apoiaramprogramasinternacionais deajudaàRoménia.
Osenhordeputadotemcertamenteconhecimento ,pelos
seuscontactoscomaanteriorPresidênciasobreesta
questão,dequeaComunidade eseusEstados-membros
acompanhamdepertooprocessodereformanaRomé
nia.OsembaixadoresdaComunidadeemBucareste,que
N°C81/4 JornalOficialdasComunidadesEuropeias 22.3.93
Pergunta-seaoConselhoqueiniciativastencionatomar
parapressionaroGovernogregoasolicitarasua
extradiçãopelasautoridadesdaSíria.
Resposta()
(23deFevereirode1993)
Aquestãoaqueserefereosenhordeputadonãofoi
discutidanoâmbitodacooperaçãopolíticaeuropeia.
ApesardesesuporqueAlóisBrunnerviveemDamasco
desde1950sobumafalsaidentidade,nãoháprovas
irrefutáveisdessefactoeoGovernosíriocontinuaanegar
queeleseencontrenessepaís.
OEstarespostafoiapresentadapelosministrosdosNegócios
Estrangeirosreunidosnoâmbitodacooperaçãopolítica
competentesnamatéria.Segurança,oquecontribuiriaparaamelhoriadas
condiçõesdevidadapopulaçãocivilemtodoopaís.A
Comunidade eosseusEstados-membros continuama
salientaranecessidadedeumaexecuçãorápidaeefectiva
dasresoluções706e712doConselhodeSegurançae
esperamqueoreiníciodasconversaçõesentreaOrgani
zaçãodasNaçõesUnidas(ONU)eoIraque,emViena,
reflictaumamaiorvontadedecooperaçãodestepaísna
execuçãodessasresoluções.
AComunidade eosseusEstados-membros continuam
extremamente preocupadoscomasituaçãoaflitivada
populaçãocivilnoIraque.Asituaçãodoscurdosem
particulartem-seagravadocomaacçãomilitarperma
nenteecomosbloqueioseconómicoslevadosacabopelas
autoridadesiraquianas,aoqueacresceumInverno
rigoroso.AComunidadeeosseusEstados-membros têm
apeladoincessantemente aoIraqueparaqueponhatermo
aestasoperaçõeseaoutrasmedidasrepressivas.
AComunidade eosseusEstados-membros apoiam
plenamenteoProgramaInteragênciasdasNaçõesUnidas
paraaregião,tendodadoumcontributosignificativoem
dinheiroeemespécies,tantoanívelcomunitáriocomo
nacional.AsagênciasdaONUenvolvidasestãoperfeita
menteapardasituaçãohumanitárianolocaleaforçade
500homensdaONUtemdesempenhado umpapel
importantenagarantiadasegurançadapopulaçãoedo
pessoaldaONU.AComunidade eosseusEstados
-membrosconsideramqueamodomaiseficazdeajudara
populaçãociviléagiremestreitacooperaçãocomos
esforçosdaONU.
AComunidade eosseusEstados-membros tambémtêm
instadorepetidasvezesasautoridadesiraquianasa
cumpriremintegralmente aResolução688doConselho
deSegurança,queexigeofimdarepressãodapopulação
civiliraquianaeacolaboraremnoprogramadeajuda
humanitáriadasNaçõesUnidas.AComunidade eosseus
Estados-membros têmigualmentesalientadoaimportân
ciaqueatribuemaoplenorespeitodosdireitoshumanos
detodososcidadãosiraquianos.
AComunidade eosseusEstados-membros ,noâmbitoda
cooperaçãopolíticaeuropeia,têm-semantidoconstante
menteatentosaestesassuntosecontinuamabertosa
outrasacçõesadesenvolvernestaárea.PERGUNTA ESCRITAN°492/92
doSr.SotirisKostopoulos (S)
aoConselhodasComunidadesEuropeias
(9deMarçode1992)
(93/C81/08)
Objecto:ViolaçãodosdireitoshumanosnaAlbânia
OParlamentodaAlbâniadecidiureduzirsubstancial
menteaparticipaçãodospartidosrepresentativos de
minoriagregadaregiãodoNortedoEpironaspróximas
eleiçõesparlamentaresalbanesas.Atendendoaofactodea
referidadecisãoconstituirmanifestaviolaçãodosdireitos
humanosdosnacionaisgregosquevivemnaAlbânia,
alémdetersidoadoptadacomviolaçãododispostono
artigo13°doprojectodeleidaAlbâniaaprovadono
âmbitodaConferênciaparaaSegurançaeaCooperação
naEuropa(CSCE),pretendeoConselhopediraanulação
dadecisãoemcausa?
PERGUNTA ESCRITAN°484/92
doSr.SotirisKostopoulos (S)
aoConselhodasComunidadesEuropeias
(9deMarçode1992)
(93/C81/07)Resposta()
(23deFevereirode1993)
Osenhordeputadopoderáconsultararespostadadaà
suaperguntaoraln°H-0326/92/rev.duranteoperíodo
deperguntasdeAbril.
OEstarespostafoiapresentadapelosministrosdosNegócios
Estrangeirosreunidosnoâmbitodacooperaçãopolítica
competentesnamatéria.Objecto:ExtradiçãodocriminosodeguerraAlóisBrun
ner
OcriminosodeguerraalemãoAlóisBrunner,responsável
peladeportaçãode50000judeusdeSalonica,continua
emliberdadeeesconde-senaSíria.
22.3.93 JornalOficialdasComunidadesEuropeias NC81/5
PERGUNTA ESCRITAN°498/92
doSr.VictorManuelArbeloaMuru(S)
àcooperaçãopolíticaeuropeia
(9deMarçode1992)
(93/C81/09)Respostacomumàsperguntasescritas
n°498/92en°1526/92
(10deFevereirode1993)
AComunidade eosseusEstados-membros têmvindoa
seguirdepertoosacontecimentos noChadeeestãomuito
preocupadoscomasinformaçõesdequedispõemsobrea
existênciadegravesviolaçõesdosDireitosdoHomem.
Têmplenaconsciênciadasituaçãodifícilqueopaísestáa
atravessarenãohesitamemexprimirclaramenteàs
autoridadesdeN'Djamenaaimportânciaqueatribuemao
respeitopelosDireitosdoHomem.
Lamentoinformarossenhoresdeputadosdeque,efectua
dasconsideráveisinvestigações ,aComunidade eosseus
Estados-membros nãotêminformaçõessobreodestino
dosenhorAhmedAlkhaliMohammetMaca.Objecto:FuzilamentosnoChade
Qualareacçãodacooperaçãopolíticaeuropeiaaorecente
fuzilamentopúblico,emN'Djamena,capitaldoChade,
dequatropessoas,entreasquaistrêsmilitares,condena
dasàmorteeprivadasdodireitoderecurso,sobretudo
porsetratardasprimeirasexecuçõesimpostasporum
tribunalnoChade,depoisdemuitosanos?
PERGUNTA ESCRITAN°1526/92
daSr®AnnemaríeGoedmakers (S)
àcooperaçãopolíticaeuropeia
(16deJunhode1992)
(93/C81/10)PERGUNTA ESCRITAN°1003/92
doSr.VictorManuelArbeloaMuru(S)
àcooperaçãopolíticaeuropeia
(27deAbrilde1992)
(93/C81/11)
Objecto:PrisõesnoEgipto
Tencionamosministrosreunidosnoâmbitodacoope
raçãopolíticapediraoGovernodoEgiptoqueadopte
medidasdedefesaegarantiamínimasparáprotecçãodos
presosfaceaospoderesdequegozaapolíciade
segurançaeaosabusoscometidosnosúltimosanos:
retençãoapóslibertaçãojudicial,prisõessemculpa
formadanemjulgamento,etc.?Objecto:Violênciaperpetradacontracidadãospormili
taresnoChade
Em16deFevereirode1992ovice-presidente daLigados
DireitosdoHomemdoChadefoiabatidoatiropordois
soldados.Independentemente dosmotivos(políticosou
criminais),talcasoenquadra-senumasérie,tendono
períododecorridoentre31deJaneirode1992e18de
Fevereirode1992sidomortaspelomenos20outras
pessoasporsoldadosouporpessoasarmadasemuni
formemilitar,segundoumrelatóriodaAmnistiaInterna
cionalde18deFevereirode1992.
ApesardeoGovernodeIdrisDébrytercondenadoa
violaçãogeneralizadadosDireitosdoHomemcometida
peloanteriorgovernodeHisseneHabré,nãotomou
ainda,segundoaAmnistiaInternacional ,quaisquer
medidasparaevitarqueosserviçosdesegurançaabusem
ouutilizemilegalmentearmasdefogooucoacção.
1.OsministrosdosNegóciosEstrangeirosestãoao
correntedoreferidorelatório?
2.OsministrosdosNegóciosEstrangeirosestãoem
condiçõesdeformarumjuízosobreaveracidadedo
relatóriodaAmnistiaInternacional de18deFevereiro
de1992?
3.Casoesserelatórioestejacorrecto,quepassostencio
namosministrosdarafimdeconcederajudaao
GovernodoChadenosentidodeestepôrfimà
violênciacontraosseuscidadãos?
4.Deresto,em26deFevereirode1991tiveocasiãode
apresentarumaperguntasobreasortedeAhmed
AlkhaliMohammetMaca(perguntan°523/91).Até
agoranãoobtiveresposta.Quandopodereiobter
respostaàreferidapergunta?Resposta
(23deFevereirode1993)
AComunidade eosseusEstados-membros tomaramnota
dosrelatóriossobreasviolaçõesdosdireitoshumanosno
Egipto.Asautoridadesegípciastêmplenaconsciênciada
importânciaqueaComunidade eosseusEstados-mem
brosatribuemaoEstadodedireitoeaoplenorespeitodos
compromissos assumidospeloEgiptoaoaderiraconven
çõesinternacionais sobreosdireitoshumanos.
ADeclaraçãosobreosDireitosHumanosadoptadapelo
ConselhoEuropeudoLuxemburgorefereinequivoca
menteque«orespeito,apromoçãoeasalvaguardados
direitoshumanosconstituiumelementoessencialdas
relaçõesinternacionais ,bemcomodasrelaçõesentrea
ComunidadeeosseusEstados-membros eoutrospaíses».
NC81/6 JornalOficialdasComunidadesEuropeias 22.3.93
AComunidade eosseusEstados-membros têmem
consideração aactuaçãodospaísesterceirosemrelação
aosdireitoshumanoseàdemocraciaaodefiniremassuas
políticasemrelaçãoaumdeterminadopaís.Nestascondições,estãoosgovernosrepresentados na
cooperaçãopolíticaeuropeiaaexercerinfluênciasno
sentidodequeoProgramadasNaçõesUnidasparao
Desenvolvimento (PNUD)deixedeprestaraoGoverno
daBirmâniaaajudaquelheestáaserconcedidaecujo
carácternãoéapenashumanitáriomasincluiainda
recursosfinanceirosemgrandeparteprovenientesdos
Doze?
PERGUNTA ESCRITAN°1104/92
doSr.FilipposPierrôs(PPE)
àcooperaçãopolíticaeuropeia
(11deMaiode1992)
(93/C81/12)
Objecto:Tratamentodispensadopelasautoridadesturcas
àcomunidadegregaemImbros
OjornalGttnespublicou,nassuasediçõesde20,21e23
deJaneirode1992umasériedeartigosdojornalista
MehmetSakivÚrs,sobatítulo«HabitantesdeImbrose
Ténedos».
Alémdareferênciaàsacintosasperseguiçõesporpartedas
autoridadesturcasaquefoisubmetidadurantemuito
tempoacomunidadegrega,comprovadasportestemu
nhospessoaisdignosdecrédito,éassinaladonapubli
caçãoemquestãoqueaindahoje,segundotestemunhos
decolonosturcos,apequenaminoriagregaquesubsiste
emImbrostemsidosistematicamente molestadapelos
presosdascolóniaspenaisagrícplas,quesepodem
deslocareagirlivrementeemtodaailha.
Quaisasmedidasconcretasquetencionatomara
cooperaçãopolíticaeuropeianosentidodepôrtermoa
essasituaçãoinadmissível ,queconstituiflagrantevio
laçãodosdireitoshumanosdoshabitantesgregosde
Imbros?
Resposta
(23deFevereirode1992)
Permito-mechamaraatençãodosenhordeputadoparaa
respostadadaàperguntaescritan°H-0079/92apresen
tadopelodeputadoNianiasereferenteaessamesma
questão.Resposta
(23deFevereirode1993)
AComunidade eosseusEstados-membros manifestaram
pordiversasvezes,emuitorecentemente ,nadeclaração
de15deAbrilde1992,asuapreocupaçãorelativamente
aosacontecimentos naBirmânia,emespecialnoquese
refereaofactodeasautoridadesmilitaresdesrespeitarem
osdireitoshumanoselementareseàvontadedopovoda
Birmâniadedarinícioaumprocessodemocrático.
AsituaçãonaBirmânialevouaComunidade eosseus
Estados-membros asuspenderemosprogramasdeajuda
aodesenvolvimento nãohumanitários ,areduzirao
mínimoasrelaçõeseconómicasecomerciaiseasuspender
todasasvendasdearmamentoàBirmânia.AComunidade
eosseusEstados-membros incitaramaindaoutros
estadosnaregiãoaadoptarmedidasidênticas,destinadas
amelhorarasituaçãonaBirmânia.
Asautoridadesbirmanesastêmplenaconsciênciada
importânciaqueaComunidade eosseusEstados-mem
brosatribuemaoplenorespeitodosdireitoshumanos,tal
comodefinidosnaDeclaraçãosobreosDireitosHuma
nosadoptadapeloConselhoEuropeudoLuxemburgoem
Junhode1991,enaresoluçãoadoptadapeloConselho
«Desenvolvimento »em28deNovembrode1991,relativa
aosdireitoshumanos,àdemocraciaeaodesenvolvi
mento.
Na39asessãodeConselhodeGestãodoProgramadas
NaçõesUnidasparaoDesenvolvimento ,realizadaem
Maio,aComunidade eosseusEstados-membros quetêm
assentonesseConselho,bemcomooutrosimportantes
paísesdoadoresdebateramosfuturosmoldesdaajuda
PNUDàBirmânia,comoobjectivodereduziraomáximo
oapoiodadopeloprogramaaoactualGovernoda
Birmâniaede,aomesmotempo,aumentaromaispossível
osbenefíciosdenaturezahumanitáriaparaoscidadãos
comunsdaBirmânia.
Comoresultado,oConselhodeGestãodoPNUD
decidiuadiaronovoprogramaàBirmâniaatése
encontrarconcluídaaanálisedoúltimoprogramaconce
didoaessepaís.Osrecursosremanescentes serão
utilizadosparaprojectosmaiselevadosecommaiores
benefíciosdenaturezahumanitária .PERGUNTA ESCRITAN°1120/92
doSr.CarlosRoblesPiquer(PPE)
àcooperaçãopolíticaeuropeia
(11deMaiode1992)
(93/C81/13)
Objecto:Ajudaaodesenvolvimento daBirmânia
OregimeditatorialdaBirmânia(chamadaMyanmarpela
ditadura)foialvodeinúmerascondenaçõesporparteda
ComunidadeEuropeiae,emparticular,doParlamento
Europeu.
22.3.93 JornalOficialdasComunidadesEuropeias NC81/7
PERGUNTA ESCRITAN°1217/92
doSr.JamesFord(S)
àcooperaçãopolíticaeuropeia
(21deMaiode1992)
(93/C81/14)respeitopelosDireitosdoHomem)earesoluçãosobreos
DireitosdoHomem,aDemocraciaeoDesenvolvimento
adoptadapeloConselho«Desenvolvimento »de28de
Novembrode1991.
Desdeentão,váriosmembrosdoPartidodoProgresso
têmsidodetidose,aoqueconsta,torturados .AComuni
dadeeosseusEstados-membros seguemcomgrande
preocupaçãoestesacontecimentos ,quesóservempara
exacerbaratensão.
AComunidade eosseusEstados-membros continuarão a
seguirdepertoasituaçãonaGuinéEquatorial,em
especialàluzdarespostaqueasautoridadesdeMalabo
entenderemdaràpreocupaçãoexpressa.Objecto:MordechaiVanunu
QuediligênciasforamtomadasjuntodoGovernoisrae
litarelativamente aesteprisioneiroeaotratamento
desumanoaqueestásubmetidoe,emparticular,noquese
refereàrecusadasautoridadesisraelitasempermitirque
elesejavisitadopordeputadosaoParlamentoEuropeu?
Resposta
(10deFevereirode1993)
Permita-mesugeriraosenhordeputadoqueconsultea
respostadadaàperguntaescritan°2178/92sobreo
mesmoassunto .PERGUNTA ESCRITAN°1549/92
dosSrs.VirginioBettini,HiltrudBreyer
ePaulLannoye(V)
àcooperaçãopolíticaeuropeia
(16deJunhode1992)
(93/C81/16)
PERGUNTA ESCRITAN°1497/92
doSr.VictorManuelArbeloaMuru(S)
àcooperaçãopolíticaeuropeia
(16deJunhode1992)
(93/C81/15)Objecto:Riscosdeproliferaçãodevidoàexistênciadeum
mercadoclandestinodemercenáriosnuclearese
dematerialirradiadoentreaCEI,aEuropa,o
Mashrek,oMagrebe,aíndiaeoPaquistão
PoderáoConselhoinformarsetemconhecimentodeque,
desdeoOutonode1991temvindoadesenvolver-seem
Milão,Zurique,AmesterdãoeHamburgoummercado
clandestinoflorescentedematerialirradiado,plutónio,
urânio,mineraisemetaisraros,taiscomoomercúrio
vermelho,provenientes decentraisnuclearesdaex
-URSS,actualCEIepostasàvendaàLíbia,aoIraque,ao
Irão,aoPaquistãoeàíndiaque,porsuavez,osutilizarão
paraalargarorespectivopotencialnuclear?
TemoConselhoconhecimento daexistênciadeumarede
decolocaçãonaquelespaísesdemercenáriosnucleares
provenientesdaCEI,redeessaquetemosseusemissários
naEuropa?
QuemedidaspretendetomaroConselhoparaneutralizar
esteperigosotráficoecontrolaramobilidadedos
mercenários nuclearesdaCEI?Objecto:DetençõesnaGuinéEquatorial
Poderãoosministrosreunidosnoâmbitodacooperação
políticaeuropeiaindicarseconsagramatençãoàsdeten
çõesocorridasnaGuinéEquatorial,àspossíveistorturas
dealgunsdetidos,comQéocasodePlácidoMircó
Abogo,eàsituaçãoemqueseencontramdetidosdelonga
datacomoCelestinoBacaleObiang,ArsênioMolonga,
JoséLuisNvumbaeJoséAntonioDorronsoro ?
Resposta
(10deFevereirode1993)
AComunidade eosseusEstados-membros têmestadoa
seguircomapreensãoosacontecimentos verificadosna
GuinéEquatorial.
Em16deSetembrode1992,aComunidade eosseus
Estados-membros ,atravésdosrespectivoschefesde
MissãoemMalabo,fizeramentregadeumdocumentoao
ministrodosNegóciosEstrangeirosdaGuinéEquatorial,
emqueexpressavam asuaapreensãopelaviolência
utilizadapelapolícianadetençãodepolíticosdaopo
sição,em1deSetembro.Insistiramcomasautoridadesno
sentidodelibertaremosdetidos.Essedocumento 'invo
cavaoartigo5odaQuartaConvençãodoLomé(que
reafirmaoprofundoempenhodaspartescontratantesnoResposta
(15deFevereirode1993)
AComunidade eosseusEstados-membros estãopreocu
padoscomnotíciasrecebidassobrecomércioilegalde
materialnuclear.OsEstados-membros emcujoterritório
consteter-severificadoestecomércio,oucujosnacionais
neletenhamestadoenvolvidos,estãoainvestigartodosos
incidentesdestegénero.AComunidadeeosseusEstados
-membrosestãoatrataresteassuntotantonumabase
NC81/8 JornalOficialdasComunidadesEuropeias 22.3.93
PERGUNTA ESCRITAN°2010/92
doSr.AlexSmith(S)
aoConselhodasComunidadesEuropeias
(1deSetembrode1992)
(93/C81/17)
Objecto:Reprocessamento nuclearnoReinoUnido
Quaisforamasqueixasrecentementeapresentadaspor
cidadãoseorganizações ,daComunidadeounão,relati
vamenteaosproblemasdecorrentesdoreprocessamento
nuclearconstanteefectuadonascentraisBNFLdeSella
field,InglaterraeUKAtomicEnergyAuthority,em
Dounreay,Escócia?
Resposta
(8deFevereirode1993)
1.OConselhonãotomouconhecimento dequaisquer
diligênciasprovenientesdoexteriorrelativasaoseven
tuaisproblemasdecorrentesdoreprocessamento nuclear
aqueserefereosenhordeputado.
2.Alémdisso,éseguramentedoconhecimento do
senhordeputadoquealegislaçãocomunitária ,eneste
casoespecíficoocapítuloIIIdoTratadoEuratom,eem
especialasnormasdebaserelativasàprotecçãosanitária
dapopulaçãoedostrabalhadores contraosperigos
resultantesdasradiaçõesionizantes('),seaplicaintegral
mentenesteâmbito.
CabeàComissãozelarpelaaplicaçãorigorosada
regulamentação comunitáriarespectiva,devendoosEsta
dos-membrostomartodasasmedidasgeraisouespecífi
casnecessáriasparagarantiraexecuçãodasobrigações
decorrentesdessaregulamentação .bilateralcomoaníveldacooperaçãopolíticaeuropeia.
Felizmente,atéagora,osmateriaisrecuperadosnos
incidentesquefoipossívelaveriguarnãoderamazoa
preocupaçõesquantoaoperigodeproliferação .Masa
Comunidade eosseusEstados-membros nãoestão
dispostosacontemporizar econtinuarãoatratareste
assuntocomaseriedadequeelemerece.
NaDeclaraçãosobreaNão-Proliferação eExportações
deArmas,adoptadapeloConselhoEuropeudoLuxem
burgoemJunhode1991,aComunidade eosseus
Estados-membros expressaramoseuapoioaumreforço
doregimedenão-proliferação nuclear.AComunidade e
osseusEstados-membros continuamaapelaratodosos
estadosqueaindaonãotenhamfeitonosentidodese
tornarempartesnoTratadodeNão-Proliferação de
ArmasNucleares,epropuseramreformasdestinadasa
reforçaremelhorarassalvaguardasgarantidaspela
AgênciaInternacional deEnergiaAtómica(AIEA)ao
abrigodoTratadodeNão-Proliferação .AComunidade e
osseusEstados-membros crêemqueoTratadode
Não-Proliferação constituiapedraangulardoRegime
Internacional deNão-Proliferação Nuclear,equeo
prolongamento indefinidodoTratadonasuaforma
actual,naConferênciadeProlongamento de1995,será
umpassodecisivoparaodesenvolvimente desseregime.
Talcomoosenhordeputadopoderáverificarnas
declaraçõesconjuntasde16,23e31deDezembrode
1991,ede15deJaneirode1992,aComunidadeeosseus
Estados-membros deramlugardedestaqueàquestãoda
não-proliferação nuclearnasnegociaçõescomospaíses
daex-UniãoSoviética.
Asautoridadesdospaísesdaex-UniãoSoviéticaestão,
portanto,bemconscientesdaimportânciaatribuídapela
ComunidadeepelosseusEstados-membros ànão-proli
feraçãodemateriais,armasepotenciaisnucleares.
Nareuniãoministerialdacooperaçãopolíticaeuropeiade
Lisboa,de17deFevereirode1992,aComunidade eos
seusEstados-membros acordaramemtransmitiràsauto
ridadesdospaísesdaex-UniãoSoviéticaasuadisponibili
dadeemfornecertodoequalquerapoiotécnicodeque
essespaísespossamnecessitarparaaeliminaçãodearmas
nucleareseoestabelecimento deumsistemadenão-proli
feraçãoeficaz.
Em27deNovembro,aComunidade eosseusEstados
-membrosassinaram,comaRússiaeosEstadosUnidos
daAmérica,umacordoparaacriaçãodeumcentro
internacionaldeciênciaetecnologianaRússiae,even
tualmente,noutrospaísesdaex-UniãoSoviética.O
centroapoiariaprojectosdestinadosadaraoscientistase
engenheirosdearmasdaex-UniãoSoviéticaoportuni
dadedereorientarem assuaspotencialidades parafins
pacíficose,emespecial,paraminimizarquaisquermoti
vaçõesnosentidodesededicaremaactividadesque
resultemnaproliferaçãodearmasnucleares,biológicase
químicas,edesistemasdeenviodemísseis.AComuni
dadeeosseusEstados-membros apoiarãofinanceira
menteestainiciativa,noâmbitodosprogramasde
assistênciatécnicapara1992.(')Nomeadamente aDirectiva80/836/EuratomdoConselho,
de15deJulhode1980(JOn°L246de17.9.1980,p.1).
PERGUNTA ESCRITAN°2113/92
doSr.FreddyBlak(S)
aoConselhodasComunidadesEuropeias
(1deSetembrode1992)
(93/C81/18)
Objecto:Transportedeanimais
Maisumavez,atravésdaTVedaimprensa,osmaus
tratosinfligidosaosanimaisduranteeapósostransportes
paraosmatadourosefestaspopularesatraíramaatenção
dopúblico.Dadoqueestouconvencidoqueéimportante
queoConselhodesenvolvaosesforçosnecessáriospara
garantirquenenhumservivoésubmetidoasofrimentos
22.3.93 JornalOficialdasComunidadesEuropeias NC81/9
inúteis,gostariadeserrapidamenteinformadosobrea
formacomoestamatériavaiserabordadaanívelda
ComunidadeEuropeia.AdecisãodoCSAdeentregaras24horasdeemissãoFM
àRádioAlfa,nãocomoassociaçãomassimcomo
sociedadeanónima,portantocomorádiocomercial,é
vivamentecontestadaporassociaçõesportuguesasde
Parisedaregiãoparisiense.
Sublinhe-sequeasassociaçõesnãocontestamofactodea
RádioAlfaterhorasdeemissãoFMcomorádio
comercial,masprotestamcontraofactodeas24horasde
FMseremtodastransformadas ememissãocomercial
sendoretiradasas12horasatéagorapertencentesàRádio
Portugal.
NãoachaoConselhoqueumataldecisãocolidecoma
tãoapregoadalivrecirculaçãodepessoaseadesejável
inserçãoassociativa,socialeculturalnomeioonde
residemetrabalham,representaumainterpretaçãopre
maturadoacordodoMaastrichtquetornaosimigrantes
portuguesescidadãosdaUnião,perdendodireitosadqui
ridos,econtrariafrontalmenteaparticipaçãopolíticade
cidadãoscomunitários navidamunicipal?Nocaso
concreto,podetomarmedidas?Quais?Resposta
(8deFevereirode1993)
Em19deNovembrode1991,oConselhoadoptoua
Directiva91/628/CEEOquedeterminaasmedidas
comunitáriasdeprotecçãodeanimaisduranteotrans
porte.
Estadirectivafixaosprincípiosquedevemregera
protecçãodeanimaisdetodasasespéciesduranteo
transporteporestrada,porviaaquáticaouaéreaoupor
caminhodeferro,bemcomoasmodalidadesdecontrolo
afinsnoterritóriocomunitário .Estãoaindaporaprovar
outrasnormascomunitárias ,emmatériasnãointeira
mentecontempladasnadirectiva.
CompeteaosEstados-membros pôremvigorasdispo
siçõesnecessáriasparadarcumprimento aestadirectiva
antesde1deJaneirode1993eàComissãogarantira
aplicaçãouniformedestasdisposiçõesapartirdamesma
data.
0)JOnL340de11.12.1991,p.17.
PERGUNTA ESCRITAN°2125/92
doSr.SérgioRibeiro(CG)
aoConselhodasComunidadesEuropeias
(1deSetembrode1992)
(93/C81/19)Resposta
(19deFevereirode1993)
OConselhodefendeaintegraçãosocialdostrabalhado
resesuasfamíliasqueseestabelecemnumEstado-mem
broquenãosejaoseu,emconformidade comalegislação
comunitáriasobrealivrecirculaçãodostrabalhadores.
Tantooprincípiodeaprenderalínguadopaísanfitrião
comoodepromoveralínguamãeeaculturado
Estado-membro deorigemjáestãoconsignadosna
directivadoConselhode25deJulhode1977(')relativaà
escolarizaçãodosfilhosdostrabalhadoresmigrantes.
Nestecontexto,osórgãosdeinformaçãotêmum
importantepapeladesempenharnaprestaçãodeserviços
aosváriosgruposlinguísticoseculturaisnosEstados
-membros,semdeixardereferirqueadirectivado
Conselhode3deOutubrode1989(2)relativaà
circulaçãodeprogramastelevisivosnointeriordaComu
nidade,bemcomooprogramaMedia,adoptadopelo
Conselhoem21deDezembrode1990(3),focama
promoçãoeacirculaçãodeprogramasdepaísescom
pequenacoberturageográficaelinguísticanaEuropa.
Noentanto,oConselhonãotemcompetênciapara
intervirnumaquestãoespecíficarelativaàatribuiçãode
tempodeantenanarádioFM.Objecto:Aexpressãopúblicaassociativaea«Europados
Cidadãos»
OConselhoSuperiordoAudiovisual (CSA)francês
tomourecentemente adecisãodesuprimirdalistadas
rádiosqueemitememFMparaaregiãoparisiensea
RádioPortugalFM.
Atéàdata,acomunidadeportuguesadispunhade24
horasdefrequênciaassociativaFM,assimrepartida:12
horasparaaRádioPortugalFMe12horasparaaRádio
Alfa.
Numaregiãoondevivemetrabalhamcentenasdemilhar
deportugueseseondeexistemdezenasdeassociações
culturaiserecreativasporsiconstituídas ,representaa
RádioPortugalFMumimportantefactordeapoio,de
inserçãosocialeculturaldosportugueses eummeio
insubstituíveldedivulgaçãoepromoçãodasactividades
socioculturaisdacomunidadeportuguesa .0)JOnL199de6.8.1977.
OJOn°L298de17.10.1989.
OJOn°L380de31.12.1990.
NC81/10 JornalOficialdasComunidadesEuropeias 22.3.93
PERGUNTA ESCRITAN°2423/92
doSr.JaakVandemeulebroucke (ARC)
aoConselhodasComunidadesEuropeias
(6deOutubrode1992)
(93/C81/20)dotermodavigênciadosacordosprovisóriosquetinham
permitidoaentradaemvigor,desde1deMarçode1992,
dasdisposiçõesdenaturezacomercialdosacordos
europeus,foramnegociadastrocasdecartascomos
paísesparceiros,afimdeprorrogarosreferidosacordos
provisórios ,paraalémdestadataeatéàentradaemvigor
dosacordoseuropeus.OParlamentoEuropeudeuoseu
parecersobreestaprorrogaçãonodecorrerdoseu
períododesessãodeNovembrode1992.
2.OfuturodasrelaçõescontratuaisdaComunidade
comaChecoslováquia irádependerdeumconjuntode
elementos,entreosquaissecontaoquadrodecoope
raçãoquesevierainstaurarentreasduasnovas
repúblicas,queacordaram,nomeadamente ,emcriarentre
siumauniãoaduaneira.
NoencontrodosministrosdosNegóciosEstrangeirosda
Comunidade edospaísesdoVisegradrealizadoem5de
Outubrode1992nacidadedoLuxemburgo ,aComuni
dadereafirmouaimportânciaqueatribuiaodesenvolvi
mentoharmoniosodassuasrelaçõescomasrepúblicas
ChecaeEslovacanoquadrodasdisposiçõesconstitucio
naisqueregemasrelaçõesentreasduasrepúblicas .Desde
essadata,aComunidade eosrepresentantes daspartes
interessadasiniciaramconsultasinformaissobreasmoda
lidadesdamanutençãodoscompromissos evantagens
mútuasqueconstamdoAcordoEuropeu,assinadoem16
deDezembrode1991,tendoemcontaasrepercussõesde
novocontexto.
3.OscontactosemcursopermitirãoàComissão
apresentaraoConselho—emmomentooportunoeem
funçãodaevoluçãodasituação—propostassobreas
modalidadesquemelhorsecoadunemcomoprossegui
mentodacooperaçãocomasnovasentidadesque
sucederam,em1deJaneiro,àRepúblicaFederativaCheca
eEslovaca.
Enquantoessescontactosnãoestiveremconcluídos,eem
virtudedasnormasdedireitointernacional emmatériade
sucessãodeestados,tantoaComunidade comoas
repúblicasChecaeEslovacaprevêemqueoacordo
provisóriojáexistentecontinueaaplicar-sedepoisde31
deDezembrode1992.Objecto:AcordosdeassociaçãodaComunidadeEuro
peiacomaPolónia,aHungriaeaChecoslová
quia.PosiçãoadoptadapelaComunidadeEuro
peianasequênciadodesmembramento da
Checoslováquia
Nodia16deDezembrode1991,aComunidadeEuropeia
assinoucomaPolónia,aHungriaeaChecoslováquia um
acordodeassociação .Decorreactualmenteoprocessode
ratificaçãodestestrêsacordos.Estesacordoseuropeus
têmdeserratificadospelosparlamentosnacionaise
submetidosaoParlamentoEuropeuparaaprovação .O
«facto»políticomaisimportanteverificadoapósaassina
turadestesacordosfoiodesmembramento daRepública
daChecoslováquia emdoisestadosindependentes ,ou
seja,aRepúblicaChecaeaRepúblicaEslovaca.
PodeaConselhoinformar:
1.Emquepontoseencontraactualmentearatificação
dostrêsacordosreferidos?
2.ComoencaraagoraaComunidadeEuropeiaoacordo
celebradocomaChecoslováquia (apósodesmembra
mentodaRepúblicaChecoslovaca),bemcomoas
declaraçõesdequeaChecoslováquia deixarádeexistir
apartirde1deJaneirode1993sendodivididaemdois
estadossoberanos,asaber,aRepúblicaChecaea
RepúblicaEslovaca?
3.ConfirmaoConselhoatesedeque,apósodesmem
bramentodaChecoslováquia ,deixarádevigoraro
acordoeuropeucelebradoem16deDezembrode
1991,eque,consequentemente ,tantoaRepública
ChecacomoaRepúblicaEslovacadeverãoagora
encetarnegociaçõesseparadascomvistaàconclusão
deumeventualacordodeassociação?Emcaso
afirmativo,podeoConselhoinformarseépossível
adoptar,emrelaçãoaessesdoisestados,umprocesso
denegociaçãoacelerado,baseadonoacordojá
existentecomaChecoslováquia ,deformaaqueestes
doisnovosestadosnãovenhamaserprejudicados
devidoaodesmembramento doEstadochecoslovaco ?-
Resposta
(18deFevereirode1993)
1.Estãoadecorrerosprocessosderatificaçãodos
acordoseuropeusdeassociaçãocomaHungriaea
Polóniapelosestadossignatários,dependendoasua
evoluçãodasnormasconstitucionais própriasdecadaum
dessesestados.PorpartedaComunidade ,oParlamento
EuropeudeuemSetembrooseuparecerfavorável
relativoaosreferidosacordos.
Umavezquenãosepodiaesperarqueosprocessos
estivessemconcluídosaté31deDezembrode1992,dataPERGUNTA ESCRITAN°2569/92
doSr.CarlosRoblesPiquer(PPE)
àcooperaçãopolíticaeuropeia
(27deOutubrode1992)
(93/C81/21)
Objecto:PosiçãodaComunidadefaceàpretensãodo
secretário-geral daONUdedispordebatalhões
próprios
Aideia,surgidanasequênciadaguerradoGolfo,dequea
OrganizaçãodasNaçõesUnidas(ONU)devedesempe
nharumpapelcentralnamanutençãodapazlevouo
22.3.93 JornalOficialdasComunidadesEuropeias NC81/11
balançodareferidainiciativaequaisasconclusõesdaí
retiradas?
OJOn°C177de6.7.1988,p.5.
Resposta
(8deFevereirode1993)
Deacordocomaresoluçãode24deMaiode1988relativa
àdimensãoeuropeianaeducação,foramorganizadas
universidades europeiasdeVerãopelaComissão,em
colaboraçãocomosEstados-membros.
Asiniciativasdesenvolvidas nasdiferentescidadesabran
geramasseguintesmatérias:
—Nijmegen(Outubrode1989)«Rumoaumaestratégia
paraumadimensãoeuropeianoensino»,
—Frascati(Outubrode1991)«Cidadaniaeuropeia»,
—Nantes(Setembro-Outubro de1991)«Línguasea
dimensãoeuropeia»,
—SantiagodeCompostela(Julhode1992)«Educação
culturalcomocomponentedacidadaniaeuropeia».
Aguarda-separa1993,nofimdoperíodoabrangidopela
resolução,umrelatóriodaComissãosobreasacções
desenvolvidas comvistaareforçaradimensãoeuropeia
noensino.Seráentãopossíveltirarconclusõesquantoàs
diferentesactividadesdesenvolvidas .secretário-geral destainstituiçãoapreconizarquea
mesmapasseadispordebatalhõesprópriosparamantera
paz.
Pretendeosecretário-geral daONUcomoseuplanoque
cadapaísformenoseiodoseupróprioexércitouma
unidadeque,pordefinição,possasertreinadapelaONU
epostaàdisposiçãodosecretário-geral numprazode24
horas.Destemodo,aONUpoderiadispor,numespaço
de24horas,deumtotalde24000soldados,oque
tornariapossívelumarespostaimediatafaceaqualquer
contingênciamundial,pois,deoutraforma,nãoestaria
emcondiçõesdeenviar,antesdeumprazodetrêsmeses,
tropasparaqualquerregiãodomundo.
Poderáacooperaçãopolíticaeuropeiacomunicarquala
suaposiçãorelativamente aestapretensãodosecretário
-geraldaONUeinformaratequepontoaceitariaum
compromissoconjuntoeuropeuparasatisfazeropedido
dosenhorGalinosentidodepoderdispor,numprazode
24horas,de24000soldadosparaoefeitoacimareferido?
Resposta
(10deFevereiro1993)
Nasuadeclaraçãode30deJunhode1992,aComunidade
eosseusEstados-membros congratularam -secoma
publicaçãodorelatóriodosecretário-geral dasNações
Unidas«UmprogramaparaaPaz».
0relatóriodosecretário-geral abrangeumavastagama
depontos.Aspropostasnelecontidas,incluindoasque
sugeremqueosestadosmembrosdasNaçõesUnidas
disponibilizem forçasparaacçõesdecoerçãoede
manutençãodapaz,exigemumaanálisecuidadosaanível
dasinstânciasdasNaçõesUnidas.OsDozeEstados
-membrosdaComunidaderesponderamindividualmente
aoquestionáriodosecretário-geral relativoàsforçasque
poderiampôràdisposiçãoparaamanutençãodapaz.Um
dosEstados-membros jáseprontificouadisponibilizar
maisde1000soldadosnoprazode48horaseoutros
1000noprazodeumasemana.Noqueserefereàs
operaçõesdemanutençãodapazpelaComunidade
Europeia,ospaísesdaComunidadejáforneceramcerca
de16500capacetesazuis.PERGUNTA ESCRITAN°2708/92
doSr.GeneFitzgerald(RDE)
aoConselhodasComunidadesEuropeias
(29deOutubrode1992)
(93/C81/23)
PERGUNTA ESCRITAN°2685/92
doSr.JoséValverdeLópez(PPE)
aoConselhodasComunidadesEuropeias
(29deOutubrode1992)Objecto:ReuniõespúblicasdoConselho
OdebatesobrearatificaçãodoTratadodeMaastricht
demonstrouclaramentequeexisteumadoseconsiderável
deconfusãoedepreocupaçãoentreoeleitoradode
algunsEstados-membros noqueserefereaopapel,aos
podereseàinfluênciadasváriasinstituiçõesdaComuni
dade.
Essaconfusãoepreocupaçãodevem-se,emparte,à
práticaseguidadesdelongadatapeloConselhode
realizartodasassuasreuniõesàportafechada.
IráoConselhodeMinistrosacordarfinalmenteemque,
defuturo,todasasreuniõesparadebatedepropostas
legislativassejampúblicas?
Resposta
(19deFevereirode1993)
OConselhoEuropeudeEdimburgoreiterouoseu
compromissoassumidoemBirminghamnosentidode(93/C81/22)
Objecto:UniversidadeeuropeiadeVerãoparaagentesde
formação
AresoluçãodoConselhoedosministrosdaEducação
reunidosnoseiodoConselhosobreadimensãoeuropeia
naeducação,de24deMaiode1988('),previa,noseu
n°13,quefossepromovidaanualmente,duranteo
períodode1988/1992,umauniversidadeeuropeiade
Verãodestinadaaosagentesdeformação.Qualéo
NC81/12 JornalOficialdasComunidadesEuropeias 22.3.93
tornaraComunidademaisabertaeadoptouasmedidas
específicasdescritasnoanexo3dasconclusõesda
Presidência .Chama-seaatençãodosenhordeputado
paraotextodesteanexo.
PERGUNTA ESCRITAN°2740/92
doSr.EdwardMcMillan-Scott (PPE)
àcooperaçãopolíticaeuropeia
(16deNovembrode1992)
(93/C81/24)menteaosenhordeputadoqueamissãodaCSCE
chefiadaporSirJohnThomsonfoiespecificamente
encarregadadeaveriguardasalegaçõessobreoscampos
dedetecçãoprópriaSérvia.
AComunidade eosseusEstados-membros acolheram
favoravelmente aResoluçãoUNSCR780doConselhode
SegurançadasNaçõesUnidasnaqualosEstados—eas
organizaçõesinternacionais decarácterhumanitário ,
quandopertinente—sãoinstadosáconferirainformação
fundamentada quetenhamemseupoderoulhestenha
sidoapresentadaemmatériadeviolaçõesdodireito
humanitário (incluindoasinfracçõesàsconvençõesde
Genebra)cometidasemterritóriaex-jugoslavo .Acomis
sãodeperitosprevistanacitadaresoluçãoedestinadaa
assistirosecretário-geral naanálisedasprovas,foi
entretantotambémjáinstituída.
OConselhoEuropeudeBirmingham ,de16deOutubro
de1992,acordounanecessidadedeumaacçãoimediatae
decisivaparafazerfaceàenormetragédiaiminentecoma
chegadadoInvernoàex-Jugoslávia ,tendodestacadoa
importânciadesecriaremlocaisdeabrigoeseassegurar
porintermédiodaACNURarecepçãodosabastecimen
tosdeemergência,talcomosublinhaoplanodeacçãoda
Comissão.OConselhoEuropeuexortouasdemais
entidadesdoadorasinternacionais adesenvolverem um
esforçoequivalenteemapoiodoapelodoACNURea
aceleraremaprestaçãodeassistênciacontempladanos
compromissos assumidos .ComoresultadodoConselho
deBirmingham ,foijácriadoumgrupooperacional
comunitárioparareforçodoesforçodoACNURe
instauradaumaavaliaçãocontínuadarespostahumanitá
riadaComunidade ,destinadaagarantiraoportunidade e
canalizaçãoeficazdasuaacção.OConselhoEuropeu
sublinhouigualmenteaimportânciadarápidamobili
zaçãodeforçaspresentemente emcursopelaForpronuII,
quecontacomaparticipaçãodeváriosEstados-membros
esedestinâàprotecçãodoscomboioshumanitários eà
escolhadosprisioneirossaídosdecamposdedetenção.A
ajudahumanitária àex-Jugoslávia écriteriosamente
dirigidaparaosmaisnecessitados ;osesforçosdeajuda
são'lideradospeloACNUR,aconselhodoqualédada
prioridadeàBósniaeaosdeslocadosemtodaaex-Jugos
lávia.OACNURintegrounasnecessidadeshumanitárias
globaisdaSérviaasnecessidadesdoKosovo,deSandjake
daVojvodina .Objecto:ViolaçõesdosdireitoshumanospelaRepública
daSérvia
1.PensamosministrosdosNegóciosEstrangeiros
constituirumcentrodedocumentação queincluaum
registo(omaiscompletopossível)dosactosdeviolação
dosdireitoshumanosperpetradostantopelaRepúblicada
Sérvianoseupróprioterritóriocomoporpartedeoutras
forçasouindivíduosqueagememnomedaRepúblicada
Sérviaemterritóriosvizinhos?
2.CasoosministrosdosNegóciosEstrangeiroscon
cordemcomacriaçãodestecentrodedocumentação ,
tencionamosministros'estabelecerumacooperação
políticacomosestadosfronteiriços ,afimdequeestes
possibilitemumfluxodeinformaçãofiáveleconsistente?
3.TendoemcontaaaproximaçãodoInverno,podem
osministrosdosNegóciosEstrangeirosindicarasmedi
dasquetencionamtomarparaassegurarumaajuda
humanitáriaadequadaàsmuitaspessoasquesãovítimas
dasperseguiçõessérvias,emparticularnoKosovo,em
Vojvodina,naBósniaenosenclavesdaCroácia?
Resposta
(15deFevereirode1993)
AComunidade eosseusEstados-membros nãotencio
namcriarumcentroespecialdedocumentação sobrea
violaçãodosdireitoshumanospelaSérvia.AComunidade
eosseusEstados-membros apoiamasacçõesemcursono
âmbitodaConferênciaInternacionalsobreaJugoslávia,
dasNaçõesUnidasedaConferênciaparaaSegurançaea
CooperaçãonaEuropa(CSCE)tendentesagarantiruma
documentação adequadadasviolaçõesdosdireitoshuma
nosregistadasnoterritóriodaex-Jugoslávia .Importa,a
estepropósito,recordaraosenhordeputadoadecisão
tomadaemsessãoextraordinária pelaComissãodos
DireitosdoHomemdeenviarcomorelatorespecialo
ex-primeiroministropolacoMazowieckiparainvestigar
asalegaçõesdeviolaçãodosdireitoshumanosemtodaa
ex-Jugoslávia ,eemespecialnaBósniaHerzegovina ,as
missõesderelatoresdaCSCEqueseencontrama
investigaroscentrosdedetençãoemtodaaex-Jugoslávia
eosataquesacivisnaBósniaenaCroácia,bemcomoa
instalaçãodemissõesdelongoprazodaCSCEno
Kosovo,noVojvodinaeemSandjak.Recorda-seigualPERGUNTA ESCRITAN°2744/92
doSr.HermanVerbeek(V)
aoConselhodasComunidadesEuropeias
(16deNovembrode1992)
(93/C81/25)
Objecto:Políticacomunitáriadoambiente
DeacordocomumrecenterelatóriodoTribunalde
Contas,adefiniçãodenormasambientaisporpartedos
22.3.93 JornalOficialdasComunidadesEuropeias NC81/13
ministrosdoAmbientedaComunidadeEuropeiadecorre
deformamuitolenta.Alémdisso,taisnormassão
posteriormente transpostasparaaslegislaçõesdosEsta
dos-membrosigualmentedeformalentaedeficiente.
1.Porquerazãoéquenoanode1991foramapenas
definidosvalores-limitepara21das130substâncias
perigosas,assimclassificadesem1976pelosministros
europeusdoAmbiente?
2.AceitaoConselhocomprometer-seafazertudoque
estiveraoseualcanceparaquesejamdefinidos,omais
rapidamentepossível,osvalores-limites paraasres
tantessubstâncias ?
3.QuemedidaspensaoConselhotomarafimdequeas
leisambientaisaprovadasemBruxelassejamoportuna
eintegralmenterespeitadaspelosEstados-membros ?Resposta
(10deFevereirode1993)
AComunidade eosseusEstados-membros têmseguido
atentamenteasituaçãodasminoriasétnicasnosestados
bálticosemanifestam-sepreocupadosquantoàsrelações
entrecomunidades aíconstatadas,emboranãoestejam
convencidos'dequeseverifiquemviolaçõesmaciçasdos
direitoshumanosnessespaíses.AComunidade eosseus
Estados-membros têmvindoadesenvolveractivamente
todososseusesforçosparatentardiminuirastensõesno
interiordosreferidosestados,bemcomoparapromover
relaçõesestáveiseharmoniosasentreaRússiaeosestados
bálticos;têmporissoapoiadoaaplicaçãodosprincípiose
mecanismosdasNaçõesUnidas,daCSCEedoConselho
daEuropanosestadosbálticosecongratularam -secomo
relatóriodamissãoàLetóniadoCentroparaosDireitos
HumanosdasNaçõesUnidasecomadecisãodaEstónia
deconvidarumamissãodeinformação,noâmbitodo
MecanismodeDimensãoHumanadaCSCEeoutrado
CentroparaosDireitosHumanosdasNaçõesUnidas.
NumareuniãorecentedoG-24nosestadosbálticos,em
Riga,ogrupoapelouaosestadosbálticosparaque
adoptemeimplementem políticasqUerespeitemos
direjtoseasexpectativasdetodososindivíduosresidentes
nosseusterritórioseconducentes àestabilidadeinternae
àrelaçãoharmoniosacomosseusvizinhos.OG-24
apoiaráaspolíticasqueincentivemosdireitosdos
cidadãosepromovamasboasrelaçõesintracomunitárias .Resposta
(8deFevereirode1993)
Emrelaçãoàsduasprimeirasperguntasdosenhor
deputado,refira-sequeoConselhoadoptouem4de
Maiode1976umadirectivarelativaàpoluiçãocáusada
pordeterminadassubstânciasperigosaslançadasnomeio
aquáticodaComunidade ,quevisaeliminarapoluiçãodas
águasporsubstânciasperigosasincluídasnasfamíliase
gruposdesubstânciasenumeradosnalistaIanexaà
mesmadirectiva.
ADirectiva76/464/CEEéumadirectiva-quadro que
deveserpostaemprática,atravésdedirectivasde
execução,paraassubstânciasquefiguramnalistaI.Atéà
data,oConselhodeliberousobretodasaspropostasquea
Comissãolheapresentousobreestassubstâncias.
Quantoàterceiraperguntadosenhordeputado,cabeà
Comissão,porforçadosTratados,velarpelocumpri
mentodasdisposiçõesdodireitocomunitáriopelos
Estados-membros .PERGUNTA ESCRITAN°2760/92
doSr.SotirisKostopoulos (NI)
aoConselhodasComunidadesEuropeias
(16deNovembrode1992)
(93/C81/27)
PERGUNTA ESCRITAN°2746/92
doSr.DesGeraghty(GUE)
àcooperaçãopolíticaeuropeia
(16deNovembrode1992)
(93/C81/26)Objecto:CombateaoflageloSIDA
Nosúltimosmesesregistou-seumpequenoaumentodos
casosdeSIDAnaGrécia.Comorecentemente informouo
MinistériodaSaúdegrego,aGréciacontinuaaregistaro
menoraumentopercentualdetodosospaísesdaComuni
dadeEuropeia;é,noentanto,preocupanteofactodedos
12casosregistadosnosegundotrimestrede1992em
criançasdemenosde12anos,cincodizemrespeitoa
pessoasquereceberamtransfusõesedoisadoentes
sujeitosatransfusõesdesanguefrequentes .Tendoo
Conselhoconsciênciadanecessidade decombatero
flagelodaSIDA,tencionaaprovarumamplolequede
acçõesqueconstituamumaefectivaeeficazformade
combateaesteflageloeistoindependentemente do
tratamentodosindivíduos,feitopelosEstados-membros
isoladamente .Objecto:Cidadaniaedireitodevotonosestadosbálticos
Consideraacooperaçãopolíticaeuropeiaqueexistem
motivosdepreocupaçãonoquedizrespeitoaosdireitos
cívicosdasminoriasétnicasdosestadosbálticos?Emcaso
afirmativo,quemedidastomouparacomunicarestasua
preocupaçãoegarantirummelhoramento dasituação?
NC81/14 22.3.93 JornalOficialdasComunidadesEuropeias
Resposta
(8deFevereirode1993)campanhadeinformaçãoparadivulgaçãodosfactores
queprovocamasdoençascoronárias?
Resposta
(8deFevereirode1993)
A31deDezembrode1990,oConselhoeosministrosda
SaúdedosEstados-membros adoptaramconclusõesO.
nasquaispunhamemevidênciaoimpactedasacçõesde
prevençãodocancro,entãopostasemprática,sobrea
prevençãodasdoençascardiovasculares econsideravam
quédeviamserdefinidasepostasempráticaacções
complementares .ConvidavamtambémaComissãoa
analisarosmelhoresmeiosdesimplificarointercâmbiode
informaçõeseacooperaçãosobreasacçõesnacionaisea
comunicaraoConselhoosresultadosdesseanálise.
OJOnC329de31.12.1990,p.19.1.OConselhoeosministrosdaSaúdedosEstados
-membros,reunidosemConselho,adoptaramem4de
Junhode1992,porpropostadaComissão,umplanode
acçãopara1991/1993noâmbitodoprograma«AEuropa
contraaSIDA»(')—aoqualosenhordeputadoteráa
gentilezadesereportar—destinadoapromovera
cooperaçãoeacoordenaçãodeactividadesnacionaisbem
comoaavaliaçãodestasanívelcomunitárioeapromoção
deactividadescomunitárias .AComissãoapresentará
proximamente oprimeirorelatóriosobreaexecuçãodeste
programa,queseráigualmenteapresentadoaoParla
mento.
S
2.Deentreasacçõesenumeradasnoplanomencio
nadonoponto1figuramnomeadamente medidasde
prevençãodoVIH,incluindoasegurançadastransfusões.
Esteúltimoaspectoatraiuespecialmente aatençãodo
Conselhoque,nasuasessãode15deMaiode1992,
conjuntamente comosministrosdeSaúde,reunidosem
Conselho,reafirmouoobjectivodealcançaraauto-sufi
ciênciadaComunidadeemprodutossanguíneosdentro
doprincípiodadádivavoluntáriaenãoremuneradaeem
condiçõesóptimasdesegurançaereconheceuanecessi
dadedepromoverointercâmbiodeinformações ede
experiênciasentreosEstados-membros afimdeaprofun
darasqutstõesligadasàaplicaçãodestesprincípios.Na
mesmaocasião,oConselhoeosministrosdaSaúde
solicitaramàComissãoqueprosseguisseeintensificasse
osseustrabalhosnaperspectivadaapresentaçãoao
Conselhoacurtoprazodoseurelatórionamatéria,
inclusivamente sobreosmeiosdeconseguiraauto-sufi
cênciaemmatériadesangue,numabasedevoluntariadoe
emcondiçõesóptimasdesegurança,senecessáriofa
zendo-oacompanhardepropostasadequadasnesta
matéria.PERGUNTA ESCRITAN°2786/92
doSr.Jean-PierreRaffarin(LDR)
aoConselhodasComunidadesEuropeias
(16deNovembrode1992)
(93/C81/29)
Objecto:LutacontraapobrezanaEuropa
0)Decisão91/317/CEEQOn°L175de4.7.1991,p.26).Asassociaçõesquesededicamàlutacontraapobrezana
Europamanifestampreocupaçãodevidoàdiminuição,
propostapeloConselho,relativaàrubricaB3-4103do
orçamentoemelaboraçãopara1993,aqualfinancia
diversasintervençõessociaisdaComunidade.
Estasassociaçõesdesejamquenarubricaemquestãoseja
mantidoomesmomontantede1992,ouseja,14500000
ecus,aoinvésde10000000deecus,comofoiproposto.
Dadooacentuadograudeprioridadedequesedeve
revestirnaEuropaalutacontraapobreza,estáo
Conselho,porconseguinte ,dispostaareverasuaposição
aesserespeito? PERGUNTA ESCRITAN°2761/92
doSr.SotirisKostopoulos (NI)
aoConselhodasComunidadesEuropeias
(16deNovembrode1992)
(93/C81/28)Resposta
(18deFevereirode1993)
Objecto:Doençascoronárias
Afaltadeexercícioéumdosfactoresqueprovocam
doençascoronárias .ASociedadeAmericanadeCardiolo
giaclassifica-aemquartaposiçãodepoisdotabagismo,da
hipertensãoedosníveiselevadosdecolesterol,nalista
dosfactoresqueprovocamdoençascardíacas.Considera
oConselhoútilorganizar,anívelcomunitário,umaDevidoàsrestriçõesorçamentaisgerais,oConselho
atribuiu10milhõesdeecusdedotaçõesdeautorizaçãoà
rubricaorçamentalB3-4103(acçõesdelutacontraa
pobreza)doseuprojectodeorçamentopara1993.
NasequênciadasemendasdoParlamentoEuropeu,o
orçamentode1993,adoptadoem17deDezembro
último,prevê14milhõesdeecusparaestarubrica
orçamental.
22.3.93 JornalOficialdasComunidadesEuropeias NC81/15
Oprogramadelutacontraapobrezaadoptadopelo
Conselhodestina-seaapoiarprojectos-piloto deluta
contraapobreza.Aexecuçãodemedidasemgrande
escalaeeficazesdelutacontraapobrezaincumbe
principalmente aosEstados-membros.
PERGUNTA ESCRITAN°2811/92
dosSrs.LuigiVertematiePierreCarniti(S)
aoConselhodasComunidadesEuropeias
(16deNovembrode1992)
(93/C81/30)estãoconcertezaaocorrentedequeasrestriçõesde
viagemforamagoraanuladas.
AComunidade eosseiisEstados-membros estãoa
desempenharplenamenteoseupapelnocontextodos
esforçosinternacionais paraauxiliaraseconomiasda
Rússiaedosdemaisestadosdaex-UniãoSoviética .Têm
tambémvindoadesenvolveractivamenteodiálogo
político,atravésdereuniõesanívelministerialeaalto
nívelemMoscovo,Bruxelas,NovaIorqueenacapitaldo
paísqueassumeaPresidência .OprogramaTacis
destina-seaprestarassistênciatécnicaàex-UniãoSovié
tica,paraapoiarareformaeconómicaesocial.
Lamentavelmente ,verifica-seque,emalgumasregiõesda
ex-UniãoSoviética,aspartesenvolvidasemcombatesnão
têmdadoprovasdavontadepolíticanecessáriapara
chegaraumaresoluçãopolítica.Dissoéexemploocaso
doNagorno-Karabakh .AComunidade eosseusEsta
dos-membrosinstamaspartesenvolvidas—emespecial,
tantooGovernodaArméniacomooGovernode
Azerbaijão—aresolveremosseuslitígioseatrabalharem
comaConferênciaparaaSegurançaeaCooperaçãona
Europa(CSCE)paraencontraruma'soluçãoqueseja
justaparatodasaspartesemquestão.
AComunidade eosseusEstados-membros estãoigual
mentepreocupadoscomaviolênciaquecontinuaareinar
naGeórgia,nomeadamente naregiãodaAbcásia,eque
temprovocadaenormesperdasdevidas.Nasuadecla
raçãode14deOutubrode1992,congratularam -secoma
decisãodosecretário-geral daOrganizaçãodasNações
Unidas(ONU)edaCSCEdeenviaremaessepaísmais
missõesdeaveriguação .Congratularam -seigualmente
comarealizaçãodeeleiçõesemcercade90%doterritório
daGeórgia,em11deOutubrode1992,ereiteraramoseu
empenhoemapoiaraestabilizaçãodasituaçãoeo
desenvolvimento dademocracia edeumaeconomiade
mercado.FelicitaramEduardShevardnadze pelasua
eleiçãocomopresidentedoParlamentogeorgianoe
afirmaramesperarmantercomeleumaestreitarelaçãode
trabalho.
AComunidade eosseusEstados-membros sentem-se
encorajadospelarelativamentebemsucedidaimplemen
taçãodoacordodepazassinadoem21deJulhode1992
naMoldova.Instamaspartesaavançaremnosentidode
umasoluçãopolítica.
(')EstarespostafoiapresentadapelosministrosdosNegócios
Estrangeirosreunidosnoâmbitodacooperaçãopolítica
competentesnamatéria.Objecto:Iniciativascontraarestriçãodasliberdadesem
relaçãoaMikhailGorbachev
TendoemcontaasnotíciasprovenientesdeMoscovo,
segundoasquaisGorbachevestáaverprogressivamente
restringidasassuasliberdades;
AtendendoaopapelqueGorbachevdesempenhou epode
viradesempenharnocenáriopolíticointernacional ;
Considerando que,maisdeumavez,aComunidade
Europeiaseempenhouemcontribuir,semingerências,
paraapassagemdosregimescomunistasparaademocra
cia,instandoaorespeitodosdireitoshumanose,nomea
damente,dasliberdades;
Dadaadifícilsituaçãoquesemantémemtodasas
ex-repúblicassoviéticas,nasquaisparecetersidointer
rompidooprocessodedemocratização quetodosos
povoseuropeusesperavamequecontinuaaconstituira
baseparaodesenvolvimento dapazedacooperaçãona
Europaenomundo;
PodeoConselhoespecificarquaisforamasacções
empreendidasjuntodoGovernorussoafimdeimpedira
perseguiçãocontraMikhailGorbacheveresponderse
nãoconsideranecessáriotomariniciativasanívelinterna
cionaldemodoaevitaradeterioraçãodasituaçãonas
repúblicasdaex-URSS,quepoderiaabalarosprincípios
deliberdadeedepazemqueestãoinclusivamente
fundamentados osúltimosacordoscomaquelasmesmas
repúblicasapartirdaRússia?
PERGUNTA ESCRITAN°2818/92
doSr.CarlosRoblesPiquer(PPE)
àcooperaçãopolíticaeuropeia
(16deNovembrode1992)Resposta()
(15deFevereirode1993)
Comoossenhoresdeputadoscertamentesaberão,as
restriçõesdeviagemimpostasaMikahilGorbachev
resultaramdasuarecusaemcomparecerperanteo
TribunalConstitucional russo.AlgunsEstados-membros
empreenderam diligênciasbilateraisjuntodoGoverno
russoarespeitodaformacomoGorbachevestavaaser
tratado.Aquestãotambémfoidiscutidanoâmbitoda
cooperaçãopolíticaeuropeia.Ossenhoresdeputados(93/C81/31)
Objecto:EleiçõesnoLíbano
Játendosidorealizados,nosúltimosdiasdeAgosto,dois
turnoseleitoraisnoLíbano,pôde-senotarumaforte
NC81/16 JornalOficialdasComunidadesEuropeias 22.3.93
tropasnorte-americanas ,quandoefectuavaacobertura
dainformaçãodainvasãodoPanamáparaumjornal
espanhol.
ApesardasreclamaçõesapresentadasaoGovernodos.
EstadosUnidosdaAmérica,pordiversasvias,inclusiva
menteatravésdeumEstado-membro ,nãoseobtevepara
afamíliadavítimaajustaindemnização aquetemdireito.
Estemesmodeputado,emdiversasocasiões,jámanifes
touinteressesobreessaqueatão,emconsequênciada
posiçãoqueforaaprovadaemplenáriopeloParlamento
Europeu.
Emvistadosfactos,estádispostaacooperaçãopolitica
europeiaacolaborarnareclamaçãodacitadaindemni
zaçãoeparaqueaAdministração dosEstadosUnidosda
Américasepronunciesobreosacontecimentos que
ocasionaram amortedoreferidocidadãocomunitário ?
Resposta
(17deFevereirode1992)
Permito-mesugeriraosenhordeputadoqueconsultea
respostadadaàsuaperguntaoraln°H-0042/92sobreo
mesmoassunto.resistênciaporpartedacomunidadecristãemparticipar
nessaseleições.Algunsmuçulmanoscontestaramigual
menteavalidadedetaiseleições,dequeresultaráa
constituiçãodeumsegundoParlamentofaceaoprimeiro,
reconhecidointernacionalmente hácercade20anos.
Ecapazacooperaçãopolíticaeuropeiadeprocederauma
apreciaçãodestaseleiçõesedosseusresultados,bem
comodomodocomopodemcontribuirparaapacificação
dosespíritoseaestabilidadepolíticadanação,cuja
situaçãoétãocomplexa,apósasdestruiçõesprovocadas
porumaguerracivilextremamentelonga?
Resposta
(10deFevereirode1993)
Nadeclaraçãode18deAgostode1992,aComunidade e
osseusEstados-membros congratularam -secomapers
pectivadeumarenovaçãodoprocessodemocráticono
Líbanoeapelaramparaarealizaçãodeeleiçõesconfor
mescomosprincípiosdemocráticos eoespíritode
reconciliaçãonacionalquecaracterizouoAcordodeTaif.
Posteriormente ,lamentaramqueafracataxadepartici
pação,asirregularidades einterferênciasalegadasea
recusadeacessoaoslocaisdevoto,tenhamdificultadoo
processodemocrático equeoParlamentosaídodas
eleiçõesnãoreflictainteiramente avontadedopovo
libanês.Noentanto,regozijam-secomanomeaçãodeum
novogoverno,sobapresidênciadosenhorRafiqHariri
porterdadoaopaísnovasesperançasderecuperação
nacional.
AComunidade eosseusEstados-membros continuama
apoiaraplenaimplementação doAcordodeTaifque
consideramamelhorbaseparaalcançaraindependência ,
asoberania,aunidadeeaintegridadeterritorialdo
Líbano,livredapresençadequaisquerforçasestrangei
ras.PERGUNTA ESCRITAN°2842/92
dosSrs.MarcoPannella(NI),VincenzoMattina(S),
VirginioBettini(V),MariaAglietta,MarcoTaradash(V)e
JasGawronski(LDR)
aoConselhodasComunidadesEuropeias
(16deNovembrode1992)
(93/C81/33)
PERGUNTA ESCRITAN°2819/92
doSr.JesúsCabezonAlonso(S)
àcooperaçãopolíticaeuropeia
(16deNovembrode1992)
(93/C81/32)Objecto:NecessidadedesereconheceraRepúblicada
Macedónia
TemoConselhoconhecimento deque:
—aGréciaefectuou,porsetevezesnoespaçodeumano
ecommanifestasintençõesdeintimidação ,manobras
militaresnasfronteirascomaRepúblicadaMacedó
nia?
—forambloqueadosnoportodeSaloriicaosabasteci
mentosdepetróleoregularmente adquiridospela
RepúblicadaMacedónia,oquecausagravesprejuízos
àsempresasmacedónicasquedispõemdereservas
paraapenasalgunsdias?
—oministrogregodosNegóciosEstrangeirosdeu
claramenteaentenderqueestasmedidasdeintimi
daçãocessariamautomaticamente apartirdomo
mentoemqueaRepúblicadaMacedóniamudassede
nome?
—nuncaumEstadotomouumadecisãoacercadonome
deoutroEstado,àexcepçãodaspotênciascoloniais
emrelaçãoàssuascolónias?Objecto:MortedofotógrafoespanholJuanAntonio
RodrigueznoPanamá
AAdministração dosEstadosUnidosdaAméricaindefe
riuareclamaçãodeindemnização apresentadapelo
Governoespanhol,destinadaàfamíliadofotógrafo
espanholJuanAntonioRodriguez.
JuanAntonioRodriguezfaleceuem21deDezembrode
1989,noPanamá,emconsequência dosdisparosdas
22.3.93 JornalOficialdasComunidadesEuropeias NC81/17
Tendoemcontaóperigoquerepresentaparaos
transformadores europeusumaumentodaimposição
aplicadaàsimportaçõeseuropeiasdecolofóniachinesa
faceaumaconcorrênciaporissomesmointensificadados
transformadores norte-americanos nomercadodaCo
munidade,
PodeoConselhoindicarqualéasuaposiçãosobreesta
questãoequaissãoasmedidasquepretendetomarafim
deevitarumadiminuiçãodapercentagemdeauto-sufi
ciênciadaproduçãodecolofónianaEuropasemcomisto
enfraquecerostransformadores europeus?PodeoConselhoindicarqueiniciativasemedidas
adequadastencionaadoptar,paraqueoGovernogrego
revejaasuaposiçãosobreaquestãomacedónicaese
abstenhadeinterferênciaspoucocompatíveiscomotexto
dostratadoscomunitáriosqueassinoudelivrevontadee,
porconsequência ,sepossaproceder,eventualmente já
depoisdaCimeiradaBirmingham ,aoreconhecimento da
RepúblicadaMacedónia,evitando-seumadegeneração
dacrisequepoderialevaraoagravamentodatragédia
balcânica?
RespostaO
(10deFevereirode1992)
Permito-mesugeriraossenhoresdeputadosqueconsul
temarespostadadaàperguntaoraln°H-0970/92sobreo
mesmoassuntonoperíododeperguntasdeOutubro.
(')EstarespostafoiapresentadapelosministrosdosNegócios
Estrangeirosreunidosnoâmbitodacooperaçãopolítica
competentesnamatéria.Respostacomumàsperguntasescritas
n°2867/92en°2869/92
PERGUNTA ESCRITAN°2867/92
doSr.LouisLauga(RDE)(19deFevereirode1993)
Nestesúltimosanos,oConselhoaprovouacçõesimpor
tantesdestinadasaapoiaraproduçãoflorestalcomunitá
riaeacompletaraspolíticasnacionaisnestedomínio.O
Conselhonãoadoptoumedidasespecíficasnesteâmbitoa
favordaproduçãodecolofónia;noentanto,asajudas
previstas,nomeadamente atravésdemedidasdedesenvol
vimentoevalorizaçãodasflorestasnaszonasruraisda
Comunidade ,referidasnoRegulamento (CEE)
n°1610/89doConselho,de29deMaiode1989,que
estabeleceasdisposiçõesdeaplicaçãodoRegulamento
(CEE)n°4256/88noqueserefereàacçãodedesenvolvi
mentoeàvalorizaçãodasflorestasnaszonasruraisda
Comunidade ,poderãoabrangerasespéciesquedão
origemaestaproduçãoe,porconseguinte ,beneficiar
todoestesector.Éclaroqueestasajudaspodemser
concedidasnocontextodosdiversosprogramaselabora
dospeloEstado-membro interessado,noâmbitoda
parceriacomaComissão,equesãoco-financiados pelo
orçamentocomunitário .aoConselhodasComunidadesEuropeias
(16deNovembrode1992)
(93/C81/34)
Objecto:Produçãoeuropeiadecolofónia
Odéficeeuropeudematériaprimeirautilizadana
produçãodacolofóniaéconsiderável .Alémdisso,a
concorrência ,nomeadamente ,dostransformadores
norte-americanos representaumaameaçaparaapro
duçãoeuropeia.
TememvistaoConselhoamanutençãoeeventualmente
odesenvolvimento deumaproduçãoeuropeianomaciço
florestalportuguêsou,seforcasodisso,noSudoestede
França?
Nestahipótese,poderiaoConselhocontemplarapossibi
lidadedaconcessãodeajudasfinanceirasnoâmbitode
umplanodemelhoriadaprodutividade ?PERGUNTA ESCRITAN°2890/92
doSr.0'Hagan(PPE)
àcooperaçãopoliticaeuropeia
(23deNovembrode1992)
(93/C81/36)
PERGUNTA ESCRITAN°2869/92
doSr.LouisLauga(RDE)
aoConselhodasComunidadesEuropeias
(16deNovembrode1992)
(93/C81/35)Objecto:AcomunidadeBaha'iresidentenoYazd
HànotíciasdequeosmembrosdacomunidadeBaha'i
estãoaserperseguidospelasautoridadesdoYazd,tendo
osseusbenssidomesmoconfiscados.
1.QuemedidastomaramosministrosdosNegócios
Estrangeirosreunidosnoâmbitodacooperação
políticaeuropeianosentidodesaberemseestas
alegaçõescorrespondem àverdade?
2.QueprotestosapresentouaComissãojuntodas
autoridadesiranianas?Objecto:Importaçõesdecolofónia
Nasequênciadoprocessoanti-dumpinginstauradopor
umaassociaçãoportuguesadeprodutoresdecolofónia
contraosimportadoreseuropeusdecolofóniaprove
nientedaChina;
NC81/18 JornalOficialdasComunidadesEuropeias 22.3.93
PERGUNTA ESCRITAN°2903/92
doSr.HeinzKohler(S)PERGUNTA ESCRITAN°2929/92
doSr.PeterCrampton(S)
àcooperaçãopolíticaeuropeia
(24deNovembrode1992)aoConselhodasComunidadesEuropeias
(23deNovembrode1992)
(93/C81/37) (93/C81/38)
Objecto:ConfiscaçãodoshaveresdosBaha'inoIrão
Nasequênciadasdiligênciasefectuadaspelacooperação
políticaeuropeiaem12deJunhode1992juntodas
autoridadesiranianasrelativamente àexecuçãodosenhor
BahmanSamandari,tencionaacooperaçãopolíticaeuro
peiavoltaraapresentarumprotestoformaljuntodas
autoridadesiranianasnorespeitanteàscasas,proprieda
desefundosilegalmenteconfiscadosnoIrão?Objecto:ComposiçãodoComitédasRegiões
OTratadodeMaastrichtprevê,nosseusartigos198°Ae
198°C,acriaçãodeumComitédasRegiões,composto
porrepresentantes dascolectividades regionaiselocais.
Oartigo198°Aestipulaoseguinte:«Osmembrosdo
comité,bemcomoigualnúmerodesuplentes,são
nomeados,porumperíododequatroanos,peloConse
lho,deliberandoporunanimidade ,sobpropostados
respectivosEstados-membros .»
PerguntoaoConselho :casoumEstado-membró propo
nhaexclusivamente representantes dascolectividades
regionaisenãoproponhaquaisquerrepresentantes das
colectividades locais,concordaráoConselhocomessa
nomeaçãooudeixaráessadecisãoaocritériodorespec
tivoEstado-membro ?Respostacomumàsperguntasescritas
n°2890/92en°2929/92
Resposta
(19deFevereirode1992)
Oartigo198°AdoTratadoCEE,comaredacçãoquelhe
foidadapeloTratadodaUniãoEuropeia,dispõequeo
ComitédasRegiõesécompostoporrepresentantes das
colectividades regionaiselocais,nomeadospeloConse
lho,deliberandoporunanimidade ,sobpropostados
respectivosEstados-membros.
CadaEstado-membro tem,portanto,aliberdadede
proporoscandidatosqueconsiderepoderemrepresentar
adequadamente ascolectividadesregionaiselocais.(15deFevereirode1993)
APresidênciaefectuou,emOutubro,novasdiligências
juntodasautoridadesiranianas,tantoemTeerãocomo
emGenebra,arespeitodasituaçãodosBaha'inoIrãoe
manifestouasuapreocupaçãoacercadassentençasde
morteproferidasemrelaçãoadoisBaha'iacusadosde
espionagem,BihnamMithagieKayranKhalajabadi ,e
tambémacercadasinformaçõessegundoasquaisosdois
réusnãoterãobeneficiadodeumjulgamentojusto.As
autoridadesiranianasafirmaramqueasautoridades
judiciaisdoseupaísestãoaanalisaraformacomoos
processosdecorreram .Simultaneamente ,orepresentante
daPresidênciaemTeerãoaludiuàsinformaçõessobrea
confiscaçãodecasasepropriedadespertencentesaos
Baha'iemYazd,EsfahaneTeerão.Asautoridades
iranianasasseveraramqueosBaha'ipodemlivremente
exercerosdireitosdequegozamtodososcidadãos
iranianos,desdequecumpramalei.
AComunidade eosseusEstados-membros continuarão a
acompanharatentamente asituaçãoemmatériade
direitoshumanosnoIrãoenãodeixarãodechamara
atençãodasautoridadesiranianasparaquaisquervio
laçõesdessesdireitos.
Orelatóriomaisrecentedorepresentante especialdo
secretário-geral daOrganização dasNaçõesUnidas
(ONU)emmatériadedireitoshumanosnoIrão,Ga
lindo-Pohl,foiapresentado àAssembleiaGeraldas
NaçõesUnidasemNovembroúltimo.Orelatóriosalienta
quecontinuaaperseguiçãoaadeptosdareligiãoBaha'i,
nomeadamente execuçõessumárias,confiscaçãodepro
priedadeserecusadereformasepassaportes .OTerceiro
ComitédaAssembleiaGeraladoptouem4deDezembro
umaresoluçãosobreosdireitoshumanosnoIrão,
redigidaeco-patrocinada pelaComunidadeEuropeiae
seusEstados-membros .Estaresoluçãofoiaprovadaem
18deDezembro .PERGUNTA ESCRITAN°2906/92
doSr.CarlosRoblesPiquer(PPE)
àcooperaçãopolíticaeuropeia
(23deNovembrode1992)
(93/C81/39)
Objecto:Empenhamento daComunidadenaÁsiae
relaçõescomoJapão
NumseminárioorganizadopelaBrookingsInstitutionem
Paris,emfinaisdopassadomêsdeJunho,aoprocedera
umaanálisedasrelaçõesdoJapãocomaComunidade
Europeia,oembaixadordaquelepaís,senhorKobayashi,
referiu-seànecessidadedeseestudarosproblemasde
segurançaaonívelmundial.Manifestoutambémodesejo
doseupaísdeverummaiorempenhamento daComuni
22.3.93 JornalOficialdasComunidadesEuropeias NC81/19
Resposta
(8deFevereirode1993)
Aquestãodeaceitarosreferidospassaportesoudeexigir
tambémumvistoédaexclusivacompetênciadosestados
soberanosemcausa.
PERGUNTA ESCRITAN°2964/92
doSr.SotirisKostopoulos (NI)
aoConselhodasComunidadesEuropeias
(24deNovembrode1992)
(93/C81/41)dadeemrelaçãoàÁsiae,nessesentido,destacoua
participaçãocomunitárianosesforçosparaorganizaruma
ajudainternacionalàMongóliaeaoCamboja.
Podemossenhoresministrosfazerumaavaliaçãoda
participaçãocomunitárianareferidaajudacomunitária ?
Poroutrolado,naopiniãodacooperaçãopolítica
europeia,queperspectivasexistem—eemqueâmbito—
paraumdiálogocomoJapãosobreosproblemasglobais
desegurança?
Resposta
(17deFevereirode1993)
ADeclaraçãoConjuntadoJapãoedaComunidade eseus
Estados-membros forneceoenquadramento parauma
cooperaçãopráticaeparaumdiálogopolíticodegrande
alcance,incluindonoqueserefereaosproblemasde
segurança.NaúltimacimeiraCEE/Japão,realizadaem
Londresem4deJulhode1992,procedeu-seaumdebate
realeconstrutivosobreumasériedequestõesinternacio
naisdamaiorimportância,incluindoaÁsia.Durantea
PresidênciadoReinoUnido,efectuaram-seconversações
igualmenteúteisentreosJaponeses,umatroikaministerial
eumatroikaderesponsáveispolíticos.AComunidade eos
seusEstados-membros desejamprofundamente queeste
diálogocomoJapãopossacontinuaradesenvolver-se.
AComunidade eseusEstados-membros estãoempenha
dosnoêxitodasoluçãopolíticaglobalparaoconflitono
Cambodjaederamumapoioconsiderável ,tantoà
operaçãodaOrganizaçãodasNaçõesUnidas(ONU)
comoàreabilitaçãodessepaís.
AquestãodosprogramasdeajudaeconómicaaoCam
bodjaeàMongólianãoseinserenoâmbitodas
competênciasdacooperaçãopolíticaeuropeia.Objecto:Osdireitospolíticosdosemigrantes
Considerando queemtodososEstados-membros da
Comunidade vivemmilhõesdepessoasprivadasdo
direitodeelegeresereleitoscomo,porexemplo,os
emigrantes,tencionaequandooConselhosolicitaraos
Estados-membros queconcedamatodasaspessoasque
tenhamcompletadocincoanosderesidêncianumEstado
-membrotodosestesimportantesdireitospolíticos?
Resposta
(19deFevereirode1993)
1.CompeteaosEstados-membros definirquaisosdirei
tospolíticosqueestãodispostosaconcederaoscidadãos
depaísesterceirosqueresidamnosrespectivosterritórios.
2.Quantoàseleiçõeslocais,aDinamarca,aIrlanda,a
Espanha,oReinoUnidoeosPaísesBaixosconcedemo
direitodevotoaosestrangeirosresidentesnosseus
territóriosemcertascondições.
3.Chama-se,alémdisso,aatençãodosenhordeputado
paraoartigo8°BdoTratadodauniãoEuropeia.
PERGUNTA ESCRITAN°2930/92
doSr.SotirisKostopoulos (NI)
aoConselhodasComunidadesEuropeias
(24deNovembrode1992)
(93/C81/40)PERGUNTA ESCRITAN°2973/92
doSr.SotirisKostopoulos (NI)
àcooperaçãopolíticaeuropeia
(30deNovembrode1992)
(93/C81/42)Objecto:OspassaportesemitidosporSkopje
Determinados paísesocidentais,entreosquaisalguns
Estados-membros ,carimbamnormalmenteonovopassa
porteemitidoporSkopje,apesardonãoreconhecimento
destaRepública .DeacordocomaAgênciaNoticiosade
Atenas(APE),asembaixadasalemãenorte-americana
aceitamosreferidospassaportes .Emcontrapartida ,as
embaixadasneerlandesaaitalianapreenchem,parao
efeito,umformulárioespecial,aoqualéapostoo
respectivovisto.ComoseposicionaoConselhofaceà
situaçãosupra}Objecto:Asituaçãodosrefugiadospalestinianos
Tendoemcontaasituaçãodos900000refugiadosda
Palestinaquevivemempéssimascondiçõesnosterritórios
ocupadosporIsrael,queédasmaispreocupantes anível
internacional ,deacordocomosrelatóriosdoServiçode
AssistênciaTécnicadaOrganizaçãodasNaçõesUnidas
N°C81/20 JornalOficialdasComunidadesEuropeias 22.3.93
Asautoridadesturcastêmconsciênciadaimportânciaque
aComunidade eosseusEstados-membros atribuemao
respeitopelasnormasdoEstadodeDireitoeaos
compromissos queaTurquiasubscreveuemdocumentos
daConferênciaparaaSegurançaeaCooperaçãona
Europa(CSCE),nomeadamente naCartadeParis,nos
documentosdasreuniõesdeMoscovoedeCopenhagada
Conferência sobreaDimensãoHumanadaCSCEeno
relatóriodareuniãodeperitosdeGenebra.
Deummodomaisgeral,acomunidade eosseus
Estados-membros estãopreocupadoscomoproblemada
imigraçãoilegalparaaComunidadeesolicitamatodosos
Estadosvizinhosquetomemasmedidasnecessáriaspara
combateresteproblema.
Aquestãoespecíficaapresentadapelosenhordeputado
foilevantadaporumparceironoâmbitodacooperação
políticaeuropeia.(ONU),tencionaacooperaçãopolíticaeuropeiademons
traroseuinteressenamelhoriadasituaçãodosrefugia
dospalestinianos ?
Resposta
(10deFevereirode1993)
AComunidade eosseusEstados-membros têmvindoa
instarIsraelaquecumpraplenamenteassuasobrigações
relativamenteaospalestinianosdosterritóriosocupadose
aqueobserveasdisposiçõesda4aConvençãodeGenebra.
Osactosdeviolência,venhamdeondevierem,sãouma
ameaçaaoclimadeconfiançaqueéessencialparaoêxito
doprocessodepazdoMédioOriente.
AComunidadeEuropeiatemvindoaprestarassistência
aosrefugiadospalestinianosdesde1972.Aassistência
comunitáriaassumeumagrandeimportâncianocômputo
totaldoorçamentoglobaldasAgênciadasNaçõesUnidas
paraaAssistênciaeaocupaçãodosRefugiadosPalestinos
doMédioOriente(UNRWA)(43%em1991).
Noâmbito3avertentemultilateraldoprocessodepazfoi
criadoumgrupoparaestudarãquestãodosrefugiadosna
região.Ocontributoqueaeconomiadosterritórios
ocupadospoderiadaràeconomiadaregiãoàluzdeum
acordodepazeosobstáculosaessecontributogerados
pelaausênciadesseacordoestãoaserestudadosporum
grupomultilateraldistintoquesedebruçasobreo
desenvolvimento económicoregional.PERGUNTA ESCRITAN°2988/92
doSr.VictorManuelArbeloaMuru(S)
àcooperaçãopolíticaeuropeia
(30deNovembrode1992)
(93/C81/44)
Objecto:LibertaçãodolídersindicalChakufwaChichana
Existeminformaçõessobreolídersindicalistadetidono
Malawi,quenãofoiaindaapresentadoperanteum
tribunalequefoideclaradoprisioneirodeconsciência
pelaAmnistiaInternacional ? PERGUNTA ESCRITAN°2974/92
doSr.SotirisKostopoulos (NI)
àcooperaçãopolíticaeuropeia
(30deNovembrode1992)
(93/C81/43)Resposta
(15deFevereirode1993)
AComunidade eosseusEstados-membros têmconheci
mentodequeosenhorChihanafoicondenadoem14de
Dezembrode1992porduasacusaçõesdesediçãoepreso
pordoisanos.
Aparentemente ,oadvogadodosenhorChihanainterpôs
umrecursocontraacondenaçãoeasentençaqueainda
nãofoijulgadopeloSupremoTribunal.
AComunidade eosseusEstados-membros jáporvárias
ocasiõesapelaramaoGovernodoMalawiparaque
libertasseosenhorChihanaouassegurassequeoseucaso
fosserapidamentejulgado.
AComunidade eosseusEstados-membros continuarão a
acompanhardepertoocasodosenhorChihanae
decidirãodaacçãoaempreendernofuturoemfunçãoda
decisãoquefortomadaquantoaoseurecurso.Objecto:A«colaboração»daTurquiaemrelaçãoaos
imigrantesclandestinos
Tendoemcontaacolaboraçãodasautoridadesturcas,
quedemonstramtolerância—quandonãoparticipam ,
activamente —nosentidodefacilitaremaentradade
imigrantesclandestinos ,nomeadamente iraquianose
paquistaneses ,noterritóriodaGrécia,propõe-sea
cooperaçãopolíticaeuropeiaaconvidaroGovernoturco
atomarmedidasurgentesnosentidodepôrtermoaesta
prática?
Resposta
(17deFevereirode1993)
Nãoháprovasdeconivênciadasautoridadesturcasna
passagemdeimigrantesclandestinosparaoterritório
grego.
22.3.93 JornalOficialdasComunidadesEuropeias NC81/21
PERGUNTA ESCRITAN°2989/92
doSr.VictorManuelArbeloaMuru(S)
àcooperaçãopolíticaeuropeia
(30deNovembrode1992)Resposta
(17deFevereirode1993)
Áquestãolevantadapelosenhordeputadonãofoi
debatidanoâmbitodacooperaçãopolíticaeuropeia.(93/C81/45)
Objecto:Melhoriadascondiçõesdosprisioneirosna
Síria
Notaramosministrosdacooperaçãopolíticaeuropeia
algumamelhorianasituaçãodosprisioneirospolíticose
prisioneirosdeconsciêncianaSíria,detidoshámuitos
anosequeaindanãoforamjulgados,sobretudoapóso
debatesobreoprotocolofinanceirodaComunidadecom
essepaís?PERGUNTA ESCRITAN°3005/92
doSr.AlexSmith(S)
aoConselhodasComunidadesEuropeias
(30deNovembrode1992)
(93/C81/47)
Resposta
(10deFevereirode1993)
AComunidadeeosseusEstados-membros acompanham
depertoasituaçãonaSíriaemtermosderespeitodos
direitoshumanosetêmmanifestadorepetidamente asua
preocupaçãoquantoaosrelatosdenovasviolações.O
Governosíriotomourecentemente algumasmedidas
positivaseencorajadorasparamelhorarasituação,tendo
anunciadoalibertaçãodecercade4000prisioneiros
políticosduranteoanopassado,incluindo550nos
princípiosdeDezembro;outrasmedidasforamtomadas
parafacilitaraemigraçãodos4000judeussíriosdos
quaiscercademetadejádeixouopaís.
AComunidade eosseusEstados-membros continuarão a
incentivarestaevoluçãopositiva,easalientaraimportân
ciaqueatribuemaorespeitodosdireitoshumanos,oqual
constituiumelementoimportantedassuasrelaçõescom
ospaísesterceiros.Objecto:ProgramaThermie(tecnologiaseuropeiasparaa
gestãodaenergia)
QualadecisãomaisrecentetomadapeloConselhoEcofin
sobreofinanciamento doprogramaThermieaté1995?
Resposta
(8deFevereirode1993)
Em16deNovembrode1992,quandofoiadoptadoo
projectodeorçamento1993,emsegundaleitura,o
ConselhoaceitouaalteraçãopropostapeloParlamento
Europeueestabeleceuparaarealizaçãodoprograma
Thermieomontantedasdotaçõesdeautorizaçãoem
174000deecuseodasdotaçõesdepagamentoem
78000000deecus.Estesmontantesnãosofreramne
nhumaalteraçãoaquandodaadopçãofinaldoorçamento
de1993emDezembro.
QuantoaoúltimoanodeexecuçãodoprogramaTher
mie,ouseja,oexercícioorçamental1994,asdotaçõesde
autorizaçãoedepagamentoserãodefinidasdeacordo
comosprocessosorçamentaishabituaise,nolimitedas
novasperspectivasfinanceirasplurianuais.
PERGUNTA ESCRITAN°2990/92
doSr.VictorManuelArbeloaMuru(S)
àcooperaçãopolíticaeuropeia
(30deNovembrode1992)PERGUNTA ESCRITAN°3008/92
doSr.AlexSmith(S)
aoConselhodasComunidadesEuropeias
(30deNovembrode1992)(93/C81/46)
(93/C81/48)
Objecto:MortedeaborígenesnaAustráliaObjecto:Otransportedeplutónioeosriscosparaos
paísesdaComunidadeEuropeia
Queatençãofoidadaaosriscosparaoscidadãosda
ComunidadeEuropeiaquedecorreriamdeumacidente
comonaviojaponêsAkasuki-Maru quetransporta
plutónioentreaFrança,oReinoUnidoeoJapão?Dispõemosministrosdacooperaçãopolíticaeuropeiade
notíciassegurassobrearesponsabilidade dasautoridades
australianas noaltoíndicedeencarceramento ede
mortandadedeaborígenesprivadosdeliberdade,enanão
aplicaçãodasrecomendações daComissãoReal?
N°C81/22 JornalOficialdasComunidadesEuropeias 22.3.93
PERGUNTA ESCRITAN°3012/92
doSr.AlexSmith(S)
aoConselhodasComunidadesEuropeias
(30deNovembrode1992)PERGUNTA ESCRITAN°3011/92
doSr.AlexSmith(S)
aoConselhodasComunidadesEuropeias
(30deNovembrode1992)
(93/C81/49) (93/C81/51)
Objecto:ReuniõesdoConselhoEuropeu
Quedecisõesforamtomadasnosentidodetornarmais
abertasasreuniõesdoConselhoEuropeuedacoope
raçãopolíticaeuropeia?Objecto:Instalaçõesdereprocessamento nuclearnaEu
ropa
Queatençãofoidadaàsimplicaçõesemtermosde
protecção,proliferação esegurançadaexportaçãode
plutónioparaoJapãoapartirdeinstalaçõesdereproces
samentonuclearemSellafieldeDounreay,noReino
Unido,edeCaplaHagueeMarcoule,emFrança?
Resposta
(19deFevereirode1993)
Queiraosenhordeputadoreportar-seàrespostadada
peloConselhoàperguntaescritan°2708/92,colocada
pelodeputadoFitzgerald.Respostacomumàsperguntasescritas
n°3008/92en°3012/92
(8deFevereirode1993)
OConselhosugereaosenhordeputadoqueconsultea
respostadadapelopresidentedoConselho,em18de
Novembrode1992,àsperguntasoraiscomdebate
n°0-164/92,n°0-169/92,n°0-179/92,n°0-197/92,
n°0-206/92en°216/92.PERGUNTA ESCRITAN°3022/92
doSr.JoséLafuenteLópez(PPE)
*aoConselhodasComunidadesEuropeias
(14deDezembrode1992)
(93/C81/52)PERGUNTA ESCRITAN°3010/92
doSr.AlexSmith(S)
aoConselhodasComunidadesEuropeias
(30deNovembrode1992)
(93/C81/50)
Objecto:Bensetecnologiasnuclearesduais
QueatençãofoidadaàpropostadaComissãodas
ComunidadesEuropeiasdeumregulamentodoConselho
(CEE)relativoaocontroloàexportaçãodecertosbense
tecnologiasduaisecertosprodutosetecnologiasnuclea
res[COM(92)317final]comdatade31deAgostode
1992?Objecto:Legislaçãocomunitáriacontrao«hooliga
nismo»
ArecentecelebraçãodoCampeonatodaEuropade
Futebol,deselecçõesnacionais,pôsnovamenteem
evidênciaascarênciasjurídicasexistentesnoqueserefere
àrepressãoespecíficadodelitode«hooliganismo »,
praticadopelosquesedizemseradeptosdedeterminadas
equipasnacionaisdodesportorei.
Aindaqueseverifiquemporpartedasrespectivasforças
daordemnumerosasdetençõesdos«praticantes»habi
tuaisdasreferidasacçõesviolentas,afaltadetipicidade
penaldessaactuaçãoconcreta,comodelito,noscorres
pondentescorposlegaisdospaísesmembrosobriga,na
maioriadoscasos,aqueosjuízesseinibamdevidoao
difícilenquadramento dasacçõesareprimirnorespectivo
ordenamentojurídico.
Vistoqueéurgentepôrfimaessaspráticasdevanda
lismo,nãoentendeoConselhoquedeveriatomara
iniciativadeproporaregulamentação comunitária ,em
todooterritóriodospaísesmembros,doreferidotipode
delitoafimdeque,dadooseucarácterespecialmente
perigosoeanti-social,sejaconvenientemente tipificado,
regulamentado esancionadodemodoadequadoao
escândalosocialqueprovoca,contribuindoassimparaa
suaerradicação,proporcionando aosjuízesosinstrumen
tosnecessáriosparaoefeito?Resposta
(8deFevereirode1993)
Apropostaderegulamentoaqueosenhordeputadose
refereestápresentemente asersubmetidaaanálise
preliminarpelasinstânciasdoConselho,napendênciado
parecerdoParlamentoEuropeu.Dadaaimportância
destaquestão,foicriadonoConselhoumGrupoadhocàt
altonível.
22.3.93 JornalOficialdasComunidadesEuropeias N°C81/23
1991.Possoasseguraraosenhordeputadoquecontinua
rãoamanifestarclaramenteestapreocupaçãoàsautorida
desdaGuinéEquatorial,equearespostaquefordadaa
estaquestãoserádevidamèntetomadaemconsideração
noestabelecimento dasrelaçõesentreaComunidade e
seusEstados-membros eaGuinéEquatorial .Resposta
(8deDezembrode1992)
Acooperaçãopolicialejudicialfazpartedacooperação
intergovernamental .NoTratadodaUniãoEuropeiaque
.aindanãoentrouemvigor,faz-sereferênciaàcooperação
policialejudiciáriacomoumaquestãodeinteresse
comum.Alémdisso,numadeclaraçãoseparadaanexaao
Tratado,osEstados-membros acordaramemprevera
adopçãodemedidasconcretasrelativasàcooperação
policiale,especialmente ,aointercâmbiodeinformaçõese
experiênciasreferentesàassistênciaàsautoridadesnacio
naisencarregadasdosprocessoscriminaisedasegurança,
àavaliaçãoeaotratamentocentralizadosdasabordagens
emmatériadeinquéritos,bemcomoàrecolhaeao
tratamentodeinformaçõesrelativasàsabordagensnacio
naisemmatériadeprevenção,comoobjectivodeas
transmitiraosEstados-membros ededefinirestratégias
preventivasàescalaeuropeia.
Contudo,oConselhonãopoderáproporouadoptar
qualquerregulamentação comunitáriaemmatériadeluta
contrao«hooliganismo ».PERGUNTA ESCRITAN°3056/92
doSr.LouisLauga(RDE)
aoConselhodasComunidadesEuropeias
(14deDezembrode1993)
(93/C81/54)
Objecto:Preservaçãodoshabitatsnaturais
Adirectiva92/43/CEE,de21deMaiode1992,sobrea
preservaçãodoshabitatsnaturaisedafaunaedaflora
selvagens(x),provocarámodificaçõesdosregimesjurídi
cosdoshabitats,nosquaisfiguramnumerososterritórios
decaçaeaindadoestatutodedeterminadasespécies.
PodeoConselhodosMinistrosindicar,demodosucinto,
asmodalidadesdeaplicaçãodestadirectiva,esetenciona
associaraFaceàsuadefinição?
TencionaoConselhodosMinistros,poroutrolado,
aplicaraestecasooprincípiodesubsjdiariedade ,ficando
cadaEstadoresponsável,emconcertaçãocomasfede
raçõesdecaçadores,pelaexecuçãodadirectivacomunitá
rianoplanonacional?PERGUNTA ESCRITAN°3051/92
doSr.SotirisKostopoulos (NI)
àcooperaçãopolíticaeuropeia
(14deDezembrode1992)
(93/C81/53)
oJOnL206de22.7.1992,p.7.Objecto:SituaçãopolíticanaGuinéEquatorial
Considerando asdetençõesarbitráriasdeopositores
políticospelaguardapresidencial ,preocupadocominfor
maçõesveiculadaspororganismosinternacionais sobrea
práticadatorturaetendopresenteadeclaraçãoda
ComunidadeEuropeiasobreasituaçãopolíticanaGuiné
Equatorialtencionaacooperaçãopolíticaeuropeiasolici
taraogovernodequelepaísquerespeiteosDireitosdo
Homemeliberteospresospolíticos?
Resposta
(17deFevereirode1993)
AComunidade eosseusEstados-membros partilham
inteiramenteapreocupaçãoexpressapelosenhordepu
tado,talcomoodemonstraram nasuadeclaraçãosobrea
situaçãonaGuinéEquatorial,emanifestaram emvárias
ocasiõesàsautoridadesdeMalaboasuapreocupação
pelasconstantesviolaçõesdosDireitosdoHomem,
sublinhandoanecessidadedepermitiratodososcidadãos
oplenoexercíciodosseusdireitoscivisedeprocederà
libertaçãodospresospolíticos.Nessasocasiões,foifeita
umareferênciaespecialàresoluçãosobreDireitosdo
Homem,DemocraciaeDesenvolvimento adoptadapelo
Conselho«Desenvolvimento »de28deNovembrodeResposta
(8deFevereirode1993)
ADirectiva92/43/CEEtemporobjectivoacriaçãode
umaredeecológicacoerentedezonasespeciaisde
conservação ,denominada «Natura2000»,paraaconsti
tuiçãodaqualcadaEstado-membro contribuiemfunção
darepresentação ,noseuterritório,dostiposdehabitats
naturaisedoshabitatsdeespécies.Paraoefeitoos
Estados-membros designamzonasespeciaisdeconser
vação.
CombasenoscritériosdefinidosnoanexoIIIdadirectiva
eeminformaçõescientíficaspertinentes,cadaEstado
-membropropõeumalistadesítiosindicandoostiposde
habitatsnaturaisdeanexoIeasespéciesindígenasdo
anexoIIquenelesvivem.
AlistaétransmitidaàComissãonostrêsanosseguintesà
notificaçãodadirectiva,acompanhada dasinformações
relativasacadasítio.
N°C81/24 JornalOficialdasComunidadesEuropeias 22.3.93
PERGUNTA ESCRITAN°3101/92
doSr.AlexandrosAlavanos(CG)
aoConselhodasComunidadesEuropeias
(14deDezembrode1992)
(93/C81/56)ApartirdaslistàsdosEstados-membros eemconcordân
ciacomcadaumdeles,aComissãoelaboraumprojecto
delistadesítiosdeimportânciacomunitária ,apontando
ossítiosquecompreendem umouváriostiposdehabitats
naturaisprioritáriosouqueabrigamumaouvárias
espéciesprioritárias.
Alistadesítiosseleccionadoscomosítiosdeimportância
comunitáriaéadoptadapelaComissãopeloprocesso
referidonoartigo21°dacitadadirectiva.
Asmodalidadesdeaplicaçãodadirectivaimplicamnestas
condiçõesumaintervençãoalargadadasinstânciasdos
Estados-membros ,aosquaiscabeconsultar,seforcaso
disso,diferentesorganizaçõesnoâmbitodoprocedi
mentoestabelecidoparaadesignaçãodossítioscomo
zonasespeciaisdeconservação.
PERGUNTA ESCRITAN°3062/92
dosSrs.ManfredVohrereKarlPartsch(LDR)
aoConselhodasComunidadesEuropeias
(14deDezembrode1992)Objecto:Nomeaçãoderepresentantes nãoeleitosda
GréciaparaoComitédasRegiões
Nasequênciadopedidounânimeapresentadopelo
comitédirectivodaUniãoCentraldasMunicipalidades e
ComunasdaGrécia,segundooqual«adelegaçãogrega,
compostapor12membros,deveserconstituídaexclusiva
menteporrepresentantes eleitosqueserãoindicadosao
governopelocomitédirectivodaUnião»,oMinistérioda
EconomiaNacionaldaGréciasublinha,nasuaresposta
n°61014/PP2624,queadelegaçãogregaserácomposta,
empartesiguais,porsecretáriosgeraisderegiões
(designadospeloGovernogrego)epormembroseleitos
(semespecificarporquemserãoindicados).
Emrespostaàperguntaoraln°H-0379/92(')opresi
denteamexercíciodoConselhodeclarou,em13deMaio
de1992,quejáhaviasidosolicitada,precisamenteno
primeiroparágrafodoartigo198°AdoTratadodaUnião
Europeia,asubstituição ,naversãogrega,daexpressão
«representantes dascolectividades deauto-administração
localedeadministraçãoregional»pelaexpressão«repre
sentantesdascolectividades deauto-administração regio
nalelocal».
Pergunta-seaoConselho:quaissãoasmedidasquese
propõetomaremdefesadainstituiçãodoConselhodas
Regiões,umavezqueanomeaçãoderepresentantes não
eleitoscontrariaaletraeoespíritodoartigo198°Ado
TratadodaUniãoEuropeia;quaissão,poroutrolado,as
acçõesquetencionaempreenderjuntodoGovernogrego
tendoemvistaaanulaçãodadecisãounilateralemcausa?(93/C81/55)
ODebatesdoParlamentoEuropeun .3/418(Maiode1992).Objecto:MassacredeavesemMalta
OEstadoinsulardeMaltaestáactualmente aenvidar
esforçosparaaderiràsComunidadesEuropeias .Casoo
pedidodeadesãoobtenhaumparecerfavorável,éde
observarqueMaltainfringeadirectivarelativaàconser
vaçãodasavesselvagens(79/409/CEE)(x),poisem
Maltasãomortascruelmentecercadetrêsmilhõesdeaves
migratóriasporano.Asavesreferidasfazempartedas
espéciesque,naEuropa,figuramna«listavermelha»das
espéciesemviasdeextinção.
TemoConselhoconhecimento destefacto?
Quemedidassãoadoptadas,afimdecorrigiresta
situaçãodeplorável?
OJOn°L103de25.4.1979,p.1.
Resposta
(19deFevereirode1993)
OConselhorecordaaossenhoresdeputadosquea
Comissãoaindanãodeuparecersobreopedidodeadesão
daRepúblicadeMaltaàsComunidades Europeias.As
condiçõesemqueoacervocomunitáriodeveráaplicarnos
estadosquepediramaadesãodependerãodoacordoa
concluirnostermosdoartigo237°doTratadoCEE.Não
competeaoConselhopronunciar-sesobreomodocomo
osprincípiosresultantesdeumadasdirectivasque
adoptousãoaplicadosnumEstadoterceiro.Resposta
(8deFevereirode1993)
Oartigo198°AdoTratadoCEE,talcomoresultaráda
entradaemvigordoTratadodaUniãoEuropeia,estipula
queoComitédasRegiõessecompõederepresentantes
dasautarquiasregionaiselocais,nomeados,sobproposta
dosEstados-membros respectivos,peloConselhodelibe
randoporunanimidade.
CadaEstado-membro ,porconseguinte ,temaliberdade
deproporoscandidatosquejulgapoderemrepresentar
adequadamente asautarquiasregionaiselocais.
22.3.93 JornalOficialdasComunidadesÇuropeias N°C81/25
PERGUNTA ESCRITAN°3120/92
dosSrs.LuigiVertematieMariaMagnaniNoya(S)
aoConselhodasComunidadesEuropeias
(14deDezembrode1992)
(93/C81/57)ReinoUnido,serádoconhecimentodossenhoresdeputa
dosqueoGovernodoReinoUnidopretendeconcluiro
processodoEuropeanCommunitiesAmendmentBill(pro
jectodeleidealteraçãodoTratado)duranteaactual
sessãodoParlamento.
Noquedizrespeitoaoscrescentesdesafiospolíticose
económicoscomquesedeparamaComunidade eosseus
Estados-membros ,oConselhoconsideraqueoTratado
daUniãoEuropeiaeosacordosalcançadosemEdim
burgoconstituemumabasesólidapararesponderaesses
desafiosnospróximosanos.
PERGUNTA ESCRITAN°3127/92
doSr.PaulStaes(V)
aoConselhodasComunidadesEuropeias
(6deJaneirode1993)
(93/C81/58)Objecto:RatificaçãodoTratadodeMaastrichtpelo
ReinoUnido
Considerando quearecenteevoluçãodasituaçãono
ReinoUnidodemonstraqueoprimeiro-ministro John
MajortentafazercomquearatificaçãodoTratadode
Maastrichtseverifiqueapósonovoreferendodinamar
quês,
Considerando quecadaumdosEstados-membros se
tinhacomprometido aratificaronovoTratadoindepen
dentementedaquiloqueseverificassenosoutrospaíses
relativamenteaoprocessoderatificação,
Considerando ,porumlado,queaPresidênciaem
exercíciodoConselhocomportagrandesresponsabilida
despolíticasrelativamente àComunidade equenãoé,
portanto,admissívelquesejaprecisamente oEstado
-membroqueasseguraaPresidênciaemexercíciodo
ConselhoacolocarentravesàviaparaaUniãoEuropeia,
NãoconsideraoConselhoquedeveria,colegialmente ,
assumirumaposiçãofirmecontraaatitudedoReino
UnidoquevisaretardaraaprovaçãodoTratadode
Maastrichtaproveitando-sedasituaçãonaDinamarca?
Oquepensa,alémdisso,fazeroConselhorelativamente
aosproblemascrescentesqueentravamarealização
efectivadaUniãoPolíticaeMonetáriaprevistaem
Maastrichthámenosdeumano,sobretudonumaaltura
emqueosEstadosUnidosdaAméricainiciaramseria
menteaviadamudançaparafazerfaceaosdesafiosdo
ano2000enaEuropaOrientalsurgemfactoresde
instabilidadecadavezmaisperigosos?
Resposta
(18deFevereirode1993)
InformamosossenhoresdeputadosdequeoConselho
EuropeudeEdimburgochegouaacordosobresoluções
paraumvastoconjuntodequestõesessenciaisparao
progressonaEuropa,incluindoosproblemaslevantados
pelaDinamarcaàluzdoresultadodoreferendodinamar
quêsdeJunhode1992sobreoTratadodeMaastricht.
Nessaocasião,todososmembrosdoConselhoEuropeu
reafirmaramoseuempenhamento emrelaçãoaoTratado
daUniãoEuropeia.NoqueserefereaocasoespecíficodoObjecto:ConstruçãodonovoedifíciodoConselho,em
Bruxelas
Apropostaapresentadaparaomaterialisolantedestinado
aonovoedifíciodoConselho(RuaBelliard,nos25/34)
referequeopoliestirenoextrudadodeveserazul.
Atéprovaemcontrário,omaterialisolantedessacorsó
podeserfornecidopelaempresa«DowChemicals»epor
nenhumaoutra.
1.PodeoConselhoconfirmarseestainformaçãoé
correcta?
2.Seforassim,partilhadaminhaopiniãodeque,neste
caso,oprocessoenfermadealgumasirregularidades ?
3.TemoConselhoconhecimento dequeestematerial
isolante(poliestirenoextrudado)énocivoparao
ambiente?
4.PodeoConselhoinformar-medoscritériosecológi
cosquepresidiramàescolhadomaterialisolante?
Resposta
(18deFevereirode1993)
Informa-seoEscelentíssimo Senhordeputadoqueo
Conselhonãoestáaconstruirumedifícionoendereço
quereferenasuapergunta.Noentanto,casoesta
perguntadigarespeitoàconstruçãodonovoedifíciodo
Conselho,naruedelaLoi,emBruxelas,esclarece-seque
orespectivocadernodeencargosnãocontémamenção
referidapelosenhordeputado.
N°.C81/26 JornalOficialdasComunidadesEuropeias 22.3.93
PERGUNTAS COMPEDIDODERESPOSTAESCRITAQUENÃOFORAM
OBJECTODERESPOSTA(*)
(93/C81/59)
Apresentelistaépublicada,emconformidadecomon°3doartigo62°doRegulamentodoParlamento
Europeu:«Asperguntasquenãotenhamsidoobjectoderespostanoprazodeummêsnocasoda
Comissão,oudedoismesesnocasodoConselhooudosministrosdosNegóciosEstrangeiros,serão
anunciadasnoJornalOficialdasComunidadesEuropeias,atéàobtençãodaresposta.»
N.3130/92doSr.MihailPapayannakis (GUE)àComissão N.2738/92doSr.AlexSmith(S)aoConselho(16.11.1992)
Objecto:Reciclagemdolixodoméstico (6.1.1993)
N.2745/92doSr.HermanVerbeek(V)aoConselho
(16.11.1992)
Objecto:Ajuda/UNCEDaospaísesmaispobres
N?2794/92doSr.FreddyBlak(S)aoConselho(16.11.1992)
Objecto:LutacontraaSIDAObjecto:CentraldedistribuiçãodecimentoemPeristeria-Di
stomou(BEOCIA)
N°3132/92doSr.HermanVerbeek(V)àComissão(6.1.1993)
Objecto:Compensação pagapelaComunidadeporperdasno
comérciocomaRússia
N?3133/92doSr.HermanVerbeek(V)àComissão(6.1.1993)
Objecto:ApoioaorelançamentodosectoragrícolarussoN.2897/92doSr.MareGalle(A)aoConselho(23.11.1992)
Objecto:Abandonodosistemadaigualdadedetratamentodas
línguasoficiaisaquandodacriaçãodaAgênciaEuropeiados
Medicamentos
N?2970/92doSr.SotirisKostopoulos (NI)aoConselhoN.3134/92doSr.FlorusWijsenbeek (LDR)àComissão
(6.1.1993
(24.11.1992)Objecto:CartãoRES(RailEuropeSénior)
Objecto:ConcessãodeasiloaestrangeirosnaAlemanha
N?2971/92doSr.SotirisKostopoulos (NI)aoConselhoN.3135/92doSr.HorusWijsenbeek (LDR)àComissão
24.11.1992)(6.1,1993)
Objecto:HerançanaturaldacomunadeAmesterdão
N?3136/92doSr.LeenvanderWaal(NI)àComissão(6.1.1993)
Objecto:Inquéritosobrebiotecnologia
N?3137/92doSr.AlexandrosAlavanos(CG)àComissãoObjecto:OdesempregonaComunidade
N?2972/92doSr.SotirisKostopoulos(NI)àCooperaçãoPolítica
Europeia(30.11.1992)
Objecto:OdireitodoSr.Gorbachevdeviajarparaforada
-Rússia
N?2978/92doSr.SérgioRibeiro(CG)aoConselho(6.1.1993)
(30.11.1992) Objecto:Necessidadedeaceleraroprocessodeconclusãodo
hospitaldeElevsina
N?3139/92doSr.FriedrichMerz(PPE)àComissão(6.1.1993)
Objecto:SubsídiosàindústriadoalgodãodoSuldeItália
N?3140/92doSr.ManfredVohrer(LDR)àComissãoObjecto:OstêxteisnoGATTeoAcordoMultifibras
N?3006/92doSr.AlexSmith(S)aoConselho(30.11.1991)
Objecto:Conselho«Investigação»
N°3009/92doSr.AlexSmith(S)aoConselho(30.22.1992)
Objecto:Impactedasdescargasnuclearessobreoambiente
N?30.15/92doSr.PatrickLalor(RDE)aoConselho6.1.1993
(30.11.1992)Objecto:Diversidadedetratamentodosrequerentesdeasilonos
Estados-membros daComunidade
N?3142/92doSr.AntoniGutiérrezDiaz(GUE)àComissãoObjecto:Respostainsuficienteaumaperguntaescritasobre
transportesdeacesso
N°3124/92doSr.LeenvanderWaal(NI)àComissão(6.1.1993)
Objecto:Danoscausadosàcamadadeozóniopelobrometode
metilo,desinfectanteparasolos(6.1.1993)
Objecto:ParqueNacionaldeAigüestortes (Cataluña—
Espanha)
N.3125/92doSr.JamesScott-Hopkins (PPE)àComissão
(6.1.1993)
Objecto:Consequências dasimplificaçãodaburocraciaparaas
empresas
N°3126/92doSr.MaximeVerhagen(PPE)àComissão
(6.1.1993)N.3144/92doSr.DieterRogalla(S)àComissão(6.1.1993)
Objecto:Estadiaeexerciciodeumaactividadeprofissionalnos
Estados-membros
N?3145/92doSr.GianniBagetBozzo(S)àComissão(6.1.1993)
Objecto:UtilizaçãodosfundosestruturaispelaItália
N?3146/92doSr.MaxSimeoni(ARC)àComissão(6.1.1993)
Objecto:Projectodeumcentroatlânticodasenergiasrenováveis
naBretanhaObjecto:AexportaçãoderesíduosquímicosparaumEstado
ACP
N°3128/92doSr.Jean-PierreRaffin(V)àComissão(6.1.1993)
Objecto:Aplicaçãodadirectivarelativaàpreservaçãodos
habitatsnaturaisedafaunaedafloraselvagens
N?3129/92doSr.MihailPapayannakis (GUE)àComissãoN.3147/92doSr.FrançoisGuillaume(RDE)àComissão
(6.1.1993)
(6.1.1993) Objecto:Utilizaçãodacarneemconservanoâmbitodaajuda
alimentar Objecto:Rótuloecológico
(*)Asrespostasserãopublicadasquandoainstituiçãoàqualforamdirigidasasperguntastiverrespondido .Otextointegraldestasperguntasfoipublicado
noBoletimdoParlamentoEuropeu(n?27/C-92an°Ol/C-93).
| 39,647 |
https://github.com/GamesTrap/TRAP/blob/master/TRAP/src/Utils/Decompress/Inflate.cpp
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT, Zlib, Apache-2.0, BSD-3-Clause
| 2,019 |
TRAP
|
GamesTrap
|
C++
|
Code
| 3,374 | 8,891 |
/*
Copyright (c) 2005-2018 Lode Vandevenne
This software is provided 'as-is', without any express or implied
warranty. In no event will the authors be held liable for any damages
arising from the use of this software.
Permission is granted to anyone to use this software for any purpose,
including commercial applications, and to alter it and redistribute it
freely, subject to the following restrictions:
1. The origin of this software must not be misrepresented; you must not
claim that you wrote the original software. If you use this software
in a product, an acknowledgment in the product documentation would be
appreciated but is not required.
2. Altered source versions must be plainly marked as such, and must not be
misrepresented as being the original software.
3. This notice may not be removed or altered from any source
distribution.
Modified by: Jan "GamesTrap" Schuerkamp
*/
#include "TRAPPCH.h"
#include "Inflate.h"
#include "Maths/Math.h"
TRAP::Utils::Decompress::INTERNAL::BitReader::BitReader(const uint8_t* data, const std::size_t size)
: Data(data), Size(size), BitSize(0), BP(0), Buffer(0)
{
std::size_t temp;
if (MultiplyOverflow(size, 8u, BitSize))
Error = true;
if (AddOverflow(BitSize, 64u, temp))
Error = true;
}
//-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------//
bool TRAP::Utils::Decompress::INTERNAL::BitReader::EnsureBits9(const std::size_t nBits)
{
const std::size_t start = BP >> 3u;
const std::size_t size = Size;
if (start + 1u < size)
{
Buffer = static_cast<uint32_t>(Data[start + 0]) | (static_cast<uint32_t>(Data[start + 1] << 8u));
Buffer >>= (BP & 7u);
return true;
}
Buffer = 0;
if (start + 0u < size)
Buffer |= Data[start + 0];
Buffer >>= (BP & 7u);
return BP + nBits < BitSize;
}
//-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------//
bool TRAP::Utils::Decompress::INTERNAL::BitReader::EnsureBits17(const std::size_t nBits)
{
const std::size_t start = BP >> 3u;
const std::size_t size = Size;
if (start + 2u < size)
{
Buffer = static_cast<uint32_t>(Data[start + 0]) | static_cast<uint32_t>(Data[start + 1] << 8u) | static_cast<uint32_t>(Data[start + 2] << 16u);
Buffer >>= (BP & 7u);
return true;
}
Buffer = 0;
if (start + 0u < size)
Buffer |= Data[start + 0];
if (start + 1u < size)
Buffer |= static_cast<uint32_t>(Data[start + 1] << 8u);
Buffer >>= (BP & 7u);
return BP + nBits < BitSize;
}
//-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------//
bool TRAP::Utils::Decompress::INTERNAL::BitReader::EnsureBits25(const std::size_t nBits)
{
const std::size_t start = BP >> 3u;
const std::size_t size = Size;
if (start + 3u < size)
{
Buffer = static_cast<uint32_t>(Data[start + 0]) | static_cast<uint32_t>(Data[start + 1] << 8u) | static_cast<uint32_t>(Data[start + 2] << 16u) | static_cast<uint32_t>(Data[start + 3] << 24u);
Buffer >>= (BP & 7u);
return true;
}
Buffer = 0;
if (start + 0u < size)
Buffer |= Data[start + 0];
if (start + 1u < size)
Buffer |= static_cast<uint32_t>(Data[start + 1] << 8u);
if (start + 2u < size)
Buffer |= static_cast<uint32_t>(Data[start + 2] << 16u);
Buffer >>= (BP & 7u);
return BP + nBits < BitSize;
}
//-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------//
bool TRAP::Utils::Decompress::INTERNAL::BitReader::EnsureBits32(const std::size_t nBits)
{
const std::size_t start = BP >> 3u;
const std::size_t size = Size;
if (start + 4u < size)
{
Buffer = static_cast<uint32_t>(Data[start + 0]) | static_cast<uint32_t>(Data[start + 1] << 8u) | static_cast<uint32_t>(Data[start + 2] << 16u) | static_cast<uint32_t>(Data[start + 3] << 24u);
Buffer >>= (BP & 7u);
Buffer |= (static_cast<uint32_t>(Data[start + 4] << 24u) << (7u - (BP & 7u)));
return true;
}
Buffer = 0;
if (start + 0u < size)
Buffer |= Data[start + 0];
if (start + 1u < size)
Buffer |= static_cast<uint32_t>(Data[start + 1] << 8u);
if (start + 2u < size)
Buffer |= static_cast<uint32_t>(Data[start + 2] << 16u);
if (start + 3u < size)
Buffer |= static_cast<uint32_t>(Data[start + 3] << 24u);
Buffer >>= (BP & 7u);
return BP + nBits < BitSize;
}
//-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------//
//Must have enough bits available with EnsureBits
uint32_t TRAP::Utils::Decompress::INTERNAL::BitReader::ReadBits(const std::size_t nBits)
{
const uint32_t result = PeekBits(nBits);
AdvanceBits(nBits);
return result;
}
//-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------//
bool TRAP::Utils::Decompress::INTERNAL::BitReader::GreaterOverflow(const std::size_t a, const std::size_t b, const std::size_t c)
{
std::size_t d;
if (AddOverflow(a, b, d))
return true;
return d > c;
}
//-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------//
//Get bits without advancing the bit pointer. Must have enough bits available with EnsureBits
uint32_t TRAP::Utils::Decompress::INTERNAL::BitReader::PeekBits(const std::size_t nBits) const
{
return Buffer & ((1u << nBits) - 1u);
}
//-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------//
//Must have enough bits available with EnsureBits
void TRAP::Utils::Decompress::INTERNAL::BitReader::AdvanceBits(const std::size_t nBits)
{
Buffer >>= nBits;
BP += nBits;
}
//-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------//
//Safely check if multiplying two integers will overflow(no undefined behavior, compiler removing the code, etc...) and output result
bool TRAP::Utils::Decompress::INTERNAL::BitReader::MultiplyOverflow(const std::size_t a, const std::size_t b, std::size_t& result)
{
result = a * b; //Unsigned multiplication is well defined and safe
return (a != 0 && result / a != b);
}
//-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------//
bool TRAP::Utils::Decompress::INTERNAL::BitReader::AddOverflow(const std::size_t a, const std::size_t b, std::size_t& result)
{
result = a + b; //Unsigned addition is well defined and safe
return result < a;
}
//-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------//
TRAP::Utils::Decompress::INTERNAL::HuffmanTree::HuffmanTree()
: MaxBitLength(0), NumCodes(0)
{
}
//-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------//
//Get the tree of a deflated block with fixed tree, as specified in the deflate specification
bool TRAP::Utils::Decompress::INTERNAL::HuffmanTree::GetTreeInflateFixed(HuffmanTree& treeLL, HuffmanTree& treeD)
{
if (!treeLL.GenerateFixedLiteralLengthTree())
return false;
if (!treeD.GenerateFixedDistanceTree())
return false;
return true;
}
//-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------//
//Get the tree of a deflated block with dynamic tree, the tree itself is also Huffman compressed with a known tree
bool TRAP::Utils::Decompress::INTERNAL::HuffmanTree::GetTreeInflateDynamic(HuffmanTree& treeLL, HuffmanTree& treeD, BitReader& reader)
{
//Make sure that length values that arent filled in will be 0, or a wrong tree will be generated
uint32_t n, i;
//See comments in deflateDynamic for explanation of the context and these variables, it is analogous
HuffmanTree treeCL; //The code tree for code length codes(the Huffman Tree for compressed Huffman Trees)
if (!reader.EnsureBits17(14))
return false; //Error: The bit pointer is or will go past memory
//Number of literal/length codes + 257.
//Unlike the spec, the value 257 is added to it here already
const uint32_t HLIT = reader.ReadBits(5) + 257;
//Number of distance codes.
//Unlike the spec, the value 1 is added to it here already
const uint32_t HDIST = reader.ReadBits(5) + 1;
//Number of code length codes.
//Unlike the spec, the value 4 is added to it here already
const uint32_t HCLEN = reader.ReadBits(4) + 4;
//Code length code lengths ("clcl"), the bit lengths of the Huffman Tree used to compress bitLengthLL and bitLengthD
std::array<uint32_t, 19> bitLengthCL{};
bool error = false;
while(!error)
{
//Read the code length codes out of 3 * (amount of code length codes) bits
if (BitReader::GreaterOverflow(reader.BP, HCLEN * 3, reader.BitSize))
{
error = true; //Error: the bit pointer is or will go past the memory
break;
}
for(i = 0; i != HCLEN; ++i)
{
reader.EnsureBits9(3); //Out of bounds already checked above
bitLengthCL[CLCLOrder[i]] = reader.ReadBits(3);
}
for (i = HCLEN; i != NumCodeLengthCodes; ++i)
bitLengthCL[CLCLOrder[i]] = 0;
error = !treeCL.MakeFromLengths(bitLengthCL.data(), NumCodeLengthCodes, 7);
if(error)
break;
//Now we can use this tree to read the lengths for the tree that this function will return
std::array<uint32_t, NumDeflateCodeSymbols> bitLengthLL{};
std::array<uint32_t, NumDistanceSymbols> bitLengthD{};
//i is the current symbol we are reading in the part that contains the code lengths of literal/length and distance codes
i = 0;
while(i < HLIT + HDIST)
{
reader.EnsureBits25(22); //Up to 15bits for Huffman code, up to 7 extra bits below
const uint32_t code = treeCL.DecodeSymbol(reader);
if(code <= 15) //A length code
{
if (i < HLIT)
bitLengthLL[i] = code;
else
bitLengthD[i - HLIT] = code;
++i;
}
else if(code == 16) //Repeat previous
{
uint32_t repeatLength = 3; //Read in the 2 bits that indicate repeat length (3-6)
uint32_t value; //Set value to the previous code
if(i == 0)
{
error = true; //Cant repeat previous if i is 0
break;
}
repeatLength += reader.ReadBits(2);
if (i < HLIT + 1)
value = bitLengthLL[i - 1];
else
value = bitLengthD[i - HLIT - 1];
//Repeat this value in the next lengths
for(n = 0; n < repeatLength; ++n)
{
if(i >= HLIT + HDIST)
{
error = true; //Error: i is larger than the amount of codes
break;
}
if (i < HLIT)
bitLengthLL[i] = value;
else
bitLengthD[i - HLIT] = value;
++i;
}
}
else if(code == 17) //Repeat "0" 3-10 times
{
uint32_t repeatLength = 3; //Read in the bits that indicate repeat length
repeatLength += reader.ReadBits(3);
//Repeat this value in the next lengths
for(n = 0; n < repeatLength; ++n)
{
if(i >= HLIT + HDIST)
{
error = true;
break; //Error: i is larger than the amount of codes
}
if (i < HLIT)
bitLengthLL[i] = 0;
else
bitLengthD[i - HLIT] = 0;
++i;
}
}
else if(code == 18) //Repeat "0" 11-138 times
{
uint32_t repeatLength = 11; //Read in the bits that indicate repeat length
repeatLength += reader.ReadBits(7);
//Repeat this value in the next lengths
for(n = 0; n < repeatLength; ++n)
{
if(i >= HLIT + HDIST)
{
error = true; //Error: i is larger than the amount of codes
break;
}
if (i < HLIT)
bitLengthLL[i] = 0;
else
bitLengthD[i - HLIT] = 0;
++i;
}
}
else //if(code == 65535u)
{
error = true; //Error: Tried to read disallowed Huffman symbol
break;
}
//Check if any of the EnsureBits above went out of bounds
if(reader.BP > reader.BitSize)
{
error = true; //Error: Bit pointer jumps past memory
break;
}
}
if (error)
break;
if(bitLengthLL[256] == 0)
{
error = true; //Error: The length of the end code 256 must be larger than 0
break;
}
//Now we have finally got HLIT and HDIST, so generate the code trees, and the function is done
error = !treeLL.MakeFromLengths(bitLengthLL.data(), NumDeflateCodeSymbols, 15);
if (error)
break;
error = !treeD.MakeFromLengths(bitLengthD.data(), NumDistanceSymbols, 15);
break; //End of error-while
}
return !error;
}
//-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------//
//Returns the code. The bit reader must already have been ensured at least 15bits
uint32_t TRAP::Utils::Decompress::INTERNAL::HuffmanTree::DecodeSymbol(BitReader& reader)
{
const uint16_t code = reader.PeekBits(FirstBits);
const uint16_t l = TableLength[code];
const uint16_t value = TableValue[code];
if(l <= FirstBits)
{
reader.AdvanceBits(l);
return value;
}
reader.AdvanceBits(FirstBits);
const uint32_t index2 = value + reader.PeekBits(l - FirstBits);
reader.AdvanceBits(TableLength[index2] - FirstBits);
return TableValue[index2];
}
//-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------//
//Get the literal and length code of a deflated block with fixed tree, as per the deflate specification
bool TRAP::Utils::Decompress::INTERNAL::HuffmanTree::GenerateFixedLiteralLengthTree()
{
uint32_t i;
std::array<uint32_t, NumDeflateCodeSymbols> bitLength{}; //256 literals, the end code, some length codes, and 2 unused codes
//288 possible codes: 0-255 = Literals, 256 = EndCode, 257-285 = LengthCodes, 286-287 = Unused
for (i = 0; i <= 143; ++i)
bitLength[i] = 8;
for (i = 144; i <= 255; ++i)
bitLength[i] = 9;
for (i = 256; i <= 279; ++i)
bitLength[i] = 7;
for (i = 280; i <= 287; ++i)
bitLength[i] = 8;
if (!MakeFromLengths(bitLength.data(), NumDeflateCodeSymbols, 15)) //256 literals, the end code, some length codes, and 2 unused codes
return false;
return true;
}
//-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------//
//Get the distance code tree of a deflated block with fixed tree, as specified in the deflate specification
bool TRAP::Utils::Decompress::INTERNAL::HuffmanTree::GenerateFixedDistanceTree()
{
std::array<uint32_t, NumDistanceSymbols> bitLength{}; //The distance codes have their own symbols, 30 used, 2 unused
//There are 32 distance codes, but 30-31 are unused
for (uint32_t i = 0; i != NumDistanceSymbols; ++i)
bitLength[i] = 5;
if (!MakeFromLengths(bitLength.data(), NumDistanceSymbols, 15))
return false;
return true;
}
//-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------//
//Given the code lengths(as stored in the PNG file), generate the tree as defined by Deflate.
//MaxBitLength is the maximum bits that a code in the tree can have.
bool TRAP::Utils::Decompress::INTERNAL::HuffmanTree::MakeFromLengths(const uint32_t* bitLength, const std::size_t numCodes, const uint32_t maxBitLength)
{
Lengths.resize(numCodes);
for (uint32_t i = 0; i != numCodes; ++i)
Lengths[i] = bitLength[i];
NumCodes = static_cast<uint32_t>(numCodes); //Number of symbols
MaxBitLength = maxBitLength;
if (!MakeFromLengths2())
return false;
return true;
}
//-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------//
bool TRAP::Utils::Decompress::INTERNAL::HuffmanTree::MakeFromLengths2()
{
uint32_t bits;
Codes.resize(NumCodes);
std::vector<uint32_t> bitLengthCount((MaxBitLength + 1), 0);
std::vector<uint32_t> nextCode((MaxBitLength + 1), 0);
//Step 1: Count number of instances of each code length
for (bits = 0; bits != NumCodes; ++bits)
++bitLengthCount[Lengths[bits]];
//Step 2: Generate the nextCode values
for (bits = 1; bits <= MaxBitLength; ++bits)
nextCode[bits] = (nextCode[bits - 1] + bitLengthCount[bits - 1]) << 1u;
//Step 3: Generate all the codes
for(uint32_t n = 0; n != NumCodes; ++n)
if(Lengths[n] != 0)
{
Codes[n] = nextCode[Lengths[n]]++;
//Remove superfluous bits from the code
Codes[n] &= ((1u << Lengths[n]) - 1u);
}
if (!MakeTable())
return false;
return true;
}
//-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------//
bool TRAP::Utils::Decompress::INTERNAL::HuffmanTree::MakeTable()
{
static const uint32_t headSize = 1u << FirstBits; //Size of the first table
static const uint32_t mask = (1u << FirstBits) /*headSize*/ - 1u;
std::size_t i; //Total table size
std::vector<uint32_t> maxLengths(headSize, 0);
//Compute maxLengths: Max total bit length of symbols sharing prefix in the first table
for(i = 0; i < NumCodes; i++)
{
const uint32_t symbol = Codes[i];
uint32_t l = Lengths[i];
if (l <= FirstBits)
continue; //Symbols that fit in first table dont increase secondary table size
//Get the FIRSTBITS(9u) MSBs, the MSBs of the symbol are encoded first.
//See later comment about the reversing
const uint32_t index = ReverseBits(symbol >> (l - FirstBits), FirstBits);
maxLengths[index] = Math::Max(maxLengths[index], l);
}
//Compute total table size: Size of first table plus all secondary tables for symbols longer than FIRSTBITS(9u)
std::size_t size = headSize;
for(i = 0; i < headSize; ++i)
{
const uint32_t l = maxLengths[i];
if (l > FirstBits)
size += static_cast<std::size_t>(1u) << (l - FirstBits);
}
TableLength.resize(size, 16); //Initialize with an invalid length to indicate unused entries
TableValue.resize(size);
//Fill in the first table for long symbols: Max prefix size and pointer to secondary tables
std::size_t pointer = headSize;
for(i = 0; i < headSize; ++i)
{
const uint32_t l = maxLengths[i];
if (l <= FirstBits)
continue;
TableLength[i] = l;
TableValue[i] = static_cast<uint16_t>(pointer);
pointer += static_cast<std::size_t>(1u) << (l - FirstBits);
}
//Fill in the first table for short symbols, or secondary table for long symbols
std::size_t numPresent = 0;
for(i = 0; i < NumCodes; ++i)
{
const uint32_t l = Lengths[i];
const uint32_t symbol = Codes[i]; //The Huffman bit pattern. i itself is the value
//Reverse bits, because the Huffman bits are given in MSB first order but the bit reader reads LSB first
const uint32_t reverse = ReverseBits(symbol, l);
if (l == 0)
continue;
numPresent++;
if(l <= FirstBits)
{
//Short symbol, fully in first table, replicated num times if l < FIRSTBITS(9u)
const uint32_t num = 1u << (FirstBits - l);
for(uint32_t j = 0; j < num; ++j)
{
//Bit reader will read the 1 bits of symbol first, the remaining FIRSTBITS(9u) - l bits go to the MSBs
const uint32_t index = reverse | (j << l);
if (TableLength[index] != 16)
return false; //Invalid tree: Long symbol shares prefix with short symbol
TableLength[index] = l;
TableValue[index] = static_cast<uint16_t>(i);
}
}
else
{
//Long symbol, shares prefix with other long symbols in first lookup table, needs second lookup
//The FIRSTBITS(9u) MSBs of the symbol are the first table index
const uint32_t index = reverse & mask;
const uint32_t maxLength = TableLength[index];
//log2 of secondary table length, should be >= l - FIRSTBITS(9u)
const uint32_t tableLength = maxLength - FirstBits;
const uint32_t start = TableValue[index]; //Starting index in secondary table
const uint32_t num = 1u << (tableLength - (l - FirstBits)); //Amount of entries of this symbol in secondary table
if (maxLength < l)
return false; //Invalid tree: Long symbol shares prefix with short symbol
for(uint32_t j = 0; j < num; ++j)
{
const uint32_t reverse2 = reverse >> FirstBits; //l - FIRSTBITS(9u) bits
const uint32_t index2 = start + (reverse2 | (j << (l - FirstBits)));
TableLength[index2] = l;
TableValue[index2] = static_cast<uint16_t>(i);
}
}
}
if(numPresent < 2)
{
//In case of exactly 1 symbol, in theory the Huffman symbol needs 0 bits, but deflate uses 1 bit instead.
//In case of 0 symbols, no symbols can appear at all, but such Huffman Tree could still exist(e.g. if distance codes are never used).
//In both cases, not all symbols of the table will be filled in.
//Fill them in with an invalid symbol value so returning them from HuffmanTree::DecodeSymbol will cause error
for (i = 0; i < size; ++i)
{
if (TableLength[i] == 16)
{
//As Length, use a value smaller than FIRSTBITS(9u) for the head table, and a value larger than FIRSTBITS(9u) for the secondary table,
//to ensure valid behavior for advanceBits when reading this symbol.
TableLength[i] = i < headSize ? 1 : FirstBits + 1;
TableValue[i] = InvalidSymbol;
}
}
}
else
{
//A good Huffman Tree has N * 2 - 1 nodes, of which N - 1 are internal nodes.
//If that is not the case(due to too long length codes), the table will not have been fully used, and this is an error
//(not all bit combinations can be decoded)
for (i = 0; i < size; ++i)
if (TableLength[i] == 16)
return false;
}
return true;
}
//-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------//
uint32_t TRAP::Utils::Decompress::INTERNAL::HuffmanTree::ReverseBits(const uint32_t bits, const uint32_t num)
{
uint32_t result = 0;
for (uint32_t i = 0; i < num; i++)
result |= ((bits >> (num - i - 1u)) & 1u) << i;
return result;
}
//-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------//
bool TRAP::Utils::Decompress::INTERNAL::InflateNoCompression(std::vector<uint8_t>& out, std::size_t& pos, BitReader& reader)
{
TP_PROFILE_FUNCTION();
const std::size_t size = reader.Size;
//Go to first boundary of byte
std::size_t bytePos = (reader.BP + 7u) >> 3u;
//Read LEN(2Bytes) and NLEN(2Bytes)
if (bytePos + 4 >= size)
return false; //Error, bit pointer will jump past memory
const uint32_t LEN = static_cast<uint32_t>(reader.Data[bytePos]) + static_cast<uint32_t>(reader.Data[bytePos + 1] << 8u);
bytePos += 2;
const uint32_t NLEN = static_cast<uint32_t>(reader.Data[bytePos]) + static_cast<uint32_t>(reader.Data[bytePos + 1] << 8u);
bytePos += 2;
//Check if 16-bit NLEN is really the ones complement of LEN
if (LEN + NLEN != 65535)
return false; //Error: NLEN is not ones complement of LEN
out.resize(pos + LEN);
//Read the literal data: LEN bytes are now stored in the out buffer
if (bytePos + LEN > size)
return false; //Error: Reading outside of in buffer
std::memcpy(out.data() + pos, reader.Data + bytePos, LEN);
pos += LEN;
bytePos += LEN;
reader.BP = bytePos << 3u;
return true;
}
//-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------//
bool TRAP::Utils::Decompress::INTERNAL::InflateHuffmanBlock(std::vector<uint8_t>& out, std::size_t& pos, BitReader& reader, const uint32_t btype)
{
TP_PROFILE_FUNCTION();
HuffmanTree treeLL; //The Huffman tree for literal and length codes
HuffmanTree treeD; //The Huffman tree for distance codes
if (btype != 1 && btype != 2)
return false;
if (btype == 1)
if (!HuffmanTree::GetTreeInflateFixed(treeLL, treeD))
return false;
if(btype == 2)
if (!HuffmanTree::GetTreeInflateDynamic(treeLL, treeD, reader))
return false;
uint32_t error = false;
while(!error) //Decode all symbols until end reached, breaks at end code
{
reader.EnsureBits25(20); //Up to 15 for the Huffman symbol, up to 5 for the length extra bits
const uint32_t codeLL = treeLL.DecodeSymbol(reader);
if(codeLL <= 255) //Literal symbol
{
out.resize(pos + 1);
out[pos] = static_cast<uint8_t>(codeLL);
++(pos);
}
else if(codeLL >= FirstLengthCodeIndex && codeLL <= LastLengthCodeIndex) //Length code
{
//Part 1: Get Length base
std::size_t length = HuffmanTree::LengthBase[codeLL - FirstLengthCodeIndex];
//Part 2: Get Extra bits and add the value of that to length
const uint32_t numExtraBitsL = HuffmanTree::LengthExtra[codeLL - FirstLengthCodeIndex];
if (numExtraBitsL != 0)
//Bits already ensured above
length += reader.ReadBits(numExtraBitsL);
//Part 3: Get Distance code
reader.EnsureBits32(28); //Up to 15 for the Huffman symbol, up to 13 for the extra bits
const uint32_t codeD = treeD.DecodeSymbol(reader);
if(codeD > 29)
{
if(codeD <= 31)
{
error = true; //Error: Invalid distance code (30-31 are never used)
break;
}
error = true; //Error: Tried to read disallowed Huffman symbol
break;
}
uint32_t distance = HuffmanTree::DistanceBase[codeD];
//Part 4: Get Extra bits from distance
const uint32_t numExtraBitsD = HuffmanTree::DistanceExtra[codeD];
if(numExtraBitsD != 0)
//Bits already ensured above
distance += reader.ReadBits(numExtraBitsD);
//Part 5: Fill in all the out[n] values based on the length and distance
const std::size_t start = pos;
if(distance > start)
{
error = true; //Error: Too long backward distance
break;
}
std::size_t backward = start - distance;
out.resize(pos + length);
if(distance < length)
{
std::size_t forward = 0;
std::memcpy(out.data() + pos, out.data() + backward, distance);
pos += distance;
for (forward = distance; forward < length; ++forward)
out[pos++] = out[backward++];
}
else
{
std::memcpy(out.data() + pos, out.data() + backward, length);
pos += length;
}
}
else if(codeLL == 256)
break; //End code, break the loop
else //if(codeLL == 66535u)
{
error = true; //Error: Tried to read disallowed Huffman symbol
break;
}
//Check if any of the EnsureBits above went out of bounds
if(reader.BP > reader.BitSize)
{
error = true; //Error: Bit pointer jumps past memory
break;
}
}
return !error;
}
//-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------//
bool TRAP::Utils::Decompress::Inflate(const uint8_t* source, const std::size_t sourceLength, uint8_t* destination, const std::size_t destinationLength)
{
TP_PROFILE_FUNCTION();
std::vector<uint8_t> result(destinationLength, 0);
uint32_t BFINAL = 0;
std::size_t pos = 0; //Byte position in the destination buffer
INTERNAL::BitReader reader(source, sourceLength);
if (reader.Error)
return false;
while(!BFINAL)
{
if (!reader.EnsureBits9(3))
return false;
BFINAL = reader.ReadBits(1);
const uint32_t BTYPE = reader.ReadBits(2);
if (BTYPE == 3)
return false; //Invalid BTYPE
if (BTYPE == 0)
{
if (!InflateNoCompression(result, pos, reader))
return false;
}
else
if (!InflateHuffmanBlock(result, pos, reader, BTYPE)) //Compression, BTYPE 01 or 10
return false;
}
std::memcpy(destination, result.data(), result.size());
return true;
}
| 37,672 |
https://github.com/tobolar/Modelica_LinearSystems2/blob/master/Modelica_LinearSystems2/Math/Vectors/householderVector.mo
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
BSD-3-Clause
| null |
Modelica_LinearSystems2
|
tobolar
|
Modelica
|
Code
| 268 | 871 |
within Modelica_LinearSystems2.Math.Vectors;
function householderVector
"Calculate a normalized householder vector to reflect vector a onto vector b"
import Modelica.Math.Vectors.norm;
import Modelica.Math.Vectors.length;
input Real a[:] "Real vector to be reflected";
input Real b[size(a, 1)] "Real vector b vector a is mapped onto";
output Real u[size(a, 1)] "Housholder vector to map a onto b";
protected
Real norm_a=norm(a,2);
Real norm_b=norm(b,2);
Real alpha;
algorithm
assert(norm_b > 0, "Vector b in function housholderVector is zero vector, but at least one element should be different from zero");
assert(norm_a > 0, "Vector a in function housholderVector is zero vector, but at least one element should be different from zero");
alpha := if norm(a + norm_a/norm_b*b,2) > norm(a - norm_a/norm_b*b,2) then norm_a/norm_b else -norm_a/norm_b;
u := (a + alpha*b)/length(a + alpha*b);
annotation (Documentation(info="<html>
<h4>Syntax</h4>
<blockquote><pre>
Vectors.<strong>householderVector</strong>(a,b);
</pre></blockquote>
<h4>Description</h4>
<p>
The function call "<code>householderVector(a, b)</code>" returns the normalized Householder vector
<strong>u</strong> for Householder reflection of input vector <strong>a</strong> onto vector <strong>b</strong>, i.e. Householder vector <strong>u</strong> is the normal
vector of the reflection plane. Algebraically, the reflection is performed by transformation matrix <strong>Q</strong>
</p>
<blockquote>
<strong>Q</strong> = <strong>I</strong> - 2*<strong>u</strong>*<strong>u</strong>',
</blockquote>
<p>
i.e., vector <strong>a</strong> is mapped to
</p>
<blockquote>
<strong>a</strong> -> <strong>Q</strong>*<strong>a</strong>=c*<strong>b</strong>
</blockquote>
<p>
with scalar c, |c| = ||<strong>a</strong>|| / ||<strong>b</strong>||. <strong>Q</strong>*<strong>a</strong> is the reflection of <strong>a</strong> about the hyperplane orthogonal to <strong>u</strong>.
<strong>Q</strong> is an orthogonal matrix, i.e.
</p>
<blockquote>
<strong>Q</strong> = inv(<strong>Q</strong>) = <strong>Q</strong>'.
</blockquote>
<h4>Example</h4>
<blockquote><pre>
a = {2, -4, -2, -1};
b = {1, 0, 0, 0};
u = <strong>householderVector</strong>(a,b);
// {0.837, -0.478, -0.239, -0.119}
// Computation (identity(4) - 2*matrix(u)*transpose(matrix(u)))*a results in
// {-5, 0, 0, 0} = -5*b
</pre></blockquote>
</html>"));
end householderVector;
| 48,398 |
essaysbymembers00clubgoog_10
|
US-PD-Books
|
Open Culture
|
Public Domain
| 1,870 |
Essays by members of the Birmingham speculative club
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 7,289 | 9,187 |
A celebrated physiologist recently began one of -^^^ his lectures with the assertion that "la medecine scientifique" did not exist; and not very long after, a distinguished French surgeon expressed in the pages of the album-number of the Figaro his satisfaction at the renunciation of scientific methods in the study of surgery. Two such remarkable state- ments naturally excited much attention. They were greedily seized upon by sprightly journalists, whose pens, Uke the hands of Ishmael of old, waging war against every one, rejoiced to find in the unsatisfactory position of medicine a suitable object for attack. Paris soon knew all these writers could tell of the short- comings of medicine, and the bruit of the discussion reached even London ears. Medical questions always excite a certain amount of general interest, and for the more curious portion of the public they possess a METHOD AND MEDICINE. 239 peculiar kind of fascination. It is remarkable how many persons profess to know a little — some, indeed, a great deal — about medicine, whose public pursuits . or private studies have never led them even to the confines of the subject. Few reach a certain age without considering themselves competent to dog- matise, if not to practise, as physicians; and are never willing to admit the alternative of the familiar proverb aa to physic or folly at forty. To all such. readers the newspaper comments on the opinions of MM. Claude Bernard and Nelaton were of great interest, and to some they were possibly a confirmation of their own assumed ability to comprehend the art of cure. To others, these opinions, if not so pleasantly reassuring, were no less interesting; for the progress of medicine touches each one more or less nearly; since on such progress, however slight, may depend issues of the most momentous import. To these it was really alarming to learn in the course of a few months that scientific medicine was a fable, and, moreover, that the very methods of modern science were unsuited to the investigation of disease. The absence of science was bad enough, but admitted, at all events, the possibility of improvement. The second statement, however, condemned the very methods by which earnest workers had striven to advance, and demanded the abandonment of all those instruments of precision of which they had been so proud. The fortress of knowledge was no longer to be assailed 240 ESSAY VII. by the Chassepot and the Armstrong gun, but must be breached by the bow and arrow and the catapult. Modem methods have not made medicine perfect; therefore, says Nelaton, Ml back on the older methods, which, he might have added, left it very imperfect. Medicine has not yet reached the position of a strictly experimental science, and the physician is consequently unable to modify and control the phenomena of disease with the same accuracy that the chemist can regulate the combination and decom- position of his chemicals : therefore Claude Bernard denies the existence of scientific medicine. It may not be without profit to consider these statements by the light which the history of medicine affords. In so doing we shall see how the progress of this branch of knowledge has been retarded by false method; and the lessons derived from the study of past error may teach that better method by which the development of the scientific medicine of the future may be hastened. Taking its origin in that instinct which impels us to offer aid to the suffering and to endeavour to miti- gate pain, medicine must have existed, as Celsus has said, universally and from the begraning of time. The first successful attempts in allaying pain must have appeared so miraculous, that their author no doubt acquired a higher position in the esteem of his kind than has ever since fallen to human lot. Reverenced, METHOD AND MEDICINE. 241 and possibly worshipped diiring life, lie was deified at death. The deification demanded an altar, the altar required priests. Thus we find the priesthood sur- rounding the cradle of medicine, as we everywhere find them at the origin of civilization and the birth of knowledge. In the temples they fostered the small beginnings of the healing art; but called upon to exercise greater powers than they possessed, they cultivated credulity by a judicious exhibition of the marvellous. The unlimited faith of the people tempted them too strongly; they promised all that was asked, and, like other charlatans, they had great success. As priests serving a divinity they avoided aU direct responsibihty ; thus in failure their reputation was not compromised, while in success it was established. They never forgot that the bolts of Jove fell on ^sculapius for his boldness in restoring the dead to life; they, on the contrary, exercised their powers with singular discretion, and saved themselves from the temptation to imitate their master by driving the dying from their doors. In this last respect quacks of more recent date have been equally discreet. If in the charge of the priests of Apollo and -^sculapius, medicine did not advance, the practice of the art was nevertheless kept ahve, until, in the steady progress of human knowledge, better hands were prepared . to receive it. The temples of jEsculapius — Asclepia, as they were called — long maintained their reputation; and the priests, the Asclepiadae, many of whom were descendants of 242 ESSAY VII. -^sculapius, did some service for their successors by preserving records of the cases of their patients on the votive tablets which adorned the temples' walls. The Asclepia built on very healthy sites, often near to some mineral spring, were indeed convalescent insti- tutions from which the incurable were excluded. The health-resorts of our own day had their prototypes in these shrines dedicated to the tutelary divinities of health. The celebrity of some of the temples attracted to them large numbers of patients, and in this way the first opportunities occurred of studying disease sys- tematically. The rich fields of observation thus formed, and the skill of the priests in recognizing and treating the maladies of their votaries, made these shrines the earliest schools of medicine. The Asclepiadae, who were the first teachers, soon had competitors; and schools of medicine and philosophy began to be estabhshed independently of the sacerdotal influence. Of these the most celebrated was that of Crotona, and its most illustrious teachers were Democedes and Pythagoras (580 B.O.). The bitter opposition with which these new seats of learning were viewed by the priests, lasted for many generations ; and we may trace it in the charge made long after against Hippocrates, of steaUng the votive tablets and burning the temple of Cos. But in spite of the opposition of the Asclepiada9 the study of medi- cine was continued by the philosophers, who taught the results of their own personal experience, and re- corded, as far as possible, facts and traditions. The METHOD AND MEDICINE. 243 priests for the most part neglected their opportunities of study, and the independent workers of the other school observed phenomena carefiilly but not fruit- fully ; for until late in their history they did not reach even the crudest application of induction. The mysterious workings of nature were to the minds of both schools the results of the activity of super- natural beings, and as such were regarded as beyond the powers of the human mind. Every attempt to treat disease required the direct interposition of a divinity, without which the skill of priest or philosopher was alike in vain. The gods sent disease, and the gods possessed the remedy. Such was their creed. They held it bhndly ; but even in the time of their greatest darkness, protests were not wanting. Experience had taught men something, and every attempt which the philosopher led by his experience made to reheve disease, was a protest against the paralysing influence of such a creed, and every tittle of success which attended such attempts hastened its fall. The dis- coveries made by instinct, or offered by chance, were seized upon and developed by reason. The philoso- phers soon found that nature might be interrogated .without danger, and that human curiosity was not always punished by the gods. In their inquiries, "de natura rerum," the first investigators analysed the universe. The earth which supports us, the air which surrounds us, the water which bathes the earth, and the fire which lends its heat, were to them in turn universal principles; and the phenomena of 244 ESSAY VII. nature were the result of the harmony or the antag- onism of the attributes of these elements. These first students of nature, however barren their speculations, did great work. They first asserted the right of man to investigate nature and explain her phenomena without reference to a deity; and they thus began that emancipation of the intellect from the tyranny of the supernatural, which it was the chief glory of their successors to complete. Medicine was so closely bound up with the philosophy of this period, that it could not fail to acquire new vigoiu* from the fi-ee spirit of inquiry which began to prevail. The philosophers of all the schools were busy in making observations, instituting experiments, and collecting facts; and although they erred in the haste with which they formed theories, yet their pursuit of truth was not barren. They began to inquire into the nature and causes of disease, and these inquiries became in the hands of Pythagoras the foundation of hygiene and etiology. He held that the healthy equilibrium of all the functions of the body was only to be maintained* by the strict regimen to which he submitted his disciples. To Pythagoras, health was the result of moderation in diet, disease the effect of excess. To him we also, according to Celsus, owe the first knowledge of critical days in disease, the theory of which was the first application of the science of numbers to medicine. The vital principle of Pythagoras was heat,^^^ and his explanation of the phenomena of life has found a more elaborate METHOD AND MEDICINE. 245 form in the doctrines of the vitalists of modern times. The school of Pythagoras also endeavoured to learn something of the structure and functions of the body by the dissection of animals, and thus made the first discoveries in anatomy, and hazarded the first specu- lations in physiology. The doctrine of temperaments and of heredity, and the theory of generation here found their first exponents. Anaxagoras of Olazomenae, to whom Aristotle attributes the doctrine of the im- mortaUty of the soul, also in his school advanced medicine by encouraging the study of anatomy, and speculating on the causes of acute diseases, which he attributed mainly to bile.^^^ Democritus of Abdera was also another who prepared the way for Hippocrates by his works on epidemics; and he anticipated the application of morbid anatomy to the explanation of symptoms, by seeking for alterations in the viscera of animals to account for death. All these schools treated disease in a simple fashion; their materia medica was chiefly vegetable, but dietetics were the basis of their treatment. This knowledge was widely diffused, and in every training school of ancient Greece accidents were treated according to the principles taught by the philosophers. The opportunities for treating diseases and injuries in the gymnasia were by no means in- frequent, and consequently some of the gymnasiarchs, as the chiefs of these training schools were called, acquired great reputations as healers of disease. One of them, Herodious, became the first physician of his 246 ESSAY VII. time, and had the good fortune to teach Hippocrates. His chief merit consisted in the attention he paid to diet and general hygiene, and the effects of his teaching may be traced in the writings of his im- mortal pupil. On another account he perhaps deserves mention, for he is said to have strictly insisted on payment for his advice. Medicine gained much from the philosophers, both as an art and as a science. They indicated the methods by which it might be advanced, and by their speculations and experiments made the time ripe for the appearance of the great master — Hippocrates. It is a very interesting fact that the family from which he sprung repudiated, at an early date, the ignorant pretensions and mummeries of the priesthood, and practised medicine without claiming any special sanctity. With a noble candour, this family declared its knowledge to be the result of experience, and founded its practice on the observation of disease. During the three hundred years it flourished, no less than seven of its members bore the name of Hippocrates, and as several of them contributed to the Uterature of medicine, it can easily be imagined that the commentators have had a fine field for the exercise of their ingenuity. So successful have they been in their work, that some authors have even denied that any such person as Hippocrates ever existed,^^^ and a theory has been advanced that the Hippocratic writings are the product of a school. There is little doubt that several of the treatises bearing the name METHOD AND MEDICINE. 247 of Hippocrates were written by his disciples, but the authenticity of the works on which the fame of the great physician rests has been proved. Of the seven of the one name, Hippocrates the Great was the second, and is said to have been a lineal descendant of j3Esculapius in the eighteenth generation. Bom (460 B.C.) of a family of physicians, from his earliest years he was attracted by those subjects which engrossed the attention of all about him. From his father, and from his master, Herodicus, he learned all the speculations of the Pythagoreans and the practice of the gymnasiarchs ; and the accumulated experience of his family was at his command. With the instinct of true genius, he quickly saw that in medicine, pro- bably more than in any other subject, the only sure basis of knowledge is the observation of actual phe- nomena, and that all doctrines and speculations should be absolutely based on observed facts. This idea once clearly conceived soon bore fruit. In the archives of his family, collected during many generations, and in the votive tablets in the temples of his great ancestor, he found records of disease ex- tending over hundreds of years. These votive tablets, stating the nature of the disease and the treatment of each patient, were, indeed, the rude beginnings of that system of case-taking which Hippocrates founded, and all physicians have since followed. There was this dif- ference, however, that the votive tablets allowed by the priests only recorded the successful cases, while Hippocrates recorded his failures also. It may be said 248 ESSAY VII. to the honour of medicine that his noble love of truth has always found imitators: so alas! has the seMsh reticence of the priests. The mass of materials thus ready to his hand he carefully arranged and interpreted by the light of his own experience. Every speculation, every hypothesis, was submitted to the crucial test of observation, and no conclusion was adopted which this test did not confirm. Face to face with the phenomena of nature, he allowed no preconceived notion to lead him astray or warp his judgment, but reverently and patiently his great mind gathered together and classified its facts with a loyalty to truth never sur- passed. Thus his works are splendid monimients of the most patient study and the most accurate observation. Among the most remarkable of his writings are those On Fractv/res and On the Articulations y which especially arrest our attention by the large knowledge of anatomy which they exhibit. Although human anatomy was not practised in his time, Hippocrates must have had a very thorough aquaintance with the bony skeleton to have written two treatises so full of accurate knowledge of osteology and sound surgery. The physical philosophy of the period naturally served as the basis of his theory of medicine. Many of the phenomena of life found their explanation in the doctrine of the elements of things; and the general belief in the existence of a power which directly controls all things in their natural state, and restores them when preternaturally disordered, led to the in- METHOD AND MEDICINE. 249 vention of the hypothesis of the principle which he called Nature. This general principle he regarded as the great restorative power in disease, a true vis medicatrix. "Nature," as his school said, "is the physician of diseases," The four elements of which the body was sup- posed to be formed led him to elaborate the doctrine of temperaments. These he made to depend on four humours — the blood, the phlegm, the bile, and the atrabile; and excess or defect in any of these was the immediate cause of disordered health. This theory was the beginning of that humoral pathology which from time to time has ever since ruled medical thought. In his pathology he was seldom tempted to speculate on any but the immediate causes of disease: when he did so he was remarkably sound, as is proved by his views on the epidemic constitutions of the seasons, which still hold good. There is one other point in his pathology most worthy of note; it is this, that he founded it on physiology. He saw, it may be dimly, but still he saw, the great law which governs modern progress : that in disease we have to deal with no new forces but only with the variation of physiological action. This led him to study the natural history of maladies, and to perfect the doctrine of crises or the natural tendency of certain diseases to a cure at certain periods. And on this observation of the course of disease when uninterfered with, he built up his treatise on prognosis, which was the first formal exposition of the laws which / 250 ESSAY YU. regulate the succession of morbid phenomena. " He who would know correctly beforehand those that will recover and those that will die, and in what cases the disease will be protracted for many days, a^d in what cases for a shorter time, must be able to form a judg- ment from having made himself acquainted with all the symptoms, and estimating their powers in comparison with one another One ought al§o to consider promptly the influx of epidemical diseases and the constitution of the season But you should not complain because the name of any disease may not be described here, for you may know aU such as come to a crisis in the aforementioned times, by the same symptoms." ^*^ Such are the words of Hippocrates at the end of his Prognostics, and the last sentence is a clear statement of a reduction of the phenomena of disease to such laws as give prevision. In other words, the development of medicine as a science of observation was the great result which the physician of Cos attained. In the treatment of disease Hippocrates did Httle. He founded the school which is now-a-days called the expectant, and which trusts to assisting nature and aiding the tendency to recovery, rather than to blind attempts to cut maladies short. To Hippocrates, as to many of the moderns, nature was the great power for good in disease. "Ipsa suis pollens opibus, nil indiga nostri." He had a tolerably copious materia medica, but he METHOD AND MEDICINE. 251 used it cautiously, now and then only endeavouring to correct some unfavourable symptom by prescribing on the principle that contraries are the cure of contraries. His management of the diet of his patients was re- markably advanced; and the sagacious observation which regulated his practice in this respect has ren- dered his essay On Regimen in Acute Diseases a model of its kind. Of his other works those On Epidemics, On Airs, Waters, and Places, and the Aphorisms, are the most famous. The treatise On Airs, Waters, and Places, is especially noteworthy as the first formal expo- sition of the principles of public health. Nay, more : treating as it does of the eflFects of chmate and locahty on man's moral and physical nature, and of the influ- ence on his character of the institutions under which he lives, it was the beginning of social science, and the anticipation of that " theory of the media " which Auguste Comte has elaborated in his Positive Philosophy. The reader of Buckle's History of Civilization will recognize in the chapter on the "influence exercised by physical laws over the organization of society and the character of individuals," a modem development of the sketch which Hippocrates lefl). The Aphorisms, pronoimced by Suidas to be " a performance surpassing the genius of man," have in all ages been recognized as the most splendid monument of the genius of their author. Models of condensed thought and brevity of expression, pregnant with the rich results of the life-long observation of the greatest of observers, these aphorisms have won the admiration of all time. 252 ESSAY VII. Such was Hippocrates the Great, whom some have condemned as separating medicine from philosophy. Was he not rather the first who saw that his pre- decessors had lost themselves in the immensity of the too vast and comprehensive plan which they had embraced, and that the division of labour was the necessity of progress P In this sense he did separate medicine from philosophy; not degrading it, but raising it to the level of the highest branch of know- ledge, by giving it that method of induction which was the foundation of all science. He first collected the materials hitherto formless, and gave them form. He first constructed that classification of facts in medi- cine which based upon analysis and comparison led to scientific generalization and the exposition of law. In a word, he founded that most fi:*uitfiil of all methods, induction, which his great successor Aristotle adopted, and which the greatest of modem philosophers per- fected. Judged by the dogmas he advanced, the claim of Hippocrates to the title of philosopher would be slight; but tested by the method he employed and the work he accomplished, he was in truth the first great medical philosopher — great among the greatest, in his own words ifirpbe ydp ^»X<5<fo^oc i<r69iOQ, The inductive method raised medicine from a purely empirical condition to the dignity of a science of observation. The hmits of health and disease w6re fairly defined. The careful observation of symptoms led to the estabUshment of laws which enabled the physician to recognize any malady, and foresee its METHOD AND MEDICINE. 253 course, crisis, and termination. Rules were framed for the use of remedies which were held to act by aiding the natural forces of the body, not by creating new forces; and the art of cure consisted in the art of aiding nature in her tendency to reestabUsh health. Hippocrates studied disease as an astronomer the heavens, and was equally powerless to modify or control the phenomena he observed. Nature was the healer of diseases, and man must stand submissively by while she worked her will; at most he could aid her tendencies when favourable, and when un- favoTU-able, he could only struggle feebly and blindly to restore her to a better course. This, the highest result of the medicine of observation, was not satis- factory to those who desired the power of mastering disease ; they felt, as Asclepiades afterwards expressed it, that this medicine of Hippocrates was a mere meditation upon death — OavdTov nBkhtiv. Even while the great master lived there were many who rejected this position for medicine; men who failed to descry in nature that kind and considerate mother of which he spoke, but, on the contrary, felt her to be a harsh and vicious stepmother against whose rule they must rebel. In the struggle with disease these men would be no passive observers : they longed for a greater and more active materia medica than the school of Cos gave them, and they found in the empirical administration of drugs the solace of a bhnd activity. It was not, however, till after the foundation (300 B.C.) of the great 254 ESSAY VII. school of Alexandria that circumstances occurred which gave these opinions their full power, and led to the estabhshment of the sect of the Empirics. It is a remarkable fact in the history of method that the splendid results which Hippocrates obtained by the appKcation of induction, should have had so little influence in leading others to foUow in his footsteps. This may be partly accounted for by the absence from his works of any formal exposition of his method. Aristotle, the son of a physician, was imbued with the inductive spirit of his predecessor, but he obeyed it less impKcitly, and too often allowed his love of hypothesis to overrule his facts. The grand results arrived at by Aristotle were, however, insuflScient to keep men in the slow and sure path of scientific caution, and so when the first great discoveries in human anatomy were made at Alexandria, the spirit of speculation ran wild. The great anatomists, Herophilus and Erasistratus, it is true, were not guilty of these errors. The men who made out the functions of the nervous system and of the lungs, and who almost reached the discovery of the circulation of the blood, recognizing as they did the relation between the vigour of the heart and the strength of the pulse, were too well trained by their anatomical studies to indulge in the fabrication of theories. They were, on the contrary, more inclined to discard all theory in their practice, and rely upon experience as their only guide. That the practical aspect of medicine was not METHOD AND MEDICINE. 265 lost sight of in the Alexandrian school is shown by the division of the art into the three branches of dietetics, pharmacy, and surgery. The first, the department of the physician, comprehended, besides the regulation of diet, every circumstance bearing on the preservation or restoration of health. The second, in addition to the preparation of drugs, included the treatment of ordinary cases of disease, and the per- formance of many of the less important operations in surgery, and answered to the province of the general practitioner of modem times. Surgery, which had previously, together with medicine, been in the hands of the tarpoc, was now allotted to a special class of workers. This division of labour produced its best effects in the impulse it gave to surgery, which was practised by the professors at Alexandria with an amount of skill and boldness equalled by no other school of antiquity. The many discoveries in anatomy led no doubt to this great development of surgery, but imfortunately they also led to a vast amount of unfounded speculation. The more sanguine investigators, dazzled by the revelations of the anatomists, began to beheve that the victory of medicine over disease was at hand ; and in their desire to hasten this consummation, they allowed their theories to outstrip their facts. A reaction was inevitable. The scepticism which Pyrrho had introduced into the philosophy of the time ex- tended to medicine, and reached its highest development in the views of the Empirics. These men, wearied by the vanity of theory, and in despair of understanding 256 ESSAY VII. the mechanism of disease, even denied the value of the laws which Hippocrates had so carefully arrived at, and declared that it was only necessary to watch the phenomena of disease, to discover by the sole aid of experience what remedies are best fitted to reUeve its symptoms. The nature and functions of the body generally, or of the parts affected, with the action of remedies upon it, and the changes in structure and function produced by disease constituted, in their opinion, a kind of knowledge impossible to attain, and even if attained unnecessary to guide them in practice. Their opponents, the Dogmatists, took the other view, and investigated what we call in the present day the general principles of physiology, pathology, and therapeutics. The latter school aimed at reaching truth by hypothesis and ratiocination; the Empirics would banish aU ratiocination fi'om their method, and reduce it to a simple observation of facts. The truth was on both sides. Leibnitz has said that systems are true in their affirmations but false in their negations, and this is profoundly true of these rival schools. "The boldest dogmatist professes to build his theory upon facts, and the strictest empiric cannot combine his facts without some aid fi'om theory." ^^^ This controversy, long slumbering, thus burst into all its fiery vigour in the Alexandrian school, and has never since died out. Disputants have always been forthcoming on either side, and when facts in support of their positions have failed, they have usually de- voted themselves to throwing dust in the eyes of their METHOD AND MEDICINE. 257 opponents, and obscuring truth by the introduction of verbal subtleties and barren refinements. On both sides a temporary triumph has too often been pur- chased at the costly sacrifice of truth, and thus the vigour which might otherwise have done much to advance medicine has rather acted as an impediment to its progress. The accidents of time have oddly enough left us by no means an equal legacy of the writings of the rival sects. Of all the wordy warfare which raged between them, the polemical productions of the Dogmatists remain in abundance, but not a single tract of the Empirics has survived. Celsus has given, however, in his remarks on the history of medicine, so candid and impartial an account of their views, that from his time to the present, a succession of zealous disciples has never failed. The standard of experience has never wanted a bearer ; on the contrary, in every stage of the evolution of medicine great authorities have been proud to bear the colours of the Empirics to the van. Even in our own day, when it might have been thought that the brighter rays of science would have dissipated the mist, which in the past prevented the disputants from recognizing the presence of truth in both camps, a champion has been found, who speaks in no uncertain tone. Witness M. Dapnytren, the most glorious amongst them, have given to the French school that legitimate renown which it still enjoys throughout the whole world." («) A nineteenth century reproduction of the opinions expressed by the Empirics some three hundred years before the beginning of the Christian era I Nay, M. Nelaton has done more, he has made the empiricism of his school more thorough than that of the strictest of the ancient sect. Modem invention has provided a power of vision which the ancients never dreamed of, and has enabled the modems to study the results of disease with a thousandfold more accuracy, and detect morbid changes which were a thousaiid times too small for the unaided sight ; and yet in his loyalty to the old method M. Nelaton refuses all. Possibly not without some show of reason. The marvellous precision which modem apphances have given to the study of the details of morbid processes may have led many to dwell too much on the discovery of apparently insignificant facts, and to lose themselves in the abyss of the infinitely little. While studying the shape of a cell some may have forgotten to observe the coarser progress of disease, and may have failed in that prac- tical aptitude which is necessary to check its ravages. But surely the occasional abuse of a method is no argument against its use, and while the great problem of the origin of disease remains unsolved, and the fine distinctions which separate physiological development fi:om morbid growth escape us, we ought to neglect no means by which these secrets can be wrung from METHOD AND MEDICINE. 259 reluctant nature. In the present state of knowledge who is to decide on the value of new facts ? however insignificant they may appear who is authoritatively to declare them worthless? When in 1832 Tiedemann discovered the trichina spiralis, and in 1835 Mr. James Paget finding it in a piece of human muscle gave the specimen to Professor Owen who described the parasite, these observers had apparently only made out with their microscopes an insignificant fact, and described the cause of a condition which was for many years afterwards regarded merely as a dissecting-room curiosity. But when, some thirty years later, Zenker demonstrated that this flesh- worm, in place of being a harmless parasite, was the cause of a most alarming, fatal, and hitherto inexplicable disease, the fact ceased to be so insignificant. "When this flesh-worm was seen more than thirty years ago, it was little thought that the bit of muscle sent to Owen contained the germs of a disease which might be carried in a living pig from Valparaiso to Hamburg, and then kill almost the entire crew of a merchant vessel. It has been recently related that a pig so diseased was shipped at Valparaiso, and killed a few days before their arrival at ELamburg. Most of the sailors ate of the pork in one form or another. Several were aflbcted with the flesh-worm, and died. One only escaped being ill."<7) Surgery, based upon anatomy and dealing chiefly with alterations in the construction of the body, has had a much less arduous task to perform than medi- cine, which depends on physiology and has mainly to treat aberrations of function. The older method of unaided observation has on this account done more for the surgeon who deals with the simpler phe- 260 ESSAY VII. nomena, than it has for his colleague who has to deal with the more complex. It is, therefore, not surprising that it is as a surgeon that the modem representative of the Empirics has won his fame. A more advanced medicine will, however, greatly control the application of surgical methods to the treatment of disease. Cancer still yields only to the surgeon's knife; but the knowledge of its structure and affinities which the microscope has revealed to a great extent, will some day enable it to be treated in a more scientific way. In all such cases the necessity for surgery is the opprobrium of medicine. The time may justly be anticipated when the laws of its production will be so well known, that the development of cancer will be arrested and the surgeon's part for- gotten. But such a day would never come if the means at hand for studying morbid processes were all cast aside, and man again took up the hopeless task of analysing the infinitely small beginnings of disease by his own unaided powers. It is true that the micro- scope has as yet but in few instances made disease more amenable to treatment; but we can hardly be said to be worse off than before its invention, since we are more intimately acquainted with many of the problems we have to solve. No ! M. Nelaton : the microscope is not useless, but it and all other similar aids to research may be unduly magnified until in the cultivation of a method, we forget the object of investigation. As a protest against this tendency, the letter in the Figaro was METHOD AND MEDICINE. 261 true: in any other sense it was untrue. To deny the microscope to the surgeon would be, as M. Vernueil has said, as logical as to deny the telescope to the .st^nomer. cLoal observ./on depe-din'g on man's unaided powers played out all its forces some two thousand years ago ; and now when all the collateral sciences are pressing forward to its aid with their reserve strength, it is no time to delay the advance by the pohcy of isolation. The "false appearances of exact and profound science" may have led some astray, and here and there one in his accuracy of observing details may have lost his power of comparing phenomena, and so mingled in hurtful confusion the important with the trivial. But over this one sinner shall we all sink our aspirations for a higher development of our art ? No ! through twenty centuries the answer has ever been the same ; and that appearance of exact science has always been the beacon hght which has cheered men on in their struggle with the obscurity of the unknown. The time for medicine to rest on chnical observation alone, as its only method, has passed away ; it must still be the one great means of fitting a man to practise his art ; but he will be no worse observer at the bedside because he has gone through the intellectual training which the collateral sciences aflford : on the contrary, he will come to his daily task with his powers sharpened and with a vision more far-reaching in proportion to the exactness and extent of such training. Simple observation has left us very powerless in 262 ESSAY yii. the prevention of disease, and still more powerless in its cure. "Medicina tota in observationibus/* as Hoffinann defined it, was in his time, and is still, too narrow a foundation to support that super- structure of scientific medicine, which modern thought hopes to raise. The mere collection of facts can never constitute a science, but would simply allow medicine to crystallize in the form of an art, which each artist must learn for himself from the beginning, since his own personal experience must be the basis of his practice. We now seek to know more than the succession and relation of morbid phenomena, we look forward to being able to modify and control the phe- nomena at will. This power can never come to us by the cultivation of the empirical faculty alone; to gain it we must weld together the good of the method of the Dogmatists with the doctrines of the Empirics: "utrumque, per se indigens, alterum alterius auxiho viget." They who would oppose this union and confine us to observation narrowed a la Nelaton, would prevent the realization of this power, and their place in history is not in the nineteenth century, but rather at the beginning of our era. Health and disease, the preservation of the one and the cure of the other, have composed the problem of medicine fi'om all time. Let us for a moment con- sider what the solution demands. A knowledge of the laws which govern the phenomena of life in its METHOD AND MEDIOINE. 263 normal state, by teaching the necessary conditions, will lead to the preservation of health. The second part of the problem, the cure of disease, requires a knowledge of the conditions immediately antecedent to disease, and of the laws which determine the variation of vital phenomena. To preserve health we must be good physiologists : to restore it when disordered we must know also pathology and therapeutics. Medicine then in its widest sense is a triad of sciences, and only when the two first parts are well advanced can the third, therapeutics, be raised to a scientific form, since it depends on a knowledge of the action of remedies, both in the natural and morbid states. The Dogmatists, therefore, when they asserted in opposition to the Empirics, that the study of the functions of the body in health and the changes pro- duced by disease, as well as the action of remedies, were essential preliminaries to the practice of medicine, assumed a position which modem science upholds. This method of theirs was so far in advance of their knowledge of the subjects which they indicated as essential, that they unfortunately endeavoured to fill up the gaps by the aid of their imagination. Their opponents, in the strength of their contempt for all hypothetical explanations, therefore easily carried the day. Accordingly we find the first physicians of celebrity at Eome, belonging to the school of the Empirics. Rome curiously enough for six hundred years allowed no physicians to settle within her walls, but confined the treatment of disease strictly to the 264 ESSAY VII. priesthood. The worship of -ZEsculapius had been transferred to Italy about the time Hippocrates was born, but not without difficulty. The deputation sent to Greece to transfer the person and worship of the god, found the deity unwilling to be carried off, and he was captured only by stratagem, and brought in the form of a serpent to Italy. About a century before the commencement of the Christian era, several physicians had settled at Rome, and doctrines other than those of the Empirics began to find acceptance. The disputes between the rival schools became as fierce as at Alexandria, and new systems of medicine were constructed with an equally fatal celerity. The result was the degradation of medicine, which became a tissue of the most frivolous subtleties. The merit of the physician was no longer estimated by his knowledge of disease, but rather by the number and complexity of his recipes. But when the battle of the schools was at its highest, and medicine was at its lowest level, the illustrious Galen came upon the scene (165 a.d.). Professing to be the restorer of the medicine of Hippocrates, be soon became the despot of medical thought, and reigned for twelve centuries with an authority so great that men, rather than question his opinions, preferred to doubt the correctness of their own observations. He gave tha teachings of Hippocrates a brilliant and systematic character, but in so doing he sullied their purity by the fi:ee introduction of hypothetical matter. He re- METHOD AND MEDICINE. 265 stored medicine to the path of progress, and gave "a true impulse to the workers of his time ; but a long halt followed, for the night of the dark ages was at hand in which no man could work. "Ibant obscuri sola sub nocte per umbram." About this time the philosophy of the east began to influence Roman thought, and the Jews who were the chief exponents of it gradually introduced their belief that all serious diseases were direct punishments from God, and that to attempt to cure them was to interfere with the course of divine justice. The miracles which the Founder of Christianity had per- formed in Judea, and that power over disease which He had transmitted to His Apostles, gave support to the doctrines of Jewish philosophy. The influence of the church, although it was exercised against the magic rites which had been introduced from the east, nevertheless favoured the tendency to superstition. The behef in the power and activity of supernatural beings was a doctrine of the early fathers, and they attributed the cures of diseases made by the Pagan physicians to the assistance of these evil spirits.^*' In the same way we find all epidemics attributed to the influence of demons. Origen, for example, has the foUowing : " Et siquid audacter dicere oporteat, si quas hisce in rebus partes habeant daamones dicemus, illis famem, arborum vitiumque sterilitatem, immodicos calores, aeris oorruptionem ad perniciem fructibus afferendani, mortemque interdum animantibus et pestem hominibus inferendam tribui oportere. Horum omnium auctores sunt deemones/'^®) . .. 266 ESSAY VII. St. Augustme, also, speaks no less decidedly, as to the causes of the prevalence of epidemics: ** Accipinnt enim ssBpe potestatem et morbos immittere, et ipsnm aerem yitiando morbidam reddere." <^^) The church, however, by its teachings, did even more: it bade men no longer think of their bodies, but devote all their attention to spiritual concerns. The body and its ailments were to be despised.
| 9,589 |
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/21729764
|
StackExchange
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,014 |
Stack Exchange
|
Daniel Roseman, J-bob, Martijn Pieters, https://stackoverflow.com/users/100297, https://stackoverflow.com/users/104349, https://stackoverflow.com/users/1169781
|
English
|
Spoken
| 200 | 261 |
Get a debug screen in flask when an exception occurs with AJAX
I absolutely LOVE flask's debug page that shows up when an exception is raised and you're in debug mode. However, I develop a lot of applications that make heavy use of AJAX, and unfortunately you don't get that beautiful debugging when the exception occurs from an AJAX request. You just get a 500 Internal Server Error printed to the browser's console.
I understand why you don't get the page - because the page isn't reloading - but still, I want to ask if there's a way to get a really nice page like that in the event of an exception in an AJAX call.
You should be able to see it in the browser's developer tools, against the network request corresponding to the Ajax call.
I would like access to the interactive debug console that has all the local variables of the context where I can type in Python code. Is it possible to get that? I'm using Firefox and Chrome.
@J-bob: You'd have to replay the request with a normal browser; if your AJAX request is a GET, simply copy the request URL into a new tab.
| 50,763 |
1514498_1
|
Caselaw Access Project
|
Open Government
|
Public Domain
| 1,942 |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 62 | 99 |
Gaednkb, J.
This case is controlled by tlie decision iaa AMen v. State, ante, 304. The records in the two oases are the same in every respect, except that a different person procured a similar allied loan in this case.
Judgment reversed.
Broyles, G. J., concurs. MacIntyre, J., concurs in the result, but not in •all that is said in the opinion..
| 38,839 |
https://github.com/Kixeye/openfl/blob/master/externs/flash/flash/ui/Mouse.hx
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
LicenseRef-scancode-free-unknown, MIT, CC-BY-NC-SA-3.0, OFL-1.1
| 2,019 |
openfl
|
Kixeye
|
Haxe
|
Code
| 64 | 209 |
package flash.ui; #if flash
@:final extern class Mouse {
@:require(flash10) public static var cursor:MouseCursor;
@:require(flash10_1) public static var supportsCursor (default, never):Bool;
@:require(flash11) public static var supportsNativeCursor (default, never):Bool;
public static function hide ():Void;
#if flash
@:require(flash10_2) public static function registerCursor (name:String, cursor:flash.ui.MouseCursorData):Void;
#end
public static function show ():Void;
#if flash
@:require(flash11) public static function unregisterCursor (name:String):Void;
#end
}
#else
typedef Mouse = openfl.ui.Mouse;
#end
| 16,236 |
https://github.com/dmccubbing/symbiose/blob/master/usr/bin/komunikado.js
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,021 |
symbiose
|
dmccubbing
|
JavaScript
|
Code
| 16 | 97 |
Webos.require([
'/usr/lib/empathy/main.js'
], function() {
W.xtag.loadUI('/usr/share/templates/komunikado/main.html', function(windows) {
var $win = $(windows).filter(':eq(0)');
$win.window('open');
//TODO
});
});
| 32,474 |
https://mathematica.stackexchange.com/questions/125795
|
StackExchange
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,016 |
Stack Exchange
|
Jason B., cyrille.piatecki, george2079, https://mathematica.stackexchange.com/users/2079, https://mathematica.stackexchange.com/users/38721, https://mathematica.stackexchange.com/users/9490
|
English
|
Spoken
| 550 | 1,120 |
problem to recognize a table through a png image
This is I think an already asked question but I at the margin there are some new points
I have this file found on internet
and now I want to recognize the table with the following commands
img = Rasterize[Import["https://i.stack.imgur.com/Ricz2.png"]]
p = StringReplace[
TextRecognize[ImageResize[img, Scaled[4]],
"SegmentationMode" -> 6], {"Ell~20" -> "EU-28", "1.M" -> "1.80",
"2N3" -> "2003", "enigma" -> "Bulgaria"}];
1) I wonder why a higher scale than 4 degrades completely the recognition.
2) if there is an other way to reconstruct the table than to give a substitution table for the badly recognize texts.
3) Finally, I wonder if there is a way to ameliorate the recognition of the table
Recognizing the data from the table is an interesting question, but if you want the data you could just grab it from the source
For sure I haven't see this page. But for some data it's the only way to import them
why are you rasterizing something that's already a raster?
Here's a way to augment @georg279's approach. We can use ImageLines to subdivide the image.
First we use a derivative filter to highlight the horizontal lines. The parameters need to be tweaked by hand.
img = Import@"https://i.stack.imgur.com/Ricz2.png"
i2 = Binarize[DerivativeFilter[img, {1, 0}, 0.2], 0.09]
Then we can get the lines and inspect them:
lines = ImageLines[i2, 0.19, 0.008];
HighlightImage[img, {Orange, Line /@ lines}]
We got every row entry, plus a block below the table, which we can discard later. We can use the coordinates in lines to subdivide the image and apply TextRecognize to the pieces:
tdata = TextRecognize[ImageResize[#, Scaled[8]]] & /@
Reverse@Rest[
ImageTake[img, -Reverse@#] & /@
Partition[Round@Sort@lines[[All, 1, 2]], 2, 1]]
We can then convert the numerals in the last ten columns to numeric data. There's a problem with the missing data in the columns and the spaces in the names in the first column. By padding with "XXX", the entries last column were all converted, but removing the Xs took inspection.
Replace[
ToExpression[(StringSplit[tdata] /.
"X" | "XX" | "XXX" | "xxx" :> Sequence[])[[All, -11 ;;]]],
{x_Real :> x, n_Integer :> n, I | $Failed -> Missing["NotAvailable"]},
2]
(*
{{2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013},
{1.76, 1.76, 1.78, 1.78, 1.85, 1.94, 1.93, 1.97, 2.01, 2.01},
...
{2.49, 2.68, 2.79, 3.01, 3.21, 3.36, 3.56, 3.74, 4.04,
Missing["NotAvailable"], Missing["NotAvailable"]},
{2.55, 2.49, 2.51, 2.55, 2.63, 2.77, 2.82, 2.74, 2.77, 2.81, Missing["NotAvailable"]}}
*)
TextRecognise seems to fare better if you feed it smaller regions. Here I manually isolate individual lines from the table:
i0 = Import["https://i.stack.imgur.com/Ricz2.png"];
ImageTake[i0, {60, 73}]
Column[TextRecognize[
ImageResize[ImageTake[i0, {#, # + 13}], Scaled[8]]] & /@
Range[60, 360, 16]]
I hope you will react to my comment : if you look at the Czech line you will see that it is shorten not only the last value is 1.79 not 1.7 but also it laks the value 1.91. It's not the only line with this behavior.
i think that's the nature of ocr, let it do most of the work and manually fix it up if you need accuracy. The original image was obviously lossy compressed at some point so is simply not sharp enough for really good recognition.
Ok thanks. I was thinking that there was a limitation in the width that Tesseract can read.
| 30,233 |
https://github.com/jlroviramartin/AgileUml/blob/master/UmlFromCode/PlantUml/Processors/PUConstructorProcessor.cs
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Apache-2.0
| null |
AgileUml
|
jlroviramartin
|
C#
|
Code
| 207 | 545 |
// Copyright 2019 Jose Luis Rovira Martin
//
// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
// You may obtain a copy of the License at
//
// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
//
// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
// limitations under the License.
using System.Reflection;
using System.Text;
using UmlFromCode.Processors;
namespace UmlFromCode.PlantUml.Processors
{
public class PUConstructorProcessor<TPrinter> : IProcessor<ConstructorInfo, TPrinter>
where TPrinter : IPlantUmlPrinter
{
public PUConstructorProcessor()
{
}
public void Process(ConstructorInfo constructor, TPrinter printer)
{
Modifiers modifiers = Modifiers.None;
if (constructor.IsPublic)
{
modifiers |= Modifiers.Public;
}
else if (constructor.IsProtected())
{
modifiers |= Modifiers.Protected;
}
else if (constructor.IsPrivate)
{
modifiers |= Modifiers.Private;
}
if (constructor.IsStatic)
{
modifiers |= Modifiers.Static;
}
if (constructor.IsAbstract)
{
modifiers |= Modifiers.Abstract;
}
if (constructor.IsSealed())
{
modifiers |= Modifiers.Sealed;
}
StringBuilder buff = new StringBuilder();
foreach (ParameterInfo parameter in constructor.GetParameters())
{
if (buff.Length > 0)
{
buff.Append(", ");
}
buff.AppendFormat("{0} {1}", parameter.ParameterType.GetSimpleName(), parameter.Name);
}
printer.PrintMethod(modifiers, null, constructor.DeclaringType.GetSimpleName(), buff.ToString());
}
}
}
| 22,731 |
https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gungsong%20Gungtsen
|
Wikipedia
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
Gungsong Gungtsen
|
https://pt.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gungsong Gungtsen&action=history
|
Portuguese
|
Spoken
| 417 | 943 |
{{Info/Nobre
|nome = Gungsong Gungtsen གུང་རི་གུང་བཙན།
|título = 34º Tsanpo de Bod
|reinado = 644–649
|predecessor = Songtsen Gampo
|sucessor = Songtsen Gampo
|tipo-cônjuge = Esposa
|cônjuge = A-zha Mang-mo-rje|descendencia = Mangsong Mangtsen
|nome_completo =
|nome_nascimento =
|data de nascimento =
|nascimento_local =
|cidadenatal =
|floruit =
|morte_data =
|morte_local =
|local da morte =
|sepultamento =
|data de enterro =
|ocupação =
|pai = Songtsen Gampo
|mãe =
|irmão =
|religião =
|assinatura =
|brasão =
}}
Gungsong Gungtsen (, Wylie: gung srong gung btsan), foi o único filho conhecido de Songtsen Gampo (605 ou 617 - 649), o primeiro imperador tibetano.
Antecedentes
Conta-se que Songtsen Gampo teve cinco esposas, a princesa nepalesa Bhrikuti e a princesa chinesa Wencheng, ambas budistas devotas, são as mais conhecidas, além delas também se casou com uma das filhas do rei de Zhangzhung e com uma das filhas do rei do de Tangute , bem como uma nobre do clã Ruyong e outra do Clã Mong (ou Mang).
Na primavera de 640 Gar Tongtsen, primeiro ministro e embaixador de Songtsen retornou ao Tibete com a princesa chinesa Wencheng como noiva de seu mestre, depois de uma dura queda de braço com a Corte da Dinastia Tang. A intenção da princesa Wencheng não era se casar com Songtsen, mas com o príncipe herdeiro Gungsong Gungtsen.
VidaGungsong Gungtsen foi filho da concubina de Songtsen, Tricham, uma jovem nobre do clã Mong de Tölung, um vale a oeste de Lhasa.
Tradicionalmente afirma-se que Gungsong nasceu em um palácio de nove andares conhecido como "Mansão Celestial Auspiciosa de Draglha", construído por Bhrikuti ao sul de Lhasa. Diz-se que um santuário e uma estupa foram construídos por seu pai em uma montanha rochosa perto de Yerpa, que se assemelhava a uma imagem sentada de Tara.
Alguns relatos dizem que quando Gungsong completou treze anos, seu pai Songtsen se aposentou e Gungsong passou a governou o país por cinco anos. Gungsong se casou com '''A-zha Mang-mo-rje quando tinha treze anos e eles tiveram um filho, Mangsong Mangtsen (r. 650-676 CE). Após estes cinco anos Gungsong teria morrido, então com dezoito anos . Seu pai, Songtsen, assumiu o trono novamente até sua morte em 650. A princesa de Wencheng agora se tornou a rainha de seu sogro, e a posteridade tibetana sempre se lembraria dela principalmente nesse papel.
Os Annais Tibetanos afirmam que Gungsong foi enterrado em Donkhorda, o local das tumbas reais, à esquerda da tumba de seu avô Namri Songtsen (gNam-ri Srong-btsan).
História do Tibete
| 10,229 |
https://github.com/sriyash421/CrowdNav_DSRNN/blob/master/test.py
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,022 |
CrowdNav_DSRNN
|
sriyash421
|
Python
|
Code
| 372 | 1,527 |
import logging
import argparse
import os
import sys
from matplotlib import pyplot as plt
import torch
import torch.nn as nn
from pytorchBaselines.a2c_ppo_acktr.envs import make_vec_envs
from pytorchBaselines.evaluation import evaluate
from crowd_sim import *
from pytorchBaselines.a2c_ppo_acktr.model import Policy
def main():
# the following parameters will be determined for each test run
parser = argparse.ArgumentParser('Parse configuration file')
# the model directory that we are testing
parser.add_argument('--model_dir', type=str, default='data/example_model')
parser.add_argument('--visualize', default=False, action='store_true')
# if -1, it will run 500 different cases; if >=0, it will run the specified test case repeatedly
parser.add_argument('--test_case', type=int, default=-1)
# model weight file you want to test
parser.add_argument('--test_model', type=str, default='27776.pt')
test_args = parser.parse_args()
from importlib import import_module
model_dir_temp = test_args.model_dir
if model_dir_temp.endswith('/'):
model_dir_temp = model_dir_temp[:-1]
# import config class from saved directory
# if not found, import from the default directory
try:
model_dir_string = model_dir_temp.replace('/', '.') + '.configs.config'
model_arguments = import_module(model_dir_string)
Config = getattr(model_arguments, 'Config')
except:
print('Failed to get Config function from ', test_args.model_dir, '/config.py')
from crowd_nav.configs.config import Config
config = Config()
# configure logging and device
# print test result in log file
log_file = os.path.join(test_args.model_dir,'test')
if not os.path.exists(log_file):
os.mkdir(log_file)
if test_args.visualize:
log_file = os.path.join(test_args.model_dir, 'test', 'test_visual.log')
else:
log_file = os.path.join(test_args.model_dir, 'test', 'test_'+test_args.test_model+'.log')
file_handler = logging.FileHandler(log_file, mode='w')
stdout_handler = logging.StreamHandler(sys.stdout)
level = logging.INFO
logging.basicConfig(level=level, handlers=[stdout_handler, file_handler],
format='%(asctime)s, %(levelname)s: %(message)s', datefmt="%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S")
logging.info('robot FOV %f', config.robot.FOV)
logging.info('humans FOV %f', config.humans.FOV)
torch.manual_seed(config.env.seed)
torch.cuda.manual_seed_all(config.env.seed)
if config.training.cuda:
if config.training.cuda_deterministic:
# reproducible but slower
torch.backends.cudnn.benchmark = False
torch.backends.cudnn.deterministic = True
else:
# not reproducible but faster
torch.backends.cudnn.benchmark = True
torch.backends.cudnn.deterministic = False
torch.set_num_threads(1)
device = torch.device("cuda" if config.training.cuda else "cpu")
logging.info('Create other envs with new settings')
if test_args.visualize:
fig, ax = plt.subplots(figsize=(7, 7))
ax.set_xlim(-6, 6)
ax.set_ylim(-6, 6)
ax.set_xlabel('x(m)', fontsize=16)
ax.set_ylabel('y(m)', fontsize=16)
plt.ion()
plt.show()
else:
ax = None
load_path=os.path.join(test_args.model_dir,'checkpoints', test_args.test_model)
print(load_path)
env_name = config.env.env_name
recurrent_cell = 'GRU'
eval_dir = os.path.join(test_args.model_dir,'eval')
if not os.path.exists(eval_dir):
os.mkdir(eval_dir)
envs = make_vec_envs(env_name, config.env.seed, 1,
config.reward.gamma, eval_dir, device, allow_early_resets=True,
config=config, ax=ax, test_case=test_args.test_case)
actor_critic = Policy(
envs.observation_space.spaces, # pass the Dict into policy to parse
envs.action_space,
base_kwargs=config,
base=config.robot.policy)
actor_critic.load_state_dict(torch.load(load_path, map_location=device))
actor_critic.base.nenv = 1
# allow the usage of multiple GPUs to increase the number of examples processed simultaneously
nn.DataParallel(actor_critic).to(device)
ob_rms = False
# actor_critic, ob_rms, eval_envs, num_processes, device, num_episodes
evaluate(actor_critic, ob_rms, envs, 1, device, config, logging, test_args.visualize, recurrent_cell)
if __name__ == '__main__':
main()
| 34,097 |
https://github.com/Vayne-Lover/Java/blob/master/head-first-java/chapter10/src/PlayerTest.java
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Apache-2.0
| 2,017 |
Java
|
Vayne-Lover
|
Java
|
Code
| 31 | 94 |
/**
* Created by Vayne-Lover on 5/14/17.
*/
public class PlayerTest {
public static void main(String[] args){
Player player1 = new Player("Ply1");
System.out.println(Player.count);
Player player2 = new Player("Ply2");
System.out.println(Player.count);
}
}
| 33,096 |
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/54842352
|
StackExchange
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,019 |
Stack Exchange
|
JJJ, https://stackoverflow.com/users/502381
|
English
|
Spoken
| 131 | 206 |
Vimeo Api can not be created
I m trying to create an app on Vimeo web but it prompts that "verify your email first" I have already verified the email.
Please help me outenter image description here
I'm voting to close this question as off-topic because we're not customer support for Vimeo
Go to your https://vimeo.com/settings and verify your email address.
If you're unable to do so, contact Vimeo at https://vimeo.com/help/contact.
The problem is when you try to create your first app on the "My Apps" page. I got the same error OP described.
The solution is to go to any other page where you still see the "Create App" button at the top right. For example: https://developer.vimeo.com/
This worked for me. I doubt Vimeo support even knows about this bug.
| 29,883 |
https://github.com/MeninaChimp/Tone/blob/master/tone-console/src/main/java/org/menina/tone/admin/controller/ConfigForm.java
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,019 |
Tone
|
MeninaChimp
|
Java
|
Code
| 30 | 80 |
package org.menina.tone.admin.controller;
import lombok.Data;
/**
* Created by menina on 2017/9/23.
*/
@Data
public class ConfigForm {
private String app;
private String key;
private String value;
private String ip;
}
| 42,591 |
https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%20%D0%B2%D0%BE%201711%20%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0
|
Wikipedia
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
Науката во 1711 година
|
https://mk.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Науката во 1711 година&action=history
|
Macedonian
|
Spoken
| 12 | 38 |
1711 година во науката опфаќа некои значајни настани.
Настани
Години во науката
| 39,692 |
https://openalex.org/W2988740752_1
|
Spanish-Science-Pile
|
Open Science
|
Various open science
| 2,019 |
Índice de vulnerabilidad ante efectos del cambio climático: Choluteca, Honduras
|
None
|
Spanish
|
Spoken
| 5,198 | 9,599 |
Catástrofes naturales
Con temblor la tierra aclama
al hombre que tenga piedad
con fuertes gritos exclama
que lo que haga no es nimiedad.
Son pedidos de auxilio
de un mundo descuidado
¿Tendremos que buscar exilio
por lo que hemos abandonado?
Las aguas también protestan
con lluvias desbordan los ríos.
Los hombres solo contestan
cuidando sus grandes señoríos.
Hacen cumbres y reuniones,
grandes cenas, fotos miles,
firmando falsas uniones
pero se protegen con misiles.
En Marte se busca vida
a Saturno cohetes lanza.
De nuestro planeta se olvida
dejándonos sin esperanza.
Es doble mensaje que dan:
por un lado, la advertencia,
lo que nos recomiendan
y en el otro la inclemencia.
Tsunamis, terremotos, inundación.
La tierra con esto se defiende.
Efecto invernadero y contaminación,
es el hombre que no entiende.
El ser humano teme ahora
cuando lo único necesario era
cuidar la obra creadora
porque es urgente y no espera.
Marcela Barrientos
Pintura:
Ulises Rivera
Técnica:
Acuarela
Índice de vulnerabilidad ante efectos del cambio climático: Choluteca, Honduras
4. Índice de vulnerabilidad ante efectos del cambio climático:
Choluteca, Honduras
Ana Carolina Paz Delgado1
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5377/pdac.v15i0.8116
Recibido: 19/02/2019
-
Aceptado: 22/05/2019
Resumen: Por su situación geográfica y características socioeconómicas, Honduras es considerado uno de los países más vulnerables
del mundo ante los impactos del cambio climático; ya que su ubicación favorece el paso de los fenómenos climáticos extremos como
huracanes y tormentas tropicales que, año con año azotan al país, situación que debilita su frágil economía frenando el desarrollo
sostenible. Uno de los departamentos altamente afectados por el cambio climático, es el departamento de Choluteca, ubicado en la
zona sur del país. En ese contexto el presente artículo analiza la situación de vulnerabilidad de los municipios del departamento de
Choluteca ante los efectos del cambio climático mediante la construcción de un índice de vulnerabilidad. Se parte desde una visión
retrospectiva, estimando los municipios que han sido más vulnerables, comprende el grado de exposición al riesgo, que enfrenta la
población a eventos climáticos, así como a la sensibilidad al ser afectado por un desastre natural y la capacidad de adaptación tanto
del gobierno local como de sus habitantes, desde un aspecto sociodemográfico y ambiental.
Mediante el análisis de indicadores sociodemográficos a nivel municipal, se identificó la población de los municipios de Choluteca
más vulnerables ante el riesgo de los efectos del cambio climático, considerando que se han visto afectados por desastres naturales,
con repercusiones en diversos aspectos de la vida. Uno de los impactos más sensibles es la seguridad alimentaria de la población, a la
par del descenso en el nivel de ingreso de las familias que, ante este tipo de situaciones, toma la decisión de migrar a nivel interno o
internacional, lo que tiene consecuencias en el descenso de la fecundidad y la composición del hogar.
Palabras claves: cambio climático, índice de vulnerabilidad, población y medio ambiente.
Index of vulnerability to the effects of climate change: Choluteca, Honduras
Abstract: Due to its geographical location and socioeconomic characteristics, Honduras is considered one of the most vulnerable
countries in the world to the impacts of climate change; since its location favors the passage of extreme climatic phenomena such as
hurricanes and tropical storms that, year after year, strike the country, a situation that weakens its fragile economy by slowing down
sustainable development. One of the departments highly affected by climate change is the department of Choluteca, located in the
southern part of the country. In this context, this article analyzes the situation of vulnerability of the municipalities of the department
of Choluteca in regards to the effects of climate change through the construction of a vulnerability index. It starts from a retrospective
view, estimating the municipalities that have been most vulnerable, including the degree of exposure to risk, which confronts the
population to climatic events, as well as sensitivity to being affected by a natural disaster and the ability to adapt of both the local
government as well as its inhabitants, from a socio-demographic and environmental aspect.
Through the analysis of sociodemographic indicators at the municipal level, the population of the Choluteca municipalities was identified as being most vulnerable to the risk of the effects of climate change, considering that they have been affected by natural disasters, with repercussions on various aspects of life. One of the most sensitive impacts is on the food security of the population, along
with the decrease in the level of income of families that, faced with this type of situation, make the decision to migrate internally or
internationally, which has consequences in the decline in fertility and the composition of households.
Keywords: climate change, vulnerability index, population, and environment.
I. Introducción
El cambio climático está asociado al aumento de emisiones
de gases efecto invernadero (GEI) provenientes de actividades humanas, que alteran el funcionamiento natural del
sistema climático del planeta Tierra, aumentando la temperatura, modificando los patrones de precipitación, incidiendo en la elevación del nivel del mar, reducción de glaciares y eventos climáticos extremos (SERNA y PNUD, 2013).
Dichos cambios representan una amenaza para la humanidad en general y, particularmente para los países más
vulnerables, por los impactos en la producción agrícola y
pesquera que pone en riesgo la seguridad alimentaria, los
medios de vida en general, la salud, la infraestructura y el
debilitamiento de la capacidad del ambiente para proveer
recursos y servicios necesarios para el desarrollo.
1 Máster en Demografía y Desarrollo, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Honduras. Ingeniera en Desarrollo Socioeconómico y Ambiente, Escuela Agrícola
Panamericana “El Zamorano”. Especialista en gestión estratégica, administración y ejecución de proyectos de desarrollo local. e-mail: ana.paz@unah.edu.hn
52
Revista Población y Desarrollo: argonautas y caminantes Vol. 15
Índice de vulnerabilidad ante efectos del cambio climático: Choluteca, Honduras
Honduras, es considerado uno de los países más vulnerables del mundo a los impactos del cambio climático. El
artículo se propuso como objetivo analizar la situación
de vulnerabilidad de los municipios del departamento de
Choluteca ante los efectos del cambio climático mediante
la construcción de un índice de vulnerabilidad.
II. Metodología
La metodología que se utilizó para construir el índice de
vulnerabilidad para el departamento de Choluteca es una
adaptación del trabajo realizado por Heltberg y Bonch-Osmolovskiy (2011), acorde a la realidad departamental y a la
disponibilidad de información (series históricas), variables
o indicadores, entre otros aspectos. Esta adaptación describe cómo se traducen los conceptos de la exposición al
riesgo, la sensibilidad, la capacidad de adaptación y la vulnerabilidad en los índices numéricos; variables usadas; y su
agrupación en subíndices, y estos en un índice compuesto
de vulnerabilidad que incorpora indicadores de ciencias
sociales, demográficos y naturales (Anexo Nº1).
El índice de vulnerabilidad resulta del promedio simple de
tres subíndices:
• Subíndice de exposición: se mide en función de la
frecuencia en que la población se enfrenta a eventos de
riesgo vinculados a los efectos del cambio climático, como
deslizamientos, inundaciones, lluvias extremas, sequías
y cambios radicales en las temperaturas máximas y mínimas. Este subíndice se compone de variables que miden
la variabilidad climática, valores extremos de temperatura y precipitación, así como la ocurrencia de desastres
naturales.
• Subíndice de sensibilidad: mide las condiciones que
hacen que las personas sean vulnerables a los fenómenos
extremos, afectando diferentes aspectos de su vida, como
los referentes a cobertura agropecuaria, población dedicada a actividades agropecuarias, aspectos demográficos, economía y salud. Está compuesto por variables que
miden condiciones agrícolas, relación de dependencia
económica, salud, acceso a agua y sensibilidad relacionada con pérdidas económicas generadas por fenómenos
hidrometeorológicos.
• Subíndice de la capacidad de adaptación: evalúa características educativas, de ingreso y la facultad institucional del gobierno nacional y local. Se compone de variables que miden educación, diversificación de los ingresos
y desarrollo institucional a nivel local.
Se utilizaron promedios no ponderados simples de las
variables normalizadas para los subíndices y promedios
simples de subíndices para el índice general de vulnerabilidad2, incluyendo variables que representan cada uno los
distintos aspectos de la vulnerabilidad para evitar tener
los pesos implícitamente desiguales que resultarían si se
incluyeron dos o más variables similares. Estas fueron definidas de acuerdo con la disponibilidad de información,
para que el valor máximo de los subíndices de exposición y
sensibilidad corresponda a la mayor vulnerabilidad, mientras que, para la capacidad de adaptación, el valor máximo
corresponde a la vulnerabilidad más baja.
La construcción del índice comprendió la ejecución de tres
etapas:
1. Se normalizaron todas las variables mediante una transformación lineal para ajustar los datos en el intervalo de
0-1, de esta forma permitir la comparación de los valores
normalizados con conjuntos de datos y eliminar los efectos
de influencias.
2. Posteriormente, se calculó cada subíndice mediante las
siguientes fórmulas:
Exposición:
E = ((sdT1 + ... + sdT12) / 12 + (SDP1 + ... sdP12) / 12 + (rT1 + ...
RT12) / 12 + (Nhot + Ncold) / 2 + (Ndry + Ndisaster) / 5
Dónde:
SDTI = desviación estándar de la temperatura media
mensual.
SDPI = desviación estándar de la precipitación total
mensual.
RTI = promedio de los rangos entre las temperaturas promedio mensuales máxima y mínima.
Nhot = frecuencia de meses extremadamente calurosos
(porcentaje de registros por arriba de las temperaturas
promedio mensuales máximas).
2 La metodología de los autores recomienda: “Los promedios simples asumen que todas las variables tienen igual peso. Promedios ponderados se pueden
utilizar para partir de la asunción de pesos iguales, pero introducir la necesidad de "juicio de expertos" para determinar los pesos, introduciendo así un
elemento más de la elección arbitraria. Pesos basados en regresión sólo son factibles cuando existe una medida objetiva de los resultados (en este caso la
vulnerabilidad); este no es el caso aquí, ya que entonces no habría la necesidad de calcular el índice. Elegimos utilizar promedios no ponderados simples
como el método más simple y menos arbitraria disponible”.
Revista Población y Desarrollo: argonautas y caminantes Vol. 15
53
Índice de vulnerabilidad ante efectos del cambio climático: Choluteca, Honduras
Ncold = frecuencia de meses extremadamente fríos (porcentaje de registros por abajo de las temperaturas promedio mensuales mínimas).
Un índice de valor alto indica mayor vulnerabilidad del municipio ante los efectos del cambio climático e índices de
valor bajo indican lo contrario.
Ndry = frecuencia de ambientes extremos secos en el
mismo mes del año (entre diciembre - abril, cero precipitaciones, entre mayo - noviembre aquellos registros donde
ocurrió menos de dos desviaciones estándar de los milímetros, precipitados en el mismo mes durante los años de
estudio).
• Limitantes para la construcción del índice de
vulnerabilidad
Ndisaster = frecuencia de desastres ocurridos entre
1988-2013.
Sensibilidad:
S = (S1 + S2) / 2 + (S3 + S4) / 2 + (S5 + S6) / 2 + S7 / 4
Dónde:
S1 = porcentaje de cobertura agropecuaria.
S2 = porcentaje de agricultores, ganaderos y trabajadores
agropecuarios.
S3 = ratio entre población menor a 15 años partido por el
total de la población activa (15 a 64 años), por cien.
S4 = ratio entre población mayor o igual a 65 años divido
por el total de la población activa (15 a 64 años), por cien.
S5 = índice de salud.
S6 = porcentaje de población sin acceso a fuentes de agua
mejorada.
S7 = pérdidas monetarias por desastres ocurridos.
Capacidad de adaptación:
A = (A1 + A2) + (A3 + A4 + A5 / 3) / 3
Dónde:
A1 = índice de ingreso.
A2 = índice de educación.
A3 = grado de confianza en las personas (se puede confiar
en la mayoría de las personas).
A4 = grado de confianza en el gobierno (ninguna).
A5 = corrupción y uso de coimas en el gobierno nacional
(la mayoría de los funcionarios son corruptos).
Finalmente se obtuvo el índice de vulnerabilidad calculando la fórmula que comprende el resultado de los tres
subíndices calculados previamente.
Vulnerabilidad = 1/3 * ((Exposición + Sensibilidad + (1 - Capacidad de Adaptabilidad))
54
Revista Población y Desarrollo: argonautas y caminantes Vol. 15
En la construcción del índice para explicar la relación causa
y efecto de la vulnerabilidad de la población en estudio se
identificaron las siguientes limitantes:
• La disponibilidad de información proporcionada por el
Sistema Meteorológico Nacional de Honduras, fue la estación meteorológica de la cabecera departamental de Choluteca, que contiene el registro de la información sobre
grados de temperatura y niveles de precipitación entre los
años 1995 y 2014.
Debido a que no existen estaciones meteorológicas a
nivel municipal, se utilizaron los registros disponibles
para estas variables a nivel departamental, por lo tanto, se
asignó el valor de la cabecera del departamento a todos
los municipios que componen Choluteca (por ejemplo, el
rango de temperatura promedio del municipio de Choluteca, se asignó a todos los municipios que componen el
departamento).
• La aplicación de la metodología seleccionada tiene limitantes, una de ellas ocurre cuando la distribución de los
datos no está bien comportada (no es una normal), el valor
máximo o mínimo de la distribución puede ser muy extremo, esto hace que los demás valores asuman posiciones
normalizadas en el extremo inferior o superior de la distribución, implicando la mayor ponderación de algunas variables sobre otras, por lo que algunos subíndices terminan
aportando más a la vulnerabilidad que otros.
No obstante, dentro del análisis de variables, la forma en
que los datos se distribuyen no precisa error en la estimación, debido a que contienen valores que representan la
realidad y compilados por diferentes entes gubernamentales y organismos internacionales. Sin embargo, para
evitar los valores atípicos en las series de datos observados,
que no estuvieran distantes del resto de los datos y que
no se vean afectadas las tablas restándole participación a
otras variables claves en la determinación de la vulnerabilidad, se utilizó el valor promedio del valor real que permitió mejorar la estimación de las variables seleccionadas.
III. Discusión de resultados
La vulnerabilidad general de la población en el departamento de Choluteca está distribuida territorialmente a
Índice de vulnerabilidad ante efectos del cambio climático: Choluteca, Honduras
nivel municipal, bajo una escala de colores que indican
los grados de vulnerabilidad: baja, moderada, media, alta
y extrema3; que se aprecian en cada mapa. Esta medición
resulta de una serie de factores que determinan la alta exposición de la población al riesgo, las condiciones sociales
y demográficas en las que habitan, la baja capacidad económica, la limitada organización entre el gobierno local y
población para impulsar planes de desarrollo municipal;
factores explicativos de la vulnerabilidad en el departamento de Choluteca.
Los niveles de vulnerabilidad superiores están asociados
a la exposición al riesgo que enfrentan los municipios
cuando ocurren eventos relacionados al cambio climático.
Esta situación se eleva cuando presentan un alto grado de
sensibilidad donde se ven afectados por la variabilidad
A nivel municipal, la alta sensibilidad revela condiciones
demográficas que los hacen particularmente vulnerables.
Entre esas condiciones se puede mencionar la dependencia de la población menor de 15 años y la población
mayor de 65 años sobre la población económicamente
activa; asimismo, el deficiente índice de salud, el alto porcentaje de población sin acceso a fuentes de agua mejorada, la baja cobertura agropecuaria en la zona, asociada a
la menor participación de la población dedicada a las actividades agropecuarias; esto aumenta la probabilidad de
sufrir algún tipo de carencia.
La baja capacidad de adaptación presenta problemas debido al menor índice de ingreso y educación de la población, de igual manera, el bajo grado de confianza que las
personas tienen respecto a los gobiernos locales, estos
climática y, tienen niveles de adaptabilidad insuficientes,
generando la vulnerabilidad de la población.
factores determinan o afectan el grado de vulnerabilidad.
La mayoría de los municipios del departamento de Choluteca se encuentran en situación de vulnerabilidad media,
alta y extrema, entre estos municipios están: El Triunfo,
Marcovia, San Isidro, San Antonio de Flores, Duyure, Namasigue, El Corpus, Pespire, Orocuina, Concepción de María
y Santa Ana de Yusguare, muestran una situación de vulnerabilidad extrema. Apacilagua una vulnerabilidad alta y,
San José, una vulnerabilidad media. Según datos censales
del 2013 estos municipios concentraban el 58% de la población (Mapa Nº1).
Mapa Nº1 Departamento de Choluteca: índice de
vulnerabilidad por municipios
Los municipios en situación de vulnerabilidad baja y
moderada son: la cabecera departamental de Choluteca,
San Marcos de Colón y Morolica, los cuales concentraban
42% de la población en el 2013. El municipio de Choluteca
presenta una baja vulnerabilidad debido a que ha
sido beneficiado con financiamiento de cooperantes
internacionales y del gobierno de la República para
desarrollar diferentes proyectos de mitigación, gestión
de riesgos y desastres. El Gráfico Nº1 muestra los aportes
no ponderados de los subíndices para cada municipio y
el grado de magnitud de cada variable. La exposición al
riesgo en los municipios del departamento de Choluteca
se presenta con la frecuente ocurrencia de desastres,
con mayor magnitud por inundaciones y deslizamientos,
ocasionados por tormentas tropicales, lluvias extremas y
el desbordamiento del río Choluteca.
Fuente: Elaboración propia con base en el cálculo de la
fórmula que comprende el resultado de los tres subíndices
(exposición al riesgo, sensibilidad y capacidad de
adaptación); con datos obtenidos del Servicio Meteorológico
Nacional de Honduras (SMN), 1995-2014; Desinventar.
Sistema de inventario de efectos de desastres, 1988-2013;
Atlas Municipal Forestal y Cobertura de la Tierra, ICF, 2006 y
2014; XVII Censo de Población y VI Vivienda, 2013, Índice de
Desarrollo Humano, 2011; y Latinobarómetro, 2013.
3 Cada nivel en las escalas tiene una amplitud definida por la fórmula: Amplitud = (índice máximo – índice mínimo) /5, el límite superior de la escala “baja”
se forma sumando el índice mínimo más una vez la amplitud; el límite de la escala “moderada” se realiza sumando al índice mínimo dos veces la amplitud y
así sucesivamente.
Revista Población y Desarrollo: argonautas y caminantes Vol. 15
55
Índice de vulnerabilidad ante efectos del cambio climático: Choluteca, Honduras
Gráfico Nº 1 Departamento de Choluteca: aportes no ponderados de los subíndices a la vulnerabilidad de la
población por municipios.
Santa Ana de Yusguare
0.44
0.77
San Marcos de Colòn
0.35
0.91
San José
0.43
San Isidro
0.42
San Antonio de Flores
0.43
Municipios
Pespire
0.28
0.59
1.15
1.14
0.93
0.60
0.26
0.48
0.35
0.26
0.36
Orocuina
0.42
0.31
Namasigue
0.34
0.56
Morolica
0.34
0.40
0.31
0.88
1.08
0.83
Marcovia
0.74
El Triunfo
0.44
El Corpus
0.39
0.42
0.36
Duyure
0.39
0.52
0.31
Concepción de María
0.35
Apacilagua
0.28
Choluteca
0.29
0.00
0.50
0.41
0.14
0.98
0.55
0.61
0.63
2.05
0.50
Subíndice
1.00
1.74
1.50
2.00
Exposición al riesgo
2.50
Sensibilidad
3.00
3.50
4.00
4.50
Adaptabilidad
Fuente: Elaboración propia con base en el cálculo de la fórmula de cada subíndice; con datos obtenidos del Servicio
Meteorológico Nacional de Honduras (SMN), 1995-2014; Desinventar. Sistema de inventario de efectos de desastres, 19882013; Atlas Municipal Forestal y Cobertura de la Tierra, ICF, 2006 y 2014; XVII Censo de Población y VI Vivienda, 2013, Índice
de Desarrollo Humano, 2011; y Latinobarómetro, 2013.
3.1 Exposición al riesgo por municipios del departamento de Choluteca
altas extremas (durante el periodo de estudio analizado se
han registrado temperaturas promedio de hasta 45 ºC).
La exposición mide el grado en que la población se enfrenta a eventos de riesgo vinculados a los efectos del
cambio climático, como deslizamientos, inundaciones, lluvias extremas, sequías y cambios radicales en las temperaturas máximas y mínimas.
La presencia de ambientes extremos calurosos, fríos y
secos en ciertas temporadas, generan consecuencias socioeconómicas en aquellas poblaciones con deficiencias
notorias. En particular, las relacionadas a la baja disponibilidad de cobertura agropecuaria4 y una mayor población
dedicada a actividades agropecuarias con grandes extensiones agrícolas, situación que pone en riesgo la seguridad
alimentaria de la población, afectando dos de los componentes básicos: la disponibilidad de alimentos y acceso a
alimentos, debido a que están ubicados en zonas vulnerables a cambios climáticos. Por ejemplo, durante un evento
de inundación la población pierde hasta la totalidad de
su producción. Unido a ello con los deslizamientos que
cubren las vías de comunicación, se impide el acceso a
mercados.
La mayoría de los municipios del departamento de Choluteca presentan una magnitud de exposición al riesgo moderada ya que han sido afectados por desastres ocurridos
entre 1988-2013, tales como huracanes, tormentas tropicales, inundaciones, deslizamientos, marejadas y sequías.
La frecuencia de los desastres contribuye a incrementar la
vulnerabilidad local.
Estos municipios se encuentran expuestos a temperaturas
4 Es la relación entre la sumatoria de la superficie de tierras con cultivos anuales o transitorios, tierras en barbecho y/o descanso respecto la superficie total;
para un año dado.
56
Revista Población y Desarrollo: argonautas y caminantes Vol. 15
Índice de vulnerabilidad ante efectos del cambio climático: Choluteca, Honduras
El municipio de Marcovia presenta una exposición al riesgo
extrema, debido a su ubicación geográfica, sus costas han
sido afectadas por la frecuencia de desastres. Los municipios de El Triunfo, Santa Ana de Yusguare, San José, San
Antonio de Flores, San Isidro y Orocuina, presentan una
exposición al riesgo media. En cambio, Duyure, El Corpus,
San Marcos de Colón, Concepción de María, Namasigue,
Morolica, Choluteca, Apacilagua, y Pespire, presentan una
magnitud moderada a la exposición al riesgo. La frecuencia
de desastres ha sido significativa y la mayoría de estos municipios poseen una alta sensibilidad de ser afectados por
un evento climático (Mapa Nº2).
Mapa Nº2 Departamento de Choluteca: exposición al
riesgo por municipios
para el caso en 2013 fue de 69 personas lo que significa
que por cada 100 personas en edad productiva hay 69 personas en edades inactivas (niños y adultos), es importante
resaltar que se trata de una tasa de dependencia potencial
pues no todas las personas menores de 15 años o mayores
de 65 años están fuera del mercado laboral, ni todas las de
15-64 son activos.
Por otro lado, la población menor de 15 años representó
el 35%, de la población total del departamento de Choluteca, lo que es congruente con el proceso del bono demográfico donde las poblaciones dependientes disminuyen
y la población económicamente activa aumenta. Sin embargo, este grupo de población hace particularmente sensible a la población en edad de trabajar en la medida que
sus ingresos se ven afectados por la ocurrencia de eventos
extremos, en este contexto, las posibilidades de recuperación dependerán de su fortaleza laboral, misma que es
presionada por la dependencia económica de la población
joven.
Contrario a lo que se observa en la población menor de 15
años, la población de 65 años va en aumento, en 2013 fue
de 6%. Honduras sigue siendo un país joven, sin embargo,
el proceso de envejecimiento en Choluteca es moderado
y la proporción de personas mayores de 65 años va en
aumento, lo que hace pensar que es necesario identificar
las prioridades y necesidades de las personas adultas para
generar desarrollo y bienestar, estimulando políticas y acciones que beneficien a los grupos más vulnerables del
país indistintamente del departamento en donde residan.
Fuente: Elaboración propia con base en datos del Servicio
Meteorológico Nacional de Honduras (SMN), 1995-2014; y
Desinventar. Sistema de inventario de efectos de desastres,
1988-2013.
3.2 Sensibilidad por municipios del departamento de
Choluteca
La sensibilidad mide las consecuencias que tiene la exposición a los eventos vinculados al cambio climático en
diferentes aspectos de la vida de la población, como los referentes a la cobertura agropecuaria, población dedicada
a actividades agropecuarias, relación de dependencia económica y aspectos de salud.
Los últimos censos reflejan un comportamiento descendente de la tasa de dependencia demográfica en el departamento de Choluteca, sin embargo, sigue siendo alta;
Los municipios con sensibilidad extrema, alta y media se
ven afectados por las secuelas del cambio climático. Entre
ellos están: Choluteca, San José, Concepción de María,
San Marcos de Colón, Morolica, Santa Ana de Yesguare,
Marcovia, San Isidro, Namasigue, Apacilagua, Duyure, El
Triunfo, San Antonio de Flores y El Corpus, el territorio de
estos municipios presenta una baja disponibilidad de cobertura agrícola y un número significativo de productores
agropecuarios de pequeña escala, lo que da como resultado alta sensibilidad. Asimismo, el 28% de población sin
acceso a fuentes de agua mejorada refleja deficiencias en
el índice de salud que afectan su sensibilidad ante la ocurrencia de eventos climáticos.
En el caso de los municipios de Pespire y Orocuina, presentan una sensibilidad moderada. De igual forma poseen
una baja cobertura agropecuaria y la población dedicada a
las actividades agropecuarias es menor (Mapa Nº3).
Revista Población y Desarrollo: argonautas y caminantes Vol. 15
57
Índice de vulnerabilidad ante efectos del cambio climático: Choluteca, Honduras
Mapa Nº3 Departamento de Choluteca: sensibilidad por
municipios
tecnologías que les permita diseñar estrategias efectivas
para reducir su vulnerabilidad. Estos factores dificultan la
preparación adecuada de sus habitantes para atenuar los
efectos negativos y asegurar la recuperación inmediata
ante los efectos adversos derivados de la exposición al
cambio climático. Otro factor clave, es el nivel de confianza
hacia otras personas y el gobierno local de los municipios
antes expuestos, limitando la toma de decisiones para emprender proyectos (Mapa Nº4).
Mapa Nº4 Departamento de Choluteca: capacidad de
adaptación por municipios
Fuente: Elaboración propia con base en datos del Atlas
Municipal Forestal y Cobertura de la Tierra, ICF, 2006 y
2014; XVII Censo de Población y VI Vivienda, 2013, Índice
de Desarrollo Humano, 2011 y Desinventar. Sistema de
inventario de efectos de desastres, 1988-2013.
3.3 Capacidad de adaptación por municipios del departamento de Choluteca
La capacidad de adaptación es el potencial de una comunidad para ajustarse a los efectos del cambio climático a fin
de moderar los daños potenciales, aprovechar las consecuencias positivas o soportar las consecuencias negativas.
Para determinar esa capacidad se evalúan características
educativas, de ingreso y la facultad de las instituciones del
gobierno, nacional y local, para enfrentar la exposición y
sensibilidad al riesgo.
Los municipios que presentan una extrema, alta y media
capacidad de adaptación son: Choluteca, San Marcos de
Colón, Morolica, San José; Apacilagua, Concepción de
María, Santa Ana de Yusguare, Marcovia y Orocuina, al mostrar altos índices de ingreso y educación. Los gobiernos locales de estos municipios presentan mayor capacidad para
implementar proyectos de adaptabilidad y mitigación.
En el caso de los municipios de Pespire, El Corpus, Duyure,
Namasigue, San Isidro, San Antonio de Flores y El Triunfo,
presentan baja y moderada capacidad de adaptación.
Los bajos ingresos a escala local son entre otros, factores
que contribuyen a la baja formación académica de la población que ha reducido la capacidad de absorber nuevas
58
Revista Población y Desarrollo: argonautas y caminantes Vol. 15
Fuente: Elaboración propia con base en datos al Índice de
Desarrollo Humano, 2011 y Latinobarómetro, 2013.
IV. Conclusiones
La población del departamento de Choluteca, en el período
de 1988-2013, a nivel municipal ha sido afectada significativamente por fenómenos hidrometeorológicos, entre
los cuales resaltan las inundaciones que han ocasionado
pérdidas humanas y monetarias a nivel departamental.
Las características sociodemográficas y los factores climáticos de los municipios analizados influyen en el grado de
magnitud para que aumente o reduzca el impacto de un
desastre natural.
El índice de vulnerabilidad estimado permitió identificar
los municipios más vulnerables y los factores que condicionan esa vulnerabilidad. El enfoque de vulnerabilidad
ante el cambio climático fortaleció la construcción de indicadores de vulnerabilidad combinando la evaluación
cualitativa de la población, con una evaluación cuantitativa, basada en variables que miden numéricamente la ex-
Índice de vulnerabilidad ante efectos del cambio climático: Choluteca, Honduras
posición al riesgo, la sensibilidad de ser afectado por un
evento climático y, en general, la falta de resiliencia social
de la población.
Desde una visión retrospectiva la metodología aplicada
identificó los municipios más vulnerables ante una amenaza específica, además de determinar qué factores contribuían a la vulnerabilidad. Esa información es útil para
focalizar las acciones de prevención de riesgos y las medidas de mitigación y adaptabilidad, que permitan implementar políticas que mejoren la resiliencia de la población.
Al mismo tiempo, informar a las autoridades centrales y
locales sobre las características sociodemográficas y ambientales que inciden en la vulnerabilidad de la población
ante efectos del cambio climático.
V. Referencias bibliográficas
• Desinventar. (2015). Sistema de inventario de efectos de
desastres: Registros de Desastres y Pérdidas en Honduras.
Disponible en: http://online.desinventar.org/?lang=spa
• Heltberg, R., y Bonch-Osmolovskiy, M. (2011). Mapping
Vulnerability to Climate Change. Washington, DC, USA.
• ICF (2015). Atlas Municipal Forestal y Cobertura de la
Tierra a nivel municipal del Departamento de Choluteca.
Municipio del Distrito Central, Honduras.
• INE (2013). XVII Censo de Población y VI Vivienda a nivel
municipal del Departamento de Choluteca. Tegucigalpa,
Honduras.
• Latinobarómetro (2013). Análisis de Datos sobre La Democracia de Honduras. Providencia Santiago, Chile. Disponible en: http://www.latinobarometro.org/latOnline.jsp
• PNUD (2012). Informe sobre Desarrollo Humano Honduras 2011. Reducir la inequidad: un desafío impostergable. Tegucigalpa, Honduras.
• SERNA, y PNUD. (2013). Segunda Comunicación Nacional
del Gobierno de Hondura ante la Convención Marco de
las Naciones Unidas sobre Cambio Climático. Tegucigalpa,
Honduras.
• SMN. (2015). Promedios Mensuales de Variables Climáticas del Departamento de Choluteca. Tegucigalpa,
Honduras.
Revista Población y Desarrollo: argonautas y caminantes Vol. 15
59
Índice de vulnerabilidad ante efectos del cambio climático: Choluteca, Honduras
VI. Anexos
Anexo Nº1. Variables para la construcción del Índice de Vulnerabilidad ante efectos del Cambio Climático
Subíndice
Exposición al
riesgo
ID
Variables incluidas en el índice
E1
Desviación estándar de la temperatura
media mensual
E2
Desviación estándar de la precipitación
total mensual
E3
Promedio de los Rangos entre las temperaturas promedio mensuales máxima y mínima (Ran1 + Ran2 + …. +
Ran12)/12
E4
Frecuencia de meses extremadamente
calurosos (porcentaje de registros por
arriba de las temperaturas promedio
mensuales máximas)
E5
Frecuencia de meses extremadamente
fríos (porcentaje de registros por abajo de las temperaturas promedio mensuales mínimas)
E6
Frecuencia de ambientes extremos
secos en el mismo mes del año (entre Dic.-Abr., cero Precipitaciones, entre May-Nov aquellos registros donde
ocurrió menos de dos desviaciones
estándar de los mm. Precipitados en el
mismo mes durante los años de estudio)
E7
60
Frecuencia de desastres naturales
ocurridos.
Revista Población y Desarrollo: argonautas y caminantes Vol. 15
Año
Información
utilizada
Agregación
territorial
19952014
Servicio
Meteorológico Nacional
de Honduras
(SMN)
Municipio de
Choluteca
19882013
Desinventar.
Sistema de
inventario de
efectos de
desastres
Por municipio
Índice de vulnerabilidad ante efectos del cambio climático: Choluteca, Honduras
Subíndice
ID
S1
Porcentaje de cobertura agropecuaria
S2
Porcentaje de Agricultores, ganaderos
y trabajadores agropecuarios
S3
Ratio entre población menor a 15 años
dividido por el total de la población activa (15 a 64 años). Por cien
S4
Ratio entre Población mayor o igual a
65 años partido por el total de la población activa (15 a 64 años). Por cien
S5
Índice de Salud
S6
Porcentaje de Población sin acceso a
fuentes de agua mejorada
Sensibilidad
Adaptabilidad
Variables incluidas en el índice
S7
Pérdidas económicas por desastres
ocurridos
A1
Índice de Ingreso
A2
Índice de Educación
A3
Grado de confianza
en las personas
(Se puede confiar en la mayoría de las
personas)
A4
Grado de confianza en El Gobierno
(Ninguna)
A5
Corrupción y uso de coimas en El Gobierno nacional (La mayoría de los funcionarios son corruptos)
Año
Información
utilizada
Agregación
territorial
2014
Atlas Municipal Forestal y
Cobertura de la
Tierra, ICF
Por municipio
2013
XVII Censo de
Población y VI
Vivienda, 2013
Por municipio
2011
Índice de
Desarrollo
Humano
Por municipio
2006
Atlas Municipal Forestal y
Cobertura de la
Tierra, ICF
Por municipio
19882013
Desinventar
Sistema de
inventario de
efectos de
desastres
Por municipio
2011
Índice de
Desarrollo
Humano
Por municipio
2013
Latinobarómetro
A nivel de país
Revista Población y Desarrollo: argonautas y caminantes Vol. 15
61.
| 31,189 |
https://github.com/Danielfib/VimJam2/blob/master/TheOffice/Assets/__Scripts/TutorialScreenManager.cs
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,021 |
VimJam2
|
Danielfib
|
C#
|
Code
| 55 | 238 |
using System.Collections;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using UnityEngine;
public class TutorialScreenManager : MonoBehaviour
{
public Transform[] pages;
public GameObject prevButton, NextButton;
int currentIndex;
public void NextPage()
{
pages[currentIndex].gameObject.SetActive(false);
currentIndex++;
pages[currentIndex].gameObject.SetActive(true);
if(currentIndex == pages.Length - 1)
{
NextButton.SetActive(false);
}
prevButton.SetActive(true);
}
public void PreviousPage()
{
pages[currentIndex].gameObject.SetActive(false);
currentIndex--;
pages[currentIndex].gameObject.SetActive(true);
if (currentIndex == 0)
{
prevButton.SetActive(false);
}
NextButton.SetActive(true);
}
}
| 32,605 |
sn87060189_1883-08-13_1_2_1
|
US-PD-Newspapers
|
Open Culture
|
Public Domain
| 1,883 |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 3,104 | 4,935 |
THE DAILY BULLETIN. MONDAY EVENING, AUGUST 13, 1883. OUR authorized agents for the Daily Bulletin at the places named are as follows: Shannon, Wm. Levy. St. Louis, W. T. Berry. Minesville, W. H. Howe. Mt. Olivet, Peter Myers. Helena, U. M. Harrison. Grancucheno, H. P. Tolle. Mt. Gilead, J. H. Mukins. Tecumseh, V. L. Hilton. Tolleson, R. L. Gillespie. Slack's, P. O. M. V. Morrow. Elizaville, W. H. Stewart. Germantown, Radical at Blo. Fakewood's, T. Farrow. Mt. Carmel, T. A. Henderson. Fern Leaf, Harry Burroughs. Munphysville, W. T. Tolmie. Fouman's, Spottsylvania, J. M. Huwley. Washington, Miss Anna Thomas. Johnson Junction, Semmes & Bro. Hillsboro, Rev. V. H. Barksdale. The above number represents the circulation, each week of the Daily and Weekly Bulletin. Advertisers are invited to call and assure themselves of the truth of the statement, and they are requested to bear in mind that our rates for advertising are the lowest. As noted, can begin the Republican ticket five hundred and twenty-nine votes in Fleming county. Judge W. M. Becknell, of Clarke county, has declined to be a candidate for Judge of the Court of Appeals. Seven thousand ex-Confederate soldiers attended the re-union at Raleigh, N. C., on the 10th inst. An address was delivered by Senator Ransom. A careful estimate of the strength of both parties in the Legislature is as follows: In the Senate, Democrats 31, Republicans 7. In the House, Democrats 85, Republicans 12. The loss by the burning of a stable at the Lexington Fairgrounds, Friday night, amounts to $15,000. Of ten fine trotters belonging to J. B. Shockency, seven were burned and three saved. So critical a person as the editor of "This and That" ought to know that Kentucky produces other things besides poets. For instance, city journalism has developed some very excellent what-ifs. William Knott's trial has been continued until the next term of the Carter Circuit Court, on account of the absence of the defendant's witnesses. "While the people are very much disappointed, there is no indication of a mob spirit," the official returns from nearly one-half of the State show a net Democratic loss, compared with Blackburn's vote in 1879, of only a little over 3,000. This indicates that Knott's majority will not vary materially from 35,000. Cecil's majority will probably exceed 50,000, as Asbury, the colored Republican, being scratched in every county. The man Henry Grimes, who was mentioned last week as having ridden off the home of Lewis U. Gordon, was caught and brought here on Saturday last and tried under a writ of lunacy. The first jury hung, but the second one decided that he was not a lunatic, and ordered him to the asylum at Lexington. Flemingburg Grimes was arrested by Deputy Marshal Browning and had his examining trial before Magistrates Marsh and Grant on a charge of horse stealing, as was noticed in these columns at the time. The result of the trial was his dismissal on the ground that he was not compos mentis. The postal law requires the letter list to be published the latter part of the week, and in the local raw with the largest circulation. Now Republican. In printing such a statement as that the Republican shows, inexcusable ignorance, and decidedly bad judgment in attempting to give a law it knows nothing about. Instead of the "latter part of the week," as the Republican states, it is directed that the letter list shall be printed, where practicable, on Monday of each week. The law referred to will be found on page one hundred and fifteen of the United States Postal Regulations, and is as follows: Sec. 119. At post offices of the fourth class, unclaimed matter of the first class only, except "card" and "request" letters, and all valuable matter of the third and fourth classes, shall be advertised monthly, and when practicable such advertising shall take place upon the first day of the month, at other post offices such matter should be advertised weekly, and where practicable such advertising should take place on Monday. As our contemporary prints no paper on Monday and the Bulletin does, according to the above law, the letter list should be printed in this paper. Things to be Remembered. "Will Moses Webster Finback please step this way?" asked the President of the Lime Kiln Club, as the meeting opened. Brother Finback, who had been a very quiet but deeply interested member of the club for the past two years, advanced to the desk, and Brother Gardner continued: "Gentlemen, I see that you are on the point of removing to Ohio?" "Yes, sir," replied Moses, as he wiped a tear from his eye. " You will take your certificate along with you, and you will keep your membership with us just the same; and any time you can raise money and take a freight train and come up and see us, you will find a hospitable welcome." " Why, thank you very much," replied Moses, as he wiped a tear from his eye. " And now I want to say a few further words to you," resumed the President, after a solemn pause, "since you are going to cut loose and sail in the company of strangers, there are a few things you would do well to remember. " Remember that a lawyer will work harder to clear a murderer than he will to convict a thief. " Remember that a neighbor who offers you the loan of his hoe is fishing around to secure the loan of your wheelbarrow. " Remember that you can't judge of the home happiness of a man and wife by seeing them at a picnic. " Remember that while the average man will return you the correct change in a business transaction, he'll water his milk and mix beans with his coffee. " Remember that all of the negatives of the best photographs are retouched, and the wrinkles and freckles worked out. " Remember that society is made up of good clothes, hungry stomachs, deception, heartaches, and grammar. Remember that people will never stop questioning the truth of any rumor or scandal regarding your character; but it takes years to satisfy them that your great-grandfather wasn't a pirate and your leading gal in a fifteen-cent ballet. You can now sit down and the rest of us will proceed to carry out the usual programme of our meeting. SNEEZING SEASON. Sneeze on Monday, for dinner. Sneeze on Tuesday, Kiss a stranger; Sneeze on Wednesday, Receive a letter; Sneeze on Thursday, Something better; Sneeze on Friday, Expect sorrow; Sneeze on Saturday, Joy to-morrow. Old Superstition. CITY ITEMS. Advertisement Inserted under this heading 10c per line for each insertion. Mosquito bars and cakes to order at Hunt & Doyle's. Wall paper Received at Morrison & Rackley's today. A large and attractive line for the fall trade at greatly reduced prices. Call and see them. Mansville Literary Institution. The undersigned has determined to remain in Mansville, and the next session of this school under his direction, will commence Monday, September 3rd, 1883. C. J. Hall. A veteran's Sarsaparilla is designed for those who need a medicine to purify their blood, build them up, increase their appetite, and rejuvenate their whole system. No other preparation so well meets this want. It touches the exact spot. Its record of forty years is one of constant triumph over disease. Men's and boys' canvas button and front lace shoes, cheap. Misses' side lace, 75 cents. Ladies' opera slippers, $1. Men's sewed calf bas and congress gaiters, London toe, $1.60, and a large stock of boots and shoes at prices to suit anyone. Call and investigate at C. S. Miner & Bro's. Accident Insurance. Excursionists to camp meetings, expositions, etc., should secure insurance in the Travelers' Accident Insurance Co. before starting. A ticket insuring $3,000 in case of death from accident, and $15 weekly indemnity in case of disability costs but 25 cents a day. M. F. Marsh, Agent, Sutton Street. STEAMBOATS. Home, Concord, and Maysville Daily Packet, Saturday Bruce Redden, Capt. Leaves Maysville 1:30 p.m. in connection with stage to West Union. For freight or passage apply on board. Cincinnati, Portsmouth, and Pomery Packet Company. JOHN KYLE, President. Lewis Glenn, Secretary and Treasurer. C. M. H. R. R. PACKETS For Huntington, Pomery, and all way Landings, BONANZA, Tuesdays, Thursdays, and Saturdays, leaving Maysville at 8 a.m., and reaching Portsmouth by 5 p.m. MORNING MAIL, daily (Sundays excepted), leaving Maysville at 9 a.m., and reaching Cincinnati by 5 p.m. Both boats are received on board. CM. HOLLOWAY, superintendent. NO TICKET. THROUGH TO PARKERSBURG, Thursdays, Fridays, and Saturdays Steamers Hostomat, Plowed, and Colgram. THROUGH TO PITTSBURGH, Every Sunday The regular weekly packet steamer. These boats are all and we solicit the patronage of the public at low rates. C. M. HOLLOWAY, Superintendent. BUSINESS HOUSES. The following are among the leading business establishments of Maysville. Customers will find these houses reliable and occupying a commanding position in their respective lines. A. O. BROWNING, M.D., PHYSICIAN AND SURGEON. Office and residence south-east corner of Third and Sutton streets. Will give special attention to diseases peculiar to females. Apply Maysville. TRIAL CO., DEALERS IN GRAIN, FLOUR and HEMP. Corn, Third and Sutton Streets, Maysville, KY. A. W. ROOPE, DEALER IN Boots, Shoes, Hats and Caps. 112 E. Second St., Maysville, KY. A SORRIES SON, Locksmiths and Bell-Hangers. which are not exposed in the room like the company, prices low, and you seeamples. Second Street, MAYSVILLE, KY. A SHOE STORE. Custom work a specialty. Large stock. All kinds at lowest prices. No. 10, Market street, two doors below D. A. Richardson & Co.'s grocery. MAYSVILLE, KY. Dealers In Staple and Fancy GOODS. No. 3, Enterprise Block, Second Street, MAYSVILLE, KY. AMMON, PHOTOGRAPHER, Second street, next door to Dr. Martin's, MAYSVILLE, KY. ROBERT DAWSON & CO., Dealers In: CIGARS and CONFECTIONERY. ICE CREAM A SPECIALTY. FRESH ROLLS AND CAKES EVERY DAY. Second Street, EAST MAYSVILLE. BOOTS, SHOES, LEATHER And FINDINGS, No. 1, Second, cor. Sutton streets, MAYSVILLE, KY. DR. T. H. N. SMITH, DENTIST, Will devote his whole time to the preservation of the natural teeth. Dr. C. v. Wardle will take charge of all the mechanical work, such as gold, silver, continuous gum, celluloid and rubber plates. PIXLEY & ALLEN, STOVES, GRATES, TINWARE, mantels, etc. Sole agents for the celebrated Omaha and Leather stoves. Roofing and guttering promptly and satisfactorily done. Corner of Market and Green streets, the old stand. GARLAND JOHNSON, CIGARS. Proprietor of the celebrated brands: Hold the Fort, Parlor Queen and Mother Hubbard. Best cigars in the market. Full variety of smokers' articles. Second street, MAYSVILLE, KY. PH. TRAEHEL, BAKER AND CONFECTIONER. Ice cream parlors open for the season. Absolutely pure candles. Fresh bread of all kinds. Furnishing weddings and parties a specialty. Prices low. WILLIAMS, Contractor and Builder. Plans and Specifications furnished and all work promptly and satisfactorily done. Shop on Second Street, opposite High School. A. Maysville, KY. FOR GEORGE H. HUBER, Dealer In: GROCERIES, Pineapple Hams, Home-made Fancy Cakes. Second Street, Maysville, KY. S. JUD, ATTORNEY AT LAW. Real Estate and Collecting Agency. Court St., Maysville, KY. J. F. CASON, Dealers In Staple and Fancy Groceries. Second Street, Maysville, KY. COLT RICHARDSON, Dealer In Staple and Fancy Groceries. has REMOVED from his old stand to the building on Second Street lately occupied by Charles H. Frank. DOYLE, Every new shade In DRESS GOODS, Second St., Maysville, KY. THRESHOLD GEORGIA Watermelons, Best In the world. Just received at John Wheeler's Fruit Depot, Market Street. JOHN U. PONTZ, JR., INSURANCE AGENT. Oldest and best Companies. Insures for full value. Low rates. Losses promptly paid. No discounts No delays. Office corner Third and Market streets. A. H. SALLEE, CLARENCE L. SALLEE, Nalle & Sallee, ATTORNEY AT LAW INSURANCE and REAL ESTATE AGENTS, Court Street, Maysville, KY. T. BLAKEBURCH, THE BOSS WALTHAM WATCH STORE. Headquarters for Clocks, Silver Goods, Jewelry etc. All work promptly and done. Second St East of Market. w. sparks & nato., No. 24, MARKET STREET. NEW CARPETS, OIL CLOTHS and Window Shades. Good Carpets at 30, 40, 45, 50, 60, 70, 75, and 80 cts., $1.00 and $1.25 per yard. JAMES ACARR, (Successors to Thomas Jackson,) Livery, Sale and Feed Stables Street and Bank orders promptly attended to at all times. Finest and latest style Turnouts. Horses bought and sold on Commission. Market. Kent Street, four doors below Central Hotel. Insurance Agency. Represents the London and Liverpool and Globe, German American, of New York, and Phoenix, of Brooklyn. Also agent for Blue Ridge Water. Office corner of Front and Sutton streets. At the corner of Second and Main streets. Manufacturer and dealer in iron, pencil, and rubber stamps, rubbers, type, stencils, dates, etc. Guns, Pistols, Trunks, Valises, and Sewing Machines repaired. Trumpets put up bells, hung, and keys made to order. Stencil cutting a specialty. Second Street, Maysville, KY. Tacoh Bakery and Confectionery. Ice cream and soda water. Fresh bread and cakes. Parties and weddings furbished on short notice. 25 Second St., Maysville, KY. W. Gamble, Attorney at Law. Real Estate and Collecting Agency. Third Street, near Court house, Maysville, KY. Axe and Worrick, Contractors, Architects, Builders. Plans and specifications furnished on reasonable terms and all work satisfactorily and promptly done. Office on Third Street, between Wall and Sutton. A. B. Brown, Fashionable Milliner. Latest spring styles of Hats, Bonnets, Ribbons, Flowers, and Millinery Goods generally. Entire satisfaction guaranteed in all cases. Second, Opera House, Maysville, KY. Mrs. F. R. Colmes, Millinery and Dressmaking. Latest styles of Hats, Bonnets, Laces, and Millinery Notions. Prices low. Second street, Mrs. George Burrows' old stand. A. Pennington, Wholesale and Retail Bookseller and Stationer. Second Street, Maysville, KY. Ed Brown, Fashionable Millinery. Hats, Bonnets, Laces, Feathers, Trimmings, etc., of the latest styles. Prices Low. M. F. Marsh, Attorney at Law, Judge of the Peace, Real Estate and Insurance Agent. Will advertise and sell real estate. No charges whatever unless a sale is consummated. Deeds, mortgages, etc., written at rates as low as any one's. Office Library Building, Sutton Street. D. Davis, FURNISHING GOODS and Hats. Caps, Trunks and Valises. The latest spring styles Just received. Market St., MaySVILLE, KY. G. A. J. Williams. CARPENTERS, Rugs, Oil Cloths and Mattings will be sold CHEAP for the next thirty days, Call and see them. No. 20, East Second Street. MARCHIEACON, (Formerly Miss Maggie Rasp,) FASHIONABLE MILLINER. has Just received a full supply of all of the latest styles In Millinery Goods. Hats, Bonnets, Laces, Trimmings and all seasonable novelties. The ladies are invited to call. Market street, MaySVILLE. Mrs. Mary E. Thomas, M' Dealer In Millinery and Notions, Announces that she has Just received her spring stock, which will be found very attractive and that she has also secured the services of an accomplished trimmer from Chicago. One price only. 13 E. Second St., MaySVILLE, KY. JOSE DIAZ A RO, GOOD INTENT Livery and Sale Stable. A full line of all kinds of vehicles on hand for sale, hire or exchange. Horses kept by day, week or month. Largest and best appointed Livery Stable in the west. Prices as low as any. Best attention to vehicles stored. Telephone connection. No. 40 and 42 west Second St., MaySVILLE, KY. EXS AUARKLEY, Nos. 67 and 69 Second and 18 Sutton streets, have Just received a large stock of Improved VICTOR HAND CORN PLANTERS, the greatest labor-saving Implement over offered to farmers. The best tobacco hoes and tobacco barn hardware of all kinds. apllO FIRM, BISSET, McCLANAHAN & SHEA, (Successor to Cooper & Bisset, Dealer in Stoves, Ranges, Marbleware Nationally renowned manufacturers ofTlB, Copper and Sheet Iron Ware. Special attention paid to tin roofing, gutters and spouting. Practical plumbers, gas and steam fitters. Wrought Iron and lead pipes, etc. All work attended to promptly and warranted. 23 E. Second st andly MAYSVILLE, KY. DAVY O. AXDERSOX, DENTIST, No. 21 Market St., nearly opp. Central Hotel, Office Open at all Hours. MAYSVILLE, KY Q A. MEANS, FURNISHING UNDERTAKER. Full line of Burial Robes and all articles required by the undertaking trade. Orders promptly attended to day or night. niSuly No. 61, East Second Street. O HMOS, Dealer In QUEENSWARE, CHINA, TINWARE, Glass, Cutlery, Notions, etc. No. 45 Market Street. East side, between Second and Third, uaidtlm MAYSVILLE, KY. O J.DAUGHERTY, No. 6, West Second Street. MARBLE YARD. Monuments, Tablets and Headstones always on hand. Orders by mail will receive the same prompt attention as If delivered In person. npllklly O U. OLDHAM, "PLUMBER, Sanitary Engineer, Gas and Steam-fitter. Dealer in plumber's goods, Pumps, Hose, Sewer Pipes, Lead and Iron Piping, Steam and Water Gauges. No. 8 west Second street, opposite General's grocery. aplTdly MAYSVILLE, KY. W ft'.UIFF, BATH ROOMS and LAUNDRY. OPEN AT ALL HOURS. Work promptly and satisfactorily done. Terms reasonable. Front street, near between Market and Sutton. apllOdly W HALLORST A IlLUM, MERCHANT TAILORS. Our stock of Fall and Winter goods is now nearly complete. As we do nothing but Merchant Tailoring, and understand it thoroughly, we are able to give the best of satisfaction. Prices very reasonable. October 1882 William Hunt, Manufacturer and originator of the celebrated brands of Cigars, Silver Dollar, Wm. Hunt's Dark Horse, Happy Smoke, Three Beauties, Cordwood and Gold Slugs. Second Street, Maysville, Ky. A PORT. For the best in Lumber, Building Materials, and Tobacco Supplies, visit A. M. Mathews & Co., Manufacturers and Dealers in Lumber, Laths, Shingles, Lumber, Frames, Doors, Sash, Staves, Fencing, Tobacco Hogsheads, etc. Maysville, Ky. W. Lycan, Manufacturer of and Dealer in Boots and Shoes. Ladies' and children's fine shoes a specialty. Custom work made to order. Repairing neatly and promptly done at moderate charges. No. 41 Market Street, East side. MaySVILLE, KY. TANCY A. ALEXANDER, OLD RELIABLE LIVERY, SALE AND FEED STABLES. Vehicles of all kinds, good stock and careful drivers. Horses kept by the day, or week on reasonable terms. Second St., between Market and Limestone. PAINTING! I am prepared to paint Buggies and of all kinds on more reasonable terms than any other painter in the city will offer. I guarantee my work to be first class. Leave orders at Ball, Mitchell & Co.'s. PAINTED FOR O. H. DEAL. U- D. A. HARDWARE and IRON. Before INSURING YOUR LIFE EXAMINE THE TONTINE Savings Fund Plan -OF THE- EQUITABLE LIFE INSURANCE OFFICE Instead of investing in stocks, bonds or other securities or depositing in Savings Banks EXAMINE THIS PLAN of Insurance, which not only yields a return as an investment, but gives Immediate Indemnity in case of death. Assets $48,000,000. JOS. F. BHODENZICK second Street, MAYSVILLE, KY.
| 27,071 |
bpt6k5471787j_19
|
French-PD-Newspapers
|
Open Culture
|
Public Domain
| null |
Journal des huissiers
|
None
|
French
|
Spoken
| 7,955 | 15,606 |
9. (Décès, suppression, indemnité, vendeUff no.npayé, privilège). — Dans le cas de suppression d'un office après le décès du titulaire, le vendeur de cet office, non payé de son prix, a 'privilège sur l'indemnité mise par le gouvernement à la charge des autres officiers ministériels appelés à bénéficier de la suppression, alors même que les héritiers du titulaire (Jécédé n'ont pas traité de la cession de l'office avec ces officiers ministériels, cette circonstance n'empêchant point que l'indemnité fixée pour la suppression ne soit la représentation de la valeur de l'office et ne se trouve frappé du privilège dont il s'agit. 76. 10. (Privilège du vendeur, propositions de loi, rapport). — Rapport ■fait au nom d,e la commission chargée d'examfnerla proposition de loi de M. Léopold Thézard, relative au privilège du vendeur d'un office ministériel, par M. Léopold Thézard, sénateur. 131, 190. Officiers ministériels. — (Discipline, poursuites, décision par défaut, opposition). 162. 2. (Service militaire, suppléants, proposition de loi). — Proposition de loi (rectifiée) relative aux notaires, officiers ministériels, etc. appelés sous les drapeaux et autorisés à se faire suppléerdans leurs offices, présentée par M. StRomm,e, député, 304. — Y, Magistrats. Offres réelles, — 1. (Demande en validité, demande en nullité, compétence). — La loi ne déterminant point d'une manière spéciale le tribunal compétent pour connaître soit de la demande en validité, soit de la demande ennullitéd'offres réelles, et n'indiquant point que ce. tribunal soit nécessairement celui du lieu où les offres doivent être faites, ces demandes restent soumises à la règle générale de-compétence établie par l'art. 59, Cod. pr. civ., et doivent en conséquence être portées, la première devant le tribunal du domicil3du débiteur, et la seconde devant le tribunal du domicilodu créancier-264. '2. La demande en nullité des offres peut aussi être soumise au tribunal du lieu dans lequel le débiteur a élu domicile dansl'acte d'offre. 264. 3. (Légataire d'usufruit, nu-propriétaire, conditions). 33. 4. (Huissier, mandai excédé, moyen nouveau). — Est irrecevable • comme nouveau le moyen tiré de ce que l'huissier aurait agi sans mandat ou aurait dépassé les termes de son mandat, lorsqu'il n'appert qu'aucunes conclusions aient été prises à cet égard devant les juges du fond. 126. 5. Jugement définitif. — La validité des offres réelles du montant des condamnations prononcées Ear un jugement n'est point suordonnée à la condition que ce jugement soit définitif. 126. 6. (Ordre de poursuivre, renonciation aux réserves). — Les juges du fond peuvent d'ailleurs interprétercomme une renonciation d'utiliser les réserves d'appel, l'ordre donné par le créancier à un huissier de poursuivre le débiteur. 126. 7. (Signification du jugement sous réserve d'appel), 'rrr La signification du jugement sous réserve d'appel ne rend point les condanmations incertaines et conditionnelles, et n'empêche point que le montant n'en puisse être valablement offert; sauf le droit du créancier de refuser les offres à ses risques et périls antérieurement à l'intre? d notion da l'instance en validité. 1&&, (340) -V. Vente. Ordre. — (Sommation deproduire, femme mariée, hypothèque légal», décès, collocation (défaut de), héritier, action en revendication). 7. — V. Distribution par contribution. Ordre amiable. — I. (Acquéreur défaillant, opposition) —Le procèsverbal d'ordre amiable revêt, à l'égard de l'acquéreu r q ui n'a point participé au règlement, le caractère d'une véritable décisionjudiciaire, etl'acquéreur défaillantne peut l'attaquer que par la voie de l'opposition. 180. 2. Cette opposition ne saurait être compétemment portée devant un tribunal autre que celui du lieu où l'ordre amiable a été ouvert. Il importe peuque laloi ne prescrive pas de signifier ce procès-verbal à l'acquéreur ; le seul effet de cette circonstance est de soustraire l'acquéreur à la forclusion édictée par l'art. 767, Cod. proc. civ., et de rendreson opposition recevable jusqu'à l'exécution. 180. Organisation judiciaire. —Loi du 30 août 1883, modifications, projet de loi. —Projet de loi portant modification de la loi du 30 août 1933 relative à l'organisation judiciaire, présenté au nom de M. Oarnot, président de la République française, par M. Léon Bourgeois, garde des sceaux, ministre de la justice. 218,249, 282. P Partage. —1. (Décès d'un copartageani, mineur, intervention). — Le partage, valable au moment où il est intervenu, ne cesse pas de produire ses effets par suite du décès de l'un des copartageants et de l'intervention d un mineur en son lieu et place. 186. 2. (Licitation, majeurs et mineurs, tribunal incompétent, convention,partage provisionnel). 203. 3. (Licitation, succession ouverte en pays étranger, immeubles situés en France, compétence). 63. 4. (Majeurs et mineurs, transaction, jurisconsultes, nomination, compétence). 148. 5. (Titres de rentes sur l'Etat, formes), T La Législation en matière de rentes sur l'État n'a pas déragé à l'article 819, Cod. civ. qui permet aux héritiers majeurs de faire le partage dans telle forme et par tel acte qu'ils jugent convenable, et n'impose point aux parties qui ont à partager un titre de rente la nécessité de procéder à un partage judiciaire. 186. — V. Liquidation judiciaire. Pension alimentaire. — (Incessibilité). — L'insaisissabilité des pensions alimentaires en implique l'incessibilité. Ainsi le bénéficiaire d'une semblable pension ne peut ni la transporter à un tiers, ni lui en déléguer les arrérages. 65. Péremption de commandement. — V. Saisie immobilière. Péremption d'instance. — 1. (Acte interruptif, communication des pièces).— La demande en péremption d'instance ne saurait être admise, lorsque les faits de la cause sont exclusifs de la présomption d'abandon des poursuites de la part du demandeur, sur laquelle cette présomption est l'ondée ; comme lorsqu'il est intervenu un acte quelconque ayant pour objet soit l'instruction, soit l'avancement de la cause, tel, par exemple, qu'une communication, même amiable, des pièces. 73. 2. (Actes interruptif s, convocation des avoués, offre de suppression de l'affaire, bulletin, acceptation [défaut d']). —La convention adressée aux avoués, conformément à la circulaire ministérielle du 16 août 1892, etleurcomparution contradictoire devant le président delà chambre du tribunal civil, ne sontpas interruptives de la péremption d'iristance. 101. 3. L'offre de faire supprimer l'affaire, purement et simplement constatée par une mention apposée sur un bulletin par un des avoués et non acceptée par l'autre avoué, ne constitue pas un acte de poursuite empêchant la péremption. 101. Péremption de jugement par défaut. — V. Saisie immobilière. Privilège. — V. Faillite, office. Procédure civile, — (Revision des titres I à XXV du livre II et titre XVI du livre V, partie i" du Code de procédure civile, projet de loi, rap (341) port). — Rapport fait au nom de la commission chargée d'examiner le projet de loi portant révision des titres I à XXV du titre II et XVI, du livre -V, partie première, du Code de procédure civile, par M. Dupuy-Dutemps, député, 29, 52, 84,111,138, 193,223, 278, 306. Procès-verbaux de constat. — Huissier. Protêt. — V. Faillite. Provision (ad litem). — V. Divorce, séparation de corps. Purge d'hypothèquesflinscrites. — V. Vente Q Qualité de jugement ou arrêt. — (Magistrat n'ayant, pas concouru à la décision, nullité. — Le règlement des qualités d'un jugement ou arrêt par un magistrat qui n'a pas concouru à la décision, est frappé d'une nullité absoluequi s'étend à la décision elle-même. 246. R Récoltes en vert. — V. Sat'siebrundon. Recouvrement de créance. — V. Avoué Référé. — 1. (Exécution de jugement, urgence). — Le juge des référés est compétent pour statuer sur les difficultés relative à l'exécution d'un j ugement, alors même qu'il n'y a pas urgence. 276. 2. Il en est ainsi spécialement lorsqu'une partie n'ayant pas entièrement exécuté le jugement rendu contre elle, l'autre partie demande à compléter l'exécution par des travaux que le jugement l'autorisait à faire au cas où la partie condamnée ne les ferait pas elle-même dans un certain délai : on prétenderait vainement qu'une telle demande touche au fond du droit. 276, 3. (Légataire universel, héritier légitime, scellés (levée de), ordonnance, désistement, droit des autres héritiers). — L'héritier légitime sur la demande duquel est intervenue, à rencontre du légataire universel, une ordonnance de référé prescrivant que la levée des scelles apposés à sa requête au domicile du défunt aura lieu en la présence, non seulement du demandeur, mais encore des autres héritiers présomptifs, ne peut, par son désistement du bénéfice de cette ordonnance, supprimer la nécessité de la présence de ces derniers à la levée des scellés : le juge de paix est fondé à refuser d'opérer cette levée autrement qu'en conformité de l'ordonnance lui traçant la marche à suivre vis-à-vis de tous les intéressés. 157. 4. Mais, au fond, c'est à tort qu'en exigeant la présence à la levée des scellés des héritiers présomptifs autres quele demandeur, le juge du référé a créé un bénéfice en faveur de parties qui n'étaient pas en cause lors du référé. 157. — V. Saisie-exécution. Rente sur l'État. — V. Liquidation de succession, Partage. Rente viagère. — V. Faillite. Responsabilité. — V. Avoué, Huissier, Saisie-exécution, Saisie-im-: Mobilière Revendication. — V. Saisieexécution. S Saisie-arrêt. — 1. (Bureau de tabac, produits, caractère alimentaire, insaisissabililè partielle). — Les produits d'un bureau de tabac, ont en principe,un caractère alimentaire: mais il appartient aux tribunaux d'apprécier, suivant les circonstances, si ce caractère doit leur être refusé ou ne leur être reconnu que pour partie ; et, par exemple, ils peuvent, eu égard aux autres ressources du débiteur, ne les déclarer insaississables que jusqu'à concurrence des quatre cinquièmes. 317. 2. (Bureau de tabac, produits aliments, insaisissabililè partielle. — Jugé aussi que les produits des bureaux de tabac qu'ils proviennent, soit de l'exploitation directe par les titulaires, soit de l'exploitation par des gérants soumis à l'agrément de l'administration. (342) peuvent, s'ils sont reconnus nécessaires à la subsistance de ceux à qui il en a été fait don, et suivant la mesure de cette nécessité, être envisagés comme des sommes ou pensions pour aliments non susceptibles de saisie aux termes de l'art. 581, f 4, Cod. proc. civ. 179. — V. Saisie-exécution. 3. (Créance certaine et liquide, compte). — Une saisie arrêt est nulle, lorsqu'elle est pratiquée pour le payement d'une créance qui n'est pas certaine, ou qui, n'étant pas liquide, parce que sa quotité dépend d'un compte à intervenir, n'a pas été provisoirement évaluée par le juge. 210. 4. (Créance n'excédant pas 1000 francs, dernier ressort, appel). — L'ordonnance de référé rendue sur la demande du débiteur tendant à la restriction des effets d'une saisie pratiquée à son encontre pour une créance n'excédant pas 1000 francs, est en dernier ressort, et l'appel dont elle vient à être frappée doit être, même d'office, déclaré non recevable. 97. 5. tj)roit éventuel,compte). Un droit purement éventuel ou soumis tout au moins, quand à sa fixation, à un établissement de compte, ne peut servir de base à une saisiearrêt, et il y a lieu de prononcer la main-levée des oppositions pratiquées entre les mains de la personne contre laquelle ce droit est invoqué. 95. 6. (Indisponibilité, transport, effet)— L'indisponibilité dont la saisiearrêt frappe la somme qu'elle atteint est totale et non pas restreinte à la portion de cette somme q ui correspond au montant de la créance du saisissant. 213. 7. Mais cette indisponibilité n'existe qu'à l'égard du seul saisissant ; d'où il suit que la somme saisie-arrêtée peut être valablement cédée par le débiteur, sous la seule réserve des droits du saisissant, mais que ce dernier doit être indemnisé par le cessionnaire de tout le préjudice qu'il éprouve et qui consiste dans la différence entre le marc le franc auquel il aurait droit sur la totalité de la somme saisie-arrêté et celui qu'il Obtient sur la somme restant à distribuer en concours avec les produisants. 213. 8. La cession, au contraire, produit tous ses effets vis-à-vis des opposants postérieurs ; mais le droit de l'invoquer contre ces derniers n'appartient qu'aux cessionnaire seul et ne peut être exercé par le saisissant. Si donc le cessionnaire, était en même temps créancier pour autre cause, produit de ce chef à la distribution, il reprend comme opposant, tous ses droits à l'encontre du saisissant, et peut dès lors à ce titre concourir avec lui pour sa créance tout entière et sur la totalité delà somme saisie-arrêtée. 213. 9. (Tierssaisi, déclaration affirmative, conclusions à fin de donné acte, demande en renvoi devant les juges naturels). — Le tiers-saisi qui, avant la contestation de sa déclaration affirmative, a conclu à ce qu'il lui fût donné acte de cette déclaration et à ce qu'elle fût jugée sincère et véritable, n'est pas déchu, du droit de demander ultérieurement son renvoi devant ses juges naturels, ces conclusions constituant, non une défense au fond, mais une simple mise en demeure adressée au saisissant d'avoir à approuver ou à combattre la déclaration affirmative ; il suffit que la demande de renvoi du tiers-saisi soit formée aussitôt que sa déclaration vient à être contestée. 216. Saisie-brandon. — (Récolles en vert, vente, délai). 117. Saisie-exécution. — 1. (Créance exigible, loyers à échoir, notaire, vente amiable, responsabilité). —Une saisie-exécution ne peut être pratiquée que pour des créances nées liquides et exigibles : elle ne peut à la différence de la saisie-gagerie et de la saisie-revendication, garantir le paiement des loyers à échoir. 150. 2. En conséquence le notaire qui malgré la saisie d'un mobilier de culture par le propriétaire, procède à une vente amiable du mobilier saisi, n'encourt aucune responsabilité, lorsquele propriétaire reçoit par ses soins le montant des loyers échus au moment de}a saisie, 15Q. (343) 3. Peu importe que, par suite des échéances postérieures et de la liquidation des indemnités, le propriétaire se trouve en fin de bail créancier de son fermier. 150, 4. Il en est ainsi surtout quand le montant des sommes remises par le notaire au propriétaire est supérieur au produit de la vente mobilière. 150. 5. (Effets détournés, demande en restitution, mise en Cause du saisi). — L'art. 608, Cod. proc. civ., prescrivant que l'opposition à la vente de la part de celui qui se prétend propriétaire des objets saisis, soit dénoncée au saisissant et au saisi, à peine de nullité est inapplicable à la demande en restitud'objets saisis détournés. 39. 6. Dès lors, il ne résulte pas de nullité de ce que, sur une telle demande, le saisi n'a pas été mis en cause. 39. 7. (Femme du saisi, allégation de droit de propriété, refus d'exhibition du litre). 286. 8. (Moulin, usine, expert, gérant à l'exploitation). 233. 9. Revendication, compétence, référé). — C'est aux juges du fond, à l'exclusion du juge des référés, qu'il appartient d'apprécier la sincérité et les effets des actes invoqués à l'appui d'une demande en revendication de meubles saisis, pour prononcer ensuite sur le mérite de la revendication ellemême. 78. 10. Le juge des référés excède donc ses pouvoirs, en déclarant d'ores et déjà que, dans les circonstances où elle se produit, la demande en revendication apparaît comme le résultat d'un concert frauduleux, et qu'elle ne peut faire obstacle à la continuation des poursuites%78. , 11. (Revendication, débat au fond, nullité couverte). — Au cas de revendication par un tiers de meubles saisis, la nullité de l'exploit pour défaut d'énonciation des preuves de la propriété ne peut être opposée par le saisissant après qu'il a dans ses conclusions signifiées, accepté le débat au fond. 182. 12. (Revendication, saisissant, tiers, acte sous seing privé, date certaine, fraude). — Le saisissant n'étant pas l'ayant-cause du saisi, mais un tiers, le revendiquant ae peut Jui opposer un acte sous-seing privé consenti par le débiteur et n'ayant pas date certaine. Surtout s'il apparaît qu'une fraude a été ourdie entre le saisi et le revendiquant. 187. Saisie immobilière. — (Commandement, acte extrajudiciaire, femme dotale, créance paraphernale, autorisation). — Lecommandement à fin de. saisie-immobilière ne faisant point partie de la procédure d:e saisie, mais constituant simplement-un acte extrajudiciaire de mise en demeure, la femme dotale peut valablement faire signifier à son mari, sans autorisation de ce dernier ou de justice, un semblable commandement, pour avoir payementd'unecréance paraphernale. 277. 2. (Commandement, dénonciation, visa du maire, signature, griffe). — Le visa du maire du lieu où est signifié un commandement afin de saisie-immobilière, exigé par l'art. 673, Cod. proc. civ., sur l'original de ce commandement et par l'art. 677 du même Code sur l'original de la dénonciation de la saisie, ne remplit le voeu de la loi qu'autant qu'il émane du fonctionnaire désigné ou de ceux qui sont chargés légalement de le remplacer ; il ne peut être suppléé à la signature de ce fonctionnaire par l'apposition de sa griffe. 265. 3. Les' exploits' de commandement et de dénonciation de saisie sont donc nuls, si le visa dont ils sont revêtus porte seulement la griffe et non la signature du maire. 265. 4. (Commandement, péremption, délai, immeubles situés en des communes différentes,opérations successives). — S'il suffit au créancier, pour éviter la péremption du commandement afin de saisie immobilière, de procéder, avant l'expiration du délaide quatre-vingt-dix'jours, à la saisie dé quelques immeubles de son débiteur, et s'il peut, même après ce délai, étendre la saisie à dautres immeubles situés dans d'autres coromupes, c'est §ous ]a (344) réserve expresse que les opérations postérieures aux quatrevingt-dix jours aient lieu sans discontinuation. 11. , 5. La saisie est nulle, si les premières opérations ayant été rejetées au dernier jour du délai, les opérations ultérieures ont été, sans motif appréciable, renvoyés à six semaines. 11. 6. (Commandement, titre, jugement, arrêt confirmatif). — Au cas de commandement à fin de saisie immobilière, signifié en vertu d'un jugement confirmé sur l'appel, il doit être donné copie, avec cet acte, tant de l'arrêt confirmatif que de l'arrêt lui-même ; il nesuffitpoint de donner copie du jugement seul et de faire simplement mention de l'arrêt, ses deux décisions se complétant l'une par l'autre et formant, à elles deux, le titre du créancier. 74. 7. (Loyers, immobilisation, annulation de la saisie, radiation, subrogation). — A partir de la sommation aux créanciers inscrits et de la mention de cette sommation en marge de la transcription de la saisie immobilière, ces créanciers sont légalement représentés par le poursuivant, de telle sorte que le jugement qui vient à annuler la saisie contre lepoursuivant est opposable à tous les créanciers inscrits. Par suite, le locataire de l'immeuble saisi, dont les loyers ont été frappés de saisie-arrêt entre sesmains, ne saurait en opérer une consignation libératoire. Vainement prétendrait-il que l'immobilisation de ces loyers, produite par la transcription de la saisie, n'auraitpu disparaître que par le consentement de tous les créanciers inscrits. 155. 8. L'art. 693, Cod. proc. civ., doit être entendu en ce sens qu'après la mention de la sommation aux créanciers inscrits, le saisissant ne peut plus, en l'absence des autres créanciers, faire opérer la radiation de la saisie. 155. 9. Le droit de subrogation dans les poursuites appartenant aux créanciers inscrits, ne peut plus s'exercer utilement lorsque le commandement tendant à la saisie immobilière a été annulé, notamment notamment avoir été fait en vertu d'un jugement frappé d'appel. 155. 10. (Publication du cahier des charges). — Les délais prescrits pour la publication du cahier des charges doivent être observés à peine de nullité. 177. 11. (Publication du cahier des charges, sommation, erreur de date). — La publication, bien que faite à une daté qui n'était pas celle annoncée dans la sommation, d'y assister, n'est pas nulle, s'il résulte du jour d'audience indiqué etdes énonciations de la sommation, que le saisi n'a pu se méprendre sur le véritable jour fixé pour la publication ; par suite, cette publication doit être considérée comme ayant été réellement faite au jour indiqué. 46. 12. (Publication'du cahier des charges, jugement de remise, appel). — En matière, de saisie-immobilière le j ugement q ui ordonne la remise de la publication du cahier des charges, est, à la différence de celui qui ordonne la remise de l'adjudication, susceptible d'appel. 177. 13. (Publication du cahier des charges, sommation, demande en nullité, délai, déchéance). — La sommation d'assister à la lecture et publication du cahier des charges fait partie de la procédure antérieure à la publication ; par suite, la déchéance édictée par l'art. 728, Cod. proc. civ. s'applique à cette sommation. 46. 14. (Subrogation, jugement par défaut, péremption). 285. 15. (Transcription, délégation de loyers, créanciers antérieurement inscrits). — Les délégations de loyers d'immeubles saisis, consenties par le débiteur postérieurement à la transcription de la saisie, sont inopposables aux créanciers hypothécaires inscrits antérieurement ; la loi du 23 mars 1855, n'a pas abrogé par son art; 2 l'art. 685, Cod. proc. civ., aux termes duquel les créanciers hypothécaires doivent recevoir, par voie de distribution, non seulementleprix de l'immeuble, mais en outre les loyers et fermages, immobilisés à (345) partir de la transcription de la saisie. 122. 16. (Vente des immeubles saisis, transcriptions respectives, avoué, huissier, responsabilité). 2o5. — V. Avoue, Jugement par défaut. Saisie-gagerie.. — V. Liquidation judiciaire. Scellés. — V. Référé. Séparation de biens. — (Jugement par défaut, opposition dumarï, femme, désistement, autorisation [absence d']). — La femme qui a obtenu un jugement par défaut prononçant la séparation de biens entré elle et son mari, ne peut, sur l'opposition de celui-ci à ce jugement, se désister valablement, sans y avoir été autorisée par la justice, de l'instance introduite par elle. 38. — V. Séparation de corps. Séparation de corps. — 1. (Appel, provision ad litem). — La femme dont les ressources ont été suffisantes pour lui permettre de suivre en première instance sur sa demande en séparation de corps, n'est pas fondée à demander, sur son appel, une provision ad litem, s'il n'est pas établi que sa position ait changé et qu'elle ne puisse également subvenir aux frais nécessités par cet appel. 270. 2. (Modifications, domicile, nom. séparations de biens, femme, capacité civile, appel, cassation [pourvoi en~. — Loi du 6 février 1893, portant modification du régime de la séparation de corps. 164. — V. Divorce. Service militaire. —.V. Officiers ministériels. Subrogation. — V. Saisie immobilière. Surenchère du dixième. — (Notification du contrat, offre d'une 'Somme supérieure au prix, quotité de la surenchère). 10, — V. Avoué, Caution, T Tiers détenteurs. — (Délaissement, curateur, saisie de l'immeuble délaissé, saisie précédente, transcription, refus partiel). 146. .— V. Commune. Transaction. — V. Partage. Transcription. —V. Saisie immobilière, Tiers détenteur. Tribunaux de commerce. — 1. (Jugement, juge suppléant, voix consultative). — Lorsqu'un suppléant a assisté à un jugement rendu par le nombre déjuges titulaires voulu par la loi, ce magistrat est présumé y avoir pris part sans avoir voixdélibérative. 103-. 2. (Jugement, nombre des magistrats). — L'article 4 de la loi du 30 août 1883 sur la réforme de l'organisation judiciaire.quidispose que les jugements des tribunaux de première instance sont rendus par des magistrats délibérant en nombre impair, à peine de nullité, s'applique aux jugements des tribunaux de commerce. 103. — V. Enquête, Liquidation judiciaire. U Usine. — V. Saisie-exécution. V Vente. — Acquéreur, libération, purge des hypothèques, inscription unique, ordre impossible, assignation en main-levée, offres réelles). 262. 2. (Inscription hypothécaire, vendeur, cession d'antériorité, action résolutoire). — La cession, par le vendeur, d*e l'antériorité d'une inscription hypothécaire existant à son profit sur l'immeuble vendu n'emporte pas renonciation de sa part à l'action résolutoire. 289. Vente publique d'immeubles. — V. Liquidation judiciaire. — V. Saisie immobilière. Vente publique de meubles. — 1. (Commissaire priseur, versement immédiat, omission, action en recouvrement). —, Le commissairepriseur chargé de procéder à une vente publique de meubles agit à ses risques et périls quand il n'exige pas d'un adjudicataire le versement immédiat du prix, conformément à l'art. 624, Cod. proc civ. 319. 2. Dès lors il est recevable à poursuivre le recouvrement de ce prix au lieu et place du vendeur, (346) auquel il se trouve substitué, en raison de la responsabilité qu'il a assumée envers lui, 319. Vente publique de meubles et marchandises. —V. Faillite,Gref fier de tribunal de commerce), Liquidation judiciaire,' , Visa. — V. Saisie immobilière. (347) TABLE CHRONOLOGIQUE DES LOIS, DÉCRETS, JUGEMENTS ET ARRÊTS (î) CONTENUS Contenus dans le tome 74 (1893) du Journal des Huissiers. 1889 23 nov. Amiens. 103 1890 2 mars. Trib. civ. de la Seine. 216 1" avril. Douai. 39 1891 7 janv.Cas. ch. req. 125 1892 15 janv. Trib. civ. de Tours. 70 17 — Chambéry. 236 18 — Paris. 289 21 — Cire: du di-' rect. gén. de la Caisse des dép. et consig. 108 28 — Caen. 213 17 mars. Rennes. 14 21 — Cass., ch. req. 126 11 mai. Paris 65 19 — Paris 16 31 — lnst.del'ad. de l'enreg. 23 49 1892 14 juin. Cass., ch. civ. 37 27 — Trib.com. de Nice. 12 30 — Nancy. 35 12 juill. Bourges. M 18 — Agen. 40 18 — Trib. civ. de la Seine. 37 20 — Trib. civ. de la Seine. 74 29 — Cass., ch. civ. 274 10 sept. Nancy. 46 24 oct Trib. civ. de Grenoble. 277 3 nov. Trib. civ. delaSeine 72. 16 — Trib. civ. de Lyon. 77 17 — Paris. 78 lordôc. Cass., ch. civ. 292 13 — Nancy, 103 18 — Agen. 76 31 — Trib. civ. de Caen. 120 1893 3 janv. Amiens. 150 10 — Angers. 105 1893 12 janv. Trib. civ. delaSeine 186 19 — Amiens. 157 21 — Paris. 300 31 — Nancy. 103 2 fév. Paris. 97 2 — Trib. civ.'de la Seine. 101, 4 — Trib. civ. do la Seine. 122 6 — Loi. 164 7 — Trib. civ. de Rouen. 155 7 — Trib. civ. de Carcassonne. 160 10 — Trib. civ. de la Seine 106 13 — Trib. civ. de la Seine. 184 15 — Trib. civ. de la Seine. 93 15 — Trib. civ. de Bllois. 98 17 — Paris. 182 — Cire, minist. 162 2 mars. Paris. 178 9 — Paris. 243 16 — Alger. 239 16 •■ — Loi. 165 22 — Trib.civ.de Langres. 180 30 — Trib. de civ. Gannat. 153 (1) Le chiffre indique la page. (348) 1893 13 avril. Paris. 270 14 — Trib. civ. delaSeine 210 17 — Cass., ch. civ. 265 9 mai. Alger. 177 9 — Trib. de c. delaSeine 208 1893 10 mai. Nancy. 247 10 — Bordeaux. 299 13 — Paris. 248 16 — Trib. civ. de Cognac 268 23 — Poitiers. 247 23 — Pau. 264 13 juin. Riom. 294 1893 13 juin. Trib. civ. de Langres 298 23 — Cons. oVEt. 240 3 juill. Caen. 270 17 — Trib.civ.de la Seine. 266 19 — Nîmes. 276 22 — Loi. 303 FIN DE LA TABLB CHRONOLOGIQUE Les Adminisfraieurs-Gérants : MARCHAL et BILLARD. Laval. — Imprimerie et séregtypie E; JAM1N. SUPPLÉMENT AU NUMÉRO DE JANVIER 1893 DU JOURNAL DES HUISSIERS NOMINATIONS D'HUISSIERS M. BORIÉS, à Villefranche (Àveyron), en remplacement dePellegonon. M. JULLIEN, à Sallon (Bouches-du-Rhône), en remplacement de M. Gauthier. M. JOURNOLLEAU, à Chabanais (Charente), en remplacement de M. Dupuy. M. BESANGER, à Marmande (Lot-et-Garonne), en remplacement de M. Viguler. M. COGICEN, à Vannnes, (Morbihan), en remplacement de M. Leroy. M. GUILLAS, à Roche-Bernard (Morbihan), en remplacement de M. Lemarié. M. VILLIOMS, à Fiers (Orne), en remplacement de M. Guillot. M. MAYBUR, à Boulogne-sur-Mer (Pas-de-Calais), en rempl. de M. Oarbonnier, M. FAURE, à Saint-Anthème (Puy-de-Dôme), en remplacement de M. Bernard. M. SIMON, à Forges-les-Eaux (Seine-Inférieure), en rempl. de M. Quatrenoix. Décret du 19 novembre 1892. M. VIDEATJ, à Vailly (Cher), en remplacement de M. Fortier. M. LE BOUGEANT, à Loudéac (Oôtes-du-Nord), en rempl. de M. Perquis. M. VÉTIER, à Château-Giron (Ille-et-Vilaine), en remplacement de M. Vétier. M. DUVERGIER, à Argenton-sur-Creuse (Indre), en remplacement de M. Norin. M. BONNET, à Nantes (Loire-Inférieure), en remplacement de M. Courtillon. M. BOURDAIS,à St-Julien-de-Vouvantes(Loire-Inf.), en rempl. de M. Batardière. M. JARRY, à Castel-Moron (Lot-et-Garonne), en remplacement de M. Petit. M. MATHIEU, à Oharny-sur-Meuse (Meuse), en remplacement de M. Schemberg. M. TÉTELIN, à Gaillefontaine (Seine-Inférieure), en rempl. de M. Dupont. M. MAGNANT, à Niort (Deux-Sèvres), en remplacement de M. Ohollet. • M. LEBRUN, à Paris (Seine), en remplacement de M. Moreau. M. MOREAU, à Paris (Seine), en remplacement de M. Mahé. Décret du 26 novembre 1892. M. DURAND, à Dijon (Côte-d'Or), en remplacement de M. Mugnier. M. BOURGES, à Sarlat (Dordogne), en remplacement de M. Alix. M. TEULON, à Montpellier (Hérault), en remplacement de M. Teil. M. BEAULIEU, â Saint-Malo (Ille-et-Villaine), en remplacement de M. Postel. M. CHANUDET, à Motte-Beuvron(Loir-et-Cber),en remplacement de M. Delafont. M. REYNIER, au Puy (Haute-Loire), en remplacement de M. Chauchon. M. LE FORESTIER, à Marigny (Manche), en remplacement de M. Doublet. M. JUSOT, à Langres (Haute-Marne), en remplacement de M. Oudel. M. DESHAYES, à Lyon (Rhônç), en remplacement de M. Deshayes. Décret du 3 décembre 1892. M. DUBOIS, à Saint-Quentin (Aisne), en remplacement de M. Legrand. M. GARCIN, àAUos (Basses-Alpes), en remplacement de M. Michel. M. SARGUE1L, àEgletohs (Oorrèze), en remplacement de M. Gorse. M. SORIN, à Bordeaux (Gironde), en remplacement de M.'Maillard. M. MOUTEOH, à Béziers (Hérault), en remplacement de M. Galibert. M. BRAULT, à Azay-le-Rideau (Indre-et-Loire),en remplacement de M. Langlois. M. OLAGNIER, à Vienne (Isère), en remplacement de M. Olagnier. M. GOURMONDIE, à Nantes (Loire-Inférieure), en remplacement de.M. Gallas. M. COLLET, à Nantes (Loire-Inférieure), en remplacement de M. Fleury. M. PLEVER, à Hennebont (Morbihan), en remplacement de M. Nicolas. M. GAFFET, à Doullens (Somme), en remplacement de M. Roussel. M. BLANCHET, à Mortagne. (Vendée), en remplacement de M. Boiteau. Décret du 10 déoembre 1892. SUPPLÉMENT AU NUMÉRO DE FÉVRIER 1893 DU JOURNAL DES HUISSIERS NOMINATIONS D'HUISSIERS ETUDES SUPPRIMÉES M. ROYER, à Void (Meuse). M. LERICHE, à Ardres (Pas-de-Oalais). M. SOL, à Brive (Corrèze). M. BENANT, à Beaujeu (Rhône). M. DEVIC, à Oharleville (Ardennes). M. LOGIER, à Montélimar (Drôme). Décret du novembre 1892. M. PARRÉS, à Orléansville (Alger), en remplacement de M. Olieu. M. GUITTER, à Paiestro (Alger), en remplacement de M. Parrès. M. DUPUY, à Ksar-et-Tir (Constantine), en remplacement de M. Guitter. M. OASSEGRIN, àSt-Arnaud (Constantine;, en remplacement de M. Mallet. M. DASNIÈRES-DE-VEIGY, à Akbpu-(Constantine), enremplac. de M. Cassegrin. M. BONNEMA1SON, à El-Miliah (Constantine), en remplac. de M. Dasnières. M. TRUC, à Inkerman (Oran), en remplacement de M. Defarges. M. LLAMBIAS, à Cassaigne (Oran), en remplacement de M. Truc. M. GAMBINI, à Frenda (Oran), en remplacement de M. Lliambas. Décret du 8 novembre 1892. M. SAUVEBOIS, à Aspres-les-Veynes (Hautes-Alpes), en rempl. de M. Bonfils. M. QUESNEY, à St-Maclou-la-Oampagne (Eure), en rempl. de M. Leneven. M. ALLARY, à Langon (Gironde), en remplacement de M. Sellier. M. OROCHARD, à Loches (Indre-et-Loire), en remplacement de M. Roux. M. DESOMBRES, à Epernay (Marne), en remplacement de M. Janpierre. M. VÉNOT, à Mayenne (Mayenne), en remplacement de M. Ronné. M.GASPARD, à St-Benin-d'Azy (Nièvre), en remplacement de M. Léger. M. GUERNET, à Mortagne (Orne), en remplacement de M. Hourdon. M. DOLAIN, à Calais (Pas-de-Calais), en remplacement de M. Agneray. M. VALEIX, à Issoire (Puy-de-Dôme), en remplacement de M. Gatignol. M. GAILLARD, à Buxy (Saône-et-Loire), en remplacement de M. Jacrot. M. BEAUFILS, à Paris (Seine), en remplacement de M. Guillain. Décret du 17 décembre 1892. M. AÛXERRE, à Gannat (Allier), en remplacement de M. Lafaure. M. JARRY, à Ervy (Aube), en remplacement de M. Saussey. M. VÉLIER, à Bain (Ille-et-Vilaine), en remplacement de M. Colas. M. COINDRE, àBourgueil iIndre-et-Loire), en remplacement de M. Juzereau. M. ROMMÉ, à Gorron (Mayenne), en remplacement de M. Leroy. M. MOREL, à Lyon (Rhône), en remplacement de M. Gourioud. M. GASTON, à Eu (Séine-Inférieure), en remplacement de M. Jazé. M. GINESTIT, à Albi (Tarn), en remplacement de M. Ro. M. BOUVARD, à Wassy (Haute-Marne), en remplacement de M. Hannin. Décret du 24 décembre 1892. M. ST-MÀRTINj à Aïn-Temouçhent (Oran), en remplacement de M. Sablief. M. SABLIER, à Dra-èl-Mizan (Alger), en remplacement de M. St-Martin. Décret du 27 décembre 1892. M. BABY, à Foix (Ariège), en remplacement de M. Lafont. M. DEPAILLET, à Tulle (Corrèze), en remplacement de M. Chantalat. M. PUTOUD, à Nîmes (Gard), en remplacement de M. Guitou. M. GORET, à Granvillier (Oise), en remplacement de M. Desmarest. Décret du 31 décembre 1892. M. MÉNARDEAU, à Barbezieux (Charente), en remplacement de M. Liet. M. HELLIER, à Thivier (Dordogne), en remplacement de son frère. M. LAVAURE-GRAFFANAUD, à Nontron (Dordogrie), en remplac. de M. Hulier. M. FIACK, à Briey (Meurthe-et-Moselle), en remplacement de M. Noël. M. FRÈRE, à Mauzat (Puy-de-Dôme), en remplacement de M. Bqussenard. M. SOMNET, à Oloron (Basses-Pyrénées), en remplacement de M. Laplace. M. PÉRAULT, à Mirebeau (Vienne), en remplacement de M. Depoix. Décret du 7 janvier 1893. M. GRIMAL, à Pont-de-Salac (Aveyron, en remplacement de M. Bouloc. M; PERON, à Lannion (Côtes-du-Nord), en remplacement de M. Rapers. M. JAMET, à Genouillac (Creuse), en remplacement de M. Arraud. M. BLIN, à St-Méen (Ille-et-Vilaine), en remplacement de M. Gosmat. M. ARTUR, à Guichen (Ille-et-Vilaine), en remplacement de M. Costard. M. PORTAL, à Marmande (Lot-et-Garonne), en remplacement de M. Turon. M. RAJADE, à Port-Ste-Marie (Lot-et Garonne), en remplacement de M. Portai. M. PAGUA, à Beauville (Lot-et-Garonne), en remplacement de M. Rajade. M. TARIN, à Ste-Mère-Eglise (Manche), en remplacement de M. Mendret. ' M. MOUTER, à Verdun (Meuse), en remplacement de M. Colardel. M. LE MEUR, à Vannes (Morbihan), en remplacement de M. Magré. M. BERGBRON, à Pau (Basses-Pyrénées), en remplacem.de M. Laborde Laulhé. M. JACQUET, à Châlons-sur-Saône (Saône-et-Loire), en remplac, de M. Pouillien. M. FOISSY, à Chatelet (Seine-et-Marne), en remplacement dp M. Muzard. M. DIVOUX., à Brouvelieures (Vosges), en remplacement de M. ValénUn. M. FORTIER, à Cerisier (Yonne), en remplacement de M. Robert. Décret du 14 janvier 1893. VIENT DE PARAITRE T»e Dictionnaire national des communes de France et d'Algérie, par J. MEYRAT, officier d'Académie, attaché à l'Administration centrale des Postes et des Télégraphes, à Paris. 1 vol. petit in-8°, relié en percaline, avec tranches rouges et fers spéciaux, franco, 6 fr. DESLIS Frères, imprimeurs-éditeurs. —,, Tours, 1892. L'auteur est parvenu à renfermer dans un volume de 700 pages, d'un format facile à consulter, toutes les communes de France et d'Algérie, avec l'indication pour chacune d'elles : de la circonscription administrative dpnt elle fait partie ;,, du chiffre de la population ; de la situation de la commune au point de vue du service postal, télégraphique, téléphonique et dés chemins de fer ; du noni dé la Compagnie à laquelle appartiennent les chemins de fer. L'ouvrage se termine par les renseignements les plus indispensables concernant le service des Postes et Télégraphes. ' La qualité de l'auteur est un sûr garant de l'exactitude des renseignenientSj qui, du reste, ont été puisés aux sources officielles. Ajoutons que l'exécution typographique eh est irréprochable. Pour recevoir le volume franco, adresser un mandat-poste de 6 francs à M. MEYRAT, 5, Carrefour dé l'Odébri, Paris. SUPPLÉMEMT AU NUMÉRO DÎÉRI 1893 DU JOURNAL DES HUISSIERS NOMINATIONS D'HUISSIERS ETUDES SUPPRIMÉES M. MASCLANIS, à Lannepax (Gers). Décret 14 Janvier 1893; M. GARNIER, à St-Jean D'Angély (Charente-Inférieure), Décret du 21 janvier 1893. M. MADEBÈNE, à Champagne (Ain). M. MERCIER, à La Châtre (Indre): Décret du 21 Janvier 1893. M. ÀÙBÉRT, à Lâragne (Hautes-Alpes), en remplacement de M. Guérin. N. BOULLERET, à Beaune(Côte-d'Or), en remplacement de M. Thévënin. M: GRENIER, à Grenoble (Isère), en remplacement de M. Marmonnier, M. DADAY, au Bourg-d'Oisans (Iëêre), en remplacement de M. Siaud. M. CHARON, à Vertou (Loire-inférieure), en remplac. de M. Maréchal, M. VITURAT, à Toulon-sur-Àrroux (Saôhe-et-Loiré) en rempl. de M. Régnier. M. FALENTIN, à Mirecourt (Vosges), en remplacement de M. Paquot, Décret du 21 Janvier 1893. M. SICOT, à Valence d'Agen (Târh-et-Garonne), en.rémplac. de M. Laujôl. M. GRAVIER, â Ebreuil (Allier), en remplacement de M. Muyard. M. GAIiLÀS, à NantëS (Ldirè-ïiifériéure), en remplacement de M. GôUrnlOiidie. M. GLORIAS, à Chailland (Mayenne); en remplacement de M. Jalu. M. GARGUEL à St-Just-en-Chevalet (Loire), en remplacement de M. Bernard. M. VALOIS, àMontivilliers (Seine-Inférieur), en remplacement de M. Blanquin. M. MARCOMBRE, à Aurillac, (Cantal), en remplacement de M. Usse, M; NOIR, à Biettërans (Jura), en remplacement de M. Chàrpy; M. GEUDRY, àRy (Seiné-Inférleure), en remplacement de M. Berthe, M. LEBORGNE, à Valmont(Seine.Inférieure),ven remplacement de M. Vignerot. M. DUMAINE, à Die (Drôme), en remplacement de M. Chauvin. Décret du 28 Janvier 1893. M. DANELLE, à Pierrelatte (Drôme), en remplacement de M. Hébrard; M. DÈYRË. à Nimes (Gard), en remplacement de M. Alphendery. M. DOSTË, à Quiss'ac (Gard), n remplacement dé M. Monfajon. M, ROGOS, à Villefranche (Haute-Garonne), en remplacement de M. Son père, M. VERDY, à St-Gérry (Lot),en remplacement de M. Bouscary. M. CORITON) à Locminé (Morbihan), en remplacement de M. Kgaravat. M: LAISY, à St-Sâvin (Vienne), en remplacement de M. Chagnon, Décret du 4 Février 1893. M. BOARE, à St-Afrique (Aveyron), en remplacement de M. Arnal. M. DOUCEi à Bagnières-de-Luchon (Haute-Garonne)> en rempl. de M. Bcmiard; M. CARRIÈRE, â Cysoing (Nord), en remplacement de M. Ouvillier. M. JAOROT, à Chalon-sur.Saône (Saôné-et-Loire), en rempla. de M. Pillot. M. AUBRUCHET. à Gailly (Seine-Inférieure), 6n4;e.Çiplacemient de M< Gelés, ' MMÂCHU, à Ham (Somme) eh rfeniplaeément de M. Caiiet. M. CLAUDEL, à Bains (Vosges), en remplacement de M. Goyé, Décret du 11 Février 1393. SUPPLÉMENT AU N° DE JUILLET 1893 DU JOURNAL DES HUISSIERS NOMINATIONS D'HUISSIERS M. GUEDJ, à Constantine (Algérie), en remplacement de .M. Ajello. Décret dn 1S mai 1893. M. TAUREAU, à La Rochelle (Cha-rente-Inférieure), en rempl. de M. Richard. M. SEMAYNE, à Nyons (Drôme), en remplacement de M. Abon. M. MORE, à Chàteaulrn (Finistère), en remplacement de M. Leborgne. M. VARENNE, à Fère Champenoise (Marne), en remplacement de M.Albert. M. PETIT, à Bnxy (Saûne-et-Loire), en remplacement de .M. Ghauvigny. Décret du 2» Mai 1893. M.PELISSON, à Bourg (Ain), en remplacement de M. Bonnebouehe. Décret du 3 Juin 1893. M. JOLLIAS, à Monuel -(Ain), en remplacement de M. Guichard. M. SALAVY, à Faujeaux (Aude), en remplacement de M. Gabelle, M. CARNEL, àMontils (Charente-Inférieure), en rempl. de M. Soleil. M. LE BOURGEOIS, à Saint-Servan (Ile-et-Vilaine), en rempl. de Al. Gillot. M. COSSÉ, à Segré'CMaime-et-Lowe), en remplacement de M. Vaugoum. M. CAMUS, à Nemours (Seine-et-Marne), en remplacement de M. Grandeire, Décret du 3 juin 4893. M. GIACOLI, àPiedecorte (Corse), en-remplacement de M. Giammertini. M. BELIGOU, à Pontarion -^Creusej), en remplacement de M. Mignaton. M. AUDIGIER, àAuzances (Creuse), en trempl/acementâe M. Mercier. M. GUERIER, à Rennes (Ile-et-Villaine), en remplacement de M. Gouëry. M. GRISARD, à Pierre (Sa'ône-et-Lo'ire). en remplacement de M. Grisard. MLEFÈVRE, à Amiens (Somme), en remplacement de M. Demond. Décret du 10 Juin 1893. VIENT DE PARAITRE: LE GUIDE DES CAISSES D'EPARGNE ET DE LEURS DÉPOSANTS Par Léopold Arnaud Commis principal.à la Direction de la Caisse nationale d'épargne. Contentieux. (Ministère >flu Commerce et de d'Industrie). Ouvrage traitant des droits et des devoirs réciproques des Caisses d'épargne et de leurs déposants; contenant l'indication des formalités qne comportent, selon âa capacité civile des titulaires de livrets, les versements et les retraits de fonds ; renfermant, avec la législation complète sur les Caisses d'épargne, les jugements tendus sur les points controversés, indiquant les pouvoirs con'férés aux consuls . -«ntnatière de successions par les conventions consulaires •; donnant des modèles de certificats de propriété, d'actes de notoriété, de procurations, «te. Ce livre, qui s'occupe également des rapports des administrations publiques ■avec les Caisses d'épargne, est indispensable aux agents diplomatiques, aux fonctionnaires, raax jurisconsultes, aux juges de paix, aux notaires, aux avoués, •aux huissiers, aux payeurs et aux personnes qui "possèdent nn compte d'épargne. Prix : 6 francs. •Adresser les demandes à l'auteur, 75,,avenue de La Bourdonnais, Paris. SUPPLÉMENT AU F D'AOUT 1893 DU JOURNAL DES HUISSIERS NOMINATIONS D'HUISSIERS M. LAMBIAS, à Aïn el Arba (Oràn), en remplacement de M. Baix. M. BAIX, à Cassaigne (Qran), en remplacement de M. Llambias. M. FINELLI, à Bon Mefda (Alger), en remplacement de M. Olives. . OLIVES, à Fedj M'zala (Constantine), en remplacement de M. Fenelli. . LAYANI, à Bône (Constantine), en remplacement de M. Viel. . LAUCOU, à Sétif (Constantine), en remplacement de M. Layani. . MONNIER, à' Guelma (Constantine), en remplacement de M. Lancou. . DESRENAUX, à Souk el Arba (Tunisie), en remplacement de M. Mettetal. . STEVENARD, à Kairouan (Tunisie), en remplacement de M. SosteCréé.. Décret du 9 Juin 1893. M. MERLIN, à Cusset (Allier), en remplacement de M. Desormières. . HEMRY, à Fumay (Ardennes), en remplacement de M. Gaudet. . FERRAND, à La Batie-Neuve (Hautes-Alpes), en remplacement de M. Rouguy. . GRITTARD, à Grenoble (Isère), en remplacement de M. Marcoux. . RUPPÉ, à Coutances (Manche), en remplacement de M. Voisin. . BAUGÉ, à Celles (Puy-de-Dôme), en remplacement de M. Chambriard. . BAUX, à Mâcon (Saône-et-Loire), en remplacement de M. Bryant. Décret du 17 Juin 189s. . BROUSSARD, à Confolens (Charente), en remplacement de M. Boirrat. . CHAUMETTE, Villebois-la-Vilette (Charente), en rempl. de M. Rouyer. . DUPRÉ, à Dijon (Côte-d'Or), en remplacement de M. Joinnier. . CHEZLEPRÊTRE, à Vouvray (Indre-et-Loire), en remplacement de M. Oudln. -, TESSIER, à Angers (Maine-et-Loire), en remplacement de M. Cocault. . VERDON, à Reims (Marne), en remplacement de M. Raymond. . CHAUX, à St-Martin en-Brêsse (Saône-et-Loire), en rempl. de M. Radraux. Décret du 24 Juin 1893. . G'UIBERTEAU, à Nîmes (Gard), en remplacement de M. Bourdy. . ROUSSEL, à Del (llle-et-Vilaine), en remplacement de M. Guerrier. . RENAUDINEAU, à Paimbeuf (Loire-Inférieure), en remplacement de M.Mérand . PUGHEU, à Vic-en-Bigorre (Hautes-Pyrénées), en rempl. de M. Bruzon. . GUENARD, à Chagny (Saône-et-Loire), en remplacement de M. Chauvelot. . DRÉCOURT, à Hornoy (Somme), en remplacement de M. Boutillier. Décret du l°r Juillet 1893. . ÉSNARRE, à St-Martin-de-Valamas (Ardèche), en remplacement de Laffont. . FORESTIER, à Villefagnan (Charente), en remplacement de M. Fragnaud. . RÉTORÈ, à St'Jean-d'Angely (Charente-Inférieur), en rempl. de M. Laclautre. . LE GUILCHER, à Crozon (Finistère), en remplacement de MOdeyé. . AUTRET, à Morlaix (Finistère), en remplacement de M. Herry. . FURTIE, à Muret (Haute-Garonne), en remplacement de M. Frutié. LATAPIE TRONQRET, à Bordeaux (Gironde), en remplacement de M. Beau • CHANNIM, à La Pacaudière (Loire), en remplacement de M. Cognet. .'. BALTHAZARD, à Domèvre (Meurthe-et Moselle, en rempl, de M. Humbert. FARNIET, à Fresnes (Meuse), en remplacement de M. Royer. . GRAVIÈRE, à Billom (Puy-de-Dôme), en remplacement de M. Rimerre. • BOURGEOS, à Rouen (Seine-Inférieure), en remplacement de M. Crevel. . SEILER, à Èpinal (Vosges), en remplacement de M. Marandel. Décret du 8 Juillet 1893. . DEPOISSIER, à Asfeld (Ardennes), en remplacement de M. Bouchez. • PERICHON, à Montbron (Charente), en remplacement de M. Georget. • P1ERRUCCI, à Corte (Corse), en remplacement de M. Palazzi. • LACAZE, à Auch (Gers), en remplacement de M. Seillan. • NEPVEN, à Belabre (Indre), en remplacement de M. Nepven. :• GRANDC1RE, à Clamecy (Nièvre), en remplacement de M. PercevaL • MENANT,AAncy-le-Franc (Yonne), en remplacement de M. Brunat. Décret do 15 Juillet 1893. SUPPLÉMENT AU N° DE SEPTEMBRE 1893 DU JOURNAL DES HUISSIERS NOMINATION D'HUISSIER8 M. JANICAUD, à Bellegarde (Creuse), en remplacement de M. Janicaud. M. SALOMOND, à Le Bugue (Dordogne), en remplacement de M.Teillaud. M. JOSSAUME, à Pont-de-1'Arche (Eure), en remplacement de M. Le Poittevin. M. BOUCHER, à Tours (Indre-et-Loire), en remplacement de M. Jouanneau. M. BARBIER, à Glos-la-Ferrière (Orne), en remplacement de M. Goubet. M. BRUN, à Maringues (Puy-de-Dôme), en remplacement de M. Faucher. M. LEFEBVRE, à Raincy (Seine-et-Oise), en remplacement de M. Cailleux. Décret du 22 Juillet 1893. M. MATHIEU, à Sèvres (Seine-et-Oise, en remplacement de M. Creste. M. BOURSIER, à Grand-Couronne, Seine-Inf.), en remplac. de M. Lallemand. M. RICOUR, à Bailleul (Nord), en remplacement de M. Coddeville. M. RICOUART, à Vertus (Marne), en remplacement de M. Denizart. . M. AILLERIE, à Redon (Ille-et-Vilaine), en remplacement de M. Gicquel. M. BOUGUES, à Riscle (Gers), en remplacement de M. Pouysegu. M. CHOMET, à Belmont (Loire), en remplacement de M. Feignier. M. BRIÈRE, à Saint-Maure (Indre-et-Loire), en remplacement de M. Goullet. M. LACOMBE, à Auch (Gers), en remplacement de M. Souquère. M. VEDEL, à Alais (Gard), en remplacement de M. Soustelle. M. LAUBIES, à Villefranche (Aveyron), en remplacement de son père. Décret du 1er Août 1893. M. DESOIZE, àSt-Germain-en-Laye(S.-et-Oise), en remplacem. de M. Simond. M. HIESSE, à Blanzy (Seine-Inférieure), en remplacement de M. Sueur. M. HENMANN, à Vire (Calvados), en remplacement de M. Hergault, M. MOUTONNET, à Pertuis (Vaucluse), en remplacement de M. Berger. M. GORET, à Etrepagny (Eure), en remplacement de M. Berthe. M. GUILBOT, à Montmorillon (Vienne), en remplacement de M. Chaumanet.' Décret du 5 Août 1893. M. GUILLAUMIN, à Limoges (Haute-Vienne), en remplacement de M. Roume. M. BAUD, à Douvaine (Haute-Savoie), en remplacement de M. Monin, M. HARDEL, à Fougères (Ille-et-Vilaine), en remplacement de M. Despouez. M. GONDIER, à Angoulème (Charente), en remplacement de M. Gailfardon. M. BUZAT, à Cubjac (Dordogne), en remplacement de M. Lignac M. BOUDRY, à Belvès (Dordogne), en remplacement de son père. M. BELLUTEAU, à Buril (Ohar.-Inférieure), en remplacement de M. Barraud. M. PAQUET, à Graçay (Cher), en remplacement de M» Roupillard. M. AUBERT, à Bretoncelles ( ), en remplacement de M. Frenet. Décret du 12 Août 1893. M. EOSTY, à Laignes (Côtes-d'Or), en remplacement de M. Varet. M. MARAND, à St-Savinien (Charente-Infér.), en remplacement de M. Bouquet. M. CAUNE, à Toulouse (Haute-Garonne), en remplacement de M. Tapie. M. BERNARD, à St-Gilles (Gard), en remplacement de M. Moureau. M. ANCENAY, à Bozel (Savoie), en remplacement de M. Pillot. M. ROUART, Petit-Croix (Finistère), en remplacement de M Rolland. M. DUBOIS, à Ham (Somme), en remplacement de M. Délabre. Décret du 19 Août 1893. SUPPRESSION D'OFFICES M. FOSâAÈT, à forigny (Maiiche). Décret dii 6 Mai 1893. M. PEYRAMAURE, à Ségur (Corrèze), Décret du 13 Mai 1893. M. LANIAU, à Bellegarde (Loiret). Décret du «O Mai 1893. M. BUTTARET, à Amou (Landes). Décret du 10 Juin 1893. M. REGRENY, à St-Martin-de-Ré (Charente-Inférieure). Décret du 27 Juin 1893. M. REGNAULT, à Herpont (Marne). Décret du t& Juin «898. SUPPLEMENT AU N° D'OCTOBRE 1893 DU JOURNAL DES HUISSIERS NOMINATION D'HUISSIERS M. LAUBIES, à Vi'llefranche (Aveyron), en remplacement de son père. M. VEDEL, à Alais (Gard), en remplacement de M. Soustelle. M. BOUGUES, à Riscfe (Gers), en remplacement de M. Pouysegu. M. LACOMBE, à Auch (Gers), en remplacement de M. Souquère. M. AILLERIE, à Redon (Ile-et-Villaine), en remplacement de M. Gicquel. M. BRIÈRE, à St-Maiire (Indre-et-Loire), en remplacement de M. Goullet. M. CHOMET, à Belmont (Loire), en remplacement de M. Feiguier. M. RICOUART, à Vertus (Marne), en remplacement de M. Denizart. M. RICOUR, à Bailleul (Nord), en remplacement de M. Coddeville. M. BOURSIER, à Grand-Couronne (Seine-Inférieure), en remplacement de M. Lallemand. M. MATHIEU, à Sèvres (Seine-et-Oise), en remplacement de M. Crestes Décret du 1" Août 1893. M. HENMANN, à Vire (Calvados), en remplacement de M. Hergault. M. GORET, àEtrepagny (Eure), en remplacement de M. Berthe. M. HIESSE, à Blangy (Seine-Inférieure), en remplacement de M. Sueur. M. DESOIZE, à Saint-Germain-en-Laye(Seine-et-Oise), en remplacement de M. Simond. M. MOUTONNET, à Pertuis (Vaucluse), en remplacement de M. Berger. M. GUILBOT, à Montmorillon (Vienne), en remplacement de M. Chaumanet. Décret du 5 Août 1893. M. GONDIER, à Angoulême (Charente), en remplacement de M. Gaillardon. M. BELLUTEAU, à Burie(Charente*-Inférieure), en remplacement de M. Barraud. M. PAQUET, à Graçay (Cher), en remplacement de M. Roupillard. M. BUZAT, à Cubjac (Dordogne), en remplacement de M. Lignac. > M. BOUDRY, à Belvès (Dordogne), en remplacement de son père. M. HARDEL, à Fougères (Ile-et-Vilaine), en remplacement de M. Depouez. M. AUBERT, à Bretoncelles (Orne), en remplacement de M. Frenet. M. BAUD, à Douvaine (Haute-Savoie), en remplacement de M. Monin. M. GUILLAUMIN, à Limoges (Haute-Vienne), en remplacement de M. Roume. Décret du 1* Août 1893. M. MARAND, à Saint-Savinien (Charente-Inférieure), en remplacement de M. Bouquet. M. ROSTY, à Laignes (Côtes-d'Or), en remplacement de M. Varet. M. TOUART, à Pont-de-Croix (Finistère), en remplacerûent de M. Rolland. M. BERNARD, à Saint-Gilles (Gard), en remplacement de M. Moureau. M. CAUNÉ, à Toulouse (Haute-Garonne), en remplacement de M. Tapie. M. ANCENAY, à Bozèl (Savoie), en remplacement de M. Pillot. M. DUBOIS, à Ham (Somme), en remplacement de M. Délabre. Décret du 19 Août 1893. M. FAURE, à Exideuil (Dordogne), en remplacement de M. Tamisier. M. PERRIER, à Vézenobre (Gard), en remplacement de M. Soustelle. M. PEYTOUX, à Toulouse (Haute-Garonne), en remplacement de M. Walade. M. ECHE FABRIEN, à Toulouse (Haute-Garonne), en remplacement de M. Douzon. M. PERRIN, à Bouigoin (Isère), en remplacement de M. Pernod. M. LACROIX, à Saint-Claude (Jura), en remplacement de M, Martelet. M. DENAY, à St-Georges-enCouzan (Loire), en remplacement de M. Gervais. M. SCHIMBERT, à Bar-le-Duc (Meuse), en remplacement dé M. Vincent. M. JEANNIN, à Montret (Saône-et-Loire), en remplacement de M. André. M: SANDRAL, à Réalmont (Tarn), en remplacement de M. Bonhomme.
| 605 |
https://github.com/annalunde/TDT4225-Assignment-2/blob/master/dataset/dataset/Data.nosync/166/Trajectory/20080526081608.plt
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
TDT4225-Assignment-2
|
annalunde
|
Gnuplot
|
Code
| 20 | 310 |
Geolife trajectory
WGS 84
Altitude is in Feet
Reserved 3
0,2,255,My Track,0,0,2,8421376
0
39.9755033,116.3311549,0,196.9,39594.344537037,2008-05-26,08:16:08
39.9754933,116.3311599,0,196.9,39594.3451967593,2008-05-26,08:17:05
39.9754949,116.3311716,0,196.9,39594.3452199074,2008-05-26,08:17:07
39.9754933,116.3311749,0,196.9,39594.3453935185,2008-05-26,08:17:22
39.9754933,116.3311833,0,196.9,39594.3454166667,2008-05-26,08:17:24
39.9754933,116.3311916,0,196.9,39594.3454398148,2008-05-26,08:17:26
39.9754966,116.3311916,0,196.9,39594.345462963,2008-05-26,08:17:28
| 42,223 |
https://github.com/marek1and/aqua/blob/master/aqua-connect/src/main/java/pl/marand/aquaconnect/device/OutputMode.java
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
aqua
|
marek1and
|
Java
|
Code
| 45 | 260 |
package pl.marand.aquaconnect.device;
public enum OutputMode {
MANUAL(1),
ON(2),
OFF(3),
TIMER(4),
LESS_THAN_TEMPERATURE1(5),
GREATER_THAN_TEMPERATURE1(6),
LESS_THAN_TEMPERATURE2(7),
GREATER_THAN_TEMPERATURE2(8),
LESS_THAN_LUMINANCE1(9),
GREATER_THAN_LUMINANCE1(10),
LESS_THAN_LUMINANCE2(11),
GREATER_THAN_LUMINANCE2(12);
private int mode;
private OutputMode(int mode){
this.mode = mode;
}
public int getOutputModeCode(){
return mode;
}
public static OutputMode getOutputModeById(int id){
return OutputMode.values()[id - 1];
}
}
| 15,255 |
https://github.com/waddlesplash/WonderBrush-v2/blob/master/WonderBrush/src/tools/font/history/SetFontAction.h
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,021 |
WonderBrush-v2
|
waddlesplash
|
C
|
Code
| 46 | 192 |
// SetFontAction.h
#ifndef SET_FONT_ACTION_H
#define SET_FONT_ACTION_H
#include "TextAction.h"
class SetFontAction : public TextAction {
public:
SetFontAction(TextState* state,
TextStroke* modifier);
virtual ~SetFontAction();
virtual status_t Perform(CanvasView* view);
virtual status_t Undo(CanvasView* view);
virtual status_t Redo(CanvasView* view);
virtual void GetName(BString& name);
private:
char* fFamily;
char* fStyle;
};
#endif // SET_FONT_ACTION_H
| 36,938 |
sn83030214_1890-09-09_1_6_1
|
US-PD-Newspapers
|
Open Culture
|
Public Domain
| 1,890 |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 7,218 | 16,713 |
Stimnemann. AC-EMT-ala-Pantoml-'-. aa*ABWAf TrtEATRE-8-The Marry Monarch. BWOU TBEATRE-8 15-My Aunt Urldi-et. CA8IMO-*J:13-*ma Angou DAI.Y'S THEATRE-8:15-Th* Tale of eCOBt BBBNMU8?E-WaxT*bu*_u.. HAMMER1.TKIN-8UARLEM OPKRA nOU8E-B:l.t-Tha Berea Suahlana. KOSTERdt BIABB-S-CarracDCita. LVC-UM TH-ATRE-8:0-TB* Maloter of Woodbarrow. MADIbON BQCARE OALLEN AMPHITH-AThL 8? BB-Baa Coucrrt. KABIBON 6QOARE TUEATRE-8:88-B?ao BrnBiDl. gA.Nlun.iN BKACPI-S.rgeof Veraf.'rni. MINER'b 5TIIAVE. TBEATRE-8-Ono Error. .NEW PAR- TBBATRE-8 19-CblP*. ?EW POLO OBOLXUS-4-BaaeuaU NIB-O'S GARDEN-B-Honeat Haarta and Willing nanda PaLMER's THEATRE-?-The n?i?asaar. PROCTOR'S 2D-ST. THEATRE-o-All the ComforU of Home TAR THEATRE-830-The Beaator. STANDARD THEATRE-15-C;l*<uenre-u Ciwe. UMIOB SATURDAY THEATRE-8-Ministerial. Mubl to -lionertiacme. race. I'BltH COl. A.BBBWBTU.11 J* Aaa-aoa-MM..ii o Auruva _-? ol R?*> Eltat*.10 * Easars aaa aroaata. 11 Baara aaa *too_a... 9 2 ?uaia_- caanoaa.... '.' 3 nuaeaaXouaa*. 6 1 OeaaritrraBiDXotice. tt 0 i ou-trr Boara.10 * Ba-MMM Raucoa.11 5 _r*a*__B_.*. 9 3 lMBt-uic BiiuatMoa Waatea. * 5-8. Ea.araioaa.10?|9|*4aatR4.wea.?? Biaaoeuu.II 8-5 eieamooau-. a u i-inaociai_.eet.uaB..11 o euminer Koaorta.10? FersaiB. B 3|T*a?aer?.? 5 Ha.pWao.rt.. 9 tlTha 1-n....}1? Rotieaau.i__-__?a 1st To WBorn ljCoBccr-.i_ B mbuib.io tlwerB wana-. a???> laaa-M-aa. e 1-81_ i_w Bchools. * f Lcaal Nouca..10 4 L-ai aad Kamud.10 3 Miaooiianeoua.ij? 4 MiaaeiM-ao-i.? -1 Rawpab-aaiu-.? _? onaa at*aa**t_.i" - Pronoaaw.8 8 aaiiroaoi.1" f* Baai-atata.? i*a ttalliau....... 10??_ anaPisu. 9 l T. UnBinesB Diotices. A FEWKL.EU AXT SITES TO KEXT by Ihe ne.iBon. Cuialue unsurpassed. HOTEL BKI-TUL. 5Tll-AyjaJuid_4-t>j>'j.__-. Office Furniture __ la Oreat Variety, manufacturers by I. ti. b-aLGW, 111 Kuiu>n-Bt., Xew-Tork. _Oaaka, Llbraryjiablea,_*o:__. ' *mBUNE~T_J_-_TO MAlla SUBSCRIBERS. 1 year. 0 _o?. 3 noi. _j_k Pally, 7 daya a wc*fc.81*0 00 85 00 82 60 01 gj pa_y. wiu.o-it Sunday... 8 00 4 00 -00 Jto Bunday Trlbune . 2 CO 100 50 ? WesBflr Trlbune. 100 ? - ___ Betnl-weealv irlbune.... 8 00 ?_______?____ Poaugc prepald by Trlbune. eicept on BBlly._aa* Baa*B_ a?p*r f'r m-li a-Ba*Vl-_a in Ni-w-York tlty Bnd on KWy, -rmi.Wwkly ana Wrrkly to orelgn countrlai. ln which __*? eitra poatage will be pald by Bubacrlbera. K?ml(fJS Po?ulPOrde" F_pre?. Srdar, Cbeck. Draft ar ^.".f^r ICS' Bt**, lt ienl id aa unregUtered leHer. ?W ?W____?__***__ ?4 Me"_e_i ^?Tr0/: Addreaa all correipondence almply " Tha Trlbune," Baw York. _. FOUNDED BY UORACE OREELET TIKSDAY. SKITKMHF.K 9, l*9u. TWELVE PAGES. TBEXEWt THIS MOLXlXG. j-rei_B.--Mr. K.lmund Y.tes ea__B*_t* on the ?r-ra of LaaaaB, s= Tb? *ick bitoafra al Soiitli.iiiiiit.m l;i\.' gaae on btrike.-M Mern.ei\ w.is ebarfrt wMM a foul in 1ns dael with M. La Brajrer*. ---- -arUUMtl Maaala* gave his vie..vs reKunlms n.-e.le.l rofoinis in n letter to tlie So.ial atienne Con'-'reits. = Tliree Hritish ollieoi-s. vrert btublw.l by r-p.ni.irl-, in a fi_ht at CJinrnltnr. Besajreaa? Both Bfaaebo* in ar-sion.? - The Senate: The Tariff bill was, again under discussion, and a BBahet of B-BrB-Baraai 8a it Bfeai agn-xl to; the conference report on the River and harbor bill was agreed to. = _ The House: The bill concerning the Baltimore and Potomac Railroad was discussed in Congress: Pension Attorney Iaemon was a witness before the Special Committee on the bill. Plurality of the Republican State bill was elected in Maine by 10,000 plurality. Speaker Leeti's plurality was 4,000 in the 1st Congress. Asterant was made to wreck the Uhlca -.'. fast express, which left the Grand Central Depot at 11 p.m., at New-Hamburg. Two more fires were made in Allingham. In connection with the week of the Mountain Express on the New York Central Railroad on Thursday, the principal streets were filled with non-stop tickets to the New York Central Railroad, with a significant increase in travel. The meeting was held in the Metropolitan Opera House, with a large number of prominent figures in the city. City and suburban areas were also represented, with the exception of the Brooklyn and Manhattan Railroad, which was also represented. The meeting was held in the Metropolitan Opera House, with a large number of prominent figures in the city. The meeting was held in the Metropolitan Opera House, with a large number of prominent figures in the city. The meeting was held in the Metropolitan Opera House, with a large number of prominent figures in the city. The meeting was held in the Metropolitan Opera House, with a large number of prominent figures in the city. The meeting was held in the Metropolitan Opera House, with a large number of prominent figures in the city. The meeting was held in the Metropolitan Opera House, with a large number of prominent figures in the city. The meeting was held in the Metropolitan Opera House, with a large number of prominent figures in the city. The meeting was held in the Metropolitan Opera House, with a large number of prominent figures in the city. The meeting was held in the Metropolitan Opera House, with a large number of prominent figures in the city. The meeting was held in the Metropolitan Opera House, with a large number of prominent figures in the city. The meeting was held in the Metropolitan Opera House, with a large number of prominent figures in the city. More, of the County of London, resizes the men's of the Produce Exchange, under the auspices of the Prodnce Exchange, for a more prosperous new year. The meeting of the Royal Society was reorganized. An atteif.pt wns Bttdc to lodaee fhe brtek inann fr'-turers to -..ivc $l'i,nno f,.r th.- OBtrttalbk pur pohe of pun haainj' BPBC* from Ihe lal.or uiiiuiiit. - _ - Wlnr-.i-is nt SheepMicad Day: Dri//.ie, laord llarrv. Itol.liy llpaeB, Sain Wood, Ten BroMk BBd Brrjrdlellae, sr = Tho N.-w-York Uralral BVhnjet roii l-ffa arrlved aa tho Falda nitor a throe moiitHs' alaa*H4*e. ____: Rtaeka gngaewbat more aetlve, l"it *.till eompiirnliv.'ly dill, einaJnfl lr i02iiinr, with leaerally aaaall dBaaae* ln botb ?!_? reetlaa*. 'llie Wi'.'iilior? Koreonat for t'.-day : Falr. ful low.-d l.y alMMB*ra_ eaoiVr. Te_iB??rat*Bi yeal -r day: lllajheat, ',7 degrreee; low.-st, ..7; average, .0 _-8. a* \\ hcii tlio iwin.'.'.-. oi fJae Piudttf- Ksrhange [?ka Uj? :i |?"liti'?l f|ii.'stii>ii they g-. about it wit.i Ike mhm en.'iu.v .1 n.I dlfcrt_M-B lhal they ?xliil.il ll t.ioir bnatet-l transactlon*. Their BWCt-ftfl JH-a-l-BJ i? K'-i'iviico l<? commereial iTcipni. ity uil- shoit, shaip un.l i-xpli.il. Witlii'iit wastinp: eitlior time- or word* tho IWlutv l_xdMai- mcrchaiiN iinmUtukahly i-'.'Ki^U-r.-.i tli'-ir approval of thc polii.V which Mr. lllaiii" baa b'i j?o\v?>i-fnlly urge-d upon tho ominiiv. No partisan feelinj, W peraitfcd to obtrude ifsclf. Tho mcetinK was uiianf inoiisl.v iu |_T_ff of the enlaigoment of foroiyil markcts f..r American prodm ts. The resignation of Chief Justice Brewer, of the Court of Common Pleas, will occasion both surprise and regret. Judge Lafleur, health, it appears, has not been good for many years, and the extra work which he had to do recently was repeated upon him. He has been on the bench for twenty years, and his present term would not have expired until 1885. His record has been creditable in every respect, and he will be remembered as an impartial and high-minded Judge. The regret at his retirement is not lessened by the fact that the venue must be filled for more than a year to come by the bond of Governor Hill - a selection. Whether made in good faith or not, the offer of the man unknown to have the brick boycott lifted in consideration of $10,004 in cash to be paid by the brick manufacturers is a curious and instructive incident in this singular contest between organized capital and organized labor. But in plain English, it means that the Board of Walking Delegates are willing to end the boycott for a substantial bribe. The manufacturers are to be. Commanded for their prompt rejection of the offer. The men, they accepted it, would make them stable to simple mistakes in the future. The men thrown out of employment, by the action of their walking delegates may probably inquire with care concerning the character of the men whom they point to represent them. If it is indeed true that the delegation price is $100.00. Another attempt was made last evening to wreck an important engine on the Hudson River Railroad. Fortunately, the obstacles placed upon the track near New York harbor were discovered in time to stop the train and prevent any damage. The neck of the track, near New York harbor, was discovered in time to stop the train and prevent any damage. The wreck of the train was discovered last night, so that the trainmen were engaged in such an extensive work. The trouble was caused by the negligence of the employees, who first undertook to remove the obstruction, which was fired upon. There can be little doubt that the managers are struck by the results of their folly. Their apprehension and punishment are imperative by the friends of the company and of the public. SPEAKER REED'S TRIP. The Main Street election has been practically uncontested except in the Speaker's district. In Presidential years there is invariably vigorous canvass on each side, since the most effective effect of party gains or losses in September is then considered of great importance in its bearings upon the National elections. At other times Republican activity is largely dependent upon the interest taken by the Democrats in the canvass. If an open fight be challenged, the canvass will be conducted with spirit and all the resources of political organization; but if the opposition be incited and hopeless, the State being safely Republican under moral conditions, is left to register its verdict squarely and without pressure from popular excitement. The canvass this year has been the least aggressive and the most tumultuous in recent times. The reception of the Republican Governor and the former present Congressmen has been conceded from the outset by the Democratic leaders. Outside of the spoken few political meetings have been held, and no systematic efforts have been made to bring out a full party vote. The result has been... Sult of an election which has never been in doubt is a light vote throughout the State. Governor Smith is re-elected, according to the rate at large, by a plurality of exceeding that of many previous elections. The Congressional delegation remains unchanged, with the Republican pluralities in some districts not large as they were two years ago, but not materially improved. In the Speaker's district, there has been a more active canvass, owing to the Democratic majority expected by his eminent public services. his 'c..urag".'iis Icaderabip ol the majority in the Honw and hi* iggrresive oiislaughts upon nbatnMiioniatB. Speaker Ii*. **<1 has siioeclcd in aaking hiimelf nt one* fearer. nnd hat.d by the united D.-niociacy <>f tl.e Nation. aiifi his defeat hus been dkatired with pBs4aionntc inteii-iiy by parttana \il>;> have Brknowli dged his jii.iver and l-eeo alartned hy his inri-.n-iiig preatige. His di?trici is the only <>ti" in Maimi in which lhe ka_J ..cinncraey has PVt-r had a lic'iitnig c-hanca even under lhe i:i<>st f.ivor ablo condition?; and this year ulrenuoiw ?'f fin-is have been made t-> r_f? d?wn his plu? rality. and even to compaM his defeat* Thc rcsuli nf a canvass in whi.h s.-.iet Bgenrk-a have hirn emptoyod and thc rcsoiirccs of tho Demotr.itii party in .ithfr si.-it.-s heavily iliawn up. n i* the tiiumphil re-election of Mr. Reed by a plurality nearly iwioe a* targo as in lHSri an.l about f.-iii timis as largfl a* ill any ptrevioita year. The ni.'si inaidiou. nnd dcaperate attr?tnpt^ to atrika down this aturdy rhampion ?f the prinripfo of majority nilo and k-gialative* eflicicrH-i have rollapacd. Mainc, true t.1 it.s inutto, p*iint.s thc aay tn a general Ilcpi,h;i:?n tiiiiiiii.h in November. Without tho oinphiisis which .1 full vot<: from its politicsil i-aervcB adda to it.s vcfiliti in a I'l-e-ndeiitial ye;ir. it haa regiafefed with un inist.iUab!c dUrfctnon an.l <lr-4is.ir.11 its ap. proval ol th" grcat ?ca?uroa ena.tcl by a Iiopuhlican Congreaa. Two yenra asu it leni its povrerful nnrtion to th- predgca uontained in ihe Repnblican National platfortn. Now it ictiids it> hcarly roctignition oi ihe endnent sorvics of the Speakor and his t-oileagnca in delivcring lhe Hou*-. fron legialative paralyBi* and cnabling il.c majority t*> rcdeoin tho pniin i<o*- made to th..intry. A Kepnhlicaii Con gress has not shiiked its reKponaihilitieB, bul has l.oldly laken np and doriaivcly acted upon evf'iy gnat <|iic<iion of lli.- day. Ruch a Con Kicss has earnod ihe approval of thc country. The eJertian in Maino is an oarneat that public ooniidenco will nol bc withheld. XATIOXAL QROWTtt. Tlir* natiiial topic <if Ihv e.-n.iis yo:ir is th" j;r<>\\ili and Rrcatae** ..f Ibe (-..niiti-y. Culli valed Aiii'-ricuis l.ocaiii'- .i.iiviii.-t d twi-nty Vf.-ais :i^':> ur muri' thal tli*- dlBBoaJti-U u> gkarify this iiNiiilr.1 aad t<? iMiaal u( it. pmanaiN waa cairiod ti.-. far for ici-on aml i-'-act-d l?i Ihe dii-advantag* <?f ihe Nation. Hai tiinea have rltABffcd, and Wilh lli.-.'ii tho leiapcr <>f im-n. (il late yaara Ibe prevailiiiM di.poeiiit.n amoilK tli(! rmllivated riaasea ui this country baa been io diajgaraa* and belittle Ann-ii. ;in pninrr... I.. htild ahvay? in tniinl llie BR* and jfiaiid'-iir, llu- hi.toiic Bploador and lif.-rar.i nnd arti.tir devebipBBial of Ibe Old World. aml to Igattfc thc real anperiorlty of thia ooontry in many laipiirlaat rwpecia. Siiiloiiioii and tliinUei-., i!i?> ahlosf atul Iho most, honoicd in tbe old World. havc m.t giren oowntonan.-o l? thi. errur. Mr, Gladatone, foroinost of livinu Kagliab BtateameB, has p_r trsyed tha prugreaa of iho I'aited states, in charactoi as well un miiferiul wciilth, in t"tms which ninsl -ceiii alinost pi-ofanc and sliorKinjr t;i tho i*aBRkHnaniara <?f to-day. Mt. (iiffea. pif-sidotif of tbe Uiiti.h Stalistical Km-iety, aml Mr. Mnllinll. u niost aoted cwatpiler <>f .tatis tii-s, havo. Informod tbe Britaah pablic that thc Ki-irth of vraalt- In tbia country far eiceedg Ihat uf any other Xali< n. Prine* Hismank in liis tisnul ctflt faabioB ha. mado known liis aiiprctiatioii of American ;*i-andeur. Hai tho little Ametican dmlos who woi-.hip only that which is " au f-Bfliah, you know." havc not l.rains eaoogb t<> oomprehead ihat proarcB* which tho (Katcal men of Etirripe admirr*. A fow faeta eoane to hand ulrcndy, in illus tration of tho Nation's proRress, g__M of wliich were prosented in diacnaaini thc relafive eoa siimption of diffoicnt n.tions. Tho Amorican oats twico a? inuch prain and moro than twico as miich moat as the Kui-npean. and in still R-roater ratio i*? l?ott4'r fod than tho inhahitants of other part* of thc world. IIc OOBBBBBB* about a thnd of the whole world's inaterials for baii-iag, inanufact-iire. aml tho npjilii-ation of natural forces to humin ime. Uo ooaaBBiea from a quaiter to * Ihlrd of the mateiials for ?lothina tiie human famil.v?ihat is, a* nmch as four hundred and iilly millions to soven hundred milliona of tho other inhabitants of tho worfd conatioie. Yet these nro only the more obvious signs of a matcn.il progress which canntSt yet be acourately nicasured. lt is in ntber reapecta that thc development of tho country will praeently B'.axuae &*ore ap pai-ent. The newnpapen and b.K.ks published in ihe whole v.oild-how will these compaie wilh those publi*li.'d in the I'nited States? Will it appcar that half of tho world's reading matter is for American coiistimption. Will it appcar that a quarter of tl.e lctteis writtcn in tho whole world, and more than a qnaiter a. The telegrams sent, are by Americans? Will it appear that in travel, in advantages for civilization, in principles for the weak and helpless, the sick and the suffering, and in all the facilities for development of a more perfect manhood and a higher society, this country surpasses others as it has done in material wealth? Perhaps the commercial press, particularly when they can be compared with similar information regarding the British from the colonies to be taken there next year. GIEASON'S LATEST. When the vivid phrase "anarchy tempered by despotism" is applied to Long Island City, it is found to be a perfect St. Democrat everywhere are endeavoring to extract comfort and consolation from their discovery at Washington by calling Speaker Reed a Caesar. They might more probably than their thought to the supremacy in the city of the city. So strange an exhibition of one-brute power is visible here else on the face of the earth. What this sanguinary potentate wants to have done is done instead, and what he wants to have left undone is left undone occasionally. The chances under which he rewards his favorite and interests the rest of the community is admirably advanced for his purposes. It concerns so many parties upon him that he has no illicitude in taking possession of all that are non-inclusive withheld. Unlike some other conspirators, he does not prefer to stay in the background and watch the execution of his orders in secret. When his theory of stability against the necessity of putting a disbelish upon the people he delights to do the public illigence, always provided that the offender is not too near his own size. No place is dear to him than a barroom in a public place. Bever is not for him in the beginning, and inasmuch as he is a rigid disciplinarian, it follows that everything in Long Island City is branded as other than X. G. This is the regular retreat among the islanders on Sunday night directed by the plan of the ship. knockiug dnwu aud kicking im tba t?w a nowapapcr r.iii.'sp..n?l.'iii. who ba* lhe tciu.rity not I-. w.'.ir tin- lilr-Min lali-l. and who hap pilis ;i|s,. in bi- J.li.lsii ill.v infi i'i".' lo ih*' (ili-asun atandard. lu anj irthcr emmunity a man wbn had la-en n**ault?-d in lhal fa?hion might n:is,.iiabi\ bopu lhal jmtice w.Mild |.i'..itt|.t!y take cbargc of bi* B**ailaut. We a..-? glad t<. b.iiii thal Mr. Ci.mJj wvul bofinw tho llrand Jtiry ye-twlay, aml tl.it Ibere is :i puK-Uiililv ol t.l'-.isnii s iii.lirtiii'-ni t'.-flay. Hill we <l"ii'l Bllp|r>MM( tbat anyl-?d. ri-allj "'\ |,.-,:s t>. s. ? him iinivirt-d ur puiii?h"d i" au.. way. .M-i"o\... ihere i*. nnhappily. no ?-_. in Bp|>caling t > public lapininti. \ ci.n?piciiiiti* nnd r.-.p< < i.it.l'- rcaideni ?i Long lalaml City ilid not think hc wa* alandtnug the place laal week when he aaid that it rontained a majmit. ,,f sc-.iindrols. That i> probal I.. lhe aiuipl" tniih and ;!;<? fnntlam'*r.tal iruiible. If rr*f< rni is on th.- wa. it is rtill lar distaut, and wa are n,it mi fi.olisl. a*- I-. imngine ihlil whal we havo said will h.ist-ii its arrival. Itm it nwinwl worth while for a mument t.i direcl the allen tioii of other comn...niti's to ti.is pr-.i-h.ilc a' ihe diHirs of thc iii<fn.|M>lis. ]i .ka s nol Btrp j,|v -,. shai]. a rontraat as migl.l bc dfdred. but it ? ii.ut nol 1.. be allogethei ll!-dc-* a? a warniug._ 777-7 VEMOCBATIC CAXFAA3 IX I'FXS SYI.YJXIA. ihir frienda ihe i-nemy an- by no mcan* "f one iiiiini in w-gard t.i thc i-ondition and pi"s p.rti of tbf-ii caiiipaiirn f.r Ihe l.overnomhip ,,f |'enn*ylvniiia. r<? i.?? * .4 ihr-m argue that everything i* lonking dmm( encuuraging, that iheir randidate Palti?-in i* growing strongi-r every day. \\l.ile other* shake iheir head* ind dcclarc that his nominati m having laa-n mado by and with lhe idiice and rtm?ent, nol t.. say the iii. tati'-n. nl iSrover I'li-vHand?a p<?li tician r?'si.|inu iiuthide lh'- Stat<??B* a blow at tlu' aarrcd |irinciplo of |.n-.\l _Hf-g.iv?-rn iiif?nl ns t< p.e-i-nt -fl by lhat poj.nlar and in llii'-ntnl l'.'iiiisvlvani:! l*.-iiio< rat. c\--i-iiat.,i' Wiilla'i*-) -iii.l Ihey further dc.-lare lhat the I'ondu.t of th" canvass tht;s far baa not lieen sijrh as to [s-puir the blnnd.f A promin-*ni exponenl of th" rheerful view uf th.- oiitbfi.li for I'altisnii is that caincst workcr in Ihe Democrat ir field. "Thc N.'.v York T.ni'-s. " ln its iisuo of yeatertla. i' did it* best to hrace up th" rourage <>f ihe I).-m o. rats of th" Ki ysti.no State. It aaatirral them that Ihere wa* a h?g and growing "revidt" ngain*l i!i" Ii'epnbli, au nitniiii-e fm- Governm*. and that " if" repnrN from th- eaalern r?mn ti"s of I'eiinsvlvaiii.i w.-|-e iif.t ^\au'L'er;.t'"l he wbb aure to be .1. feated " hy a large majority." Thia i* loleral.lt oplimi*tir a* it *tain|s. bnt "The Times" yives its glnwing lai" th" flllish ing t' u.h by adding that "rrpoita from Ibe ul her loiiniiis are ??. .uall \ enrotiragiiig.'1 Tuin Ing now lo "Th ? Xew-York Hun" <>f ywtorilay iii" liiifls a tlotibb 11 :i.I. .I diapatch fr un I'en.i sylv.inia, full f.l aad lornlNMlingB lo the I'.-it ii*.init4*a. Tl.e wriier rhargea that the l-nmo ciaiic i-am|mign has been ^r.msl.N miamBaaged up to .lale. and lli.-n procw'da iw f.ilhitta: TM* fll-a-1 |.:tt I..II <if J'l'l.l'il Illll. Sl|. ,.-** |s itll.. t.i lll_> ln].-. llnii uf tlu- Mtafll*- l'i-.i|ilie. ii ml Mi.irMiiii|pl*iu lul-. Iln- . um |i:il|Cli l.v Un- K.-.1i-nil .imii-l.iil.l.-i- nf tlu- Cli-v.' lantl Ailmliilsti-tlnii. Kvcry ? mi -iili-i.illuii nf .-.inini.iii si'iis.. an.l pi,lllln.l aaaBM-ltj. ini_tit to I.i.ii- i-v,Iml,-,l iln-..- f-i.ti.r*; iml, fnitii ili<- <l_y H...I i-i l',,siiiiiisti-i lliitrltv iii.ulf- ('lnf>l,.ail tlu- ifiiti.il Igars ol tlu- ...in j,;ilKn. atifl r- tiil,|l-l.f*l a NagWBBlB .?-iiimilt_-?*? B* BB .hIJiiihI Iu CliHlimaii Ki-ir'a Ktalfl Coiniiilll..-, the .am |jiilj.'ii dn.o|.<'.l. It is tolerably dear from this that the Pennsylvania Democratic Club, who swears by Chicago Wallace, are feeling about him now as they did on the day when the nomination was announced from his grasp and handed over to Patterson. As for Wallace himself, it is well known that his interest in the triumph of Pennsylvania Democracy under the lead of Patterson with Cleveland for his principal backer was so intense that he rose shortly after the nomination was made and reached his bag for London. It is only fair to say that there is a ray of hope in the double-headed dispatch to "The Sun." Its correspondent believes Patterson could win if he and the chairman of the Democratic Committee would repudiate Cleveland and William L. Scott and "let the Mugwump State Committee." But since there is not the ghost of a chance of either Mr. Patterson or the chairman of the committee doing any of the things, evidently this is a particularly foregone ray of hope. Why this disagreement among Democratic observers? Of a Democratic campaign, how does it happen that "The Sun" in effect recounts the idea that reports from the eastern counties are quite encouraging, and that "reports from the other counties are equally encouraging"; and that "The Times" utterly ignores the facts to which "The Sun" adds its attention. It looks to an outsider as though the Democratic politics of Pennsylvania this year might be in a sound condition. RETAIL AND PORR. The American Minister at Berlin is in hearty accord with the new policy of retaliation for the establishment of meat products abroad. The course of a vigorous, yet diplomatic intervention, published in "The Herald," he proposes to give the new law both wise and just, and expresses the most cordial results from it. Damase, since no formal government can reasonably expect to receive privileges from the United States which are actually withheld in return. He confidently anticipates the removal of discriminations against the administration of American pork in Germany, but discovers the necessity of proceeding cautiously and without the appearance of men. "Germany can be coaxed into anything that is right." His shrewd comment, "but not driven into anything. Germany does not change in that respect. What he is hoping for is a move in public opinion in Germany, better and cheaper supplies of food, and the statistics cited by him to show that the government is in a position to support the government's policy. Provo an increase of population and a diminution of pork consumption offer a strong war against for his judicious forecast. Mean while, the retaliation law, regarding food, will have in stock, while it may not be deemed to be practical or to say much about it. The United States in dealing with foreign discriminations against American products cannot consistently question the right of any nation to protect its own foreign industries. Minister Reid in his communication with the French government disavowed any such purpose on the part of his government. In stating the case, as Mr. Phelps remarks, "so clearly, calmly and convincingly as he did," he laid bare the instructions of discriminating against American pork on articles of food, grog, and other commodities. The best evidence available in France and the United States shows that the food supplies sent from this side of the Atlantic are not unwholesome, and that similar products are admitted from other countries to the disadvantage of American competition. The continuation of such unfair and unfounded statements is a system of discrimination, adequate cause for retaliation. French pork and other meats are raised and delivered in shallow and disbursed places. The policy ?.f retaliation ran 1"- made to Ht in with thc tariff and rcciproiity as au clTectivc nicans ot pntteeting ABteriran indnatrica and ?., ui ing Larger Btarhcta abroad for aurpliia |irodiu*e. ??---___?-______?__?> r.V/O.V f.V ASUEYILLE, The Trii.uiio 'haa alreadj referred l? Ih* Btove moiil ?l ihe l.i.li'-s "f Asli.-vili.-, N. ?'.. au th.* grr ,.i;,, .,t\ ._ii.-ati.iti. II 'ladieaiii Aaheville, N. l\, have iu. 'i'-'l mt" tlu* aiattef and lind Uiat " trneral in< ,nii.'i.'ii.\ aml uiindi-Mlily" amrk ibe average lerrnnl ?>r!. .md tli.\ hnvc aeeurdingly lonueU ,u iiasu lation. Hjfh Mr- M F. r'iteh ia prealdrnt, i..r tnut.ial . t.iitf..tt. mieeur .'"I >Mpp?irt. Tlie ladiea li.iv?- >lrawii Bp ?> *e\ "I n -.lntl'Mis aoiue* lliins aflei t1.- ?tyle "1 Ib* 1.Itrntion ?>l l?dr |it-iid.-i.?-", in which llu*) alilrrn iheir hcUef la llie uio.. tliat nll wmuen :.r'- rreaBtd fM|ual; imd they lurth.-r ilerlar* t?.it lb*)' will throw ..iT tlu- voke isu'I.t whu-h ti.ov have at. 1"HK aaffered -nd as simr ibai h-p:>r;>t?- md .- pi d atatlan to arblo'.i IU. ;.i-.vs ot Nalurr and Natare. '....l rntitle Uarni. li,.- |.r..'ti'-l arorkliiifa ??! the lIotlM*k.?<*por..? I'cl'.ii ?i AalanUir, N ?". ?re Bol yrt Blteffetbef arranged, int r-erytldui; will N't:;ttii wbiob beara .?a: |.!.iiiiim- nf givlng rellef. lt la proh_l?|e tli.it ,,,,?. ?i tlir lirnt raeaaurea whleb will be adepted n-III !?? :. (!..:. ?l ilislrer*. Wln-n t!,r sor. ;.fit ;;irl ref.iam t?> itt.p plnylmi on the pi u-i?, or puura .. kcitle ..( li.-t MMip .-fi 1..t uiUtrt*as, ..r -h-its tbe baliy iu llie lefrigei it-.i nfld lioldail f.-r ranaurn, ni utlierwlae ?iisI*Ii:im-b ... II. >l I'je lit.lv >.f llt* h.'iis. ii-^l. ln iff-it in <litu?r*r. ahe v.iil ruu up tiie di-ti.-s* ll.,;. A walibiiaBU, ai rnfJier, watfhwomiin, will i-.. kepi coiihtantly un duty an llie '""t ot tho MH-i.'ty'a lii-.i<|.|'i.irtt-is. aud, arelng lUia Hng, _l-<* tiil iftiiitlv Bi.nn.i nfi alat-i ;ift.r thr nn*inri .1 t'.i- lu.' '. |...rt*iient. atwl llie nfher inembera >.f llie iiin-M Will ll." k t. Ihe reliel >'f Ibe bi-'.-r lu diatrrsB. Flrewrtra- will l*e arcd in llgt uigbt ln place uf Ibe (ta*. aml proliaMy a aiu-dl. .uiiiuii ..r .? hrll u-ill is- Itraitahl mt" uae lo f.?_?_\ weatbei 'i be i.l.v. of bnvlng eaeh memtarr'a hauar rannes*!* I ivilli nc;ii!.|'i irt.-is wilh wirea w..s noi lliuiighl uell >.l, ;.a it waa e-.-n thal tl..- u'it't* W?uW rui ihe wlrea, '?!.'.|> ib.wu tho polea, uud r.j ft.rtli. ,\- ihe nr.uii prevfuilvc nteaaure it is propt*?o.| t,. t-r-.u- nnd ii'i'ii,'.-r i !1 ?f Uio B-rvaiil-j-irla In t,,ur, i.i.liinu- il|< H "m!.-d.ili- t.i .'apocliy, witl. rates nf ?;i.ii>." Tlnis, li.r Inalunrc. -t No- I a'lil will in- i-ii'.H.rl t" s^ "?'' wnfcet?: a Xa. U girl la >i:i .". wrgra: a N" a glrl Ui * l leairea. ileatfy burniiN tlit.f iifin-4 ni auoeesaioa Will lower u _.i is j.i.i'1.* l.y ?n<-; duatlua lb* brloHt-hrae nner unii iiii br.f.king anv .>f it will raiae a _i11 nne de. ;i.-.-; lla? Bp|iearaiiee <>f "\<-r livc eackruoehea u. Ihe Iii'l.-a '.I aue tii.io will biing her d?wn .i iiol'h. Nniilltiw ;.t h?-r iuisirr..-'? rviabattd will ulaee a ;:irl n.'i.e illal inre '..-low the lnweal grade and alie - i"i l?i l<>iu-. r 1ki|i<- l"r rmtdaynieiit hy uny liirinln-l' ul tlu Ulil'ill. All ..I Ibia ib n.-i.v prelty, but The Tribiine i eaiiialralneil t,. a.i., Wlnn il I-Im*) tefuar l?. Ia> mIi'-IiiIcI? Si|i|i. ..- llie _i-rvii.it girla ..I Aalie -.illi- r.iiiitiini- im.. alriUe?whal llieB? Kiwntt I'i* fn.uili .1... nm' l un.-, ihal Uw rn.-ii a| Aalteville w.nil.l havr Buiit.'lliiii'i I. anv nlauil lt Uiey may rniiiiiiii.. nlau, nnd ln aneh n rnsr detnand Ibai their wiv.-s lake buek llie srr\;nit glrla <>t. any r..ti.liti..n. '1'i'l'c it all in nll, H Ibe ladle- gn iihivid with ih.-ir |.l"ii. Ihen iit'.n.iM'h ln lt* BMite lively iim.-. in .'.li.-- llie N. ('. A ehureh Knire In lllirmla waa llfled IbIm tlu ;iii yeaterdny by u luruaila, reveraeil nnd dn?|i|a*.l aniall ond ti.ri-iiK'si ihniugb iho rn..f. t'unaiilrriDv Ihe i.irliiii-itiiii'l i|ii;ilit,v <>l ni'.nl nhnrrh Bplrea, ii ih ii"i If-poaailuV Ihal th.< new pnattian of ahe out in i_iu-sii.ui is ,in iiii|.r'ivcin.-tit. _ .. ? .-__ Nueaker Beeil ia feellgg prelty well this murn in-', thiiiik Vou. a .Iiihtt L. Snlliviin mljtbl do Buuat-ntlul arrvlee tu the lii;:iu'i' Inleresta >>f humanity hy DuiviMg t.? I..IIIK ihiiiml titv ..ml running f?r Mayur agaiBai ?? |_l" tileaann. ? ?- ?. lt j-. at.iicii that ii ayu'liesite baa lB*en hirnieil whieh iiiteiid. Iiefure m\i apring ln eul Ui.ouo.oon (ri t uf liiiiil^r in tho A'lii-iiii'l;irl<s. Uouhtleaa a iohmI ihing lur th.* gyndteate. Ihil whal ahuitt the ln tt-r.-sl ..I the public in lh?..i' nii-i.t Wa-dlI? U.h-s Ihe Stulo pri.puM- tt> ivuit until eveiy trce has heeu im down before it pt-creo* ti. prateet tho Adirun itoeka? ? -?- ? A iiimii.cr nf thc tiii.si <-;ip;iiiii. nnd troBtworthy ni.-ii.liorH ?f tho li.st As.soinhly ..f this Sutc havo heen rcnoniinalcil. Uoad. _. ?-? "The wleked illbba,*' aaya "Tht- Buffalo ('...i rior,'' " is Bol latlaU-klteil.'1 Ves, we havo t.li M-rvod th.it lio in.isls Uial ho iau't. lt, ia iindor Mind, loo, that ,i KOi.llctniill who wna left wh.*ii Noiili st.-irtod nn Lia Voyajre mn.lo tho biinio rcmaik. Tho AuuiLst niiinbcr <>f The Tiil.iiiie Nloiitlily, ciititlod '-Our I'nntlnent," h-is been reeciveil arlth many praetieal etrideneej ?t apprertatiun by the pohlie, It 1.4 liBYiag u lurue s..lo, aml ImiBlriea nrc tiiiidi' for il hf iic.il from o\ory qaarlcr <>f tho I'nlon. It MBtataa nearly a baadnd pa_c*, profiiBBly illuatriiied, wlth roprlnta of Trihnne curioapondence iu roliilion to tho riin-Amoric.in Confereiico, trntlo wlth Stnith Atnoricn und tho Ncwf.iiindlinid rishenr-4 onntrnversy. Tho** de slrous nf nbt-lnin<t- liiformation mi tBCBi pahtto uucaliuua will Uo well tu ourcliasc tbe puuphlet befar. thc cdi.ion is cxhansted It wllll ? ?? postpaid to any Bd-iee. upon the receipt of -5 cent3. Thrrc serious collision'* on as ?^^J**"? JSdag _rr an nnpleaiant featnre of th.s morn ffi ri wa. C-rclessncss and crime'haveieea> linVd "f latc te mabe railroad travelhng danger oi; aud it ls high timetba^both wcre pa-__-_d. When a dlssolute woman. ln a flt af *aate. muhliHBim, jumps overbourd from a <*?***? is proper Z lock her a, on a ehargt ?***?* JcUU. B-t wby, in thc namc ?/.^^Taa. .houlcl her mak oomimaloBB, who flmt made hcr (,r,.nk and then urged hcr dnpen e act pon her, lie pcrmitted to go frcc ? I* -be te g uUty f ittcn.p.cl s..|f-m..r.lcr, they nrr jullty of n eWng ta __--_-*. nnd th.it is un ofTcncc wbJeh should not ?o uiipunishcd. lt is pretty Wttll ^^?"d that, altbough thc ?(.IU(i(,a,,c k-dcr. did aat waat M>??"*?? JS_- Earl, tl.ey will de -_? ? '*"?^ party never n.akes a mislake when lt follows where the Kcp'il'lir.ans lcad. PERSOXAL. Mr. Myrnn Wl.ltncy. tha ^^"\u^X bo...' .... b baatiag aafl _-lan? trlf ?? "x\??**?*. n__a_or .l.'lin 11. ItBBleU. vlre presldcnt "t "? nla^^lafr.,^ has bisfi. levolled. TIM OMmtCBB Vuralta. bc-t l-BBB- as .Vr._l!i_ T.ui. Iia-s Jttst In-coine thc n.oth.r o( twln*. l?i?frw.r llryro I* reMad l.y IBBtrriBga to the Waln wrlghl famlly ot Daataa. ABBaaaraBKat aaa raraalljr mmn taal **> __?"*? Kin-t.i... nl th.s nty. had beaa il*?|-a-l_al bf racta* in Ki.plan.I. Ilelglum .....1 ->BB-B. on aeeaaal of lh disho.i.'st raaatag ot kl? iKaaa lUantaatfl bjrhla laeta*. ___ep_ nariic-r. T_b Jo.k-y ha* aa* aiadc a ??? sut_...o..t. IB whlrh ba r,i,.f-s.,4 that h- ????<??"_ Mtei* coaacntBd* to -aa- Ike .;..<? nt - "^lu"'" tJtM-d 10 him br a -aaa ut B??*a_*. bal ho ...., p?.it,vcly aaetarea Bad .w__ra H_-? *? ?*ftetai f*f BotblBl to Uo -ith tho Un, aad knexv BatMag of lt. Indoe- Mr. Klnst.-li. bad rooiir y ">. ItBed-BtB v. Iii-t. ahc raa -BeH-d.' _ad b__ laM :""' "f'T'^L^m-... n _,?i S.iiit.itio... his Bjoral vu-tory L*.iii. Btraadj rulliplPlf. Mr .lohti Morlf-v Bttetlda hl** -_-?? Bl thc Brompton ora'i.iy ln UmAan wlth areal racatarlly aa _-___? wh-ii i';..l.i.n.f.ii I* in -i-sa.-.n. H'' ba* b -r-'-it llklns Tor "... wl iimsP. .....i Hi-? .-i.J'.is hearinc taa praaeh la, of thc ciiiiu.iir pnaat-. Ar.ii.lti.ii.'- Valrrle, th- reraatljf -aarrlei -aBehi-r ..f the Bmpcrar i_i.fl Kinpr'-ss of Aa-trta, la -fajrlag uitl, l..-r l.iis'miKt Bt tho llot-1 Vi. torin. Bl Ii.t.-rlali"... Mvit/.-i-ia...i. ThuaBh thcir raah I- _-*>?" ?^.__f rnu-itB, thaa- <ti..? at th* tnhio d'bofta aod -p<'..rt thrir r-irMi.,.^ i.i Iha iea-I..B n_*m. Tlie j-TfM?^ ^R_ ii.hv aiiniiP is l,v in-i- BtMitlnnr** aiwl -ii.i.Hiit.. rjij !.;....? po-pto ta_c l..i?- wn'.iis un tt.- BBHiatalB* areri ll.lV. TIIE 1AI.K OF THB DAY. it i; aald thal tha AmerleaB *!-? ol a iitl-?l foi-i-i.n.r uw v.'.y mn.-I. aborkod vhea ahe _rrli-e lii icurupa un her _*_lal lear un<i dU-wer-d that ber husbaiid an4 bk tauutl) aere?or.neew4 wlt- a brewerj-. ..f rauisa tl,.*. wa* rerj BBph-aaanl, bal -'"ll thi''^ l_H>l_-ii ia?a-io.i_ily when * _trl marrle* Inlu th h.i.it i.ia. im uther* iiiiii.--iU'-Ynii aro th. nalr irlrl i erar \\ ,1 \,,a iu*- t.II- n.ilv li.aii I h -art '"? ,. II- l um not _ .,-1 i"i..ii-!i f"i" VOM. t.|i _. i-i,-., a unii't s.,v tii.... i .i-n ilrod of tao-e 110.1. ? .. II,- K'trr. i ii- v, i i.'-'i ti. t-f,-.'-. M, s . -ant you. - < . n:i? ?? lliiM--. Appll. ltlon ? f.r a-ml>-)?n f> th' llarrard Annea nra creut.T than ..-".I. uu_ t'1" pro-peti is lhal lh. imm t-r of stud..|,ts wlll bc l-ryr than exer betare. Ii \i.is ..a |ha Kahlath ...-th. All naiare aartard ln..1*4 lu buli ajiupitUi wlth ilir ?a-r__ day. f'.-'r wai ant n hatilutl ?-. if ans ki.-'i t?t wlle*. iwra ?.. no si_i, ?r -i.iind uf hutnatiltr. Tlu* wintl Ikm Mink to s!i4.sp. Tha turiiH were danih. l_a Bllerna u;_s upprc_*lva ui a* litlfiisiiy. .-..ulitfily tiu.-i-e ..iu:,. _ -,.1,11,1 in tii- .-it- ..f ih<- .-.::r--y _-*v?V*r. LNten! ?-r-.ii, iic-ll I..- marrlisl. i??v-:-iiiiir*- W l'ir?. fur little Aiiiii-- " Ilo lif-.-isrt no iniir*-. I.i.l rm-T.lu,.' I.I- tln_rrs ln lu- ? -Ji- . rv- aialied htntwlf ln -i 1 i- wlth iho mrii Im'iirif.i'-Hv sraa(-l.-(l;oat<in Trari-M-rlpt. - I'.iw.i.-rlv sVniM ...t. I-n..- rxrlalBM "T!i? bprltiK R.M li.l.ii.' iir-a- l.i.ia. tsii't il rtionah to l.avc John I. -iiiin in elrvatiue tha ?-..__- wUImmbI fetllaa?aa. yoii tiu.ia tin.t h-aderljr iboaM a>a.rtin<a thc tmln \vn?i-k.Ts. m .i.iir-e, hut he dmint ar.ni m a hnrm ln .j , .... i.l.ul you d.ii't v.n.i t- p t .mv Biora pcupl- .i.i tho t.i?C I...-i',i:s u_. _ Itjn-f-r, I"' -'1 "-ver li?<? *< :it thl ..,:'?. . .n.ci la the Iim.iI |.u|?r." ....u; lljflikltls, ili il.i.i.fully. - You don't t" wa* .. ui-i ?'!\ * btnaald >*-pi>. ?n.i," ajui nir'.ik.i.s, -i i!...i't. rhe ii. t i-. y?u -.-,?. I'ni a i>i_-t arunirr nn-.-lf" tr-?merrtllc Jibwimm. U. lie t "itx-rtiii, ahuffr lmpr-_-4uli* uf Auii-rKiui iulk_f* hnve Jt__.| Ikh-u puMKhed ln rranre. a-n* <_-,.-K !y Iha i.i -ii v. II,...j ijl.istuiiy ?i-li wliltli Hi'iii.iu i Bthvtlri-:u ln.. aii.iiiiiU lurlt t" th--- i-ndlthaw of ti.e .\,.? Woriu. Tha IM-hup i-f Paurta. lie *aj?. prope-r* ti, ii.iiti. ,,f Ihfi ITr**., .iml M..iisir'ii.>r Ktwne ilr .... Iha ?? KialMiicr" ai ?! la ball r>lh?? well met ailh nven firrl,"iu V..l.l.'i- H - \..ii.._ siiniaiui-t- ut Uil I iiv.-r-i'i u( \\_s,i.iii.-i. i, l.iilit amulullB ???iiii-rt* a.i.l ].|.i\ l.illi.ll'li, ?hl||i tlu' st'ul.-ii!* Bl NUIlt aulptr.' ls y r:111 \talk out t_? and iwu, a'..l are ...?; __lwaed m a-i. for u .-iu.nl h"l|iii.i.- ut n.t-.ils. shi) I.i..-.. lluaUuid >tv l.ii;i'-s I- t1., f, ..s'i;? au lhal I .11?i:i tt.iv.- to pt .iu jmuMii.-'i.i- ii_iit away. Wifr i.-t u typcwrlter .f juu i,;.-. Juhu; bal -?? HI-llllMr-r. 11 >???. ..I'- l'i BtlV I.II ??'.i.i'..1' ??*.-. I Blll I . ?? ,ii ..-.. i-i ll- li-,- ii Uil ? ainilllC fi- a-rlll ,,., l!.,' " lli.iu.' ? s,.ii,.'iiiu.' Jiiurii-I. The relb hnulen are paying fuiu \ pH< <?-1 > Ihe halr .ir ?--??r of Ihe Uie I'ardlual Nouu..:. lor i utllitga >.( iIk gr ,ii tl'\ .i.i-'- l-.ilr. I*rimi|.al ..f ..ul.' lluat-lng r*< Ii.?.l tt" lu-r bateberi rr.an Itl tn..|-is>? V..;i i.ui ?ett4 UM Illrt-o polil.it- i ( Im*::' Ir*. I.'i~.fi tli- ii-ilul i|iniiilllv. '?l"i\o \ i u |..-t -.1niaa nl \,,.ir 1'iiiii.l.-i? "' "So, bal f.'iir <>f tli<! i-.na Imvo fiiil.-u lu lo?*e." tli.i-k-r Niwli.i. liim. Ill ll ' filkr ' illin.- llill-riiiii I'i tli! city. ?>.?? ol lilt ili'M.r- for niping In Ibe nnaarj i- aa alb*ge* nahlug |a.ii,i Vub I-.. .. ii.ii. I. i"' iryii.g nuir lu. 1.. m i then ln ..ne ot Ihe man) l.m.i! air ?,.\- >uii um.nt iiwlng th" um-.-ihii a ilnllai ni -.., whlrh, nl nwn . >.?*< ui..iii'i )>ii\ iii.l.-a- V4.ii iii-- grreu*- Uian gra*.. w.-li. tlu- i.IIii-i il.r, ii miiii ahu |iM.|n-.| Im.' ii n.iiiiti", in in, I.ui m;i..i'i. atra.ve* im.. u.l- plsi-r, uml i.,(> gahllig |..uul fni.li tarkte* hfta wilh: -Wanl t<> Ir) vr lu. a llalllll', llt?-a. l.ill) ".'. ..Illa." - .\il. ' Ull. IBf ll">|M>!-.?. -...u". viii iioii't l.ui'M ?iiit kln* "f ti-ii \i.ii un. lirti li, Im ..." -nli, (,? I .1..,'' i\:i. tIh- i|?i. li ropt). "mi.1i.-i-- ur* tautghl lu tii..t |h.;..i. d.aai ii.iv." Ilntn- ?Ueareal, I bure v.u betler than any ..ne .ui .'i.l'tll. lt \<IU V- III I .ll-'llt t<i 1)1' 111,11". 1 WlU |?- v.uii li.I>l? .lavr iii.III ili-.itli iiBli. uu- Ii.-ii.t-. Ml hr.nl i. whiill) m.iii-v. i |..\<- um .11 irat-fetllr. If Ihl. A,**, u.it -..iti fi \..ti nf n.\ .ii'Vii'i.in, ahal i'. .ii' I.I-H-.--I l'a-!i 1 siu- aa. a -?ieaht*j. in,il Ihe arori raate t?. her rubr ll|>- l.v (i.ivc ol liuL.lt. Hlll 11 r-.iii.' IIKf a rni'-l bt-W, and liui". \Miii ix greal gulp "f aiirnia liirue* aaa) llllll Wl'lit l.llt lilt). (Ti<- -ll.'lll lltallt t. Irll III- a.'l.'f- t.i ll.<* iiilil. iii:l.-.?Ilni' Blurs Iii |iic rli.ifi vaull above.?(Iiua ll.il I'lllIlM I-I|.t. TIIANKs fo THB rU.'MKItM' AI.l.l AN.T.. I'lMffi Th* liiili:iii;.|.i>lis .lunrtiil. Th* r-oiitli.-ru il.-li-Kiitliti. ln llie. nr\t, I'.iu^irss will l.i- rmium ..ii largel) <>f raw ret-rull.. men oi nttit> .** iu. eaperleura ln publk lif.-. an*. ahal i- ni.'tt* i" tiio |. .Int, iii.-ii wln. :ni- lll.rh ln Mitc for UW llllereit* . ( Iheir .0. t*rf siaii.fv tir-t iiii.t for the H.*in?. railc party u.'xt. Min. is llkely io l.r Ihe nnly l>et_nerai lu tlie liim-,-' ?ln-,r iiiiiui- |a liiiuw i. iiutsiili* uf 111. ..un (tlaliit't, WlldM TIIR Tll.MN Wl'K.'KKI'ri ATTAlKl'I). l'1-..-ii The N.'ii'.lrii li-lletli ? Thc rriinc i.f Uu.-* train wretrgeni was m>i rhle*y an.uiiat tlu- . riilr.il lliiili'i-'i.l. l.iit wu avmu-t law aml "ltW, ncfiilu-t tli-*. Mal.*, iii-iliist t-ivillzatluti. HOW T<> TOt'CH ritANCK AXD OKRMAXY. Krnm Tlie Mlmirii|i.i|is Till'Uii.*. The l-'K'tirh Bteaa ls now -tri.ticly ln favor of a r.fVfi-iitl nf ihn jHiIlrv thal Iiua i-.x.-bMed Amerlran pork team that c-uairy. our aaw Mo,.t ln*pei Uon I:.w wiu reawura mm "f Ih* t'oatlnental exea_ea fur ika boyeott nf an_ta fr..in the I'nlta* stittrs: bul iho iiru-|.rrt uf ii - Im ;-p n't.illi.'iii v puBey ucnin-t i-erlaln iiiMni.-. importe* ... ihi- ra_utry fmn. n_nea i. the, hmll) .-tt.-iiiv.. arguaaeui. lf our Repohllean lnw i.ii.u. r. ui \i ii-iiiu:'ii-u ni.ii tke Mut' D 'paiiment, tliK.uKii Nlntatar H.'J.i. al nui-. aad mii.m<*i- I'ht-rpa, m I'.'-ilin, -.'ii.ll iiirree*, ;.. now -t-.-iu- wh-.liy utotmhte, lu teeuiiag taronibte adaihwlou laie* atnee fur Aaaeti um li..a* pm*a4*tB into Kraaee ani ilermaay, lt w-ui no ll IO~ll.lt lllllt WllaU'l-l. fill-lllfl-a -lll.lll.l lll.t fall III tl|l|.tV rli.te nnd lu glvi* tlie Uupublk nn party due t-rflif f?r. |i i< bejrejttd ?ll .b.uht Ihal tho llopuMirnn i..>li rtaa alrcHdr ucted up.iii or nnd.-i- fuvi.nilile ran*B**r atlim nre oestlnrrt tm ulvo Aiuei-lrai. Uatle a vuat Im pul-o. ANl> VlOI.KNt'K tidKS I NUF.STRA1NKD. I-Yom Tl.e llottou AdvcrtlBCi-. Beuuwl.lle Uio bluotl of Uio niui-crod Cl.iytou lo valo THE WORLD OF LONDON. CILRONICLED AXD CRIT-CISED BY MB. EQ MUND YATES. THE PRI.HCE OP WALES'S EFFORTS TO RECO? CILE TUE OERMAN EMFEROR AMD Bl__ MARCK-WILLIAM'S VIS1T TO RUSS1A A FAlIaVT.E-WHAT IT COSTS TO BE _0R_>;MAYOrt OY laOVDOX. IBT CABLB TO TBB TBJB-B--J Copyrtght; WM : By Th* XtvYttk TribiMU. London, Sept. 8.-The Prince of Wales paid his annual visit to Darmstadt last Tuesday, the object at which is to place a breath on the arrival of Prince Albert. All the members of the Prine of Wales and Prince Albert at Homestead on Thursday last stated for over an hour and a half entirely to the interest of the people. The royal family, however, did not see a mutually satisfactory meeting. THE IRISH DEVOTION TO HER UNABLE, There was to have been a meeting last month at the Duke of Cumberland, between the Empress of Wales and the Princess of Wales. This family gathering, however, had to be abandoned, as the Emperor cannot now be left to let the people. Out of his sight, but the throng will meet in Denmark, at Y-den, toward the end of the month. The Empress of Russia has been honored by the Russian government's commitment, she has been recognized as a key figure in the recent Russian campaign. The Empress of Russia has been honored by the Russian government, and she has been recognized as a key figure in the recent Russian campaign. I.MIT.ItoR WILI.IAM'S Tr_E.VTMF.VT BT TTIE CZUU I hf.-ir from a well if.forteed roi?r.sp'inrt-.nt ln Berlla ihat tbe ITBU.Iinr Wililanr* rMi to -Bnaa. haa bcaa a .ott.picto h-hara ra aU -.-.spens. The __ar appeara t.i havo traatad the Kalsor a* a fl-htlna lad, for ha H.tcd after tl.e iiiai.uf.-r of T..IIc>r.md when the lata I.atly LaiBBBidinrj afteinpt-d to talk high polltltB Wlth him. Ue was rcady to dis, .iss iport. scener*, wine_ und slmllar loplos. and -.ronld gosslp aod ra la.o Ilal,cl..lsiai. ancrdoto by U.e honr, but ha aa> M.l.itfly rafhaad to aatar upon Uie momentous (ub)aota wl.icii Um Oeraa-B I_afarar was pantina to diicni*, nnd thc vi'ltor, tliidlnit thal he rould achleva nothlai, \#t am..- sullty. ('.-riuit.ly, BB paln* were tahen ta ptaaaa Knip.-i.ir Wllliam at tlu- Kussian Court, for ba hr-.n-ii rt'in h ralkfil on b?th ?lfl<M. *'>d at tha gala dl.i.iors the Our even ?av?- a 1oa*t In that langaafa, nfi.1 then- v .re Praarh wlnes. Fremh dlshe* and means lu Praaeh. Ratf-car WUIUm hasipned hl* departura l,.4.,.iis0 the faar poh'elv bnt flnnly rfttiied hla rarne-l re.ae-1 lhal ?<? ____JM Ik- perniitted toattendtha i.iau.iriivp-s uln. Ii ara B_-*_l la t-ke place under IfCBcral* liwt'ii...lri)iT ruid i; mrlio. and are to be raai sr-iiiuis bis.ti-ss, aheraaa those aMca -ere _rran_*d ilui.ii-- Ins vlflt aata tn.-r. rhlld's play, .,!-. a. ;. i.erman fotimal c-_B_a_daa, niilnarv romady lit il purpi.si-li-s. par.nl.-. Wllllani's ii,<1ianat___ ronaMcralily InrrraBBal arhaa he h*u.d that none of tha tuiliiMi-v attj.he* at st. Maratarf ?re to be allowee t. atit-nd Ibeaa bibbiibbiiiii ln H'o soutli exoept tha repreaeatatlre ?.f Fnu.ro. ITTllir, M..VI-MKXTS OF TllF. UKKMAN MOVAItCl..
| 15,879 |
2014060700289
|
French Open Data
|
Open Government
|
Licence ouverte
| 2,014 |
ASSOCIATION CITOYENNE "LE CAILLOU DANS LA BOTTE".
|
ASSOCIATIONS
|
French
|
Spoken
| 7 | 13 |
développement de la vie citoyenne à Pierrelatte.
| 28,107 |
https://github.com/zq050208/wanpai_admin/blob/master/src/view/party/party.vue
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,021 |
wanpai_admin
|
zq050208
|
Vue
|
Code
| 2,605 | 10,549 |
<template>
<Card>
<p slot="title">派对管理</p>
<Tabs type="line" v-model="tabs_value" @on-click="tabsChange">
<TabPane label="官方派对" :name="official">
<Row :gutter="32">
<Col span="4" class="demo-tabs-style1" style="padding:16px;">
<Button type="primary" @click="partyShow(true,null)">+新建派对</Button>
</Col>
<Col span="8" class="demo-tabs-style1" style="padding:16px;">
<Input :value="key_word" :search="true" type="text" placeholder="搜索派对ID或名称" @on-search="partySearch" />
</Col>
</Row>
<Table border :columns="columns" :data="data"></Table>
<Page class="page" :total="total" :current="current" :page-size="per_page" @on-change="pageChange" />
</TabPane>
<TabPane label="用户派对" :name="user">
<Row :gutter="32">
<Col span="8" class="demo-tabs-style1" style="padding:16px;">
<Input :value="key_word1" :search="true" type="text" placeholder="搜索派对ID或名称" @on-search="partySearch" />
</Col>
</ROW>
<Table border :columns="columns1" :data="data1"></Table>
<Page class="page" :total="total" :current="current" :page-size="per_page" @on-change="pageChange" />
</TabPane>
</Tabs>
<Modal :title="(demo_status ? '创建派对' : '修改派对')" v-model="add_visible" width="625" :mask-closable="false">
<Form :label-width="120" ref="partyData" :model="partyData" :rules="ruleInline">
<FormItem label="选择圈子:" prop="circle_type">
<Select v-model="partyData.circle_type" @on-change="selectChange">
<Option v-for="item in circle_type_list" :key="item.id" :value="item.id">{{ item.name }}</Option>
</Select>
</FormItem>
<FormItem label="派对名称:" prop="name">
<Input type="text" v-model="partyData.name" />
</FormItem>
<FormItem label="派对ID:" prop="party_no">
<Input type="number" v-model="partyData.party_no"/>
</FormItem>
<FormItem label="派对标签:" prop="tag_name">
<div>(请以空格为间隔,最多创建6个标签)</div>
<Input type="text" v-model="partyData.tag_name"/>
</FormItem>
<FormItem label="设置派对封面:" prop="party_img">
<div class="demo-upload-list" v-for="(item, index) in uploadList" :key="index">
<template v-if="item.status === 'finished'">
<img :src="item.url" >
<div class="demo-upload-list-cover">
<Icon type="ios-trash-outline" @click="handleRemove(item)"></Icon>
</div>
</template>
<template v-else>
<Progress v-if="item.showProgress" :percent="item.percentage" hide-info></Progress>
</template>
</div>
<Upload
ref="upload"
type="drag"
action="//upload-z2.qiniu.com"
:data="{ token: qiniuToken }"
:show-upload-list="false"
:format="['jpg','jpeg']"
:before-upload="handleBeforeUpload"
style="display: inline-block;width:58px;">
<div style="width: 58px;height:58px;line-height: 58px;">
<Icon type="ios-cloud-upload-outline" size="20"></Icon>
</div>
</Upload>
<div>只支持.jpg格式</div>
</FormItem>
<FormItem label="设置派对背景:" prop="party_backgroud">
<div class="demo-upload-list" v-for="(item, index) in uploadList_bg" :key="index">
<template v-if="item.status === 'finished'">
<img :src="item.url" >
<div class="demo-upload-list-cover">
<Icon type="ios-trash-outline" @click="handleRemove_bg(item)"></Icon>
</div>
</template>
<template v-else>
<Progress v-if="item.showProgress" :percent="item.percentage" hide-info></Progress>
</template>
</div>
<Upload
ref="upload_bg"
type="drag"
action="//upload-z2.qiniu.com"
:data="{ token: qiniuToken }"
:show-upload-list="false"
:format="['jpg','jpeg']"
:before-upload="handleBeforeUpload_bg"
style="display: inline-block;width:58px;">
<div style="width: 58px;height:58px;line-height: 58px;">
<Icon type="ios-cloud-upload-outline" size="20"></Icon>
</div>
</Upload>
<div>只支持.jpg格式</div>
</FormItem>
</Form>
<div slot="footer">
<Button type="text" size="large" @click="cancel">取消</Button>
<Button type="primary" size="large" :loading="submitLoading" @click="handleSubmit('partyData')" v-if="demo_status">确定</Button>
<Button type="primary" size="large" :loading="submitLoading" @click="handleSubmit('partyData')" v-else>修改</Button>
</div>
</Modal>
<Modal title="图片" v-model="visible">
<Form :label-width="120" :model="viewPartyData" :disabled="true">
<FormItem label="圈子:" prop="circle_type">
<Select v-model="viewPartyData.circle_type" @on-change="selectChange">
<Option v-for="item in circle_type_list" :key="item.id" :value="item.id">{{ item.name }}</Option>
</Select>
</FormItem>
<FormItem label="派对名称:" prop="name">
<Input type="text" v-model="viewPartyData.name" />
</FormItem>
<FormItem label="派对ID:" prop="party_no">
<Input type="number" v-model="viewPartyData.party_no"/>
</FormItem>
<FormItem label="派对标签:" prop="tags">
<Input type="text" v-model="viewPartyData.tags.map(i => i.tag_name).join(' ')"/>
</FormItem>
<FormItem label="派对封面图:">
<img :src="party_img" style="width: 171.5px;height: 63px" >
</FormItem>
<FormItem label="派对背景图:">
<img :src="party_backgroud" style="width: 187.5px;height: 106.5px" >
</FormItem>
</Form>
</Modal>
<modal v-model="cropperFlag" :mask-closable="false" width='432' :closable="false" @on-ok='onCubeImg'>
<div class="cropper">
<vueCropper
ref="cropper"
:img="option.img"
:outputSize="option.outputSize"
:outputType="option.outputType"
:info="option.info"
:canScale="option.canScale"
:autoCrop="option.autoCrop"
:autoCropWidth="option.autoCropWidth"
:autoCropHeight="option.autoCropHeight"
:fixedBox="option.fixedBox"
:fixed="option.fixed"
:fixedNumber="option.fixedNumber"
:full="option.full"
:centerBox="option.centerBox"
/>
</div>
</modal>
<Modal footer-hide title="封禁" v-model="checkPartyVisible" @on-visible-change="blockPartyVisibleChange">
<Form ref="prohibitForm" :model="prohibitFormData" :rules="prohibitFormRule" :label-width="120">
<FormItem label="封禁原因：" prop="reason">
<Select v-model="prohibitFormData.reason">
<Option v-for="item in prohibitReason" :key="item.id" :value="item.id">{{ item.name }}</Option>
</Select>
</FormItem>
<FormItem prop="prohibit_hour" label="封禁时长：">
<Input v-model="prohibitFormData.prohibit_hour" style="width:160px" type="number" number /> 小时
</FormItem>
<FormItem prop="desc" label="请输入备注（非必填）：">
<Input v-model="prohibitFormData.desc" type="textarea" :rows="5" />
</FormItem>
<FormItem>
<Button type="primary" @click="handleProhibit">提交</Button>
</FormItem>
</Form>
</Modal>
<EditModal
:visible="editVisible"
:party_id="currentParty.id || -1"
@hideModal="editVisible = false"
/>
</Card>
</template>
<script>
import { VueCropper } from 'vue-cropper'
import axios from 'axios'
import { addPartyCode, addParty, getPartyList, getQiniuToken, setAdmin, delController, setNameplate, getPartyDetails, updateParty, joinOfficial, blockParty, getProhibitReason } from '@/api/data'
import EditModal from './editModal'
export default {
name: 'party',
components: {
VueCropper,
EditModal
},
data () {
const reasonValidator = (rule, value, callback) => {
if(!value) {
callback(new Error('请选择封禁原因'))
}
callback()
}
const hourValidator = (rule, value, callback) => {
if(!value) {
callback(new Error('请输入封禁时长'))
}
if(!Number.isInteger(value)) {
callback(new Error('请输入整数'))
}
callback()
}
return {
editVisible: false,
submitLoading: false,
total: 0,
current: 1,
per_page: 10,
last_page: 0,
demo_status: true,
cropperFlag: false,
tabs_value: '1',
official: '1',
user: '0',
key_word: '', // 关键字
key_word1: '',
circle_type_list: {},
uploadList: [],
uploadList_bg: [],
tags: [],
qiniuToken: '',
imageBaseUrl: 'https://cdn.tinytiger.cn/',
administrator_id: null,
add_visible: false,
visible: false,
party_img: '',
party_backgroud: '',
controller_id: 0,
currentParty: {},
checkPartyVisible: false,
prohibitReason: [],
prohibitFormData: {
checkcode: '',
reason: null,
prohibit_hour : '',
desc: ''
},
prohibitFormRule: {
reason: [
{ validator: reasonValidator }
],
prohibit_hour: [
{ validator: hourValidator }
]
},
viewPartyData: {
tags: []
},
partyData: {
checkcode: null, // 校验码
name: '', // 派对名称
circle_type: 1, // 圈子分类
party_no: null, // 派对编号
tag_name: '', // 派对标签
party_img: '', // 派对封面
party_backgroud: '' // 派对背景
},
option: {
img: '', // 裁剪图片的地址
type: '',
info: true, // 裁剪框的大小信息
outputSize: 1, // 裁剪生成图片的质量
outputType: 'jpeg', // 裁剪生成图片的格式
canScale: true, // 图片是否允许滚轮缩放
autoCrop: true, // 是否默认生成截图框
full: true, //是否输出原图比例的截图
fixed: true, //是否开启截图框宽高固定比例
fixedNumber: [1, 1], //截图框的宽高比例
autoCropWidth: 200, // 默认生成截图框宽度
autoCropHeight: 200, // 默认生成截图框高度
fixedBox: false, // 固定截图框大小 不允许改变
centerBox: true, // 截图框是否被限制在图片里面
},
ruleInline: {
name: [{ required: true, message: '请填写派对名称', trigger: 'blur' }, {max: 15, message: '最多输入15个字符'}],
circle_type: [{ type: 'number', required: true, message: '请选择派对分类', trigger: 'blur' }],
party_no: [{ required: true, message: '请填写派对编号', trigger: 'blur' }],
// party_no: [{ required: true, message: '请填写派对编号', trigger: 'blur', pattern: /^[1-9][0-9]{0,5}$/ }],
tag_name: [{ required: true, message: '请填写派对标签', trigger: 'blur', pattern: /(\s[\u4e00-\u9fa5_a-zA-Z0-9]+){0,5}/ }]
},
data: [],
columns: [
{
align: 'center',
title: '派对封面',
key: 'party_img',
render: (h, params) => {
return h('div', [
h('img', {
attrs: { src: params.row.party_img },
style: { width: '50px', height: '50px', margin: '0 auto', display: params.row.party_img ? 'block' : 'none' }
})
])
}
},
{
align: 'center',
title: '派对名称',
key: 'name'
},
{
align: 'center',
title: '派对ID',
key: 'party_no'
},
{
align: 'center',
title: '创建时间',
key: 'create_time'
},
{
align: 'center',
title: '管理员',
className: 'amend',
render: (h, params) => {
return h('div', [
h('div', {}, params.row.controller_name ? params.row.controller_name : ''),
h('div', {}, params.row.controller_id ? params.row.controller_id : '')
])
}
},
{
align: 'center',
title: '派对详情',
render: (h, params) => {
return h('div', [
h('Button', {
props: { type: 'primary', size: 'small' },
on: {
click: () => {
this.party_id = params.row.id
this.partyShow(false, params)
}
}
}, '修改')
])
}
},
{
align: 'center',
title: '铭牌详情',
render: (h, params) => {
return h('div', [
h('Button', {
props: { type: 'primary', size: 'small' },
on: {
click: () => {
this.editVisible = true
this.currentParty = {...params.row}
}
}
}, '查看铭牌')
])
}
},
{
align: 'center',
title: '铭牌权限',
render: (h, params) => {
return h('div', [
h('Button', {
props: { type: params.row.nameplate_permission ? 'error' : 'primary', size: 'small' },
on: {
click: () => {
this.setNameplate(params)
}
}
}, params.row.nameplate_permission === 0 ? '开启' : '取消')
])
}
},
{
align: 'center',
title: '操作',
width: 260,
render: (h, params) => {
return h('div', [
h('Button', {
style: { marginRight: '12px'},
props: { type: params.row.controller_id ? 'error' : 'primary', size: 'small' },
on: {
click: () => {
if(params.row.controller_id) {
this.$Modal.confirm({
title: '提示',
title: '删除后将不可复原，确认删除该管理吗？',
onOk: () => {
this.delController({id: params.row.id})
}
})
} else {
this.isShow(params)
}
}
}
}, params.row.controller_id ? '删除管理' : '新增管理'),
h('Button', {
style: { marginRight: '12px'},
props: { type: 'default', size: 'small', disabled: params.row.party_type === 1 },
on: {
click: () => {
this.$Modal.confirm({
title: '确定要踢出官方吗？',
onOk: () => {
this.joinOfficial({
join_official: 0,
id: params.row.id
})
}
})
}
}
}, '踢出官方'),
h('Button', {
props: { type: params.row.status === 1 ? 'error' : 'primary', size: 'small' },
on: {
click: () => {
this.currentParty = {...params.row}
if(params.row.status === 2) {
this.$Modal.confirm({
title: `确定要${params.row.status === 1 ? '封禁' : '解封'}派对吗？`,
onOk: () => {
this.getProhibitReason().then(res => {
this.prohibitFormData.checkcode = res.checkcode
this.blockParty()
})
}
})
} else {
this.checkPartyVisible = true
}
}
}
}, params.row.status === 1 ? '封禁' : '解封')
])
}
}
],
data1: [],
columns1: [
{
align: 'center',
title: '派对封面',
key: 'party_img',
render: (h, params) => {
return h('div', [
h('img', {
attrs: { src: params.row.party_img },
style: { width: '50px', height: '50px', margin: '0 auto', display: params.row.party_img ? 'block' : 'none' }
})
])
}
},
{
align: 'center',
title: '派对名称',
key: 'name'
},
{
align: 'center',
title: '派对ID',
key: 'party_no'
},
{
align: 'center',
title: '创建时间',
key: 'create_time'
},
{
align: 'center',
title: '派对管理',
className: 'amend',
render: (h, params) => {
return h('div', [
h('div', {}, params.row.controller_name ? params.row.controller_name : ''),
h('div', {}, params.row.controller_id ? params.row.controller_id : '')
])
}
},
{
align: 'center',
title: '派对详情',
render: (h, params) => {
return h('div', [
h('Button', {
props: { type: 'primary', size: 'small' },
on: {
click: () => {
this.viewPartyData = {...params.row}
this.visible = true
this.tags = params.row.tags
this.party_img = params.row.party_img
this.party_backgroud = params.row.party_backgroud
}
}
}, '查看详情')
])
}
},
{
title: '铭牌权限',
render: (h, params) => {
return h('div', [
h('Button', {
props: { type: params.row.nameplate_permission ? 'error' : 'primary', size: 'small' },
on: {
click: () => {
this.setNameplate(params)
}
}
}, params.row.nameplate_permission === 0 ? '开启' : '取消')
])
}
},
{
title: '操作',
render: (h, params) => {
return h('div', [
h('Button', {
props: { type: 'primary', size: 'small', disabled: params.row.join_official === 1 || params.row.status !== 1 },
on: {
click: () => {
this.joinOfficial({
join_official: 1,
id: params.row.id
})
}
}
}, '加入官方'),
h('Button', {
props: { type: params.row.status === 1 ? 'primary' : 'error', size: 'small' },
style: { marginLeft: '12px'},
on: {
click: () => {
this.currentParty = {...params.row}
if(params.row.status === 1) {
this.checkPartyVisible = true
} else {
this.$Modal.confirm({
title: `确定要解封此派对吗？`,
onOk: () => {
this.getProhibitReason().then(res => {
this.prohibitFormData.checkcode = res.checkcode
this.blockParty()
})
}
})
}
}
}
}, params.row.status === 1 ? '封禁' : '解封')
])
}
}
]
}
},
mounted () {
this.getQiniu()
this.getPartyList(this.tabs_value)
addPartyCode().then(res => {
if (res.data.code === 200) {
this.circle_type_list = res.data.data.circle_type
}
})
},
methods: {
handleProhibit() {
this.$refs.prohibitForm.validate(valid => {
if(valid) {
this.blockParty()
}
})
},
blockPartyVisibleChange(visible) {
if(visible) {
this.getProhibitReason().then(res => {
this.prohibitReason = res.prohibit_reason
this.prohibitFormData.checkcode = res.checkcode
})
} else {
this.$refs.prohibitForm.resetFields()
}
},
getProhibitReason() {
return new Promise((resolve, rejevce) => {
getProhibitReason()
.then(res => {
if(res.data.code === 200) {
resolve(res.data.data)
}
})
.catch(err => {
reject(err)
})
})
},
delController(data) {
delController(data).then(res => {
if(res.data.code === 200) {
this.$Message.success('删除成功')
this.getPartyList(this.tabs_value)
}
})
},
tabsChange (name) { // tabs切换
this.tabs_value = name
this.getPartyList(this.tabs_value)
},
selectChange(value) {
this.partyData.circle_type = value
},
pageChange (e) { // 分页切换
this.current = e
this.getPartyList(this.tabs_value)
},
partySearch (e) { // 搜索
this.current = 1
if (this.tabs_value === '1') this.key_word = e
else this.key_word1 = e
this.getPartyList(this.tabs_value)
},
getPartyList (type) { // 获取派对列表
var obj = { join_official: type, page: this.current, per_page: this.per_page }
if (type === '1') obj.key_word = this.key_word
else obj.key_word = this.key_word1
getPartyList(obj).then(res => {
if (res.data.code === 200) {
if (this.tabs_value === '1') this.data = res.data.data.data
else this.data1 = res.data.data.data
this.total = res.data.data.total
this.last_page = res.data.data.last_page
}
})
},
addParty () { // 创建派对
this.submitLoading = true
const data = {...this.partyData}
data.tag_name = JSON.stringify(data.tag_name.trim().split(/\s+/))
addParty(data)
.then(res => {
if (res.data.code === 200) {
this.cancel()
this.$Message.success('创建成功')
this.getPartyList(this.tabs_value)
}
this.submitLoading = false
})
.catch(err => {
this.submitLoading = false
})
},
joinOfficial(data) { // 用户派对加入/取消加入 官方
joinOfficial(data).then(res => {
if(res.data.code === 200) {
this.$Message.success('操作成功')
this.getPartyList(this.tabs_value)
}
})
},
updateParty () { // 修改派对
this.submitLoading = true
const data = {...this.partyData}
data.tag_name = JSON.stringify(data.tag_name.trim().split(/\s+/))
data.params = this.party_id
updateParty(data)
.then(res => {
if (res.data.code === 200) {
this.cancel()
this.$Message.success('修改成功')
this.getPartyList(this.tabs_value)
}
this.submitLoading = false
})
.catch(err => {
this.submitLoading = false
})
},
partyShow (type, params) {
this.$refs['partyData'].resetFields()
this.party_img = ''
this.party_backgroud = ''
this.uploadList = this.$refs.upload.fileList = []
this.uploadList_bg = this.$refs.upload_bg.fileList = []
if (type) {
this.demo_status = true
addPartyCode().then(res => {
if (res.data.code === 200) {
this.add_visible = true
this.partyData.checkcode = res.data.data.checkcode
this.circle_type_list = res.data.data.circle_type
}
})
} else {
this.demo_status = false
addPartyCode().then(res => {
if (res.data.code === 200) {
this.add_visible = true
this.partyData.checkcode = res.data.data.checkcode
this.circle_type_list = res.data.data.circle_type
}
}).then(() => {
getPartyDetails(params.row.id).then(res => {
if (res.data.code === 200) {
var tags = res.data.data.tags
var str = ''
if (tags.length >= 1) tags.forEach(item => { str += item.tag_name + ' ' })
this.partyData = {
checkcode: this.partyData.checkcode,
circle_type: res.data.data.circle_type,
name: res.data.data.name,
party_no: res.data.data.party_no + '',
tag_name: str.trim(),
party_img: res.data.data.party_img,
party_backgroud: res.data.data.party_backgroud
}
this.$refs.upload.fileList = [{ percentage: 100, showProgress: false, status: 'finished', url: res.data.data.party_img }]
this.$refs.upload_bg.fileList = [{ percentage: 100, showProgress: false, status: 'finished', url: res.data.data.party_backgroud }]
this.uploadList = this.$refs.upload.fileList
this.uploadList_bg = this.$refs.upload_bg.fileList
}
})
})
}
},
cancel () {
this.visible = false
this.add_visible = false
},
isShow (params) {
this.administrator_id = null
this.$Modal.confirm({
render: (h) => {
return h('Input', {
props: { value: this.administrator_id, autofocus: true, placeholder: '请输入管理员ID' },
on: { input: (val) => { this.administrator_id = val.trim() } }
})
},
onOk: () => {
if (this.administrator_id || this.administrator_id === 0) {
setAdmin({ id: params.row.id, controller_id: this.administrator_id }).then(res => {
if (res.data.code === 200) {
this.$Message.success('添加管理员成功!')
this.getPartyList(this.tabs_value)
}
})
} else {
this.$Message.error('请填写管理员ID')
}
}
})
},
setNameplate (params) {
this.$Modal.confirm({
title: '确定' + (params.row.nameplate_permission === 0 ? '开启' : '关闭') + '名牌权限？',
onOk: () => {
setNameplate({ id: params.row.id, nameplate_permission: params.row.nameplate_permission === 0 ? 1 : 0 }).then(res => {
if (res.data.code === 200) {
this.$Message.success('设置成功!')
this.getPartyList(this.tabs_value)
}
})
}
})
},
blockParty() {
const data = {
id: this.currentParty.id,
status: this.currentParty.status === 1 ? 2 : 1,
...this.prohibitFormData
}
blockParty(data).then(res => {
if(res.data.code === 200) {
this.$Message.success('操作成功')
this.checkPartyVisible = false
this.getPartyList(this.tabs_value)
}
})
},
getQiniu () {
getQiniuToken().then(res => {
if (res.data.code === 200) {
this.qiniuToken = res.data.data.uptoken
}
})
},
handleSubmit (name) {
this.$refs[name].validate((valid) => {
if (valid) {
if (!this.partyData.party_img) {
this.$Message.error('请上传派对封面!')
return
} else if (!this.partyData.party_backgroud) {
this.$Message.error('请上传派对背景图!')
return
}
if (this.demo_status) this.addParty()
else this.updateParty()
}
})
},
handleRemove (file) {
// 从 upload 实例删除数据
const fileList = this.$refs.upload.fileList
this.$refs.upload.fileList.splice(fileList.indexOf(file), 1)
this.uploadList = this.$refs.upload.fileList
this.partyData.party_img = ''
},
onCubeImg () { // 确定裁剪图片
// 获取cropper的截图的base64 数据
var that = this
this.$refs.cropper.getCropData(data => {
let file = this.convertBase64UrlToBlob(data)
var formData = new FormData()
formData.append('file', file)
formData.append('token', this.qiniuToken)
const url = 'http://upload-z2.qiniu.com/'
axios.post(url, formData, { contentType: false, processData: false, headers: { 'Content-Type': 'application/octet-stream' } })
.then(res => {
if (res.status === 200) {
if (this.option.type === 'hdfile') {
this.partyData.party_img = this.imageBaseUrl + res.data.key
this.uploadList.push({
status: 'finished',
url: this.partyData.party_img
})
} else if (this.option.type === 'bgfile') {
this.partyData.party_backgroud = this.imageBaseUrl + res.data.key
this.uploadList_bg.push({
status: 'finished',
url: this.partyData.party_backgroud
})
}
} else {
that.$Message.error('上传失败')
}
})
})
this.option.img = ''
this.cropperFlag = false
},
// 将base64的图片转换为file文件
convertBase64UrlToBlob (urlData) {
let bytes = window.atob(urlData.split(',')[1])// 去掉url的头，并转换为byte
// 处理异常,将ascii码小于0的转换为大于0
let ab = new ArrayBuffer(bytes.length)
let ia = new Uint8Array(ab)
for (var i = 0; i < bytes.length; i++) {
ia[i] = bytes.charCodeAt(i)
}
return new Blob([ab], { type: 'image/jpeg' })
},
// 拿到需要截图图片
getPic (file, type) {
if(file.type !== 'image/jpg' && file.type !== 'image/jpeg') {
this.$Modal.error({
title: '文件格式不正确',
desc: '文件 ' + file.name + ' 格式不正确，请上传 jpg 格式的图片。'
})
return false
}
var reader = new FileReader()
reader.onload = e => {
let data
if (typeof e.target.result === 'object') {
// 把Array Buffer转化为blob 如果是base64不需要
data = window.URL.createObjectURL(new Blob([e.target.result]))
} else {
data = e.target.result
}
this.option.img = data
}
reader.readAsDataURL(file)
if(type === 'cover') {
// this.option.autoCropWidth = 232
// this.option.autoCropHeight = 232
this.option.fixedNumber = [1, 1]
this.$refs.cropper.refresh()
} else {
// this.option.autoCropWidth = 300
// this.option.autoCropHeight = 534
this.option.fixedNumber = [300, 534]
this.$refs.cropper.refresh()
}
this.cropperFlag = true
},
handleBeforeUpload (file) {
this.uploadList = []
this.option.type = 'hdfile'
this.getPic(file, 'cover')
return false
},
handleRemove_bg (file) {
// 从 upload 实例删除数据
const fileList = this.$refs.upload_bg.fileList
this.$refs.upload_bg.fileList.splice(fileList.indexOf(file), 1)
this.uploadList_bg = this.$refs.upload_bg.fileList
this.partyData.party_backgroud = ''
},
handleBeforeUpload_bg (file) {
this.uploadList_bg = []
this.option.type = 'bgfile'
this.getPic(file, 'background')
return false
}
}
}
</script>
<style lang="less">
.page{
margin-top: 20px;
text-align: center;
}
.amend div{
text-align: center !important;
}
.demo-upload-list{
display: inline-block;
width: 105px;
height: 60px;
text-align: center;
line-height: 60px;
border: 1px solid transparent;
border-radius: 4px;
overflow: hidden;
background: #fff;
position: relative;
box-shadow: 0 1px 1px rgba(0,0,0,.2);
margin: 0px 4px;
}
.demo-upload-list img{
width: 100%;
height: 100%;
}
.demo-upload-list-cover{
display: none;
position: absolute;
top: 0;
bottom: 0;
left: 0;
right: 0;
background: rgba(0,0,0,.6);
}
.demo-upload-list:hover .demo-upload-list-cover{
display: block;
}
.demo-upload-list-cover i{
color: #fff;
font-size: 20px;
cursor: pointer;
margin: 0 2px;
}
.info {
width: 720px;
margin: 0 auto;
.oper-dv {
height:20px;
text-align:right;
margin-right:100px;
a {
font-weight: 500;
&:last-child {
margin-left: 30px;
}
}
}
.info-item {
margin-top: 15px;
label {
display: inline-block;
width: 100px;
text-align: right;
}
.sel-img-dv {
position: relative;
.sel-file {
position: absolute;
width: 90px;
height: 30px;
opacity: 0;
cursor: pointer;
z-index: 2;
}
.sel-btn {
position: absolute;
cursor: pointer;
z-index: 1;
}
}
}
}
.cropper{
width: 400px;
height: 400px;
}
</style>
| 10,838 |
US-201515536378-A_1
|
USPTO
|
Open Government
|
Public Domain
| 2,015 |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 6,939 | 10,923 |
Film and decorative film capable of covering article having three-dimensional shape by heat expansion
ABSTRACT
A film capable of covering an article having a three-dimensional shape by heat expansion provided by one embodiment of the present disclosure comprises an outermost layer disposed on an outermost surface, and a polyurethane thermal adhesive layer, which contains a thermoplastic polyurethane selected from the group consisting of polyester-based polyurethanes and polycarbonate-based polyurethanes and is thermally adhered to the article during the heat expansion, wherein the fracture strength of the polyurethane thermal adhesive layer is not less than 1 MPa at 135° C., and the storage modulus at 150° C. and frequency 1.0 Hz is from 5×10 3 Pa to 5×10 5 Pa, and the coefficient of loss tan δ is not less than 0.1.
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
This application is a national stage filing under 35 U.S.C. 371 of PCT/US2015/067076, filed 21 Dec. 2015, which claims the benefit of Japanese Patent Application No. 2014-261370, filed 24 Dec. 2014, the disclosures of which are incorporated by reference in their entirety herein.
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present disclosure relates to a film, in particular to a decorative film capable of covering an article having a three-dimensional shape, and more particularly to so covering a three-dimensional article with such a film by heat expansion.
BACKGROUND ART
A decorative film is effective in improving a work environment because there are no volatile organic compounds (VOC) or any spray mist. Insert molding (IM), water transfer, the three-dimensional overlay method (TOM) and the like have generally been used as methods for applying these decorative films. By heating and stretching a decorative film using these methods to make it conform to an article surface, the decorative film can be applied to an article having a three-dimensional shape such as a molded part without defects, and sufficient adhesion to the article can be obtained immediately after application of the decorative film.
Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication No. 2009-035588A describes “an adhesive film comprising a substrate and an adhesive layer on the substrate, the adhesive layer comprising (A) a (meth)acrylic polymer containing a carboxyl group, in which the proportion of the number of repeating units containing a carboxyl group relative to the total number of repeating units of the polymer is from 4.0 to 25%, and having a glass transition temperature (Tg) of not higher than 25° C., and (B) a (meth)acrylic polymer containing an amino group, in which the proportion of the number of repeating units containing an amino group relative to the total number of repeating units of the polymer is from 3.5 to 15%, and having a glass transition temperature (Tg) of not lower than 75° C., wherein the blending ratio of component (A) and component (B) is from 62:38 to 75:25 by weight.”
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
In order to achieve sufficient initial adhesion and to prevent peeling due to film contraction at temperatures exceeding 100° C., the adhesive film described in Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication No. 2009-035588A requires primer treatment or a primer layer on the surface of an article containing polycarbonate (PC) or acrylonitrile/butadiene/styrene copolymer (ABS). With TOM, a film application temperature of, for example, from approximately 120° C. to approximately 150° C. is reached by heating only the applied film using an IR lamp or the like, but it is generally considered to be difficult to achieve good adhesion without using a primer because the product is not sufficiently heated and its surface remains at a relatively low temperature. With IM, a film that has been three-dimensionally processed in advance as necessary is heated in a molding die, and by injecting material fused to the surface of the film, an article in which the film and the injected material are integrated in one piece is obtained, but there are cases where sufficient adhesion is not obtained depending on the combination of the adhesive layer of the film and the injected material.
The present disclosure provides a film and a decorative film which exhibit excellent adhesive strength to articles or materials containing PC or ABS even without primer treatment being performed when used in IM or TOM.
One embodiment of the present disclosure provides a film capable of covering an article having a three-dimensional shape by heat expansion, the film comprising an outermost layer disposed on an outermost surface, and a polyurethane thermal adhesive layer, which contains a thermoplastic polyurethane selected from the group consisting of polyester-based polyurethanes and polycarbonate-based polyurethanes and is thermally adhered to the article during the heat expansion, wherein the fracture strength of the polyurethane thermal adhesive layer is not less than 1 MPa at 135° C., and the storage modulus at 150° C. and frequency 1.0 Hz is from 5×10³ Pa to 5×10⁵ Pa, and the coefficient of loss tan δ is not less than 0.1.
Another embodiment of the present disclosure provides a decorative film capable of covering an article having a three-dimensional shape by heat expansion, the film comprising an outermost layer disposed on an outermost surface, and a polyurethane thermal adhesive layer, which contains a thermoplastic polyurethane selected from the group consisting of polyester-based polyurethanes and polycarbonate-based polyurethanes and is thermally adhered to the article during the heat expansion, and a design layer disposed between the outermost layer and the polyurethane thermal adhesive layer, wherein the fracture strength of the polyurethane thermal adhesive layer is not less than 1 MPa at 135° C., and the storage modulus at 150° C. and frequency 1.0 Hz is from 5×10³ Pa to 5×10⁵ Pa, and the coefficient of loss tan δ is not less than 0.1.
Yet another embodiment of the present disclosure provides an article obtained by covering and integrating an article with the film or the decorative film described above.
Due to the polyurethane thermal adhesive layer containing a thermoplastic polyurethane selected from the group consisting of polyester-based polyurethanes and polycarbonate-based polyurethanes, the film and decorative film of the present disclosure can achieve excellent adhesion to an article containing PC, ABS, or a mixture or blend thereof even without a primer treatment being performed when used in IM or TOM.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view of a heat-expanding film according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.
FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view of a heat-expanding film (heat-expanding decorative film) according to another embodiment of the present disclosure.
FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view of a heat-expanding film according to yet another embodiment of the present disclosure.
FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view of a heat-expanding film (heat-expanding decorative film) according to yet another embodiment of the present disclosure.
FIG. 5 is a schematic cross-sectional view of a structure according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.
FIGS. 6A to 6E are schematic explanatory drawings illustrating the steps of applying a heat-expanding film to an article using a vacuum thermocompression bonding apparatus.
DESCRIPTION OF MODES FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION
A detailed description for the purpose of illustrating representative embodiments of the present invention is given below, but these embodiments should not be construed as limiting the present invention.
In the present disclosure, “film” also encompasses laminates called “sheets” having flexibility.
In the present disclosure, the three-dimensional overlay method (referred to simply as “TOM” in the present disclosure) means a molding method including a step of preparing a film and an article having a three-dimensional shape, a step of disposing the film and the article in a vacuum chamber having a heating device on the interior, wherein the film separates the interior space of the vacuum chamber into two and the article is disposed in one of the separated interior spaces, a step of heating the film by the heating device, a step of putting both the interior space in which the article is disposed and the interior space on the opposite side thereof in a vacuum atmosphere, and a step of contacting the article with the film to cover the article with the film while putting the interior space in which the article is disposed in a vacuum atmosphere and putting the interior space on the opposite side thereof in a pressurized atmosphere or normal-pressure atmosphere.
In the present disclosure, “(meth)acrylic” refers to “acrylic or methacrylic,” and “(meth)acrylate” refers to “acrylate or methacrylate.”
In the present disclosure, “storage modulus” is the shear storage modulus G′ when viscoelasticity measurement is performed in shear mode at frequency 1.0 Hz at a prescribed temperature using a dynamic viscoelasticity measurement device. “Coefficient of loss (tan δ)” is the ratio of shear loss modulus G″/shear storage elastic modulus G′.
The film capable of covering an article having a three-dimensional shape by heat expansion (also referred to simply as “heat-expanding film” in the present disclosure) of one embodiment of the present disclosure contains an outermost layer disposed on the outermost surface, and a polyurethane thermal adhesive layer, which contains a thermoplastic polyurethane selected from the group consisting of polyester-based polyurethanes and polycarbonate-based polyurethanes and is thermally adhered to the article during heat expansion. The fracture strength of the polyurethane thermal adhesive layer is not less than approximately 1 MPa at 135° C., and the storage modulus at 150° C. and frequency 1.0 Hz is from approximately 5×10³ Pa to approximately 5×10⁵ Pa, and the coefficient of loss tan δ is not less than approximately 0.1.
FIG. 1 illustrates a cross-sectional view of a heat-expanding film 10 according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. The heat-expanding film 10 contains an outermost layer 11 and a polyurethane thermal adhesive layer 12. The heat-expanding film 10 may also contain additional layers such as a design layer, a metal brightening layer, a substrate layer and a bonding layer.
The heat-expanding film 10 of another embodiment of the present disclosure illustrated in FIG. 2 additionally has a design layer 13 disposed between the outermost layer 11 and the polyurethane thermal adhesive layer 12. In the present disclosure, the heat-expanding film having a design layer is also called a “decorative film capable of covering an article having a three-dimensional shape by heat expansion” or a “heat-expanding decorative film.” Below, descriptions relating to the “heat-expanding film” in the present disclosure also apply to the “heat-expanding decorative film.”
The heat-expanding film 10 of another embodiment of the present disclosure illustrated in FIG. 3 additionally has a metal brightening layer 14 disposed on the polyurethane thermal adhesive layer 12 between the outermost layer 11 and the polyurethane thermal adhesive layer 12.
As the conditions for positioning the outermost layer and polyurethane thermal adhesive layer of the heat-expanding film on the outermost surface of the film, the number of layers, the type, the arrangement and so forth of the heat-expanding film are not limited to those described above.
As the outermost layer, a variety of resins, for example, acrylic resins such as polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) and (meth)acrylic copolymer, fluorine resins such as polyurethane, ethylene/tetrafluoroethylene copolymer (ETFE), polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), methyl methacrylate/vinylidene fluoride copolymer (PMMA/PVDF), polyolefins such as polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polycarbonate (PC), polyethylene (PE) and polypropylene (PP), polyesters such as polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and polyethylene naphthalate, and copolymers such as ethylene/acrylic acid copolymer (EAA) and ionomers thereof, ethylene/ethyl acrylate copolymer, ethylene/vinyl acetate copolymer, and the like can be used. Due to their excellent weather resistance, acrylic resins, polyurethanes, fluorine resins, and polyvinyl chlorides are preferred, and due to their excellent scratch resistance and minimal environmental impact when incinerated or buried as waste, acrylic resins and polyurethanes are more preferred. The outermost layer may also have a multi-layer structure. For example, the outermost layer may be a laminate of films formed from the above resins, or it may by a multi-layer coating of the above resins.
The outermost layer may be formed by coating a resin composition on another layer that constitutes the heat-expanding film, such as a polyurethane thermal adhesive layer, a design layer of any constituent element, a metal brightening layer, a substrate layer, a bonding layer or the like. Alternatively, an outermost layer film can be formed by coating the resin composition on a different liner, and that film can be laminated on another layer via a bonding layer. If the polyurethane thermal adhesive layer, the design layer, the metal brightening layer, and the substrate layer and the like are adhesive to the outermost layer film formed on the liner, the outermost layer film can be laminated directly onto these layers without having a bonding layer therebetween. For example, the outermost layer film can be formed by coating resin material such as a curable acrylic resin composition, reactive polyurethane composition, or the like on a liner or the like using knife coating, bar coating, blade coating, doctor coating, roll coating, cast coating and the like, and then heat curing as necessary.
An outermost layer formed into a film beforehand through extrusion, drawing and the like may be used. This type of film can be laminated on the design layer, metal brightening layer, substrate layer, and the like via a bonding layer. Alternatively, if the design layer, the metal brightening layer, the substrate layer, and the like are adhesive to this film, the film can be laminated directly onto these layers without having a bonding layer therebetween. By using a film with high flatness, a structure can be given an appearance of higher surface flatness. Furthermore, the outermost layer can be formed by multi-layer extrusion with other layers. A resin containing polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), butyl polyacrylate, (meth)acrylic copolymer, ethylene/acrylic copolymer, ethylene vinyl acetate/acrylic copolymer resin, and the like can be formed into a film and used as an acrylic film. An acrylic film has excellent transparency, is resistant to heat and light, and will not easily cause discoloration or luster change when used outdoors. Also, an acrylic film is further characterized by excellent contamination resistance without the use of a plasticizer and the ability to be processed by deep drawing due to excellent moldability. It is particularly preferable to make PMMA the main component.
The outermost layer may have a variety of thicknesses, but it is generally not less than approximately 1 μm, not less than approximately 5 μm, or not less than approximately 10 μm, and not more than approximately 200 μm, not more than approximately 100 μm, or not more than approximately 80 μm. When the heat-expanding film is applied to an article with a complex shape, in terms of shape tracking performance, a thin outermost layer is advantageous; for example, a thickness of not more than approximately 100 μm or not more than approximately 80 μm is preferable. On the other hand, a thick outermost layer is more advantageous in terms of giving the structure high light resistance and/or weather resistance; for example, not less than approximately 5 μm or not less than approximately 10 μm is preferable.
The outermost layer may include, as necessary, ultraviolet absorbers such as benzotriazole, Tinuvin 1130 (manufactured by BASF), and the like, and hindered amine light stabilizers (HALS) such as Tinuvin 292 (manufactured by BASF), and the like. Through the use of ultraviolet absorbers, hindered amine light stabilizers, and the like, discoloration, fading, deterioration, and the like of coloring material, in particular organic pigments that are relatively sensitive to light such as ultraviolet light and the like, included in the design layer and the like can be effectively prevented. The outermost layer may include a hard coating material, a luster-imparting agent, and the like, and may also have an additional hard coating layer. In order to provide an intended appearance, the outermost layer may be transparent, semitransparent, or opaque. It is advantageous if the outermost layer is transparent.
The polyurethane thermal adhesive layer functions so as to adhere the heat-expanding film to the article that is to be adhered to during heat expansion. The polyurethane thermal adhesive layer contains a thermoplastic polyurethane selected from the group consisting of polyester-based polyurethanes and polycarbonate-based polyurethanes.
Thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) is a polymer having a urethane bond in the molecule, generally obtained by a polyaddition reaction of a polyisocyanate such as high-molecular-weight polyol or diisocyanate and a chain extender, using a catalyst such as dibutyltin dilaurate as necessary. When heated, it softens and exhibits fluidity. A hard segment is formed by the reaction of the chain extender and the polyisocyanate, while on the other hand, a soft segment is formed by the reaction of the high-molecular-weight polyol and the polyisocyanate.
Examples of the high-molecular-weight polyol include polyester polyol, polycarbonate polyol, and combinations thereof having not less than two hydroxyl groups and having a number average molecular weight of not less than 400. Polyester polyols form polyester-based polyurethanes, and polycarbonate polyols form polycarbonate-based polyurethanes. In the present disclosure, a polyol having both an ester bond and a carbonate bond in the molecule is classified as a polycarbonate polyol. A polyurethane formed by a polyol containing both polyester polyol and polycarbonate polyol is classified as a polycarbonate-based polyurethane. Since there are cases where thermoplasticity is diminished when an excessive crosslinking structure is introduced into a polyurethane, the polyester polyol is preferably a polyester diol, and the polycarbonate polyol is preferably a polycarbonate diol.
Polyester polyol may be obtained by, for example, a condensation reaction or an ester exchange reaction of a short-chain polyol having not less than two hydroxyl groups and having a number average molecular weight of not less than 400 with a polybasic acid or alkyl ester, acid anhydride, or acid halide thereof. In addition to the short-chain polyol, a short-chain polyamine having not less than two amino groups and having a number average molecular weight of less than 400 may be involved in the condensation reaction or ester exchange reaction.
Examples of short-chain polyols include dihydric alcohols such as ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, 1,3-propanediol, 1,4-butanediol, 1,3-butanediol, 1,2-butanediol, 2-methyl-1,3-propanediol, 1,5-pentanediol, neopentyl glycol, 3-methyl-1,5-pentanediol, 2,4-diethyl-1,5-pentanediol, 1,6-hexanediol, 2,6-dimethyl-1-octene-3,8-diol, C₇-C₂₂ alkane diols, cyclohexanediol, cyclohexane dimethanol, bisphenol A, hydrogenated bisphenol A, 1,4-dihydroxy-2-butene, bishydroxy ethoxy benzene, xylene glycol, bishydroxy ethylene terephthalate, diethylene glycol, trioxyethylene glycol, tetraoxyethylene glycol, pentaoxyethylene glycol, hexaoxyethylene glycol, dipropylene glycol, trioxypropylene glycol, tetraoxypropylene glycol, pentaoxypropylene glycol, and hexaoxypropylene glycol; trihydric alcohols such as glycerol, 2-methyl-2-hydroxymethyl-1,3-propanediol, 2,4-dihydroxy-3-hydroxymethyl pentane, 1,2,6-hexanetriol, trimethylol propane, and 2,2-bis(hydroxymethyl)-3-butanol; tetrahydric alcohols such as pentaerythritol and diglycerol; pentahydric alcohols such as xylitol; and hexahydric alcohols such as sorbitol, mannitol, allitol, iditol, dulcitol, altritol, inositol, and dipentaerythritol, and the like. Short-chain polyols also encompass polyoxyalkylene polyols obtained by adding an alkylene oxide such as ethylene oxide or propylene oxide to these short-chain polyols. Short-chain polyols may be used as one type alone or in a combination of two or more types. Since there are cases where thermoplasticity is diminished when an excessive crosslinking structure is introduced into a polyurethane, a dihydric alcohol is preferably used as the short-chain polyol.
Examples of polybasic acids include saturated aliphatic dicarboxylic acids such as oxalic acid, malonic acid, succinic acid, methylsuccinic acid, glutaric acid, adipic acid, 1,1-dimethyl-1,3-dicarboxypropane, 3-methyl-3-ethyl glutaric acid, azelaic acid, and sebacic acid; unsaturated aliphatic dicarboxylic acids such as maleic acid, fumaric acid, and itaconic acid; aromatic dicarboxylic acids such as orthophthalic acid, isophthalic acid, terephthalic acid, toluene dicarboxylic acid, and naphthalene dicarboxylic acid; alicyclic dicarboxylic acids such as hexahydrophthalic acid; and other polyhydric carboxylic acids such as dimer acids, hydrogenated dimer acids, and HET acids. Examples of alkyl esters, acid anhydrides, and acid halides of polybasic acids include methyl esters and ethyl esters of the above polybasic acids and the like; oxalic acid anhydride, succinic acid anhydride, maleic acid anhydride, phthalic acid anhydride, 2-C₁₂-C₁₈ alkyl succinic acid anhydride, tetrahydrophthalic acid anhydride, trimellitic acid anhydride, and the like; oxalic acid dichloride, adipic acid dichloride, sebacic acid dichloride, and the like. Polybasic acids may be used as one type alone or in a combination of two or more types. Since there are cases where thermoplasticity is diminished when an excessive crosslinking structure is introduced into a polyurethane, a dicarboxylic acid, or alkyl ester, acid anhydride or acid halide thereof is preferably used as the polybasic acid.
Examples of short-chain polyamines include short-chain diamines such as ethylene diamine, 1,3-propane diamine, 1,3-butane diamine, 1,4-butane diamine, 1,6-hexamethylene diamine, 1,4-cyclohexane diamine, 3-aminomethyl-3,5,5-trimethyl cyclohexylamine, 4,4′-dicyclohexylmethane diamine, 2,5(2,6)-bis(aminomethyl)bicyclo[2.2.1]heptane, 1,3-bis(aminomethyl)cyclohexane, hydrazine, and o-, m-, or p-tolylene diamine; short-chain triamines such as diethylene triamine; and short-chain polyamines having four or more amino groups such as triethylene tetramine and tetraethylene pentamine. Short-chain polyamines may be used as one type alone or in a combination of two or more types. Since there are cases where thermoplasticity is diminished when an excessive crosslinking structure is introduced into a polyurethane, a short-chain diamine is preferably used as the short-chain polyamine.
Polyester polyols that may be used include vegetable oil-based polyester polyols obtained by condensation reaction of a hydroxycarboxylic acid such as hydroxyl group-containing vegetable oil aliphatic acids; and polycaprolactone polyols and polyvalerolactone polyols obtained by ring-opening polymerization of lactones such as ε-caprolactone and γ-valerolactone and lactides such as L-lactide and D-lactide.
Examples of polycarbonate polyols include ring-opened polymers of ethylene carbonate using a short-chain polyol as an initiator; and amorphous polycarbonate polyols obtained by copolymerizing polycarbonates obtained by reacting the above short-chain dihydric alcohols such as 1,4-butanediol, 1,5-pentanediol, 3-methyl-1,5-pentanediol, or 1,6-hexanediol with phosgene or diphenyl carbonate, the above short-chain dihydric alcohols, and the above ring-opened polymers.
Examples of the polyisocyanate include aliphatic polyisocyanates, alicyclic polyisocyanates, aromatic polyisocyanates, aromatic aliphatic polyisocyanates, and the like, and multimers (dimers, trimers and the like), biuret-modified products, allophanate-modified products, oxadiazine trione-modified products, and carbodiimide-modified products of these polyisocyanates. Polyisocyanates may be used as one type alone or in a combination of two or more types. Since there are cases where thermoplasticity is diminished when an excessive crosslinking structure is introduced into a polyurethane, a diisocyanate is preferably used as the polyisocyanate.
Examples of aliphatic polyisocyanates include ethylene diisocyanate, trimethylene diisocyanate, tetramethylene diisocyanate, pentamethylene diisocyanate (PDI), hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI), octamethylene diisocyanate, nonamethylene diisocyanate, 2,2′-dimethylpentane diisocyanate, 2,2,4-trimethylhexane diisocyanate, decamethylene diisocyanate, butene diisocyanate, 1,3-butadiene-1,4-diisocyanate, 2,4,4-trimethylhexamethylene diisocyanate, 1,6,11-undecamethylene triisocyanate, 1,3,6-hexamethylene triisocyanate, 1,8-diisocyanate-4-isocyanatomethyloctane, 2,5,7-trimethyl-1,8-diisocyanate-5-isocyanatomethyloctane, bis(isocyanatoethyl)carbonate, bis(isocyanatoethyl)ether, 1,4-butylene glycol dipropylether-ω,ω′-diisocyanate, lysine isocyanatomethyl ester, lysine triisocyanate, 2-isocyanatoethyl-2,6-diisocyanate hexanoate, 2-isocyanatopropyl-2,6-diisocyanate hexanoate, bis(4-isocyanate-n-butylidene)pentaerythritol, and 2,6-diisocyanate methylcaproate.
Examples of alicyclic polyisocyanates include isophorone diisocyanate, 1,3-bis(isocyanatomethyl)cyclohexane, trans,trans-, trans,cis- and cis,cis-dicyclohexylmethane-4,4′-diisocyanate, and mixtures thereof (hydrogenated MDI), 1,3- or 1,4-cyclohexane diisocyanate and mixtures thereof, 1,3- or 1,4-bis(isocyanatoethyl)cyclohexane, methylcyclohexane diisocyanate, 2,2′-dimethyl dicyclohexylmethane diisocyanate, dimer acid diisocyanate, 2,5-diisocyanatomethyl bicyclo[2.2.1]-heptane, 2,6-diisocyanatomethyl bicyclo[2.2.1]-heptane (NBDI), 2-isocyanatomethyl-2-(3-isocyanatopropyl)-5-isocyanatomethyl bicyclo-[2.2.1]-heptane, 2-isocyanatomethyl-2-(3-isocyanatopropyl)-6-isocyanatomethyl bicyclo-[2.2.1]-heptane, 2-isocyanatomethyl-3-(3-isocyanatopropyl)-5-(2-isocyanatoethyl)-bicyclo-[2.2.1]-heptane, 2-isocyanatomethyl-3-(3-isocyanatopropyl)-6-(2-isocyanatoethyl)-bicyclo-[2.2.1]-heptane, 2-isocyanatomethyl-2-(3-isocyanatopropyl)-5-(2-isocyanatoethyl)-bicyclo-[2.2.1]-heptane, and 2-isocyanatomethyl-2-(3-isocyanatopropyl)-6-(2-isocyanatoethyl)-bicyclo-[2.2.1]-heptane.
Examples of aromatic polyisocyanates include 2,4-tolylene diisocyanate and 2,6-tolylene diisocyanate, and isomer mixtures of these tolylene diisocyanates (TDI), 4,4′-diphenylmethane diisocyanate, 2,4′-diphenylmethane diisocyanate, and 2,2′-diphenylmethane diisocyanate, and isomer mixtures of these diphenylmethane diisocyanates (MDI), toluidine diisocyanate (TODI), paraphenylene diisocyanate and naphthalene diisocyanate (NDI).
Examples of aromatic aliphatic polyisocyanates include 1,3- or 1,4-xylylene diisocyanate or mixtures thereof (XDI), and 1,3- or 1,4-tetramethylxylylene diisocyanate or mixtures thereof (TMXDI).
Examples of chain extenders include dihydric alcohols such as ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, 1,3-propanediol, 1,4-butanediol, 1,3-butanediol, 1,2-butanediol, 2-methyl-1,3-propanediol, 1,5-pentanediol, neopentyl glycol, 3-methyl-1,5-pentanediol, 2,4-diethyl-1,5-pentanediol, 1,6-hexanediol, 2,6-dimethyl-1-octene-3,8-diol, C₇-C₂₂ alkane diols, cyclohexanediol, cyclohexane dimethanol, bisphenol A, hydrogenated bisphenol A, 1,4-dihydroxy-2-butene, bishydroxy ethoxy benzene, xylene glycol, bishydroxy ethylene terephthalate, diethylene glycol, trioxyethylene glycol, tetraoxyethylene glycol, pentaoxyethylene glycol, hexaoxyethylene glycol, dipropylene glycol, trioxypropylene glycol, tetraoxypropylene glycol, pentaoxypropylene glycol, and hexaoxypropylene glycol; trihydric alcohols such as glycerol, 2-methyl-2-hydroxymethyl-1,3-propanediol, 2,4-dihydroxy-3-hydroxymethyl pentane, 1,2,6-hexanetriol, trimethylol propane and 2,2-bis(hydroxymethyl)-3-butanol; tetrahydric alcohols such as pentaerythritol and diglycerol; pentahydric alcohols such as xylitol; and hexahydric alcohols such as sorbitol, mannitol, allitol, iditol, dulcitol, altritol, inositol and dipentaerythritol. Chain extenders also encompass polyoxyalkylene polyols obtained by adding an alkylene oxide such as ethylene oxide or propylene oxide to these short-chain polyols. Chain extenders may be used as one type alone or in a combination of two or more types. Since there are cases where thermoplasticity is diminished when an excessive crosslinking structure is introduced into a polyurethane, a dihydric alcohol is preferably used as the chain extender.
The weight average molecular weight of the thermoplastic polyurethane is generally not less than approximately 30,000, not less than approximately 50,000 or not less than approximately 80,000, and not greater than approximately 300,000, not greater than approximately 200,000, or not greater than approximately 150,000. The weight average molecular weight and the number average molecular weight of the thermoplastic polyurethane may be determined by gel permeation chromatography (GPC) using tetrahydrofuran (THF) or N-methylpyrrolidone (NMP) as the solvent, and using standard polystyrene (if the solvent is THF) or standard polymethyl methacrylate (if the solvent is NMP).
In several embodiments, the polyisocyanate that is the main starting material of the thermoplastic polyurethane is incorporated into the thermoplastic polyurethane in an amount of not less than approximately 20 mass %, not less than approximately 22 mass %, or not less than approximately 25 mass %, and not greater than approximately 40 mass %, not greater than approximately 38 mass %, or not greater than approximately 35 mass % relative to the total amount of thermoplastic polyurethane.
As the polyurethane thermal adhesive layer, one obtained by forming thermoplastic polyurethane into film by molding, extrusion, expansion, or the like may be used. This type of film can be laminated on the design layer, metal brightening layer, substrate layer, and the like via a bonding layer. Alternatively, if the design layer, the metal brightening layer, the substrate layer, and the like are adhesive to this film, these layers can be laminated directly onto the film without having a bonding layer therebetween. The polyurethane thermal adhesive layer film may also be formed by coating the thermoplastic polyurethane or a solvent-diluted composition containing the components thereof (polyol and polyisocyanate, and catalyst as necessary) on a liner, removing the solvent, and curing if necessary, and that film may be laminated onto a design layer, metal brightening layer, substrate layer, or the like with a bonding layer therebetween. If the design layer, the metal brightening layer, the substrate layer, and the like are adhesive to the polyurethane thermal adhesive layer film, these layers can be coated or laminated directly onto the polyurethane thermal adhesive layer film without having a bonding layer therebetween. The polyurethane thermal adhesive layer can be formed through multi-layer extrusion with other layers.
The fracture strength of the polyurethane thermal adhesive layer is not less than approximately 1 MPa at 135° C. In several embodiments, the fracture strength of the polyurethane thermal adhesive layer at 135° C. is not less than approximately 2 MPa, not less than approximately 3 MPa, or not less than approximately 5 MPa, and not greater than approximately 50 MPa, not greater than approximately 30 MPa, or not greater than approximately 20 MPa. The fracture strength of the polyurethane thermal adhesive layer is the value measured when a test piece fractures when pulled at a pulling rate of 300 mm/minute at temperature 135° C. using a dumbbell test piece of width 10.0 mm and gauge length 20.0 mm according to JIS K 7311 (1995). Due to the fracture strength of the polyurethane thermal adhesive layer being not less than approximately 1 MPa at 135° C., the heat-expanding film can be prevented from fracturing during operations where the pressure changes at high temperature in IM or TOM.
The storage modulus of the polyurethane thermal adhesive layer at 150° C. and frequency 1.0 Hz is not less than approximately 5×10³ Pa and not greater than approximately 5×10⁵ Pa. In several embodiments, the storage modulus of the polyurethane thermal adhesive layer at 150° C. and frequency 1.0 Hz is not less than approximately 1×10⁴ Pa or not less than approximately 2×10⁴ Pa, and not greater than approximately 2×10⁵ Pa or not greater than approximately 1×10⁵ Pa. Due to the storage modulus of the polyurethane thermal adhesive layer at 150° C. being in this range, the heat-expanding film can soften to a degree sufficient to adhere to an article without completely losing its shape when heated to the adhesion temperature in IM or TOM.
The coefficient of loss tan δ of the polyurethane thermal adhesive layer is not less than approximately 1.0 at 150° C. and frequency 1.0 Hz. In several embodiments, the coefficient of loss tan δ of the polyurethane thermal adhesive layer at 150° C. and frequency 1.0 Hz is not less than approximately 1.05 or not less than approximately 1.1, and not greater than approximately 5.0 or not greater than approximately 3.0. Due to the coefficient of loss tan δ of the polyurethane thermal adhesive layer at 150° C. and frequency 1.0 Hz being not less than approximately 1.0, the heat-expanding film conforms to the recesses and protrusions of the article surface or has sufficient fluidity to embed such recesses and protrusions when heated to the adhesion temperature in IM or TOM.
In several embodiments, elongation of the polyurethane thermal adhesive layer at 135° C. is not less than approximately 200%, not less than approximately 300%, or not less than approximately 500%, and not greater than approximately 2000%, not greater than approximately 1500%, or not greater than approximately 1000%. The elongation E of the polyurethane thermal adhesive layer is the value obtained from the formula E (%)=[(L₁−L₀)/L₀]×100, when the gauge length upon a test piece fracturing when pulled at a pulling rate of 300 mm/minute at temperature 135° C. using a dumbbell test piece of width 10.0 mm and gauge length 20.0 mm is taken as L₁ (mm), and the initial gauge length is taken as L₀ (mm)=(20.0 mm), according to JIS K 7311 (1995). Due to the elongation of the polyurethane thermal adhesive layer at 135° C. being not less than approximately 200%, the heat-expanding film conforms well even to an article surface with a high radius of curvature in IM or TOM.
In several embodiments, the ratio of the storage modulus at −20° C. and the storage modulus at 110° C. (−20° C. storage modulus/110° C. storage modulus) of the polyurethane thermal adhesive layer measured at frequency 1.0 Hz is not greater than approximately 100, not greater than approximately 80, or not greater than approximately 50, and not less than approximately 1, not less than approximately 2, or not less than approximately 3. Due to the ratio of the storage modulus at −20° C. and the storage modulus at 110° C. of the polyurethane thermal adhesive layer measured at frequency 1.0 Hz being not greater than 100, interface peeling over time between the polyurethane thermal adhesive layer and other layers it contacts, particularly the metal brightening layer, can be prevented.
Furthermore, in several embodiments, the ratio of number average molecular weight and weight average molecular weight (weight average molecular weight/number average molecular weight) in the polyurethane thermal adhesive layer is not more than approximately 9.0, and preferably not more than approximately 5.0. Due to the ratio of weight average molecular weight relative to number average molecular weight being not more than approximately 9.0, the occurrence of visual defects (so-called fish-eye) during polyurethane film molding can be suppressed and a heat-expanding film having excellent appearance can be provided. Quality with respect to visual defects may be judged by the number of defects not less than 0.1 mm² in size that can be seen on the urethane thermal adhesive layer, where not more than approximately 30 is preferred, and not more than approximately 20 is more preferred.
The polyurethane thermal adhesive layer may have a variety of thicknesses, but it is generally not less than approximately 15 μm, not less than approximately 30 μm, or not less than approximately 50 μm, and not more than approximately 1000 μm, not more than approximately 800 μm, or not more than approximately 500 μm.
Examples of the optional design layer include a color layer that exhibits a paint color, metallic color, or the like, a pattern layer that imparts a logo, an image, or a pattern such as a wood grain pattern, stone grain pattern, geometric pattern, or leather pattern to the structure, a relief (embossed pattern) layer in which recesses and protrusions are provided on the surface, and combinations thereof.
Pigments that may be used for the color layer by dispersion in a binder resin such as acrylic resin, polyurethane resin or the like are exemplified by inorganic pigments such as titanium oxide, carbon black, chrome yellow, yellow iron oxide, colcothar, red iron oxide, or the like; organic pigments such as phthalocyanine pigments (phthalocyanine blue, phthalocyanine green, or the like), azo lake pigments, indigo pigments, perinone pigments, perylene pigments, quinophthalone pigments, dioxazine pigments, quinacridone pigments (quinacridone red, or the like), or the like; aluminum brightening agents such as aluminum flake, vapor-deposited aluminum flake, metal oxide-coated aluminum flake, colored aluminum flake, or the like; and pearlescent brightening materials such as flake-like mica and synthetic mica coated with a metal oxide such as titanium oxide or iron oxide, or the like.
As a pattern layer, a film, sheet, metal foil, or the like having a pattern, logo, design, or the like formed by printing such as gravure direct printing, gravure offset printing, inkjet printing, laser printing, or screen printing, coating such as gravure coating, roll coating, die coating, bar coating or knife coating, punching or etching may be used.
As a relief layer, a thermoplastic resin film having a relief form on the surface obtained by a conventional known method such as embossing, scratching, laser processing, dry etching, hot pressing, or the like may be used. A relief layer can be formed by coating a heat-curable or radiation-curable resin such as curable acrylic resin on a release film having a relief form, curing it by heat or radiation, and removing the release film. The thermoplastic resin, heat-curable resin and radiation-curable resin used in the relief layer are not particularly limited, but may be fluorine-based resin, polyester-based resin such as PET and PEN, acrylic resin, polyethylene, polypropylene, thermoplastic elastomer, polycarbonate, polyamide, ABS resin, acrylonitrile/styrene resin, polystyrene, vinyl chloride, polyurethane, and the like.
The design layer may have a variety of thicknesses, and it is generally not less than approximately 0.5 μm, not less than approximately 5 μm, or not less than approximately 20 μm, and not more than approximately 300 μm, not more than approximately 200 μm, or not more than approximately 100 μm.
The heat-expanding film may also contain a metal brightening layer containing a metal such as aluminum, nickel, gold, platinum, chromium, iron, copper, tin, indium, silver, titanium, lead, zinc, or germanium, or alloys or compounds thereof, formed by vacuum deposition, sputtering, ion plating, plating, or the like on a layer that constitutes the heat-expanding film. Because this type of metal brightening layer has high luster, it may be suitably used in a substitute film for chrome plating or the like. The thickness of the metal brightening layer may be, for example, not less than approximately 5 nm, not less than approximately 10 nm, or not less than approximately 20 nm, and not more than approximately 10 μm, not more than approximately 5 μm, or not more than approximately 2 μm.
In an embodiment, the metal brightening layer is disposed on top of the polyurethane thermal adhesive layer, and the thermoplastic polyurethane contained in the polyurethane thermal adhesive layer is a polycarbonate-based polyurethane. In this embodiment, interlayer adhesion is particularly excellent between the metal brightening layer and the polyurethane thermal adhesive layer.
A variety of resins, for example, acrylic resins that include polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), polyolefins such as polyurethane (PU), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polycarbonate (PC), acrylonitrile/butadiene/styrene copolymer (ABS), polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), and the like, polyesters such as polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyethylene naphthalate, and the like, and copolymers such as ethylene/acrylic acid copolymer, ethylene/ethyl acrylate copolymer, ethylene/vinyl acetate copolymer, and the like can be used as a substrate layer, which is an optional element. From the perspectives of strength, impact resistance and the like, polyurethane, polyvinyl chloride, polyethylene terephthalate, acrylonitrile/butadiene/styrene copolymer, and polycarbonate can be advantageously used as a substrate layer. A substrate layer is a supporting layer for the design layer, and provides uniform elongation during molding, and can also function as a protective layer that effectively protects the structure from external punctures and impacts. The substrate layer may have a variety of thicknesses, but from the perspective of imparting the above function to the heat-expanding film without adversely affecting the moldability of the heat-expanding film, it is generally not less than approximately 10 μm, not less than approximately 20 μm, or not less than approximately 50 μm, and not more than approximately 500 μm, not more than approximately 200 μm, or not more than approximately 100 μm.
In an embodiment, the polyurethane thermal adhesive layer also functions as a substrate layer, and the heat-expanding film does not contain an additional substrate layer. The thickness of the polyurethane thermal adhesive layer of this embodiment is, for example, not less than approximately 10 μm, not less than approximately 50 μm, not less than approximately 80 μm, or not less than approximately 100 μm, and not more than approximately 1000 μm, not more than approximately 800 μm, or not more than approximately 500 μm. By this embodiment, a heat-expanding film suitable for IM or TOM can be provided at low cost with a simplified layer structure of the heat-expanding film.
A bonding layer may be used to bond the aforementioned layers. Generally used adhesives such as a solvent-type, emulsion-type, pressure-sensitive type, heat-sensitive type, and heat-curable or ultraviolet-curable type adhesives, including acrylics, polyolefins, polyurethanes, polyesters, rubbers, and the like can be used as the bonding layer, and a heat-curable polyurethane adhesive can be advantageously used. The thickness of the bonding layer and is generally not less than approximately 0.05 μm, not less than approximately 0.5 μm, or not less than approximately 5 μm, and not more than approximately 100 μm, not more than approximately 50 μm, or not more than approximately 20 μm.
The heat-expanding film of one embodiment contains a thermally transferrable design transfer layer as the design layer. The design transfer layer general contains a thermally adherable surface layer. The design transfer layer may contain a design layer separate from the surface layer, and the surface layer may be a designable layer that contains the pigments, printing inks, and the like described above in regard to the design layer.
The surface layer generally contains a thermoplastic resin that softens and exhibits fluidity when heated. The thermoplastic resin may be one type alone or a mixture or blend of two or more types. The glass transition temperature and storage modulus of the thermoplastic resin may be selected as appropriate according to the transfer temperature of the design transfer layer and the application of the final product into which the design transfer layer is incorporated. If the thermoplastic resin is a mixture or blend of two or more types, the glass transition temperature and storage modulus indicate the values measured for the mixture or blend. Depending on the type of material that the surface layer contacts, the thermoplastic resin of the surface layer may be the same or different. Examples of the material that contacts the surface layer include polymeric resins such as acrylic resin, acrylonitrile/butadiene/styrene copolymer (ABS) resin, polycarbonate resin, polyester resin, and mixtures, blends, and combinations thereof, and metals such as tin, indium, and the like, and oxides and alloys of these metals.
The glass transition temperature of the thermoplastic resin may generally be not less than approximately −60° C., preferably not less than approximately −30° C., more preferably not less than approximately 0° C., and even more preferably not less than approximately 20° C., and not greater than approximately 150° C., not greater than approximately 125° C., or not greater than approximately 100° C. Due to the glass transition temperature of the thermoplastic resin being not less than approximately −60° C., excellent adhesive properties can be imparted to the design transfer layer. Due to the glass transition temperature of the thermoplastic resin being not greater than approximately 150° C., the transferability of the design transfer layer can be further improved. In the present disclosure, the glass transition temperature of the thermoplastic resin is defined as the peak temperature of the coefficient of loss tan δ (=shear loss modulus G″/shear storage modulus G′) obtained by measuring shear storage modulus G′ and shear loss modulus G″ every 12 seconds in shear mode at frequency 1.0 Hz, while raising the temperature from −60° C. to 200° C. at a heating rate of 5° C./minute using a dynamic viscoelasticity measurement device.
The storage modulus of the thermoplastic resin at 50° C. can generally be not less than approximately 1.0×10⁵ Pa, preferably not less than approximately 2.0×10⁶ Pa, and more preferably not less than approximately 5.0×10⁶ Pa, and not greater than approximately 1.0×10¹⁰ Pa or not greater than approximately 5.0×10⁹ Pa. Due to the storage modulus of the thermoplastic resin at 50° C. being not less than approximately 2.0×10⁶ Pa, blocking properties of the design transfer layer can be improved. Due to the storage modulus of the thermoplastic resin at 50° C. being not greater than approximately 1.0×10¹⁰ Pa, a design transfer layer that is easy to handle can be obtained.
In an embodiment, the surface layer contains at least one thermoplastic resin selected from the group consisting of vinyl chloride/vinyl acetate copolymer, polyurethane, polyester, (meth)acrylic resin, and phenoxy resin. In the present disclosure, “phenoxy resin” means a thermoplastic polyhydroxy polyether synthesized using a bisphenol and epichlorohydrin, and encompasses those having an epoxy group derived from a tiny amount of epichlorohydrin in the molecule (for example, at the terminal). For example, the epoxy equivalent amount of phenoxy resin is higher than that of epoxy resin, for example, not less than 5,000, not less than 7,000 or not less than 10,000.
In an embodiment, the surface layer contains phenoxy resin. A surface layer that contains phenoxy resin has particularly excellent adhesion to a metal brightening layer containing a metal such as tin, indium, or the like.
| 44,213 |
https://github.com/zuxqoj/cdap/blob/master/cdap-ui/cdap-ui-upgrade/webpack.config.js
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Apache-2.0
| 2,019 |
cdap
|
zuxqoj
|
JavaScript
|
Code
| 163 | 356 |
/*
* Copyright © 2017 Cask Data, Inc.
*
* Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); you may not
* use this file except in compliance with the License. You may obtain a copy of
* the License at
*
* http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
*
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
* distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT
* WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the
* License for the specific language governing permissions and limitations under
* the License.
*/
var webpack = require('webpack');
var UglifyJsPlugin = require('uglifyjs-webpack-plugin');
var webpackConfig = {
entry: './index.js',
output: {
filename: './upgrade.js',
path: __dirname + '/dist'
},
module: {
loaders: [
{
test: /\.js$/,
use: ['babel-loader']
}
]
},
plugins: [
new UglifyJsPlugin({
uglifyOptions: {
ie8: false,
compress: {
warnings: false
},
output: {
comments: false,
beautify: false,
}
}
})
],
target: 'node'
};
module.exports = webpackConfig;
| 46,633 |
US-94613892-A_1
|
USPTO
|
Open Government
|
Public Domain
| 1,992 |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 3,752 | 4,475 |
Noise adaptive automatic gain control circuit
ABSTRACT
A noise adaptive automatic gain control circuit (100) includes an automatic gain control amplifier (105) for automatically adjusting the gain of the circuit (100) in response to an input signal applied to the input. A detector (135) is provided for detecting the presence of any background noise that may be present. Further, a voltage generator (126), a comparator (124), and a microcomputer (150) is provided for dynamically adjusting the gain of the AGC amplifier (105) to substantially prevent the amplification of the background noise. In other aspects of the present invention, a voice lull detector (140) detects voice lulls (402) in the input signal applied to the input. Further, a programmable amplifier (120) substantially maintains the gain of the AGC amplifier (105) to a constant level during voice lulls (402) to prevent excessive amplification.
TECHNICAL FIELD
This invention is generally related to electronic circuits and more particularly to automatic gain control circuit.
BACKGROUND
Conventional automatic gain control (AGC) systems are generally designed to provide a constant output signal with an input signal that varies in amplitude over a given range. These systems are used in a variety of applications including radio communication devices. Present AGC circuits employ feedback systems to allow the gain of the circuit to vary in relationship to the input signal. As the input signal is increased or decreased, a constant level is maintained at the output. Several problems are in general encountered in typical AGC circuits. The first problems is associated with voice lulls that are present in conversational speech. Voice lulls are pauses that are present in the utterance of words. During a voice lull, the signal at the input of an AGC circuit is reduced to a very low level causing a surge in the gain of the AGC in order to maintain a constant level at the output. This surge in the gain causes annoying noise pumping which is a sudden surge in noise level. A second problem with conventional AGC systems, has to do with background noise. In applications, where background noise is high, the signal level becomes unintelligible. This is due to the fact that the gain of the amplifier does not increase according to the level of input signal because of the overriding noise power. Another problem associated with conventional AGC circuits is their dynamic range fixity. This problem is encountered when an AGC circuit is expected to operate in whisper mode (very low level signal, hence very high gain) or high noise mode (high level signals, hence low gain). The deficiencies of the prior art have limited the use of AGC circuits, particularly in portable and mobile communication devices. It can therefore be appreciated that a need exists for an AGC circuit that overcomes the deficiency of the prior art.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
Briefly, according to the invention, a noise adaptive automatic gain control circuit having an input is disclosed. The AGC circuit includes an automatic gain control amplifier for automatically adjusting the gain of the circuit in response to an input signal applied to the input. A detector means is provided for detecting the presence of any background noise that may be present. Further, a means is provided for dynamically adjusting the gain of the amplifier to substantially prevent the amplification of the background noise. In other aspects of the present invention. A voice lull detector means is provided for detecting voice lulls in the input signal applied to the input. Further, a means is provided for substantially maintaining the gain of the amplifier to a constant level during voice lull to prevent excessive amplification.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a block diagram of an noise adaptive AGC in accordance with the present invention.
FIG. 2 is a block diagram of an AGC amplifier in accordance with the present invention.
FIG. 3 is a voice lull detector circuit in accordance with the present invention.
FIG. 4 shows voice lulls by capturing oscillograph envelope traces of the word "start".
FIG. 5 is a communication device in accordance with the present invention.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
Referring to FIG. 1 a block diagram of a noise adaptive Automatic Gain Control (AGC) circuit 100 in accordance with the present invention is shown. An input signal, typically voice, is initially amplified and bandpass filtered via a filter 102. The filter 102 is preferably a switch capacitor noise filter having a bandpass region from 300 Hz to 3 KHz. The output signal from the filter 102 is coupled to a variable gain cell 106 and a voice lull detector 140. The variable gain cell is part of an AGC amplifier 105 further including a rectifier 118, with its associated capacitor 114 and a programmable amplifier 120. The AGC amplifier 105 is a high dynamic range variable gain cell that has a built in gain control circuitry as well as dynamic range control circuitry. The dynamic range of the AGC amplifier 105 can be changed by programming the switch capacitor amplifier 120. The programming of the amplifier 120 is accomplished via a microcomputer 150.
The voltage gain cell 106 is a variable gain amplifier whose gain is controlled by a current source. The elements of the cell 106 are shown in FIG. 2. As can be seen by referring to FIG. 2, the cell 106 includes a voltage multiplier 1066, and a variable gain switch capacitor amplifier 1064, a current mirror 1069, and a level shifter 1068. The dynamic range of the AGC amplifier 105 can be changed by programming the switch capacitor circuit 120. The current mirror 1069 is used to control the current source which drives the multiplier 1066 and varies its gain. The amplified audio signal 108 is applied to the feedback control loop consisting of the amplifier 120 and the rectifier 118. At the output of the rectifier 118, an amplified and full wave rectified feedback control signal 116 is available which is routed to the variable gain cell 106 and a first input of the comparator 124. The rectified signal 116 is level shifted and applied to a storage capacitor 114 via a current source. This process converts the rectified signal to a DC level to control the current mirror circuit 1069 which in turn controls the gain of the gain cell 106.
During normal operation, the AGC amplifier 105 adjusts its gain according to the input signal level. The dynamic range of the AGC amplifier 105 is set to maximum. This range can be set to other values by programming the amplifier 120 via the microcomputer 150. The ability to change the dynamic range of the AGC amplifier 105 is useful for whisper mode operation in surveillance applications where a wider dynamic range is desired. Another benefit of the changeability of the dynamic range of the AGC amplifier 105 is realized when the background noise is high. Under these circumstances, the dynamic range can be narrowed to prevent the unnecessary amplification of the background noise. Without this adjustment, the background noise overcomes the dynamic range of the AGC amplifier 105 which results in high noise levels at the output of the AGC circuit 100.
In addition, during normal operation the storage capacitor 114 is free to be charged or discharged according to a conventional control loop. The attack time of the AGC amplifier 105 is chosen to be very fast. Its release time is chosen such that a low amplitude voice signal will be amplified fast enough to be heard, and not miss out any portion of the audio. The AGC control loop is permitted to vary as a conventional system to maintain a constant audio output. In the absence of voice, however, it is desired to prevent the AGC gain from increasing to an unacceptable level. This situation can also occur under voice lull condition, where the voice amplitude is very low. The increased gain of the AGC will result in noise pumping where the amplification of the noise is increases to an unacceptable level.
As is known, "voice lulls" are the short pauses in the utterance of words that are not detected by human beings but are detected by electronic devices. These voice lulls are always present in between voice messages in a normal speech message. As an example, FIG. 4 shows oscillograph envelope traces of the word "start", showing segmentation into acoustic syllables at the amplitude pauses between acoustic syllables. Acoustic syllables 401 are separated by voice lulls 402. During these voice lulls 402, the AGC action will tend to increase the amplifier gain excessively. This results in what is known as the noise pumping effect.
In order to eliminate the noise pumping effect, an ALC circuit is necessary. The ALC circuit consists of the voice lulls detector 140, noise pre-emphasis filter 128, a zero crossing detector 130, a dual tone summer 132 and a Schmidt trigger zero crossing detector 130. The function of the voice lulls detector 140 is to sense voice peaks which exceed a predetermined threshold while ignoring the syllabic rate voice lulls which occur subsequent to a detected voice peak. That is, voice lulls which occur during a normal syllable of speech, such as those shown in FIG. 4, are ignored by the detector 140 after detecting the peak.
The voice lulls detector 140 is a dual gain peak detector. When voice is present, the gain of the detector 140 is automatically cutback to a low constant level via an AGC loop formed by the programmable amplifier 120, the rectifier 118, and the microcomputer 150. The AGC loop within the variable gain cell 106 incorporates a timing and gain control capacitor 114. This capacitor 114 stores the charge when under low gain condition. The time constant can be adjusted according to the duration of the voice lulls. When the voice lulls occur, the capacitor 114 will hold the charge necessary to maintain a low gain so that the output from the detector 140 does not trigger a Schmidt trigger 130 following it.
A pre emphasis filter 128 couples the voice lull detector 140 to the Schmidt trigger 130. The function of the pre emphasis filter 128 is to amplify a desired segment of the noise spectrum suitable for the detection of background noise. The schmidt trigger 130 drives a differential tone summer 132 which sums the output signal of the schmidt trigger 130 to a reference clock, preferably 16.4 KHz, from the microcomputer 150. The differential tone summer 132 provides a 16.4 KHz signal if there is no signal output from the Schmidt trigger 130. On the other hand, if a signal is present, then it will output a clock signal that has the frequency of the input signal and suppresses the 16.4 KHz signal. The output of the differential tone summer 132 is applied to a noise/voice detector 135 comprising a programmable time base 148, a low frequency noise detector 134, a high frequency noise detector 136, and an Exclusive OR (EXOR) gate 138. The programmable time base 148 sets the lower frequency limit F1 and the upper frequency limit F2 of the noise detectors 134 and 136. The programming time base 148 is programmed via the microcomputer 150. Typically, frequencies below 300 Hz and above 3 KHz are treated as noise. This frequency range is user programmable according to the background noise environment and usable audio frequency range required.
At the noise/voice detector circuitry 135 a 16.4 KHz signal, a signal whose frequency is lower than F1, or a signal whose frequency is higher than F2 will be treated as noise. The noise/voice detector output at the output of the EXOR gate 138 is applied to a latching circuit which will be set to a logic high if noise is present or to a logic low if voice is present. Subsequently, a logic low sets the AGC amplifier 106 to its normal mode of operation. i.e., the AGC gain is allowed to vary according to the input signal level so as to maintain a constant output, and the dynamic range is set to its preset value programmed by the microcomputer 150. A logic high signal which indicates that noise is present will set the dynamic range of the AGC amplifier 106 to a lower value thereby limiting its maximum gain.
Referring to FIG. 3, the elements of the voice lulls detector 140 in accordance with the present invention are shown. The voice lulls detector 140 includes an active attenuator 1402, followed by a switched capacitor amplifier 1404. A feedback loop consisting of a threshold detector 1409, a timing network 1408, and a feedback control circuit 1406 couples the output of the amplifier 1404 to the attenuator 1402. If the input signal is below a predetermined level, the gain of the amplifier 1404 is at its maximum. In the presence of voice exceeding a predetermined level, the gain of the detector is automatically cutback to a low constant level. The gain cutback is achieved by the threshold detector circuit 1409 which drives the time constant network 1408. The time constant network 1408 comprises of an RC network whose capacitive component stores the charge to maintain a low gain condition. The time constant of the timing network 1408 can be adjusted according to the duration of the voice lulls. In the preferred embodiment, the attack time of the timing network 1408 is set to 60 ms and the decay time is set to 2 seconds. When voice lulls occur, the capacitive element of the timing network 1408 will hold the charge necessary to maintain a low gain so that the output level from the voice lull detector 140 does not trigger the zero crossing detector 130.
Accordingly, detection of the peak during voice reception causes the signal on the noise/voice output of the EXOR gate 138 to go high. However, since the voice lulls immediately following the peak are not detected, the signal on the Noise/voice detector output 74 goes low to keep the gain applied to the input signal from increasing.
As can be seen in FIG. 1, the output of the voice lulls detector 140 is also coupled to an audio signal detector 144. The function of the audio signal detector 144 is to detect the presence of audio signals which exceed above a threshold voltage. In the preferred embodiment, the audio signal detector 144 is a Schmidt trigger circuit with a preset threshold voltage. If no signals are sensed, by the detector 144, it is assumed that voice is absent, hence a high is produced at the output. This output is coupled to the noise/voice detector 135 which produces a low to the ramp voltage generator 126. This is to keep the AGC portion of the system from increasing its gain.
When the audio detector 144 senses the presence of noise or voice activity, it outputs a low to the noise/voice detector 135 indicating that an audio signal is present. The nature of this audio signal, whether it is voice or noise, is determined by the noise/voice detector 135. To determine whether voice or noise is present, the signal output from the voice lulls detector 140 is coupled to the noise pre emphasis filter 128, to enhance the noise characteristic. The filtered output is then coupled to the dual tone summer 132. A second reference clock signal is coupled into the summer 132 from the microcomputer 150. In the presence of audio, the differential dual tone summer 132 produces an output tone whose frequency resemble that of the incoming audio signal. On the other hand, when noise is present, the tone summer 132 outputs a signal having the frequency of the reference clock supplied by the microcomputer 150. The output of the tone summer 132 is coupled to the noise/voice detector 135 where the presence of noise or voice is detected. The presence of either a high frequency noise or low frequency noise will cause the noise/voice detector 135 to output a low. This low signal prevents the gain of the AGC 105 from increasing. At the same time it will set the cutoff frequency of a variable filter 110 to a lower frequency and reduce the dynamic range of the AGC amplifier 105.
The low frequency noise detector 134 detects the presence of noise below a certain frequency programmable via the microcomputer 150. The high frequency noise detector 136 detects the presence of the noise above a certain frequency programmable by the microcomputer 150. Typically, the energy content of the voice has a predominant frequency spectrum between 300 to 3000 Hz. In the preferred embodiment, signals outside this spectrum are treated as noise. The noise detector 135 threshold frequencies are once again programmable via the microcomputer 150 for flexibility in the frequency spectrum of a voice signal. In the preferred embodiment, the threshold frequency of the low frequency noise detector 134 can be programmed from 100 to 600 Hz. The threshold frequency of the high frequency noise detector 136 can be programmed from 1000 Hz to 3500 Hz. This flexibility allows the voice frequency spectrum to be changed according to the needs of the user. The frequency information related to all the components is stored in a memory that may be a part of the Microcomputer 150.
Once a voice lull is detected, the ramp generator 126 generates a ramping voltage. A comparator 124 compares the output of the ramp voltage and the voltage at the storage capacitor 114. If the ramp voltage is equal to voltage of the capacitor 114, then the comparator 124 outputs a signal to hold the voltage at the output of the ramp generator 126. The function of the variable frequency response switched capacitor filter 110 is to provide additional filtering of the high frequency noise to improve the voice intelligibility under high ambient noise. In normal operation, the filter corner frequency is typically set to 3 KHz, and when high frequency noise is detected, the corner frequency is set to a lower frequency. The changing of the corner frequency of the filter 110 adapts the AGC circuit 100 to the background noise, hence improving voice intelligibility. The two corner frequencies of the filter 110 are programmable via the microcomputer 150. The output of the filter 110 is the output 112 of the circuit 100.
Referring to FIG. 5, a block diagram of a communication device 500 in accordance with the present invention is shown. A transmitter 502 is coupled to a microphone 506 via the AGC circuit 100. The microphone 506 converts voice sounds to electrical signals and then applies them to the AGC circuit 100. The AGC circuit 100 amplifies the microphone signal and cancels noise in accordance with the present invention. Furthermore, voice lulls are detected and prevented from causing excessive amplification at the input of the transmitter. The signals at the out put of the AGC circuit are coupled to the transmitter 502 were they are used to modulate a carrier signal using techniques well known in the art. The transmitter signal is then coupled to an antenna 504 for transmission.
In summary, the circuit 100 incorporates an adaptive AGC in which the AGC dynamic range changes according to the background noise. Two actions are taken place in the presence of noise. First, the dynamic range of the AGC amplifier 105 is reduced to limit the maximum gain thereby reducing the noise pumping effect. Secondly, the filter bandwidth of the audio path is reduced to cut back upon the detection of the high frequency noise. This improves the intelligibility of the audio quality. The noise filter bandwidth is programmable via the microcomputer 150, so that it can be adjusted to adapt to the noise environment of a particular user. In addition to minimizing the effect of background noise, the voice lull detector 140 holds the gain of the AGC amplifier 105 at a constant level equal to its previous values during voice lulls in order to prevent the amplification of these voice lulls which would otherwise result in annoying noise pumping.
What is claimed is:
1. A communication device, comprising:a transmitter having an audio port; a noise adaptive automatic gain control circuit coupled to the audio port of the transmitter, the automatic gain control circuit comprising:an automatic gain control amplifier for automatically adjusting the gain of the circuit in response to the level of an input signal; voice lull detector means for sensing peaks in the input signal which exceed a predetermined threshold in order to detect short pauses in the utterance of a word the voice lull detector means including;an active attenuator; an amplifier coupled to the active attenuator, and having an output; a feedback circuit having a threshold detector for coupling the output of the amplifier to the active attenuator; means for substantially maintaining the gain of the automatic gain control amplifier during the short pauses to prevent excessive amplification of the short pauses.
2. The communication device of claim 1, further including a differential tone summer coupled to the voice lull detector means.
3. The communication device of claim 1, further including a high frequency noise detector coupled to the voice lull detector means.
4. The communication device of claim 1, further including a low frequency noise detector coupled to the voice lull detector means.
5. The communication device of claim 1, wherein the means for substantially maintaining includes a charge circuit for maintaining the charge at levels prior to voice lulls.
6. The communication device of claim 1, wherein the voice lull detector means includes a switched capacitor filter.
7. The communication device of claim 1, wherein the automatic gain control amplifier includes an amplifier having an adaptively adjustable dynamic range.
8. An automatic gain control (AGC;) circuit, comprising:a noise adaptive AGC amplifier; noise pump eliminator means for eliminating noise, including:an automatic level control (ALC) circuit; a voice lull detector for sensing peaks which exceed a predetermined threshold in order to determine voice lulls; the voice lull detector means including:an active attenuator; an amplifier coupled to the active attenuator, and having an output; a feedback circuit having a threshold detector for coupling the output of the amplifier to the active attenuator; a reference clock generator for generating a reference signal; and a differential tone summer coupled to the reference clock generator and the voice lull detector; a voice detector coupled to the differential tone summer; and whereby the reference signal is coupled to the voice detector when a voice lull has been detected..
| 12,892 |
sn91055359_1936-11-14_1_2_1
|
US-PD-Newspapers
|
Open Culture
|
Public Domain
| null |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 1,148 | 1,545 |
REA ID 11 ER N 1)1 H. GEORGF DAVENPORT NATIONAL POLITICS Contrary to all applied psy chology and predictions from the greatest of wise men, and knocking the time-worn phrase of, “As Maine Goes, So Goes the Nation,” into a cocked hat, FRANKLIN DE LANO ROOSEVELT was re elected, or we might say, “SWEPT INTO OFFICE” by all but two states. With about all, but a few newspapers against him, with all the big shot manufacturers, bankers and sore headed Democrats against him, with all of the UNCLE TOM NEGROES ol the old time Republican party against him, he was a bigger upset to politics than Max Schmeling was to pugilism; than Northwestern was to football; than the Second Ward was to local politics—it almost went Democratic. To the writer’s way of thinking, the people did not vote the Democratic ticket, they voted the ROOSEVELT TICKET, all party lines were smashed! Negroes voted for Roosevelt because he is a hu manitarian; because he help ed them get food, clothing and shelter when there was no time for argument. LOCAL POLITICS Some time back a gentle man by the name of Louis B. Anderson used to be aider man of the second ward. Everyone said or thought that Louis made money in politics. When your friends see you making money or think you are making money there is a little thing called jealousy that arises, and along with that political ambitions of the lesser of the political group. So six master-minds got together and wrested con trol of the second ward from the Great Louis B. Anderson. What happened? As soon as the vultures were in power, they began looking for the pot of gold: L. K. Williams, (the Yiddish talking minister), Oscar (the Wolf), (Saint William E. King), Roscoe, (the human parrot), Lawson, (the great fighter?), Charlie Jenkins, said to be "the tightest thing in politics." PUBLIC IS INVITED TO CONCERT The South Side music lovers are invited to attend a concert by the federal music project’s Illinois Philharmonic Choir under the direction of Walter C. Aschienbrenner at the Olivet Baptist Church, 31st and South Parkway on Friday, November 20, at 8:00 p.m. Pupils of Haines School, 251 W. 23rd place, will be given the opportunity of hearing the Colored Concert Orchestra, a federal music unit, under the direction of William Taylor on Thursday, November 19, and Friday, November 20 at 1:00 p.m. These concerts are free to the public. Every man desires to live long; but no man would be old. —Swift. "The fearless leader of the ward" of his precinct. Then the fun began. First of all, Dawson wanted to be committeeman, and the rest of the combination agreed to kick King out. King went out crying to Kersey and took Kersey for a political ride after beating the combination. To make a long story short, Dawson was spanked twice by King for the committe. emancipation. This month, November, 1936, this same Louis B. Anderson has lived to see a little fellow by the name of Arthur W. Mitchell with the help of a few Republicans who would-be politicians so bad that his defeat was a picnic in comparison. Today, although Louis B. Anderson has been out of office a long time he has more political power than St. William and the rest of the broken crew. Roscoe Cacklin Simmons was the head of the UNCLE TOM Speakers’ Bureau; The Gold Dust Twins of Journalism were in charge of the UNCLE TOM Publicity, (The World's Greatest Weakly and the World's Worst Weakly). These fellows, along with the great scholar, Rev. Lacey Kalculating Williams were to turn the local field into a bed of sunflowers by getting all of the Baptists to vote for London. No one will ever know just what really did happen, but when those two GOLD DUST TWINS woke up they were so shocked that it will be years before they bet on another horse and there are donkeys eating up all the sunflowers in the second ward. In the elimination of the “Wolf,” and for fear the public will not know to whom I am referring, (The Great Oscar De Priest) this writer thinks the race has ridden itself of the greatest political monster and parasite that ever graced a political platform, and they will do well to rid themselves of King, (the Saint) and that double-crossing minister, L. K. Williams for endorsing and trying to force the Wolf down the throats of these People. In closing, the writer wishes to thank the voter or two who were so kind as to vote for Mitchell because of the confidence they had in this columnist. Louis B. Anderson is smiling, Mitchell is laughing, and the writer is YELLING! HAVE YOU READ IT? POWELL PRAISED BY HIS CHIEF DR. C. B. POWELL (Calvin Service) Director of publicity among Negroes for the Democratic National Committee, who has received a letter of thanks for a job well done from the Hon. Charles Michelson, director of publicity of the Democratic National Committee. Dr. Powell is shown studying returns from the Democratic landslide which he helped to make possible. To the Victor Belongs the Spoils Many inquiries are made at the Metropolitan News office as to what may be expected in the future for those persons who have supported the Democratic ticket, for several years past as well as those who supported that ticket November 3rd and who intend hereafter to remain with the party. We believe that it is a fair question and one that should be answered and acted upon properly and timely for future guidance and encouragement. It will be remembered that under the Taft administration and also under the Harding administration there was an attempt to break up the solid South. That was a mistake as well as a failure. It is not done that way. The South had been loyal to the Democratic Party and rightly should expect to fully participate in the spoils when the party was victorious. You should have that same right. When the people of this country approves one party’s plans and policies and rejects the other, which is evidenced by election, then it is both unfair to the people who trusted and accepted that party, to force upon the people, persons who (Continued on page 4) OVERCOATS AND UP SUITS TOPCOATS OVERCOATS WE HAVE OVER 2000 GARMENTS ON HAND REAL HONEST-TO-GOODNESS WEARABLE SUITS AND OVERCOATS Most of our stock of slightly used clothing consists of uncalled-for garments bought for cash from cleaning establishments, tailor shops, distressed clothing factories, etc., and in many cases you will recognize nationally advertised brands that we, unfortunately, are not allowed to name in this ad, but which have retailed up to $35 and $45. Beat Our Bargains If You Can! PARKWAY TAILORS 405 EAST 61st ST. OPEN EVERY EVENING TILL 9:00—SUNDAY TILL 12.
| 18,260 |
https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blacktail%20Creek%20%28suba%20sa%20Tinipong%20Bansa%2C%20Montana%2C%20Meagher%20County%2C%20lat%2046%2C89%2C%20long%20-111%2C27%29
|
Wikipedia
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
Blacktail Creek (suba sa Tinipong Bansa, Montana, Meagher County, lat 46,89, long -111,27)
|
https://ceb.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Blacktail Creek (suba sa Tinipong Bansa, Montana, Meagher County, lat 46,89, long -111,27)&action=history
|
Cebuano
|
Spoken
| 73 | 110 |
Alang sa ubang mga dapit sa mao gihapon nga ngalan, tan-awa ang Blacktail Creek.
Suba ang Blacktail Creek sa Tinipong Bansa. Nahimutang ni sa kondado sa Meagher County ug estado sa Montana, sa sentro nga bahin sa nasod, km sa kasadpan sa Washington, D.C. Ang Blacktail Creek mao ang bahin sa tubig-saluran sa Mississippi River ang ulohan sa nasod.
Ang mga gi basihan niini
Mississippi River (suba) tubig-saluran
Mga suba sa Montana (estado)
| 41,110 |
dieelementederp01weyrgoog_17
|
German-PD
|
Open Culture
|
Public Domain
| 1,883 |
Die elemente der projectivischen geometrie
|
Weyr, Emil, 1848-1894
|
German
|
Spoken
| 6,685 | 11,544 |
Geht man umgekehrt von zwei einer Curve zweiter Classe S7' umschriebenen Dreiseiten 1 11 III, IV V VI mit den Ecken 12 3, 45 6 aus, so gilt für das Sechsseit I II ... VI der Satz von Brian c hon, welcher nichts Anderes aussagt, als dass P die Perspectivitätsaxe der beiden Dreiecke m 1 4, n 6 3 ist, wenn m und n die Punkte (III VI) respective (I IV) sind. Es müssen also die Geraden m n, 1 6, 4 3 durch einen Punkt o (das Perspectivitätscentrum) hindurch- gehen. Aber die drei in gerader Linie liegenden Punkte w, w, o sind nichts Anderes als die Schnittpunkte der Gegenseitenpaare des Sechs- eckes 123 45 6; letzteres ist somit ein PascaTsches, d. h. die sechs Ecken 12 3 4 5 6 liegen auf einer Curve zweiter Ordnung K'. ,f Jeder einem sich selbst con- jugirten Dreiecke aa' a umschne- bene Kegelschnitt K' enthält die Ecken von unendlich vielen solchen Dreiecken, und zwar ist jeder Punkt von K Ecke für ein solches Dreieck, ^' Wählt man nämlich auf dem, dem sich selbst conjugirten Drei- ecke aa' a" umschriebenen Kegelschnitt K' einen beliebigen Punkt b und ist b' einer der Schnittpunkte von K' mit der Polare B von b bezüglich des Kegelschnittes K (bezüglich dessen a a! a ein sich selbst conjugirtes Dreieck ist), so wird die Polare B' von V durch b gehen und B in dem Pole b" der Verbindungsgeraden B" von b mit V schneiden. Das Dreieck b V b" ist ein in sich selbst con- jugirtes und seine Ecken müssen mit den Ecken des Dreieckes a CL a" auf einem und demselben Kegelschnitte liegen, welcher noth wendiger Weise K' sein muss, weil er mit K' fünf Punkte a a! a" b V gemeinschaftlich hat ; es muss somit b" der zweite Schnitt- punkt von B mit K' sein. So ist also in der That jeder Punkt b 6* f, Jeder einem sich selbst conju- girten Dreiseite AA A" eingeschrie- bene Kegelschnitt K" berührt die Sei- ten von unendlich vielen solchen Drei- seiten, und zwar ist jede Tangente von K" Seite für ein solches Dreiseit/^ Digitized by VjOOQIC 84 Fünftes Kapitel. von K eine Ecke für ein bezüglich K sich selbst conjugirtes, dem IC eingeschriebenes Dreieck. Hätte man reciprok einem bezüglich K sich selbst conjugirten Dreiseite AÄ AI' einen beliebigen Kegelschnitt K-' eingeschrieben und ist h der Pol irgend einer Tangente B von K" bezüglich K, ferner B^ eine der beiden durch h an K* gelegten Tangenten und V ihr auf B gelegener Pol, so wird die Gerade hh' oder B" die Polare des Schnittpunkes 6" von B mit B' sein und BB' B" ist ein neues bezüglich K sich selbst conjugirtes Dreieck. Die sechs Seiten ^ -4' ^", BB' B" dieser Dreiseite müssen einen Kegelschnitt berühren, welcher mit K" identisch sein muss, weil er mit K" die fünf Tangenten AA' Ä' BB' gemeinschaftlich hat; es muss somit B" die zweite durch h an K' gelegte Tangente sein, und ist so jede Tangente B von K' Seite für ein solches bezüglich K sich selbst conjugirtes dem K" umschriebenes Dreiseit. 64. „Dwrchläuft ein Punkt p in der Ebene eines Kegelschnittes K einen beliebigen zweiten Kegelschnitt K' , so gleitet seine bezüglich K be- stimmte Polare P als Tangente an einem dritten Kegelschnitte K*' , welcher Kegelschnitt K" zugleich als Ort des bezüglich K bestimmten Poles einer variablen Tangente von K' auftritt,^* Sind nämlich a, b irgend zwei feste Punkte von K', A, B deren feste Polaren bezüglich K, ferner ap, bp oder X, Y die Ver- bindungsstrahlen des die Curve K* beschreibenden Punktes p mit a, b, und x, y die auf A, B respective gelegenen Pole dieser Ver- bindungsstrahlen, so ist xy die Polare P von p. Bewegt sich nun p auf K, so ist Büschel (Z) A Büschel (F); aber es ist (Art. 56) Büschel (Z) Ä Reihe (po) und Büschel (T) Ä Reihe (y), somit auch Reihe (x) 7\ Reihe (y), so dass xy oder P als die Verbindungs- gerade der sich entsprechenden Punkte x, y der auf A, B auf- tretenden projectivischen Reihen eine Curve zweiter Classe K' um- hüllen wird, wenn sich p auf K bewegt, was zu beweisen war. Sind p, q irgend zwei Punkte von K\ P, Q ihre Polaren, also Tangenten von K", so wird die Gerade p q oder M den Schnittpunkt m von P, Q zum Pole haben. Bewegt sich nun q auf K* gegen p, so wird sichikf der Tangente Tvon K' in jp nähern; zugleich wird sich auf Z"" Q der Tangente P und m dem Berührungspunkte t von -K"' mit P nähern, so dass also ,,der Pol der Tangente von K' in p der Be- rührungspunkt von K" mit P ist''. Lässt man somit eine Tangente T längs K' hingleiten, so wird ihr Pol t die Curve K" beschreiben. „Solche zwei Curven wie K\ K", von denen jede die Polaren der Punkte der anderen zu Tangenten hat, loährend sie zugleich der Ort Digitized by VjOOQIC Die Polareigenschaften der Kegelsclinitte. 85 der Pole der Tangenten, der anderen ist, werden ah zwei bezüglich K reciproke Polarcurven bezeichnet/^ Anmerkung. Durch einen gegebenen festen Kegelschnitt K ist in dessen Ebene eine wichtige Verwandtschaft, die sogenannte „Verwandtschaft der polaren Redprocität^^ festgesetzt, wenn man jedem Punkte p dessen Polare P bezüglich AT, und umgekehrt jedem Strahle P dessen Pol p als entsprechendes Element zuweist. Die Punkte (Tangenten) von K haben die Eigenschaft, dass sie mit den ihnen entsprechenden Strahlen (Punkten) perspectivisch liegen, da die Polare eines Curvenpunktes die in ihm berührende Curven- tangente ist. Sind ein Punkt und ein Strahl perspectivisch, so sind auch der entsprechende Strahl und Punkt perspectivisch (Art. 56). Den Strahlen eines Büschels entsprechen die Punkte einer Reihe, welche mit dem Büschel projectivisch ist {und umgekehrt). Den Punkten einer Curve zweiter Ordnung K' entsprechen die Tan- genten einer Curve zweiter Classe K", welche als die der ersten Curve entsprechende Curve zu betrachten ist; den Tangenten jener Punkte entsprechen die Berührungspunkte dieser Tangenten. Zwei conjugirten Polen von K' entsprechen zwei conjugirte Strahlen von Ä'", und umgekehrt. Einem bezüglich K' sich selbst conjugirten Dreiecke entspricht ein bezüglich X" sich selbst conjugirtes Dreiseit. Einem System von n Punkten mit allen ihren — ^— — - Ver- bindungsgeraden (vollständiges w-Eck) entspricht ein System von n n (ti— ^1 1 Geraden mit allen ihren — ^— — - Schnittpunkten (vollständiges w- Seit); einem einfachen n-Eck entspricht ein einfaches w-Seit, und zwar entsprechen den Ecken und Seiten des ersten die Seiten und Ecken des zweiten. Einem einfachen Sechseck, dessen drei Gegenseitenpaare sich in drei Punkten einer Geraden schneiden (Pascarsches Sechs- eck), entspricht ein einfaches Sechsseit, dessen drei Gegeneckenpaare auf drei durch einen Punkt gehenden Strahlen liegen (Brianchon 'sches Sechsseit). Zwei projectivischen Punktreihen, ihrer Directionsaxe, ihrem Erzeugniss (Curve zweiter Classe) entsprechen zwei projecti- vische Strahlenbüschel, ihr Directionscentrum, ihr Erzeugniss (Curve zweiter Ordnung). Einer Punktinvolution (conlocale vertauschungsfilhig- projectivische Punktreihen) entspricht eine Strahleninvolution (con- locale vertauschungsfähig-projectivische Strahlenbüschel) ; den Doppel- punkten der ersteren die Doppelstrahlen der letzteren u. s. w. In der Existenz dieser durch einen Kegelschnitt festgesetzten polarreciproken Verwandtschaft liegt auch ein Beweis des in I. Digitized by VjOOQIC 86 Fünftes Kapitel. Art. 30 Ä) ausgesprochenen Reciprocitätsgesetzes für die Ebene. Ist K' irgend eine ebene Curve von der n-ten Ordnung und m-ten Classe, d. h. eine Curve, welche mit einer Geraden n Punkte gemeinschaftlich hat und von deren Tangenten je m durch einen beliebigen Punkt hindurchgehen, so wird die zu ihr bezüglich des (Fundamental-) Kegelschnittes K polar Reciproke K'\ d. h. die Enve- loppe der Polaren, welche den einzelnen Punkten von K' entsprechen, und zugleich der Ort der den einzelnen Tangenten von K' zukommen- den Pole eine Curve von der n-ten Classe und m-ten Ordnung sein. Denn die Zahl der Punkte von K"j welche auf einer Geraden liegen, ist gleich der Zahl der Tangenten von K\ welche durch den Pol dieser Geraden gehen, weil ja jene Punkte diesen Tangenten entsprechen, und diese Zahl ist m; und die Zahl der durch einen Punkt gehen- den Tangenten von K'' ist gleich n, weil sie ja den n Schnittpunkten von K mit der Polare jenes Punktes entsprechen. Das heisst: ,,Die Polarreciproke einer Curve n-ter Ordnung und m-ter Classe ist eine Curve n-ter Classe und m-ter Ordnung/^ Da jedem Punkte von K die zugehörige Tangente von K als Polare zukommt, so erkennt man sofort die Richtigkeit des Satzes : yy Wenn zwei Curven in Bezug auf einen Kegelschnitt K polar- reciprok sind, so sind die Tangenten des Kegelschnittes K in dessen Schnittpitnkten mit einer der beiden Curven, Tangenten der anderen, und die Berühi'ungspunkte des Kegelschnittes K mit den ihm und einer der beiden Curven gemeinschaftlichen Tangenten sind Punkte der anderen. Cu7've,^^ 65. Mit Rücksicht auf den vorletzten Artikel können wir nun sofort die dortigen Sätze folgendermassen ergänzen: „Einem Kegelschnitte K, wel- cher einem bezüglich K sich selbst conjugirten Dreiecke a a' d" um- geschrieben ist, kann man unend- lich viele solche Dreiecke einschrei- ben. Die Seiten aller dieser Drei- ecke sind Tangenten eines und des- selben Kegelschnittes K" , welcher die zu K' bezüglich K polarreciproke Curve darstellt/^ „Einem Kegelschnitte K" , wel- cher einem bezüglich K sich selbst conjugirten Dreiseite A A Ä' ein- geschrieben ist, kann Tnan unend- lich viele solche Dreiseite umschrei- ben. Die Ecken aller dieser Drei- Seite sind Punkte eines und des- selben Kegelschnittes K\ welcher die zu K" bezüglich K polarreci- proke Curve darstellt/^ Die beiden Kegelschnitte K K' sind in der gegenseitigen Be- ziehung, dass es unendlich viele Dreiecke ad a", bb'V, ... gibt, welche dem Kegelschnitte K' eingeschrieben und zugleich dem Kegelschnitte K" umgeschrieben sind; jedes dieser Dreiecke ist Digitized by VjOOQIC Die Polareigenschaften der Kegelschnitte. 87 bezüglich K ein sich selbst conjugirtes Dreieck und von den Curven K', K" ist jede die zur anderen bezüglich K polarreciproke. Es möge bemerkt werden, dass man, abgesehen von der polar- reciproken Verwandtschaft, den Satz beweisen kann : ,,Wenn es ein Dreieck gibt, welches einem Kegelschnitte K ein- geschrieben und einem zweiten Kegelschnitte K" umgeschrieben ist, so gibt es unendlich viele solche Dreiecke, und zwar ist jeder Punkt von K' Ecke eines solchen Dreieckes und jede Tangente von K" ist Seite für ein solches Dreieck, welches K' ein- und K" umgeschrieben istJ' Es seien aa a" die auf K' gelegenen Ecken und AA' A" die ihnen gegenüberliegenden, K" berührenden Seiten eines Dreieckes, welches dann wirklich dem K' ein- und dem K" umgeschrieben ist. Zieht man von einem beliebigen Punkt b des Kegelschnittes K an K" die beiden Tangenten B\ B", welche K' in 6", 6', respective zum zweiten Male schneiden mögen, so hat man zwei Dreiecke aa a\ bb'b", welche einem Kegelschnitte K' eingeschrieben sind; ihre sechs Seiten müssen nach Art. 63 Tangenten eines zweiten Kegelschnittes sein, welcher jedoch mit K" identisch sein muss, weil er ja mit K* fünf Tangenten gemeinsam hat, nämlich die drei Seiten des Dreieckes aa! d* und die zwei Seiten bb\ bV des anderen Dreieckes. Es muss also die Gerade 6'&" oder B auch eine Tan- gente von K' sein, und wir haben ein neues Dreieck bb' b'\ welches dem K' ein- und dem K" umgeschrieben ist, und zwar gibt es nur dieses, welches b zur Ecke hat. Ebenso erkennt man, dass jede Tangente B von K" Seite für ein solches Dreieck ist, dessen zwei anderen Seiten die durch die Schnitte 6', i" von K' mit B an K" ge- legten Tangenten JS", E sind, welche sich nach Art. 63 in einem auf K' gelegenen Punkte b (der dritten Ecke des Dreiseits) schneiden müssen. Zwei in dieser bemerkenswerthen Beziehung befindliche Kegel- schnitte erhält man, wenn man irgend ein Dreieck wählt, durch seine drei Ecken einen beliebigen Kegelschnitt K hindurchlegt und einen zweiten Kegelschnitt K" so construirt, dass er alle drei Seiten des Dreiecks zu Tangenten hat. Man wird also für K' noch zwei* beliebige Punkte, durch welche K' hindurchgehen soll, und für K" noch zwei beliebige Tangenten, die K" berühren soll, wählen können. Anmerkung. Die Tripel der Ecken aller der dem K' eingeschriebenen Dreiecke bilden eine einfache Unendlichkeit von dreipunktigen (dreielementigen) Gruppen, von denen jede vollkommen und unzweideutig bestimmt ist, wenn man irgend einen ihrer Punkte (eines ihrer Elemente) kennt. Sowie man eine einfache Unendlichkeit von Elementenpaaren, welche diese Eigenschaft besitzt, als eine quadratische Involution (Involution zweiten Grades) bezeichnet (I, Art. 103), so nennt man eine einfache Unendlichkeit von Tripeln von Punkten eines Kegel- Digitized by VjOOQIC 88 Sechstes Kapitel. Schnittes, von denen jedes durch einen seiner Punkte vollkommen bestimmt ist, eine cubische Involution (Involution dritten Grades). Projicirt man je drei Punkte von K\ welche ein Tripel bilden (die Ecken eines dem K" umschriebenen und K' eingeschriebenen Dreieckes bilden), aus irgend einem festen Punkte o von K\ so erhält man die Strahlentripel einer Strahleninvolution dritten Grades am Punkte o. Ebenso bilden die Seitentripel aller der Dreiecke, welche K' eingeschrieben und K" umgeschrieben sind, eine cubische Tangenteninvolution auf K'\ welche jede Tangente O in einer geraden cubischen Punktinvolution schneidet. Wenn man je zwei Elemente, welche einem Tripel angehören, als einander entsprechende bezeichnet, so sieht man sofort, dass jedem Elemente x zwei Ele- mente x'x" entsprechen. Dem as' sind a?, x" und dem x" sind x, x als entsprechend zugewiesen. Das Tripel xx x' ist in sich geschlossen. Die letzten Sätze beweisen sofort : „Eine cubische Involution ist durch zwei beliebig gewählte Tripel aaa", bb'b" vollkommen bestimmt/' „Eine cubische Involution ist durch ein Tripel aa a" und zwei p€bare bb,' cc entsprechender Elemente vollkommen bestimmt/* Denn denkt man sich die Involution als Punktinvolution auf einem Kegel- schnitte K'y so bestimmen im ersten Falle die Seiten der beiden Dreiecke aaa\ bb'b", und im zweiten Falle die drei Seiten des Dreieckes aa a", mit den zwei Geraden bb', cc als Tangenten des Kegelschnittes K" (des Involutionskegel- schnittes) diesen vollständig. Die einem beliebigen Punkte x von K' entsprechenden (mit ihm ein Tripel bildenden) Punkte x' x" erhält man als die Schnitte von K' mit den zwei durch x an K!' gehenden Tangenten. Sechstes Kapitel. Projectivische Punkt- und Tangentensysteme an Kegel- schnitten. 66. Da die beiden Büschel, welche man erhält, wenn irgend zwei Punkte eines Kegelschnittes K mit allen übrigen durch Gerade verbunden werden, projectivisch sind, so ist der Werth des Doppel- verhältnisses {AB CD) der vier Strahlen, welche irgend vier feste Punkte a, i, c, d von K mit irgend einem fünften Punkte s von K ver- binden, nicht von der Lage des Punktes s auf K, sondern nur von der Lage der vier Punkte a, 6, c, d auf K abhängig. Diesen für alle Lagen von s auf K constanten, nur von a, 6, c, d abhängigen Werth nennt man das Doppelverhältniss der vier Punkte a^h^c^d des Kegelschnittes Ä" und bezeichnet diesen Werth symbolisch mit (ab cd). Man hat also {ah cd) = (AB CD), wenn diese vier Strahlen Digitized by VjOOQIC Projectivische Punkt- und Tangentensysteme an Kegelschnitten. 89 jene vier Punkte mit einem beliebigen fünften Punkt von K ver- binden. Ist der Werth dieses Doppelverhältnisses {ahcd)^= — 1, so werden die beiden Punktepaare ah, cd als zwei harmonische Punkte- paare oder die vier Punkte a,b,c,d als vier harmonische Punkte desKegelschnittes bezeichnet. Es sind also vier harmonische Punkte eines Kegelschnittes solche, welche aus jedem Punkte 8 dieses Kegel- schnittes durch vier harmonische Strahlen projicirt erscheinen. Fällt der Punkt 8 mit einem der vier Punkte, z. B. mit a zusammen, so geht sa, d. i. A, in die Tangente der Curve im Punkte a über. yySind ah, cd zwei harmonische Punktepaare eines Kegelschnittes K, so sind die Geraden ah, cd, welche diese Punktepaare enthalten, conjugirte Strahlen hezüglich K^' (d, h. jede dieser Geraden geht durch den Pol der anderen hindurch). Projicirt man nämlich diese vier harmonischen Punkte einmal aus a und das andere Mal aus h, so erhält man im ersten Falle vier harmonische Strahlen AB CD-, von denen der erste A die Tangente von a ist, und im zweiten Falle vier harmonische Strahlen AB^ €'17, von denen der zweite JB' die Tangente von h ist, während der Strahl aJ im ersten Quadrupel B und im zweiten A heisst. Wir haben also : {AB CD) = {A B' C D') = — 1 ; nun ist (siehe I, Art. 14) {B'ACD') = ^7^-^ =Zri = -^^ «^^^* (ABCD) = (BA C U)j und da in diesen doppelverhältnissgleichen Büscheln der gemeinschaftliche Strahl B = A sich selbst entspricht, so müssen die Punkte, in denen sich die übrigen drei Paare schneiden, also {A B'), {CC)y {DU) in gerader Linie liegen (I, Art. 33, 4), d. h. der Schnitt- punkt der Tangente A von a mit der Tangente B' von h liegt auf der Geraden cd, so dass diese durch den Pol von ah geht, was zu beweisen war. Der Werth des Doppelverhältnisses der vier Punkte a, 6, c, d, in welchen vier feste Tangenten A,By C, D einer beliebigen fünften Tan- gente S von K begegnen, ist nicht von dieser letzteren, sondern nur von den vier ersteren Tangenten abhängig, da ja die sämmtlichen Tan- genten von ^ auf je zwei (also auf allen) projectivische, d. h. doppel- verhältnissgleiche 'Reihen bestimmen. Diesen constanten Werth be- zeichnet man als das Doppelverhältniss der vier Tangenten A,B,C,D von iT symbolisch mit (^ 5 CD); es ist also (ABCD) = (ah cd), wenn diese vier Punkte die Schnittpunkte jener vier Tangenten mit einer beliebigen fünften Tangente von K sind. Wenn (ABCD) = ~ 1 ist, so nennt man die vier Tangenten harmonisch; Digitized by VjOOQIC 90 Sechstes Kapitel. solche vier harmonische Tangenten schneiden jede fünfte Tangente S von K in vier harmonischen Punkten. Fällt S mit A zusammen, so ist der Schnittpunkt von 8 und A durch den Berührungspunkt der Tangente A dargestellt. ,^Wenn AB, CD zwei harmonische Tangentenpaare eines Kegel- schnittes K sind, so sind die beiden Punkte (AB), (CD), in denen sich die Tangenten je eines Paares schneiden, conjugirte Pole hezüglich K^ (d, h, jeder dieser Punkte liegt auf der Polare des anderen). Werden nämlich die vier harmonischen Tangenten A, jB, C, D mit A in den Punkt a^h^c^d, und von B in den Punkten a'^V^c^d' ge- schnitten, wobei a und V die Berührungspunkte von A, respective B sind und h oder a' den Schnittpunkt von A mit B darstellt, so ist (ab cd) = {a V c d') = — 1; da jedoch (Va'cd') = ^ = (a b c d) T = — 1 ist, so hat man (abcd) = (b' d c d) mid wegen b "=: a' müssen die drei Geraden ab' , cc , d. i. C, und dd , d. i. D durch den- selben Punkt gehen, so dass also der Schnittpunkt von C und D auf der Verbindungsgeraden ab' der Berührungspunkte von A und B liegt oder: es liegt {CD) auf der Polare von (AB). Aus Art. 34, sowie aus Art. 52 folgt unmittelbar: „Das Doppdverhältniss von irgend vier Punkten abcd eines Kegel- schnittes und das Doppelverhältniss der in diesen Punkten berührenden vier Tangenten ABCD haben gleichen Werth, d. h. es ist (ABCD) = (abcd)."" Insbesondere : „Die Tangenten in vier harmonischen Punkten eines Kegelschnittes sind harmonisch, und umgekehrt/^ 67. Soll ein Kegelschnitt K durch fünf Punkte a,b,Cyd,s hin- durchgehen, so ist er vollkommen bestimmt; zugleich ist auch der Werth des Doppelverhältnisses der vier Strahlen s (a, b, c, d) ^) gegeben, und wenn sich der Punkt s auf K fortbewegt, so bleibt dieser Werth unverändert. „Man kann also einen durch vier Punkte hindurchgehenden Kegel- schnitt als den Ort eines solchen Punktes betrachten, welcher mit jenen vier Punkten vier Strahlen von unveränderlichem Doppdv&rhältniss bestimmt,^ ^) Mit 8 (a, h, c, d) sollen die vier Strahlen bezeichnet werden, welche den Punkt * mit den Punkten a, 6, c, d verbinden; dasselbe Symbol kann auch zur Bezeichnung des Doppelverhältnisses dieser vier Strahlen benützt werden. Ebenso sollen mit S {A, B, C, D) die vier Punkte, in denen S von A, B, (7, D geschnitten wird, oder das Doppelverhältniss dieser vier Punkte bezeichnet werden. Digitized by VjOOQIC ProjectiTiscbe Funkt- und Tangen tensystenie an Kegelschnitten. 91 Sind die vier Punkte a,h,Cjd und der constante Doppelverhältniss- werth k gegeben, so ist auch der Kegelschnitt K vollkommen und eindeutig bestimmt; denn rückt auf dem fraglichen Kegelschnitt s unendlich nahe zu d, so geht sd in die Tangente D von d über, während sa, sh, sc in da^ db, de übergehen. Es gibt jedoch nur einen Strahl D, welcher als vierter mit den Strahlen da, db, de ein Doppelverhältniss von gegebenem Werthe k liefert. (I, Art. 15). So erscheint die Tangente des Kegelschnittes im Punkte d und da- durch auch der Kegelschnitt selbst eindeutig bestimmt. Ertheilt man dem k alle reellen positiven und negativen Werthe, so erhält man die sämmtlichen durch a^b^c^d hindurchgehenden Kegelschnitte. Wenn k=2 o wird, so muss (siehe I, Art. 13) entweder sa mit se oder sb mit sd zusammenfallen, d. h. der Punkt s liegt entweder auf ac oder auf 6d, so dass dem Werth k = o das Gleradenpaar ac, bd als zugehöriger Kegelschnitt entspricht. (Siehe Artikel 28.) Ebenso erhält man für 7c = ± oo das Geradenpaar ad, &c, weil entweder 5a mit sd oder sb mit se zusammenfallen muss; und wenn endlich k den Werth + 1 annimmt, so muss entweder sc mit sd oder .sa mit sb zusammenfallen und man erhält das Geraden- paar aby cd als zugehörigen Kegelschnitt. Wird k = — 1, so sind die vier Strahlen s (abcd) harmonisch und der entsprechende Kegel- schnitt wird als ein harmonischer Kegelschnitt bezeichnet. Die vier Punkte a, 5, c, d sind auf diesem Kegelschnitte vier harmonische Punkte. „Durch vier Punkte a, b, c, d kann man drei harmonische Kegel- schnitte legen/^ Auf dem einen werden ab, cd, auf dem anderen werden ac, bd, und auf dem dritten werden ad, bc zwei harmonische Punkte- paare sein. Diese drei harmonischen Kegelschnitte zusammen sind als Ort eines Punktes zu betrachten, welcher mit den vier Punkten verbunden vier Strahlen liefert, die in irgend einer Aufeinander- folge harmonisch sind. ^ In derselben Art „kann man einen vier Gerade A, B, C, D be- rührenden Kegelschnitt als Umhüllende aller Geraden 8 betrachten, welche von jenen vier Geraden in vier Punkten a, b, c, d von unver- änderlichem Doppelverhältnisswerihe k =±= (abcd) geschnitten werden/^ Allen reellen Werthen von k entsprechen alle dem Vierseit ABCD eingeschriebenen Kegelschnitte, und zwar bestimmt der Werth von k den zugehörigen Kegelschnitt eindeutig, da man seinen Berührungspunkt d mit D eindeutig (I, Art. 15) durch Digitized by VjOOQIC 92 Sechstes Kapitel. die Bedingung erhält, dass er als vierter Punkt mit den Schnitt- punkten von D und A, B, C das Doppelverhältniss k liefern soll. Den Werthen o, dz «>«, 1 entsprechen die Punktepaare {A C), (BD)', (AD), {BCy, (AB), (CD) als dem Vierseit ud^CZ) ein- geschriebene Kegelschnitte. (S. Art. 47.) Endlich erhält man einen harmonisch dem Vierseit ein- geschriebenen Kegelschnitt für k = — 1, auf welchem AB und CD zwei harmonische Tangentenpaare darstellen. „In ein Vier- seit kann man drei harmonische Kegelschnitte einschreiben^^ je nachdem man entweder AB und CD, oder AC und BD, oder AD und BC als zwei Paare harmonischer Tangenten gelten lässt. Diese drei harmonischen Kegelschnitte zusammen sind als Enveloppe jener Ge- raden zu betrachten, welche von den vier festen Geraden A, B, C, D in irgend einer Aufeinanderfolge in vier harmonischen Punkten ge- schnitten wird. 68. jfWenn drei Punkte (Tangenten) eines gegebenen Kegelschnittes und der Werth des Doppelverhältnisses, welchen ein vierter Punkt (Tan- gente) mit den drei ersten bestimmt, gegeben sind, so ist der vierte Punkt (die vierte Tangente) eindeutig bestimmt,*^ Es sei K der Kegelschnitt, a, b, c drei gegebene Punkte des- selben und k der gegebene Werth des Doppelverhältnisses (abcd)-^ ist s irgend ein Punkt von K, so ist s {a, b,c,d)== k, wodurch der Strahl s d und somit auch der Punkt d eindeutig bestimmt erscheint. Ebenso reciprok. Da man nach dem in I^ Art. 14 gegebenen Ver- fahren jedes der vier ein Doppelverhältniss bildenden Elemente ohne den Verhältnisswerth zu ändern an die letzte Stelle bringen (zum vierten machen) kann, so sehen wir: ,,Ein Punkt (eine Tangente) eines gegebenen Kegelschnittes ist vollkommen und eindeutig bestimmt, wenn man den Werth des Doppel- verhältnisses kennt^ welches der Punkt (die Tangente) mit drei anderen gegebenen Punkten (Tangenten) des Kegelschnittes liefert/^ 69. Wählt man einen beliebigen Punkt s eines Kegelschnittes K zum Scheitel eines Strahlenbüschels, so wird jeder Punkt x von Kin einem Strahle sx oder X des Büschels liegen und jeder Strahl X des Büschels enthält ausser s noch einen Punkt x der Curve K. Wenn wir zwei solche Elemente x, X als entsprechende betrachten, so können wir das Strahlenbüschel s als perspectivisch mit dem Punktsystem auf ^bezeichnen. Sinda,^6, c, d irgend vier Punkte von K und A, B, C, D die durch sie gehenden Strahlen des Büschels, so ist nach Früherem {ab cd?) = {AB CD) zu setzen. Selbstverständlich entspricht dem Scheitel s als besonderer Lage von x die Tangente Digitized by VjOOQIC Projectivisclie Punkt- und Tangentensysteme an Kegelschnitten. 93 S von K in s als Strahl des Büschels. Lässt man s auf K fort- rücken, so erhält man unendlich viele Strahlenbüschel, welche alle mit demselben Punktsystem auf K perspectivisch und in der That auch (Art. 21) untereinander projectivisch sind. Ebenso kann man das Tangentensystem eines Kegel- schnittes ÜT in perspectivische Beziehung mit der Punktreihe setzen, welche irgend eine Tangente S' zur Axe hat, wenn man jeder Tangente X' jenen Punkt x' von S' als entsprechenden zu- ordnet, welcher mit X' perspectivisch ist (d. h. a?' ist der Schnitt- punkt von S' mit Z'). Der Tangente S' entspricht selbstverständlich ihr Berührungspunkt s'. Sind A' B' C" U irgend vier Tangenten und a'V c d! ihre Schnittpunkte mit S\ so ist nach Früherem {A! E C U) = {a! V c d) zu setzen. Lässt man S' variiren, so erhält man unend- lich viele Punktreihen, welche mit demselben Tangentensystem von K perspectivisch und in der That (Art. 41) untereinander projec- tivisch sind. Die Punkt- und Tangentensysteme an Kegelschnitten kann man als Elementensysteme an Kegelschnitten bezeichnen. Die Kegelschnitte sind die Träger der Systeme. Jedes solche System ist mit einfach unendlich vielen untereinander projectivischen Grundgebilden erster Stufe perspectivisch; und zwar ein Punkt- system mit den sämmtlichen Strahlenbüscheln, deren Scheitel die einzelnen Punkte des Systemes sind, und ein Tangentensystem mit den sämmtlichen Punktreihen^ deren Axen die einzelnen Tangenten des Systemes sind. 70. ,ySind auf zwei Kegelschnitten Ky K' zwei Elementensysteme: 2 auf K und 2' auf K', du/rch irgend welche geometrische Beziehung in eine solche Verwandtschaft gesetzt, dass jedem Elemente eines der beiden Systeme ein und nur einziges durch dasselbe bestimmte Element des anderen Systemes entspricht, so ist das Doppelverhaltniss von irgend vier Elementen des einen Systemes gleich dem Doppelverhältnisse der vier entsprechenden Elemente des anderen Systemes, Zwei solche Systeme bezeichnen mr als projectivische Elementensysteme auf den Kegel- schnitten K, K\^ Denn ist G irgend eines der mit 2, und G' irgend eines der mit 2' perspectivischen Grundgebilde erster Stufe, so folgt aus der Eindeutigkeit des Entsprechens der Elemente von 2 und 2' sofort die Eindeutigkeit, d. h. Projectivität oder Doppelverhältnissgleichheit der Gebilde ö, G' (I, At\. 94), und da man unter dem Doppel- verhaltniss von irgend vier Elementen von 2 das Doppelverhaltniss der vier mit ihnen perspectivischen Elemente eines zu S perspecti- Digitized by VjOOQIC 94 Sechstes Kapitel. vischen einstufigen Grundgebildes G zu verstehen hat, so erkennt man sofort die Doppelverhältnissgleichheit zwischen entsprechenden Elementenquadrupeln der Systeme 2 und 2'. Nach Art. 68 ist die Eindeutigkeit der Verwandtschaft zwischen S und 2' eine unmittelbare Folge der Doppelverhältnissgleichheit. Nach I. Art. 37 und 38 hat man pofort: „Wenn in einer Reihe von Elementensystemen, von denen jedes auf einem beliebigen Kegelschnitte gegeben ist (diese Kegelschnitte können beliebig im Räume vertheilt sein), das erste projectivisch ist mit dem zweiten , dieses mit dem dritten, dieses mit dem vierten u. s, w,, so sind je zwei von ihnen und insbesondere ist auch das erste mit dem letzten 'projectivisch,^^ Dabei müssen selbstverständlich solche Elemente von zwei in jener Reihe durch ein System getrennten Systemen als einander Entsprechende betrachtet werden, welche einem und demselben Elemente des sie trennenden Systemes projectivisch entsprechen. „Die projectivische Beziehung zwischen zwei Elementensystemen an Kegelschnitten ist vollkommen bestimmt, wenn man diese Kegelschnitte (Träger) und drei Paare entsprechender Elemente kennt,'^ Sind k, K' die als Träger der Systeme 2, 2' auftretenden Kegel- schnitte, a, ß, Y irgend drei Elemente von 2, denen die Elemente a', ß', y' von 2' entsprechen, so wird das einem Elemente ? von 2 ent- sprechende Element \' von 2' definirt und eindeutig bestimmt durch die Doppelverhältnissgleichheit («' ß' y' 5') = (a ß v ^). Was die Vervollständigung der beiden Systeme 2,2', d. i. die Construction entsprechender Elemente betrifft, so ist dieselbe in dem Vorangehenden erledigt. Sind nämlich G, G' irgend zwei von den Grundgebilden erster Stufe, die mit 2, 2' respective perspectivisch sind, und a, 6, c die mit a, ß, y perspectivischen Elemente von (?, sowie a', &', c die mit a', ß'^ y' perspectivischen Elemente von G\ so ist durch die drei Elementenpaare aa', 66', cc die projectivische Beziehung zwischen den Grundgebilden erster Stufe ö, G' (das sind gerade Punkt- reihen oder Strahlenbtischel) vollkommen gegeben und man wird sie nach den in I, Art. 39— 41 gegebenen Methoden leicht vervollständigen können. Um zu einem Elemente \ von 2 das Entsprechende zu finden, hat man nur zu dem mit \ perspectivischen Elemente x von G das in G' projectivisch entsprechende x' aufzusuchen, so wird jenes Element §' von 2', welches mit x' perspectivisch ist, das Gesuchte sein. 71. In einzelnen Fällen lässt sich die Vervollständigung von 2, 2' direct auf die Vervollständigung perspectivischer Grundgebilde erster Stufe zurückführen : Digitized by VjOOQIC Projectiyische Punkt- und Tangentensysteine an Kegelschnitten. 95 1) Wenn zwei projectivische Punktsysteme 2, 2 ' auf zwei in derselben Ebene gelegenen Kegelschnitten K,K' durch drei Paar entsprechender Punkte, ahc auf Ky aVc auf Ä'' gegeben sind und vervollständigt werden sollen, so verbinde man zwei entsprechende Punkte, z. B. a und a! durch eine Gerade, bestimme den zweiten Schnittpunkt 8 von aa mit K und ebenso ihren zweiten Schnitt- punkt «' mit K (wenn K^ K' nicht gezeichnet vorliegen, sondern nur durch je fünf Punkte gegeben sind, so ist nach Art. 30 vor- zugehen). Das mit ^ perspectivische Strahlenbüschel (?, welches 8 zum Scheitel hat, ist mit dem zu 2' perspecti vischen Büschel G\ welches 8 zum Scheitel hat, nicht nur projectivisch, sondern per- spectivisch, weil zwei einander entsprechende Strahlen «a, «'a' zu- sammenfallen. Die Perspectivitätsaxe ist die Verbindungsgerade des Schnittes von 8h und s'V mit dem Schnitte von sc und sc, und es wird dem Punkte x von K der Punkt x von K entsprechen, wenn sich die Geraden sx, 8'x in einem Punkte der Perspectivitäts- axe schneiden. 2) Ist 2 das Tangentensystem eines Kegelschnittes K und S' das Tangentensystem eines zweiten in derselben Ebene gelegenen Kegelschnittes K', und ist die Projectivität der Systeme durch Angabe der irgend drei gegebenen Tangenten A, B, C von K ent- sprechenden Tangenten A', B\ C von K' bestimmt, so bringe man irgend zwei entsprechende Tangenten, z, B. A und A ' zum Durch- schnitte, lege durch diesen Punkt {AA') an K die zweite Tangente 8 und an K' die zweite Tangente S' und betrachte G und G' als die Punktreihen, welche von S, 2' auf S, ß' respective bestimmt werden. Diese Punktreihen sind perspectivisch, weil sich der ihnen gemeinschaftliche Punkt (/S-4) eie(/8'^') ^ {SS') selbst entspricht. Das Perspectivitätscentrum erhält man als den Schnittpunkt der Geraden, welche {SB) und {S' B') verbindet, mit der Geraden, welche {SC) mit (/S'C) verbindet, und es wird der Tangente X von K die Tangente X' von K' entsprechen, wenn die Gerade, welche {XS) mit {X' S') verbindet, durch jenes Perspectivitäts- centrum hindurchgeht. 3) Ist ^ein Punktsystem auf £" und 2' ein ihm projectivisches Tangentensystem auf dem mit K in derselben Ebene gelegenen Kegel- schnitte K', sind ferner a, &,c irgend drei Punkte von JSTund A', B', C" die ihnen entsprechenden Tangenten von K', so verbinde man a mit dem Berührungspunkte von A' durch eine Gerade,« welche K in s und K' in 8 zum zweiten Male schneiden möge. Das Büschel ö, welches 8 zum Scheitel hat und mit 2 perspectivisch ist, ist Digitized by VjOOQIC 96 Sechstes Kapitel. zunächst projectivisch* mit der Punktreihe G' , welche 2' auf der mit A' zusammenfallenden Tangente /S' bestimmt, aber diese ist wieder perspectivisch mit dem Büschel, das man erhält, wenn man diese Punktreihe aus «' projicirt, so dass dieses letzte Büschel projec- tivisch mit dem Büschel s ist. Beide Büschel sind überdies per- spectivisch, weil, wie man leicht erkennt, der gemeinschaftliche Strahl 88' sich selbst entspricht, indem sa durch den Berührungspunkt von A' hindurchgeht. (Man hätte ebenso au zwei perspectivisch en Punktreihen gelangen können.) Anmerkung. Sowie bei den Grundgebilden erster Stufe, die wir bezüglich ihrer Erzeugnisse schon näher betrachteten (gerade Punktreihen, ebene Strahlen- büschel), kann man auch hei projecti vischen Elementensystemen an Kegelschnitten von Erzeugnissen sprechen. Als Erzeugniss zweier auf zwei beliebig im Eaume be- findlichen Kegelschnitten K^ K' auftretenden projectivischen Punktsysteme wird man die Gesammtheit aller Strahlen aufzufassen haben, von denen jeder zwei einander entsprechende Punkte verbindet. Man gelangt so zu einer (im Allgemeinen) wind- schiefen Eegelfläche vierten Grades. Liegen die beiden Kegelschnitte in einer Ebene, so wird als ihr Erzeugniss die Enveloppe der '.Verbindungsgeraden entspre- chender Punkte (im Allgemeinen eine Curve vierter Classe mit drei Doppeltan- genten) aufzufassen sein. Sind zwei projectivische Tangentensysteme auf zwei beliebig im Baume ge- legenen Kegelschnitten gegeben, so kann man von einem Erzeugnisse derselben im Allgemeinen nicht sprechen, da je zwei entsprechende Tangenten im Allgemeinen keinen Punkt und keine Ebene gemeinschaftlich haben. Liegen jedoch die beiden Trägerkegelschnitte in derselben Ebene, so wird die Gesammtheit der Schnittpunkte entsprechender Tangenten (im Allgemeinen eine Curve vierter Ordnung mit drei Doppelpunkten) als das Erzeugniss zu betrachten sein. 72. Wenn wir uns einen Kegelschnitt durch Vereinigung zweier congruenten Kegelschnitte K^ K als doppelt vorstellen^ so können wir ihn einmal als K zum Träger eines Elementensystemes S und dann als K' zum Träger eines projectivischen Elementensystemes 2' machen. So erhalten wir an einem und demselben Kegelschnitte zwei projectivische Elementensysteme 2, 2'^ welche wir als conlocal bezeichnen. Einen speciellen Fall conlocaler projecti vischer Elementen- systeme haben wir bereits kennen gelernt Jedem Punkte x eines Kegelschnittes ist seine Tangente Z in a? eindeutig zugeordnet; in der That konnten wir in Art. 66 zeigen, dass das Doppelverhältniss von irgend vier Punkten von K gleich ist dem Doppelverhältniss der zugehörigen vier Tangenten, d. h. also nach unseren jetzigen Bezeichnungen : „Die "Punkte eines Kegelschnittes bilden ein System, welches pro- jectivisch ist mit dem System der in diesen Punkten berührenden Tangenten.^^ Digitized by VjOOQIC Frojectmsche Pnnkt- und Tangentensysteme an Kegelschnitten. 97 Wenn man auf einem Kegelschnitte K zwei projectivische Elementen Systeme betrachtet, so sind sie entweder gleichartig (beide Punktsysteme oder beide Tangentensysteme) oder ungleichartig (eines ein Punkt- und das andere ein Tangentensystem). Das System der Punkte von K und das mit ihm projectivische System der in diesen Punkten berührenden Tangenten kann man überdies als perspectivisch bezeichnen, weil je zwei entsprechende Elemente (Tangente und Berührungspunkt) in perspectivischer Lage sind. Sind die projecti vischen Elementensysteme 2, 2' auf K gleich- artig, also beide entweder Punkt- oder Tangentensysteme, so muss man jedes Element (Punkt, respective Tangente) doppelt zählen, einmal als zum Systeme 2 gehörig, dann möge es x heissen, und dann als zum Systeme 2' gehörig, wo es y' genannt werden möge {y' E^ x). Die entsprechenden Elemente x' und y werden im All- gemeinen von X und von einander verschieden sein. Wenn das einem Elemente x entsprechende Element x' mit ersterem zusammen- fallt (dann ist wegen y' ^ x auch y f=e «'), so erhalten wir ein „sich selbst entsprechendes Element" oder ein Doppelelement der beiden gleichartigen projecti vischen Systeme. Nach I., Art. 56 haben wir auch hier sofort den Satz : „Zwei conlocale gleichartige projectiviscfie Systeme besitzen zwei gleichzeitig reelle oder imaginäre oder zusammenfallende Doppelelemente.*' In der That, denkt man sich irgend eines der Elemente als Träger für zwei (also conlocale) Grundgebilde erster Stufe (?, Cr', welche mit den beiden projecti vischen Systemen 2, 2' perspectivisch sind, so erhält man zwei conlocale projectivische Gebilde G, (?', in denen (I., Art. 56) zwei und nur zwei gleichzeitig reelle oder gleich- zeitig imaginäre oder zusammenfallende Doppelelemente auftreten. Jedes dieser Doppelelemente stellt zwei entsprechende zusammen- fallende Elemente von G, G' dar, so dass also das mit diesem Doppelelemente perspectivisch e Element von 2 und 2' zwei ent- sprechende Elemente der beiden Systeme in sich vereinigt, also ein Doppelelement der beiden Systeme darstellt. Zugleich erkennt man, wie diese Doppelelemente construirt werden können. Handelt es sich 1) um zwei auf dem Kegelschnitte iST auftretende projectivische Punktsysteme, deren Beziehung durch drei Paare entsprechender Punkte aa', bb\ cc auf K bestimmt erscheint, so projicire man diese Punktepaare aus einem beliebigen Punkte s von Kj wodurch die drei Strahlenpaare AA', BB\ CC entstehen, durch welche die Projectivität der beiden concentrischen Büschel G, G' am Scheitel s Weyr. Geometrie. 11. Heft. 7 Digitized by VjOOQIC 98 Sechstes Kapitel. bestimmt erscheint. Construirt man nach I., Art. 57, die beiden Doppelstrahlen E, F dieser Büschel, so werden sie K in zwei Punkten e, f schneiden, von denen jeder sich selbst entspricht: e' = ö, /' —/. Es möge bemerkt werden, dass die Vervollständi- gung der beiden Büschel zugleich die Vervollständigung der beiden Punktsysteme ist, da je zwei entsprechende Strahlen X, X' den Träger jK' in zwei entsprechenden Punkten j», x' der Systeme schneiden. Je nachdem die Doppelstrahlen Ej F reell, imaginär oder zusammen- fallend sind, sind es auch die Doppelpunkte e, /. 2) Wenn auf einem Kegelschnitte K die Projectivität zweier Tangentensysteme durch Angabe dreier Paare entsprechender Tan- genten AA\ BB'y CC gegeben ist, so bringe man eine beliebige Tangente S von K mit den beiden Systemen zum Durchschnitt, wo- durch auf S zwei conlocale projectivische Punktreihen G, G' ent- stehen, deren Projectivität durch die drei Schnittpunktepaare aa'^ hh'y CC von S mit AA', BB\ CC bestimmt erscheint. Diese Punkt- reihen besitzen (I., Art. 57) zwei sich selbst entsprechende Punkte (Doppelpunkte) e, /, durch welche an K die beiden Tangenten E, F gelegt werden können, von denen jede sich selbst entspricht: E' = -B, i^' = F, Die durch irgend zwei entsprechende Punkte a;, x' der projectivischen Punktreihen auf S 2ax K gelegten Tangenten Xj X' sind einander entsprechende Tangenten in den beiden pro- jectivischen Systemen. Je nachdem die Doppelpunkte e, / auf S reell, imaginär oder zusammenfallend sind, sind es auch die Doppel- tangenten E, F der beiden conlöcalen projectivischen Tangenten- systeme auf K. 3) ,y Wenn zwei ungleichartige 'projectivische Elementensysteme conlocal sind, so gibt es in jedem Systeme zwei reelle oder imaginäre Elemente, welche mit den ihnen entsprechenden Elementen des anderen Systemes perspectivisch liegen.^' Mit anderen Worten: Wenn das Punktsystem 2 eines Kegel- schnittes mit dem Tangentensystem 2' desselben Kegelschnittes inpro- jectivischer Beziehung ist, so gibt es zwei Tangenten, welche den Kegel- schnitt in den ihnen entsprechenden Punkten berühren. Denn das Tan- gentensystem 2 ist projectivisch mit dem System 2 " der zugehörigen Be- rührungspunkte, so dass auch die beiden conlöcalen Punktsysteme 2 und 2" projectivisch sind; in diesen werden zwei Doppelpunkte auftreten welche oflFenbar die im Satze ausgesprochene Eigenschaft besitzen. ,f Wenn zwei gleichartige projectivische Elementensysteme eines Kegel- schnittes drei sich selbst entsprechende Elemente (Doppelelemente) besitzen, so ist jedes Element ein sich selbst entsprechendes (ein Doppelelem&nt).'^ Digitized by VjOOQIC Projectivisclie Punkt- nnd Tangentensjrstenie an Kegelschnitten. 99 Denn in den beiden conlocalen projectivischen Grundgebilden G, G' erster Stufe, welche man erhält, wenn man irgend ein Element der Systeme als Träger für zwei mit den Systemen perspectivische örundgebilde erster Stufe wählt, werden drei und daher lauter sich selbst entsprechende Elemente enthalten sein (I., Art. 51), woraus der obige Satz sofort folgt, dessen Richtigkeit man auch direct erkennt. Denn, sind e, f, g die drei Doppelelemente, so dass also e' = e, f =f, g' = g ist, so entspricht dem Elemente x das Element äj', wenn {^' f g x') "=■ {e f g x) oder also (e/^a?')= {^fg^)j woraus folgt, dass x' mit x identisch sein muss {x' = x), weil zwei von einander verschiedene Elemente mit denselben drei Elementen ef g nicht zwei gleichwerthige Doppelverhältnisse liefern können (Art. 68).
| 12,829 |
https://github.com/nitanka/kubernetes-tutorial/blob/master/generating-ca-and-tls.sh
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Unlicense
| null |
kubernetes-tutorial
|
nitanka
|
Shell
|
Code
| 560 | 2,758 |
#!/bin/bash
KUBERNETES_PUBLIC_ADDRESS=172.17.0.2
INTERNAL_IP=172.17.0.2
EXTERNAL_IP=172.17.0.2
instance=d56df529eeef
#generating the ca configuration
. client-tools.sh
install-cffsl
install-kubectl
generate-ca-config()
{
`cat > ca-config.json <<EOF
{
"signing": {
"default": {
"expiry": "8760h"
},
"profiles": {
"kubernetes": {
"usages": ["signing", "key encipherment", "server auth", "client auth"],
"expiry": "8760h"
}
}
}
}
`
}
#Create a Certificate signing request
create-csr()
{
`cat > ca-csr.json <<EOF
{
"CN": "Kubernetes",
"key": {
"algo": "rsa",
"size": 2048
},
"names": [
{
"C": "US",
"L": "Portland",
"O": "Kubernetes",
"OU": "CA",
"ST": "Oregon"
}
]
}`
}
#generate the CA certificate and private key
generate-ca-pk()
{
generate-ca-config
create-csr
cfssl gencert -initca ca-csr.json | cfssljson -bare ca
}
generate-ca-pk
generate-admin-config()
{
`cat > admin-csr.json <<EOF
{
"CN": "admin",
"key": {
"algo": "rsa",
"size": 2048
},
"names": [
{
"C": "US",
"L": "Portland",
"O": "system:masters",
"OU": "Kubernetes The Hard Way",
"ST": "Oregon"
}
]
}`
}
generate-admin-cer-pk()
{
generate-admin-config
cfssl gencert \
-ca=ca.pem \
-ca-key=ca-key.pem \
-config=ca-config.json \
-profile=kubernetes \
admin-csr.json | cfssljson -bare admin
}
generate-admin-cer-pk
generate-client-config()
{
`cat > ${instance}-csr.json <<EOF
{
"CN": "system:node:${instance}",
"key": {
"algo": "rsa",
"size": 2048
},
"names": [
{
"C": "US",
"L": "Portland",
"O": "system:nodes",
"OU": "Kubernetes The Hard Way",
"ST": "Oregon"
}
]
}`
}
generate-client-certificate()
{
generate-client-config
cfssl gencert \
-ca=ca.pem \
-ca-key=ca-key.pem \
-config=ca-config.json \
-hostname=${instance},${EXTERNAL_IP},${INTERNAL_IP} \
-profile=kubernetes \
${instance}-csr.json | cfssljson -bare ${instance}
}
generate-client-certificate
generate-kube-proxy-config()
{
`
cat > kube-proxy-csr.json <<EOF
{
"CN": "system:kube-proxy",
"key": {
"algo": "rsa",
"size": 2048
},
"names": [
{
"C": "US",
"L": "Portland",
"O": "system:node-proxier",
"OU": "Kubernetes The Hard Way",
"ST": "Oregon"
}
]
}`
}
generate-kube-proxy-cert()
{
generate-kube-proxy-config
cfssl gencert \
-ca=ca.pem \
-ca-key=ca-key.pem \
-config=ca-config.json \
-profile=kubernetes \
kube-proxy-csr.json | cfssljson -bare kube-proxy
}
generate-kube-proxy-cert
generate-api-server-config()
{
`cat > kubernetes-csr.json <<EOF
{
"CN": "kubernetes",
"key": {
"algo": "rsa",
"size": 2048
},
"names": [
{
"C": "US",
"L": "Portland",
"O": "Kubernetes",
"OU": "Kubernetes The Hard Way",
"ST": "Oregon"
}
]
}`
}
generate-api-server-cert()
{
generate-api-server-config
cfssl gencert \
-ca=ca.pem \
-ca-key=ca-key.pem \
-config=ca-config.json \
-hostname=${INTERNAL_IP},${KUBERNETES_PUBLIC_ADDRESS},127.0.0.1,kubernetes.default \
-profile=kubernetes \
kubernetes-csr.json | cfssljson -bare kubernetes
}
generate-api-server-cert
generate-kubelet-config()
{
kubectl config set-cluster kubernetes-the-hard-way \
--certificate-authority=ca.pem \
--embed-certs=true \
--server=https://${KUBERNETES_PUBLIC_ADDRESS}:6443 \
--kubeconfig=${instance}.kubeconfig
kubectl config set-credentials system:node:${instance} \
--client-certificate=${instance}.pem \
--client-key=${instance}-key.pem \
--embed-certs=true \
--kubeconfig=${instance}.kubeconfig
kubectl config set-context default \
--cluster=kubernetes-the-hard-way \
--user=system:node:${instance} \
--kubeconfig=${instance}.kubeconfig
kubectl config use-context default --kubeconfig=${instance}.kubeconfig
}
generate-kubelet-config
generate-kube-proxy-config()
{
kubectl config set-cluster kubernetes-the-hard-way \
--certificate-authority=ca.pem \
--embed-certs=true \
--server=https://${KUBERNETES_PUBLIC_ADDRESS}:6443 \
--kubeconfig=kube-proxy.kubeconfig
kubectl config set-credentials kube-proxy \
--client-certificate=kube-proxy.pem \
--client-key=kube-proxy-key.pem \
--embed-certs=true \
--kubeconfig=kube-proxy.kubeconfig
kubectl config set-context default \
--cluster=kubernetes-the-hard-way \
--user=kube-proxy \
--kubeconfig=kube-proxy.kubeconfig
kubectl config use-context default --kubeconfig=kube-proxy.kubeconfig
}
generate-kube-proxy-config
generating-encryption-key()
{
ENCRYPTION_KEY=$(head -c 32 /dev/urandom | base64)
`cat > encryption-config.yaml <<EOF
kind: EncryptionConfig
apiVersion: v1
resources:
- resources:
- secrets
providers:
- aescbc:
keys:
- name: key1
secret: ${ENCRYPTION_KEY}
- identity: {}`
}
generating-encryption-key
setting-up-etcd()
{
wget -q --show-progress --https-only --timestamping \
"https://github.com/coreos/etcd/releases/download/v3.2.11/etcd-v3.2.11-linux-amd64.tar.gz"
tar -xvf etcd-v3.2.11-linux-amd64.tar.gz
mv etcd-v3.2.11-linux-amd64/etcd* /usr/local/bin/
mkdir -p /etc/etcd /var/lib/etcd
cp ca.pem kubernetes-key.pem kubernetes.pem /etc/etcd/
ETCD_NAME=$(hostname -s)
`cat > etcd.service <<EOF
[Unit]
Description=etcd
Documentation=https://github.com/coreos
[Service]
ExecStart=/usr/local/bin/etcd \\
--name ${ETCD_NAME} \\
--cert-file=/etc/etcd/kubernetes.pem \\
--key-file=/etc/etcd/kubernetes-key.pem \\
--peer-cert-file=/etc/etcd/kubernetes.pem \\
--peer-key-file=/etc/etcd/kubernetes-key.pem \\
--trusted-ca-file=/etc/etcd/ca.pem \\
--peer-trusted-ca-file=/etc/etcd/ca.pem \\
--peer-client-cert-auth \\
--client-cert-auth \\
--initial-advertise-peer-urls https://${INTERNAL_IP}:2380 \\
--listen-peer-urls https://${INTERNAL_IP}:2380 \\
--listen-client-urls https://${INTERNAL_IP}:2379,http://127.0.0.1:2379 \\
--advertise-client-urls https://${INTERNAL_IP}:2379 \\
--initial-cluster-token etcd-cluster-0 \\
--initial-cluster $(hostname -s)=https://${INTERNAL_IP}:2380 \\
--initial-cluster-state new \\
--data-dir=/var/lib/etcd
Restart=on-failure
RestartSec=5
[Install]
WantedBy=multi-user.target
`
mv etcd.service /etc/systemd/system/
systemctl daemon-reload
systemctl enable etcd
systemctl start etcd
ETCDCTL_API=3 etcdctl member list
}
setting-up-etcd
| 20,696 |
https://github.com/edenlandpl/steps-to-fuzzy-logic/blob/master/FuzzyLogic05.sce
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
steps-to-fuzzy-logic
|
edenlandpl
|
Scilab
|
Code
| 175 | 592 |
clc; clear;
termy = zeros(6,101);
for i = 1: 101
x = -1 + i;
termy(1,i) = x;
/////////////////////////////////////////////// wykres1 trojkat
if x == 0
termy(2,i) = 1;
elseif x > 0 & x <= 50
termy(2,i) = (50-x)/(50-0);
else
termy(2,i) = 0;
end
///////////////////////////////////////////// wykres1 trojkat
if x >= 20 & x <= 60
termy(3,i) = (x-20)/(60-20);
elseif x >= 60 & x <= 80
termy(3,i) = (80-x)/(80-60);
else
termy(3,i) = 0;
end
///////////////////////////////////////////wykres1 trapez
if x >= 60 & x <= 100
termy(4,i) = (x-60)/(100-60);
elseif x == 100
termy(4,i) = 1;
else
termy(4,i) = 0;
end
/////////////////////////////////////////// dla termu pierwszego zero
if termy(2,i) > 0
termy(2,i) = 0
end
//////////////////////////////////////////// dla termu drugiego do wartosci 0.7
if termy (3,i) >= 0.7
termy(3,i) = 0.7
end
///////////////////////////////////////// dla termu trzeciego do wartosci 0.3
if termy(4,i) >= 0.3
termy(4,i) = 0.3
end
//////////////////////////////////////////////
termy (5,i) = max(termy(3,i),termy(4,i));
/////////////////////////////////////////////
end
for i = 1:101
termy(6,i) = termy(5,i)*termy(1,i);
end
suma = sum(termy(6,:));
suma2 = sum(termy(5,:));
suma3 = suma/suma2;
disp(suma3);
plot(termy(1,:),termy(5,:),'r');
mtlb_axis([0 100 0 1.2]);
mtlb_hold on;
| 34,469 |
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/38402289
|
StackExchange
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,016 |
Stack Exchange
|
B. Clay Shannon-B. Crow Raven, https://stackoverflow.com/users/3882035, https://stackoverflow.com/users/875317, stackingjasoncooper
|
Norwegian Nynorsk
|
Spoken
| 1,706 | 6,732 |
Why does my html page fail to render the same after making it standalone?
I have a web page (Web API/ASP.NET) that looks pretty much as I want it to:
This is the code that produces it:
@model WebAppRptScheduler.Models.HomeModel
@using System.Data
@{
ViewBag.Title = "PRO*ACT eServices Reporting";
DataTable dtUnits = Model.Units;
var units = from x in dtUnits.AsEnumerable()
select new
{
unit = x.Field<string>("unit")
};
DataTable dtReports = Model.Reports;
var reports = from x in dtReports.AsEnumerable()
select new
{
report = x.Field<string>("ReportName").ToUpper()
};
List<String> daysOfMonth = Model.DaysOfMonth;
List<String> ordinalWeeksOfMonth = Model.OrdinalWeek;
List<String> daysOfWeek = Model.DaysOfWeek;
List<String> patternFrequency = Model.PatternFrequency;
int maxMonthsBackBegin = Model.maxMonthsBackForReportBegin;
int maxMonthsBackEndNormal = Model.maxMonthsBackForReportEndNormal;
int maxMonthsBackEndFillRate = Model.maxMonthsBackForReportEndFillRate;
int maxDaysBackForDeliveryPerformance = Model.maxDaysBackForDeliveryPerformanceReport;
}
@* row 1: "Report Scheduler" *@
<div class="jumbotronjr">
<div class="col-md-3">
<img src="http://www.proactusa.com/wp-content/themes/proact/images/pa_logo_notag.png" alt="PRO*ACT usa logo">
@*<img src="~/Content/Images/proactLogoWithVerbiage.png" alt="PRO*ACT usa puny logo">*@
@*<img src="~/Content/Images/proactLogoWithVerbiage.png" height="160" width="200" alt="PRO*ACT usa puny logo">*@
</div>
<div class="col-md-9">
<label class="titletext">eServices Reporting</label>
</div>
</div>
@* row 2: HR *@
<div class="row">
<div class="col-md-12">
<hr />
</div>
</div>
@* row 3: "Select Distributors, -Categories, -Report Date Range" *@
<div class="row">
<div class="col-md-1">
</div>
<div class="col-md-3 addltopmargin">
<label class="sectiontext">Select Distributors</label>
<div>
<select class="dropdown bottommarginbreathingroom" id="unitsselect" name="unitsselect">
<option disabled selected value="-1">Please choose a Distributor</option>
<option>All Distributors</option>
<option>FSA Loveland</option>
<option>Hearn Kirkwood</option>
<option>Paragon</option>
<option>Piazza</option>
<option>ProduceOne Cleveland</option>
</select>
</div>
</div>
<div class="col-md-3 addltopmargin">
<label class="sectiontext">Select Categories</label>
<div>
<select class="dropdown bottommarginbreathingroom" id="categoriesselect" name="categoriesselect">
<option disabled selected value="-1">Please choose Categories</option>
<option>All Categories</option>
<option>Fruits</option>
<option>Vegetables</option>
<option>Herbs</option>
</select>
</div>
</div>
<div class="col-md-5 addltopmargin">
<label class="sectiontext">Report Date Range</label>
<div>
<input type="date" class="bottommarginbreathingroom" id="daterangefrom1" name="daterangefrom1">
</input>
<label> to </label>
<input type="date" class="bottommarginbreathingroom" id="daterangeto1" name="daterangeto1">
</input>
</div>
</div>
</div>
@* row 4: "Select Classes, Comparative Date Range" *@
<div class="row">
<div class="col-md-4">
</div>
<div class="col-md-3 addltopmargin">
<label class="sectiontext">Select Classes</label>
<div>
<select class="dropdown bottommarginbreathingroom" id="customersselect" name="customersselect">
<option disabled selected value="-1">Please choose Classes</option>
<option>All Classes</option>
<option>Apples</option>
<option>Asparagus</option>
<option>Avocados</option>
<option>Bananas</option>
<option>Beans</option>
<option>Berries</option>
<option>Broccoli</option>
<option>Cabbage</option>
<option>Carrots</option>
<option>Celery</option>
<option>Cilantro</option>
<option>Cucumbers</option>
<option>Garlic</option>
<option>Grapes</option>
<option>Lettuce</option>
<option>Peppers</option>
<option>Potatoes</option>
</select>
</div>
</div>
<div class="col-md-5 addltopmargin">
<label class="sectiontext">Comparative Date Range</label>
<div>
<input type="date" class="bottommarginbreathingroom" id="daterangefrom2" name="daterangefrom2">
</input>
<label> to </label>
<input type="date" class="bottommarginbreathingroom" id="daterangeto2" name="daterangeto2">
</input>
</div>
</div>
</div>
@* row 5: "Select Items, Summary and Detail checkboxes, Submit button" *@
<div class="row">
<div class="col-md-4">
</div>
<div class="col-md-3 addltopmargin">
<label class="sectiontext">Select Items</label>
<div>
<select class="dropdown bottommarginbreathingroom" id="itemssselect" name="itemssselect">
<option disabled selected value="-1">Please choose Items</option>
<option>All Items</option>
<option>APPLES, FUJI 12/3#</option>
<option>APPLES, GRANNY SMITH 20 CT</option>
<option>ASPARAGUS, LARGE 11/1#</option>
<option>AVOCADOS, HASS 48 #1</option>
<option>BANANAS, 10#</option>
<option>BEANS, GREEN TRIM 2/5# (BAGS)</option>
<option>BERRIES, BLACK 1/6 OZ</option>
<option>BERRIES, BLUE 1/6 OZ</option>
<option>BERRIES, RASPBERRY 3/6 OZ</option>
<option>BERRIES, STRAWBERRY 1# CLAM</option>
<option>BROCCOLI, 14 CT</option>
<option>BRUSSEL SPROUTS, 25#</option>
<option>CABBAGE, GREEN 5#</option>
<option>CABBAGE, RED 5#</option>
<option>CELERY, 24 CT</option>
<option>CILANTRO, ICELESS 1/6 CT</option>
<option>CUCUMBERS, SELECT 5#</option>
<option>GARLIC, PEELED 1/5# BAG</option>
<option>GRAPES, RED SEEDLESS 5#</option>
<option>HERBS, ARUGULA 1#</option>
</select>
</div>
</div>
<div class="col-md-2">
<br/>
<br />
<input type="checkbox" name="summary" value="summary"> Summary
<input type="checkbox" name="detail" value="detail"> Detail
</div>
<div class="col-md-3">
<br />
<button class="btn btn-primary green marginaboveandbelow" style="padding: 6px 50px 6px 50px; margin-left: -24px;" id="btnGetData" name="btnGetData">SUBMIT</button>
</div>
</div>
@* row 6: HR *@
<div class="row">
<div class="col-md-12">
<hr />
</div>
</div>
@* row 7: Copy, Excel, CSV, and PDF buttons; Search label and input text *@
<div class="row">
<div class="col-md-1">
</div>
<div class="col-md-6">
<button type="button" class="squishedbutton">Copy</button>
<button type="button" class="squishedbutton">Excel</button>
<button type="button" class="squishedbutton">CSV</button>
<button type="button" class="squishedbutton">PDF</button>
</div>
<div class="col-md-1 ">
<label style="display: inline-block; margin-top: 2px">Search:</label>
</div>
<div class="col-md-1">
<input type="text" style="margin-left: -1cm; margin-right: 2cm;" name="searchinput">
</div>
</div>
@* row 8: HR *@
<div class="row">
<div class="col-md-12">
<hr />
</div>
</div>
@* row 9: HTML Table with fake summary data *@
<div class="row">
<div class="col-md-12">
<table>
<tr>
<th>Distributor</th>
<th>Packages</th>
<th>Price</th>
<th>Percentage of Total</th>
<tr>
<td>FSA Loveland</td>
<td>1.0</td>
<td>30.74</td>
<td>1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Hearn Kirkwood</td>
<td>10.0</td>
<td>309.49</td>
<td>10</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Paragon</td>
<td>100.0</td>
<td>3000.27</td>
<td>19</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Piazza</td>
<td>1000.0</td>
<td>30012.62</td>
<td>28</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>ProduceOne Cleveland</td>
<td>10000.0</td>
<td>309871.18</td>
<td>42</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
</div>
I want to send it as a file (bla.html), so I created the following, which uses Bootstrap via CDN, and adds the custom CSS classes in the style section:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="utf-8">
<title>eServices Reporting - Summary Data</title>
<!-- Latest compiled and minified CSS -->
<link rel="stylesheet" href="http://maxcdn.bootstrapcdn.com/bootstrap/3.3.6/css/bootstrap.min.css">
<!-- jQuery library -->
<script src="https://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/jquery/1.12.4/jquery.min.js"></script>
<!-- Latest compiled JavaScript -->
<script src="http://maxcdn.bootstrapcdn.com/bootstrap/3.3.6/js/bootstrap.min.js"></script> <!--[if IE]>
<script src="http://html5shiv.googlecode.com/svn/trunk/html5.js"></script>
<![endif]-->
<!-- Inline CSS (don't tell the CSS-Whisperers I did this!) -->
<style>
.jumbotronjr {
padding: 12px;
margin-bottom: -16px;
font-size: 21px;
font-weight: 200;
line-height: 2.1428571435;
color: inherit;
background-color: white;
}
.titletext {
font-size: 2.8em;
color: darkgreen;
font-family: Candara, Calibri, Cambria, serif;
margin-left: -32px;
}
.addltopmargin {
margin-top: 8px;
}
.sectiontext {
font-size: 1.5em;
font-weight: bold;
font-family: Candara, Calibri, Cambria, serif;
}
.bottommarginbreathingroom {
margin-bottom: 2px;
}
.marginaboveandbelow {
margin-top: 15px;
margin-bottom: 15px;
}
.btn.green{
background-color: darkgreen;
color: white;
}
.squishedbutton {
margin-left: 0cm;
margin-right: -0.1cm;
padding: 4px;
text-align: center;
text-decoration: none;
display: inline-block;
font-size: 14px;
}
</style>
</head>
<body>
<div class="jumbotronjr">
<div class="col-md-3">
<img src="http://www.proactusa.com/wp-content/themes/proact/images/pa_logo_notag.png" alt="PRO*ACT usa logo">
</div>
<div class="col-md-9">
<label class="titletext">eServices Reporting</label>
</div>
</div>
<div class="row">
<div class="col-md-12">
<hr />
</div>
</div>
<div class="row">
<div class="col-md-1">
</div>
<div class="col-md-3 addltopmargin">
<label class="sectiontext">Select Distributors</label>
<div>
<select class="dropdown bottommarginbreathingroom" id="unitsselect" name="unitsselect">
<option disabled selected value="-1">Please choose a Distributor</option>
<option>All Distributors</option>
<option>FSA Loveland</option>
<option>Hearn Kirkwood</option>
<option>Paragon</option>
<option>Piazza</option>
<option>ProduceOne Cleveland</option>
</select>
</div>
</div>
<div class="col-md-3 addltopmargin">
<label class="sectiontext">Select Categories</label>
<div>
<select class="dropdown bottommarginbreathingroom" id="categoriesselect" name="categoriesselect">
<option disabled selected value="-1">Please choose Categories</option>
<option>All Categories</option>
<option>Fruits</option>
<option>Vegetables</option>
<option>Herbs</option>
</select>
</div>
</div>
<div class="col-md-5 addltopmargin">
<label class="sectiontext">Report Date Range</label>
<div>
<input type="date" class="bottommarginbreathingroom" id="daterangefrom1" name="daterangefrom1">
</input>
<label> to </label>
<input type="date" class="bottommarginbreathingroom" id="daterangeto1" name="daterangeto1">
</input>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="row">
<div class="col-md-4">
</div>
<div class="col-md-3 addltopmargin">
<label class="sectiontext">Select Classes</label>
<div>
<select class="dropdown bottommarginbreathingroom" id="customersselect" name="customersselect">
<option disabled selected value="-1">Please choose Classes</option>
<option>All Classes</option>
<option>Apples</option>
<option>Asparagus</option>
<option>Avocados</option>
<option>Bananas</option>
<option>Beans</option>
<option>Berries</option>
<option>Broccoli</option>
<option>Cabbage</option>
<option>Carrots</option>
<option>Celery</option>
<option>Cilantro</option>
<option>Cucumbers</option>
<option>Garlic</option>
<option>Grapes</option>
<option>Lettuce</option>
<option>Peppers</option>
<option>Potatoes</option>
</select>
</div>
</div>
<div class="col-md-5 addltopmargin">
<label class="sectiontext">Comparative Date Range</label>
<div>
<input type="date" class="bottommarginbreathingroom" id="daterangefrom2" name="daterangefrom2">
</input>
<label> to </label>
<input type="date" class="bottommarginbreathingroom" id="daterangeto2" name="daterangeto2">
</input>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="row">
<div class="col-md-4">
</div>
<div class="col-md-3 addltopmargin">
<label class="sectiontext">Select Items</label>
<div>
<select class="dropdown bottommarginbreathingroom" id="itemssselect" name="itemssselect">
<option disabled selected value="-1">Please choose Items</option>
<option>All Items</option>
<option>APPLES, FUJI 12/3#</option>
<option>APPLES, GRANNY SMITH 20 CT</option>
<option>ASPARAGUS, LARGE 11/1#</option>
<option>AVOCADOS, HASS 48 #1</option>
<option>BANANAS, 10#</option>
<option>BEANS, GREEN TRIM 2/5# (BAGS)</option>
<option>BERRIES, BLACK 1/6 OZ</option>
<option>BERRIES, BLUE 1/6 OZ</option>
<option>BERRIES, RASPBERRY 3/6 OZ</option>
<option>BERRIES, STRAWBERRY 1# CLAM</option>
<option>BROCCOLI, 14 CT</option>
<option>BRUSSEL SPROUTS, 25#</option>
<option>CABBAGE, GREEN 5#</option>
<option>CABBAGE, RED 5#</option>
<option>CELERY, 24 CT</option>
<option>CILANTRO, ICELESS 1/6 CT</option>
<option>CUCUMBERS, SELECT 5#</option>
<option>GARLIC, PEELED 1/5# BAG</option>
<option>GRAPES, RED SEEDLESS 5#</option>
<option>HERBS, ARUGULA 1#</option>
</select>
</div>
</div>
<div class="col-md-2">
<br/>
<br />
<input type="checkbox" name="summary" value="summary"> Summary
<input type="checkbox" name="detail" value="detail"> Detail
</div>
<div class="col-md-3">
<br />
<button class="btn btn-primary green marginaboveandbelow" style="padding: 6px 50px 6px 50px; margin-left: -24px;" id="btnGetData" name="btnGetData">SUBMIT</button>
</div>
</div>
<div class="row">
<div class="col-md-12">
<hr />
</div>
</div>
<div class="row">
<div class="col-md-1">
</div>
<div class="col-md-6">
<button type="button" class="squishedbutton">Copy</button>
<button type="button" class="squishedbutton">Excel</button>
<button type="button" class="squishedbutton">CSV</button>
<button type="button" class="squishedbutton">PDF</button>
</div>
<div class="col-md-1">
<label style="display: inline-block; margin-top: 2px">Search:</label>
</div>
<div class="col-md-1">
<input type="text" style="margin-left: -1cm; margin-right: 2cm;" name="searchinput">
</div>
</div>
<div class="row">
<div class="col-md-12">
<hr />
</div>
</div>
<div class="row">
<div class="col-md-12">
<table>
<tr>
<th>Distributor</th>
<th>Packages</th>
<th>Price</th>
<th>Percentage of Total</th>
<tr>
<td>FSA Loveland</td>
<td>1.0</td>
<td>30.74</td>
<td>1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Hearn Kirkwood</td>
<td>10.0</td>
<td>309.49</td>
<td>10</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Paragon</td>
<td>100.0</td>
<td>3000.27</td>
<td>19</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Piazza</td>
<td>1000.0</td>
<td>30012.62</td>
<td>28</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>ProduceOne Cleveland</td>
<td>10000.0</td>
<td>309871.18</td>
<td>42</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</body>
</html>
...but quite a bit is lost in the translation. It looks like this:
So as you can see, my border has disappeared, the HRs are fainter than a narcoleptic on a lazy boy, and the html table is a complete mess.
But why, and how can I fix it? Why does my standalone html page fail to render non-uglily, even though I'm referencing the Bootstrap classes which the page uses?
UPDATE
Thanks to stackingjasoncooper's comment, I got the table looking better by adding this CSS:
table {
font-family: arial, sans-serif;
border-collapse: collapse;
width: 100%;
}
td, th {
border: 1px solid #dddddd;
text-align: left;
padding: 8px;
}
tr:nth-child(even) {
background-color: #dddddd;
}
UPDATE 2
Adding these helped, too:
hr {
border: 0;
height: 1px;
color: navy;
background: #333;
}
.body-content {
-webkit-box-shadow: -1px 0 5px 0 #000000;
-webkit-box-shadow: -1px 0 5px 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, .25);
box-shadow: -1px 0 5px 0 #000000;
box-shadow: -1px 0 5px 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, .5);
padding-left: 1px;
padding-right: 1px;
padding-bottom: 15px;
}
UPDATE 3
Okay, this is the final thing I needed to add: _Layout.cshtml contains this in the head section:
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
...and this in the body:
<div class="container body-content">
@RenderBody()
</div>
...so I added the first to the head (don't know if it's necessary, but it doesn't hurt anything), and the div as the first one inside the body section, and it looks exactly the same now.
You're still missing some CSS. For example, Bootstrap won't set alternating table row colors without calling a class, which you're not doing. The alternating row colors are not in your styles in your either. Check your .NET app's head component or view source in your browser of that .NET page and look for additional stylesheets.
Make this into an answer, and I'll accept it (see my updates, especially the last one).
Why your standalone page doesn't match your .NET page
You're still missing some CSS. For example, Bootstrap won't set alternating table row colors without calling a class, which you're not doing. The alternating row colors are not in your styles in your <head> either. Check your .NET app's head component or view source in your browser of that .NET page and look for additional stylesheets.
Regarding your updates:
Viewport tag
The viewport meta tag helps scale your website for different screen sizes, like tablets and phones. With the very standard version you have, you're basically saying scale the website to fit the screen.
@RenderBody()
I think this is a .NET control. I don't think it will have any effect on an HTML page, so I don't think you need it.
Bootstrap is awesome
You're using the Bootstrap framework, which has a lot of the CSS styles you're writing already built in. For example, check out the Bootstrap table styles. They're already done and available; you just have to call the classes. Have fun with it!
| 15,402 |
https://github.com/JacquesCarette/Drasil/blob/master/code/stable/projectile/projectile_u_p_l_b_b_c_d/src/python/Projectile.py
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
BSD-2-Clause
| 2,023 |
Drasil
|
JacquesCarette
|
Python
|
Code
| 987 | 2,802 |
## \file Projectile.py
# \author Samuel J. Crawford, Brooks MacLachlan, and W. Spencer Smith
# \brief A program to predict whether a launched projectile hits its target.
import math
import sys
## \brief Structure for holding the input values
class InputParameters:
## \brief Initializes input object by reading inputs and checking physical constraints on the input
# \param filename name of the input file
def __init__(self, filename):
outfile = open("log.txt", "a")
print("function InputParameters called with inputs: {", file=outfile)
print(" filename = ", end="", file=outfile)
print(filename, file=outfile)
print(" }", file=outfile)
outfile.close()
self.get_input(filename)
self.input_constraints()
## \brief Reads input from a file with the given file name
# \param filename name of the input file
def get_input(self, filename):
outfile = open("log.txt", "a")
print("function get_input called with inputs: {", file=outfile)
print(" filename = ", end="", file=outfile)
print(filename, file=outfile)
print(" }", file=outfile)
outfile.close()
infile = open(filename, "r")
infile.readline()
self.v_launch = float(infile.readline())
outfile = open("log.txt", "a")
print("var 'self.v_launch' assigned ", end="", file=outfile)
print(self.v_launch, end="", file=outfile)
print(" in module Projectile", file=outfile)
outfile.close()
infile.readline()
self.theta = float(infile.readline())
outfile = open("log.txt", "a")
print("var 'self.theta' assigned ", end="", file=outfile)
print(self.theta, end="", file=outfile)
print(" in module Projectile", file=outfile)
outfile.close()
infile.readline()
self.p_target = float(infile.readline())
outfile = open("log.txt", "a")
print("var 'self.p_target' assigned ", end="", file=outfile)
print(self.p_target, end="", file=outfile)
print(" in module Projectile", file=outfile)
outfile.close()
infile.close()
## \brief Verifies that input values satisfy the physical constraints
def input_constraints(self):
outfile = open("log.txt", "a")
print("function input_constraints called with inputs: {", file=outfile)
print(" }", file=outfile)
outfile.close()
if (not(self.v_launch > 0.0)) :
print("Warning: ", end="")
print("v_launch has value ", end="")
print(self.v_launch, end="")
print(", but is suggested to be ", end="")
print("above ", end="")
print(0.0, end="")
print(".")
if (not(0.0 < self.theta and self.theta < math.pi / 2.0)) :
print("Warning: ", end="")
print("theta has value ", end="")
print(self.theta, end="")
print(", but is suggested to be ", end="")
print("between ", end="")
print(0.0, end="")
print(" and ", end="")
print(math.pi / 2.0, end="")
print(" ((pi)/(2))", end="")
print(".")
if (not(self.p_target > 0.0)) :
print("Warning: ", end="")
print("p_target has value ", end="")
print(self.p_target, end="")
print(", but is suggested to be ", end="")
print("above ", end="")
print(0.0, end="")
print(".")
## \brief Structure for holding the constant values
class Constants:
g = 9.8
epsilon = 2.0e-2
## \brief Calculates flight duration: the time when the projectile lands (s)
# \param inParams structure holding the input values
# \return flight duration: the time when the projectile lands (s)
def func_t_flight(inParams):
outfile = open("log.txt", "a")
print("function func_t_flight called with inputs: {", file=outfile)
print(" inParams = ", end="", file=outfile)
print("Instance of InputParameters object", file=outfile)
print(" }", file=outfile)
outfile.close()
return 2.0 * inParams.v_launch * math.sin(inParams.theta) / Constants.g
## \brief Calculates landing position: the distance from the launcher to the final position of the projectile (m)
# \param inParams structure holding the input values
# \return landing position: the distance from the launcher to the final position of the projectile (m)
def func_p_land(inParams):
outfile = open("log.txt", "a")
print("function func_p_land called with inputs: {", file=outfile)
print(" inParams = ", end="", file=outfile)
print("Instance of InputParameters object", file=outfile)
print(" }", file=outfile)
outfile.close()
return 2.0 * inParams.v_launch ** 2.0 * math.sin(inParams.theta) * math.cos(inParams.theta) / Constants.g
## \brief Calculates distance between the target position and the landing position: the offset between the target position and the landing position (m)
# \param inParams structure holding the input values
# \param p_land landing position: the distance from the launcher to the final position of the projectile (m)
# \return distance between the target position and the landing position: the offset between the target position and the landing position (m)
def func_d_offset(inParams, p_land):
outfile = open("log.txt", "a")
print("function func_d_offset called with inputs: {", file=outfile)
print(" inParams = ", end="", file=outfile)
print("Instance of InputParameters object", end="", file=outfile)
print(", ", file=outfile)
print(" p_land = ", end="", file=outfile)
print(p_land, file=outfile)
print(" }", file=outfile)
outfile.close()
return p_land - inParams.p_target
## \brief Calculates output message as a string
# \param inParams structure holding the input values
# \param d_offset distance between the target position and the landing position: the offset between the target position and the landing position (m)
# \return output message as a string
def func_s(inParams, d_offset):
outfile = open("log.txt", "a")
print("function func_s called with inputs: {", file=outfile)
print(" inParams = ", end="", file=outfile)
print("Instance of InputParameters object", end="", file=outfile)
print(", ", file=outfile)
print(" d_offset = ", end="", file=outfile)
print(d_offset, file=outfile)
print(" }", file=outfile)
outfile.close()
if (math.fabs(d_offset / inParams.p_target) < Constants.epsilon) :
return "The target was hit."
elif (d_offset < 0.0) :
return "The projectile fell short."
else :
return "The projectile went long."
## \brief Writes the output values to output.txt
# \param s output message as a string
# \param d_offset distance between the target position and the landing position: the offset between the target position and the landing position (m)
# \param t_flight flight duration: the time when the projectile lands (s)
def write_output(s, d_offset, t_flight):
outfile = open("log.txt", "a")
print("function write_output called with inputs: {", file=outfile)
print(" s = ", end="", file=outfile)
print(s, end="", file=outfile)
print(", ", file=outfile)
print(" d_offset = ", end="", file=outfile)
print(d_offset, end="", file=outfile)
print(", ", file=outfile)
print(" t_flight = ", end="", file=outfile)
print(t_flight, file=outfile)
print(" }", file=outfile)
outfile.close()
outputfile = open("output.txt", "w")
print("s = ", end="", file=outputfile)
print(s, file=outputfile)
print("d_offset = ", end="", file=outputfile)
print(d_offset, file=outputfile)
print("t_flight = ", end="", file=outputfile)
print(t_flight, file=outputfile)
outputfile.close()
filename = sys.argv[1]
outfile = open("log.txt", "a")
print("var 'filename' assigned ", end="", file=outfile)
print(filename, end="", file=outfile)
print(" in module Projectile", file=outfile)
outfile.close()
inParams = InputParameters(filename)
t_flight = func_t_flight(inParams)
outfile = open("log.txt", "a")
print("var 't_flight' assigned ", end="", file=outfile)
print(t_flight, end="", file=outfile)
print(" in module Projectile", file=outfile)
outfile.close()
p_land = func_p_land(inParams)
outfile = open("log.txt", "a")
print("var 'p_land' assigned ", end="", file=outfile)
print(p_land, end="", file=outfile)
print(" in module Projectile", file=outfile)
outfile.close()
d_offset = func_d_offset(inParams, p_land)
outfile = open("log.txt", "a")
print("var 'd_offset' assigned ", end="", file=outfile)
print(d_offset, end="", file=outfile)
print(" in module Projectile", file=outfile)
outfile.close()
s = func_s(inParams, d_offset)
outfile = open("log.txt", "a")
print("var 's' assigned ", end="", file=outfile)
print(s, end="", file=outfile)
print(" in module Projectile", file=outfile)
outfile.close()
write_output(s, d_offset, t_flight)
| 2,844 |
https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Man%20Asian%20Literary%20Prize
|
Wikipedia
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
Man Asian Literary Prize
|
https://it.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Man Asian Literary Prize&action=history
|
Italian
|
Spoken
| 138 | 240 |
Il Man Asian Literary Prize è stato un riconoscimento letterario assegnato al miglior romanzo scritto o tradotto in inglese da un autore proveniente dall'Asia.
Istituito nel 2007 dal Man Group, sponsor principale del Booker Prize dal 2012, riconosceva a ciascun vincitore un premio di 30000 dollari.
Da una prima longlist di 10-15 titoli annunciati a Ottobre e scelti tra i libri pubblicati nello stesso anno, si passava a una shortlist di 5-6 opere scelte a gennaio fino all'annuncio del vincitore che avveniva solitamente a marzo.
L'ultima edizione si è svolta nel 2012, anno in cui il Man Group ha cessato di supportare il riconoscimento nel contesto di una riduzione dei costi pari a 100 milioni di dollari, nonostante il prestigio raggiunto dal premio e la ricerca di una nuova sponsorizzazione.
Albo d'oro
Note
Collegamenti esterni
Premi letterari asiatici
| 24,821 |
0b064bfdbca1e95caeb559c421eab8b4
|
French Open Data
|
Open Government
|
Various open data
| 2,019 |
JOAFE_PDF_Unitaire_20190014_01520.pdf
|
journal-officiel.gouv.fr
|
Danish
|
Spoken
| 103 | 278 |
e
151 année. - N°14
Samedi 6 avril 2019
D.I.L.A
serialNumber=S6910003,CN=DILA - SIGNATURE
DILA,organizationIdentifier=NTRFR-13000918600011,OU=0002
13000918600011,O=DILA,C=FR
75015 Paris
2019-04-06 09:00:38
Associations
Fondations d'entreprise
Associations syndicales
de propriétaires
Fonds de dotation
Fondations partenariales
Annonce n° 1520
76 - Seine-Maritime
ASSOCIATIONS
Rectificatifs relatifs aux créations
Déclaration à la préfecture de la Seine-Maritime
LES GALOPINS TOURVILLAIS.
Objet : pratique de la course à pied
Siège social : LECHEVALLIER, 11, rue Des Coquelicots, 76410 Sotteville-sous-le-val.
Date de la déclaration : 5 mars 2019.
(Cette insertion rectifie l'annonce n° 1499, parue au Journal officiel n°10, du 9 mars 2019)
Le Directeur de l’information légale et administrative : Bertrand MUNCH
| 42,483 |
https://openalex.org/W2114945449
|
OpenAlex
|
Open Science
|
CC-By
| 2,014 |
Long-range correlation properties in timing of skilled piano performance: the influence of auditory feedback and deep brain stimulation
|
María Herrojo Ruiz
|
English
|
Spoken
| 14,528 | 24,581 |
Long-range correlation properties in timing of skilled piano
performance: the influence of auditory feedback and deep
brain stimulation María Herrojo Ruiz 1*, Sang Bin Hong 1, Holger Hennig 2,3, Eckart Altenmüller 4 and Andrea A. Kühn 1,5
1 Department of Neurology, Charité-University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
2 Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
3 Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
4 Institute of Music Physiology and Musicians’ Medicine, Hanover University of Music, Drama and Media, Hanover, Germany
5 Cluster of Excellence NeuroCure, Charité-University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany María Herrojo Ruiz 1*, Sang Bin Hong 1, Holger Hennig 2,3, Eckart Altenmüller 4 and Andrea A. Kühn 1,5
1 Department of Neurology, Charité-University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
2 Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
3 Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
4 Institute of Music Physiology and Musicians’ Medicine, Hanover University of Music, Drama and Media, Hanover, Germany
5 Cluster of Excellence NeuroCure, Charité-University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany Unintentional timing deviations during musical performance can be conceived of as
timing errors. However, recent research on humanizing computer-generated music has
demonstrated that timing fluctuations that exhibit long-range temporal correlations (LRTC)
are preferred by human listeners. This preference can be accounted for by the ubiquitous
presence of LRTC in human tapping and rhythmic performances. Interestingly, the
manifestation of LRTC in tapping behavior seems to be driven in a subject-specific
manner by the LRTC properties of resting-state background cortical oscillatory activity. In this framework, the current study aimed to investigate whether propagation of timing
deviations during the skilled, memorized piano performance (without metronome) of
17 professional pianists exhibits LRTC and whether the structure of the correlations
is influenced by the presence or absence of auditory feedback. As an additional
goal, we set out to investigate the influence of altering the dynamics along the
cortico-basal-ganglia-thalamo-cortical network via deep brain stimulation (DBS) on the
LRTC properties of musical performance. Specifically, we investigated temporal deviations
during the skilled piano performance of a non-professional pianist who was treated
with subthalamic-deep brain stimulation (STN-DBS) due to severe Parkinson’s disease,
with predominant tremor affecting his right upper extremity. In the tremor-affected
right hand, the timing fluctuations of the performance exhibited random correlations
with DBS OFF. By contrast, DBS restored long-range dependency in the temporal
fluctuations, corresponding with the general motor improvement on DBS. Long-range correlation properties in timing of skilled piano
performance: the influence of auditory feedback and deep
brain stimulation Overall, the
present investigations demonstrate the presence of LRTC in skilled piano performances,
indicating that unintentional temporal deviations are correlated over a wide range of time
scales. This phenomenon is stable after removal of the auditory feedback, but is altered by
STN-DBS, which suggests that cortico-basal ganglia-thalamocortical circuits play a role in
the modulation of the serial correlations of timing fluctuations exhibited in skilled musical
performance. ORIGINAL RESEARCH ARTICLE
bli h d 2
S
b
20 published: 25 September 2014
doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01030 *Correspondence: *Correspondence:
María Herrojo Ruiz, Department of
Neurology, Charité-University
Medicine Berlin, Campus Virchow
Klinikum, Augustenburger Platz 1,
13353 Berlin, Germany
e-mail: maria.herrojo-ruiz@charite.de *Correspondence:
María Herrojo Ruiz, Department of
Neurology, Charité-University
Medicine Berlin, Campus Virchow
Klinikum, Augustenburger Platz 1,
13353 Berlin, Germany
e-mail: maria.herrojo-ruiz@charite.de Keywords: timing fluctuations, music performance, long-range correlation, deep brain stimulation, Parkinson
disease Edited by: Aaron Williamon, Royal College of
Music, UK Aaron Williamon, Royal College of
Music, UK Reviewed by: Reviewed by:
Claudio Gentili, University of Pisa
Medical School, Italy
Dirk Smit, Vrije Universiteit,
Netherlands INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION be understood as one particularly skilled example of a broader
class of human performance activities which are long sequences
of discrete movements. Walking, tapping to a metronome or to an
internally generated beat, rhythm production, speech and writ-
ing are just a few examples of movement sequences in which the
time intervals exhibit trial-to-trial variability and slower trends
of variation (drift; Gilden et al., 1995; Hausdorff et al., 1995;
Chen et al., 1997; Bangert and Altenmüller, 2003; Hennig et al.,
2011). The ubiquitous presence of LRTC in human performance
might account for the preference in human listeners for this
type of temporal correlational structure during music percep-
tion (Hennig et al., 2012). Notably, however, whether temporal Music performance is a complicated human activity that relies
on the hierarchical interplay among the sensorimotor, memory,
and auditory neural systems (Altenmüller et al., 2006; Zatorre
et al., 2007). Skilled music performance requires the retrieval
of long sequences of events accurate in pitch and timing from
memory with the aim of communicating expressive effects and
emotion (Palmer, 1997; Hallam et al., 2008). Yet even professional
musicians exhibit unintended fluctuations in the temporal aspect
of their performance (Repp, 1999a, 2006) and, moreover, pro-
duce movement or pitch errors (Herrojo Ruiz et al., 2009, 2011;
Maidhof et al., 2009). In this context, music performance can September 2014 | Volume 5 | Article 1030 | 1 www.frontiersin.org Long-range correlations in piano performance Herrojo Ruiz et al. (Linkenkaer-Hansen et al., 2004), reflecting a change in the
underlying oscillatory dynamics. fluctuations in skilled music performance exhibit LRTC and
whether these can be modulated by altering feedback to the
performance has not been extensively studied. Answering those
questions is critical to our understanding of timing properties
of skilled human performance. In addition, such investigations
emphasize that the analysis of correlations of time series in
behavior, beyond averages of variables, is a valuable source of
information. In this study, our first goal was to investigate whether the statis-
tical structure of the serial correlations during overlearned piano
performance (without metronome) of skilled pianists is affected
by the presence or absence of auditory feedback. According to
the ideomotor theory of action control (e.g., Prinz, 1997), the
motor action is bound with the sensory effects it produces. INTRODUCTION This
link arises after frequent performance of the specific action and
the learning of the sensory effects associated with it (Elsner and
Hommel, 2001) and leads to the strong auditory-motor coupling
observed in musicians (Bangert and Altenmüller, 2003; Drost
et al., 2005a,b; Zatorre et al., 2007). In line with this evidence,
studies have demonstrated that once the pieces are learned, their
retrieval from memory is independent of the presence or absence
of auditory feedback (Repp, 1999b; Finney and Palmer, 2003). Additionally, auditory feedback does not influence the neural
mechanisms underlying error prediction (Herrojo Ruiz et al.,
2009). Accordingly, we reasoned that at an automatic stage of per-
formance after intensive training, auditory feedback would not
influence the dynamics of the temporal fluctuations. To test our
hypothesis, we evaluated, the time series of isochronous inter-
onset-intervals (IOI, time between note onsets of two subsequent
notes) during the performance of piano pieces by Bach with
spectral analysis and DFA. The stimulus material consisted of
isochronous IOIs and note durations. An early attempt to model the sources of variability in a series
of self-paced inter-tap-intervals (ITIs) was undertaken by Wing
and Kristofferson (1973) in their two-component model. They
proposed that the ITI at tap k is determined by two indepen-
dent processes according to the following expression: ITIk = Ck +
MDk −MDk −1, where Ck is a timing motor command which is
issued by an internal timekeeper and which is implemented by
the motor system with a delay MD. The delay MD results from
the ending of the previous interval k–1 and the beginning of cur-
rent interval k. Both C and MD were assumed to be independent,
uncorrelated white noise processes. However, further studies have
established that errors in the production of time intervals are not
uncorrelated, but rather exhibit long-range (persistent) correlated
variation extending up to hundreds of events (Gilden et al., 1995;
Hausdorff et al., 1995; Chen et al., 1997; Hennig et al., 2011). Thus, the increments of the time series are positively correlated
such that a positive increase in the fluctuations of ITI over a tem-
poral scale is most probably followed by a positive increase in
the flucuations of ITI over a posterior time scale. The influential
study of Gilden et al. (1995) adapted the two-component model
of Wing and Kristofferson by regarding the internal timekeeper
(C) as a source of 1/f noise. INTRODUCTION This adapted model predicted that
a series of ITIs would exhibit long-range temporal correlations
(LRTC) of the kind called 1/f noise with a positive autocorrela-
tion structure, as further demonstrated via spectral power analysis
(Gilden et al., 1995). As an additional goal, we set out to investigate the influ-
ence of subthalamic deep brain stimulation (STN-DBS) on the
strength of LRTC during skilled piano performances. Deep brain
stimulation (DBS) is a well-established treatment for patients
with severe movement disorders (Starr et al., 1998). One of the
possible mechanisms of DBS is the disruption of the abnor-
mal pattern of neuronal activity within the cortico-basal ganglia-
thalamo-cortical network in those patients via high-frequency
stimulation (typically at 130–180 Hz; see review in McIntyre
and Hahn, 2010). Dynamical properties of the cortico-basal-
ganglia-thalamo-cortical network can be assessed experimentally
via alterations in the DBS parameters settings (Eusebio et al.,
2008). Accordingly, assessment of the influence of STN-DBS
on the LRTC properties of piano performance might provide
evidence regarding the direct involvement of the cortico-basal
ganglia circuits in the modulation of temporal fluctuations during
performance. Alternative methods, such as the autoregressive fractionally
integrated moving average (ARFIMA) modeling (Lemoine et al.,
2006) or detrended fluctuation analysis (DFA, Peng et al., 1995),
can also detect the structure of the correlations of serial fluctu-
ations. DFA is a particularly popular technique for assessing the
decay of temporal correlations, which might give rise to LRTC,
in non-stationary physiological and behavioral time series (Peng
et al., 1995). DFA (opearting in the time domain) and spectral
analysis (operating in the frequency domain) can be considered as
complementary approaches to estimate the scaling exponents of
long-term correlations in stationary stochastic signals (Heneghan
and McDarby, 2000). Recently, it has been suggested that thalamic DBS in
essential tremor may release the dynamics of the cortico-
striatopallidal-thamalocortical loops and enhance the strength
of LRTC in cortical beta oscillations (Hohlefeld et al., 2013). Against this background, we hypothesized that STN-DBS would
interact with the scaling exponents characterizing the tempo-
ral correlations during performance. To test our hypothesis,
we investigated the time series of temporal deviations dur-
ing skilled piano performance of a pianist who was treated
with STN-DBS due to Parkinson’s disease (PD), with pre-
dominant tremor affecting his right upper extremity. Frontiers in Psychology | Cognitive Science STIMULUS MATERIALS FOR STUDY 1 The stimuli were six sequences extracted from the right-hand
parts of the Preludes V, VI, and X of The Well-Tempered Clavier
(Part 1) by J. S. Bach and the Piano Sonata No. 52 in E Flat Major
by J. Haydn. These pieces were chosen because their parts for the
right hand contain mostly one voice consisting of notes of the The
experimental
design
consisted
of
two
conditions
(audiomotor, motor) comprising 60 trials (around 12000 notes). FIGURE 1 | Examples of musical stimuli. The first bars of the six musical
sequences for study 1 are illustrated. Pieces 1 and 2 were adapted from the
Prelude V of the Well-Tempered Clavier (Part 1) of Bach, pieces 3 and 4 were
adapted from the Prelude VI and piece 5 from the Prelude X. The sixth
sequence was adapted from the Piano Sonata No. 52 in E Flat Major of Haydn. The tempi as were given in the experiment are indicated: metronome 120 for
quarter note and 160 for triplet of sixteenth notes. In all cases, the IOI was
125 ms. For study 2 the musical stimuli consisted of one piece (piece 3 from
study 1, denoted here by label 7) for the right hand and one piece adapted from
the Gigue, French Suite V in G major BWV 816 by J. S. Bach, for the left hand
(denoted by label 8). The tempo for playing the musical sequences for study 2
was: metronome 100 for triplet of sixteenth notes. Thus, the IOI was 200 ms. FIGURE 1 | Examples of musical stimuli. The first bars of the six musical
sequences for study 1 are illustrated. Pieces 1 and 2 were adapted from the
Prelude V of the Well-Tempered Clavier (Part 1) of Bach, pieces 3 and 4 were
adapted from the Prelude VI and piece 5 from the Prelude X. The sixth
sequence was adapted from the Piano Sonata No. 52 in E Flat Major of Haydn. The tempi as were given in the experiment are indicated: metronome 120 for quarter note and 160 for triplet of sixteenth notes. In all cases, the IOI was
125 ms. For study 2 the musical stimuli consisted of one piece (piece 3 from
study 1, denoted here by label 7) for the right hand and one piece adapted from
the Gigue, French Suite V in G major BWV 816 by J. S. INTRODUCTION PD is
a particularly interesting case study considering that previ-
ous investigations have reported in this group of patients
uncorrelated temporal intervals during production of rhythmic Recent work has shown that the manifestation of LRTC in tap-
ping behavior seems to be driven in a subject-specific manner by
the LRTC properties of resting-state background cortical oscil-
latory activity (Smit et al., 2013). LRTCs are indeed ubiquitous
across different temporal and spatial scales of neuronal activity
(Linkenkaer-Hansen et al., 2001, 2004; Plenz and Chialvo, 2009;
Palva et al., 2013). However, the scaling exponents can be mod-
ulated via sensory stimulation and in different neurological or
psychiatrical disorders (Linkenkaer-Hansen et al., 2004; Montez
et al., 2009; Nikulin et al., 2012). In particular, somatosensory
stimuli can attenuate the scaling exponents in brain activity September 2014 | Volume 5 | Article 1030 | 2 Frontiers in Psychology | Cognitive Science Long-range correlations in piano performance Herrojo Ruiz et al. same value (duration), sixteenth-notes, which made our stimu-
lus material homogeneous. The number of notes per sequence
was around 200. The tempo for each piece was selected so that
the ideal IOI was 125 ms (8 tones per second) in all cases. Most
pieces were familiar to all pianists. However, they were instructed
to rehearse and memorize them before the experimental session. During the rehearsing sessions, the given tempi were paced by
a metronome. More details of the stimuli can be obtained in
Figure 1 and in Herrojo Ruiz et al. (2009). movements, such as in gait (Hausdorff, 2009). The gradual
return of the fluctuations to the healthy LRTC range can be
triggered by dopaminergic medication and rhythmic auditory
cuing and, thus, parallels improvements in motor symptoms
(Cruz et al., 2009; Hove et al., 2012). Accordingly, in the
present work we placed special emphasis on detecting transitions
from uncorrelated to persistent, long-range correlated behavior
during DBS. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN FOR STUDY 1 Participants were seated at a digital piano (Wersi Digital Piano
CT2) in a light-dimmed room. They sat comfortably in an arm-
chair with the left forearm resting on the left armrest of the chair. The right forearm was supported by a movable armrest attached
to a sled-type device that allowed effortless movements of the
right hand along the keyboard of the piano. Instructions were
displayed on a TV monitor (angle 4◦) located above the piano. Before the experiment, we tested whether each pianist was able to
perform all musical sequences according to the score and in the
desired tempo. They were instructed to perform the pieces each
time from beginning to end without stopping to correct errors. Playing the correct notes and maintaining accurate timing were
stressed. The performance data of 17 healthy right-handed pianists from
Herrojo Ruiz et al. (2009; eight females, age range 20–29 years,
mean 22 years) were reanalyzed for the investigation of LRTC of
the IOI (ms). All participants were students at or had graduated
from the University of Music and Drama of Hanover. They gave
informed written consent to participate in the study, which was
approved by the ethics committee of the University of Music and
Drama of Hanover. Stimulus materials for study 2 Due to the tremor on the dominant right hand of the pianist
with PD, we aimed to assess his piano performance separately
for each hand. For performance with the right hand we selected
one of the music pieces used in study 1, the sequence extracted
from the right-hand part of the Prelude VI in D minor of The
Well-Tempered Clavier (Part 1) by J. S. Bach. For performance
with the left hand we selected and modified a sequence from
the left-hand part of the Gigue, French Suite V in G major BWV
816 by J. S. Bach (Figure 1). This part was adapted by filling
in some triplets with missing notes from implied harmonies, or
from transposing right hand parts if they were suitable. In fill-
ing in missing notes, the note transitions were constrained not
to be larger than the largest one in the right-hand part of the
Prelude VI (a 12th). Both sequences had a similar rate of har-
monic progression (around 1 chord change per two triplets) and
similar harmonic complexity, since both pieces went only as far as
dominants of diatonic chords. Thus, the chosen pieces contained
triplets, and the single pitches had typically the same value (dura-
tion), sixteenth-notes, which make our stimulus material homo-
geneous (see details in Figure 1). All stimuli constituted complete
musical phrases and had 200 and 205 notes per sequence, respec-
tively. The tempo for each piece was selected so that the IOI
was 200 ms (between each note within 1 triplet of semiquavers/s)
in sequence one for the right hand, and 250 ms (between each
note within 1 triplet of semiquavers/s) in sequence two for the STIMULUS MATERIALS FOR STUDY 1 Bach, for the left hand
(denoted by label 8). The tempo for playing the musical sequences for study 2
was: metronome 100 for triplet of sixteenth notes. Thus, the IOI was 200 ms. September 2014 | Volume 5 | Article 1030 | 3 www.frontiersin.org Long-range correlations in piano performance Herrojo Ruiz et al. In the audiomotor condition pianists could listen to the auditory
feedback of the notes played. In the motor condition, there was
no auditory feedback and pianists played on a mute piano. In
each condition, the 60 trials were randomly selected out of the 6
stimulus materials. The task was to play the musical stimuli 1–6
from memory without the music score. The specifications of each
trial were as follows: the pianists pressed the left pedal when they
were ready for a trial. After a silent time interval of 500 ± 500 ms
randomized, the first two bars of the music score were presented
visually on the monitor for 4000 ms to indicate which of the 6
sequences had to be played. To remind the participant of the
instructed peformance tempo for each musical piece, we used
a synchronization–continuation paradigm. After 2500 ms of
the visual cue, the metronome started and paced the tempo
corresponding to the piece for 1500 ms and then faded out. After
the last metronome beat, the visual cue vanished. Participants
were instructed not to play while the music score was displayed
on the screen, but to start playing after a green ellipse appeared
on the monitor (100 ms after the vanishing of metronome and
visual cue with the score). Performance was recorded as MIDI
(Music instruments digital interface) files using a standard MIDI
sequencer program. The timing accuracy of the MIDI recordings
was below 1 ms (tested using sequences of metronome clicks with
fixed inter-click intervals.). whereas the uppermost contacts 3 only intersected minimally
with the STN (Figure 2). The participant gave informed written
consent to participate in the study, which was approved by the
local ethics committee. Participant and surgery in study 2 p
We conducted a new experiment with a male pianist that had
undergone DBS therapy 12 months before for treatment of idio-
pathic Parkinson’s Disease (Age 46, onset age 38). The patient
suffered from tremor-dominant PD on his right hand, bradyki-
nesia and rigidity. No levodopa-induced dyskinesias or motor
fluctuations were present. PD motor symptoms at the time of
the study were rated by an experienced movement disorder’s
specialist using the Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale III
(UPDRS-III: 11/108 ON DBS, OFF medication; 18/108 OFF
DBS, OFF medication). Chronic DBS at stimulation parame-
ters (R1-, 1.7 V, 130 Hz, 60 μs; L1–, 5 V., 130 Hz, 60 μs) was
successful to significantly suppress tremor as well as ameliorate
bradykinesia and rigidity without the need of further dopamin-
ergic medication (mean decrease of 61% in the UPDRS-III ON
compared to OFF DBS). The patient was not a professional
pianist but was highly trained (cummulative training time >
10,000 h). Major cognitive disturbances were ruled out prior to
surgery by appropriate neuropsychological [DemTect cognitive
screening test to detect mild cognitive impairments and early
dementia = 18 (best score)]. The patient gave informed writ-
ten consent to participate in the study, which was approved by
the ethics committee of the Charité—University of Medicine,
Berlin. FIGURE 2 | Localization of electrodes within the STN. Anatomical
localizations of the quadripolar Medtronic DBS leads bilaterally, with 4
electrode contacts each. Electrode contacts are denoted by the gray
cilinders. Reconstruction of electrode trajectory was performed as in Horn
et al. (2013) and after normalization of pre-surgical MR-images into standard
space. More ventral electrode contacts (0) lie toward the negative z-axis,
whereas more dorsal contact electrodes (3) lie toward the direction of
positive z-axis. In the left STN, contacts 1 and 2 lie within the STN, contact
0 intersects significantly with it and the most dorsal contact 3 only
intersects minimally with it. In the right STN, contacts 0-1-2 lie within the
boundaries of the STN, whereas the most dorsal contact 3 intersects
minimally with it. Plot performed with MATLAB® function inpolyedron. FIGURE 2 | Localization of electrodes within the STN. Anatomical
localizations of the quadripolar Medtronic DBS leads bilaterally, with 4
electrode contacts each. Electrode contacts are denoted by the gray
cilinders. Reconstruction of electrode trajectory was performed as in Horn
et al. (2013) and after normalization of pre-surgical MR-images into standard
space. Frontiers in Psychology | Cognitive Science Participant and surgery in study 2 More ventral electrode contacts (0) lie toward the negative z-axis,
whereas more dorsal contact electrodes (3) lie toward the direction of
positive z-axis. In the left STN, contacts 1 and 2 lie within the STN, contact
0 intersects significantly with it and the most dorsal contact 3 only
intersects minimally with it. In the right STN, contacts 0-1-2 lie within the
boundaries of the STN, whereas the most dorsal contact 3 intersects
minimally with it. Plot performed with MATLAB® function inpolyedron. FIGURE 2 | Localization of electrodes within the STN. Anatomical
localizations of the quadripolar Medtronic DBS leads bilaterally, with 4
electrode contacts each. Electrode contacts are denoted by the gray
cilinders. Reconstruction of electrode trajectory was performed as in Horn
et al. (2013) and after normalization of pre-surgical MR-images into standard
space. More ventral electrode contacts (0) lie toward the negative z-axis,
whereas more dorsal contact electrodes (3) lie toward the direction of
positive z-axis. In the left STN, contacts 1 and 2 lie within the STN, contact
0 intersects significantly with it and the most dorsal contact 3 only
intersects minimally with it. In the right STN, contacts 0-1-2 lie within the
boundaries of the STN, whereas the most dorsal contact 3 intersects
minimally with it. Plot performed with MATLAB® function inpolyedron. DBS electrodes were targeted bilaterally in the dorsolateral
“motor” portion of the STN. A model 3389 macroelectrode was
used, with four platinum-iridium cylindrical surfaces (1.27 mm
in diameter and 1.5 mm in length) along a ventral to dorsal
axis. Electrode placement was verified on the post-operative MRI
according to the semi- automated approach described in Horn
et al. (2013). Post-operative MRIs confirmed that contacts 0-1-
2 were located in the left STN and also right STN, respectively, September 2014 | Volume 5 | Article 1030 | 4 Frontiers in Psychology | Cognitive Science Long-range correlations in piano performance Herrojo Ruiz et al. study 2). Although for the analysis of LRTC continuous time
series are typically used, concatenation of physiological or behav-
ioral time series has also been previously used (Hohlefeld et al.,
2012; See also below in this section). It could be argued that the
concatenation procedure is not adequate for a synchronization-
continuation paradigm as ours, in which the tempo was paced
prior to the beginning of each trial. Experimental design for study 2 The patient was seated at a digital piano (Yamaha Arius YDP-161)
in a light-dimmed room. He sat comfortably in an arm-chair with
the forearm contralateral to the performance side resting on the
armrest of the chair. Instructions for the patient were the same as
those used in study 1 (see above). Before the experiment, we tested
whether the patient was able to perform both musical sequences
according to the score and in the desired (rehearsed) tempo while
being on the clinical DBS settings. The experimental design consisted of four conditions com-
prising four trials for each sequence type (performed with either
the left or right hand). The four experimental conditions cor-
responded with different randomized stimulation settings as
follows: (1) DBS ON (see above for clinical parameters), (2)
DBS OFF, (3) DBS ON, (4) DBS OFF. Thus, stimulation con-
ditions DBS ON and OFF were repeated twice during the
experiment. Note that the MIDI recordings were performed
without dopaminergic medication as consistent with the post-
surgery improvement of the patient’s motor symptoms. Following
changes in stimulation parameters we waited for at least 10 min
before the next experimental test to enable stabilization of the
DBS settings. In each stimulation condition, we inferred the clini-
cal fine-motor control state of the patient by assessing the standard
deviation of the IOI during performance with the tremor-affected
right hand. In each condition and for each sequence type the
task was to play with the corresponding hand the musical stim-
ulus from memory without the music score, while listening to
the auditory feedback of the notes played. The specifications of
each trial were as indicated in study 1, with the difference that the
metronome cues presented prior to each trial were consistent with
the tempo rehearsed for the left and right hand parts, 200 ms IOI. As in study 1, performance was recorded as MIDI files and the
MIDI timing accuracy was below 1 ms. The measure of the LRTC in the concatenated time series of
IOIs was assessed with two complementary methods, DFA and
analysis of the power spectral density (PSD). The time series of
IOIs spanned around 2000 keystrokes per sequence type in study
1 and 800 keystrokes per musical sequence in study 2. Participant and surgery in study 2 The tempo cues could
induce a resetting of timing processes at the beginning of each
trial, whereas timing regularity and adjustment to the tempo
could degrade across time as performance in the trial unfolds. Accordingly, here we set a strict criterion to accept the concatena-
tion of trials: exclusively musical sequences that were character-
ized by a constant average tempo and timing regularity (sdIOI) at
the beginning, middle and end of the trial (assessed in segments
of 40 keystrokes, respectively) were accepted for further analyses
of the serial correlations in concatenated time series. We predicted
that the instructed tempo should be internalized in the pianists as
a result of the required intensive training of the music patterns
with a metronome prior to the recording session. Consequently,
we expected that performance of at least some sequence types
would fulfill our strict concatentation criterion. left hand. The pianist was instructed to rehearse and memorize
the pieces with the given tempo before the experimental ses-
sion. He reported to have rehearsed, however, both pieces at the
same tempo of one keystroke every 200 ms (Figure 1). Note that
in this study the stimulus material was limited to one sequence
per hand because we tested both DBS ON and OFF conditions,
which already lengthened the experiment. No recordings with-
out auditory feedback could be performed either due to time
constrains. Experimental design for study 2 As in pre-
vious studies (Gilden et al., 1995; Hennig et al., 2011; Smit et al.,
2013) events with too short (<50 ms) or two large (>800 ms) IOI
were discarded because they are related to action slips (double
keypress) or memory slips (event retrieved too late). yp
y
p
The DFA was applied step-wise as follows: The DFA was applied step-wise as follows: (1) A cumulative sum (integral) of the time series shifted by
the mean was calculated and then segmented into 20 non-
overlapping windows of equal size τ ranging from 5 to
200 keystrokes (approximately the length of each musical
sequence) on a logarithmic scale. The segmentation of the
time series excluded discontinuities in the data caused by the
concatenation of trials corresponding to different renditions
of the same musical sequence. (1) A cumulative sum (integral) of the time series shifted by
the mean was calculated and then segmented into 20 non-
overlapping windows of equal size τ ranging from 5 to
200 keystrokes (approximately the length of each musical
sequence) on a logarithmic scale. The segmentation of the
time series excluded discontinuities in the data caused by the
concatenation of trials corresponding to different renditions
of the same musical sequence. (2) (2) In each segmentation (without discontinuities), the inte-
grated data Y (t) was locally fit by the least-squares method
to obtain the polynomial (linear: first-order DFA) Yτ (t). Then, Y (t) was linearly detrended in each interval τ by sub-
tracting the local trend Yτ (t) and the mean-squared residual
(fluctuation) Fτ (t) was evaluated: www.frontiersin.org Performance analysis for studies 1 and 2 From the MIDI files, we extracted information regarding the time
between the onset of consecutive notes (IOI, ms). Timing perfor-
mance for each playing condition was characterized by the mean
IOI (mIOI) and the mean standard deviation of IOI (sdIOI). The
latter parameter is related to the temporal unevenness of IOI. The (mIOI) provided an indication of how well the pianists and
the patient adjusted to the given tempi. F2 (τ) = 1
N
N
t = 1
[Y (t) −Yτ (t)]2 ,
(1) (1) where N is the total number of IOI values in the time series. The relation between variables F (τ) and the window size τ on a
double log–log plot may be linear F (τ) ∝τ α, reflecting power-
law scaling behavior, which is an indication of self-similarity
properties. The slope of the line is the scaling exponent α. A
scaling exponent 0.5 < α < 1 indicates that LRTC are present in For each sequence type and participant separately, we
extracted the time series of IOI for each trial and concate-
nated trials from different renditions of the same sequence type
(N = 10 trials for each sequence type in study 1; N = 4 in September 2014 | Volume 5 | Article 1030 | 5 www.frontiersin.org www.frontiersin.org Long-range correlations in piano performance Herrojo Ruiz et al. the signal, whereas = 0.5 reflects uncorrelated processes (white
noise). of the fGn (differentiation of fBn) process and in the LRTC regime
relates to the known Hurst exponent approximately according to
relations, α = H and β = 2H-1 (Buldyrev et al., 1995). Thus,
with this procedure we were able to quantitatively assess and cor-
rect the specific bias introduced in our DFA and PSD calculations
by the finite sequence length and, additionally, by the concate-
nation of shorter segments (here we compared continuous and
concatenated time series, Figures S1C–S1F). Preprocessing of the data for spectral analysis consisted of
the following steps: (i) substracting the mean at each value of
the time series, (ii) tapering the signal at its edges by apply-
ing a Hanning window, and (iii) linearly detrending (following
Torre and Wagenmakers, 2009). After these preprocessing steps,
we applied the Fast Fourier Transform to the time series to obtain
the PSD. Simulation of time series of know scaling exponents Simulation of time series of know scaling exponents
Notably, estimators for 1/f β noise and LRTC in experimental time
series, such as PSD and DFA, inevitably have intrinsic errors and
bias due to the finite length of the sequences. The bias is the
difference between the estimated exponent and the true expo-
nent, whereas the intrinsic error is the standard deviation of the
estimator (see below and Pilgram and Kaplan, 1998). The intrin-
sic errors are fundamentally different and larger than the errors
obtained by a least square fit in a log–log plot. Thus, a “good”
fit in a log–log plot can provide a too optimistic estimate of the
actual error involved. In Pilgram and Kaplan (1998) the intrinsic
error and bias were estimated for PSD (and similarly for DFA) in
the following way. A number of m = 50 realizations of a process
with known exponent β were generated and then for each of them
an estimation of the measured exponent βm was calculated using
PSD. From the distribution of measured exponents βm, the bias
(β - mean[βm]) and intrinsic error (SD[βm]) in the estimation
of the true exponent β were calculated. Here we proceeded in a
similar fashion but with time series of length N = 2000 or 800,
corresponding to our experimental data, that resulted from con-
catenation of segments of 200 keystrokes. Accordingly, we gener-
ated for a known exponent realizations of a fractional Brownian
motion process (non-stationary, fBm) of length 200 and concate-
nated them in sets of 10 or 4 to produce m = 500 realizations of
total length 2000 or 800, respectively. The realizations of fBm were
generated in MATLAB with function wfbm (Figure S1A), which
produces a wavelet-based synthesis for the fBm process based
on the algorithm proposed by Abry and Sellan (1996). A distri-
bution of 500 fBm realizations was computed for each known
Hurst exponent in the range 0.5:0.01:1 (see details of the Hurst
exponent that characterizes fractal systems in Mandelbrot, 1982). Next, we generated with the increments of the fBm process X(t)
a fractional Gaussian noise (fGn, Figure S1B) process Y(t) as:
[Y(t) = X(t + 1) −X(t)]. Simulation of time series of know scaling exponents We then applied DFA and PSD (here
T0 = 1 s) for each of the m realizations of Y(t) to estimate α and
β exponents, respectively, as detailed above, and assessed the bias
and intrinsic error in the estimation of these exponents. Note that
the estimation of the α and β exponents based on the realizations Throughout this manuscript the scaling exponents α and β
will be provided after subtraction of the corresponding bias and
accompanied by estimation of the intrinsic error. September 2014 | Volume 5 | Article 1030 | 6 Performance analysis for studies 1 and 2 The slope β of the PSD in the log–log representation was
extracted for the range of frequencies associated with long-range
correlations (following Gilden et al., 1995), 1/200 < f < 0.02/T0,
where T0 was 0.125 and 0.200 s for studies 1 and 2, respectively. We used 1/200 as lower frequency cutoff for the power law fit,
because the length of each concatenated sequence was around 200
keystrokes (see above DFA). Of note, for stationary signals in the
regime of LRTC the power-spectrum exponent β is related to the
DFA scaling exponent approximately as β = 2α −1 (Buldyrev
et al., 1995). The results of the simulations revealed that for concatenated
time series of total length N = 2000 the DFA-based bias in the
estimation of the true exponent α decreases mononically from
0.015 to 0.005 for increasing H (Figure S1C). The PSD-based
estimation bias of the scaling exponent β shows an U-shaped
modulation with minimum bias (0.01) at H within 0.55–0.60
(Figure S1E). The intrinsic error increases monotonically from
0.025 (at H > 0.5) in DFA and remains around 0.06 in PSD. In the case of concatenated time series of length N = 800 the
bias oscillates around 0.01 for DFA, whereas for PSD the bias
exhibits an U-shaped modulation with minimum values of 0.02
at H within 0.55–0.60. The intrinsic error increases from 0.04 in
DFA and stays around 0.07 in PSD. As observed in Figure S1, the
bias in the estimation of the scaling exponents is typically larger
in concatenated relative to continuous time series but the intrinsic
error is similar. STATISTICS By contrast, pianists played musical pieces 1–2 and
4–5 with significantly larger temporal accuracy (smaller sdIOI)
by the end of the sequence rendition, and at the last trial (p <
pth = 0.019, PSdep in range 0.62–0.85 for musical pieces 1, 2, 4,
5), which could be associated with a performance-related learning
effect. by exchanging elements between rows in one column and dupli-
cating these exchanges in all other columns (testing for effects
of Factor A), or permuting indices of samples between columns
and simultaneously for each row (testing for effects of Factor B). Synchronized permutations provide a clear separation of main
effects and interactions and allow for non-parametric exact test-
ing on each factor. Furthermore, as post-hoc analysis we assessed
statistical differences in the timing parameters between stimula-
tion conditions (ON, OFF) by means of a paired permutation test
across trials (N = 8, total number of permutations 28). Effects were considered significant if p < 0.05. Multiple com-
parisons were corrected by controlling the false discovery rate
(FDR) at level q = 0.05 by means of an adaptive two-stage lin-
ear step-up procedure (Benjamini et al., 2006). FDR control was
performed whenever several hypotheses were evaluated under
the same test statistic (for instance, effect of auditory feedback
on the average IOI tested for sequences 1–6 separately: 6 mul-
tiple comparisons), but not when several different test statistics
were assessed (for instance, effect of DBS on the sdIOI and, sepa-
rately, on the scaling exponents). The corrected threshold p-value
obtained from the FDR control procedure, termed pth, is given
when multiple comparisons were performed. Accordingly, in the following we present DFA and PSD results
corresponding with performance of musical pieces 3 and 6 and in
concatenated time series of up to a length of 2000 keystrokes. Of
note, the null hypothesis that the variable IOI is a random sam-
ple from a normal distribution with mean and variance estimated
from the time series of IOIs was rejected in 51% of all cases (tested
for each pianist, sequence type and auditory feedback condition
separately: chi-square goodness-of-fit, p < pth = 0.0001). The
distributions of IOIs were typically right skewed (Figure 3B). STATISTICS In study 1, statistical differences between conditions were assessed
by means of a non-parametric paired permutation test (Good,
2005) across subjects (N = 17), with a total of 5000 random
permutations. We used as test statistic the difference in sample
means. The p-values were computed as the frequencies that the
replications of the test statistic had absolute values greater than
or equal to the experimental difference. Following this approach
we evaluated the following variables: (i) mIOI compared between
the first and middle 40 keystrokes of within-trial performance
(averaged across trials for each sequence type), and also mIOI
compared between the first and last 40 keystrokes of within-
trial performance; (ii) similarly for sdIOI. These tests aimed to
evaluate for each sequence type the stability of timing param-
eters during the trials and to accept or reject concatenation of
data from different renditions of the same music piece. In addi-
tion, we assessed (iii) the effect of auditory feedback on timing
performance (mIOI and sdIOI) and strength of LRTC (scaling
exponents from DFA and PSD analyses). To this aim, conditions
with and without auditory feedback were contrasted. In study 2, a two-factorial analysis of the timing parameters
mIOI and sdIOI with factors Hand (L/R) and DBS (ON, OFF) was
performed by means of paired synchronized permutations across
trials (8 trials from two DBS ON conditions and 8 trials from two
DBS OFF conditions) with the full permutation distribution with
28 values (Good, 2005; Basso et al., 2007). Synchronized permu-
tations are based on the non-parametric pairwise permutation
test and are recommended to obtain exact tests of hypotheses
when two factors are involved. They are generated, for instance, September 2014 | Volume 5 | Article 1030 | 6 Frontiers in Psychology | Cognitive Science Long-range correlations in piano performance Herrojo Ruiz et al. [117.1 (1.79) ms and 118.9 (2.21) ms for AM and M, respectively;
p < pth = 0.01 and PSdep = 0.8824 and 0.6471, respectively]. For
sequence types 3 and 6, the sdIOI and mIOI were not signifi-
cantly different between the middle or end of the trial relative to
the beginning of the trial, and either between the first and last
rendition of that sequence type (p > pth = 0.019 in all cases,
Figure 3A). STATISTICS yp
y
g
g
First-order DFA demonstrated for the majority of the pianists
(71–88% of all cases) the presence of LRTC in the fluctuations
of IOI corresponding with scaling exponents significantly larger
than 0.5, even after correcting for the bias in the estimation of
the exponents (p < pth = 0.0002, PSdep in range 0.71–0.88 in
all cases: SEQ3 and SEQ6, and AM and M; Figures 3C,D). The
LRTC extended from 5 to 200 keystrokes, and the scaling expo-
nents were on average 0.577 (0.0232) and 0.551 (0.0134) for
sequences 3 and 6, respectively, and in AM; scaling exponents in
M were 0.574 (0.0186) and 0.554 (0.0177). The average intrinsic
error in the estimation of DFA scaling exponents was around 0.01
for both conditions and sequence types. Scaling exponents from
sequences 3 and 6 were not significantly correlated (p > 0.05,
n.s.). Furthermore, when pianists played with and without audi-
tory feedback the scaling exponents were similar on average (p
> pth = 0, n.s. Note that a threshold p-value at 0 obtained
after control of FDR implies that none of the multiple com-
parisons can be rejected, since they typically lie in the range p
>> 0.05), demonstrating that auditory feedback during auto-
matic overlearned performance does not modify the structure
of the temporal correlations of the intervals between consecutive
keystrokes. Finally, in addition to the results of the paired permutation
tests for the difference between two sample means, we report a
non-parametric effect size estimator, PSdep, following Grissom
and Kim (2012). PSdep is the probability that in a randomly sam-
pled pair of values (one matched pair) the value from Condition
B (which for instance has larger values) will be greater than the
value from Condition A. We can proceed as follows: for two
samples of length N, we first compute the difference between
each of the N pairs of values from both samples, then we count
the number of positive difference scores N+. The probability
of greater values in sample B relative to A is PSdep = N+/N. If there are ties (zero difference), we reduce the denominator
N by the number of ties N0 [PSdep = N+/(N–N0)]. STATISTICS A non-
parametric estimation of effect size like PSdep is more adequate
when using non-parametric tests than reporting parametric effect
size estimates such as Cohen’s d, particularly because parametric
effect size estimates are affected by deviations from normality and
heterogeneity of variances. LONG-RANGE TEMPORAL CORRELATIONS IN SEQUENCES OF MUSICAL
PERFORMANCE (B) The probability density function (pdf) of
the time series of IOI in all patients and conditions was non-Gaussian and
right skewed in 51% of all cases (tested for each patient, sequence type
and auditory feedback condition separately: chi-square goodness-of-fit test
rejected the null hypothesis of the distribution being a normal distribution,
p < pth = 0.0001), whereas in 49% of all cases the null hypothesis of
Gaussian distribution could not be rejected at the 0.05 level. Here the
histogram and fitted pdf are displayed for the IOI values of pianist #4
performing sequence type 3. (C) log–log plot showing power-law scaling
behavior for the fluctuation function F (τ) with increasing time scales τ
spanning 5–200 keystrokes. F (τ) is computed from the variance of the
detrended time signal. The scaling exponent α represents the slope of the
linar fit. Representative patient #6 playing musical piece 3. (D) Distribution
of the first-order DFA scaling exponents across all pianists (black dots)
during audiomotor (AM) and motor (M) conditions and playing musical
sequence 3 and 6. The values of the scaling exponents are displayed after
subtraction of the bias introduced by DFA in the estimation of the degree of
LRTC. The mean and standard error of the distribution of bias-corrected
scaling exponents for each condition AM3, M3, AM6, M6 are plotted right
to the distribution of the values from all pianists. (E) Spectral power density
plotted against the log base 10 of the frequency > 10/N, with N being the
data length (∼2000 keystrokes). Representative case for pianist 12 playing
sequence 3. The segment between 10/N < f < 0.02/T0, with
T0 = 0.200 s (instructed IOI), corresponded to power-law 1/f β scaling
behavior and is represented here by the green line (following Gilden et al.,
1995). The best fit line to the PSD in this range had exponent β = 0.63491. (Continued) FIGURE 3 | Long-range temporal correlations during piano
f
(A) R
i
i
i
f i
i
l (IOI FIGURE 3 | Continued
Note that PSD data for higher frequencies above 0.02/T0 (keystroke
interval < 6) corresponds to short-range interval-to-interval variability and
typically shows uncorrelated (as in this case, β ∼0) or anti-correlated
fluctuations. (F) Distribution of the PSD bias-corrected scaling exponents β
displayed as single-values across all pianists (black dots) and as mean and
SE (pink dot and gray bar, respectively) for conditions AM3, M3, AM6,
and M6. LONG-RANGE TEMPORAL CORRELATIONS IN SEQUENCES OF MUSICAL
PERFORMANCE 0.5330 in SEQ3 and ρ = 0.5966 in SEQ6; p < pth = 0.01). These
outcomes associated in the pianists a larger degree of LRTCs with
more variable timing performance, as has been reported previ-
ously for tapping or rhythm production experiments (Hennig
et al., 2011; Smit et al., 2013). Note, however, that the sta-
tistical dependency was not significant in M. In addition, the
power law scaling exponents β showed a trend of significance
for an expected similar negative correlation with the sdIOI (range
ρ = 0.45–0.50, p < 0.10). INFLUENCE OF DEEP BRAIN STIMULATION OF THE SUBTHALAMIC
NUCLEUS ON THE TEMPORAL CORRELATIONS IN SEQUENCES OF
MUSICAL PERFORMANCE In each stimulation condition, the sdIOI and mIOI of both
sequence types were not significantly different across the musi-
cal rendition or between the first and last trial of that sequence
type (p > pth = 0, with single p > 0.05 in all cases). Hence,
we concatenated the four renditions of each sequence type to
generate the time series of IOIs for performance with the left
and right hands, separately, and for each stimulation condition
(Figures 4A,B). As expected, timing parameters across all stim-
ulation conditions were different for the left and right hand,
with faster and more regular timing in the less affected left
hand [paired permutation test across stimulation conditions:
sdIOI 24.7 (0.48) ms for left hand and 42.6 (2.69) ms for right
hand, p = 0.001, PSdep = 0.8125; mIOI 173.6 (10.24) ms and
210.7 (9.77) ms for left and right hand, respectively, p = 0.002,
PSdep = 0.7500]. These outcomes also emphasize that the patient
performed at a faster tempo than the nominal 200 ms IOI. He
reported that 200 ms IOI felt two slow for performing with his
less affected left hand and therefore he willingly performed at a
faster tempo. FIGURE 3 | Long-range temporal correlations during piano |
g
g
p
g p
performance. (A) Representative time series of inter-onset-interval (IOI,
ms) values in pianist #4, during performance of sequence type 3. Vertical
lines denote boundaries between trials corresponding to renditions of the
same sequence type. The IOI fluctuates around the nominal IOI of 125 ms
with a mean of −2.19 ms, indicating that on average the pianist played very
closely to the rehearsed tempo. (B) The probability density function (pdf) of
the time series of IOI in all patients and conditions was non-Gaussian and
right skewed in 51% of all cases (tested for each patient, sequence type
and auditory feedback condition separately: chi-square goodness-of-fit test
rejected the null hypothesis of the distribution being a normal distribution,
p < pth = 0.0001), whereas in 49% of all cases the null hypothesis of
Gaussian distribution could not be rejected at the 0.05 level. Here the
histogram and fitted pdf are displayed for the IOI values of pianist #4
performing sequence type 3. (C) log–log plot showing power-law scaling
behavior for the fluctuation function F (τ) with increasing time scales τ
spanning 5–200 keystrokes. LONG-RANGE TEMPORAL CORRELATIONS IN SEQUENCES OF MUSICAL
PERFORMANCE The fluctuations in the series of IOIs exhibited 1/f β power-law
behavior for all pianists with average exponents β 0.21 (0.070) for
SEQ3 and 0.22 (0.035) for SEQ6 in AM (example in Figure 3E); β
was on average 0.19 (0.042) for SEQ3 and 0.25 (0.035) for SEQ6
in M. The intrinsic error in the estimations was around 0.06. Exponents in both conditions were not significantly different (p >
pth = 0, n.s.; Figure 3F). This confirms that the statistical struc-
ture of the serial correlations exhibited during overlearned piano
performance in skilled pianists is not affected by the presence or
absence of auditory feedback. Here we describe the results of the analysis of the IOI in keystrokes
correct in pitch. Unless otherwise stated, when average values are
provided they are accompanied by the standard error of the mean
(SE). Detailed performance data concerning error rates can be
found in Herrojo Ruiz et al. (2009). Pianists played each sequence
type at the instructed and rehearsed tempo corresponding to an
IOI of 125 ms [average IOI not significantly (n.s.) different from
125 ms, p > pth = 0.01 after control of FDR, n.s. in all cases except
for sequence type 3, see below], and regardless of the presence
(audiomotor = AM) or absence (motor = M) of auditory feed-
back (n.s. difference between AM and M in the average IOI values,
p > pth = 0.01). Exclusively for sequence type 3 pianists played
at an average tempo significantly faster than the nominal tempo In addition, a significant statistical dependency was observed
both in AM and M between the single-subject scaling exponents
and the sdIOI values. The DFA scaling exponents α correlated sig-
nificantly and positively with the sdIOI in AM (Spearman ρ = September 2014 | Volume 5 | Article 1030 | 7 www.frontiersin.org www.frontiersin.org Long-range correlations in piano performance Herrojo Ruiz et al. FIGURE 3 | Long-range temporal correlations during piano
performance. (A) Representative time series of inter-onset-interval (IOI,
ms) values in pianist #4, during performance of sequence type 3. Vertical
lines denote boundaries between trials corresponding to renditions of the
same sequence type. The IOI fluctuates around the nominal IOI of 125 ms
with a mean of −2.19 ms, indicating that on average the pianist played very
closely to the rehearsed tempo. INFLUENCE OF DEEP BRAIN STIMULATION OF THE SUBTHALAMIC
NUCLEUS ON THE TEMPORAL CORRELATIONS IN SEQUENCES OF
MUSICAL PERFORMANCE The IOI fluctuates around the nominal IOI of 200 ms. (B)
Same for performance with the tremor-affected hand during DBS ON
(clinical settings at 130 Hz). (C) Average and SE (gray lines) values for mIOI
and timing accuracy (sdIOI) are displayed for each hand and DBS setting
separately. Assessment of the sdIOI and mIOI across trials with a
two-factorial design with factors hand (L/R) and DBS (ON, OFF)
demonstrated a significant interaction (p = 0.0001). Hence, whereas DBS
ON improved timing parameters in the affected hand, it deteriorated timing
performance in the less affected hand. Arrows denote the significant
changes between ON and OFF DBS for each timing measure as assessed
in a post-hoc analysis with pairwise paired permutation tests for each factor
separately (Right hand: p = 0.0078 for changes in mIOI and sdIOI; Left
hand: p = 0.03 for changes in mIOI, trend of significance for changes in
sdIOI, p = 0.08). (D) First-order DFA scaling exponents α for each hand and
DBS setting, separately for each of the two recorded conditions with DBS
ON, and two recorded conditions with DBS OFF. The gray bars
accompanying each value indicate the intrinsic error in the estimation of
scaling exponents with DFA. DBS OFF led to uncorrelated fluctuations for
the tremor-dominant hand (α ∼0.5). In the less affected left hand DBS ON
enhanced the degree of LRTC exhibited in the time series of temporal
fluctuations. Note the replicability of the scaling exponents across the two
conditions of each kind. (E) Log–log plot of the fluctuation function F (τ)
against increasing time scales τ spanning 5–200 keystrokes corresponding
with performance of the tremor-dominant right hand. Under DBS ON, DFA
demonstrated power-law scaling behavior in the time series with scaling
exponents in the LRTC range (0.5 < α < 1; data fitted to an orange line). By
contrast, without DBS performance with the affected hand was
(C
ti
d) In sum, the general effect of DBS in performance was two-fold:
(1) it improved timing performance in the tremor-affected hand
and correspondingly shifted the DFA scaling exponents from the
regime of uncorrelated noise to the LRTC range. (ii) In the less
affected hand the scaling exponents increased in parallel to the
transition DBS OFF →ON, yet within the LRTC range. In addi-
tion, timing performance was more compromised under DBS
ON. INFLUENCE OF DEEP BRAIN STIMULATION OF THE SUBTHALAMIC
NUCLEUS ON THE TEMPORAL CORRELATIONS IN SEQUENCES OF
MUSICAL PERFORMANCE F (τ) is computed from the variance of the
detrended time signal. The scaling exponent α represents the slope of the
linar fit. Representative patient #6 playing musical piece 3. (D) Distribution
of the first-order DFA scaling exponents across all pianists (black dots)
during audiomotor (AM) and motor (M) conditions and playing musical
sequence 3 and 6. The values of the scaling exponents are displayed after
subtraction of the bias introduced by DFA in the estimation of the degree of
LRTC. The mean and standard error of the distribution of bias-corrected
scaling exponents for each condition AM3, M3, AM6, M6 are plotted right
to the distribution of the values from all pianists. (E) Spectral power density
plotted against the log base 10 of the frequency > 10/N, with N being the
data length (∼2000 keystrokes). Representative case for pianist 12 playing
sequence 3. The segment between 10/N < f < 0.02/T0, with
T0 = 0.200 s (instructed IOI), corresponded to power-law 1/f β scaling
behavior and is represented here by the green line (following Gilden et al.,
1995). The best fit line to the PSD in this range had exponent β = 0.63491. (Continued) p
A two-factorial analysis of the timing parameters with factors
hand (L/R) and DBS OFF/ON (clinical settings) demonstrated
a significant interaction (p = 0.0001 for sdIOI and mIOI, syn-
chronized rearrangements across trials). This result suggested that
DBS had a different effect on the timing performance of either
hand. A post-hoc pairwise comparison between DBS ON and OFF
for the less affected hand demonstrated a significant increase in
tempo (p = 0.03, PSdep = 0.7500) and a trend of significance
for an increased timing unevenness under DBS ON (p = 0.08,
PSdep = 0.7500; Figure 4C). By contrast, DBS OFF compared to
ON was associated with slower tempo and poorer temporal accu-
racy in the tremor-affected right hand (p = 0.0048, PSdep = 1 in
both cases; Figure 4C). This result established that during DBS
the tremor severity decreased leading to an improved fine motor
control in the right hand. Thus, whereas DBS ON consistently September 2014 | Volume 5 | Article 1030 | 8 Frontiers in Psychology | Cognitive Science Long-range correlations in piano performance Herrojo Ruiz et al. FIGURE 4 | Influence of deep brain stimulation (DBS) on the structure
of temporal correlations during piano performance. INFLUENCE OF DEEP BRAIN STIMULATION OF THE SUBTHALAMIC
NUCLEUS ON THE TEMPORAL CORRELATIONS IN SEQUENCES OF
MUSICAL PERFORMANCE (A) Time series of
deviations in inter onset interval (IOI ms) values during performance with characterized by uncorrelated fluctuations (α ∼0.5, data fitted to the green
line).The scaling exponents α are extracted from the slope of the linear fit. (F) PSD scaling exponents β and corresponding intrinsic error bars for each
hand and DBS setting, as in (D). We replicated the findings obtained with
DFA, such that DBS OFF induced uncorrelated temporal fluctuations (β ∼0)
in the right hand, and reinstated power law 1/f β behavior under DBS ON. improved timing performance in the tremor-affected hand, it
impaired tempo and timing regularity in the less affected hand. In the time series of IOI corresponding to piano performance
with the less affected left hand first-order DFA demonstrated
across the four DBS settings (ON, OFF, ON, OFF) the presence
of LRTCs spanning a range of 5–200 keystrokes (Figures 4D,E). The scaling exponents α were all in the LRTC range: 0.54–
0.83 [mean 0.68 (0.059), exponents significantly above 0.5, p =
0.002, PSdep = 1], with larger exponents in the DBS ON con-
dition. The sequential structure of interval production with the
tremor-dominant hand exhibited LRTC exclusively during DBS
ON with scaling exponents 0.64 and 0.73. By contrast, the tem-
poral intervals were uncorrelated with DBS OFF (α ∼0.5). Consequently, the effect of subthalamic DBS contralateral to the
tremor-dominant hand was to induce persistent long-range cor-
relations in the dynamics of temporal intervals during piano
performance. Similar outcomes were obtained when assessing
by means of PDF the 1/f β power-law scaling behavior in the
time series from the different DBS settings (Figure 4F). Note that
all reported scaling exponents were corrected to compensate for
the bias induced by DFA and PSD (see Section Materials and
Methods). The intrinsic errors in the estimation of the DFA scal-
ing exponents were in the range 0.02–0.04. In the estimation
of the PSD β exponents the intrinsic errors were in the range
0.07–0.11. FIGURE 4 | Influence of deep brain stimulation (DBS) on the structure
of temporal correlations during piano performance. (A) Time series of FIGURE 4 | Influence of deep brain stimulation (DBS) on the structure
of temporal correlations during piano performance. (A) Time series of
deviations in inter-onset-interval (IOI, ms) values during performance with
the tremor-affected right hand and without DBS. Vertical lines denote
boundaries between trials corresponding to renditions of the same
sequence type. INFLUENCE OF DEEP BRAIN STIMULATION OF THE SUBTHALAMIC
NUCLEUS ON THE TEMPORAL CORRELATIONS IN SEQUENCES OF
MUSICAL PERFORMANCE (A) Time series of
deviations in inter-onset-interval (IOI, ms) values during performance with
the tremor-affected right hand and without DBS. Vertical lines denote
boundaries between trials corresponding to renditions of the same
sequence type. The IOI fluctuates around the nominal IOI of 200 ms. (B)
Same for performance with the tremor-affected hand during DBS ON
(clinical settings at 130 Hz). (C) Average and SE (gray lines) values for mIOI
and timing accuracy (sdIOI) are displayed for each hand and DBS setting
separately. Assessment of the sdIOI and mIOI across trials with a
two-factorial design with factors hand (L/R) and DBS (ON, OFF)
demonstrated a significant interaction (p = 0.0001). Hence, whereas DBS
ON improved timing parameters in the affected hand, it deteriorated timing
performance in the less affected hand. Arrows denote the significant
changes between ON and OFF DBS for each timing measure as assessed
in a post-hoc analysis with pairwise paired permutation tests for each factor
separately (Right hand: p = 0.0078 for changes in mIOI and sdIOI; Left
hand: p = 0.03 for changes in mIOI, trend of significance for changes in
sdIOI, p = 0.08). (D) First-order DFA scaling exponents α for each hand and
DBS setting, separately for each of the two recorded conditions with DBS
ON, and two recorded conditions with DBS OFF. The gray bars
accompanying each value indicate the intrinsic error in the estimation of
scaling exponents with DFA. DBS OFF led to uncorrelated fluctuations for
the tremor-dominant hand (α ∼0.5). In the less affected left hand DBS ON
enhanced the degree of LRTC exhibited in the time series of temporal
fluctuations. Note the replicability of the scaling exponents across the two
conditions of each kind. (E) Log–log plot of the fluctuation function F (τ)
against increasing time scales τ spanning 5–200 keystrokes corresponding
with performance of the tremor-dominant right hand. Under DBS ON, DFA
demonstrated power-law scaling behavior in the time series with scaling
exponents in the LRTC range (0.5 < α < 1; data fitted to an orange line). By
contrast, without DBS performance with the affected hand was
(Continued) FIGURE 4 | Influence of deep brain stimulation (DBS) on the structure
of temporal correlations during piano performance. INFLUENCE OF DEEP BRAIN STIMULATION OF THE SUBTHALAMIC
NUCLEUS ON THE TEMPORAL CORRELATIONS IN SEQUENCES OF
MUSICAL PERFORMANCE As in the previous study, larger scaling exponents within the
LRTC range were associated with poorer temporal accuracy. DISCUSSION Scaling
exponents were in the LRTC range (0.5 < α < 1 or 0 < β < 1)
for most pianists (between 12/17 and 15/17 depending on the
condition and musical sequence). This outcome demonstrated
that the unintended temporal deviations from a perfectly regular
(isochronous) tempo that manifest in skilled performance over
several time scales are not uncorrelated but rather share long-
term dependency. Therefore, there is not a characteristic temporal
scale that dominates the fluctuation function. The degree of LRTC
was more pronounced (larger α and β exponents) in pianists
playing with larger standard deviation of IOI, in line with pre-
vious studies of finger tapping and rhythm production (Hennig
et al., 2011; Smit et al., 2013). The scaling exponents obtained
for the different musical sequences 3 and 6 were not corre-
lated across pianists, which suggests that the degree of LRTC was
expressed differently in each pianist depending on the musical
structure. Supporting this interpretation, the correlational struc-
ture of pitch and rhythm of notated musical compositions also
exhibits characteristic LRTC but with wide variability within and
across composers (Voss and Clarke, 1978; Levitin et al., 2012). p
(
)
The structure of the temporal correlations in skilled piano per-
formance resembles the presence of 1/f β power-laws described in
a wide variety of behavioral tasks such as self-paced isochronous
finger tapping, production of a rhythmic pattern synchronized to
a metronome, walking, circle drawing, or audiovisual threshold-
stimulus detection (Gilden et al., 1995; Chen et al., 1997, 2002;
Torre and Delignières, 2008; Delignières and Torre, 2009; Hennig
et al., 2011; Palva et al., 2013). Several models have been put
forward to account for the manifestation of LRTC in behavior
(Gilden et al., 1995; Chen et al., 1997; Torre and Delignières,
2008; Delignières et al., 2009). These models partly build upon
existing accounts of self-paced or synchronized tapping in which
the sources of variability in the generation of inter-tap intervals
are considered to be uncorrelated or anticorrelated (e.g., Wing
and Kristofferson, 1973; Vorberg and Wing, 1996, see review in
Repp and Su, 2013). The abovementioned influential model of
Gilden et al. (1995) for self-paced production of temporal or spa-
tial intervals proposed that an internal timekeeper prescribing the
intervals to the motor system is a source of 1/f β noise. DISCUSSION The present work investigated in two different studies the correla-
tional structure of the fluctuations in the IOI during skilled piano
performances. We focused on the assessment of the slower trends
of variation in the production of temporal intervals (drift), which
have been related to short-term memory processes (Staddon,
2005). Unlike drift, interval-by-interval variability is typically
random or anticorrelated and has been associated with the motor
system (Gilden et al., 1995). In both our studies, participants performed music pieces from
memory. The pieces consisted of isochronous IOIs and note dura-
tions and had been intensively rehearsed at an instructed tempo. In the first study we specifically assessed the influence of auditory (Continued) (Continued) September 2014 | Volume 5 | Article 1030 | 9 www.frontiersin.org Long-range correlations in piano performance Herrojo Ruiz et al. rhythm or metronome (Delignières et al., 2008, 2009; Torre and
Delignières, 2008). feedback on the correlational structure of the fluctuations of IOI
during the musical performances. Exclusively musical sequences
that fulfilled the criterion of showing no significant change of
average tempo and unevenness of IOI (sdIOI) between the begin-
ning, middle and end of each musical rendition or between the
first and last rendition were selected. For those selected pieces,
different renditions of the same piece were concatenated to enable
analysis of longer time series by means of DFA and spectral power
analysis (Peng et al., 1995; Pilgram and Kaplan, 1998). Playing a music melody from memory does not exclusively
involve the temporal organization of a long sequence of events. Music performance relies on the interplay between several cogni-
tive processes such as the retrieval from memory of the musical
structure and pitch content, the preparation in advance of the
events planned for production and, last but not least, the commu-
nication of expressive effects (Palmer, 1997; Janata and Grafton,
2003; Zatorre et al., 2007; Hallam et al., 2008). These processes
likely add additional temporal variability to the performance,
as reflected in the automatic slowing following a pitch error or
during the conflicting co-representation of pitch elements prior
to production, and in the intentional expressive timing effects
(Palmer, 1997; Palmer and Pfordresher, 2003; Herrojo Ruiz et al.,
2009, 2011; Maidhof et al., 2009). The presence of LRTC in piano
performance thus suggests that the generation of 1/f β noise can-
not be exclusively attributed to a cognitive “timekeeper” system
issuing a timing motor command. DISCUSSION A very influential hypothe-
sis in this context is that the manifestation of power-law scaling
behavior is an indicator of self-organized criticality (Bak et al.,
1988; Jensen, 1998). Criticality in statistical physics corresponds
with the property of a system with spatial and temporal degrees
of freedom at the point of undergoing a second order phase-
transition between an ordered state and a random state (Essam
et al., 1972). Close to and at the critical point the susceptibility of
the system is maximal, thereby enabling the emergence of a large
variety of spatiotemporal patterns that are metastable (i.e., persist
for an extended period of time, yet are not at equilibrium) and
exhibit slowly decaying spatiotemporal correlations. The concept
of self-organized criticality was expanded to dynamical systems
to account for the case of an internal dynamics driving the sys-
tem to its critical point (Bak et al., 1987, 1988). It follows that the
presence of LRTC and 1/f β laws in behavioral performance can be
considered to be brought about by the brain’s complex spatiotem-
poral dynamics operating close to criticality (Kelso et al., 1992;
Linkenkaer-Hansen et al., 2001; Chialvo, 2010). This view is sup-
ported by recent data showing that behavioral scaling exponents
during synchronization tapping and perceptual tasks correlate
across subjects with the scaling exponents of LRTC exhibited
in the neuronal dynamics of task-related regions (Palva et al.,
2013; Smit et al., 2013). Similarly, the manifestation of 1/f β noise
in the production of temporal intervals during music perfor-
mance could emerge from the complex spatiotemporal dynamics
of the multiple neural systems engaged in the task. These systems
include, but are not limited to, primary and secondary motor
areas, auditory areas, cingulate cortex, basal ganglia, and cerebel-
lum (Altenmüller et al., 2006; Zatorre et al., 2007; Hallam et al.,
2008). Our second study provided a window into the previous y
g
g
The main findings were the presence of long-range (persis-
tent) correlations in the IOI fluctuations extending from 5 up to
200 keystrokes (the length of each rendition) both when playing
with or without auditory feedback. Similarly, LRTC in contin-
uation tapping and in sensorimotor synchronization have been
shown to be independent of auditory feedback (Chen et al., 2002),
and to be stable after training (Madison et al., 2013). DISCUSSION Along
a similar line, modeling a timekeeper as source of 1/f β noise
can account for the long-range dependency of the asynchronies
(synchronization errors) generated during tapping to an external Our second study provided a window into the previous
hypothesis by investigating how altering the brain dynamics along
cortico-basal ganglia loops using subthalamic DBS may affect
behavioral scaling exponents during skilled piano performance. In our patient, the analysis of the performance with the less
affected hand replicated the findings of the first study related to
the presence of LRTC in the temporal fluctuations during piano
performance. The regime of scale-invariant power-law behavior September 2014 | Volume 5 | Article 1030 | 10 Frontiers in Psychology | Cognitive Science Long-range correlations in piano performance Herrojo Ruiz et al. An important difference between music performance with or
without metronome is that in the first case production of tem-
poral intervals is externally paced, whereas in the second case it
is primarily internally generated. The basal ganglia seem to be
important in both processes, with a predominant involvement of
the putamen in the prediction and continuation of the beat and a
role of the caudate and ventral striatum in prediction error dur-
ing externally paced beat detection (Grahn and Brett, 2008; Grahn
and Rowe, 2009; Schiffer and Schubotz, 2011). Considering the
previous evidence, an interesting direction of future research
would be to investigate how subthalamic DBS applied at different
contacts of the DBS electrodes within either limbic, associative
or motor STN territories would affect differently the temporal
fluctuations in performance with or without metronome. observed in the temporal fluctuations spanned 5 up to 200
keystrokes and a low frequency range (<0.16 Hz). Interestingly,
the DFA and PSD scaling exponents increased within the LRTC
regime during DBS as compared to performance when DBS was
switched off. This change was paralleled by a shift to a poorer tim-
ing performance during DBS, which underscores the association
found in the first study between larger scaling exponents within
the range of LRTC and poorer temporal performance. Note that a
relative deterioration in motor symptoms and behavioral output
in the less affected side during bilateral DBS has been previ-
ously reported in PD patients with prominent asymetric motor
symptoms (Johnsen et al., 2009). ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The authors are thankful to Andreas Horn for providing the
anatomical coordinates of the DBS contact eletrodes. FUNDING This research is supported by the German Research Foundation
(DFG) through projects HE 6103/1-1 and HE 6013/1-2 to María
Herrojo Ruiz, and project HE 6312/1-2 to Holger Hennig. SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL The Supplementary Material for this article can be found
online
at:
http://www.frontiersin.org/journal/10.3389/fpsyg. 2014.01030/abstract DISCUSSION In contrast, timing performance
with the right tremor-affected hand was improved during DBS
compared to the OFF condition similar to the improvement in
clinical motor symptoms as assessed by UPDRS-III score. In
addition, DFA and PSD analysis demonstrated that OFF DBS
the temporal fluctuations were uncorrelated (α ∼0.5 and β ∼
0). The LRTC regime in the tremor-affected hand was, how-
ever, reinstated by DBS at clinically effective parameters. The
outcomes in the tremor-affected hand are consistent with evi-
dence from non-invasive auditory rhythmic stimulation in PD
for a restauration of the 1/f β noise in gait of these patients
(Hove et al., 2012), a property characteristic of healthy human
gait (Hausdorff, 2009). In addition, at the neuronal level, the
temporal dynamics in the basal ganglia of PD patients exhibit
a larger degree of long-range dependency following pharma-
cological treatment with apomorphine (Cruz et al., 2009) or
levodopa (Hohlefeld et al., 2012). Thus, investigations in PD
patients emphasize a typical disruption of 1/f β noise and long-
range correlations at the behavioral and neuronal levels when the
patients are in their more compromised clinical state (OFF med-
ication, OFF DBS). Our study significantly demonstrates that the
treatment with STN-DBS in a PD patient with asymmetric motor
symptoms successfully restores in the most affected tremor-
dominant hand the power-law scaling behavior in the tempo-
ral fluctuations during skilled piano performance. Presumably,
alteration via DBS of the pathological network dynamics along
the cortico-basal ganglia-thalamocortical loops might induce a
larger degree of task-related and frequency-specific LRTC at the
neural level (Hohlefeld et al., 2013). Accordingly, LRTC in the
behavioral time series might appear as a macroscopic manifes-
tation of restored dynamics and enhanced neuronal LRTC along
cortico-basal ganglia circuits. However, future work investigating
in parallel the effects of DBS on the structure of the correla-
tions in behavior and cortical-subcortical activity should clarify
this issue. M
ll
h
ff
f li i
ll
ff
i
STN DBS www.frontiersin.org REFERENCES REFERENCES Abry, P., and Sellan, F. (1996). The wavelet-based synthesis for the frac-
tional Brownian motion proposed by F. Sellan and Y. Meyer: remarks
and fast implementation. Appl. Comput. Harmonic Anal. 3, 377–383. doi:
10.1006/acha.1996.0030 Altenmüller, E., Wiesendanger, M., and Kesselring, J. (eds.). (2006). Music, Motor
Control and the Brain. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Bak, P., Tang, C., and Wiesenfeld, K. (1987). Self-organized criticality: an explana-
tion of 1/f noise. Phys. Rev. Lett. 59, 381–384. doi: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.59.381 Bak, P., Tang, C., and Wiesenfeld, K. (1988). Self-organized criticality. Phys. Rev. A
38, 364–374. doi: 10.1103/PhysRevA.38.364 Bangert, M., and Altenmüller, E. (2003). Mapping perception to action in piano
practice: a longitudinal DC-EEG study. BMC Neurosci. 4:26. doi: 10.1186/1471-
2202-4-26 Basso, D., Chiarandini, M., and Salmaso, L. (2007). Synchronized permutation
tests in replicated I× J designs. J. Stat. Plann. Inference 137, 2564–2578. doi:
10.1016/j.jspi.2006.04.016 Benjamini, Y., Krieger, A. M., and Yekutieli, D. (2006). Adaptive linear step-up
procedures that control the false discovery rate. Biometrika 93, 491–507. doi:
10.1093/biomet/93.3.491 More generally, the effect of clinically effective STN-DBS on
average timing parameters during tapping tasks is to improve the
production of temporal intervals (Chen et al., 2007; Eusebio et al.,
2008). In the specific case of violin performance, the effect of
unilateral STN-DBS on the intended expressive timing patterns
was recently assessed (Van Vugt et al., 2013). This study found
an improved musical expression and timing performance during
STN-DBS, yet the latter exclusively when performing in parallel
with a metronome. The outcomes, however, might be specific to
the treatment of unilateral DBS and might not directly relate to
our findings with bilateral DBS. Buldyrev, S. V., Goldberger, A. L., Havlin, S., Mantegna, R. N., Matsa, M. E.,
Peng, C. K., et al. (1995). Long-range correlation properties of coding and
noncoding DNA sequences: GenBank analysis. Phys. Rev. E 51:5084. doi:
10.1103/PhysRevE.51.5084 Chen, C. C., Litvak, V., Gilbertson, T., Kühn, A., Lu, C. S., Lee, S. T.,
et al. (2007). Excessive synchronization of basal ganglia neurons at 20 Hz
slows movement in Parkinson’s disease. Exp. Neurol. 205, 214–221. doi:
10.1016/j.expneurol.2007.01.027 Chen, Y., Ding, M., and Kelso, J. S. (1997). Long memory processes
(1/f α
type)
in
human
coordination. Phys. Rev. Lett. 79:4501. doi:
10.1103/PhysRevLett.79.4501 Chen, Y., Repp, B. H., and Patel, A. D. (2002). REFERENCES Spectral decomposition of variability
in synchronization and continuation tapping: comparisons between auditory September 2014 | Volume 5 | Article 1030 | 11 www.frontiersin.org www.frontiersin.org Long-range correlations in piano performance Herrojo Ruiz et al. and visual pacing and feedback conditions. Hum. Mov. Sci. 21, 515–532. doi:
10.1016/S0167-9457(02)00138-0 and visual pacing and feedback conditions. Hum. Mov. Sci. 21, 515–532. doi:
10.1016/S0167-9457(02)00138-0 Hohlefeld, F. U., Ehlen, F., Krugel, L. K., Kühn, A. A., Curio, G., Klostermann,
F., et al. (2013). Modulation of cortical neural dynamics during thalamic deep
brain stimulation in patients with essential tremor. Neuroreport 24, 751–756. doi: 10.1097/WNR.0b013e328364c1a1 Chialvo, D. R. (2010). Emergent complex neural dynamics. Nat. Phys. 6, 744–750. doi: 10.1038/nphys1803 Hohlefeld, F. U., Huebl, J., Huchzermeyer, C., Schneider, G. H., Schönecker, T.,
Kühn, A. A., et al. (2012). Long−range temporal correlations in the subthalamic
nucleus of patients with Parkinson’s disease. Eur. J. Neurosci. 36, 2812–2821. doi:
10.1111/j.1460-9568.2012.08198.x Cruz, A. V., Mallet, N., Magill, P. J., Brown, P., and Averbeck, B. B. (2009). Effects
of dopamine depletion on network entropy in the external globus pallidus. J. Neurophysiol. 102, 1092. doi: 10.1152/jn.00344.2009 Delignières, D., and Torre, K. (2009). Fractal dynamics of human gait: a reassess-
ment of the 1996 data of Hausdorff et al. J. Appl. Physiol. 106, 1272–1279. doi:
10.1152/japplphysiol.90757.2008 Horn, A., Schönecker, T., Schneider, G. H., and Kühn, A. A. (2013). Automatic
reconstruction of DBS-electrode placement from post-operative MRI-images. Minim. Invasive Neurosurg. 54, 16–20. doi: 10.1007/s00702-013-1028-7 Delignières, D., Torre, K., and Lemoine, L. (2008). Fractal models for
event-based
and
dynamical
timers. Acta
Psychol. 127,
382–397. doi:
10.1016/j.actpsy.2007.07.007 Hove, M. J., Suzuki, K., Uchitomi, H., Orimo, S., and Miyake, Y. (2012). Interactive
rhythmic auditory stimulation reinstates natural 1/f timing in gait of Parkinson’s
patients. PLoS ONE 7:e32600. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0032600 Delignières, D., Torre, K., and Lemoine, L. (2009). Long-range correlation in syn-
chronization and syncopation tapping: a linear phase correction model. PLoS
ONE 4:e7822. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0007822 Janata, P., and Grafton, S. T. (2003). Swinging in the brain: shared neural substrates
for behaviors related to sequencing and music. Nat. Neurosci. 6, 682–687. doi:
10.1038/nn1081 Drost, U. C., Rieger, M., Brass, M., Gunter, T. C., and Prinz, W. (2005a). Action-
effect coupling in pianists. Psychol. Res. 69, 233–241. doi: 10.1007/s00426-004-
0175-8 Jensen, H. J. (1998). Self-organized Criticality: Emergent Complex Behavior in
Physical and Biological Systems, Vol. 10. New York, NY: Cambridge University
Press. Drost, U. C., Rieger, M., Brass, M., Gunter, T. REFERENCES C., and Prinz, W. (2005b). When
hearing turns into playing: movement induction by auditory stimuli in pianists. Q. J. Exp. Psychol. A 58, 1376–1389. doi: 10.1080/02724980443000610 Johnsen, E. L., Mogensen, P. H., Sunde, N. A., and Østergaard, K. (2009). Improved asymmetry of gait in Parkinson’s disease with DBS: gait and postural
instability in Parkinson’s disease treated with bilateral deep brain stimula-
tion in the subthalamic nucleus. Mov. Disord. 24, 588–595. doi: 10.1002/mds. 22419 Elsner, B., and Hommel, B. (2001). Effect anticipation and action control. J. Exp. Psychol. Hum. Percept. Perform. 27:229. doi: 10.1037/0096-1523.27.1.229 Essam, J. W., Domb, C., and Green, M. S. (1972). Phase transitions and critical
phenomena. Phase Transit. Crit. Phenomena 2, 1583–1585. Kelso, J. A. S., Bressler, S. L., Buchanan, S., DeGuzman, G. C., Ding, M. A. F. A. H.,
Fuchs, A., et al. (1992). A phase transition in human brain and behavior. Phys. Lett. A 169, 134–144. doi: 10.1016/0375-9601(92)90583-8 Eusebio, A., Chen, C. C., Lu, C. S., Lee, S. T., Tsai, C. H., Limousin,
P., et al. (2008). Effects of low-frequency stimulation of the subthalamic
nucleus on movement in Parkinson’s disease. Exp. Neurol. 209, 125–130. doi:
10.1016/j.expneurol.2007.09.007 Lemoine, L., Torre, K., and Delignières, D. (2006). Testing for the presence of
1/ f noise in continuation tapping data. Can. J. Exp. Psychol. 60, 247. doi:
10.1037/cjep2006023 Finney, S., and Palmer, C. (2003). Auditory feedback and memory for music per-
formance: sound evidence for an encoding effect. Mem. Cognit. 31, 51–64. doi:
10.3758/BF03196082 Levitin, D. J., Chordia, P., and Menon, V. (2012). Musical rhythm spectra from Bach
to Joplin obey a 1/f power law. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 109, 3716–3720. doi:
10.1073/pnas.1113828109 Gilden, D. L., Thornton, T., and Mallon, M. W. (1995). 1/f noise in human
cognition. Science 267, 1837–1839. doi: 10.1126/science.7892611 Linkenkaer-Hansen, K., Nikouline, V. V., Palva, J. M., and Ilmoniemi, R. J. (2001). Long-range temporal correlations and scaling behavior in human brain oscilla-
tions. J. Neurosci. 21, 1370–1377. Good, P. I. (2005). Permutation, Parametric and Bootstrap Tests of Hypotheses, Vol. 3. New York, NY: Springer. Linkenkaer-Hansen, K., Nikulin, V. V., Palva, J. M., Kaila, K., and Ilmoniemi, R. J. (2004). Stimulus-induced change in long-range temporal correlations and scal-
ing behaviour of sensorimotor oscillations. Eur. J. Neurosci. 19, 203–218. doi:
10.1111/j.1460-9568.2004.03116.x Grahn, J. A., and Rowe, J. B. (2009). Feeling the beat: premotor and striatal inter-
actions in musicians and nonmusicians during beat perception. J. Neurosci. REFERENCES 29,
7540–7548. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2018-08.2009 Grahn, J., and Brett, M. (2008). Impairment of beat-based rhythm discrimi-
nation in Parkinson’s disease. Cortex 45, 54–61. doi: 10.1016/j.cortex.2008. 01.005 Madison, G., Karampela, O., Ullén, F., and Holm, L. (2013). Effects of practice on
variability in an isochronous serial interval production task: asymptotical lev-
els of tapping variability after training are similar to those of musicians. Acta
Psychol. 143, 119–128. doi: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2013.02.010 Grissom, R. J., and Kim, J. J. (2012). Effect Sizes for Research: Univariate and
Multivariate Applications, 2nd Edn. New York, NY: Taylor and Francis. Maidhof, C., Rieger, M., Prinz, W., and Koelsch, S. (2009). Nobody is perfect:
ERP effects prior to performance errors in musicians indicate fast monitoring
processes. PLoS ONE 4:e5032. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0005032 Hallam, S., Cross, I., and Thaut, M. (eds.). (2008). Oxford Handbook of Music
Psychology. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Hausdorff, J. M. (2009). Gait dynamics in Parkinson’s disease: common and distinct
behavior among stride length, gait variability, and fractal-like scaling. Chaos 19,
026113. doi: 10.1063/1.3147408 Mandelbrot, B. B. (1982). The Fractal Geometry of Nature. San Francisco, CA:
Macmillan. Hausdorff, J. M., Peng, C. K., Ladin, Z., Wei, J. Y., and Goldberger, A. L. (1995). Is
walking a random walk? evidence for long-range correlations in stride interval
of human gait. J. Appl. Physiol. 78, 349–349. McIntyre, C. C., and Hahn, P. J. (2010). Network perspectives on the
mechanisms of deep brain stimulation. Neurobiol. Dis. 38, 329–337. doi:
10.1016/j.nbd.2009.09.022 Heneghan, C., and McDarby, G. (2000). Establishing the relation between
detrended fluctuation analysis and power spectral density analysis for stochas-
tic processes. Phys. Rev. E Stat. Phys. Plasmas Fluids Relat. Interdiscip. Topics
62:6103. doi: 10.1103/PhysRevE.62.6103 Montez, T., Poil, S. S., Jones, B. F., Manshanden, I., Verbunt, J. P., van Dijk, B. W.,
et al. (2009). Altered temporal correlations in parietal alpha and prefrontal theta
oscillations in early-stage Alzheimer disease. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 106,
1614–1619. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0811699106 Hennig, H., Fleischmann, R., Fredebohm, A., Hagmayer, Y., Nagler, J., Witt, A., et al. (2011). The nature and perception of fluctuations in human musical rhythms. PLoS ONE 6:e26457. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0026457 Nikulin, V. V., Jönsson, E. G., and Brismar, T. (2012). Attenuation of long-range
temporal correlations in the amplitude dynamics of alpha and beta neu-
ronal oscillations in patients with schizophrenia. Neuroimage 61, 162–169. doi:
10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.03.008 Hennig, H., Fleischmann, R., and Geisel, T. (2012). Musical rhythms: the science of
being slightly off. Phys. Today 65, 64. REFERENCES 16, 409–438. doi: 10.2307/40285802 Zatorre, R. J., Chen, J. L., and Penhune, V. B. (2007). When the brain plays music:
auditory–motor interactions in music perception and production. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 8, 547–558. doi: 10.1038/nrn2152 Repp, B. H. (2006). “Musical synchronization,” in Music, Motor Control, and the
Brain, eds E. Altenmüller, M. Wiesendanger, and J. Kesselring (Oxford: Oxford
University Press), 55–76. Conflict of Interest Statement: The authors declare that the research was con-
ducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be
construed as a potential conflict of interest. Repp, B. H., and Su, Y. H. (2013). Sensorimotor synchronization: a review of recent
research (2006–2012). Psychon. Bull. Rev. 20, 403–452. doi: 10.3758/s13423-012-
0371-2 Received: 05 April 2014; accepted: 28 August 2014; published online: 25 September
2014. Schiffer, A. M., and Schubotz, R. I. (2011). Caudate nucleus signals for breaches of
expectation in a movement observation paradigm. Front. Hum. Neurosci. 5:38. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2011.00038 Citation: Herrojo Ruiz M, Hong SB, Hennig H, Altenmüller E and Kühn AA (2014)
Long-range correlation properties in timing of skilled piano performance: the influence
of auditory feedback and deep brain stimulation. Front. Psychol. 5:1030. doi: 10.3389/
fpsyg.2014.01030 Citation: Herrojo Ruiz M, Hong SB, Hennig H, Altenmüller E and Kühn AA (2014)
Long-range correlation properties in timing of skilled piano performance: the influence Smit, D. J., Linkenkaer-Hansen, K., and de Geus, E. J. (2013). Long-range tem-
poral correlations in resting-state alpha oscillations predict human timing-
error dynamics. J. Neurosci. 33, 11212–11220. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2816-
12.2013 of auditory feedback and deep brain stimulation. Front. Psychol. 5:1030. doi: 10.3389/
fpsyg.2014.01030 This article was submitted to Cognitive Science, a section of the journal Frontiers in
Psychology. Staddon, J. E. R. (2005). Interval timing: memory, not a clock. Trends Cogn. Sci. 9,
312–314. doi: 10.1016/j.tics.2005.05.013 Copyright © 2014 Herrojo Ruiz, Hong, Hennig, Altenmüller and Kühn. This is an
open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution
License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted,
provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publica-
tion in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use,
distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. Starr, P. A., Vitek, J. L., and Bakay, R. A. (1998). Deep brain stimulation for
movement disorders. Neurosurg. Clin. N. Am. 9, 381–402. Torre, K., and Delignières, D. (2008). REFERENCES doi: 10.1063/PT.3.1650 Palmer, C. (1997). Music performance. Annu. Rev. Psychol. 48, 115–138. doi:
10.1146/annurev.psych.48.1.115 Herrojo Ruiz, M, Jabusch, H. C., and Altenmüller, E. (2009). Detecting wrong notes
in advance: neuronal correlates of error monitoring in pianists. Cereb. Cortex 19,
2625–2639. doi: 10.1093/cercor/bhp021 Palmer, C., and Pfordresher, P. Q. (2003). Incremental planning in sequence
production. Psychol. Rev. 110:683. doi: 10.1037/0033-295X.110.4.683 Herrojo Ruiz, M., Strübing, F., Jabusch, H. C., and Altenmüller, E. (2011). EEG oscillatory patterns are associated with error prediction during music
performance and are altered in musician’s dystonia. Neuroimage 55, 1791–1803. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.12.050 Palva, J. M., Zhigalov, A., Hirvonen, J., Korhonen, O., Linkenkaer-Hansen, K.,
and Palva, S. (2013). Neuronal long-range temporal correlations and avalanche
dynamics are correlated with behavioral scaling laws. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 110, 3585–3590. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1216855110 September 2014 | Volume 5 | Article 1030 | 12 Frontiers in Psychology | Cognitive Science 12 Long-range correlations in piano performance Herrojo Ruiz et al. Torre, K., and Wagenmakers, E. J. (2009). Theories and models for 1/fβ
noise in human movement science. Hum. Mov. Sci. 28, 297–318. doi:
10.1016/j.humov.2009.01.001 Peng, C. K., Havlin, S., Stanley, H. E., and Goldberger, A. L. (1995). Quantification
of scaling exponents and crossover phenomena in nonstationary heartbeat time
series. Chaos 5, 82–87. doi: 10.1063/1.166141 Pilgram, B., and Kaplan, D. T. (1998). A comparison of estimators for 1f noise. Physica D 114, 108–122. doi: 10.1016/S0167-2789(97)00188-7 Van Vugt, F. T., Schüpbach, M., Altenmüller, E., Bardinet, E., Yelnik, J., and Hälbig,
T. D. (2013). Effects of dopaminergic and subthalamic stimulation on musical
performance. J. Neural Transm. 120, 755–759. doi: 10.1007/s00702-012-0923-7 Plenz,
D.,
and
Chialvo,
D. R. (2009). Scaling
properties
of
neuronal
avalanches are consistent with critical dynamics. arXiv preprint arXiv:
0912.5369. Vorberg, D., and Wing, A. (1996). Modeling variability and dependence in timing. Handb. Percept. Action 2, 181–262. doi: 10.1016/S1874-5822(06)80007-1 Prinz, W. (1997). Perception and action planning. Eur. J. Cogn. Psychol. 9, 129–154. doi: 10.1080/713752551 Voss, R. F., and Clarke, J. (1978). “1/f noise” in music: music from 1/f noise. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 63, 258–263. doi: 10.1121/1.381721 Repp, B. H. (1999a). Control of expressive and metronomic timing in pianists. J. Mot. Behav. 31, 145–164. doi: 10.1080/00222899909600985 Wing, A. M., and Kristofferson, A. B. (1973). Response delays and the timing of dis-
crete motor responses. Percept. Psychophys. 14, 5–12. doi: 10.3758/BF03198607 Repp, B. H. (1999b). Effects of auditory feedback deprivation on expressive piano
performance. Music Percept. September 2014 | Volume 5 | Article 1030 | 13 REFERENCES Unraveling the finding of 1/fβ noise in self-
paced and synchronized tapping: a unifying mechanistic model. Biol. Cybern. 99, 159–170. doi: 10.1007/s00422-008-0247-8 September 2014 | Volume 5 | Article 1030 | 13 www.frontiersin.org www.frontiersin.org
| 772 |
https://github.com/rvaughan/AdventOfCode2017/blob/master/2017/day_20/solution_p2.py
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
AdventOfCode2017
|
rvaughan
|
Python
|
Code
| 350 | 1,290 |
#!/usr/bin/env python
"""
This code holds the solution for part 2 of day 20 of the Advent of Code for 2017.
"""
from operator import add, abs
import re
import sys
def extract_data(data):
r = re.compile(r"[pva]=<([ -]?\d+),([ -]?\d+),([ -]?\d+)>")
p_data = r.match(data)
if p_data != None:
return (int(p_data.group(1)), int(p_data.group(2)), int(p_data.group(3)))
else:
return (0, 0, 0)
def load_particles(PARTICLE_INPUT):
particle_list = {}
idx = 0
for line in PARTICLE_INPUT.split("\n"):
p = {}
data = line.split(", ")
p["pos"] = extract_data(data[0])
p["vel"] = extract_data(data[1])
p["acc"] = extract_data(data[2])
p["dist"] = tuple(map(abs, p["pos"]))
particle_list[idx] = p
idx += 1
return particle_list
def do_move(particles):
min_distance = 999999
min_particle = -1
positions = {}
for key in particles:
p = particles[key]
pos = p["pos"]
vel = p["vel"]
acc = p["acc"]
vel = tuple(map(add, vel, acc))
pos = tuple(map(add, pos, vel))
p["pos"] = pos
p["vel"] = vel
# Calculate the haversine distance.
new_dist = sum(abs(x) for x in pos)
if new_dist < min_distance:
min_distance = new_dist
min_particle = key
p["dist"] = new_dist
if p["pos"] in positions:
positions[p["pos"]].append(key)
else:
positions[p["pos"]] = [key]
for pos_key in positions:
pos = positions[pos_key]
if len(pos) > 1:
for key in pos:
del particles[key]
return len(particles)
PARTICLE_INPUT="p=< 3,0,0>, v=< 2,0,0>, a=<-1,0,0>"
PARTICLES = load_particles(PARTICLE_INPUT)
if len(PARTICLES) != 1:
print "Wrong number of particles. {0}".format(len(PARTICLES))
sys.exit(-1)
do_move(PARTICLES)
if PARTICLES[0]["pos"][0] != 4:
print "Wrong position after 1st move. {0}".format(PARTICLES[0]["pos"])
sys.exit(-1)
PARTICLE_INPUT="""p=< 3,0,0>, v=< 2,0,0>, a=<-1,0,0>
p=< 4,0,0>, v=< 0,0,0>, a=<-2,0,0>"""
PARTICLES = load_particles(PARTICLE_INPUT)
if len(PARTICLES) != 2:
print "Wrong number of particles. {0}".format(len(PARTICLES))
sys.exit(-1)
do_move(PARTICLES)
if PARTICLES[0]["pos"][0] != 4:
print "Wrong position after p0 1st move. {0}".format(PARTICLES[0]["pos"])
sys.exit(-1)
if PARTICLES[1]["pos"][0] != 2:
print "Wrong position after p1 1st move. {0}".format(PARTICLES[1]["pos"])
sys.exit(-1)
do_move(PARTICLES)
if PARTICLES[0]["pos"][0] != 4:
print "Wrong position after p0 2nd move. {0}".format(PARTICLES[0]["pos"])
sys.exit(-1)
if PARTICLES[1]["pos"][0] != -2:
print "Wrong position after p1 2nd move. {0}".format(PARTICLES[1]["pos"])
sys.exit(-1)
do_move(PARTICLES)
if PARTICLES[0]["pos"][0] != 3:
print "Wrong position after p0 3rd move. {0}".format(PARTICLES[0]["pos"])
sys.exit(-1)
if PARTICLES[1]["pos"][0] != -8:
print "Wrong position after p1 3rd move. {0}".format(PARTICLES[1]["pos"])
sys.exit(-1)
print "All tests passed."
with open("input.txt", "r") as f:
PARTICLE_INPUT = f.read()
PARTICLES = load_particles(PARTICLE_INPUT)
while True:
num_p = do_move(PARTICLES)
print num_p
| 47,624 |
6140446_1
|
Caselaw Access Project
|
Open Government
|
Public Domain
| 1,924 |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 4,602 | 5,670 |
Mr. Justice Brandéis
delivered the opinion of the Court.
This is an appeal by the United States and the Interstate Commerce Commission from a decree of the federal court for Kansas which perpetually enjoined the enforcement of an order made by the Commission, on August 9, 1922, under § 15(6) of the Interstate Commerce Act, as amended by Transportation Act, 1920, c. 91, § 418, 41 Stat. 456, 486. The order relates to the divisions of interstate joint rates on traffic interchanged, within the United States, by the Kansas City, Mexico & Orient system with thirteen carriers whose lines make direct connection with it. The order provides that on all such interchanged traffic the existing divisions of these carriers shall be reduced by a fixed per cent.; and that the Orient shall receive the amount so taken from its connections. The order, also, directed the Orient and the connecting carriers to make, at stated intervals, reports of the financial results of the divisions ordered; permitted any carrier to except itself from the order, in whole or in part, by proper showing; and retained jurisdiction in the Commission " to adjust on basis of such reports the divisions herein prescribed or stated, if such adjustment shall to us seem proper." Kansas City, Mexico & Orient Divisions, 73 I. C. C. 319, 329.
The order was entered after an investigation into the financial needs of the Orient system, undertaken by the Commission in April, 1922, pursuant to an application of the receiver of the Kansas City, Mexico & Orient Railroad Company and an affiliated Texas corporation. It appeared (and was not denied) that the public interest demanded continued operation of the railroad; that the revenues were insufficient to pay operating expenses; that the operation was being efficiently conducted; and that unless relief were afforded by increasing the Orient's division of joint rates and/or otherwise, operation would have to be suspended and the railroad abandoned. The thirteen carriers who brought this suit participated in the investigation undertaken by the Commission; and supplied certain statistical information requested of them. But they introduced no evidence before the Commission; and the case was submitted there without argument. None of the connecting carriers made application to be excepted from the order. Nor did any of them apply for a rehearing. Before the effective date of the order, this suit was begun. On application for a temporary injunction, it was heard by three judges, pursuant to the Act of October 22,1913, c. 32, 38 Stat. 208, 220; and a temporary injunction was granted. Upon final hearing, motions of the defendants to dismiss the bill were denied; the injunction was made permanent; and a rehearing was refused. 288 Fed. 102.
First. The Commission moved, in the District Court, to dismiss the bill on the ground that the suit was premature. The contention is that, under the rule of Prentis v. Atlantic Coast Line Co., 211 U. S. 210, orderly procedure required that, before invoking judicial review, the carriers should have exhausted the administrative remedy afforded by a petition for rehearing before the full Commission. The investigation and order were made, not by the whole Commission, but by Division 4. The order of a division has "the same force and effect . as if made . by the commission, subject to rehearing by the commission." Interstate Commerce Act as amended, § 17(4). Any party may apply for such rehearing of any order or matter determined. § 16a. Meanwhile, the order may be suspended either by the Division or by the Commission. In this case, the order, by its terms, was not to become effective until 37 days after its entry. There was, consequently, ample time within which to apply for a rehearing and a stay, before the plaintiffs could have been injured by the order.
Division 4 consists of four members. There are eleven members on the full Commission. Under these circumstances, what is here called a rehearing resembles an appeal to another administrative tribunal. An application for a rehearing before the Commission would have been clearly appropriate. The objections to the validity of the order now urged are in part procedural. They include questions of joinder of parties, of the admissibility of evidence, and of failure to introduce formal evidence. Most of the objections do not appear to have been raised before the Division. If they had been, alleged errors might have been corrected by action of that body or by the full Commission. The order involved also a far-reaching question of administrative power and policy which, so far as appears, had never been passed upon by the full Commission, and was not discussed by these plaintiffs before the Division. In view of these facts, the trial court would have been justified in denying equitable relief until an application had been made to the full Commission, and redress had been denied by it. But, in the absence of a stay, the order of a division is operative; and the filing of an application for a rehearing does not relieve the carrier from the duty of observing an order. Despite the failure* to apply for a rehearing, the court had jurisdiction to entertain this suit. Prendergast v. New York Telephone Co., 262 U. S. 43, 48, 49. Compare Chicago Rys. Co. v. Illinois Commerce Commission, 277 Fed. 970, 974. Whether it should have denied relief until all possible administrative remedies had been exhausted was a matter which called for the exercise of its judicial discretion. We cannot say that, in denying the motion to dismiss, the discretion was abused.
Second. The plaintiffs contend that the order is void, because only a part of the carriers who participated in the joint rates were made parties to the proceedings before the Commission. Section 15(6) provides that where existing divisions are found to be "unjust . as between the carriers parties thereto . . . the Commission shall by order prescribe the just, reasonable, and equitable divisions thereof to be received by the several carriers." More than 170 carriers participated in the joint rates in question. Of these only 39 carriers, whose roads lie wholly west of the Mississippi River, were made respondents before the Commission. The argument is that all who are parties to the through rates are necessarily interested in the divisions of those rates; that failure to join some is not rendered immaterial by the fact that the order made affects directly only those before the Commission, since it would be open to a carrier whose division is reduced, to seek contribution later by a proceeding to readjust the divisions as between it and other carriers who were not parties to the original case; and that an order under this section is invalid unless it disposes completely of the matter in controversy. This argument is answered by what was said in New England Divisions Case, 261 U. S. 184, 201, 202. The order, in terms, affects only the 13 carriers whose lines connect directly with the Orient system. Only their divisions were reduced. The shares of all others who participated in the joint rates were left unchanged. All participating carriers might properly have been made respondents. But that was not essential. For it was not necessary that all controversies which may conceivably arise should be settled in a single proceeding. There was no defect of parties in the proceeding before the Commission.
Third. The plaintiffs contend that the order is void because made on a basis which Congress did not and could not authorize. The argument is that Transportation Act, 1920, requires earnings under joint rates to be divided according to what is fair and reasonable as between the parties; that what is so must be determined by the relative amount and cost of the service performed by each of the several railroads; and that the Commission, ignoring this basis of apportionment and making the determination in the public interest, gave to the needy Orient system larger divisions merely because the connecting carriers were more prosperous. Relative cost of service is not the only factor to be considered in determining just divisions. The Commission must consider, also; whether a particular carrier is an originating, intermediate or delivering line; the efficiency with which the several carriers are operated; the amount of revenue required to pay their respective operating expenses, taxes, and a fair return on their railway property; the importance to the public of the transportation service of such carriers; and other facts, if any, which would, ordinarily, without regard to mileage haul, entitle one carrier to a greater or less proportion than another of the joint rate. It is settled that in determining what the divisions should be, the Commission may, in the public interest, take into consideration the financial needs of a weaker road; and that it may be given a division larger than justice merely as between the parties would suggest " in order to maintain it in effective operation as part of an adequate transportation system," provided the share left to its connections is " adequate to avoid a confiscatory result." Dayton-Goose Creek Ry. Co. v. United States, 263 U. S. 456, 477; New England Divisions Case, 261 U. S. 184, 194, 195. It was not contended before the Commission that a reduction of the carriers' divisions would reduce their rates below what is compensatory. There is in the record no evidence on which it could be determined that any of the divisions ordered will result in confiscatory rates. And there is nothing in the order which prohibits rate increases. Compare United States v. Illinois Central R. R. Co., 263 U. S. 515, 526.
The assertion is made that the Commission was guided solely by the relative financial ability of the several carriers. In support of this assertion it is pointed out that the increase ordered of the Orient's share was measured, not by a percentage .of its own divisions, as in New England Divisions Case, 261 U. S. 184, but by a percentage of the revenues of the several connecting carriers from the joint traffic. It does not follow that such a basis of division would necessarily be unjust to the connecting carriers. The position of the Orient as the originating carrier, or as the delivering carrier, or as an indis pensable intermediate carrier, might be such that the connecting carrier could not get the traffic but for the service which the Orient renders; and that this factor, together with others ignored in the existing divisions, would require the precise change directed ta render the divisions just and reasonable as between the parties. It is, also, pointed out that the contributions to be made by the connecting carriers bore a direct relation to their prosperity. But it does not appear that the Commission based its finding solely on the financial needs of the Orient and the financial condition of the connecting carriers.
Invalidity of the order is urged on the further ground that the Commission made the incidental fact of physical connection with the Orient the sole test for determining which carriers should have their divisions reduced; and that such action is clearly arbitrary. It is true that the order affects, in terms, only the 13 carriers whose lines have direct connection with the Orient; but it does not follow that the action was arbitrary. These connecting carriers have a demonstrable interest in having the operation of the Orient continued. Other carriers doubtless have an interest; but it is less certain. It is open to any of these 13 carriers to institute proceedings before the Commission with a view to securing a partial distribution of their burden among other connecting carriers. Compare United States v. Illinois Central R. R. Co., 263 U. S. 516, 526. The basis of division adopted by the Commission is not shown to be, in any respect, inconsistent with the rule declared in New England Divisions Case, 261 U. S. 184. Nor is it shown that the Commission ignored any factor of which consideration is required by the act.
Fourth. The plaintiffs contend that the order is void because it rests upon evidence not legally before the Commission. It is conceded that the finding rests, in part, upon data taken from the annual reports filed with the Commission by the plaintiff carriers pursuant to law; that these reports were not formally put in evidence; that the parts containing the data relied upon were not put in evidence through excerpts; that attention was not otherwise specifically called to them; and that objection to the use of the reports, under these circumstances, was seasonably made by the carriers and was insisted upon. The parts of the annual reports in question were used as evidence of facts which it was deemed necessary to prove, not as a means of verifying facts of which the Commission, like a court, takes judicial notice. The contention of the Commission is that, because its able examiner gave notice that " no doubt it will be necessary to refer to the annual reports of all these carriers," its Rules of Practice permitted matter in the reports to be used as freely as if the data had been formally introduced in evidence.
The mere admission by an administrative tribunal of matter which under the rules of evidence applicable to judicial proceedings would be deemed incompetent does not invalidate its order. Interstate Commerce Commission v. Baird, 194 U. S. 25, 44; Spiller v. Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Ry. Co., 253 U. S. 117, 131. Compare Bilokumsky v. Tod, 263 U. S. 149, 157. But a finding without evidence is beyond the power of the Commission. Papers in the Commission's files are not always evidence in a case. New England Divisions Case, 261 U. S. 184, 198, note 19. Nothing can be treated as evidence which is not introduced as such. Interstate Commerce Commission v. Louisville & Nashville R. R. Co., 227 U. S. 88, 91, 93; Chicago Junction Case, 264 U. S. 258. If the proceeding had been, in form, an adversary one commenced by the Orient system, that carrier could not, under Rule XIII, have introduced the annual reports as a whole. For they contain much that is not relevant to the matter in issue. By the terms of the rule, it would have been obliged to submit copies of such portions as it deemed material; or to make specific reference to the exact portion to be used. The fact that the proceeding was technically an investigation instituted by the Commission would not relieve the Orient, if a party to it, from this requirement. Every proceeding is adversary, in substance, if it may result in an order in favor of one carrier as against another. Nor was the proceeding under review any the less an adversary one, because the primary purpose of the Commission was to protect the public interest through making possible the continued operation of the Orient system. The fact that it was on the Commission's own motion that use was made of the data in the annual reports is not of legal significance.
It is sought to justify the procedure followed by the clause in Rule XIII which declares that the "Commission will take notice of items in tariffs and annual or other periodical reports of carriers properly on file". But this clause does not mean that the Commission will take judicial notice of all the facts contained in such documents. Nor does it purport to relieve the Commission from introducing, by specific reference, such parts of the reports as it wishes to treat as evidence. It means that as to these items there is no occasion for the parties to serve copies. The objection to the use of the data contained in the annual reports is not lack of authenticity or untrust-worthiness. It is that the carriers were left without notice of the evidence with which they were, in fact, confronted, as later disclosed by the finding made. The requirement that in an adversary proceeding specific reference be made, is essential to the preservation of the substantial rights of the parties.
The right of the carriers to insist that the consideration of matter not in evidence invalidates the order was not lost by their submission of the case without argument and by their acquiescing in the suggestion that the presentation of a tentative report by the Examiner be omitted. While the course pursued denied to the Commission the benefit of that full presentation of the contentions of the parties which is often essential to the exercise of sound judgment, it cannot be construed as a waiver by the carriers of their legal rights. The general notice that the Commission would rely upon the voluminous annual reports is tantamount to giving no notice whatsoever. The matter improperly treated as evidence may have been an important factor in the conclusions reached by the Commission. The order must, therefore, be held void.
Fifth. A further objection of the carriers should be considered. They point out that the record does not contain any tariffs showing the individual joint rates, or any division sheets showing how these individual joint rates are divided, nor any information concerning the amount of service performed by the Orient and its several connections under such individual joint rates. As justification for this omission, it is argued that there are in the record exhibits, furnished by the several carriers, containing data from which the Commission could reach a conclusion as to whether or not the divisions, taken as a whole, were equitable as between the Orient and its several connections ; that in a general rate case, evidence "deemed typical of the whole rate structure" will support a finding as to each rate in the structure by raising a rebuttable presumption concerning each rate; that typi-. cal " evidence " in this sense means, not evidence directly representative of every individual rate, but evidence tending to show the general situation; that a like presumption arises in a division case; that the data dealing with the traffic in the aggregate, which was furnished by the exhibits, constituted such typical evidence; that, in this proceeding, information concerning individual rates and divisions was not essential; and that the course pursued by the examiner is, in substance, that upheld in the New England Divisions Case, 261 U. S. 184, 196-199.
The argument is not sound. The power conferred by Congress on the Commission is that of determining, in respect to each joint rate, what divisions will be just. Evidence of individual rates or divisions, said to be typical of all, affords a basis for a finding as to any one. But averages are apt to be misleading. It cannot be inferred that every existing division of every joint rate is unjust as between particular carriers, because the aggregate result of the movement of the traffic on joint rates appears to be unjust. These aggregate results should properly be taken into consideration by the Commission; but it was not proper to accept them as a substitute for typical evidence as to the individual joint rates and divisions. In the New England Divisions Case, tariffs and division sheets were introduced which, in the opinion of the Commission were typical in character, and ample in quantity, to justify the findings made in respect to each division of each rate of every carrier. A like course should have been pursued in the proceeding under review.
Affirmed.
The percentage of the reduction prescribed in respect to tbe several carriers ranges from 10 to 30 per cent. Thus, the Missouri Pacific's division was shrunk 20 per cent. It was estimated that the resulting reduction of its revenues would be $115,789.22. That amount, added to the existing share of the Orient on this traffic, would increase its division, on weighted average, over 14%. The Texas & Pacific's division was also shrunk 20%. The estimated resulting reduction of its revenues would be $121,140.81. But that amount added to the existing share of the Orient on this traffic would increase its division about 25%. The order differs from that upheld in New England Divisions Case, 261 U. S. 184, which prescribed a percentage increase of the division of the New England roads and directed that the amount of the increase be taken from the existing shares of the several connecting carriers.
These needs had been the subject of repeated enquiries by the Commission in connection with the granting and the renewal of a loan from the United States under § 210 of Transportation Act, 1920. Loan to Kansas City, Mexico & Orient Railroad, 65 I. C. C. 36; ibid, 265; 67 I. C. C. 23; Loan to the Receiver of Kansas City, Mexico & Orient Railroad, 70 I. C. C. 639; ibid, 646.
See Interstate Commerce Act as amended, § 17; Annual Report of the Commission (1920), pp. 3-6; Chicago Junction Case, 264 TJ. S. 258, 261, note 3.
See Rules of Practice before the Commission, 1916, pp. 16, 23; 1923, pp. 18, 28. For instances of cases which were heard by a Division and later reheard by the Commission, see: E. I. Dupont de Nemours Powder Co. v. Houston & Brazos Valley R. R. Co., 47 I. C. C. 221; 52 I. C. C. 538; Rockford Paper Box Board Co. v. Chicago, M. & St. P. Ry. Co., 49 I. C. C. 586; 55 I. C. C. 262; Steinhardt & Kelly v. Erie R. R. Co., 52 I. C. C. 304; 57 I. C. C. 369; Quinton Spelter Co. v. Fort Smith & Western R. R. Co., 53 I. C. C. 529; 61 I. C. C. 43; Empire Steel & Iron Co. v. Director General, 56 I. C. C. 158; 62 I. C. C. 157; John Kline Brick Co. v. Director General, 63 I. C. C. 439 ; 77 I. C. C. 420.
See Interstate Commerce Act as amended, § 16a.
The case is wholly unlike those in which it is held that where a shipper attacks a through rate all participating carriers must be made respondents, even though the through rate is made up of separately established elements. The complainant may wish to direct his attack only against one of these. But it is only the through rate which is in issue. It may be reasonable although one of its elements is not. It must stand or fall as an entirety. See Stevens Grocer Co. v. St. Louis, Iron Mountain & Southern Ry. Co., 42 I. C. C. 396, 398; McDavitt Bros. v. St. Louis, Brownsville & Mexico Ry. Co., 43 I. C. C. 695; La Crosse Shippers' Assoc. v. Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Ry. Co., 43 I. C. C. 605, 607; E. I. Dupont de Nemours Powder Co. v. Pennsylvania R. R. Co., 43 I. C. C. 227. Compare Star Grain & Lumber Co. v. Atchison, T. & S. F. Ry. Co., 14 I. C. C. 364, 371; Indianapolis Chamber of Commerce v. Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis Ry. Co., 46 I. C. C. 547, 556; Johnson & Son v. St. Louis-San Francisco Ry. Co., 51 I. C. C. 518, 520.
Compare Southern Pacific Co. v. Interstate Commerce Commission, 219 U. S. 433, 443; New England Divisions Case, 261 U. S. 184, 189; United States v. Illinois Central R. R. Co., 263 U. S. 515, 525
Compare New England Divisions Case, 261 U. S. 184, 193-195; Wichita Northwestern Ry. Co. v. Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Ry. Co., 81 I. C. C. 513, 517.
These joint rates had been recently raised. Increased Rates, 1920, Ex parte 74, 58 I. C. C. 220. There were reductions later. See Reduced Rates, 1922, 68 I. C. C. 676; 69 I. C. C. 138.
This, they illustrate by an hypothetical case of a $1 rate from a station on the Orient to a station on the Santa Fe for which existing divisions are 20 cents to the Orient and 80 cents to the Santa Fe. An increase of the Orient's division 25 per cent, would have reduced the Santa Fe's division only 6% per cent.; while the order made, by reducing the Santa Fe's division 25 per cent., increases that of the Orient 100 per cent.
These include for each of the carriers the data showing for the year freight tons, one mile; passengers, one mile; all revenue ear miles; all revenue train miles; the total operating revenue; total operating expenses; net revenue and investment in road and equipment; and they involved calculation of the respective gross revenues per ton mile, per car mile, per train mile; operating expenses per train mile, per car mile, per ton mile; net revenue per ton mile, per car mile, per train mile; the return per $1,000 of investment, on the gross revenue, the net revenue and the railway operating income; the percentage of return on the gross revenue, the net revenue and the operating income. The net railway operating income for each of the lines is in the record.
Rule XIII, as in force prior to the Revision of December 10, 1923, provides, in part:
"Where relevant and material matter offered in evidence is embraced in a document containing other matter not material or relevant and not intended to be put in evidence, such document will not be received, but the party offering the same shall present to opposing counsel and to the Commission true copies of such material and relevant matter, in proper form, which may be received in evidence and become part of the record.
"In case any portion of a tariff, report, circular, or other document on file with the Commission is offered in evidence, the party offering the same must give specific reference to the items or pages and lines thereof to be considered. The Commission will take notice of items in tariffs and annual or other periodical reports of carriers properly on file with it or in annual, statistical, and other official reports of the Commission. When it is desired to direct the Commission's attention to such tariffs or reports upon hearing or in briefs or argument it must be done with the precision specified in the second preceding sentence. In case any testimony in other proceedings than the one on hearing is introduced in evidence, a copy of'such testimony must be presented as an exhibit. When exhibits of a documentary character are to be offered in evidence copies should be furnished opposing counsel for use at the hearing."
Its observance will not hamper the Commission in the performance of its duties. For, if the materiality of some fact in a report is not discovered by the Commission until after the close of the hearing, there is power to reopen it for the purpose of introducing the evidence.
The exhibits showed for the year 1921, the volume of traffic moving on joint rates and interchanged between the Orient and each of its direct connections; the part of the joint service performed by the Orient and the part performed by its connection; the revenue arising from the joint service, and how that revenue was divided. For example: The exhibits showed that, during 1921, the Santa Fe and the Orient interchanged 26,278 tons of freight; that with respect to such freight the Orient performed 8,162,294 ton miles of transportation and the Santa Fe 5,793,098 ton miles; that the revenue arising from this joint service was $218,827.71, of which the Orient received $106,889.59 and the Santa Fe $111,938.12; that the per ton mile revenue of the Orient was 1.309 cents and the per ton mile revenue of the Santa Fe 1.932 cents..
| 310 |
ideasthathaveinf10that_2
|
English-PD
|
Open Culture
|
Public Domain
| 1,901 |
The ideas that have influenced civilization, in the original documents;
|
Thatcher, Oliver J. (Oliver Joseph), 1857-1937
|
English
|
Spoken
| 7,667 | 9,657 |
In depicting the most general phases of the development of the proletariat, we traced the more or less veiled civil war, raging within existing society, up to the point where that war breaks out into open revolution, and where the violent overthrow of the bourgeoisie lays the foundation for the sway of the proletariat. Hitherto every form of society has been based, as we have already seen, on the antagonism of oppressing and oppressed classes. But in order to oppress a class certain conditions must be assured to it, under which it can at least continue its slavish existence. The serf, in the period of serfdom, raised himself to membership in the Commune, just as the petty bourgeois, under the yoke of feudal absolutism, managed to develop into a bourgeois. The modern laborer, on the contrary, instead of rising with the progress of industry, sinks deeper and deeper below the conditions of existence of his own class. He becomes a pauper, and pauperism develops more rapidly than population and wealth. .'\nd here it becomes evident that the bourgeoisie is unfit any longer to be the ruling class in society and to impose its conditions of 82 SOCIAL MOVEMENTS existence upon society as an overriding law. It is unfit to rule because it is incompetent to assure an existence to its slave within his slavery, because it cannot help letting him sink into such a state that it has to feed him instead of being fed by him. Society can no longer live under this bourgeoisie; in other words, its existence is no longer compatible with society. The essential condition for the existence, and for the sway of the bourgeois class, is the formation and augmentation of capital ; the con- dition for capital is wage-labor. Wage-labor rests exclusively on com- petition between the laborers. The advance of industry, whose involuntary promoter is the bourgeoisie, replaces the isolation of the laborers, due to competition, by their revolutionary combination, due to association. The development of modem industry, therefore, cuts from under its feet the very foundation on which the bourgeoisie produces and appropriates products. What the bourgeoisie therefore produces, above all, are its own grave diggers. Its fall and the victory of the pro- letariat are equally inevitable. II. Proletarians and Communists In what relation do the Communists stand to the proletarians as a whole ? The Communists do not form a separate party opposed to other working class parties. They have no interests separate and apart from those of the pro- letariat as a whole. They do not set up any sectarian principles of their own by which to shape and mould the proletarian movement. The Communists are distinguished from the other working class parties by this only: i. In the national struggles of the proletarians of the different countries, they point out and bring to the front the com- mon interests of the entire proletariat, independently of all nationality. 2. In the various stages of development which the struggle of the work- ing class against the bourgeoisie has to pass through, they always and everywhere represent the interests of the movement as a whole. The Communists, therefore, are on the one hand, practically the most advanced and resolute section of the working class parties of SOCIAL MOVEMENTS 23 every country, that section which pushes forward all others ; on the other hand, theoretically they have over the great mass of the prole- tariat the advantage of clearly understanding the line of march, the conditions, and the ultimate general results of the proletarian move- ment. The immediate aim of the Communists is the same as that of all the other proletarian parties : formation of the proletariat into a class, over- throw of the bourgeois supremacy, conquest of political power by the proletariat. The theoretical conclusions of the Communists are in no way based on ideas or principles that have been invented, or discovered, by this or that would-be universal reformer. They merely express, in general terms, actual relations springing from an existing class struggle, from a historical movement going on under our very eyes. The abolition of existing property relations is not at all a distinctive feature of Communism. All property relations in the past have continually been subject to historical change, consequent upon the change in historical conditions. The French revolution, for example, abolished feudal property in favor of bourgeois property. The distinguishing feature of Communism is not the abolition of property generally, but the abolition of bourgeois property. But mod- ern bourgeois private property is the final and most complete expression of the system of producing and appropriating products, that is, based on class antagonisms, on the exploitation of the many by the few. In this sense the theory of the Communists may be summed up in the single sentence : Abolition of private property. We Communists have been reproached with the desire of abolish- ing the right of personally acquiring property as the fruit of a man's own labor, which property is alleged to be the groundwork of all per- sonal freedom, activity and independence. Hard-won, self-acquired, self-earned property ! Do you mean the property of the petty artisan and of the small peasant, a form of prop- erty that preceded the bourgeois form ? There is no need to abolish that ; the development of industry has to a great extent already destroyed it, and is still destroying it daily. Or do you mean modern bourgeois private property ? But does wage labor create any property for the laborer ? Not a bit. It creates capital, i. e., that kind of property which exploits wage-labor, 24 SOCIAL, MOVEMENTS and which cannot increase except on condition of begetting a new supply of wage-labor for fresh exploitation. Property in its present form is based on the antagonism of capital and wage-labor. Let us examine both sides of this antagonism. To be a capitalist, is to have not only a purely personal, but a social status in production. Capital is a collective product, and only by the united action of many members, nay, in the last resort, only by the united action of all members of society, can it be set in motion. Capital is therefore not a personal, it is a social power. When, therefore, capital is converted into common property, into the property of all members of society, personal property is not thereby transformed into social property. It is only the social character of the property that is changed. It loses its class character. Let us now take wage-labor. The average price of wage-labor is the minimum wage, /. e., that quantum of the means of subsistence, which is absolutely requisite to keep the laborer in bare existence as a laborer. What, therefore, the wage-laborer appropriates by means of his labor, merely suffices to pro- long and reproduce a bare existence. We by no means intend to abolish this personal appropriation of the products of labor, an appropriation that is made for the maintenance and reproduction of human life, and that leaves no surplus wherevi'ith to command the labor of others. All that we want to do away with is the miserable character of this appro- priation, under which the laborer lives merely to increase capital, and is allowed to live only in so far as the interest of the ruling class requires it. In bourgeois society living labor is but a means to increase accumu- lated labor. In Communist society accumulated labor is but a means to widen, to enrich, to promote the existence of the laborer. In bourgeois society, therefore, the past dominates the present; in Communist society the present dominates the past. In bourgeois society capital is independent and has individuality, while the living person is dependent and has no individuality. And the abolition of this state of things is called by the bourgeois : abolition of individuality and freedom ! And rightly so. The abolition of bourgeois individuality, bourgeois independence, and bourgeois free- dom is undoubtedly aimed at. By freedom is meant, under the present bourgeois conditions of pro- duction, free trade, free selling and buying. But if selling and buying disappears, free selling and buying dis- SOCIAL MOVEMENTS 25 appears also. This talk about free selling and buying, and all the other "brave words" of our bourgeoisie about freedom in general, have a meaning, if anj^, only in contrast with restricted selling and buying, with the fettered traders of the middle ages, but have no meaning when opposed to the Communistic abolition of buying and selling, of the bourgeois conditions of production, and of the bourgeoisie itself. You are horrified at our intending to do away with private prop- erty. But in your existing society private property is already done away with for nine-tenths of the population ; its existence for the fev,' is solely due to its non-existence in the hands of those nine-tenths. You reproach us, therefore, with intending to do away with a form of prop- erty, the necessary condition for whose existence is the non-existence of any property for the immense majority of society. In one word, you reproach us with intending to do away with your property. Precisely so : that is just what we intend. From the moment when labor can no longer be converted into capi- tal, money, or rent, into a social power capable of being monopolized, i. e., from the moment when individual property can no longer be trans- formed into bourgeois property, into capital, from that moment, you say, individuality vanishes ! You must therefore confess, that by "individual" you mean no other person than the bourgeois, than the middle class owner of prop- erty. This person must, indeed, be swept out of the way, and made impossible. Communism deprives no man of the power to appropriate the prod- ucts of society : all that it does is to deprive him of the power to subju- gate the labor of others by means of such appropriation. It has been objected, that upon the abolition of private property all work will cease and universal laziness will overtake us. According to this, bourgeois society ought long ago to have gone to the dogs through sheer idleness ; for those of its members who work, acquire nothing, and those who acquire anything, do not work. The whole of this objection is but another expression of tautology, that there can no longer be any wage-labor when there is no longer any capital. All objections against the Communistic mode of producing and appropriating material products have, in the same way, been urged against the Communistic modes of producing and appropriating intel- lectual products. Just as, to the bourgeois, the disappearance of class property is the disappearance of production itself, so the disappeari'.nce 26 SOCIAL MOVEMENTS of class culture is to him identical with the disappearance of all culture. That culture, the loss of which he laments, is, for the enormous majority, a mere training to act as a machine. But don't wrangle with us so long as you apply to our intended abolition of bourgeois property, the standard of youi bourgeois notions of freedom, culture, law, etc. Your very ideas are but the outgrowth of the conditions of your bourgeois production and bourgeois property, just as your jurisprudence is but the will of your class made into a law for all, a will, whose essential character and direction are determined by the economical conditions of existence of your class. The selfish misconception that induces you to transform into eternal laws of nature and of reason, the social forms springing from your present mode of production and form of property — historical relations that rise and disappear in the progress of production — the misconcep- tion you share with every ruling class that has preceded you. What you see clearly in the case of ancient property, what you admit in the case of feudal property, you are of course forbidden to admit in the case of your own bourgeois form of property. Abolition of the family ! Even the most radical flare up at this infamous proposal of the Communists. On what foundation is the present family, the bourgeois family, based? On capital, on private gain. In its completely developed form this family exists only among the bourgeoisie. But this state of things finds its complement in the practical absence of the family among the proletarians, and in public prostitution. The bourgeois family will vanish as a matter of course when its complement vanishes, and both will vanish with the vanishing of capital. Do you charge us with wanting to stop the exploitation of children by their parents ? To this crime we plead guilty. But, you will say, we destroy the most hallowed of relations, when we replace home education by social. And your education ! Is not that also social, and determined by the social conditions under which you educate, by the intervention, direct or indirect, of society by means of schools, etc.? The Communists have not invented the intervention of society in education ; but they do seek to alter the character of that intervention, and to rescue education from the influence of the ruling class. The bourgeois clap-trap about the family and education, about the hallowed co-relation of parent and child become all the more disgusting, SOCIAL MOVEMENTS 27 as, by the action of modern industry, all family ties among the prole- tarians are torn asunder, and their children transformed into simple articles of commerce and instruments of labor. But you Communists would introduce community of women, screams the whole bourgeoisie in chorus. The bourgeois sees in his wife a mere instrument of production. He hears that the instruments of production are to be exploited in com- mon, and naturally can come to no other conclusion than that the lot of being common to all will likewise fall to the women. He has not even a suspicion that the real point aimed at is to do away with the status of women as mere instruments of production. For the rest nothing is more ridiculous than the virtuous indigna- tion of our bourgeois at the community of women which, they pretend, is to be openly and officially established by the Communists. The Com- munists have no need to introduce community of women ; it has existed almost from time immemorial. Our bourgeois, not content with having the wives and daughters of their proletarians at their disposal, not to speak of common prostitutes, take the greatest pleasure in seducing each other's wives. Bourgeois marriage is in reality a system of wives in common, and thus, at the most, what the Communists might possibly be reproached with, is that they desire to introduce, in substitution for a hypocritically concealed, an openly legalized community of women. For the rest it is self-evident that the abolition of the present system of production must bring with it the abolition of the community of women springing from that system, ;'. e., of prostitution, both public and private. The Communists are further reproaclied with desiring to abolish countries and nationality. The workingrnen have no country. We cannot take from them what they have not got. Since the proletariat must first of all acquire political supremacy, must rise to be the leading class of the nation, must constitute itself the nation, it is, so far, itself national, though not in the bourgeois sense of the word. National differences and antagonisms between peoples are daily more and more vanishing, owing to the development of the bourgeoisie, to freedom of commerce, to the world's market, to uniformity in the mode of production and in the conditions of life corresponding thereto. The supremacy of the proletariat will cause them to vanish still faster. United action, of the leading civilized countries at least, is one of the first conditions for the emancipation of the proletariat. 28 SOCIAL MOVEMENTS In proportion as the exploitation of one individual by another is put an end to, the exploitation of one nation by another will also be put an end to. In proportion as the antagonism between classes within the nation vanishes, the hostility of one nation to another will come to an end. The charges against Communism made from a religious, a philo- sophical, and, generally, from an ideological standpoint are not deserv- ing of serious examination. Does it require deep intuition to comprehend that man's ideas, views, and conceptions, in one word, man's consciousness, changes with every change in the conditions of his material existence, in his social relations and in his social life? What else does the history of ideas prove, than that intellectual production changes its character in proportion as material production is changed ? The ruling ideas of each age have ever been the ideas of its ruling class. When people speak of ideas that revolutionize society they do but express the fact that within the old society the elements of a new one have been created, and that the dissolution of the old ideas keeps even pace with the dissolution of the old conditions of existence. WTien the ancient world was in its last throes the ancient religions were overcome by Christianity. When Christian ideas succumbed in the eighteenth century to rationalist ideas, feudal society fought its death battle with the then revolutionary bourgeoisie. The ideas of religious liberty and freedom of conscience merely gave expression to the sway of free competition within the domain of knowledge. "Undoubtedly," it will be said, "religious, moral, philosophical and juridical ideas have been modified in the course of historical develop- ment. But religion, morality, philosophy, political science, and law, constantly survived this change." "There are besides eternal truths, such as Freedom, Justice, etc., that are common to all states of society. But Communism abolishes eternal truths, it abolishes all religion and all morality, instead of consti- tuting them on a new basis ; it therefore acts in contradiction to all past historical experience." What does this accusation reduce itself to? The history of all past society has consisted in the development of class antagonisms, antagon- isms that assumed different forms at different epochs. But whatever form they may have taken, one fact is common to all SOCIAL MOVEMENTS 29 past ages, viz., the exploitation of one part of society by the other. No wonder, then, that the social consciousness of past ages, despite all the multiplicity and variety it displays, moves within certain common forms, or general ideas, which cannot completely vanish except with the total disappearance of class antagonisms. The Communist revolution is the most radical rupture with tra- ditional property relations ; no wonder that its development involves the most radical rupture with traditional ideas. But let us have done with the bourgeois objections to Communism. We have seen above that the first step in the revolution by the work- ing class is to raise the proletariat to the position of the ruling class ; to win the battle of democracy. The proletariat will use its political supremacy to wrest, by degrees, all capital from the bourgeoisie ; to centralize all instruments of produc- tion in the hands of the State, /. c, of the proletariat organized as the ruling class ; and to increase the total of productive forces as rapidly as possible. Of course, in the beginning this cannot be effected except by means of despotic inroads on the rights of property and on the conditions of bourgeois production ; by means of measures, therefore, which appear economically insufficient and untenable, but which, in the course of the movement, outstrip themselves, necessitate further inroads upon the old social order and are unavoidable as a means of entirely revolutionizing the mode of production. These measures will, of course, be different in different countries. Nevertheless in the most advanced countries the following will be pretty generally applicable : 1. Abolition of property in land and application of all rents of land to public purposes. 2. A heavy progressive or graduated income tax. 3. Abolition of all right of inheritance. 4. Confiscation of the property of all emigrants and rebels. 5. Centralization of credit in the hands of the State, by means of a national bank with State capital and an exclusive monopoly. 6. Centralization of the means of communication and transport in the hands of the State. 7. Extension of factories and instruments of production owned by the State ; the bringing into cultivation of waste lands, and the improve- ment of the soil generally in accordance with a common plan. 30 SOCIAL MOVEMENTS 8. Equal liability of all to labor. Establishment of industrial armies, especially for agriculture. 9. Combination of agriculture with manufacturing industries; gradual abolition of the distinction between town and country, by a more equable distribution of the population over the country. 10. Free educaton for all children in public schools. Abolition of children's factory labor in its present form. Combination of education with industrial production, etc., etc. When, in the course of development, class distinctions have dis- appeared and all production has been concentrated in the hands of a vast association of the whole nation, the public power will lose its politi- cal character. Political power, properly so called, is merely the organ- ized power of one class for oppressing another. If the proletariat during its contest with the bourgeoisie is compelled, by the force of circum- stances, to organize itself as a class, if, by means of a revolution, it makes itself the ruling class, and, as such, sweeps away by force the old conditions of production, then it will, along with these conditions, have swept away the conditions for the existence of class antagonisms, and of classes generally, and will thereby have abolished its own supremacy as a class. In place of the old bourgeois society with its classes and class antagonisms we shall have an association in which the free development of each is the condition for the free development of all. 31 FRIEDRICH ENGELS Friedrich Engzls was born at Barmen, Germany, 1820. He was a lifelong friend of Karl Marx and with him is one of the founders of German socialism. Since 1842 he lived mostly in England. He died in 1896. SCIENTIFIC SOCIALISM The new German philosophy culminated in the Hegelian system. In this system — and herein is its great merit — for the first time the whole world, natural, historical, intellectual, is represented as a process, I. e., as in constant motion, change, transformation, development ; and the attempt is made to trace out the internal connection that makes a continuous whole of all this movement and development. From this point of view the history of mankind no longer appeared as a wild whirl of senseless deeds of violence, all equally condemnable at the judgment seat of mature philosophic reason, and which are best for- gotten as quickly as possible ; but as the process of evolution of man himself. It was now the task of the intellect to follow the gradual march of this process through all its devious ways, and to trace out the inner law running through all its apparently accidental phenomena. That the Hegelian system did not solve the problem it ])ropounded is here immaterial. Its epoch-making merit was that it propounded the problem. This problem is one that no single individual will ever be able to solve. Although Hegel was — with Saint .Simon — the most en- cyclopedic mind of his time, yet he was limited, first, by the necessarily limited extent of his own knowledge, and, second, by the limited extent and depth of the knowledge and conceptions of his age. To these limits a third must be added. Hegel was an idealist. To him the thoughts within his brain were not the more or less abstract pictures of actual things and processes, but, conversely, things and their evolution were only the reaKscd pictures of the "Idea," existing somewhere from eternity before the world was. This way of thinking turned everything 32 SOCIAL MOVEMENTS upside down, and completely reversed the actual connection of things in the world. Correctly and ingeniously as many individual groups of facts were grasped by Hegel, yet, for the reasons just given, there is much that is botched, artificial, laboured, in a word, wrong in point of detail. The Hegelian system, in itself, was a colossal miscarriage — but it was also the last of its kind. It was suffering, in fact, from an internal and incurable contradiction. Upon the one hand, its essential proposition was the conception that human history is a process of evolu- tion, which, by its very nature, cannot find its intellectual final term in the discovery of any so-called absolute truth. But, on the other hand, it laid claim to being the very essence of this absolute truth. A system of natural and historical knowledge, embracing everything, and final for all time, is a contradiction to the fundamental law of dialectic reasoning. This law, indeed, by no means excludes, but, on the contrary, includes the idea that the systematic knowledge of the external universe can make giant strides from age to age. The perception of the fundamental contradiction in German ideal- ism led necessarily back to materialism, but nota bene, not to the simply metaphysical, exclusively mechanical materialism of the eighteenth cen- tury. Old materialism looked upon all previous history as a crude heap of irrationality and violence ; modern materialism sees in it the process of evolution of humanity, and aims at discovering the laws thereof. With the French of the eighteenth century, and even with Hegel, the con- ception obtained of Nature as a whole, moving in narrow circles, and forever immutable, v/ith its eternal celestial bodies, as Newton, and unalterable organic species, as Linnaeus taught. Modern materialism embraces the more recent discoveries of natural science, according to which Nature also has its history in time, the celestial bodies, like the organic species that, under favourable conditions, people them, being bom and perishing. And even if Nature, as a whole, must still be said to move in recurrent cycles, these cycles assume infinitely larger dimen- sions. In both aspects, modern materialism is essentially dialectic, and no longer requires the assistance of that sort of philosophy which, queen- like, pretended to rule the remaining mob of sciences. As soon as each special science is bound to make clear its position in the great total- ity of things and of our knowledge of things, a special science dealing with this totality is superfluous or unnecessary. That which still sur- vives of all earlier philosophy is the science of thought and its laws — formal logic and dialectics. Everything else is subsumed in the posi- tive science of Nature and historv. SOCIAL MOVEMENTS 33 Whilst, however, the revolution in the conception of Nature could only be made in proportion to the corresponding positive materials fur- nished by research, already much earlier certain historical facts had occurred which led to a decisive change in the conception of history. In 1831, the first working-class rising took place in Lyons; between 1838 and 1842, the first national working-class movement, that of the English Chartists, reached its height. The class struggle between pro- letariat and bourgeoisie came to the front in the history of the most advanced countries in Europe, in proportion to the development, upon the one hand, of modern industry, upon the other, of the newly- acquired political supremacy of the bourgeoisie. Facts more and more strenuously gave the lie to the teachings of bourgeois economy as to the identity of the interests of capital and labour, as to the universal harmony and universal prosperity that would be the consequence of un- bridled competition. All these things could no longer be ignored, any more than the French and English Socialism, which was their theoret- ical, though very imperfect, expression. But the old idealist conception of history, which was not yet dislodged, knew nothing of class struggles based upon economic interests, knew nothing of economic interests ; pro- duction and all economic relations appeared in it only as incidental, subordinate elements in the "history of civilisation." The new facts made imperative a new examination of all past his- tory. Then it was seen that all past history, with the exception of its primitive stages, was the history of class struggles ; that these warring classes of society are always the products of the modes of production and of exchange — in a word, of the economic conditions of their time ; that the economic structure of society always furnishes the real basis, starting from which we can alone work out the ultimate explanation of the whole superstructure of juridical and political institutions, as well as of the religious, philosophical, and other ideas of a given historical period. Hegel had freed history from metaphysics — he had made it dia- lectic; but his conception of history was essentially idealistic. But now idealism was driven from its last refuge, the philosophy of history ; now a materialistic treatment of history was propounded, and a method found of explaining man's "knowing" by his "being," instead of, as heretofore, his "being" by his "knowing." From that time forward Socialism was no longer an accidental dis- covery of this or that ingenious brain, but the necessary outcome of the struggle between two historically developed classes — the proletariat and the bourgeoisie. 34 SOCIAL MOVEMENTS society as perfect as possible, but to examine the historico-economic succession of events from which these classes and their antagonism had of necessity sprung, and to discover in the economic conditions thus cre- ated the means of ending the conflict. But the Socialism of earlier days was incompatible with this materialistic conception as the con- ception of Nature of the French materialists was with dialectics and modern natural science. The Socialism of earlier days certainly crit- icised the existing capitalistic mode of production and its consequences. But it could not explain them, and therefore could not get the mastery of them. It could only simply reject them as bad. The more strongly this earlier Socialism denounced the exploitation of the working-class, inevitable under Capitalism, the less able was it clearly to show in what this exploitation consisted and how it arose. But for this it was neces- sary— (i) to present the capitalistic method of production in its his- torical connection and its inevitableness during a particular historical period, and therefore, also, to present its inevitable downfall; and (2) to lay bare its essential character, which was still a secret. This was done by the discovery of surplus-value. It was shown that the appro- priation of unpaid labour is the basis of the capitalist mode of produc- tion and of the exploitation of the worker that occurs under it; that even if the capitalist buys the labour-power of his labourer at its full value as a commodity on the market, he yet extracts more value from it than he paid for; and that in the ultimate analysis this surplus-value forms those sums of value from which are heaped up the constantly increasing masses of capital in the hands of the possessing classes. The genesis of capitalist production and the production of capital were both explained. These two great discoveries, the materialistic conception of history and the revelation of the secret of capitalistic production through sur- plus-value, we owe to Marx. With these discoveries Socialism became a science. The next thing was to work out all its details and relations. The materialist conception of history starts from the proposition that the production of the means to support human life and, next to pro- duction, the exchange of things produced, is the basis of all social structure ; that in every society that has appeared in history, the manner in which wealth is distributed and society divided into classes or orders, is dependent upon what is produced, how it is produced, and how the products are exchanged. From this point of view the final causes of all social changes and political revolutions are to be sought, not in men's brains, not in man's better insight into eternal truth and justice, but in SOCIAL MOVEMENTS 35 changes in the modes of production and exchange. They are to be sought, not in the philosophy, but in the economics of each particular epoch. The growing perception that existing social institutions are unreasonable and unjust, that reason has become unreason, and right wrong, is only proof that in the modes of production and exchange changes have silently taken place, with which the social order, adapted to earlier economic conditions, is no longer in keeping. From this it also follows that the means of getting rid of the incongruities that have been brought to light, must also be present, in a more or less developed condition, within the changed modes of production themselves. These means are not to be invented by deduction from fundamental principles, but are to be discovered in the stubborn facts of the existing system of production. What is, then, the position of modern Socialism in this connexion? The present structure of society — this is now pretty generally con- ceded— is the creation of the ruling class of to-day, of the bourgeoisie. The mode of production peculiar to the bourgeoisie, known, since Marx, as the capitalist mode of production, was incompatible with the feudal system, with the privileges it conferred upon individuals, entire social ranks and local corporations, as well as with the hereditary ties of sub- ordination which constituted the framework of its social organisation. The bourgeoisie broke up the feudal system and built upon its ruins the capitalist order of society, the kingdom of free competition, of personal liberty, of the equality, before the law, of all commodity owners, of all the rest of the capitalist blessings. Thenceforward the capitalist mode of production could develop in freedom. Since steam, machinery, and the making of machines by machinery transformed the older manufac- ture into modem industry, the productive forces evolved under the guidance of the bourgeoisie developed with a rapidity and in a degree unheard of before. But just as the older manufacture, in its time, and handicraft, becoming more developed under its influence, had come into collision with the feudal trammels of the guilds, so now modern industry, in its more complete development, comes into collision with the bounds within which the capitalistic mode of production holds it confined. The new productive forces have already outgrown the capital- istic mode of using them. And this conflict between productive forces and modes of production is not a conflict engendered in the mind of man, like that between original sin and divine justice. It exists, in fact, objectively, outside us, independently of the will and actions even of the men that have brought it on. Modern Socialism is nothing but the 36 SOCIAL MOVEMENTS reflex, in thought, of this conflict in fact; its ideal reflection in the minds, first, of the class directly suffering under it, the working-class. Now, in what does this conflict consist? Before capitalistic production, t. e., in the Middle Ages, the system of petty industry obtained generally, based upon the private property of the labourers in their means of production ; in the country, the agriculture of the small peasant, freeman or serf; in the towns, the handicrafts organized in guilds. The instruments of labour — land, agricultural implements, the workshop, the tool — were the instruments of labour of single individuals, adapted for the use of one worker, and, therefore, of necessity, small, dwarfish, circumscribed. But, for this very reason they belonged, as a rule, to the producer himself. To con- centrate these scattered, limited means of production, to enlarge them, to turn them into the powerful levers of production of the present day — this was precisely the historic role of capitalist production and of its upholder, the bourgeoisie. In the fourth section of "Capital" Marx has explained in detail, how since the fifteenth century this has been historically worked out through the three phases of simple co-operation, manufacture and modem industry. But the bourgeoisie, as is also shown there, could not transform these puny means of production into mighty productive forces, without transforming them, at the same time, from means of production of the individual into social means of pro- duction only workable by a collectivity of men. The spinning-wheel, the handloom, the blacksmith's hammer, were replaced by the spinning- machine, the power-loom, the steam-hammer ; the individual workshop, by the factory implying the co-operation of hundreds and thousands of workmen. In like manner, production itself changed from a series of individual into a series of social acts, and the products from indi- vidual to social products. The yarn, the cloth, the metal articles that now came out of the factory were the joint product of many workers, through whose hands they had successively to pass before they were ready. No one person could say of them: "I made that; this is my product." But where, in a given society, the fundamental form of production is that spontaneous division of labour which creeps in gradually and not upon any preconceived plan, there the products take on the form of commodities, whose mutual exchange, buying and selling, enable the individual producers to satisfy their manifold wants. And this was the case in the Middle Ages. The peasant, e. In the medieval stage of evolution of the production of commod- ities, the question as to the owner of the product of labour could not arise. The individual producer, as a rule, had, from raw material be- longing to himself, and generally his own handiwork, produced it with his own tools, by the labour of his own hands or of his family. There was no need for him to appropriate the new product. It belonged wholly to him, as a matter of course. His property in the product was, therefore, based upon his own labour. Even where external help was used, this was, as a rule, of little importance, and very generally was compensated by something other than wages. The apprentices and journeymen of the guilds worked less for board and wages than for education, in order that they might become master craftsmen them- selves. Then came the concentration of the means of production and of the producers in large workshops and manufactories, their transformation into actual socialised means of production and socialised producers. But the socialised producers and means of production and their prod- ucts were still treated, after this change, just as they had been before, 38 SOCIAL MOVEMENTS i. e., as the means of production and the products of individuals. Hith- erto, the owner of the instruments of labour had himself appropriated the product, because, as a rule, it was his own product and the assistance of others was the exception. Now the owner of the instruments of labour always appropriated to himself the product, although it was no longer his product, but exclusively the product of the labour of others. Thus, the products now produced socially were not appropriated by those who had actually set in motion the means of production and actually produced the commodities, but by the capitalists. The means of production, and production itself, had become in essence socialised. But they were subjected to a form of appropriation which presupposes the private production of individuals, under which, therefore, every one owns his own product and brings it to market. The mode of production is subjected to this form of appropriation, although it abolishes the conditions upon which the latter rests. This contradiction, which gives to the new mode of production its capitalistic character, contains the germ of the whole of the social antagonisms of to-day. The greater the mastery obtained by the new mode of production over all important fields of production and in all manufacturing countries, the more it reduced individual production to an insignificant residuum, the more clearly zvas brought out the incom- patibility of socialised production with capitalistic appropriation. The first capitalists found, as we have said, alongside of other forms of labour, wage-labour ready-made for them on the market. But it was exceptional, complementary, accessory, transitory wage-labour. The agricultural labourer, though, upon occasion, he hired himself out by the day, had a few acres of his own land on which he could at all events live at a pinch. The guilds were so organised that the journey- man of to-day became the master of to-morrow. But all this changed, as soon as the means of production became socialised and concentrated in the hands of capitalists. The means of production, as well as the product, of the individual producer became more and more worthless ; there was nothing left for him but to turn wage-worker under the capitalist. Wage-labour, aforetime the exception and accessory, now became the rule and basis of all production ; aforetime complementary, it now became the sole remaining function of the worker. The wage- worker for a time became a wage-worker for life. The number of these permanent wage-workers was further enormously increased by the breaking-up of the feudal system that occurred at the same time, by the disbanding of the retainers of the feudal lords, the eviction of the SOCIAL MOVEMENTS 39 peasants from their homesteads, etc. The separation was made com- plete between the means of production concentrated in the hands of the capitalists on the one side, and the producers, possessing nothing but their labour-power, on the other. The contradiction between socialised production and capitalistic appropriation manifested itself as the antag- onism of proletariat and bourgeoisie. We have seen that the capitalistic mode of production thrust its way into a society of commodity-producers, of individual producers, whose social bond was the exchange of their products. But every soci- ety, based upon the production of commodities, has this peculiarity : that the producers have lost control over their own social inter-relations. Each man produces for himself with such means of production as he may happen to have, and for such exchange as he may require to satisfy his remaining wants. No one knows how much of his particular article is coming on the market, nor how much of it will be wanted. No one knows whether his individual product will meet an actual demand, whether he will be able to make good his cost of production or even to sell his commodity at all. Anarchy reigns in socialised production. But the production of commodities, like every other form of pro- duction, has its peculiar, inherent laws inseparable from it ; and these laws work, despite anarchy, in and through anarchy. They reveal themselves in the only persistent form of social inter-relations, /. e., in exchange, and here they aflfect the individual producers as compulsory laws of competition. They are, at first, unknown to these producers themselves, and have to be discovered by them gradually and as the result of experience. They work themselves out, therefore, independ- ently of the producers, and in antagonism to them, as inexorable natural laws of their particular form of production. The product governs the producers. In mediaeval society, especially in the earlier centuries, production was essentially directed towards satisfying the wants of the individual. It satisfied, in the main, only the wants of the producer and his family. Where relations of personal dependence existed, as in the country, it also helped to satisfy the wants of the feudal lord. In all this there was, therefore, no exchange ; the products, consequently, did not assume the character of commodities. The family of the peasant produced almost everything they wanted ; clothes and furniture, as well as means of sub- sistence. Only when it began to produce more than was sufficient to supply its own wants and the payments in kind to the feudal lord, only 40 SOCIAL MOVEMENTS then did it also produce commodities. This surplus, thrown into so- cialised exchange and offered for sale, became commodities. The artisans of the towns, it is true, had from the first to produce for exchange. But they, also, themselves supplied the greatest part of their own individual wants. They had gardens and plots of land. They turned their cattle out into the communal forest, which, also, yielded them timber and firing. The women spun flax, wool, and so forth. Production for the purpose of exchange, production of com- modities, was only in its infancy. Hence, exchange was restricted, the market narrow, the methods of production stable; there was local ex- clusiveness without, local unity within ; the mark in the country, in the town, the guild. But with the extension of the production of commodities, and es- pecially with the introduction of the capitalist mode of production, the laws of commodity-production, hitherto latent, came into action more openly and with greater force. The old bonds were loosened, the old exclusive limits broken through, the producers were more and more turned into independent, isolated producers of commodities. It became apparent that the production of society at large was ruled by absence of plan, by accident, by anarchy; and this anarchy grew to greater and greater height. But the chief means by aid of which the capitalist mode of production intensified this anarchy of socialised production, was the exact opposite of anarchy. It was the increasing organisation of pro- duction, upon a social basis, in every individual productive establish- ment. By this, the old, peaceful, stable condition of things was ended. Wherever this organisation of production was introduced into a branch of industr)-, it brooked no other method of production by its side. The field of labour became a battle-ground. The great geographical discov- eries, and the colonisation following upon them, multiplied markets and quickened the transformation of handicraft into manufacture. The war did not simply break out between the individual producers of particular localities. The local struggles begat in their turn national conflicts, the commercial wars of the seventeenth and the eighteenth centuries.
| 29,079 |
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/71714043
|
StackExchange
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,022 |
Stack Exchange
|
https://stackoverflow.com/users/253127, nmz787
|
English
|
Spoken
| 605 | 922 |
remove single git reflog entry by hash/id
I committed sensitive data to a single file on my main branch. I never pushed it. I can change HEAD to point to the previous commit with git reset HEAD^, but the commit is still hanging around as git reflog shows.
How can I use the reflog hash/ID, to COMPLETELY remove/delete that commit?
To remove a specific reflog entry, you can use:
git reflog delete HEAD@{X} # set X to the entry number listed in reflog
This is documented here. For removing all reflog history, or history older than a certain date, see this question and answer.
Note, this removes the reflog entry only. For more information about completely removing the commit, see torek's answer.
You can't.1 There is no Git command that removes commits by hash ID or reflog entry.
You can however rest assured that if you use:
git push origin somebranch
and the set of commits reachable by traversing somebranch's tip commit on backwards does not reach any of the reflog-entry-only commits, git push won't send those commits (the unwanted ones). It will send only the commits listed by git rev-list somebranch, minus any commits that the receiving Git already has in the repository to which you're pushing. So the fact that you still have the commits is not important.
The other things you can do—useful for the paranoid, a group in which I count myself sometimes—include:
Clone your clone. The resulting clone won't have the commits, so you can now safely run, in that clone:
git remote add github ssh://git@github.com/myname/myrepo.git
git push github origin/somebranch:somebranch
to send the commits from your new clone's origin/somebranch (cloned from your old clone's somebranch) to your GitHub repository over at github (assuming your final target repository here is on GitHub; use other names and URLs as appropriate).
Use git reflog expire --expire-unreachable=all2 or git reflog delete --rewrite --updateref to delete specific, or all unreachable, entries from some (specified) reflog or, with --all, all reflogs. Note, however, that this does not delete the commit.
Once the reflog entries are deleted, run git gc --prune=now. Be sure nothing else is active in the repository while this runs. If you have packed objects in a .keep-kept file, though, this won't get rid of them (but also note that .keep is something you would have had to manually create, so you probably do not have keep-files).
To verify that the commits are really gone, use git show <hash-id> or git cat-file -t <hash-id> for each hash ID. Note that you will need to save the hash IDs somewhere, since there won't be any in-Git references to them (that's what allows git gc to remove them).
1If—this is a strong-ish condition but it may be met in your case—the commit has never been packed, you may be able to use rm .git/objects/xx/xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx where the xxs are the hash ID, split up into first-two and remaining hexadecimal characters. That's not a Git command and you have to be very careful with this; it's a good idea to copy or otherwise back up the repository first. The reflog entries will still exist: they'll just become useless in that Git will barf up an error if you try to use them.
2This all should logically be now, and I believe now works, but it's what's listed in the documentation.
wow, thanks for the deep answer. It sounds like the easiest thing for me to be assured things are cleaned up completely, and I don't make a mistake is to local clone (check reflog just to be paranoid), then push my commits, then delete the original clone's directory.
| 39,224 |
Subsets and Splits
Token Count by Language
Reveals the distribution of total tokens by language, highlighting which languages are most prevalent in the dataset.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
Provides a detailed breakdown of document counts and total word/token counts for English documents in different collections and open types, revealing insights into data distribution and quantity.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
Provides a count of items in each collection that are licensed under 'CC-By-SA', giving insight into the distribution of this license across different collections.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
Counts the number of items in each collection that have a 'CC-By' license, providing insight into license distribution across collections.
Bulgarian Texts from Train Set
Retrieves all entries in the training set that are in Bulgarian, providing a basic filter on language.
License Count in Train Set
Counts the number of entries for each license type and orders them, providing a basic overview of license distribution.
Top 100 Licenses Count
Displays the top 100 licenses by their occurrence count, providing basic insights into which licenses are most common in the dataset.
Language Frequency in Dataset
Provides a simple count of each language present in the dataset, which is useful for basic understanding but limited in depth of insight.
French Spoken Samples
Limited to showing 100 samples of the dataset where the language is French and it's spoken, providing basic filtering without deeper insights.
GitHub Open Source Texts
Retrieves specific text samples labeled with their language from the 'Github Open Source' collection.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
The query performs basic filtering to retrieve specific records from the dataset, which could be useful for preliminary data exploration but does not provide deep insights.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
The query retrieves all English entries from specific collections, which provides basic filtering but minimal analytical value.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
Retrieves all English language documents from specific data collections, useful for focusing on relevant subset but doesn't provide deeper insights or analysis.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
Retrieves a specific subset of documents from the dataset, but does not provide any meaningful analysis or insights.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
Retrieves a sample of 10,000 English documents from the USPTO with an open government type, providing a basic look at the dataset's content without deep analysis.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
This query performs basic filtering to retrieve entries related to English language, USPTO collection, and open government documents, offering limited analytical value.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
Retrieves metadata of entries specifically from the USPTO collection in English, offering basic filtering.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
The query filters for English entries from specific collections, providing a basic subset of the dataset without deep analysis or insight.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
This query performs basic filtering, returning all rows from the 'StackExchange' collection where the language is 'English', providing limited analytical value.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
This query filters data for English entries from specific collections with an 'Open Web' type but mainly retrieves raw data without providing deep insights.
Filtered English Wikipedia Articles
Filters and retrieves specific English language Wikipedia entries of a certain length, providing a limited subset for basic exploration.
Filtered English Open Web Texts
Retrieves a subset of English texts with a specific length range from the 'Open Web', which provides basic filtering but limited insight.
Filtered English Open Culture Texts
Retrieves a sample of English texts from the 'Open Culture' category within a specific length range, providing a basic subset of data for further exploration.
Random English Texts <6500 Ch
Retrieves a random sample of 2000 English text entries that are shorter than 6500 characters, useful for quick data exploration but not revealing specific trends.
List of Languages
Lists all unique languages present in the dataset, which provides basic information about language variety but limited analytical insight.